Polyurethane

Partial Fulfillment in Physical Science

Submitted to:

Mrs. Filamae J. Mapare

Jerome Paolo B. Gonzales

Trishia Mae G. Señoron

Jeizy Mae M. Sequiña

Robelyn P. Talayong

Edgar V. Ferrer Jr.

John Rui G. Besin

Ryan D. Baria

Joy Oñas

January 6, 2020
Chemical Formula of the Polyurethane:

The chemical formula of the Polyurethane is CHNO wherein this polymer contains Chlorine,
Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen.

Structure of The Polyurethane

The fine structure of the Polyurethane helps it to

fulfill its purpose in producing a substantial product.
Polyurethane is a type of polymers composed of organic
units with the carbamate (Urethane) links while most
polyurethane are thermosetting polymers also called
thermoset that curing in induced by heat or suitable
radiation and may be promoted by high pressure. Polymers
is a three-dimensional chain with repeating smaller unit
called monomers and those monomers contains carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. The smaller links are
“polymerized" or hooked together to have the chains.

Properties and Uses

Properties is the foundation of the Polyurethanes that make it substantial according to its
uses. Polyurethane builds lot of convenience in humankind with the help of those amazing
properties that makes it a long lasting and useful material to have in our daily basis. Firstly, the
following properties include the good abrasion resistance that refers to the ability of an adhesive
to resist wearing due to contact with another surface, good impact resistance is a material's
ability to withstand intense force or shock applied to it over a short period of time is the second
property and the good toughness is the next one that defined as the ability of a material to deform
and to absorb energy in the process before fracture. Low viscosity is another property wherein
the substances that are thin that makes it flow easily. Followed by the high elongation that
measure the ductility of a material as determined by a tension test; higher elongation mean
higher ductility. The other one is the good flexibility is the goodness of a material to bent without
breaking. Also, good tear strength is a great foundation that make it cope in the maximum
amount of tensil stress. Furthermore, low shrinkage is also its property that refers the low
reduction on the volume of a material. The second to the last is hydrolytically stable define as the
resistance of a cured polymer material to reverting to a semisolid or liquid form when exposed to
high humidity and temperature then the last is the resilient that refers to the ability of a material
(polyurethane) to withstand the force and back into its original form.

Uses is the proof that makes it very important in our society and due to its synthetic
nature, the Polyurethane can be formulated in different ways that always depends on each
application. The common application is woodworking glue for adhesive, varnish, paints, sealants
and foams. In addition, Polyurethanes is useful in major appliances is rigid foams for refrigerator
and freezer thermal insulation systems. The good thermal insulating properties of rigid
polyurethane foams result from the combination of a fine, closed-cell foam structure and cell
gases that resist heat transfer. Polyurethane packaging foam (PPF) can provide more cost-
effective, form-fitting cushioning that uniquely and securely protecting items that need to stay
safely in place during transit. PPF is widely used to safely protect and transport many items, such
as electronic and medical diagnostic equipment, delicate glassware and large industrial parts. The
other usage is present in cushioning for a variety of consumer and commercial products,
including bedding, furniture, automotive interiors, carpet underlay and packaging. It is also
frequently used in the electrical and electronics industries to encapsulate, seal and insulate
fragile, pressure-sensitive, microelectronic components, underwater cables and printed circuit
boards, coat floors, from wood and parquet to cement, general purpose tubing, hospital bedding,
surgical drapes, wound dressings and a variety of injection-molded devices, car body, doors,
windows, clothes and even in variety of accessories.

Process How The Polyurethane is Manufactured

Manufacturing the Polyurethane is the production of isocyanates, polyols and polyurethanes. The
production of isocyanates must conclude the TDI (toluene diisocyanate or methylbenzene
diisocyanate) and MDI (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate or diphenylmethane diisocyanate) that
form together to become the basis of 95% of Polyurethane. Methylbenzene (toluene) will reacts
with nitric and sulfuric acids and the product is the two isomers nitromethylbenzene (NMB) and
when it is nitrated it will create dinitromethylbenzenes. The product will become reduced to its
corresponding Toluene Diamines or TDA. Afterwards, the carbonyl chloride will be heated with
the right amount of heat to produce diisocyanates. MDI have the materials that includes
phenylamine (aniline) and methanol (formaldehyde) which react together to form a mixture of
amines, known as MDA (methylenedianiline). This mixture reacts with carbonyl chloride
(phosgene) to produce MDI in a similar way to the manufacture of TDI. MDI consists of three
isomers. Hence, the production of polyol which is the multiple alcohol groups that are formed
through cyclic ethers should takes place. They are produced through alkylene oxide
polymerization process. Lastly the production of Polyurethanes wherein a much-used Polymer is
made up of TDI and polyol and if it has more than two reactive hydroxyl groups there will be a
crosslink to improve mechanical characteristics. These materials will complete the Polyurethane
and use it in different application.

Historical Development

The underlying chemistry of the Polyurethane was discovered by the genius named Dr.
Otto Bayer on year 1937 and he is considered as the father of Polyurethanes industry through his
invention of the basic diisocyanate polyaddition process. In the year 1940, rigid foam was
introduced to aircrafts and adhesive between rubber, metal and grass in two consecutive years
then being followed by the first insulation application in beer barrel on year 1948 and on the year
1949, roller skates are made by Polyurethane rubber. After several years, the Shoe soles are also
created with this polymer. And on year 1954, the cushions are made from Polyurethane foams
that is still being use until now. Four years passed the spandex fiber for clothing is introduced
then after a year the NASA Mercury mission happened with this incredible space suits with
Polyurethane lining. On the following year, the steel sandwich for building panels is created and
after six years, the integral skin for shoes is made along these polymers. Year 1967 is the year
where the Germany shows the first all plastic car with Polyurethane interiors named it as K67
then after few years automobile bumpers are made for safety. In year 1970, these complex
chemical materials also developed in the medical purposes and it jumps up in the excellence
contribute on sport field, specifically the track surfacing for the Munich Olympic Stadium.
Thermoplastic polyurethane wheels improved and popularized for roller skates in year 1973 and
on year 1977, Bob Evans invented the flippers made by the Polyurethane. Then after two year
the insulation on buildings is also started along the Polyurethane made sandwich base board for
construction. The surfboards are also made in Polyurethane when the year 1981 approached.
From 1985 to 1989 the safety energy absorption for the passengers in the car begins and it
actually aims for the drivers and passengers’ safety. First football made with Polyurethane
materials is exhibited in the game on year 1990. Then after several year the memory foam that is
still use today is produced in US by Tempur Pedic then after this year, another contribution
happened when the NASA’s space shuttle used this polymer to protect the external fuel tanks.
Polyurethane also enhances the performance of the bicycle tires on year 1995 and also the car
tires on year 2001. After four years another medical contribution enhancement is made when
Syncardia total artificial heart with Polyurethane ventricles and it is being approved after 10
clinical years trial. It even presents the swimsuit that enhance the swimmers’ performance and
after few years, in year 2010 First solar-powered plane is invented because the polyurethane is
light-weighted material that suited on the plane. On 2011, Apple launch the ‘smart cover’ with
this polymer for the iPAD 2, on the same year, it is also used in light-weight cars for covers,
manifested in airplanes and created first plant using carbon dioxide as an ingredient for
polyurethane. These developments enrich the human civilization and continuously developing
the enhancement for a better future ahead on the human living.
 Bibliography

2017. Polyurethanes. The Essential Chemical Industry-online. Retrieved from:

https://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/polymers/polyurethane.html

2003. Polyurethanes. Polymer Science Learning Center. Retrieved from:

https://pslc.ws/macrog/urethane.htm

2019. Properties, Use And Preparation Of Polyurethane. Our Blog Education. Retrieved
from: https://blog.oureducation.in/properties-use-and-preparation-of-polyurethane/

Licari, J., Swanson, D. 2011. Test and Inspection Methods. Science Direct. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hydrolytic-stability

Polyurethane Applications. American Chemistry Council. Retrieved from:

https://polyurethane.americanchemistry.com/Applications/

Polyurethanes. Polyurethane.org. Retrieved from:

http://www.polyurethanes.org/en/what-is-it/history
Sodium Hypochlorite

(BLEACH)

Partial Fulfillment in Physical Science

Submitted to:

Mrs. Filamae J. Mapare

Jerome Paolo B. Gonzales

Trishia Mae G. Señoron

Jeizy Mae M. Sequiña

Robelyn P. Talayong

Edgar V. Ferrer Jr.

John Rui G. Besin

Ryan D. Baria

Joy Oñas
 January 6, 2020

Chemical Formula of Sodium Hypochlorite

The chemical formula of Sodium Hypochlorite is NaClO wherein its states the element of
Sodium, Chlorine and Oxygen with molar mass of 74.44 g/mol.

Structure of The Sodium Hypochlorite

Sodium Hypochlorite or commonly called bleach is an ionic compound composed of the sodium
metal cation (Na+) bonded to the hypochlorite anion (ClO-).

Properties and Uses

The properties are divided into two groups the physical properties and chemical
properties. In the physical properties of Sodium Hypochlorite, it usually appears as an unstable
light green solid that has a melting point of 18 ºC, boiling point of 101 ºC due to density of 1.11
g/mL. The most commonly known as bleach is commonly found as as aqueous pale greenish or
yellowish solution and it is available on different concentrations that varies from 1% to 25%
depends on its purpose. On the other hand, the chemical properties of Sodium hypochlorite is a
good oxidizing agent that reacts to protic acids and those protic acids is the acids that form
Hydrogen ions like HCL, to form salts while releasing toxic chlorine gas and it also reacts with
the HClO as one of the hypochlorous acid. NaClO decomposes into sodium and chloride ions as
well as the powerful oxidizing agent, hydroxyl radical (OH) in the water.
 Industries used the Sodium Chlorite or bleach in many household purposes like
disinfecting the places in the house or buildings like comfort rooms. It is also use in laundry that
softens the dirt in the clothes and even the textile manufacturer use it to bleach or lighten the
color of the materials. It can be used as a chemical treatment in waste disposal industries as well
as in glass industry for sanitation, synthetic industry and agriculture like what human do in
mushroom production as well as the fruit and vegetable production. In the petrochemical
industry, NaClO is used to refine the petroleum. In various part of the world the Sodium
Hypochlorite create lots of contribution in the society to maintain cleanliness and production of
needs that gives the world a more complex definition of vitality.

Process How the Material is Manufactured

The manufacturing process starts in the preparation of the components specifically the caustic
soda that is usually produced and shipped as a concentrated 50% solution and the this
concentrated solution is diluted with water to form a new 25% solution. Then when the water
dilutes the strong caustic soda solution, the heat is created and before it reacts, the diluted caustic
soda will be cooled. Caustic soda solution and three Chlorine are reacted to form sodium
hypochlorite bleach. About 14,000 gallons of batch will takes place on this reaction as a
continuous reactor. Liquid or gaseous chlorine is circulated to made the NaClO. The bleach
solution is cooled to prevent decomposition and it is filtered to remove the impurities.

Historical Development

The bleaching method was practiced since ancient Egypt, Greeks, Romans to British but the
chemical way of bleaching wherein it uses sodium hypochlorite started in 1785, discovered by
Italian-born French chemist named Claude Louis Berthollet. The decovered solution is known as
“Eau de Javelle” or “Javelle water” due to weak solution. Few years passed the method improved
and discovered a process to enhance the weak sodium hypochlorite through extraction of
chlorinated lime (known as bleaching powder) with sodium carbonate to yield low levels of
available chlorine and through this, the NaClO is now used in medical antiseptic under the name
of “Eusol” and “Dakin’s solution”. E.S. Smith patented the method of hypochlorite production
involving hydrolysis of brine to produce caustic soda and chlorine gas in the near end of the 19 th
century. Bottled solutions are sold under numerous trade names and the early brand is called
Parozone. In succeeding years, an improved version of this method is used for the production of
sodium hypochlorite called Hooker process. In old times, the bleach is presented in powder but it
destroy the quality of the cloth but when it is enhance in aquous state, its performance is better
than the powder. Today, the sodium chlorite is not only used in bleaching the clothings but it is
also used as sanitizer or disinfectant relying the solution’s ability to destroy microorganisms as
an effective germicide. The disinfectant properties of the NaClO also utilized the sanitization of
food and later on it is also used in sewage effluents and swimming pool disinfectant.
 Bibliography

What is Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach). Powell. Retrieved from:

https://www.powellfab.com/technical_information/sodium_hypochlorite/what_is.aspx

Sodium hypochlorite Formula - Sodium hypochlorite Uses, Properties, Structure and

Formula. SoftSchool.com. Retrieved from:
http://www.softschools.com/formulas/chemistry/sodium_hypochlorite_uses_properties
_structure_formula/246/

2018. Manufacturing Processes of Bleach. UKessays. Retrieved from:

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/sciences/household-bleach-science-essay.php

2014. History about the application of Sodium hypochlorite. Hong 24608. Retrieved
from: https://hong24608.wordpress.com/2014/01/20/history-about-the-application-of-
sodium-hypochlorite/