Abundant Greeneries For Site Planning

Research 2: Site Planning and Landscape Architecture Page 0
TREES, SHRUBS, AND TURFS
1. Abundant Trees in the Philippines
1.1. Bani
The Bani tree, scientifically known as Milletia pinnata (syn. Pongamia
pinnata), is a tall legume tree native to the Philippines. It typically grows to
a height of 15-25 meters, boasting a magnificent canopy of branches and
leaves that spread wide. Its bright green foliage and small clusters of
fragrant flowers in white, purple, and pink make it an attractive addition to
gardens.
Type: Bani belongs to the legume family and is classified as a deciduous
tree.
Properties:
 Wood: Bani produces beautifully grained wood, although it is prone
to splitting easily when cut. As a result, it is primarily used for
manufacturing firewood, posts, and tool handles.
 Flowers: Its flowers are not only visually appealing but are also
beneficial as compost for enriching soil nutrients.
 Oil: Bani trees produce Pongamia oil, which has been traditionally
used as lamp oil, in soap making, and as a lubricant for various
purposes.
Location in the Philippines
Bani trees are named after a town in Pangasinan, Philippines,
indicating their prevalence in the region. They are found throughout the
country, particularly in verdant areas with suitable climate conditions. Bani
trees thrive in both southern and eastern parts of the Philippines,
contributing to the lush greenery of gardens and landscapes.
Best Allocation on-site development
For optimal on-site development, strategically allocate Bani trees in
areas with well-drained red sandy loam soil, ample sunlight, and high
elevations, utilizing their versatility for timber, medicinal value, and fodder,
while integrating them into agroforestry systems and providing shade for
coffee and cocoa plantations in the Philippines.

1.2. Coconut Palm
Coconut trees (Cocos nucifera) are iconic palms known for their
towering presence, reaching heights of up to 30 meters. Characterized by
a straight trunk that may exhibit a slight incline, coconut trees often bend
gracefully in the middle, adding to their distinctive silhouette. The pinnate
leaves of coconut trees extend an impressive 4–6 meters in length,
adorned with long, slender pinnae that sway gently in the tropical breeze.
These leaves cluster densely at the crown of the tree, where male flowers
form at the top and female flowers bloom at the base. Mature coconut
fruits, shaped like elongated ellipses, boast a diameter of up to 30
centimeters and are encased in a thick outer layer of fibrous husk,
enabling them to float effortlessly in seawater, facilitating their dispersal
across vast distances.
Coconut Palm tree photo from khaosok.com

Type: Coconut trees belong to the family Arecaceae and are classified
as palms.
Properties:
 Coconut timber, reminiscent in appearance to mahogany,
exhibits a fibrous grain and a range of color tones from golden to
near ebony, often speckled with dark brown flecks.
 The wood of coconut trees lacks annual growth rings, rays,
heartwood, and branches, resulting in a uniform texture free
from knots and imperfections.
 Classified into three density categories—high-density, medium-
density, and low-density—coconut timber finds versatile
applications based on its density, ranging from structural
framework to interior trim and novelty products.
 With a Janka ball hardness ranging from 112.5 to 154.7
kgf/cm2, coconut timber surpasses the hardness of oak and
Douglas-fir, offering durability and resilience in various
applications.
Location in the Philippines.
Coconut trees are predominantly cultivated in coastal areas and
low-lying regions, where the sandy soils and ample sunlight provide
optimal growing conditions.

For optimal on-site development, strategically allocate coconut
palms in coastal areas with sandy soil, ample sunlight, and sufficient
rainfall, harnessing their economic value for coconut production while
promoting coastal protection and biodiversity enhancement.
1.3. Ipil
The Ipil tree (Intsia bijuga) is a large tree that can grow up to 50
meters in height with a diameter of 150 cm. It has a highly buttressed trunk
and bark that is smooth, sometimes flaky, and grayish-green with
occasional whitish patches. Its leaves are shiny green and compound,
consisting of leaflets arranged in 1-2 pairs, opposite to one another, with
no terminal leaflet. The tree produces white flowers in dense bunches at
the tips of branches in June. Its fruits are oblong pods, woody, and slightly
flat, containing several seeds.
Ipil tree photo from Rappler.com

Type: The Ipil tree belongs to the species Intsia bijuga and the family
Caesalpiniaceae.
Properties:
 The bark and leaves of the Ipil tree are used in traditional
medicines, particularly for treating diarrhea.
 Its timber, known as “kwila” or “merbau,” is highly valued for its
durability, termite-resistance, and attractive grain.
 The wood is used in interior décor, furniture making, and as
flooring material.
 It produces a dye and may contain a “gold” fleck within the grain.
 The tree is known for its ecological importance in mangrove
forests and sandy beach habitats.
The Ipil tree is found in various regions of the Philippines
including Northern Luzon, Babuyan Island, Palawan, and Mindanao.It
thrives in sandy beach and inundated localities, often found along the
coast, mangroves, river banks, and coral areas.
For effective on-site development, strategically plant Ipil trees in
sandy beach and inundated localities, considering their ecological
importance, medicinal properties, and economic value for interior décor
and furniture making.

1.4. Acacia
Acacia confuse is a perennial tree native to South-East Asia,
including the Philippines. It can grow up to a height of 15 meters and is
characterized by its slender trunk and spreading crown. The tree’s bark is
typically dark brown or gray, with a rough texture, and its branches bear
small, fern-like leaves.
Acacia tree photo from red.chinny on emaze
Type: Acacia confusa is classified under the Fabaceae family, which is
known for its leguminous plants.
Properties:
 The wood of Acacia confusa has a density of about 0.75 g/cm3,
making it relatively lightweight yet durable.
 It is traditionally challenging to work with due to its hardness and
density, which is why it was historically used for firewood or
converted into charcoal.

 Advancements in woodworking techniques have enabled its
utilization for high-value wood products such as musical
instruments, furniture, and bathtubs.
 The tree's bark and leaves are utilized in traditional medicine,
although its effectiveness has not been clinically studied.
Acacia confusa thrives in a range of habitats, including forests,
grasslands, and disturbed areas, and can be found at varying
elevations.
Allocate it in a sunny yet sheltered position with well-drained,
acidic to neutral loamy or sandy soil, ideally against a west or south-
facing wall, ensuring suitability for year-round planting conditions as
long as the ground isn't waterlogged.
1.5. Banaba
Banaba, scientifically known as Lagerstroemia speciosa, is a tree
species belonging to the family Lythraceae. It typically grows up to 30
meters tall with a diameter of about 40 centimeters. The bark of the
Banaba tree is gray with slight yellowish lines showing through, exhibiting
smooth but very fine longitudinal markings that are closely spaced. The
flowers of Banaba are large, very showy, and appear in large terminal
clusters. Its fruits are small capsules containing winged seeds.

Banaba tree photo from tropical.thferns.info
Type: Banaba is a deciduous or semi-deciduous tree species
Properties:
 Wood for Agricultural Implements. The wood of Banaba is used
for making agricultural implements due to its strength and
durability.
 Ornamental Use. Banaba is valued as a beautiful flowering
ornamental plant, often used in landscaping and ornamental
gardens for its showy flowers and attractive foliage.
 Medicinal Value. The leaves of Banaba have medicinal value
and are used in traditional medicine for various purposes.
Banaba is widely distributed in low to medium altitudes. It is
commonly found in secondary forests, grasslands, and along rivers.

The species thrives in comparatively open habitats and can tolerate
various soil types as long as they are fairly fertile.
Allocate Banaba trees strategically, considering spacing for
shade, accenting, windbreaks, avoiding utility lines, environmental
factors, complementary planting, maintenance access, and future
growth considerations.
1.6. Gmelina
Gmelina arborea is a versatile tree species known for its
adaptability to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. It is hardy and
can thrive in both tropical and subtropical regions. The tree typically grows
well in red sandy loam soil with a pH range of 5-8 and requires high soil
depth. It can be found at elevations ranging from sea level to 1200 meters
above sea level (MSL). Gmelina arborea flourishes in humid climates with
an optimal temperature range of 20-38 degrees Celsius. It prefers areas
with high sunshine and low shade and has an annual rainfall requirement
of 750-4500 mm.
Gmelina tree photo from Sheldon Navie
Type: Gmelina arborea is a tree species belonging to the family
Lamiaceae.
Properties:
 Timber. Gmelina arborea is highly valued for its timber, which is
versatile and has various applications. The wood is used in the
production of pulp, particle board, plywood, matches, carpentry,
packing materials, construction, carving, and musical
instruments.
 Medicinal Value. The species has medicinal properties, making
it of interest to the pharmaceutical industry.
 Fodder. Leaves and fruits of Gmelina arborea are used as
fodder for livestock.
 Silkworm Rearing. The leaves of Gmelina are also utilized for
rearing silkworms.
 Agroforestry. Gmelina arborea is commonly planted in
agroforestry systems, including dangia systems with short
rotation crops. It is also used as a shade tree for coffee and
cocoa plantations.
Location in the Philippines:

Gmelina arborea is cultivated in various parts of the Philippines,
particularly in regions with suitable soil and climatic conditions. It can
be found in both lowland and upland areas across the country.
For the best allocation of Gmelina arborea on-site development,
strategically plant the trees in moist, fertile valleys with sandy loam soil,
ensuring spacing of 4m x 4m, considering its preference for shade,
moderate deciduous nature, and growth requirements, while utilizing its
medicinal properties for bark and root harvest.
1.7. Mahogany
Mahogany is a straight-grained, reddish-brown timber sourced from
three tropical hardwood species of the genus Swietenia. It is known for its
fine grain, durability, and attractive coloring.
Mahogany tree photo from pinoytrees.blogspot.com

Type: Mahogany wood is commercially important lumber used for
various applications such as paneling, furniture, boats, musical
instruments, and other items.
Properties:
 Straight, fine grain: Mahogany has a straight, fine grain pattern,
which adds to its aesthetic appeal.
 Durability: Mahogany wood is highly durable, making it suitable
for long-lasting applications.
 Attractive coloring: Mahogany exhibits a reddish-brown color
that darkens over time and displays a reddish sheen when
polished.
 Workability: Mahogany wood is easy to work with, making it
favorable for crafting furniture and other items.
 Rot resistance: Mahogany is resistant to wood rot, making it
suitable for outdoor applications such as boat construction and
decking.
 Tonewood properties: Mahogany is used in musical instruments
due to its ability to produce a deep, warm tone. It is commonly
used for guitar backs, sides, necks, and drum shells.
These trees flourish in regions with salty air and damp soil,
making them prevalent in coastal areas of the south. They need either
full or partial sunlight and consistent watering to thrive optimally.

Best Allocation for On-Site Development
For optimal site development in the Philippines, strategically
plant mahogany trees in sunny, spacious areas near coastal regions to
stabilize soil against erosion, ensuring a minimum distance of 20 feet
from structures and 5 to 6 feet from sidewalks and curbs, while
carefully managing their spread to mitigate negative impacts on native
flora and fauna.
2. Abundant Shrubs in the Philippines
2.1. Chinese Perfume Plant
The Chinese Perfume Plant, scientifically known as Aglaia odorata. It is
an evergreen shrub or small tree that can grow up to 4-6 meters in height.
It produces small, creamy-white flowers that are highly fragrant, giving off
a sweet, jasmine-like scent.The leaves are glossy, dark green, and lance-
shaped, typically arranged in an alternate pattern along the stems.

Chinese Perfume shrub photo form NParksFlora&FaunaWeb
Type: Botanically, Aglaia odorata falls under the category of flowering
plants.
Properties:
 Fragrance: The most notable property of the Chinese Perfume
Plant is its delightful fragrance, which resembles that of jasmine.
 Ornamental: Beyond its fragrance, the plant is also valued for its
attractive appearance, with glossy foliage and small, delicate
flowers.
 Traditional medicine: In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts from
Aglaia odorata have been used for their supposed medicinal
properties, though scientific evidence supporting such uses may
vary.
Location
The Chinese Perfume Plant (Aglaia odorata) can be found in
gardens, parks, and botanical collections throughout the Philippines,
thriving in warm, tropical climates.
The Chinese Perfume Plant (Aglaia odorata) is best allocated in
outdoor spaces such as gardens, parks, and green areas within on-site
developments, enhancing the ambiance with its fragrant flowers and
attractive foliage while providing a touch of nature for visitors and residents
to enjoy.
2.2. Bird’s Nest
Bird's Nest shrub (Asplenium nidus) is a perennial plant characterized
by its large, glossy, dark green fronds that grow in a nest-like fashion. It
typically grows in a rosette pattern, with the fronds arising from a central
point. The plant can reach a considerable size, with fronds often spanning
several feet in length. It belongs to the Aspleniaceae family and is native to
tropical regions.
Bird’s Nest photo from NParks Flora&FaunaWeb
Type: Bird's Nest shrub is a fern species belonging to the genus
Asplenium. It is classified as an epiphytic or epilithic fern, meaning it
typically grows on trees or rocks, often in moist, tropical environments.
Properties:
 Bird's Nest shrub is popular both as an ornamental plant and as a
component of indoor landscaping due to its striking appearance and
low maintenance requirements.
 It is valued for its lush foliage, which adds a tropical touch to
gardens, interiorscapes, and shaded outdoor areas.
 The plant is known for its air-purifying properties, helping to improve
indoor air quality by filtering out toxins and pollutants.
 In some cultures, Bird's Nest shrub is believed to bring good luck
and prosperity.
It can be found growing in various habitats, including rainforests,
humid forests, and shaded areas with ample moisture. In the Philippines,
Bird's Nest shrub is commonly cultivated in gardens, parks, and botanical
collections, where it thrives in the warm, humid climate.
Allocate Asplenium nidus (Bird's Nest ferns) to shaded areas with
indirect light, consistent moisture, warm temperatures, well-draining soil,
protection from harsh elements, and companion plants of similar
requirements, ensuring easy maintenance access.
2.3. True Jasmine
True Jasmine, scientifically known as Jasminum officinale. A woody
vine or shrub that can grow up to 10 to 15 feet in height. It features glossy,
dark green leaves arranged opposite each other along the stems. The
flowers are star-shaped, typically with five petals, and bloom in clusters.
They exude a strong, sweet fragrance that intensifies during the evening,
making True Jasmine a popular choice for gardens, landscapes, and
perfumery.
True Jasmine Photo from flipkart.com

Type: True Jasmine is a flowering plant categorized as a vine or shrub,
depending on how it is cultivated. It is often trellised for support when
grown as a vine.
Properties:
 Fragrance: True Jasmine is prized for its delightful fragrance, which
is often described as sweet, floral, and exotic. The scent is widely
used in perfumery, aromatherapy, and toiletries.
 Ornamental: Beyond its aromatic qualities, True Jasmine is valued
as an ornamental plant for its attractive foliage and elegant white
flowers. It adds beauty and charm to gardens, courtyards, and
indoor spaces.
 Symbolism: True Jasmine is associated with love, purity, and
sensuality in many cultures. It is often used in wedding ceremonies,
religious rituals, and cultural celebrations to symbolize beauty and
affection.
True Jasmine is cultivated and grown in various regions of the
Philippines, particularly in areas with a tropical or subtropical climate. It
thrives in well-drained soil with plenty of sunlight and regular watering.

Plant jasmine in well-drained but moist, moderately fertile sandy
loamy soil, allocating full sun to partial shaded areas, and provide support
structures such as trellises or fences for twining vine varieties to climb.
2.4. Santan
Santan, also known as Ixora. These shrubs are known for their clusters
of small, tubular flowers that bloom in vibrant colors such as red, orange,
yellow, and pink. The leaves are glossy and dark green, providing an
attractive backdrop to the colorful flowers. Santan plants are typically small
shrubs, but some species can grow into larger bushes.
Santan Photo from Clifton John Galasinao
Type: Santan plants belong to the genus Ixora within the Rubiaceae
family.
Properties:
 Ornamental Value: Santan plants are prized for their colorful
flowers, which add beauty and vibrancy to gardens and
landscapes.
 Medicinal Uses: In traditional medicine, certain parts of the
santan plant are used for their purported medicinal properties.
For example, extracts from the leaves or roots may be used in
herbal remedies for various ailments.
 Pollinator Attraction: The bright, tubular flowers of santan plants
attract pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and birds,
contributing to biodiversity in the ecosystem.
 Hardy Nature: Santan plants are generally easy to grow and
maintain, making them popular choices for gardeners,
particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.
Santan plants are commonly found throughout the Philippines,
particularly in parks and natural landscapes with suitable growing
conditions. They are often used as ornamental plants in both
residential and commercial landscapes, adding bursts of color to
outdoor spaces.
The best allocation of santan for on-site development in the
Philippines involves strategically planting them in landscaped areas to
enhance aesthetic appeal, attract pollinators, and contribute to the
biodiversity of the ecosystem.

2.5. Chinese Croton
Chinese Croton, scientifically known as Codiaeum variegatum, is a
popular ornamental plant valued for its vibrant and colorful foliage. It is
characterized by its glossy, leathery leaves that come in various shapes
and sizes, ranging from elongated to oval. The plant's most notable feature
is its striking foliage, which displays a wide array of colors including
shades of green, yellow, orange, red, and purple. The leaves may have
contrasting veins, spots, or edges, further enhancing their ornamental
appeal. Chinese Croton typically grows upright and can reach heights of
up to several feet when mature.
Chinese croton shrub photo from Wikimedia Commons
Type: Chinese Croton is primarily cultivated as an ornamental plant for
decorative purposes.
Properties:
 Ornamental Value: Chinese Croton is prized for its attractive and
colorful foliage, making it a popular choice for landscaping and
indoor decoration.
 Low Maintenance: This plant is relatively easy to care for, requiring
moderate watering and regular pruning to maintain its shape and
promote healthy growth.
 Indoor Adaptability: Chinese Croton can thrive indoors as a
houseplant, provided it receives sufficient light and proper care. It is
often grown in pots or containers to adorn interior spaces.
 Toxicity: While Chinese Croton is prized for its beauty, it's important
to note that all parts of the plant are toxic if ingested, and contact
with the sap may cause skin irritation. Therefore, it should be kept
away from children and pets.
Chinese Croton is cultivated throughout the Philippines, both in
urban and rural areas, due to its popularity as an ornamental plant. It can
be found in gardens, parks, commercial landscapes, and residential areas
across the country. Additionally, it is commonly sold in nurseries and
garden centers, making it readily available to gardening enthusiasts and
landscapers alike.’

Strategically allocate Chinese Croton in landscaped areas and
green spaces to enhance aesthetic appeal and provide vibrant foliage
accents.
3. Abundant Turfs in the Philippines
Turfs not only enhances outdoor aesthetics but also supports
sustainable gardening and efficient maintenance. Given diverse climates and
soils, cultivating resilient grass types is crucial for healthy lawns.
Resilient grasses endure environmental stresses like drought and
pests, maintaining lush greenery despite challenges. This resilience reduces
water use, pesticide reliance, and the need for frequent patch replacements,
promoting both ecological conservation and cost-effectiveness. These are the
shrubs abundant in the Philippines:
3.1. Bermuda Grass
Bermuda grass, scientifically known as Cynodon dactylon, is a
warm-season perennial grass species belonging to the Poaceae family. It
is characterized by its fine texture, dense growth, and ability to tolerate a
wide range of soil types and climatic conditions.

Photo of Bermuda Grass from theturfgrassgroup.com
Type: Bermuda grass is a warm-season perennial grass.
Properties:
 Fine texture: Bermuda grass has fine blades that create a dense
and uniform turf.
 Drought tolerance: It exhibits excellent tolerance to drought
conditions, making it suitable for regions with limited water
availability.
 Heat tolerance: Bermuda grass thrives in hot climates and can
withstand high temperatures.
 Rapid growth: It has a rapid growth rate, allowing it to quickly fill in
bare spots and recover from damage.
 Wear resistance: Bermuda grass can tolerate heavy foot traffic and
is commonly used in high-traffic areas such as sports fields and
golf courses.
 Low maintenance: Once established, Bermuda grass requires
relatively low maintenance compared to other grass species.
Bermuda grass is commonly used for lawns, sports fields, golf
courses, parks, and other recreational areas due to its resilience and
aesthetic appeal. It is also utilized for erosion control and as forage for
livestock.
Bermuda grass flourishes in sites with full, direct sun and good
drainage. It has superior heat, salt and humidity tolerance. Unlike
Centipede grass, Bermuda is very drought-tolerant, too. Though most
of Bermuda's roots stay within 6 inches of the surface, they can reach 6
feet or more in depth.
3.2. Carabao Grass
Carabao grass, scientifically known as Paspalum conjugatum, is a
perennial grass species native to tropical and subtropical regions, prized
for its hardiness and adaptability. It features coarse texture and wide
leaves, making it suitable for grazing livestock, erosion control, and
landscaping. The culms are branching and often reddish to purplish in
color, with strongly flattened leaf sheaths measuring 30 to 50 mm in
length. Its inflorescences, arranged in T-shapes, consist of two or

occasionally three racemes, further distinguishing this versatile grass
species.
Photo of Bermuda Grass from pidjanga.wordpress.com
Type: Carabao grass is a perennial grass species.
Properties:
 Coarse Texture: Carabao grass has a coarse texture, which makes it
resilient to heavy grazing and trampling.
 Wide Leaves: It features wide leaves that provide good ground cover,
helping to prevent soil erosion.
 Drought Tolerance: Carabao grass exhibits good tolerance to drought
conditions, making it suitable for regions with limited water availability.
 Adaptability: It is adaptable to different soil types and can thrive in
various environmental conditions, including tropical and subtropical
climates.
 Grazing Suitability: Carabao grass is commonly used for grazing
livestock due to its nutritional value and palatability to animals.

Carabao grass is found throughout the Philippines, particularly in rural
areas and pastures. It is widely cultivated in both lowland and upland regions
of the country due to its suitability for livestock grazing and erosion control.
Additionally, it is commonly used in landscaping projects and roadside
plantings for its resilience and ease of maintenance.
The best allocation of carabao grass for on-site development involves
strategic planting to enhance soil stabilization, erosion control, and aesthetic
value while minimizing maintenance requirements.
3.3. Frog Grass
Frog grass (Zoysia matrella or Zoysia tenuifolia) is prized for its
resilience against foot traffic, making it a favored option for frequently
traversed lawns. Belonging to the Poaceae family, it withstands irregular
rainfall patterns thanks to its robust roots. Its compact growth reduces the
need for frequent mowing, though occasional trimming is advised for
optimal appearance.
Photo of Bermuda Grass from Lazada.com

Type: Lawn grass
Properties:
 Does not require frequent cutting and does not become "leggy" in the
shade
 Features short leave blades that slowly fill up gaps in the lawn
 Tolerates partial shade and moderate foot traffic
 Slow-growing, requiring complete removal of weeds before planting
 Planted by laying sprigs on the ground and watering until they root
 Maintains a height of about 5 cm or less
Commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, including the
Philippines. It typically grows in moist areas such as marshes, wetlands, and
along the edges of bodies of water such as rivers, ponds, and streams. In the
Philippines, you can often find frog grass in low-lying areas, near water
sources, and in regions with high humidity and rainfall.
For efficient on-site development, strategically allocate frog grass in
high-traffic areas such as pathways, playgrounds, and recreational zones,
leveraging its low-maintenance nature, compact lateral growth, and semi-soft
texture to provide durable, walkable surfaces while minimizing the need for
frequent mowing and upkeep.

3.4. Blue Grass
Blue grass, also known as Dichanthium annulatum or Dicanthium
caricosum. Typically has blue-green foliage and forms dense tufts or
clumps. It is a perennial grass species with a spreading growth habit. The
grass produces inflorescences with purplish to brownish spikelets during
its flowering season.
Photo of Bermuda Grass from pearlvinn.sulit.com.ph
Type: Blue grass belongs to the family Poaceae (grasses) and the genus
Dichanthium. It is classified as a perennial grass species.
Properties:
 Blue grass is known for its ability to tolerate a wide range of soil
types, including poor and sandy soils.
 It is drought-tolerant and can thrive in areas with limited water
availability.
 Blue grass is often used for soil stabilization, erosion control, and as
forage for livestock.

Blue grass commonly seen in grasslands, open fields, roadsides,
and disturbed areas throughout the country. Specific locations where blue
grass may occur include lowland areas, grassy plains, and foothills. It is
adaptable to different environmental conditions and can thrive in both
rural and urban landscapes.
The most effective allocation of Blue Grass for on-site
development involves planting it in regions prone to heavy rainfall, such
as tropical climates, due to its resilience to excessive moisture, slow
growth rate, and minimal maintenance requirements, making it an ideal
choice for sustainable landscaping solutions.
PERTINENT LAWS, CODES AND ORDINANCE FOR
SITE LOCATION
Philippine Constitution Although not specifically related to site location, the
constitution provides the legal framework for land use and environmental
protection.These laws, codes, and ordinances provide the legal framework for site
location considerations in the Philippines, covering aspects such as land use

planning, environmental protection, building regulations, and community
development. It's essential for developers, planners, and stakeholders to be familiar
with and comply with these regulations to ensure sustainable and lawful
development.
 Republic Act No. 7279 (Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992):
This law provides guidelines for urban land use planning, development, and
zoning.
 Republic Act No. 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991): This law
empowers local government units (LGUs) to formulate their own land use
plans, zoning ordinances, and regulations.
 Republic Act No. 6541 (National Building Code of the Philippines): This
code sets the standards and regulations for the design, construction, and
occupancy of buildings and structures.
 Presidential Decree No. 1096 (National Building Code of the
Philippines): This decree provides additional provisions and amendments to
the National Building Code, including zoning requirements.
 Presidential Decree No. 957 (Subdivision and Condominium Buyers'
Protective Decree): This decree regulates the sale of subdivision lots and
condominium units, ensuring compliance with zoning and land use
regulations.
 Presidential Decree No. 1216 (Creating the Human Settlements
Regulatory Commission): This decree established a commission to regulate
human settlements, which includes site location considerations.
 Local Zoning Ordinances: Each LGU typically has its own zoning ordinance
that specifies allowable land uses, building heights, setbacks, and other
regulations for specific areas within their jurisdiction.
 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act No.
9003): This law mandates LGUs to implement waste management programs,
which may include considerations for site location of landfills and waste
treatment facilities.
 Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PD 1586): This
presidential decree mandates the assessment of potential environmental
impacts of proposed projects, including site location considerations, before
they are implemented.
 National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992
(Republic Act No. 7586): This law establishes a system of protected areas
to conserve biodiversity, which may influence site location decisions near
ecologically sensitive areas.
 Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (Republic Act No. 8550): This law
regulates fishing activities and the use of marine resources, potentially
affecting site location decisions near coastal areas.
 Batas Pambansa Blg. 344 (Accessibility Law): Also known as the
"Accessibility Law," BP 344 ensures access to public places for persons with
disabilities. This includes provisions for accessible site location, such as
requirements for ramps, railings, and other facilities.
 Republic Act No. 7277 (Magna Carta for Disabled Persons): This law
provides additional provisions for the rights and privileges of persons with
disabilities, including considerations for site location and accessibility.
 Philippine Green Building Code (Republic Act No. 10913): This law
promotes the adoption of green building practices and standards, which may
influence site location decisions to optimize environmental sustainability and
energy efficiency.
 Philippine Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (Republic Act No. 9513): This
law encourages the development and utilization of renewable energy

sources, which could influence site location decisions for renewable energy
projects such as wind farms, solar parks, and hydroelectric plants.
 Republic Act No. 8371 (Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997): This law
recognizes and protects the rights of indigenous peoples, including their
rights to ancestral lands. Site location decisions must consider indigenous
communities' rights and customary land tenure systems.
 Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7942): This law governs
the exploration, development, and utilization of mineral resources, potentially
influencing site location decisions for mining operations and associated
infrastructure.
 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749): This law
regulates air pollution and emissions from various sources, including
industrial facilities, which may impact site location decisions to comply with air
quality standards.
 Philippine Water Code of 1976 (Presidential Decree No. 1067): This
decree provides guidelines for the conservation, development, and utilization
of water resources, which may influence site location decisions for water-
related infrastructure projects.

 Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
(Republic Act No. 10121): This law aims to strengthen the country's disaster
risk reduction and management capabilities, including considerations for site
location to mitigate risks related to natural hazards.
DIFFERENT LAND USE AND ZONING IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Zoning is the division of a city/municipality into zones or sub-zones (e.g.
commercial, residential, industrial, institutional, agricultural, forest, etc.) according to
present and potential uses of land to maximize, regulate and direct their use and
development in accordance with the Comprehensive Land Use Plan. It takes the
form of a locally enacted ordinance which provides, among others, regulations
affecting uses allowed or disallowed in each zone or sub-zone, conditions for

allowing them, and procedures on evaluating deviations. Zoning is concerned
primarily with the use of land and the regulation of development through imposition
of building heights, bulk, open space, and density provisions in a given area. “The
use of property bears a social function and all economic agents shall contribute to
the common good. Individuals and private groups, including corporations,
cooperatives and similar collective organizations, shall have the right to own,
establish and operate economic enterprises subject to the duty of the state to
promote distributive justice and to intervene when the common good demands.”
(1987 Philippine Constitution: Article XII, Section 6)
Division into Zones or Sub-Zones
To effectively carry out the provisions of this Ordinance, the city/municipality
is hereby divided into the following zones or districts as shown in the Official Zoning
Maps.
Base Zones
1. Forest Zone (FZ)
Protection Forest Sub-Zones
• Forest Reserve Sub-Zone (FR-SZ)
• National Park Sub-Zone (NP-SZ)
• Military Reservation Sub-Zone (MR-SZ)
• Civil Reservation Sub-Zone (CR-SZ)
• Mangrove Sub-Zone (Mn-SZ)
• NIPAS: Strict Protection Sub-Zone (NSP-SZ)

Production Forest Sub-Zones
• NIPAS: Multiple Use Sub-Zone (NMU-SZ)
• Forest Buffer Sub-Zone (FB-SZ)
• Industrial Forest Plantation Sub-Zone (IFP-SZ)
• Special Use Sub-Zone (SU-SZ)
• Grazing Land Sub-Zone (GZ-SZ)
2. Agricultural Zone (AGZ)
• Protection Agricultural Sub-Zone (PTA-SZ)
• Production Agricultural Sub-Zone (PDA-SZ)
3. Agri-industrial Zone (AgIndZ)
4. Municipal Waters Zone (WZ)
Protection Water Sub-Zones
• Fishery Refuge and Sanctuary Sub-Zone (FRS-SZ)
• Foreshore Land Sub-Zone (FL-SZ)
• Mangrove Sub-Zone (Mn-SZ)
• Fishery Reserve Sub-Zone (FR-SZ)
• Delta/Estuary Sub-Zone (D/E-SZ)
• Lake Sub-Zone (L-SZ)
Production Water Sub-Zones
• Aquaculture Sub-Zone (Aq-SZ)

• Mariculture Zone and Park Sub-Zone (MZP-SZ)
• Commercial Fishing Sub-Zone (CF-SZ)
• Municipal Fishing Sub-Zone (MF-SZ)
• Sealane Sub-Zone (SL-SZ)
5. Mineral Land Zone (MLZ)
• Mineral Reservations Sub-Zone(MNR-SZ)
• Quarry Sub-Zone(Q-SZ)
• Small-scale Mining Sub-Zone(SsM-SZ)
6. General Residential Zone (GR-Z)
7. Residential-1 Zone (R1-Z)
8. Residential–2 Zone (R2-Z)
• Basic R-2 Sub-Zone (BR2-SZ)
• Maximum R-2 Sub-Zone (MR2-SZ)
• Basic R-3 Sub-Zone (BR3-SZ)
• Maximum R-3 Sub-Zone (MR3-SZ)
12. Socialized Housing Zone (SH-Z)

13. General Commercial Zone (GC-Z)
14. Commercial–1 Zone (C1-Z)
17. Industrial–1 Zone (I1-Z)
20. General Institutional Zone (GI-Z)
21. Special Institutional Zone (SI-Z)
22. Parks and Recreation Zone (PR-Z)
23. Cemetery/Memorial Park Zone (C/MP-Z)
24. Buffer/Greenbelt Zone (B/G-Z)
25. Utilities, Transportation, and Services Zone (UTS-SZ)
26. Tourism Zone (T-Z)
Overlay Zones
1. Landslide Overlay Zone (LSD-OZ)
2. Flood Overlay Zone (FLD-OZ)
3. Scenic Corridor Overlay Zone (SCD-OZ)
4. Active Fault Overlay Zone (FLT-OZ)
5. Heritage Overlay Zone (HTG-OZ)
6. Ecotourism Overlay Zone (ETM-OZ)
7. Urban Corridor Overlay Zone (UCD-OZ)
8. Transit-Oriented Development Overlay Zone (TOD-OZ)
9. Billboards Overlay Zone (BB-OZ)

10. Key Biodiversity Area Overlay Zone (KBA-OZ)
11. Critical Habitat Overlay Zone (CH-OZ)
12. Ancestral Domain Overlay Zone (AD-OZ)
Land Use Categories and Color Coding

Base Zone Sub-Zone Color Code RGB
Forest Zone FZ
(Protection) Forest Reserve Sub-Zone FR-SZ 0,100,0

National Park Sub-Zone NP-SZ 0,100,0
Military Reservation Sub-Zone MR-SZ 0,100,0

Civil Reservation Sub-Zone CR-SZ 0,100,0
NIPAS: Strict Protection Sub-

NSP-SZ 0,100,0
Zone
(Production) NIPAS: Multiple Use Sub-
NMU-SZ 0,100,0
Zone
Forest Buffer Sub-Zone FB-SZ 0,100,0
Industrial Forest Plantation

IFP-SZ 0,100,0
Sub-Zone
Special Use Sub-Zone SU-SZ 0,100,0
Grazing Land Sub-Zone GZ-SZ 0,100,0
Agricultural Zone AGZ
Protection Agricultural Sub-
PTA-SZ 0,150,0
Zone
Production Agricultural Sub-
PDA-SZ 0,150,0
Zone
Municipal Waters Zone WZ
(Protection) Fishery Refuge and Sanctuary
FRS-SZ 175,200,225
Sub-Zone
Foreshore Land Sub-Zone FL-SZ 175,200,225
Mangrove Sub-Zone Mn-SZ 175,200,225
Fishery Reserve Sub-Zone FyR-SZ 175,200,225
Delta/ Estuary Sub-Zone D/E-SZ 175,200,225
Lake Sub-Zone La-SZ 175,200,225

(Production) Mariculture Zone and
MZP-SZ 175,200,225
Park Sub-Zone
Aquaculture Sub-Zone Aq-SZ 175,200,225
Commercial Fishing Sub-Zone CF-SZ 175,200,225

Municipal Fishing Sub-Zone MF-SZ 175,200,225
Sealane Sub-Zone SL-SZ 175,200,225
Mineral Land Zone MLZ
Mineral Reservation Sub-Zone MNR-SZ 153,51,0

Quarry Sub-Zone Q-SZ 153,51,0

Small-scale Mining Sub-Zone SsM-SZ 153,51,0
General Residential Zone GR-Z 255,255,0
Residential – 1 (R-1) Zone R1-Z 255,255,0
Basic R-2 Sub-Zone BR2-SZ 255,255,0

Maximum R-2 Sub-Zone MR2-SZ 255,255,0
Basic R-3 Sub-Zone BR3-SZ 255,255,0
Maximum R-3 Sub-Zone MR3-SZ 255,255,0

Socialized Housing Zone SH-Z 255,255,0
General Commercial Zone GC-Z 255,0,0
Commercial – 1 (C-1) Zone C1-Z 255,0,0
Agri-Industrial Zone AgIndZ 200,150,25
Industrial – 1 (I-1) Zone I1-Z 150,0,200
General Institutional Zone GI-Z 0,0,255
Special Institutional Zone SI-Z 0,0,255
Tourism Zone T-Z 255,153,0
Parks and Recreation Zone PR-Z 100,225,100
Cemetery /Memorial Park Zone C/MP-Z 100,225,100
Buffer/ Greenbelt Zone B/G-Z 50,225,50
Utilities, Transportation and Services Zone UTS-Z 190,190,190

Note: Overlay Zones can be reflected as broken lines over the
Base Zones. These broken lines may use different colors to
reflect different types of Overlay Zones.
e.g.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Allocation. Refers to the process of assigning or designating specific portions of a
site for various purposes or functions. It involves determining the best use of the
available space in order to achieve the desired objectives for the development
project.
Base Zones. Refers to the primary zoning classification of areas within the
City/Municipality and that are provided with a list of allowable uses and regulations
on building density and bulk, among others. (CLUP Guidebook)
Codes. Legal compilations providing comprehensive rules and standards related to
various aspects of law, including land use planning and development.
Land Use. The term used to describe the human use of land. It represents the
economic and cultural activities (e.g., agricultural, residential, industrial, mining, and
recreational uses) that are practiced at a given place. Public and private lands
frequently represent very different uses. (US EPA, 2024)
Law. Statutes enacted by legislative bodies, such as the Philippine Congress,
establishing regulations and procedures concerning land use, zoning, and site
location.
Ordinance. Regulations enacted by local government units, such as municipalities
and cities, addressing specific local concerns or issues related to land use, zoning,
and site location.
Overlay Zones (OZ). A “transparent zone” that is overlain on top of the Basic Zone
or another Overlay Zone that provides an additional set (or layer) of regulations.
(CLUP Guidebook)
Shrub. A woody plant which is smaller than a tree and has several
main stems arising at or near the ground (Oxford Languages)

Site Development. Involves preparing land for specific purposes through activities
like grading, drainage, utility installation, road construction, and landscaping, aiming
to make it suitable for planned development while meeting regulatory standards.
Site Location. Process of choosing the exact area or plot of land for a project or
development, considering factors like accessibility, infrastructure, environment, and
economic feasibility.
Zone/Sub-Zone. An area within a city/municipality for specific land use as defined
by manmade or natural boundaries.
Tree. a woody perennial plant, typically having a single stem or trunk growing to a
considerable height and bearing lateral branches at some distance from the ground.
(Oxford Languages)
Turf. grass and the surface layer of earth held together by its roots. (Oxford
Languages)
REFERENCES
My Philippine Garden - Bulacan - Frog grass lawn. (n.d.).
https://sites.google.com/view/philippinegarden/frog-grass-lawn
Wikipedia contributors. (2020, March 8). Paspalum conjugatum. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paspalum_conjugatum
Stevensanph. (2013b, August 29). Grass in the Philippines. This Is Philippines. . .
https://thisisphilippines.wordpress.com/2011/11/09/grass-in-the-philippines/
You are being redirected. . . (n.d.-b). https://onetotree.org/philippine-native-trees-101-eight-
examples-of-native-trees-and-the-importance-of-preserving-them/
Coco lumber | 途上国森林ビジネスデータベース BFPRO. (n.d.).
https://jifpro.or.jp/bfpro/sn/sn-17/1742/
Ipil (Intsia bijuga) on the Shores of Singapore. (n.d.).
http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/plants/mangrove/intsia/bijuga.htm
Ipil, intsia bijuga, borneo teak, sevi : Herbal Mediciine / Philippine Alternative Medicine /
StuartXchange. (n.d.). http://www.stuartxchange.org/Ipil.html
Wikipedia contributors. (2023a, October 2). Acacia confusa. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_confusa
Banaba. (2018b, December 12). Cainta Plant Nursery. https://caintaplantnursery.com/our-
products/philippine-indigenous-plants/banaba/
vikaspedia Domains. (n.d.). https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/forestry/tree-crops/gmelina-
arborea
NParks | Aglaia odorata. (n.d.). https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/1/6/1609
Santan / Ixora coccinea / DWARF SANTAN : Philippine Medicinal Plants / Philippine
Alternative Medicine. (n.d.).
http://www.stuartxchange.org/Santan.html#:~:text=Santan%20is%20an%20erect
%20and,or%20shortly%20stalked%2C%20hairy%20cymes.
Wikipedia contributors. (2024, February 8). Excoecaria cochinchinensis. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excoecaria_cochinchinensis
Joselito Guianan Chan, Managing Partner, Chan Robles and Associates Law Firm. (n.d.).
THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES - CHAN ROBLES
VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY. https://chanrobles.com/republicactno6541.htm
Rizzlemay. (2021, September 27). WHAT IS REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7279 OR THE “URBAN
DEVELOPMENT HOUSING ACT OF 1992”? - ALBURO ALBURO AND
ASSOCIATES LAW OFFICES. ALBURO ALBURO AND ASSOCIATES LAW
OFFICES - Committed to Assist Entrepreneurs to Succeed.
https://www.alburolaw.com/what-is-republic-act-no-7279-or-the-urban-development-
housing-act-of-1992/
FAO.org : (n.d.). https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC093246/

P.D. No. 957. (n.d.). https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1976/pd_957_1976.html
Presidential Decree No. 1216 - Amending P.D. No. 957: Subdivision owners’ road provision.
(n.d.). Jur.ph. https://jur.ph/laws/summary/amending-section-31-of-p-d-no-957-re-
requiring-subdivision-owners-to-provide-roads-etc
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003). (n.d.). One Planet Network.
https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/knowledge-centre/policies/ecological-solid-waste-
management-act-2000-ra-9003
FAO.org : (n.d.-b). https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC019235/
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. (n.d.). Issuu.
https://issuu.com/maffymaff/docs/nipas_review_final/s/11467420#:~:text=The
%20National%20Integrated%20Protected%20Areas,(PAs)%20in%20the
%20Philippines.
Ani, P. a. B. (2020, July 16). The Philippine Fisheries Code: National Policy for Sustainable
Fisheries. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP).
https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/512
BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 344 - AN ACT TO ENHANCE THE MOBILITY OF DISABLED
PERSONS BY REQUIRING CERTAIN BUILDINGS, INSTITUTIONS,

ESTABLISHMENTS, AND PUBLIC UTILITIES TO INSTALL FACILITIES AND
OTHER DEVICES. - Supreme Court E-Library. (n.d.).
https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/32306
Disability:IN. (2024, January 21). The Philippines - Disability:IN.
https://disabilityin.org/country/the-philippines/#:~:text=7277%3A%20This%20Act
%20provides%20for,and%20political%20and%20civil%20rights.
Philippine Green Building Code (P.D. 1096) - Climate Change Laws of the World. (n.d.).
https://climate-laws.org/document/philippine-green-building-code-p-d-1096_a28c
Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9513). (n.d.). One Planet Network.
https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/knowledge-centre/policies/renewable-energy-act-
2008-ra-9513#:~:text=It%20aims%20to%20accelerate%20the,of%20sustainable
%20energy%20development%20strategies.
Wikipedia contributors. (2024b, February 16). Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997.
Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples
%27_Rights_Act_of_1997
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7942 - AN ACT INSTITUTING a NEW SYSTEM OF MINERAL
RESOURCES EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT, UTILIZATION, AND
CONSERVATION - Supreme Court E-Library. (n.d.).
https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/3617
AJNE.org | Asian Judges Network on Environment -. (n.d.).
https://www.ajne.org/document/clean-air-act-republic-act-no-8749#:~:text=The
%20Act%20provides%20for%20the,air%20quality%20planning%20and
%20monitoring.
P.D. No. 1067. (n.d.). https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1976/pd_1067_1976.html
R.A. No. 7942. (n.d.). https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1995/ra_7942_1995.html
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. (n.d.). CLUP GUIDEBOOK A guide to
Comprehensive Land Use Plan preparation (Vol. 3).
https://lcp.org.ph/UserFiles/League_of_Cities/file/HLURB_CLUP_Guidebook_Vol_3
_11042015.pdf

Abundant Greeneries For Site Planning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Abundant Greeneries For Site Planning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Research 2: Site Planning and Landscape Architecture Page 0

TREES, SHRUBS, AND TURFS

1. Abundant Trees in the Philippines

The Bani tree, scientifically known as Milletia pinnata (syn. Pongamia

pinnata), is a tall legume tree native to the Philippines. It typically grows to

a height of 15-25 meters, boasting a magnificent canopy of branches and

fragrant flowers in white, purple, and pink make it an attractive addition to

Type: Bani belongs to the legume family and is classified as a deciduous

 Wood: Bani produces beautifully grained wood, although it is prone

to splitting easily when cut. As a result, it is primarily used for

manufacturing firewood, posts, and tool handles.

beneficial as compost for enriching soil nutrients.

used as lamp oil, in soap making, and as a lubricant for various

Location in the Philippines

Bani trees are named after a town in Pangasinan, Philippines,

country, particularly in verdant areas with suitable climate conditions. Bani

trees thrive in both southern and eastern parts of the Philippines,

contributing to the lush greenery of gardens and landscapes.

Best Allocation on-site development

For optimal on-site development, strategically allocate Bani trees in

coffee and cocoa plantations in the Philippines.

1.2. Coconut Palm

towering presence, reaching heights of up to 30 meters. Characterized by

gracefully in the middle, adding to their distinctive silhouette. The pinnate

leaves of coconut trees extend an impressive 4–6 meters in length,

fruits, shaped like elongated ellipses, boast a diameter of up to 30

centimeters and are encased in a thick outer layer of fibrous husk,

enabling them to float effortlessly in seawater, facilitating their dispersal

across vast distances.

Coconut Palm tree photo from khaosok.com

 Coconut timber, reminiscent in appearance to mahogany,

exhibits a fibrous grain and a range of color tones from golden to

near ebony, often speckled with dark brown flecks.

 The wood of coconut trees lacks annual growth rings, rays,

heartwood, and branches, resulting in a uniform texture free

from knots and imperfections.

 Classified into three density categories—high-density, medium-

density, and low-density—coconut timber finds versatile

applications based on its density, ranging from structural

framework to interior trim and novelty products.

 With a Janka ball hardness ranging from 112.5 to 154.7

kgf/cm2, coconut timber surpasses the hardness of oak and

Douglas-fir, offering durability and resilience in various

Location in the Philippines.

Coconut trees are predominantly cultivated in coastal areas and

optimal growing conditions.

Best Allocation on-site development

For optimal on-site development, strategically allocate coconut

rainfall, harnessing their economic value for coconut production while

promoting coastal protection and biodiversity enhancement.

and bark that is smooth, sometimes flaky, and grayish-green with

consisting of leaflets arranged in 1-2 pairs, opposite to one another, with

no terminal leaflet. The tree produces white flowers in dense bunches at

flat, containing several seeds.

Ipil tree photo from Rappler.com

medicines, particularly for treating diarrhea.

 Its timber, known as “kwila” or “merbau,” is highly valued for its

durability, termite-resistance, and attractive grain.

 The wood is used in interior décor, furniture making, and as

 The tree is known for its ecological importance in mangrove

forests and sandy beach habitats.

Location in the Philippines

The Ipil tree is found in various regions of the Philippines