Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 536–541

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Engineering Science and Technology,

an International Journal
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jestch

Full Length Article

Mechanical properties and spalling at elevated temperature of high

performance concrete made with reactive and waste inert powders
Msheer Hasan Ali, Youkhanna Zayia Dinkha, James H. Haido ⇑
College of Engineering, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this article, the efficiency of waste glass powder was investigated in enhancing the mechanical prop-
Received 31 August 2016 erties of concrete at high temperature. Chemical composition of this powder reveals that it plays good
Revised 30 November 2016 role as effective inert very fine material in concrete strength improvement. Conventional reactive poz-
Accepted 1 December 2016
zolanic powder of silica fume was used also in present work to show the degradation degree in concrete
Available online 21 December 2016
strength under firing in comparison to concrete made with waste glass powder. The experimental pro-
gram was comprised of tests for examining fire resistance and mechanical properties of high strength
Keywords:
concrete (HSC) after firing. Fifty-six concrete cylinders and prisms were manufactured for measuring
Concrete fire resistance
High strength concrete
their compressive and flexural strengths, modulus of elasticity and stress-strain behavior at high temper-
Silica fume ature. Failure modes were considered also for the specimens after fire exposure. Results demonstrate the
Waste glass powder great role of waste glass powder in conserving residual strength at high temperature. Accordingly, it is
proved that the HSC made with waste glass powder has strength at high temperature more than that
for concrete fabricated by silica fume.
Ó 2016 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction particle size of 100 lm or smaller show a pozzolanic reactivity in

The functional properties of infrastructures have been improved
during recent years via using advanced constructional materials.
Thus, high strength concrete with a compressive strength up to
120 MPa or more was widely utilized in concrete structures [1].
Most types of HSC can be fabricated by ultra-fine powder of silica
fume to get excellent strength and durability [2]. High perfor-
mance concrete is usually made with high dosage of cement, silica
fume, superplasticizer, fine aggregate [3] and steel fibers as
optional component [4]. This material with superior behavior has
been employed extensively in civil engineering works such as pre-
stressed concrete elements, nuclear storage structures, marine
constructions, petroleum projects, bridges, etc [5,6]. Glass powder
can be used in lieu of silica fume to produce HSC [7–11]. Nowa-
days, the employment of waste materials such as waste glass pow-
der is interesting for civil engineers as eco-technology to protect
the environment. Very fine grading of glass powder plays a great
role to make it good filler which results in high performance of
concrete. It is worth to mention that the waste glass powder with
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: james.haido@uod.ac (J.H. Haido).
Peer review under responsibility of Karabuk University.
concrete [7].
Fire is regarded one of the main risks for concrete constructions.
The exposure to high temperature induces some defects in con-
crete structures, namely, cement paste dehydration, increasing in
porosity, expansion and creep, high pore pressure, and spalling
[12,13]. Measurements of concrete fire safety are represented in
terms of firing duration of structures and their resistance which
depends on heat transmission, structural stability, and integrity
[14,15]. In general, concrete provides reasonable strength under
fire in comparison to the other constructional materials [16] due
to the slight thermal conductivity of concrete inert components
(aggregates). The performance of concrete structural elements
under fire is partially based mechanical and thermal characteristics
of the used concrete. These properties are altered with respect to
the associated fire temperature. In the other words, concrete
behavior at elevated temperatures is dependent on the character-
istics of concrete components. Accordingly, it was proved that
the deterioration of HSC strength after firing is quicker than that
of normal concrete [17–22] due to the low porosity and high den-
sity of HSC which induce high pore pressure during heating.
The compressive and tensile strengths and other properties of
HSC at elevated temperature have been investigated in previous
studies [23–44]. However, studies concerning the effect of heating

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2016.12.004
2215-0986/Ó 2016 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 M.H. Ali et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 536–541 537

Table 1 Table 5
Characteristics of the used cement. Mix proportions of high strength concretes.

Property Initial setting Final setting Specific Fineness Constituent HSC with silica HSC with waste
time time gravity fume glass powder
Test results 151 min 2.25 h 3.2 306 m2/kg Cement (kg/m3) 934 934
Silica fume (kg/m3) 234 –
Glass powder (kg/m3) – 234
Fine sand (kg/m3) 1030 1030
Superplasticizer (kg/m3) 47 47
Steel fiber (kg/m3) 40 40
Table 2 Water (kg/m3) 210 210
Properties of the silica fume. W/C (Ratio) 0.225 0.225

Tests Results
% Retain on 45 lm sieve 2
Bulk density in kg/m3 1002
Pozzolanic activity index 128
% Moisture content @105 °C 0.06
% Loss on ignition @750 °C 0.38
% Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 92.4

Fig. 2. High temperature furnace.

Fig. 1. The used waste glass powder.

Table 3
Chemical composition of the used waste glass powder.

Composition % by Mass
SiO2 67.78
Al2O3 3.00
Fe2O3 0.68
CaO 24.32
MgO 2.60
SO3 1.00
Na2O 1.99
K2O 0.36 Fig. 3. The used furnace temperature function in present study.
TiO2 0.10
P2O5 0.11
MnO 0.03
SrO 0.76
Table 6
Strength of the control HSC samples at 25 °C.

Sample Compressive Flexural (tensile) Initial modulus

designation strength (MPa) strength (MPa) of elasticity (GPa)
RPC-C-SF25a 142 – 52.8
MRPC-C-GP25b 81 – 40.4
Table 4 RPC-P-SF25c – 6.7 –
Physical properties of the used waste glass powder. MRPC-P-GP25 – 5.9 –
Specific gravity 2.60 a
RPC is HSC made with silica fume, C is Cylinder, SF is Silica Fume, and the last
Density 1.3 gm/cm3 number is represented temperature in°C.
Fineness passing 850 lm 95% b
MRPC is HSC made with waste glass powder, and GP is Glass Powder.
c
P is Prism.
538 M.H. Ali et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 536–541

Fig. 4. Failure pattern of HSC under firing.

Table 7
Failure mode of concrete samples at elevated temperature.

Samples designation Spalling description

RPC-C-SF25 –
RPC-C-SF200 No spalling
RPC-C-SF300 No spalling
RPC-C-SF400 Partial spalling into large pieces
RPC-C-SF500 Full spalling into small pieces
RPC-C-SF600 Full spalling into small pieces
RPC-C-SF800 Full spalling into small pieces
MRPC-C-GP25 –
MRPC-C-GP200 No spalling
MRPC-C-GP300 No spalling
MRPC-C-GP400 No spalling
MRPC-C-GP500 Partial spalling
MRPC-C-GP600 Partial spalling into large pieces
MRPC-C-GP800 Full spalling into small pieces
RPC-P-SF25 –
RPC-P-SF200 No spalling
RPC-P-SF300 No spalling Fig. 5. Variation of relative compressive strength of cylinders with temperature.
RPC-P-SF400 Partial spalling into large pieces
RPC-P-SF500 Full spalling into small pieces
RPC-P-SF600 Full spalling into small pieces
RPC-P-SF800 Full spalling into small pieces
MRPC-P-GP25 –
MRPC-P-GP200 No spalling
MRPC-P-GP300 No spalling
MRPC-P-GP400 No spalling
MRPC-P-GP500 Partial spalling into large pieces
MRPC-P-GP600 Partial spalling into large pieces
MRPC-P-GP800 Full spalling into small pieces

on HSC made with waste glass powder are limited. Hence, further
experimental works are considered essential in this topic.
This manuscript elucidates the behavior of heated HSC in terms
of compressive and flexural strengths, modulus of elasticity, axial
and lateral strains and mode of failure. Furthermore, the efficiency
of waste glass powder was studied in improving the mechanical
properties of HSC under firing. Fig. 6. Variation of relative tensile strength of prisms with temperature.
 M.H. Ali et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 536–541
Fig. 7. Variation of relative modulus of elasticity of cylinders with temperature.
2. Experimental methods
Present laboratory program consisted of preparation of concrete
contents, concrete mix design, fabrication of concrete samples and
their curing and testing.
2.1. Materials used in HSC
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with properties given in Table 1
was used in the current tests to produce HSC.
Densified silica fume (SF) with characteristics given in Table 2
was utilized as pozzolanic substance in concrete batch with the
rate of 25% of cement weight.
Waste glass powder (Fig. 1) with grayish white color and PH of
10.3 was employed as a replacement of cement by a rate of 25% in
some samples. The physical and chemical properties of this compo-
nent are given in Tables 3 and 4. Present waste glass powder is
regarded as very fine inert material in HSC with respect to powder
chemical components and particles size in Tables 3 and 4 respec-
tively. It is worth to mention that the particle size of the used
waste glass powder is larger than 100 lm so it has no pozzolanic
reactivity which comply with the outcomes of Ankur and Randheer
[7].
River sand was used as fine aggregates with grading complied
with ASTM specification and passing No. 4 [45].
Superplasticizer was introduced with a concentration of 5% of
the cement weight to improve mix workability.
Tap water free from injurious materials was utilized in concrete
production and curing during testing program.
It is preferable to use steel fibers in HSC to improve its ductility
by inhibition the spread of concrete cracking [46,47]. Thus, straight
steel fibers were employed in present HSC manufacturing with an
aspect ratio and length of 50 and 10 mm respectively.
Fig. 8. Measurement of axial and lateral strains.
539
2.2. Concrete mix design
Several concrete mixes were considered to find the optimum
mix proportions of HSC. The adopted mixes for concrete made with
silica fume or waste glass powder are tabulated in Table 5.
2.3. Concrete samples preparation and curing
Above-mentioned concrete mixes were utilized in HSC speci-
mens preparation to study their mechanical properties. Hence,
twenty-eight standard cylinders with a diameter of 100 mm and
200 mm in height were cast to examine HSC strength before and
after exposing to elevated temperature. This strength is measured
in terms of compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and stress-
strain responses. Moreover, twenty-eight standard prisms with the
size of 100 mm
100 mm
330 mm were made with HSC to
measure their flexural or tensile strength. All specimens were
fabricated with compliance with ASTM standards [45]. Specimen
molds were removed after two days from casting. Thereafter, rapid
curing was carried out for these samples using hot water bath at
90 ± 5 °C for four days. Then, the curing process was kept on with
utilizing water at a temperature of 25 ± 3 °C for twenty-two days.
Finally, HSC samples were removed from the water bath and left
in the lab for other seven days to dry before fire resistance testing.
Seven heating temperatures in °C were considered in present tests,
namely, 25, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 800. Two concrete samples
(i.e. prisms or cylinders) were utilized per each temperature.
2.4. Fire resistance test
A series of fire tests was carried out on both types of
concrete at the age of 35 days. These experiments were per-
formed using high-temperature furnace (Fig. 2) with the size
of 300 mm
250 mm
400 mm. The furnace temperature curve
template (Fig. 3) was employed for fire tests to emulate actual
conditions of firing in buildings. During fire test, the specimens
were maintained for thirty minutes under firing inside the fur-
nace to ensure a steady state temperature within the concrete.
Then, specimens were cooled at lab temperature before testing
under compressive and flexural actions.
3. Experimental measurements
The strength before firing of the control HSC cylinders and
prisms which were made with present trial mixes is given in
Table 6.
The residual of mechanical properties (i.e. compressive
strength, tensile strength, Young modulus, stress-strain relation-
ship) and mode of failure at elevated temperature of 200–800 °C
were investigated for the used concretes. These characteristics
are presented in terms of strength ratio as hereunder:
540 M.H. Ali et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 536–541

Fig. 9. Stress-strain relationships for HSC made with silica fume.

Fig. 10. Stress-strain relationships for HSC made with waste glass powder.

mechanical property ratio ðrelative propertyÞ
property at elevated temperature
¼ ð1Þ
property of control specimen without firing
Spalling or breaking up of pieces for concrete at high tempera-
ture was seen during fire test of HSC samples. This failure at high
temperature can be categorized to three cases, namely, no spalling
status, partially spalling and full spalling (Fig. 4). The spalling
degree is an indication of concrete specimen strength at elevated
temperature. Table 7 illustrates concrete samples failure after
heating. It can be demonstrated that the spalling of HSC made with
silica fume is started at a temperature lower than that for HSC fab-
ricated by waste glass powder which confirms the high reactivity
of silica fume. Furthermore, the complete loss in strength for fired
HSC made with silica fume is reached at a temperature lower than
that for HSC contains waste glass powder.
Compressive strength ratio of concretes at elevated tempera-
ture is illustrated in Fig. 5. It is obvious that HSC made with glass
powder does not influenced by the temperature raising up to the
extent of 200 °C. On the other hand, a dramatic loss can be seen
in the strength of HSC fabricated by silica fume with increasing
in temperature more than 25 °C. The decrease in strength is attrib-
uted to pozzolanic silica fume activity and concrete impermeabil-
ity which lead to micro-cracks formation.
The deterioration ratio in flexural strength was determined as
given in Fig. 6. This parameter is regarded as an important property
from fire resistance point of view due to tensile strength remark-
able effect on concrete cracking. It can be observed that the
strength of HSC made with waste glass powder is influenced by
temperature more than 200 °C. An average decreasing of 16.15%
is noticed in the strength of this HSC per each temperature incre-
ment of 100 °C after reaching the limit of 200 °C. For HSC fabri-
cated by silica fume, high loss of 52% in tensile strength appears
in Fig. 6. At 400 °C, the reduction in tensile strength is 65% and
25% in comparison to control specimen strength for HSC made
with silica fume and glass powder respectively. This fact demon-
strates the negative role of silica fume in tensile strength degrada-
tion at elevated temperature.
 M.H. Ali et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20 (2017) 536–541
Concerning Young modulus of HSC at high temperatures, a
reduction in this property is observed with temperature elevating
(Fig. 7). In addition, there is a rapid decreasing in this modulus at
high temperature for HSC made with silica fume in comparison
to that manufactured by waste glass powder.
The strain of concrete cylinders was also recorded during the
tests in the form of axial and lateral strains using two vertical
and horizontal strain gauges attached to the cylinders (Fig. 8).
Figs. 9 and 10 show the stress-strain diagrams of HSC; where
relaxation in these relationships can be noticed with elevating
the temperature. Accordingly, the maximum strain at high temper-
ature for HSC is decreased before failure. The residual stress-strain
behavior at an elevated temperature for HSC made with waste
glass powder is better than that for concrete contains silica fume.
4. Conclusions
Based on the aforementioned experimental outcomes, the fol-
lowing conclusions can be given:
1. Degradation of mechanical properties at high temperature of
HSC made with silica fume is more than that fabricated by
waste glass powder.
2. HSC manufactured by silica fume is spalled earlier than HSC
contains waste glass powder under the effect of increasing in
temperature.
3. Waste glass powder with particle size range of 100–850 lm can
be used as a proper and efficient inert powder in HSC which is
exposed to firing at high temperature.
Acknowledgements
Thank you very much goes to the Research Center of the College
of Engineering for providing some facilities of this work. The
authors are thankful also to Songool Sadiq, Dilheen Salah, Haveen
Idrees, Negar Abdul-Majeed and Muhammed Abdul-Malak for their
assistance.
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