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Gabriela N. Fernandez - DNA Translation (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology)
Gabriela N. Fernandez - DNA Translation (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology)
Region I
SDO 1 Pangasinan I
LYCEUM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
Dagupan City, Pangasinan
Graduate Studies in Education
DNA Translation
In partial requirement
for
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Submitted to:
Submitted by:
GABRIELA N. FERNANDEZ
Ribosomes are dedicated cellular machineries that make this whole process
possible. The ribosomes that read the message on the mRNA and the tRNA
transfers individual amino acids to the ribosomes according to the sequence
of base pairs on the mRNA. These amino acids are then joined together by
bonds to form a protein.
Where does Translation takes place in the cell? And the difference between
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.
1. Prokaryotes – the translation takes place in the Cytoplasm
What is a codon?
A codon is a sequence of three DNA/RNA bases. When mRNA goes inside a
ribosome, the ribosomes does not read individual bases but rather sequences of
three bases. Each sequence of three base pairs corresponds to a specific amino
acid.
Example:
UUU - Phenylalanine
UCC - Serene
Once the appropriate AUG is identified, the large subunit binds to the
complex of Met-tRNA, mRNA, and the small subunit. This step completes
the initiation of translation.
2. Elongation of Translation
The large ribosomal subunit consists of three compartments: the A
site binds incoming charged aminoacyl tRNAs. The P site binds charged
tRNAs carrying amino acids that have formed peptide bonds with the
growing polypeptide chain but have not yet dissociated from their
corresponding tRNA. The E site releases dissociated tRNAs so that they
can be recharged with free amino acids. this creates an initiation complex
with a free A site ready to accept the tRNA corresponding to the first
codon after the AUG.
3. Termination of Translation
Termination of translation occurs when a nonsense codon (UAA,
UAG, or UGA) is encountered. Upon aligning with the A site, these
nonsense codons are recognized by release factors in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes that instruct peptidyl transferase to add a water molecule to
the carboxyl end of the P-site amino acid. This reaction forces the P-site
amino acid to detach from its tRNA, and the newly made protein is
released. The small and large ribosomal subunits dissociate from the
mRNA and from each other; they are recruited almost immediately into
another translation initiation complex. After many ribosomes have
completed translation, the mRNA is degraded so the nucleotides can be
reused in another transcription reaction.