2.065/2.

066 Acoustics and Sensing

Lecture 4

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Professor Nicholas Makris

*
 Inhomogeneous Wave Equation
with mass flow and body force

Continuity equation
∂ρ1 Mass flow
∂t + ρ0 ∇ · ~u = q(~r, t) Volume

Momentum equation

ρ0 ∂~
u
∂t
+ ∇p = F~ Force
Volume

State equation
1
ρ1 = c2 p

The wave equation now becomes

∇2 p(~r, t) − 1 ∂2
c2 ∂t2
p(~r, t) = − ∂q(~
r ,t)
∂t
+ ∇ · F~
 Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation
Time harmonic inhomogeneous wave equation

Inhomogeneous wave equation with monopole source

distribution
1 ∂2
∇2 p(~r, t) − c2 ∂t2
p(~r, t) = − ∂q(~
r ,t)
∂t
≡ −s(~r, t)

Assume Time harmonic source and acoustic pressure

p (~r, t) ≡ Pf (~r) e−j2πf t and s (~r, t) ≡ Sf (~r) e−j2πf t

Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation

2πf
∇2Pf (~r) + k 2 Pf (~r) = −Sf (~r), where k ≡ c
 Free Space Green function

Assume a point source in free space

Sf (~r) ≡ δ(~r − ~r0 ), where ~r0 is the point source position

The Helmholtz equation with a point source at ~r0 is

2πf
∇2 Pf (~r) + k2 Pf (~r) = −δ(~r − ~r0 ), where k≡
c

The solution is the Free Space Green Function which is the

spatial impulse response.
1
Pf (~r) = G(~r | ~r0 ) = 4πR
ejkR , where R ≡ |~r − ~r0 |

Reciprocity: G(~r | ~r0 ) = G(~r0 | ~r)

 Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation Solution
Solution of Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation in Free Space with general source
distribution

~r: receiver position

~r0 : source position
V0 : Volume where source
function is nonzero(Sf (~r0 ) 6= 0)

Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation

∇2 Pf (~r) + k2 Pf (~r) = −Sf (~r)

Solution:
ZZZ
Pf (~r) = Sf (~r0 )G(~r |~r0 )dV0
Convolution with spatial impulse
response V0
 Impedance Relations for an Omnidirectional
Point Source in Free Space
Assume a source radiating from the origin at single
angular frequency ω ≡ 2πf with amplitude A only radial component

ej(kr−ωt)
p(~r, t) = A
r
1st order momentum equation Source

∂~u ∂ur ∂p
ρ0 = −∇p ⇒ ρ0 =− where ~u = ur îr
∂t ∂t ∂r
» – » – » –
∂p jk jkr 1 A 1 −jωt 1
=A e − 2 ejkr e−jωt = ejkr jk − e = p jk −
∂r r r r r r

Since p is at frequency f , then ur ∼ e−jωt by linearity (time harmonic)

∂ur (~r, t)
= −jωur (~r, t)
∂t

p(~r,t)  j
 Impedance relation for
ur (~r, t) = ρ0 c 1+ kr omni-directional point source
 Impedance Relations for an Omnidirectional
Point Source in Free Space

Source
Plane Wave

Limiting cases:
1. r ≪ λ or kr ≪ 1 2. r ≫ λ or kr ≫ 1
p(~r, t) j p(~r, t)
ur (~r, t) ≈ ur (~r, t) ≈
ρ0 c kr ρ0 c
 Acoustic Intensity
◮ Acoustic Intensity
Power
~ = ℜ{p~u∗ } |Intensity| =
hIi Area
~ ~
Power = Force · Velocity
◮ Power and Intensity
ZZ Note:
W = ~ · dS
hIi ~ Power = rate of change of work over time

◮ Light Bulb - omnidirectional

W = I1 S1 = I2 S2
S1 = 4πr12
S2 = 4πr22
W W
W W = IS ⇒ I= S
= 4πr 2
Source |hI~1 i| =
S1
W
|hI~2 i| =
S2