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The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the and a mathematical formulation of one of Nature’s
Laws of the Universe interactions, gravity.
Roger Penrose Many of the hallmarks of progress along the road
Alfred A. Knopf, 2005 to reality can already be discerned in the first Sci-
ISBN 0-679-45443-8 entific Revolution. Because Nature so deftly hides
$40.00, 1,099 pages her secrets, a crazy theory is often a prerequisite
for making any headway. Copernicus, for example,
For the title of his latest epic, The Road to Re- defied not only established authority but also the
ality, Roger Penrose has selected a metaphor that common sense of every observer who, under the
appears frequently in popular expositions of illusion of being at rest, watched the sun move
physics. It is no wonder that the phrase has become across the sky. Other necessities for progress—
a favorite among physicists, for it suggests a mathematics for formulating and developing a the-
single-minded pursuit of the ultimate destination: ory and a physical apparatus for testing it—were
an understanding of all the underlying principles also essential components of the revolution. The
that govern the behavior of our universe. Perhaps improved instruments for measurement devised by
that may seem to be an ambitious program. After Tycho Brahe permitted Kepler to refute the orbits
all, it was not so very long ago that Eugene Wigner of Copernicus’s system. Newton’s calculus allowed
asserted, “The great success of physics is due to a him to extend Galilean dynamics and explain the
restriction of its objectives.” Since that sober as- laws that Kepler had observed. The road to reality
sessment, however, stunning progress has changed had taken its now familiar course of revolution fol-
the outlook of physics so greatly that several of its lowed by successive approximation.
leading proponents have been emboldened to sug- The nineteenth century witnessed the second
gest that a complete grasp of the laws of nature lies Scientific Revolution. Between 1850 and 1865, fun-
just ahead of us. damental notions such as energy and entropy were
As Penrose asserts, the voyage of discovery has introduced. At first, many scientists deprecated en-
lasted more than two and a half millennia and has ergy as a mathematical abstraction. By the end of
been profoundly difficult. At the start of the jour- the century, however, energy was replacing force
ney, around 500 B.C.E., Heraclitus identified the as the preferred attribute of reality around which
major stumbling block: Nature is wont to conceal her- to organize physical theories. Several new branches
self. Mathematical advances aside, the first signifi- of physics—thermodynamics, statistical mechan-
cant steps on the road to reality were achieved in ics, the kinetic theory of gases—arose accordingly.
the period between 1543, the year Copernicus pub- The second revolution in physics culminated in a
lished his heliocentric theory of planetary motion, working awareness of our solar system’s place in
and 1687, the year Newtonian mechanics was in- the Milky Way, the concept of a “disembodied”
troduced. This era, the first Scientific Revolution, field, the mathematical description of a second
culminated in a working awareness of the solar fundamental interaction, namely electromagnetism,
system, a basic framework for studying dynamics, the discovery of an elementary particle (the elec-
tron), and, by virtue of the second law of thermo-
Brian Blank is professor of mathematics at Washington dynamics, a stark new aspect of reality: the ther-
University. His email address is brian@math.wustl.edu. modynamic arrow of time.