LECTURE- 03

WATER AND WATER TREATMENT

Water and water treatment:
Water has versatile usages in textile wet processing industry-from preparation
to finishing. Use of water is essential in every stage of textile process.
Industrial process water hold different type of elements, sometimes pollute
severely. Water mainly contains the carbonates, bicarbonates, sulfates and
chlorides of calcium, magnesium and sodium. Contaminated water can
adversely affect the expecting standard of textile wet process. The process
water needs a standard specification aspect of use.
Water hardness:

Generally soaps create foam in water, but in presence of some materials the
foam creation is reduce and need more soap for producing foam-this condition
of water is called water hardness. In this situation the cleaning efficiency of
soap decreases dramatically.

Types of water hardness:

There are two types of water hardness-

a) Temporary hardness
b) Permanent hardness
a) Temporary hardness:

Temporary hardness is due to the presence of bi-carbonates of calcium &

magnesium salt in water. This type of hardness is called temporary
hardness. Ca, Mg carbonates are virtually insoluble in water, Such as-
Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2, Fe(HCO3)2.

b) Permanent hardness:

It is due to the presence of chlorides or sulphates of Ca & Mg this types of

hardness is called permanent. These salts don’t decompose on boiling.
Permanent hardness are- CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2, MgSO4. So permanent
hardness cannot be removed.
Hardness scales:

Hardness
. is measure in two scale:

a) PPM
b) Degree scale

PPM( Parts per million)Scale:

The number of parts of substances per million parts of water is known

ppm. It is also called American hardness. It can be expressed by another
way like mg/l, or gm/m3.
b) Degree scale:

Hardness can be expressed degree-

How to Remove Hardness from Water
There are a number of methods to remove the hardness present in water.
One those methods are being followed, the hard water gets converted to soft
water. Some of the methods to remove hardness from water are-

➢ Chemical Process of Boiling Hard Water

➢ Adding Slaked Lime (Clark's Process)
➢ Adding Washing Soda
➢ Calgon Process
➢ Ion Exchange Process
➢ Using Ion Exchange Resins
Chemical Process of Boiling Hard Water
Calgon process
Clarks process
Adding washing soda