Lecture – 12

Dyeing Machines
 LECTURE-11

Dyeing Machines
 Introduction
The machine which is used to dyeing or coloring of materials like
fibre, yarn, fabric, garments or any other materials is called dyeing
machine. Dyeing machines come in all shapes and sizes to
accommodate the various forms and quantities of textile materials.
Actually it is the device that is used by different industries for
imparting colors. Various types of dyeing machineries are used to
dye the textile materials.
The basic requirements of a dyeing m/c:

➢ It should provide sufficient movement for the liquor to penetrate

uniformly into every part of the goods.
➢ The movement must not be so vigorous that it will damage fibre
mtls.
➢ The m/c must be constructed of a mtl. which will withstand
prolonged boiling with acid or alkaline solutions.
➢ The heating arrangements must be such that a comparatively
uniform temp. will be maintained throughout the liquor.
➢ There should be some means of adding the concentrated dyestuff
solution in such a way that it becomes well diluted before it comes
into contact with goods.
➢ All moving parts and electric motors should be protected
against the corrosive action of steam and acidic atmospheric
condition.
 Types of dyeing m/c
1. Fibre dyeing m/c- Loose stock form
2. Yarn dyeing m/c- a) Hank form:
b) Package form:
Cop dyeing m/c.
Cheese dyeing m/c.
Warp dyeing m/c.
3. Fabric dyeing m/c-
a) Jet dyeing m/c.
b) Jigger dyeing m/c.
c) Beam dyeing m/c.
d) Winch dyeing m/c.
e) High temp winch dyeing m/c.
f) Molten metal stand fast dyeing m/c.
g) Solvent dyeing m/c.
h) Pad dyeing m/c or Padding mangle dyeing m/c.
According to dyeing process:
➢ Open dyeing m/c process.
➢ Enclosed dyeing m/c

Depending on mtl. and liquor movement:

➢ Mtl. moves but liquor does not circulate. e.g. Jigger, winch etc.
➢ Liquor circulates but mtl. does not move.e.g. All package dyeing
m/cs.
➢ Both mtl. and liquor circulate. e.g. Jet dyeing m/c.

Depending on the mtl. to be dyed:

➢ Loose stock form dyeing m/c.

➢ Hank form dyeing m/c.
➢ Package form dyeing m/c.
➢ Fabric form dyeing m/c.
 JET DYEING M/C
Feature:

➢ Modern discontinuous dyeing m/c.

➢ Used for woven i.e. synthetic fabric.
➢ Both dye liquor and fabrics are circulated.
➢ Generally of two types -1. Vertical and 2. Horizontal
➢ Time is required 6-8 hrs.
➢ Dyeing temp. 1400c.
➢ M:L ratio is 1:20-1:30.
➢ M/c capacity is normally 150 kg.
➢ Pressure up to 5 kg/cm2.
➢ Jet dyeing m/c is a complete closed vessel m/c.
➢ The fabric is dyed in rope form.
Working principle:

 Jet dyeing m/c baised on a ventritube

which is a cylindrical pressure vessel and
centrifugal pump rotate the liquor with
the help of Jet throttle valve.
 The circular movement of the liquor
carries the fabric round with it in a totally
enclosed tubular chamber.
 The ventritube is a construction on the
passage through which the speed of flow
of the liquor must be increased.
 The primary flow is given by a
centrifugal pump but it is useful to
incorporate also a few inclined steam jets
to boost the movement of both the fabric
and liquor.
Advantages:
- Uniform dyeing is possible.
- Knitted fabric can be dyed.
- M:L ration is very small and easily adjustable.
- No risk of long line.
- Better dyeing is possible than other discontinuous dyeing.
- Easy to maintain uniform temp. through out the m/c.

Disadvantages:
– Elongation of the fabric due to the tension.
– Crease of fabric may be damaged.
– Discontinuous process.
– Patchiness occurs due to high rate dye and for this, color variation to
fabric length.
– Streakiness occurs due to insufficient liquor to fabric rope and for this
color variation to fabric width.
– Slight and dark mark is found to the fabric for relux of shrinkage fabric
post processing.
 JIGGER DYEING M/C
Features:

 Discontinuous dyeing m/c.

 Fabric is dyed in open width in uniform tension.
 Fabric moves but liquor does not circulate.
 M:L is 1:7 to 1:10
 In normal atmospheric pressure and under 1000c, fabric can be
dyed.
 Time is required 4-10 hrs for dyeing.
 500-1000 yds fabric can be dyed.
 Fabric transport speed is 200-800m/hr.
 It is used specially for woven fabrics.
 Rollers rotate clockwise and anti clockwise.
Working principle:

 The jigger consists of a trough fitted with rollers known as

draw rollers arranged one along either side and supported in
metal bearings. Guide rollers and stream line are provided in
the trough.
 The mtl./Fabric is wound, in open width, over rollers
standing above a shallow trough containing the dye liquor.
 The rollers, by rotating in clockwise and anticlockwise directions
alternately, pull the fabric backward and forward through the dye liquor,
completely immersion being ensured by guide rollers at the bottom of the
trough.

 The draw roller from which the fabric is taken out is called “let-off”
roller while the other is called “take up” roller.

 When all the fabric passes through liquor from one roller to the other, the
passage is called an end or one turn. A no. of ends are given, during which
time the fabric passes to and fro and passes through the dye solution a no.
of times.

 The no. of ends given depends on several factors, including the size of
roll or batch of fabric.

 The time required for one end usually 10 to 15 mins and on the depth of
shade being dyed.
Advantages:
 High speed dyeing m/c.
 Low M:L ratio.
 Better dye penetration.
 No crease marks in fabric.
 Economical dyeing process.
 Used for cotton fabrics specially woven fabric.

Disadvantages:
 Uneven dyeing in fabric selvedge.
 Weak fabric may be damaged due to more tension.
 Dyeing room becomes dirty and hazard.
 Heat may be lost due to roller.
 Fabric is out of liquor in dyeing tank.
 Discontinuous process.
 WINCH DYEING M/C
Feature:

 The fabric is immersed and pulled on from dye liquor with the help
of winch and guide roller. So its named winch dyeing m/c.
 Essentially, consists of a heated container and a revolving winch
 Discontinuous type dyeing m/c.
 In the m/c, fabric moves but dye liquor does not move.
 The fabric is dyed in rope form.
 Winch speed is 70 r.p.m and fabric moving speed 30 to 80 m/min.
 M:L ratio 1:20 to 1:40.
 The more speed, the more dyeing.
 Mostly fabric is kept on dye liquor during dyeing.
 Fabric is dyed by endless chain of the two ends of the fabric.
 Any additional of dyes and chemicals as well as passage of steam
done in the smaller compartment.
 Working principle:

 The m/c consists of a

driven elliptical winch
having a perforated
partition dividing the vat
into two compartments.

 Water inlet and outlet

arrangements are made in
small compartment and
line steam can be let in
the small compartment.
 The fabric is passed over the winch into the dye and taken over the
circular guide roller at the other ends are sewn together making a
long continuous loop, which is then worked in the m/c for dyeing.

 When the cloth is dyed in the rope form, a no. of pieces can be
dyed simultaneously.

 Dye solution is made and kept in a small compartment. Then

through perforated partition dye liquor enters into cloth
compartment.

 Now the fabric is circulated by winch and guide rollers and fabric
becomes dyed.
Advantages:
 Easy to operate and easy to enter and let out of the fabric of the m/c.
 Suitable for dyeing both woven and knitted fabric.
 Due to revolving winch, fabric folding become small as a result better
and level dyeing.
 Dyed fabric is soft and durable.
 Knitted fabric can be dyed easily due to low tension on fabric.
 Many batches can be dyed at a time.

Disadvantages:
 Difficult to maintain uniform temperature.
 Due to high liquor ratio (1:40) product cost is higher.
 Elongation of fabrics occur due to tension.
 Uneven dyeing due to folding.
 Permanent crease many occur due to not heat set of fabric.
 Labour and production cost is increase due to high temp. and pressure.
 More fabrics cannot be dyed as Beam dyeing.
 Discontinuous process.
Drying system after dyeing:
Textile mtls. are dried in Two steps after dyeing. The
steps are:
 To extract excess water from mtl. mechanically i.e. by
mangling hydro – extraction suction etc.
 Then the remaining water is evaporated by applying heat
on mtl.
The heat application methods on textile mtls-
 Conventional method – Hot air system.
 Conduction method – By heating cylinder or cone.
 Radiation method - -Infra-red heating. Cell drier.