PROGRAMA ENFERMERÍA –INGLÉS I –

SEGUNDO PARCIAL – SEM A 2020

Student………………………………………………………………..Code…………………………...

1. Read the text and summarize it in a brochure

FATTY LIVER
https://www.healthline.com/health/fatty-liver

Fatty liver is also known as hepatic steatosis. It happens when fat builds up in the liver. Having small
amounts of fat in your liver is normal, but too much can become a health problem. Your liver is the second
largest organ in your body. It helps process nutrients from food and drinks and filters harmful substances
from your blood. Too much fat in your liver can cause liver inflammation, which can damage your liver and
create scarring. In severe cases, this scarring can lead to liver failure.

Symptoms of fatty liver

Some people with fatty liver disease develop complications, including liver scarring. Liver scarring is known
as liver fibrosis. If you develop severe liver fibrosis, it’s known as cirrhosis.

Cirrhosis may cause symptoms such as:

loss of appetite
weight loss
weakness
fatigue
nosebleeds
itchy skin
yellow skin and eyes
web-like clusters of blood vessels under your skin
abdominal pain
abdominal swelling
swelling of your legs
breast enlargement in men
confusion
Cirrhosis is a potentially life-threatening condition. Get the information you need to recognize and manage
it.

Causes of fatty liver

Fatty liver develops when your body produces too much fat or doesn’t metabolize fat efficiently enough. The
excess fat is stored in liver cells, where it accumulates and causes fatty liver disease.

This build-up of fat can be caused by a variety of things.

For example, drinking too much alcohol can cause alcoholic fatty liver disease. This is the first stage of
alcohol-related liver disease.

In people who don’t drink a lot of alcohol, the cause of fatty liver disease is less clear.

One or more of the following factors may play a role:

obesity
high blood sugar
insulin resistance
high levels of fat, especially triglycerides, in your blood
Less common causes include:
pregnancy
rapid weight loss
some types of infections, such as hepatitis C
side effects from some types of medications, such as methotrexate (Trexall), tamoxifen (Nolvadex),
amiodorone (Pacerone), and valproic acid (Depakote)

exposure to certain toxins

Certain genes may also raise your risk of developing fatty liver.

Diagnosing of fatty liver

To diagnose fatty liver, your doctor will take your medical history, conduct a physical exam, and order one or
more tests.

Medical history

If your doctor suspects that you might have fatty liver, they will likely ask you questions about:

your family medical history, including any history of liver disease

your alcohol consumption and other lifestyle habits
any medical conditions that you might have
any medications that you might take
recent changes in your health

Physical exam

To check for liver inflammation, your doctor may palpate or press on your abdomen. If your liver is
enlarged, they might be able to feel it.

However, it’s possible for your liver to be inflamed without being enlarged. Your doctor might not
be able to tell if your liver is inflamed by touch.

Blood tests
In many cases, fatty liver disease is diagnosed after blood tests show elevated liver enzymes. For
example, your doctor may order the alanine aminotransferase test (ALT) and aspartate
aminotransferase test (AST) to check your liver enzymes.

These tests might be recommended if you’ve developed signs or symptoms of liver disease, or
they might be ordered as part of routine blood work.

Elevated liver enzymes are a sign of liver inflammation. Fatty liver disease is one potential cause of
liver inflammation, but it’s not the only one.

If you test positive for elevated liver enzymes, your doctor will likely order additional tests to
identify the cause of the inflammation.

Imaging studies

Your doctor may use one or more of the following imaging tests to check for excess fat or other
problems with your liver:

ultrasound exam

CT scan

MRI scan

They might also order a test known as vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE,
FibroScan). This test uses low-frequency sound waves to measure liver stiffness. It can help check
for scarring.

Liver biopsy

A liver biopsy is considered the best way to determine the severity of liver disease. During a liver
biopsy, a doctor will insert a needle into your liver and remove a piece of tissue for examination.
They will give you a local anesthetic to lessen the pain. This test can help determine if you have
fatty liver disease, as well as liver scarring.

Treatment for fatty liver

limit or avoid alcohol

take steps to lose weight
make changes to your diet
If you’ve developed complications, your doctor might recommend additional treatments. To treat
cirrhosis, for example, they might prescribe:

lifestyle changes
medications
surgery
Cirrhosis can lead to liver failure. If you develop liver failure, you might need a liver transplant

Diet for fatty liver disease

 Eat a diet that’s rich in plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains.
Limit your consumption of refined carbohydrates, such as sweets, white rice, white bread, other
refined grain products. Limit your consumption of saturated fats, which are found in red meat and
many other animal products. Avoid trans fats, which are present in many processed snack foods.

Avoid alcohol.

2º. Read the article and do a conceptual map

What is allergic rhinitis?

Recovered from:
Medically reviewed by Judith Marcin, MD — Written by Kristeen Moore — Updated on March 7,
2019

An allergen is an otherwise harmless substance that causes an allergic reaction. Allergic rhinitis, or
hay fever, is an allergic response to specific allergens. Pollen is the most common allergen in
seasonal allergic rhinitis. These are allergy symptoms that occur with the change of seasons.

Nearly 8 percent of adults in the United States experience allergic rhinitis of some kind, according
to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI). Between 10 and 30 percent
of the worldwide population may also have allergic rhinitis.

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis

Common symptoms of allergic rhinitis include:

sneezing
a runny nose
a stuffy nose
an itchy nose
coughing
a sore or scratchy throat
itchy eyes
watery eyes
dark circles under the eyes
frequent headaches
eczema-type symptoms, such as having extremely dry, itchy skin that can blister and weep
hives
excessive fatigue

You’ll usually feel one or more of these symptoms immediately after coming into contact with an
allergen. Some symptoms, such as recurrent headaches and fatigue, may only happen after long-
term exposure to allergens. Fever isn’t a symptom of hay fever.
Some people experience symptoms only rarely. This likely occurs when you’re exposed to
allergens in large quantities. Other people experience symptoms all year long. Talk to your doctor
about possible allergies if your symptoms last for more than a few weeks and don’t seem to be
improving.

What causes allergic rhinitis?

When your body comes into contact with an allergen, it releases histamine, which is a natural
chemical that defends your body from the allergen. This chemical can cause allergic rhinitis and its
symptoms, including a runny nose, sneezing, and itchy eyes.

In addition to tree pollen, other common allergens include:

grass pollen
dust mites
animal dander, which is old skin
cat saliva
mold

During certain times of the year, pollen can be especially problematic. Tree and flower pollens are
more common in the spring. Grasses and weeds produce more pollen in the summer and fall.

What are the types of allergic rhinitis

The two types of allergic rhinitis are seasonal and perennial. Seasonal allergies usually occur during
the spring and fall season and are typically in response to outdoor allergens like pollen. Perennial
allergies can occur year round, or at any time during the year in response to indoor substances,
like dust mites and pet dander.

Risk factors for allergic rhinitis

Allergies can affect anyone, but you’re more likely to develop allergic rhinitis if there is a history of
allergies in your family. Having asthma or atopic eczema can also increase your risk of allergic
rhinitis.

Some external factors can trigger or worsen this condition, including:

cigarette smoke
chemicals
cold temperatures
humidity
wind
air pollution
hairspray
perfumes
colognes
wood smoke
fumes
How is allergic rhinitis diagnosed?

If you have minor allergies, you’ll probably only need a physical exam. However, your doctor may
perform certain tests to figure out the best treatment and prevention plan for you.

A skin prick test is one of the most common. Your doctor places several substances onto your skin
to see how your body reacts to each one. Usually, a small red bump appears if you’re allergic to a
substance. A blood test, or radioallergosorbent test (RAST), is also common. The RAST measures
the amount of immunoglobulin E antibodies to particular allergens in your blood.

Treatments for allergic rhinitis

You can treat your allergic rhinitis in several ways. These include medications, as well as home
remedies and possibly alternative medicines. Talk to your doctor before trying any new treatment
measure for allergic rhinitis.

Antihistamines

You can take antihistamines to treat allergies. They work by stopping your body from making
histamine.

Some popular over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamines include:

fexofenadine (Allegra)
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
desloratadine (Clarinex)
loratadine (Claritin)
levocetirizine (Xyzal)
cetirizine (Zyrtec)
Shop for OTC antihistamines.

Decongestants

You can use decongestants over a short period, usually no longer than three days, to relieve a
stuffy nose and sinus pressure. Using them for a longer time can cause a rebound effect, meaning
once you stop your symptoms will actually get worse. Popular OTC decongestants include:

oxymetazoline (Afrin nasal spray)

pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
phenylephrine (Sudafed PE)
cetirizine with pseudoephedrine (Zyrtec-D)
If you have an abnormal heart rhythm, heart disease, history of stroke, anxiety, a sleep disorder,
high blood pressure, or bladder issues, speak with your doctor before using a decongestant.

Home remedies

Home remedies will depend on your allergens. If you have seasonal or pollen allergies, you can try
using an air conditioner instead of opening your windows. If possible, add a filter designed for
allergies.
Using a dehumidifier or a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter can help you control your
allergies while indoors. If you’re allergic to dust mites, wash your sheets and blankets in hot water
that’s above 130°F (54.4°C). Adding a HEPA filter to your vacuum and vacuuming weekly may also
help. Limiting carpet in your home can also be use