Wireless Communications SAP4-1

Solutions to Analytical Problems

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 4 Principles of Cellular Communication

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4.1 Out of the numbers 3, 8, 15, 21, 23, 30, and 47, what values are possible for a

cluster size in a regular hexagonal geometry of cellular architecture? Justify the

same using the relationship between the cluster size K and shift parameters i and j.

Hint: (Refer Section 4.5)

We know that (Refer Eq. 4.13 and Table 4.1)

Cluster size, K = i2 + j2 + i x j, where i and j are shift parameters of regular

hexagonal geometry and can have any integer values such as 0, 1, 2, 3, …. so on.

For i = 1, j = 1; K = i2 + j2 + i x j; K = 3 is possible.

For i = 4, j = 1; K = i2 + j2 + i x j; K = 21 is possible.

It may be verified that other given numbers can not be obtained for any

combination of integer values of i and j. Hence, K = 3 and 21. Ans.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4.2 A large city with an area of 1000 km2 is required to be covered by finite number of

cells with a radius of 2 km each. How many cell sites would be required, assuming

regular hexagonal shaped cells?

Sol.: (Refer Section 4.5)

Wireless Communications SAP4-2

Total service area, Aservice = 1000 km2 (Given)

Radius of a cell, R = 2 km (Given)

We know that (Refer Eq. 4.5)

Area of a regular hexagonal cell, Ahexagon cell = (3√3 / 2) x R2

Or, Ahexagon cell = 10.4 km2

Number of cell sites = Aservice / Ahexagon cell = 1000 / 10.4 = 96 cell sites Ans.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4.3 A new cellular service provider decides to employ a cluster of 19 cells for

frequency reuse.

(a) Draw one such cluster structure?

(b) Is there an alternative cluster of 19 cells available for part (a)? If yes, how?

(c) Determine the reuse distance for part (a), if the radius of a cell is 2 Kms.

Hint: (Refer Section 4.5)

(a) We know that for K = 19; i = 3 and j = 2 (Refer Table 4.1)

To draw cluster structure of K = 19, refer Fig. 4.9.

(b) Yes, there is an alternative way of representing cluster of 19 cells. One

way is to turn 60 degrees clockwise (instead of counterclockwise) and

move j number of cells, after moving i number of cells along any chain of

hexagons. Other alternative ways are to draw cluster structure of K = 19

with i = 2 and j = 3.
Wireless Communications SAP4-3

(c) Radius of a cell, R = 2 km (Given)

Cluster size, K = 19 (Given)

We know that (Refer Section 4.6 and Eq. 4.15)

D ⁄ R = 3K or D = R x 3K = 15 Km Ans.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4.4 The size and shape of each cluster in a cellular system must be designed in such a

way so as to cover adjacent areas in a contiguous and non-overlapped manner.

Define such pattern for the cluster size of 4-cells, 7-cells and 9-cells.

Hint: (Refer Section 4.2 and 4.3)

Refer Figure 4.5 for 4-cells and 9-cells and expand one shown cluster to one tier.

Refer Figure 4.6 for 7-cells cluster size pattern,

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4.5 Calculate the number of channels per cell for a cluster size of 7 in a cellular

system which has 1001 radio channels available for handling traffic. The serving

area of the complete system is 2100 Km2 and the area of the cell is 6 Km2.

Sol.: (Refer Section 4.4)

Service area of the cellular system, Asys = 2100 km2 (Given)

Service area of a cell, Acell = 6 km2 (Given)

Total number of available channels, N = 1001 (Given)

Cluster size, K =7 (Given)

Wireless Communications SAP4-4

The coverage area of a cluster, Acluster = K x Acell

Therefore, Acluster = 7 x 6 km2 = 42 km2

The number of times that the cluster has to be replicated to cover the entire

service area of cellular system = Asys ⁄ Acluster

Or, number of clusters, M = 2100 ⁄ 42

Hence, number of clusters, M = 50 clusters

Since all available radio channels are allocated to one cluster, and then cluster is

repeated many times to cover the service area. Therefore,

The number of channels per cell, J =N ⁄ K

Or, cell capacity, J = 1001 ⁄ 7

Hence, cell capacity, J = 143 channels/cell Ans.

The system capacity, C =NxM

Or, system capacity, C = 1001 x 50

Hence, the system capacity, C = 50,050 channels Ans.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4.6 A cellular service provider is allocated RF spectrum of 30 MHz. The cellular

system is configured with a cluster size of 12. It has simplex channel bandwidth of

25 KHz and 10 channels per cell are reserved as control channels.

(a) Find the reuse distance if the radius of each cell is 5 Kms.

(b) How many channels per cell are available for traffic purpose?
Wireless Communications SAP4-5

(c) How many calls can be simultaneously processed by each cell if 8 users can

share each channel?

Sol.: (Refer Section 4.6)

(a) Radius of a cell, R = 5 km (Given)

Cluster size, K = 12 (Given)

We know that (Refer Eq. 4.15)

D ⁄ R = 3K or D = R x 3K = 30 Km Ans.

(b) Total allocated RF bandwidth = 30 MHz (Given)

Simplex channel bandwidth = 25 KHz (Given)

Duplex channel bandwidth = 2 x 25 KHz = 50 KHz

Total number of channels = 30 MHz / 50 KHz = 600

Since all available channels are allocated to one cluster, and then cluster is

repeated many times to cover the service area. Therefore,

Number of channels per cluster = 600

Number of cells per cluster = 12 (Given)

Therefore, total number of channels per cell = 600 / 12 = 50

Number of control channels per cell = 10 (Given)

Therefore, number of traffic channels per cell = 50-10 = 40 Ans.

(c) Number of users per traffic channel = 8 users (Given)

Therefore, number of simultaneous calls per cell = 40 x 8 = 320 Ans.

Wireless Communications SAP4-6

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4.7 A cellular system is designed for a cluster size K = 4 and is shown in Figure 4.19.

Verify it by using the formula K = i2 + j2 + i x j and the procedure for locating

cochannel cells. If it is not correct, draw the correct frequency plan.

F2
F1
F2 F4
F1 F3 F2
F4 F1
F3 F2 F4
F1 F3
F2 F4
F1 F3 F2
F4 F1
F3 F2 F4
F1 F3
F4
F3

Figure 4.19: For P4.7

Hint: (Refer Section 4.5)

We know that for K = 4; i = 2, j = 0 (Refer Table 4.1)

By following the procedure for locating cochannel cells for cell marked as F1 (say)

in the given figure 4.19, it is observed that cochannel cells marked as F1 are not

located properly. Figure 4.19A shows the correct frequency plan.

Wireless Communications SAP4-7

F1
F2
F1 F4
F2 F3 F2
F4 F1
F3 F2 F3
F1 F4
F2 F3
F1 F4 F1
F3 F2
F4 F1 F4
F2 F3
F4
F3

Figure 4.19A: Solution for P4.7

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4.8 A cellular system has a total RF bandwidth of 12.5 MHz and simplex channel

spacing of 30 KHz. The system contains 20 control channels. The system is

required to cover a total area of 3600 Km².

(a) Calculate the number of traffic channels/cell, if the cluster size is 9.

(b) Find the reuse distance for part (a), if the area of each cell is 8 Km².

(c) Determine the total number of cells needed to cover the entire area.

(d) How many calls can be simultaneously processed by each cell if 8 users can

share each channel?

Wireless Communications SAP4-8

Sol.: (Refer Section 4.6)

(a) Total allocated RF bandwidth = 12.5 MHz (Given)

Simplex channel bandwidth = 30 KHz (Given)

Total number of channels in system = 12.5 MHz / 30 KHz = 416

Number of control channels in the system = 20 (Given)

Therefore, number of traffic channels in the system = 416-20 = 396

Since all available traffic channels are allocated uniformly among cells of

a cluster, and then cluster is repeated many times to cover the service area.

Therefore, number of traffic channels per cluster = 396

Number of cells per cluster (or cluster size), K =9 (Given)

Therefore, number of traffic channels per cell = 396 / 9 = 44 Ans.

(b) Area of a cell, Acell = 8 Km²

We know that Acell = 2.6 R² (Assuming regular hexagonal cell)

Therefore, radius of a cell, R = 1.75 km

We know that (Refer Eq. 4.15)

D ⁄ R = 3K or D = R x 3K = 9 Km Ans.

(c) Service area of the cellular system, Asys = 3600 km2 (Given)

Service area of a cell, Acell = 8 km2 (Given)

Therefore, number of cells = Asys / Acell = 450 cells Ans.

Wireless Communications SAP4-9

(d) Number of users per traffic channel = 8 users (Given)

Therefore, number of simultaneous calls per cell = 44 x 8 = 352 Ans.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4.9 Consider two different cellular systems A and B, each allocated a spectrum of 20

MHz and use 30 KHz channel spacing for uplink and downlink separately. The

system A is configured with frequency reuse factor of 4 and system B with

frequency reuse factor of 7.

(a) Suppose that in each of these systems, the cluster of cells is duplicated 16

times. Determine the number of simultaneous communications that can be

supported by each system.

(b) Find the number of simultaneous communications that can be supported by

a single cell in each system.

(c) What is the area covered by each systems in terms of cells?

(d) Suppose the cell size is the same in both systems and a fixed area of 100

cells is covered by each system. Compute the number of simultaneous

communications that can be supported by each system.

Sol.: (Refer Section 4.6)

Total allocated RF bandwidth (uplink or downlink) = 20 MHz (Given)

Simplex channel bandwidth (uplink or downlink) = 30 KHz (Given)

Total number of channels in system A or B = 20 MHz / 30 KHz = 666 channels

Wireless Communications SAP4-10

(a) Since all available channels are allocated to a cluster, and then cluster is

repeated many times to cover the service area. Therefore,

Number of channels in each cluster of system A or B = 666

Number of clusters in system A or B = 16 (Given)

Therefore, number of simultaneous communications that can be supported

by each system = 16 x 666 = 10,656 Ans.

(b) Frequency reuse factor in system A =4 (Given)

That means number of cells per cluster in system A = 4

Therefore, number of simultaneous communications that can be supported

by system A = 666 / 4 = 166 Ans.

Frequency reuse factor in system B =7 (Given)

That means number of cells per cluster in system A = 7

Therefore, number of simultaneous communications that can be supported

by system A = 666 / 7 = 95 Ans.

(c) Number of cells per cluster in system A =4

Number of clusters in system A = 16

Therefore, number of cells in system A = 4 x 16 = 64

Area covered by system A in terms of cells = 64 cells Ans.

Number of cells per cluster in system B =7

Number of clusters in system B = 16

Wireless Communications SAP4-11

Therefore, number of cells in system B = 7 x 16 = 112

Area covered by system B in terms of cells = 112 cells Ans.

(d) Total number of cells in system A = 100 (Given)

Number of cells per cluster in system A =4

Therefore, number of clusters in system A = 100 / 4 = 25

Number of channels in each cluster of system A = 666

Therefore, total number of channels in system A = 25 x 666 = 16,650

That means the number of simultaneous communications that can be

supported by system A are 16,650 Ans.

Total number of cells in system B = 100 (Given)

Number of cells per cluster in system B =7

Therefore, number of clusters in system B = 100 / 7 = (14 x 7 + 2)*

* This means there are 14 cluster having 7 cells each plus 2 isolated cells.

Number of channels in each cluster of system B = 666

Number of channels in each cell of system B = 666 / 7 = 95

Total number of channels in system B = 14 x 666 + 2 x 95 = 9,514

That means the number of simultaneous communications that can be

supported by system B are 9,514 Ans.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Communications SAP4-12

P4.10 A cellular system is allocated a total band of 33 MHz and uses two 25-KHz simplex

channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels.

(a) Find the number of channels available per cell for a frequency reuse factor

of (i) 4 cells; (ii) 7 cells, and (iii) 12 cells?

(b) Assume that 1 MHz is dedicated to control channels but only one control

channel is needed per cell. Determine a reasonable distribution of voice

channels and control channels in each cell for frequency reuse factors given

in part (a).

Sol.: (Refer Section 4.6)

Total allocated RF bandwidth (uplink and downlink) = 33 MHz (Given)

Simplex channel bandwidth (uplink or downlink) = 25 KHz (Given)

Duplex channel bandwidth = 2 x 25 KHz = 50 KHz

Total number of full duplex voice or control channels = 33 MHz / 50 KHz = 660

Since all available channels are allocated to one cluster, and then cluster is

repeated many times to cover the service area. Therefore,

Number of channels per cluster = 660

(a) (i) Number of cells per cluster =4 (Given)

Therefore, number of channels per cell = 660 / 4 = 165 Ans.

(ii) Number of cells per cluster =7 (Given)

Therefore, number of channels per cell = 660 / 7 = 94 Ans.

Wireless Communications SAP4-13

(iii) Number of cells per cluster = 12 (Given)

Therefore, number of channels per cell = 660 / 12 = 55 Ans.

(b) Allocated RF bandwidth for control channels = 1 MHz (Given)

Therefore, number of control channels = 1 MHz / 50 KHz = 20

Number of voice channels = 660 – 20 = 640

(i) Number of cells per cluster =4 (Given)

Number of voice channels per cell = 640 / 4 = 160 Ans.

Number of control channels per cell = 20 / 4 = 5 Ans.

(ii) Number of cells per cluster =7 (Given)

Number of voice channels per cell = 640 / 7 = (5 x 92 + 2 x 90)*

* This means there are 5 cells of 92 voice channels each and 2

cell of 90 voice channels only in a cluster of 7 cells. Ans.

Number of control channels per cell = 20 / 7 = (6 x 3 + 1 x 2)*

* This means there are 6 cells of 3 control channels each and 1

cell of 2 control channels only in a cluster of 7 cells. Ans.

(iii) Number of cells per cluster = 12 (Given)

Number of voice channels per cell = 640 / 12 = (4 x 54 + 8 x 53)*

* This means there are 4 cells of 54 voice channels each and 8

cell of 53 voice channels only in a cluster of 12 cells. Ans.

Number of control channels per cell = 20 / 12 = (8 x 2 + 4 x 1)*

Wireless Communications SAP4-14

* This means there are 8 cells of 2 control channels each and 4

cell of 1 control channel only in a cluster of 12 cells. Ans.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4.11 Prove the following for a hexagonal cellular system with cell radius R reuse

distance D and given value of the cluster size K:

(a) D = 3R for K = 3.

(b) D = 3.46R for K = 4.

(c) D = 4.6R for K = 7.

(d) D = 6R for K = 12.

Sol.: (Refer Section 4.6)

We know that (Refer Eq. 4.15)

D ⁄ R = 3K or D = R x 3K

(a) For K = 3; D = 3R Hence Proved.

(b) For K = 4; D = 3.46R Hence Proved.

(c) For K = 7; D = 4.6R Hence Proved.

(d) For K = 12; D = 6R Hence Proved.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------