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k|flrg sfndf j}lbs lzIff Clifs"n , lkt[s"n, b]js"n / u'?s'n k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lyof] .
dfgj hLjgsf] ;o jif{nfO{ rf/ efudf ljefhg u/L klxnf] @% jif{nfO{ lzIff cfh{gsf] pd]/ dflgPsf] –a|Dxrfof{>d,
u[x:yf>d, jfgfk|fy:>d / ;Gof>d _ .
k|flrg j}lbs sfndf dlxnf lzIff ;d]t k|rngdf /x]sf] kfO{G5 . lzIff cfh{g u/L u[x:y hLjg ljtfpg]nfO{ zb\of]aw'
/ zGof; lng]nfO{ a|DxaflbgL elgGYof] .
To; j]nf jf}4 lzIffsf] klg /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] .
jf}4 lzIffdf ln+u / j0f{ e]b lyPg .
u'Dafdf k9fpg] sn]hL /+usf] a:q nufpg]nfO{ ;+ufkf elgGYof] h;n] tk:ofaf6 zª\sfk -;Gtfg gx'g] zlSt_ kfPsf
x'Gy] eg] kx]+nf /ªsf] a:q nufpg]nfO{ u]?ª elgGYof] hf] ljjfx gu/L u[x:y TofUby] .
kl08t sgs>Ln] lnR5jLsfndf ljj|mdlznf ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 kl08t :yfg k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
lnIjLsfndf lzIffsf] dfWod ;+:s[t lyof] .
/fhf c+z'jdf{n] Wjlgzf:qsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . pgsf] kfnfdf lzIff jf}4, z}j / j}Z0fj ;Dk|bfodf ljeflht lyof] .
lj=;= !&!( df O{;fO wd{ k|rf/s 8f]/jLn /fhf k|tfk dNnsf] kfnfdf g]kfn k|j]z u/L O{;fO wd{ k|rf/ u/]sf] yfxf
kfPkl5 8f]/jLnnfO{ g]kfnaf6 nv]6L lzIffnfO{ wd{af6 6f9f /fv]sf lyP .
d/x6 k|yf -5fqj[lQ lbP/ k9\g]_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfdf rn]sf] lyof] . pgn] o'4df dfl/Psf ;}lgssf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{
k9\g k7fpby] . a'l4dfg l;+x ? @) dfl;s lnP/ kmf/;L k9\g / j}ofs/0f s]z/L dfl;s ? %) lnP/ ;+:s[t k9\g
ef/t uPsf lyP .
j}lbs sfndf ci6snzn] :gfg u/]/ bLIffGt ;df/f]x dgfpg] rng lyof] .
;gfjt{g kl5 ljb\ofyLx? u'?x?nfO{ >4fk"j{s b|Jo, cGgfbL, u'? e]6L lbP/ u'?nfO{ 9f]uL cflzjf{b ;lxt u[x:yf>ddf
k|j]z ub{y] t/ cf>ddf a;'Gh]n ;j} Joj:yf u'?x?n] g} ub{y] . cyf{t\ lzIff lgMz'Ns lyof] .
g]kfnsf] klxnf] cf}krfl/s z}lIfs ;+:yf÷ljb\ofno M b/af/ xfO{:s"n
lj=;= !(!) c;f]h @& ut] :yfkgf -;g\ !*%# cS6f]j/ !# _
h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] cfkm\gf 5f]/f 5f/L k9fpg / a]nfotL lzIffaf6 k|efljt eO{ vf]n]sf
;'?df yfkfynL b/af/df sIff ;+rfng .
sIff ! b]lv @ nfO{ Lower Primary elgGYof] eg] # b]lv % nfO{ Upper primary
k|yd k|=c= Mr canning
k|yd ;'k/Lj]Ifs Mr. Rose
lj=;= !(#@ df /0ff]l4ksf] kfnfdf 8fO/]S6/ lw/zdz]/n] efO{ ef/bf/sf] 5f]/f 5f]/L k9fpg k|j]z v'Nnf u/]sf .
lj=;= !($@ df aL/ zDz]/n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f 5f/L k9fpg k|j]z v'Nnf u/]sf .
:yfkgfsf] !@% aif{kl5 lj=;+= @)#% ;fndf efg' dfWolds ljb\ofno gfdfs/0f .
:yfkgfsf] #* aif{ kl5 ljleGg b/af/ x'b} /fgL kf]v/Lsf] klZrd k6\6L :yfoL ejg kfof] .
k|yd g]kfnL gful/s lzIfs u?8wf]h /f0ff / k|=c= lj=;=!(*@ df b/jf/ xfO{:s"n s} ljb\ofyL{ ;/bf/ ?b|/fh
kf08] -–O{nfxfjfb ljZjljb\ofnoaf6 MA u/]/ kms{] kl5 . O{Zj/L bQ /tf}8Ln] 5fqsf] c08/df ga:g] elg :s'n dfq
ge} g]kfn} 5f8]sf -zf/bf k|;fb d'vhL{ x6fOP kl5_
ef/tsf] ;DaGwgdf ;~rfng M z'?df snsTtf ljZjljb\ofno / kl5 lj=;+= !(*) b]lv k6gf ljZjljb\ofno;Fusf]
;DaGwgdf ;~rflnt .
b/af/ :s'ndf k7g kf7gsf] dfWod cu|]hL /x]sf]
lj=;= !(%& df b]jzdz]/ k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 b/af/ xfO{:s"n ljb\ofyL{nfO{ jflif{s ( d'/L wfg / % ?k}of gub eQf
lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf .
b/jf/ xfO{:s"ndf lj=;= !(*& ;Dd ;fdfGo :t/sf] g]kfnL k9fO x'g] u/]sf]df lj=;= !(*& df afns[i0f ;dn]
g]kfnL efiff k|sfzgL ;ldlt dfkm{t b'O{kfg] b'O{k};] k':ts 5kfO u/L lgMz'Ns ljt/0f u/]kl5 lj=;= !((@ af6 SLC
df Jofs/0f x]g{ yflnPsf] .
g]kfnsf] klxnf] lzIff ljefu M
lj=;= !(!% df 8fO/]S6/ hg/n ckm klAns O{G:6S;g clkm;sf] ?kdf lzIff ljefu :yfkgf
8fO/]S6/ hg/n ckm klAns O{G:6S;g k|d'v
&) jif{ kl5 ledzdz]/b\jf/f lj=;= !(*% df 8fO/]S6/ hg/n ckm klAns O{G:6S;g / ;+:s[t lzIff 8fO/]S6/df
ljefhg
lj=;+= @)@$ ;fn >fj0f ! ut]b]lv 8fO/]S6/nfO{ dxflgb]{zs gfd lbOPsf], @)@* efb| b]lv lzIff ljefu vf/]h eO{
@)%^ ;fn Ho]i7 ( ut] lzIff ljefu k'gM :yfkgf ePsf],
;+:s[t kf7zfnfM
lj=;= !**@ df hgsk"/sf] dl6xfgLdf t:d}of afafn] dl6xfgL ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf u/]sf,
lj=;= !(@& ;fn h+uaxfb'/sf] kfnfdf gf/fo0flx6L ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf ePsf]
lj=;= !(#! df h+uaxfb'/sf 5f]/f lhth+un] cfo{3f6 b]lv blIf0ftkm{ /fh/fHoZj/L 3f6df ;+:s[tsf] k7gkf7g /
sd{sf08 u/fpg lghL vr{df kf7zfnf :yfkgf u/L kl08tdf lai0f'x/LnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] .
lj=;= !(@& df lgnb]j kGt / jfr:klt kGtn] vf]n]sf ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf s} s]lx jif{ kl5 !(#@ df cfly{s
cefjn] aGb ePsf] .
lj=;= !(#$ ;fndf 8fO/]S6/ wL/zdz]/n] cf}krfl/s ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf u/]sf -/0ff]lbksf]] kfnfdf_ .
lj=;= !(#@ df afna|Dxrf/L if8fgGb clwsf/Ln] ef]hk'/sf] lbª\nfdf $@) /f]kgL hUuf ;lxt ;+:s[t kf7zfnf
:yfkgf u/]sf .
lj=;= !($! a}zfv ! ut] wL/ zdz]/n] %$ hgf a|fDx0fnfO{ ef]hg u/fO{ lzIff lbg :yfkgf u/]sf]df lj=;= !($#
a}zfv $ ut] aL/zdz]/n] tLgwf/f ;+:s[t kf7zfnfdf yk %$ ;lxt !)* hgfnfO{ /fgLkf]v/Lsf] pQ/k"j{ lbzfdf
cfjfzLo kf7zfnfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] . hxfF clxn] ;+:s[t 5fqfjf; /x]sf] 5 .
aL/zdz]/n] tLgwf/f ;+:s[t kf7zfnfdf 5fqx?nfO{ lgTo ef]hg, lbgsf] Ps k};f blIf0ff / cfjf;sf] ;'ljwf pknJw
u/fPsf]df lj=;= !(*& df3 @* df eLdzdz]/n] /f]Ssf u/fPsf .
la=;=!(%% b]]lv /fgLkf]v/L k|wfg kf7zfnfdf dWodf ;Ddsf] k9fO{ x'g yfn]sf] .
lj=;= !(^@ df ef/tL ejg kf7zfnf 8f]6Ldf :yfkgf
lj=;= !(^^ df hgsk'/df 1fgs"k ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf
lj=;= !(^^ df u'NdLdf lji0f'k~r/ l/8L ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf
lj=;= !(&* df slknj:t'sf] tf}lnxjfdf tf}n]Zj/gfy ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf
lj=;= !(%& df kf]v/f ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf
lj=;= !(&@ df g]kfnu~hdf ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf
lj=;= !(*% df ;+:s[t lzIff 8fO/]S6/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
lj=;= @))$ c;f/ ! df hoGt';+:s[td\ cfGbf]ng .
efiff / cGo kf7zfnfM
lzIffsf] Jofks lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo ;lxt b]jzdz]/n] lj=;= !(%& r}q !% ut] !^ j6f kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf u/L #))
cf]6f vf]Ng ? # nfv ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf]df ;f] /sd kl5 rGb| zdz]/n] a]nfotsf] cgfyfnodf k7fPsf .
lj=;= !(^# df hok[YjL axfb'/ l;+xn] gSzfn b/af/df *÷( hgf blnt 5fq ;lxt ;TojfbL kf7zfnf :yfkgf
u/]sf . lj=;= !(&) df hok[YjL gu/ aemfªdf ;/L hok[YjL axfb'/sf efO{ cd/axfb'/ k|wfgfWofks ag]sf .
lj=;= !((# df ;TojfbL kf7zfnf aefª b/af/df ;/]kl5 /fdbQ cj:yL k|wfgfWofks ag]sf, o; ljb\ofnon]
:yfkgfsf] #@ jif{ kl5 lj=;= !((% df ;/sf/L :jLs[lt kfof] .
lj=;= !(&^ kf7zfnf aGbf]a:tL OG:k]S6/L clkm; v8f eO{ efiff kf7zfnfsf] lg/LIf0f sfo{ ;'? . h;df hnfl;+x
xdfn xflsd, ! gfoj l87\7f / $ OG:k]S6/sf] Joj:yf .
rGb| zdz]/sf] kfnfdf %* efiff kf7zfnf, ( ;+:s[t kf7zfnf, ! cfo'j{b] kf7zfnf , cu|]hL / cGo u/L !)* k'u]sf]
.
eLd zdz]/sf] kfnfdf lj=;= !(** df xl6of, ledkm]bL / lrtnfªdf kf7zfnf :yfkgf .
lj=;= !(*^ ;fn sflt{s $ df s[i0f k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] ef/tdf vf]n]sf] ljb\ofno lj=;= !((@ df lj/f6gu/ ;f/]sf
/ ;f] ljb\ofnosf] gfd cfbz{ ljb\ofno lj/f6 gu/ /flvPsf] .
lj=;= !(*& df kf6g xfO{:s"nsf] :yfkgf
lj=;= @))# ;fn kmfu'g @( df kb\df]bo xfO{:s"n k'tnL;8sdf :yfkgf
lj=;= @))# df eStk'/ xfO{:s"n :yfkgf
lj=;= @))$ ;fn Ho]i7 !) ut] /fhlj/fhdf kb\df]bo xfO{:s"n :yfkgf
kb\dzDz]/n] @ jif{] zf;g sfndf !# xfO:s'n, @! ldl8n / !) k|fOd/L tyf $% cfwf/ :s'n :yfkgf u/]sf .
lj=;= @))$ czf]h !^ df kb\dzdz]/n] !$ cfwf/ :s'nsf] :yfkgfsf nflu :jLs[lt lbPsf / sflt{s & df
pb\3f6g .
sGof tyf dlxnf lzIffM
u+ufafO{sf] k|/0ffaf6 k]|l/t eO{ aL/ zdz]/sf] kfnfdf dlxnf lzIffsf] ;'?jft
la=;+= !(%* a}zfv #) df b]jzdz]/b\jf/f sf7df08f}, kf6g / efbufpdf hgfgf kf7zfnf :yfkgf
la=;+= !(%* c;f]h !! df b]jzdz]/b\jf/f sf7df08f}, kf6g / efbufpdf :yfkgf u/]sf] hgfgf kf7zfnf rGb|
zdz]/n] bGb u/fPsf .
la=;+= !(*) c;f/ @@ df rGb| zdz]/n] $ >]0fL ;Dd k9fO x'g] sGof kf7zfnf sf7df08f}, kf6g / efbufpFdf
:yfkgf .
lj=;+= @))$ df kb\dzdz]/b\jf/f klxnf] sGof xfO{ :s'nsf] :yfkgf -kb\dsGof ljb\of>d xfO:s'n l8NnL ahf/_ .
k|yd SLC kf; ug]{ dlxnf n]v/fHo nIdL . pgn] lj=;+= @))# df df kf; u/]sL .
lj=;+= @))* df klxnf] sGof SofDk;sf] :yfkgf -kb\dsGof SofDk; afuahf/_ .
/f0ffsfndf pRrlzIffM
la=;+= !(&# b]]lv /fgLkf]v/L k|wfg kf7zfnfdf pTt/dWodf b]lv dfly;Ddsf] k9fO{ x'g yfn]sf]
lj=;+= !(&% efb| @& df lqe'jg rGb| sn]h snstf ljZjljb\ofnosf] ;DjGwgdf :yfkgf, a6's[i0f d}q]o lk|lG;kn
/ g/]Gb| cf=bL= ;xfos lk|lG;kn .
lj=;+= !(*) df k6gf ljZjljb\ofnosf] ;DjGwgdf ;~rfng eP kl5 lqe'jg rGb| sn]hsf] gfd lqrGb| sn]v
/flvPsf] .
lj=;= !((! af6 g]kfnaf6} pRrlzIffsf] k/LIff lbg kfpg] Joj:yf .
lj=;= @))% efb| !) df d[u]Gb| zdz]/sf] cWoIftfdf @% ;b:oLo ljZjljb\ofno of]hgf sldzg u7g .
lzIff Ol:txf/M
lj=;= !((^ df3 * df Ol:txf/ hf/L ePsf] . o;df $@ bkmf /x]sf] .
lj=;= !((% r}q @* df v8\ulgzfgf ;b/ eP adf]lhd lzIff Ol:txf/ hf/L ePsf] xf] .
Ol:txf/ cg';f/ lzIffsf] ;+/rgf M #±$±# /x]sf] .
c+u|]hL / lx;fa afx]s lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL /flvPsf] .
b}lgs @ k6s xflh/ ug]{ / aflif{s xflh/ ljj/0f tof/ kfg'{kg]{ .
dlxgfsf] & ut] leq lkm a'emfpg' kg]{ .
ul/a / h]xGbf/nfO{ @) k|ltzt ga9fOsg 5fqj[lTtsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
@ hgf aL=P= kf; JolStx?, ! hgf 8fS6/, ! cleefjs / ! rGbfbftf ;lxt !@ ;b:oLo ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
Joj:yf .
>]:tf kf7zfnfM lj=;+= !(^@ sflt{sdf >]:tf kf7zfnf :yfkgf .;'k/Lj]Ifsdf dflxnf kl08t x]d/fh kf08] lgo'St .
lj=;+= !(&( df b'O{ kf; k/LIff ;'? .>]:tf kf7zfnf ;'?df /0fd'St]Zj/sf] kf6Ldf, To; kl5 a;Gtk'/sf] s'df/L
3/sf] k"j{k6\6L sfnf] 9f]sf ePsf] 3/df -xfs' kf7zfnf_, !(*^ df ejg lgdf{0f u/L /fgL kf]v/Lsf] pQ/ lsgf/fdf
;/]sf] .
kf;hfFr c8\8f / k/LIff jf]8{
lj=;+= !(^& sflt{sdf sf7df08f}sf] 6ª\ufndf kf;hfFr c8\8fsf] :yfkgf, tfn'sdf kl08t x]d/fh kf08] lgo'St .
lj=;+= !(($ ;fn r}q & ut] df kf;hfr c8\8fsf] gofF ;jfn hf/L ul/Psf] .
lj=;+= !(() sflt{s !^ df P;=Pn=;L= af]8{sf] u7g ePsf] .
klxnf] k/LIff lgoGqs gGb/fd pk|]tL -k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] clen]vdf eg] x/dl0f cfrfo{ lblIft /x]sf]_ .
lj=;+= !(() df @ ljb\ofnon] dfq P;=Pn=;L= lbPsf M b/af/ / kf6g xfO{:s"n - ljb\ofyL{ ;+Vof j|mdzM @& / &
hgf_
lj=;+= !(() sf] P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffsf] nflu #$ hgfn] kmf/fd e/]sf]df ;ljgf s'df/L cg'kl:yt ePkl5 k/LIff
lbg]sf] ;+Vof ## /x]sf] . pkTosf aflx/ klxnf] P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff s]Gb| lj=;+= @))! df lqh'4 xfO{:s"n lj/u~hdf
/flvPsf] .
lj=;+= @))# ;fnaf6 P;=Pn=;L= sf] k"/s k/LIff ;'? eO{ !* jif{ ;Dd ;~rfng eO{ @)@# df aGb ePsf]df kl5
k'gM @)%$ ;fnsf] P;=Pn=;L= af6 ;'? ePsf] t/ k"/s k/LIff eg] lj=;+= @)%% efb|df ;~rfng ePsf] .
lj=;+= @))& ;fndf @ k6s P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff ;~rfng
/f0ffsfndf k|fljlws lzIff
lj=;+= !(*% df rGb| zDz]/b\jf/f /fhsLo cfo'j]{b ljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf .
lj=;+= !(*& kmfNu'g !( df eLd zDz]/b\jf/f a;Gtk'/df 6]lSgsn :s"nsf] :yfkgf .
lj=;+= !((* df OlGhlgol/ª zfvfsf] :yfkgf eO{ cf]e/l;o/sf] k9fO{ ;'?, lj=;= @)!^ df OlGhlgol/ª :s'ndf
kl/0ft tyf lj=;= @)#) b]lv lqe'jg ljZjljb\ofnosf] OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ;+:yfg cGtu{t ;+rfng z'? ePsf] .
ljb\ofnosf] ef}lts cj:yf, lzIfssf] of]Uotf / k7gkf7gsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lj=;+= !((* df OG:k]s6/ ckm
:s"nsf] :yfkgf u/L !((( df ;"o{ k|;fb pkfWofonfO{ klxnf] OG:k]S6/ ckm :s"ndf lgo'St . o;} u/L @))$ -;g\
!($^_ df hgsk"/, sf7df8f} / kfNkfdf OG:k]S6/ ckm :s"ndf :yfkgf eO{ j|mdzM bL3{/fh sf]O/fnf, Clifs]z
zfx / /fdl;+x 7s'/L OG;k]S6/df lgo'St ePsf .
lj=;+= @))$ h]7 @@ df kb\dzdz]/n] ;"rgf k|sf;g u/L :s"n vf]Ng nufOPsf] aGb]h v's'nf] kf/]sf .
lj=;+= @))$ h]7 !) ut] tfxfrndf lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| :yfkgf
lj=;+= @))$ df3 !# df kb\dzdz]/n] g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg æ;+j}wflgs sfg"gÆ sf] 3f]if0ff .
lj=;+= @))$ df h]n tflnd ;'?
lj=;+= @))% efb| ( df sf7df08f}df k"j{k|fylds ljb\ofnosf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= @))^ >fj0f !# df lzIff ljefudf :jf:Yo kmfF6 v8f