Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.

Ed

!=(=kl/l:ylts k4ltsf] kl/ro / k|sf/ tyf hLj e"–/f;folgs rqm

kfl/l:ylts zf:q
hGt', jg:klt / jftfj/0f aLrsf] cGt/;+DaGw cWoog ug{] lj1fgnfO{ kfl/l:ylts zf:q elgG5 .
kfl/l:ylts k4lt
hGt', jg:klt / jftfj/0f aLrsf] cGt/;+jGwx¿sf] sf/0fjf6 k|s[ltdf ;[hgf ePsf] Pp6f :yfO k|0ffnLnfO{
kfl/l:ylts k4lt elgG5 . hLjsf] jf;:yfg / jftfj/0f cg';f/ kfl/l:ylts k4ltnfO{ d"Votof b'O{ efudf
jfF8\g ;lsG5 .
s= hlno kfl/l:ylts k4lt v= :ylno kfl/l:ylts k4lt .
hlno kfl/l:ylts k4lt
kfgL ePsf] 7fpFdf sfod x'g] kfl/l:ylts k4ltnfO{ hlno kfl/l:ylts k4lt elgG5 . kfgLdf /x]sf] h}ljs,
ch}ljs tTjx¿ Tfyf kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿aLr Pp6f :yfO k|sf/sf] k|0ffnL sfod e} hnLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf]
lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 . h:t} M kf]v/Lsf] kfl/l:ylts k4lt .
:ylno kfl/l:ylts k4lt
hldgdf ePsf ljljw cj:yfn] ubf{ tL :yfgdf kfOg] h}ljs / ch}ljs tTjx¿ aLr sfod /x]sf] k|0ffnLnfO{
:ylno kfl/l:ylts k4lt elgG5 . h:t} M– rf}/df x'g] , hËndf x'g] , kxf8, d?e"dL cflb :yfgdf x'g]
kfl/l:ylts k4ltx¿ .
kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf /x]sf d"Vo tTjx¿
kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf d"Vo @ k|sf/sf tTjx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ .
s= h}ljs tTjx¿ v= ch}ljs tTjx¿ .
h}ljs tTjx¿ eGgfn] kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf /x]sf ;hLjnfO{ hgfpF5 h; cGtut{ jg:klt tyf hGt'x¿ kb{5g\.
ch}ljs tTjx¿ eGgfn] kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf /x]sf lghL{j tTjx¿ kb{5g\ . h:t}M– xfjf, kfgL, df6f], k|sfz,
hnjfik, tfk, vlgh kbfy{, cflb .
pTkfbs
kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf /x]sf xl/ts0f o"Qm jg:kltx¿ h;n] cfˆgf] vfgf cfkm} lgdf{0f ub{5g\ /
pkef]Qmfsf nflu ;d]t vfgf k|bfg ub{5g\ ltgLx¿nfO{ pTkfbs elgG5 . h:t}M– ;"Id jg:klt, n]p, 3fF;kft
tyf jf]6lj?jfx¿ .
pkef]Qmf
kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf /x]sf hLjx¿ h'g vfgfsf] nflu cGo hLjdf e/kb{5g\ , ltgLx¿nfO{ pkef]Qmf
elgG5 . h:t} M– ls/f, km6\ofË|f, ufO{, afv|f, h/fof], jf3 cflb . pkef]QmfnfO{ d"Votof tLg efudf jfF8 \g
;lsG5 .
!= k|fylds pkef]Qmf M vfgfsf] nflu jg:kltdf e/ kg{] hLjnfO{ k|fylds pkef]Qmf elgG5 . k|fylds
pkef]Qmfdf zfsfxf/L hLjx¿ kb{5g\ . h:t}M ufO, e}+;L, v/fof], h/fof] cflb .
@= l4lto pkef]Qmf M vfgfsf] nflu k|fylds pkef]Qmfdf e/kg{] hLjnfO{ l4lto pkef]Qmf elgG5 . h:t} M–
lj/fnf], ;k{, :ofn cflb .
#= t[lto pkef]Qmf M vfgfsf] nflu l4lto pkef]Qmfdf e/ kg{]
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

hLjnfO{ t[lto pkef]Qmf elgG5 . h:t} M– jf3, uf]lx, clhË/ cflb .

ljR5]bs
d/]sf hGt' tyf jg:kltdf /x]sf hl6n sfj{lgs kbfy{nfO{ 6's\ofP/ ;/n csfj{lgs kbfy{ lgdf{0f ug{]
hLjnfO{ ljR5]bs elgG5 . h:t} M– JofS6]/Lof, kmGhfO cflb .
:jkf]ifs / k/kf]ifs
cfˆgf] vfgf cfkm} tof/ ug{ ;Sg] hLjnfO{ :jkf]ifs elgG5 . h:t} M– xl/ts0f ePsf jg:kltx¿ h;n]
sfj{g8fOcS;fO8, kfgL, nj0f / k|sfz k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] vfgf cfkm} lgdf{0f ub{5g\ .
vfgfsf nflu c? hLjdf e/ kg{] hLjnfO{ k/kf]ifs elgG5 . h:t} M– hgfj/x¿, xl/ts0f ljxLg jg:klt,
k/hLjL cflb .
vfB>[+vnf
s'g} kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf /x]sf ;hLjx¿df vfB kbfy{ Ps hLjjf6 csf{] hLjdf ;b{} hfg] lqmofnfO{ vfB
>[+vnf elgG5 .
vfBhfn
s'g} klg kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf /x]sf w]/} vfB >[+vnfx¿ Ps csf{ dfly vfBkbfy{sf nflu lge{/ /xL
agfPsf] hfnnfO{ vfBhfn elgG5 . of] w]/} j6f vfB>[+vnf Ps cfk;df h]lnP/ jg]sf] x'G5 .
kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8
s'g} klg kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf pTkfbsx¿, k|fylds pkef]Qmf, l4lto pkef]Qmf, / t[lto pkef]Qmfx¿sf
;+Vof, hLj lk08 / zlQmsf] dfqf aLr lglZrt ;DaGw b]vfpg] u/L agfOPsf] lk/fdL8 cfsf/sf] lrqnfO{
kfl/l:ylts lk/fld8 elgG5 .
vfB lk/fld8
hLjx¿sf] vfBj:t'sf] cfwf/df pTkfbs k|yd pkef]Qmf, l4lto pkefQmf / t[lto pkef]Qmf aLrsf]
;DjGw b]lvg] u/L agfOPsf] lk/fdL8nfO{ vfB lk/fld8 elgG5 .
hLj lk08sf] lk/fld8
s'g} kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf ePsf pTkfbs / pkef]Qmfx¿sf] lk08sf] cfwf/df agfOPsf] lk/fld8 cfsf/sf]
lrqfTds k|:t'ltnfO{ hLj lk08sf] lk/fld8 elgG5 .
hLj ;+Vofsf] lk/fld8
s'g} kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf ePsf pTkfbs / pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;+VofnfO{ lk/fld8 cfsf/sf] lrqfTds
k|:t'ltnfO{ hLj ;+Vofsf] lk/fld8 elgG5 .
hLj lk08
s'g} lglZrt If]qdf ePsf hGt' tyf jg:kltx¿sf] z'is d[t z/L/sf] dfqfnfO{ hLj lk08 elgG5 .
hLj lk08sf] lk/fld8sf] agfj6
hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8 agfpFbf pTkfbsx¿ cfwf/e't husf ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . pQm cfwf/lznf eGbf
dfly k|yd pkef]Qmf, l4lto pkef]Qmf / t'lto pkef]Qmfsf hLjlk08x¿ qmdz /x]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L hLjlk08sf]
lk/fld8 agfOPsf] x'G5 .
:yndf x'g] hLj lk08sf] lk/fld8
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

:ylno kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8df ;j}eGbf cfwf/e't husf] ¿kdf /x]sf pTkfbs jg:klt
tyf ?vx¿sf] hLj lk08 ;j}eGbf j9L x'G5 . To;kl5 k|fylds pkef]Qmf l4lto:t/sf] vfBtxdf kb{5g\ h;sf]
hLjlk08 jg:kltsf] hLjlk08sf] t'ngfdf sd x'G5 . o;}u/L l4lto, t[lto pkef]Qmfx¿sf] hLjlk08 qmdz M
sd xFb} hfG5 / 7f8f] k|sf/sf] hLj lk08sf] lk/fdL8 jGb5 . :ylno kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf cfwf/e't husf]
¿kdf /x]sf pTkfbs jg:kltsf] hLjlk08 ;j}eGbf j9L / To;kl5sf k|yd, l4lto / t[lto pkef]Qmfsf]
hLjlk08 qmdz sd x'g] ePsf]n] :ylno hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8 ;'N6f] cfsf/sf] x'G5 .
hlno kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] hLjlk08sf] lk/fld8
hlno kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf hlno lj?jfx¿ pTkfbs x'g\ .
logLx¿n] k|yd :t/sf] vfBtx agfpF5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] hLjlk08
;j}eGbf sd x'G5 . ltgLx¿df lge{/ ug]{ k|yd pkef]Qmfn] l4lto
:t/sf] vfBtx agfpF5g\, h;sf] hLjlk08 pTkfbssf] eGbf j9L x'G5
. ls/fx¿, nfef{, r]kfuf8f tyf ;fgf df5fx¿ o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
o;}u/L t[lto :t/sf] vfBtxdf cem j9L hLjlk08 ePsf 7'nfdf5f,
;k{ cflb låtLo pkef]Qmf /x]sf x'G5g\ . o;}u/L t[tLo pkef]Qmfsf] ¿kdf clt 7"nf df5f uf]xL cflbn] rf}yf]
:t/sf] vfBtx agfpF5g\ . hnLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf pkef]Qmfsf] hLjlk08 pTkfbssf] hLj lk08 eGbf j9L
x'g] ePsf]n] 3f]K6f] cfsf/sf] lk/fld8 jGb5 .
hLj e"/f;folgs rqm
jftfj/0fdf ePsf ljleGg tTjx¿ h:t}M clS;hg, gfO6«f]hg, sfj{g, ljeLGg nj0fx¿ cflb jg:klt /
hgfj/ x'Fb} k'gM jftfj/0fdf g} kmls{g] lqmofnfO{ hLj e"–/f;folgs
rqm elgG5 . h:t}M hnrqm, clS;hg rqm, sfj{g rqm,
gfO6«f]hgrqm cflb .
hnrqm
k[YjLsf] ;txsf] kfgL ;"o{sf] tfksf] sf/0fn] jfliks/0f eO{
jfo"d08ndf hfG5 / jfbn jGb5 . To;}u/L hldg d"lgsf] kfgL
lj?jfn] lnG5g\ / kftjf6 pT;]bg eO{ jfo"d08ndf k'Ub5 . o;/L jfo"d08ndf /x]sf] hnjfik jfbn jg]/
lr;g uO{ jiff{sf] ¿kdf k[YjLdf ´b{5 . h'g tfn, vf]nf, gbL cflb x'Fb} ;d"Gb«d f k'Ub5 / k'g jfliks/0f eO{
jfo"d08ndf g} hfG5 . o;/L lg/Gt/ ¿kdf Pp6f rqm rln/xG5 h;nfO{ hnrqm elgG5 .
clS;hg rqm
jfo"d08ndf /x]sf] clS;hg hGt' tyf jg:kltn] Zjf;k|Zjf; ubf{ lnG5g\ / sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 kmfNb5g\ .
o;/L jg]sf] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 jf]6 lj?jfn] lnP/ vfgf agfpF5g\ / clS;hg UofF; jfo"d08ndf g} k7fpF5g\ .
o;}u/L OGwg jfNbf clS;hg k|of]u x'G5 / sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 pTkGg x'G5 . o;/L jfo"d08ndf /x]sf] clS;hg
k|of]u u/L sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 agfpg] / To;sf] pkof]u u/L k'g clS;hgnfO{ jfo"d08ndf g} kmsf{pg] lqmofnfO{
clS;hg rqm elgG5 .
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

sfj{grqm
jfo"d08ndf /x]sf] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8
pkof]udf NofO k'g jfo"d08ndf g} kmsf{pg]
k|s[ofnfO{ sfj{g rqm elgG5 . af]6 lj?jfn]
jfo"d08ndf /x]sf] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 k|of]u u/L
cfˆgf] vfgf agfpF5g\ . hgfj/n] s]xL jf]6 lj?jf
vfG5g\ eg] s]xL jf]6lj?jf cfkm} db{5g\ . d/]sf
jf]6lj?jf tyf hGt' hgfj/ s'lx+bf CO2 UofF;
lg:sG5 / jfo"d08ndf g} kms{G5 . o;}u/L hLjhGt'
tyf jg:klt k[YjLsf] ;txd"lg k'l/P/ lylrP/ tfk /
rfkn] sfnGt/df lhjfjz]if OGwg -sf]Onf, vlgh
t]n_ cflb jGb5g\ h'g jfNbf k'g CO2 lg:sG5 / jfo"d08ndf g} k'U5 . o;/L sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] cfbfg,
k|bfgjf6 jfo"d08ndf sfj{g rqm rNb5 .
gfO6«f]hg rqm
jftfj/0fdf ePsf] gfO6«f]hg
jg:klt / hGt' x'Fb} k'g jftfj/0fdf
g} kms{g] lqmofnfO{ gfO6«f]hg rqm
elgG5 .
gfO6«f]hg l:y/Ls/0f
jftfj/0fdf ePsf] gfO6«f]hgnfO{
lj?jfn] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] gfO6«f]hg
o"Qm of}lussf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ug{]
k|s[ofnfO{ gfO6«f]hg l:y/Ls/0f
elgG5 . of] tLg lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
1. jfo"d08nLo l:y/Ls/0f
2. cf}wf]lus l:y/Ls/0f
3. h}ljs l:y/Ls/0f .
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

jfo"d08nLo l:yl/s/0f
cfsf;df ljh'nL rDsbf lg:sg] tfkn] ubf{ jfo"d08ndf /x]sf] gfO6«f]hg / clS;hg ldln gfO6«; / gfOl6«s
cS;fO8 jGb5g\ . oL kbfy{x¿ jiff{ x'Fbf kfgL ;Fu 3f]nLP/ gfO6«; / gfO6«Ls cDn jGb5g\ / df6f]df k'u]/
nj0fx¿ ;Fu ldnL gfO6«]6 aGb5g\ . h'g lj?jfn] ;lhn} ;f];]/ lng] ub{5g\ . o; k|s[ofnfO{ jfo"d08nLo
l:y/Ls/0f elgG5 .
h}ljs l:yl/s/0f
gfO6«f]hg lkmlS;Ë JofS6]/Lofn] jfo"d08ndf /x]sf] gfO6«f]hgnfO{ gfO6«]6sf] ¿kdf abN5g\ . ljleGg k|sf/sf
sf];]jfnLx¿ h:t}M rgf, s]/fp, e6df;, l;ld, jf]8L cflbdf h/fdf /x]sf ;–;fgf ufF7fdf /x]sf JofS6]/Lofn]
jftfj/0fdf /x]sf] gfO6«f]hgnfO{ gfO6«]6df jbN5g\ . o; k|s[ofnfO{ h}ljs l:yl/s/0f elgG5 .

cf}Bf]lus l:yl/s/0f
jfo"d08ndf /x]sf] gfO6«f]hg / xfO8«f]hg aLr k|lts[of u/L Pdf]lgof UofF; agfOG5 / Pdf]lgofnfO{ cDn;Fu
k|lts[of u/L Pdf]lgod nj0f agfOG5 h;nfO{ /f;folgs dnsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . o; k|s[ofnfO{ cf}Bf}lus
l:yl/s/0f elgG5 .
gfO6«Ls/0f
df6f]df kfOg] hLjf0f'x¿n] gfO6«f]hgsf] of}uLs/0fnfO{ ljv08g u/L jf]6lj?jfn] lng ;Sg] gfO6«]6df kl/jt{g
ug{] k|s[ofnfO{ gfO6«Ls/0f elgG5 . h:t} M /fOhf]ljod Phf]JofS6/ , Snfl:6«l8od cflb JofS6]/Lof gfO6«LkmfOª
JofS6]/Lof x'g .
gfO6«LkmfO+u JofS6]/Lof gfO6«LkmfOu JofS6]/Lof d"Vo b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
gfO6«fO6 JofS6]/Lof gfO6«]6 JofS6]/Lof
Pdf]lgofs/0f
d/]sf k|f0fL tyf jg:kltdf ePsf] k|f]6LgnfO{ kmGhfO tyf JofS6]/Lof h:tf ;"IdhLjn] aLr5]bg ubf{ Pdf]lgof
pTkfbg x'g] k|s[ofnfO{ Pdf]lgofs/0f elgG5 .
l8gfO6«Ls/0f
df6f]df /x]sf l8gfO6«LkmfOË JofS6]/Lofn] df6f]df ePsf] gfO6«]6nfO{ jfo'd08nLo gfO6«f]hg, gfO6«;
cS;fO8, Pdf]lgof, clS;hg cflbsf] ¿kdf ljR5]bg ug{] k|s[ofnfO{ l8gfO6«Ls/0f elgG5 .

kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf dflg;n] kf/]sf ;d:ofx? (Problems created by man in ecosystem )

 hg;+Vofsf] tLj| j[l4 / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cTolws pkof]u
 cltrl/r/0f
 jgh+un ljsf; / j:tL ljsf;
 cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f tyf cf}Bf]lusLs/0f
 hl8j'l6sf] cGolws ;+sng / pkof]u
 v]tLof]Uo hldgdf j:tL j;fNg'
 /f;olgs dn / ls6gfzs ljifflbsf] k|of]udf j[l4
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

 jf;:yfg ljv08Ls/0f / ljgf;

 xl/tu[x pT;h{gdf j[l4 / hnjfo' kl/jt{g .
 pn{e / ;+s6fkGg hLjsf] ;+/If0f k|efjsf/L gx'g' .

kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf kg{] gsf/fTds c;/ Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox?

 lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf hf]8

 hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go'lgs/0fsf sf/0f sf] plrt Joj:yfkg
 j[Iff/f]k0f
 hgr]tgf clej[l4
 /f;folgsdn / ls6gfzs ljifflbsf] pkof]udf s6f}6L
 xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gdf sld Nofpg]
 cg';Gwfg / cWoog / ;+/If0f lzIffdf hf]8 .

kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ;+/If0fsf nflu g]kfndf ePsf d'Vo Joj:yfx?

 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ wf/f #) df :jR5 jftfj/0fdf jfRg kfpg xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f %! Df /fHosf gLlt cGtu{t k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+Dj4{g /
pkof]u ;Dalw Joj:yf
 /fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( / lgodfjnL @)#)
 k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]if P]g, @)#( / lgodfjnL @)$@
 jg P]g @)$( lgodfjnL @)%!
 jftfjj/0f ;+/If0f P]g @)%# / lgodfjnL @)%$
 hn;|f]t P]g @)$(
 :yflgo :jfoQzf;g P]g @)%% / lgodfjnL @)%^
 ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL @)%@
 dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL @)%@
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^&
 h}ljs ljljwtf /0flglt @)&!
 /fli6o l;d;f/ lglt @)^)
 g]kfn jg If]q /0flglt @)&@
 lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu k|s[lt ;+/If0fsf] /fli6o /hlglts k|f?k, @)&@