TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL, VOL. 32, NO.

2, DECEMBER, 2018 281

uxg kof{j/0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff

uLtf yklnof lqkf7L*
n]v;f/
uxg kfl/l:ylts bz{g k|s[ltsf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf kIfdf s]lGb|t 5 . o;
bz{gleq k[YjLdf /x]sf ;a} kbfy{ hut\sf] ;dfgcl:tTj /x]sf] lrGtg ;dfj]z 5 .
o; kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf hLj / jg:kltsf] cGtMlge{/tfsf] cWoog ul/G5 . kfl/
l:ylts k|0ffnL k[YjLdf /xg] cfGtl/s hLjgrqm xf] . o; rqmnfO{ kof{j/0frqm klg
elgG5 . vf;u/L cGo k|f0fLsf] h:t} dflg;sf] cl:tTjsf nflu k|s[ltsf ;a} kof{j/0fLo
kIfx¿ ;Gt'lnt l:yltdf /xg' cfjZos x'G5 . cfhsf] k|ljlwd'vL ;+:s[ltsf] kIfkf]ifs
eP/ dflg;n] k|sltdfly u/]sf] cTofrf/n] kof{j/0fdf 7"nf] c;Gt'ng cfO/x]sfk|lt
lj/f]w / c;xldt /fVb} dflg;sf] kmfObfsf nflu k|s[lt xf]Og, k|s[lt k|s[lts} nflu
;+/lIft x'g h?/L 5 / o;sf nflu dflg;n] cfkm"nfO{ k|s[ltsf] Psflwsf/L ;D´g
5f]8\g'k5{, cfkm" klg k|s[ltsf] Pp6f ;fdfGo cl:tTj ePsf] :jLsfg'{ cfjZos 5
eGg] cg]{ g]O;sf] l8k Osf]nf]hL;DaGwL dfGotfsf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] uxg
kof{j/0fLo cjwf/0ffsf] ljZn]if0f / s[lt ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts 9fFrf o; cWoogdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
d"n zAbfjnL M cl:tTj, uxg kof{j/0f, h}ljs ch}ljs kbfy{, k|s[lts]Gb|L cjwf/0ff,
d"No, ;txL kof{j/0f .
ljifok|j]z
cª\u|]hLdf k|o'St l8k Osf]nf]hL nfO{ g]kfnLdf uxg kof{j/0f jf ;3g
kof{j/0f elgPsf] xf] . of] cjwf/0ff kl/jt{gjfbL cjwf/0ffsf lj?4df cfPsf]
xf] . ;'?df kof{j/0f;DaGwL ;'wf/f]Gd'v cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug]{ qmddf kl/jt{gjfbL
lrGtsx¿n] k|rlnt ;+:s[ltsf ;Ldfleq} /x]/ s]xL h?/L kl/jt{gsf dfWodaf6
g} kof{j/0fLo ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
uxg kof{j/0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] o; dfGotfnfO{ dfgjs]Gb|L ;txL kof{j/0fLo dfGotf
eGb} k"j{ k|rlnt kfl/l:yltsL;DaGwL dfGotfsf ljk/Lt uxg kof{j/0fLo lrGtgsf]
k|s[lts]Gb|L cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf] xf] . o; lrGtgsf cf/Destf{ gj]{sf bfz{lgs,
lxdfn cf/f]xL / ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ ;d]t /x]sf cg]{ g]O; x'g\ . pgsf] o; uxg
kof{j/0f cjwf/0ffn] b'O{ j6f dfGotf d"n ¿kdf cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 M k[YjLsf ;a}
;Qfsf] ;dfg cl:tTj /x]sfn] ;a}n] cfˆgf] :yfg :yfg kfpg'kg]{ / kfl/l:ylts
* >L lqkf7L /Tg/fHonIdL SofDk;df g]kfnL ljifosf pkk|fWofks x'g'x'G5 .
282 uxg kof{j/0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
rqm dfgjs]Gb|L geO{ hLjs]Gb|L ePsfn] dflg;n] cfˆgf] Psflwsf/L ;f]r kl/jt{g
ug'{kg]{ . oL b'O{ d'Vo cjwf/0ffaf6 pgn] k[YjLsf k|f0fL / jg:klt nufotsf h}ljs /
ch}ljs ;a}sf] cl:tTjeGbf dfgjcl:tTj pRr xf] eGg] k|rlnt dfgjLo b[li6sf]0fsf
ljk/Lt k[YjLsf ;Dk"0f{ h}ljs ch}ljs kbfy{ / dflg;sf] cl:tTj ;dfg xf] eGg]
hLjs]Gb|L kof{j/0fs]Gb|L ljrf/ cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . cg]{ g]O;s} k|of;af6 ljZje/
uxg kof{j/0fk|ltsf] lrGtg cleofgs} ?kdf cl3 a9]sf x'gfn] k|:t't n]vdf uxg
kof{j/0fLo l;4fGtsf] ljZn]if0fdf pgLåf/f k|ltkflbt cf7 j6f a'Fbfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df uxg kof{j/0fLo cWoogsf kof{wf/x¿ ;d]t
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
k|s[lt;DaGwL uxg kof{j/0fLo lrGtgsf] k[i7e"ld / g]O;sf cf7 a'Fbfx¿
k|s[lt ;gftg ljifo xf] . kof{j/0f / dflg;sf] ;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{
k|of;df g} g]O;åf/f ;txL kof{j/0fsf lj?4 uxg kof{j/0fLo dfGotf cl3 NofOPsf]
xf] . ;txL kfl/l:yltsLn] k|s[ltnfO{ kmfObfsf] cfFvfn] x]5{ t/ uxg kfl/l:yltsLn]
k|s[ltnfO{ :jfy{sf b[li6n] x]b}{g . dflg;n] jghª\un, gbL, xfjf cflb k|s[lt k|bQ
h}ljs tyf ch}ljs kbfy{sf] ;+/If0f u5{ lsgls To;af6 p;n] cfly{s kmfObf lng]
p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 eGg] dfGotf ;txL kof{j/0fLo lrGtgsf] dfGotf xf] -uf}td,
@)^$, k[= @)&_ . jt{dfg ;+:s[ltdf cfjZos kl/jt{g Nofpg] lalQs} kof{j/0fLo
;ª\s6 ;dfwfg eOxfN5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ kl/isf/jfbL kof{j/0fLo lrGtg elgPsf]
kfOG5 . o; dfGotfnfO{ g} cg]{ g]O;n] ;txL kof{j/0fjfb gfd lbPsf x'g\ . g]O;n]
kof{j/0f ;+/If0fsf] bL3{sfnLg cfGbf]ngsf ¿kdf uxg kof{j/0f;DaGwL lrGtg cl3
;f/]sf x'g\ . pgn] ;g\ !(&@ sf] ;]K6]Da/ dlxgfdf ?dflgofsf] /fhwfgL a'vf/]:6df
cfof]lht …t];|f] ljZjsf] eljioÚ ljifos ;Dd]ngdf uxg kof{j/0f;DaGwL cfˆgf]
cjwf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf lyP . pgsf] o; cjwf/0ffsf] ;f/ ;g\ !(&# sf] OGSj]/L
hg{nsf] !^;f}+ efudf …b :ofnf] PG8 b l8k, nª /]Gh Osf]nf]hL d'ed]G6Ú zLif{s
n]vsf ?kdf k|sflzt ul/of] . lj1fgnfO{ tYo j0f{gdf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL dfgjnfO{
w/tLk|lt ljj]szLn / cfTd;r]t agfpgsf nflu pgn] o; k|sf/sf] lnlvt cleofg
rnfPsf x'g\ -P6d, @)^*, k[= #!%_ . g]O;n] ljgf :jfy{ k|s[ltnfO{ x]l/g'k5{ eGg]
cfˆgf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]rdfly w]/} ljåfg\x¿sf] ;dy{g / cfnf]rgf kfPsf] atfPsf
5g\ . pgn] …c l8km]G; ckm b l8k Osf]nf]hL d'ed]G6Ú zLif{sdf cfˆgf] k|lt/IffTds
n]v OGefO/f]d]G6n OlyS;sf] kfFrf}F efu -;g\ !(*#_ df k|sflzt u/]sf 5g\ .
cg]{ g]O;n] lj1fgnfO{ tYox¿sf] klxrfg, ljZn]if0f / ;Tofkg ug]{ ljifo;Fu}
dfgjLo ;+j]bgf;Fu klg hf]l8g] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ . pgn] uxg kof{j/0f;DaGwL cfˆgf]
dtdf dflg;sf] ljj]szLn r]tgf ;du| kof{j/0fsf] l:yltaf]ws x'g'kg]{tkm{ hf]8 lbPsf
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL, VOL. 32, NO. 2, DECEMBER, 2018 283

5g\ . g]O;n] hLjlj1fgsf ;Gbe{df k|of]u ePsf] …kof{j/0fÚ zAbn] dflg;sf lglDt
pkof]uL x'g] kof{j/0fnfO{ dfq s]Gb|df /fvL cWoog ug]{ x'gfn] To;sf] If]q ;txL x'G5
t/ l8k Osf]nf]hLn] ;du| dfgj hut\nfO{ hLjd08ns} Ps PsfO dfGg] x'Fbf k[YjLdf
dflg;sf] klg cGo hLjs} hlt x}l;ot x'g] wf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ -g]O;, ;g\ !((%,
k[= &)_ . To;}n] hLjgsf] cl:tTj /Iffy{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfGo clwsf/afx]s s'g} klg
cltl/St yk ;'ljwfsf] x}l;ot bfjL ug{ / x:tIf]ksf/L cj;/sf] ck]Iff /fVg dflg;n]
klg kfpFb}g lsgls k[YjLdf ;a} hLjsf] cl:tTj ;dfg /xG5 eGg] cjwf/0ff g} uxg
kof{j/0fLo r]tgfn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] d'Vo cjwf/0ff /x]sf] 5 .
dflg;n] cGo k|fs[lts hLjd08ndf xflg gk'¥ofO{ cfˆgf ;ª\sL0f{ ;f+:s[lts
;f]rdf pbfQLs/0f u/L ljj]szLn k|f0fL x'g'sf] bfloTjaf]waf6 ljZjsf] k|fs[lts
gful/s eP/ /xg'kg]{ lrGtg g]O;sf] uxg kof{j/0fLo l;4fGtn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] d"n
s'/f xf] . oxL k[YjLsf] ;du| h}ljs kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnLdf dflg;sf] hLjgqmd klg
lglZrt / lg?lkt x'g] x'Fbf dflg; k|s[lts} pkh ePsf] ;To dfgj hut\n] a'‰g'kg]{
ts{ g]O;åf/f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . g]O; -;g\ !((%_ n] uxg kof{j/0f;DaGwL lj:t[t
wf/0ff /fvL o;sf d"n dfGotfnfO{ cf7 j6f a'Fbfx¿df pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -k[= @!#_ .
pgL;Fu} ;xsfo{ ug]{ cGo lrGtsx¿ hh{ ;];g, cf/ l; :sh, h] l8 xU;, lan 8]en,
hf]g d'/ nufotn] ;g\ !(*! b]lv ;g\ !(*$ ;Dd l8k Osf]nf]hLsf kIfdf lgs} ts{
/ ljdz{x¿ u/]sf 5g\ -;];G;\, ;g\ !((%, k[= @()_ . ltgn] cg]{ g]O;sf k|sflzt
lgaGwx¿df l8k Osf]nf]hL;DaGwL lrGtg / pgsf] of]ubfgdfly ljdz{ u/]sf x'g\ .
g]O;åf/f k|ltkflbt uxg kof{j/0fLo bz{gsf cf7 ljlzi6 dfGotfx¿ o:tf 5g\ M
●● k[YjLdf hGd] x's]{sf dfgj / dfgj]t/ k|f0fLsf cfcfˆg} cGtlg{lxt d"No x'g] tyf
dfG5]sf pkof]usf cfwf/df geO{ tL :jo+sf] :jtGq cl:tTj /xg],
●● kof{Kttf / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cfˆg} of]ubfgn] ltgsf] :jfoQ d"No ltg}df lglxt
/xg] s'/fsf] af]w u/fpg],
●● dflg;nfO{ hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cTofjZosLo s'/fafx]s ef}lts
tyf h}ljs ljljwtfdfly x:tIf]k / lgoGq0f ug]{ clwsf/ gx'g],
●● dflg;sf] hLjg / ;+:s[ltsf] pGglt dflg;sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] jf:tljs x|f;sf
lglDt cg's"n x'g] tyf dfgj]t/ hut\sf] ljsf;sf lglDt dflg;sf] hg;ª\Vofdf
x|f; cfpg cfjZos kg]{,
●● jt{dfg ljZjdf dflg;n] dfgj]t/ hut\dfly crfSnL x:tIf]k u/]sf] / of]
cj:yf ´g´g v/fa x'Fb} uPsf],
284 uxg kof{j/0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
●● gLltx¿ km]l/g' cfjZos /x]sf] / gLlt km]l/Fbf cfwf/e"t cy{Joj:yf, k|fljlws
/ j}rfl/s ;+/rgfnfO{ ;d]t uDeL/ c;/ kfg]{ x'Fbf o;n] clxn]sf] ljZj
Joj:yfdf t cfd"n kl/jt{g g} Nofpg],
●● j}rfl/s kl/jt{g eGg' pRrtflt/ cled'v eO/x]sf] hLjg k4lttkm{ eGbf
d'VotM ;fdfGo hLjg k4ltlt/ cfslif{t x'g' ePsf] / o; ;fdfGotfk|ltsf]
k|f]T;fxgleq jf;:yfgdf cGtlg{lxt d"Noaf]w x'Fb} hfg],
●● h;n] ;a} a'Fbfx¿k|lt ;xdlt hgfpF5, p;n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf tl/sfn]
cfjZos kl/jt{gnfO{ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s Jojxf/df Nofpg sf]l;; ug]{ .
cg]{ g]O;sf uxg kof{j/0f;DaGwL cf7 a'Fbfsf] ljZn]if0f
g]O;n] uxg kof{j/0f;DaGwL cfˆgf a'Fbfx¿ k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 To;dflysf
k|ltlqmof / l6Kk0fLx¿nfO{ rf;f]k"j{s cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . klxnf] a'Fbfsf af/]df ePsf
l6Kk0fLnfO{ JofVof ub}{ g]O;n] Uof/L l;G8/sf] æljZjsf] kof{j/0fnfO{ k|fs[lts /xg
lbg'k5{Æ eGg] egfOnfO{ pWb[t u/]sf 5g\ -lxN6g/ lsg, @)!%, k[= ^*–&!_ . oxfF
pgn] hLjd08n / jfo'd08n b'j}nfO{ ;du|df pNn]v u/L JolSt, hflt, hg;ª\Vof,
jf;:yfg nufot dflg; / dfgj]t/ b'j} ldn]/ ag]sf] Ps csf{df cGt;{DalGwt Pp6f
k|fs[lts ;+:s[ltsf af/]df a'‰g' / To;} cg';f/ Jojxf/ / ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ ljifonfO{
k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf 5g\ . k|f0fL;Fu} kof{j/0fsf ch}ljs jf ef}lts kbfy{sf ?kdf
/x]sf …vf]nfgfnfnfO{ afFRg b]pmÚ eGg] s'/f ;+:s[ltdf ;txL kof{j/0fLo ;Gbe{ h:tf]
b]lvP klg uxg kof{j/0fn] o; ljifodf s;}sf] ?lr, r]tgf, k|z+;f eP klg geP
klg ltgsf cfGtl/s d"No jf cl:tTjsf] ;dy{g ub{5 . o; a'Fbfdf kof{j/0fdf
dflg;sf] x:tIf]ksf/L k|bz{g x'g'x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . o;/L g} k[YjL
;a} k|f0fLsf] ;f´f cfjZostf ePsfn] o;nfO{ k|fs[lts g} /xg lbg' dfgjLo bfloTj
ePsf] ;+1fgdf klg o; a'Fbfn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
bf];|f] a'Fbfsf af/]df l6Kk0fL ub}{ g]O;n] of] k|fljlws ?kn] ljljwtf /
hl6ntf;DaGwL Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . hl6ntf / ;xhLjtf
kof{j/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] ljljwtf / kof{Kttfsf] j[l4 ug]{ cj:yf xf] . ;/n, ;fgf / cflbd
:j?ksf hLj, jg:klt / k|f0fLx¿sf] of]ubfg hLjgsf] kof{Kttf / ljljwtfsf nflu
cfkm}df cTofjZosLo 5 . To;}n] slyt pRr / a'l4dfg\ hLjsf] dfq xf]Og, ;;fgf
;/n k|f0fL / jg:kltsf klg cfˆg} cl:tTj jf d"No 5g\ eGg] s'/f uxg kof{j/0fsf]
bf];|f] cfwf/e"t dfGotf xf] . s'g}sf] d"No a9L / sd 5g\ eGg] cjwf/0ff s]xL gofF
o'usf kof{j/0fLo n]vsx¿n] :yfkgf ug{ vf]h]sf] eP klg g]O;n] To;sf] k|ltjfb
ug{ ;lsg] atfPsf 5g\ . pgn] oxfF hl6ntfnfO{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf klg k|of]u u/]sf
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL, VOL. 32, NO. 2, DECEMBER, 2018 285

5g\ . ax';'ljwfd'vL ;x/L hLjg k|fs[lts ?kn] Jojl:yt ePsf] u|fdL0f hLjgeGbf w]/}
hl6n x'g] s'/fnfO{ klg pgn] oxfF ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] pgsf] uxg kof{j/0fLo
dfGotfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
t];|f] a'Fbfdf g]O;n] cTofjZosLo cfjZostf kbfjnLsf] af/]df yk s'/f
atfPsf 5g\ . pgn] cTofjZosLo cfjZostf eGg] zAbsf] lj:tf/ jf km}nfj6 clglZrt
ePsfn] o;nfO{ :jLs[lt lbg] ljifodf ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ lg0f{o ul/g 5f]l8Psf] atfPsf
5g\ . xfjfkfgL / ;DalGwt cfjZos s'/fx¿sf] km/skg;Fu} ltgsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf
/ hxfF ltgsf] a;f]af; / cl:tTj 5, To;sf cfjZostfsf cfwf/df to ul/g'k5{ .
g]O;n] o; ;DaGwdf s'g} lr;f] 7fpF h:tf] ls pQ/L Sofg]l8og jf ;fOa]l/ogx¿nfO{
:gf]df]afOn -a;f]af;sf nflu df};dcg';f/sf] :yfgfGt/0f_ ;'ljwf lbOg' cfjZos
x'g;S5 t/ of] ;'ljwf ko{6sx¿sf nflu geP/ :yfoL a;f]af; ul/cfPsf] ;d'bfosf
;'/Iffsf] nflu xf] eGg] pgsf] dt 5 . o;af6 hLjsf] ;+/rgfut, e"uf]nut /
;fdflhs cl:tTjut cfwf/df p;sf cfjZostf to x'g] ;DaGwL ljifodf ljj]ssf]
k|of]u x'g'kg]{ cy{ k|s6 ePsf] 5 .
Rff}yf] a'Fbfdf g]O;n] ef}lts ?kdf ;DkGg b]zx¿sf hgtfaf6 dfgj]t/
hut\dflysf] cltzo x:tIf]k uxg kof{j/0fLo cjwf/0ff lnP/ cl3 a9]sf] Pp6f
dWodfuL{sf] txaf6 /ftf]/ft 36fpg] ck]Iff /fVg g;lsg] atfPsf 5g\ . hg;ª\Vofsf]
l:y/tf / x|f;sf lglDt s]xL ;do nfUg] ePsfn] o;sf nflu cfGtl/s /0fgLlt
ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] ljrf/ g]O;n] cl3 ;f/]sf x'g\ . clxn]sf] cj:yfsf lglDt
dflg;sf] HofbltnfO{ dfkm ug{ g;lsg] x'Fbf dflg;n] g} dfgj]t/ hut\k|lt cfkm"n]
ub}{ cfPsf] jt{dfg lrGtfhgs / ljeT; ultljlw klxn] cfkm}n] af]w ug'{ cfjZos
5 . eljiodf o;n] lgDTofpg] ´g\ 8/nfUbf] cj:yfsf] c8\sn jf dfkg ug'{ cfjZos
b]lvG5 . ha;Dd uxg kl/jt{g cfpF5, ta;Dd kof{Kttf / ljljwtfdf jf:tljs x|f;
Nofpg] s'/f lgGbfsf] ljifo x'g;S5 . k[YjLsf] Oltxf;df hLjx¿sf] j[l4b/ cfh;Dds}
w]/}, bzb]lv ;o bf]Aa/ x'g;S5 . o;/L g]O;n] uxg kof{j/0fsf] k|:t't rf}yf] a'FbfnfO{
cfnf]rgfTds b[li6n] ;d]t x]/L o;sf] ckl/xfo{tftkm{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . oxfF pgn]
PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] r/d kof{j/0fLo ;ª\s6sf sf/0f x'g] cfTdaf]waf6 cfufdL
afO;f}+ ztfAbLsf dflg;k|lt cfkm" cfzfjfbL /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .
kfFrf}+ a'Fbfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds l6Kk0fLdf kof{j/0fLo cj:yfsf] oyfy{ lg?k0f
ug{sf nflu s]xL tYox¿sf] ;Gbe{ lnOPsf] 5 . ljleGg jftfj/0fLo ;Dd]ngdf
k|:t't ul/Psf tYofª\ssf] ;f/sf ;fy} g]O;n] u]/fN8 afgL{sf] Unf]an @))) l/kf]6{
6' b k|]l;8]G6 ckm o'gfO6]8 :6]6\; h:tf k[YjLsf] xl/ofnL hf]ufpg] /0fgLlt;DaGwL
cfn]v x]g{ cfu|x ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 pgn] cx:tIf]k jf x:tIf]k lj?4sf]
286 uxg kof{j/0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
gf/fnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu cGo hLjsf] h:tf] dflg;n] klg k|s[ltsf] kof{j/0fLo
k|0ffnL cg';f/ rNg'k5{, cfˆgf kfl/l:ylts b}lgsLnfO{ x]/km]/ ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fdf
hf]8 lbg rfx]sf x'g\ . dflg;n] k[YjLnfO{ cfˆgf] ef}lts hLjgsf] clwstd nfed'vL
of]hgfcg';f/ kl/jt{g ul//x]sf] 5 . cfˆgf] :jfy{sf lglDt dflg;n] o;nfO{ hf/L
/fVg]5 . of] nfesf] lx;fa lstfadf k|s[lt cGofodf k/]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] cl:tTjsf
;fy;fy} h}ljs cl:tTj hf]ufpg h;n] x:tIf]k a9fO/x]sf] 5, ltgsf lj?4
jf;:yfg hf]ufpg] / o;sf] If]qkmn a9fpg] n8fO{+ hf/L /fVg' cfjZos eO;s]sf]
5 . kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnLsf] ;fdfGo hLjgz}nLk|lt s]lGb|t eO/xg' klg cfjZos
5 . hLjd08ndf vf;u/L jg:klt / kz'k|f0fLnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ltgsf jf;:yfgsf]
;+/If0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . jt{dfgdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kof{j/0fLo jf;:yfgsf] ljsf;
/ qmL8f:ynsf] km}nfj6 ltgsf] oy]i6 ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt b]]lvFb}g . oxL sf/0f
dflg;sf] x:tIf]k lj?4 kof{j/0fk|lt ;r]t u/fpg o; a'Fbfdf g]O; nufot pgsf
;dy{s / cleoGtfx¿n] ;"q lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ .
uxg kof{j/0f;DaGwL cWo]tf / ljZn]ifsn] cg]{ g]O;sf] 5}6f}+ a'FbfnfO{ lgs}
dxÎjsf ;fy x]/]sf 5g\ . o; a'Fbfdf o;cl3sf ;a} dtsf ljk/Lt /x]sf] jt{dfg
ljZjgLlttkm{ ;a}sf] Wofg s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . jt{dfgsf] dtcg';f/ cf}Bf]lus /fi6«åf/f
nfu' ul/Psf cfly{s ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{x¿ kof{j/0fLo kIf;Fu ;xdt x'g]eGbf
ljk/Lt jf gldNbf b]lvFb} uPsf 5g\ . cfly{s j[l4sf nflu rflng'kg]{ ;xL sbd /
cf}Bf]lus /fi6«sf] jt{dfg gLltlar tfnd]n sdhf]/ ePsfn] gLlt / sfo{df Ps?ktf
5}g . jt{dfgsf] kl/efiffdf arfpsf] cy{ s]jn dflg;sf] kIfkf]if0fsf nflu dfq
JofVof ul/Psfk|lt g]O;sf] o; 5}6f}+ a'Fbfn] kof{j/0fsfk|lt uDeL/ dt /fv]sf] 5 .
jt{dfgsf] wf/0ff s]jn j:t'sf] d"Nolt/ dfq s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . j:t' b'n{e
x'Fb} uPsf sf/0f To;nfO{ pkof]lutfd'vL d"Nosf cfwf/df x]l/G5 t/ klg ;fdflhs
k|lti7f w]/} pkef]u Ifdtf / cfkmntfkmn ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/g]
k|j[lQ xfjL eO/x]s} 5 . jf:tjdf kof{j/0fLo b[li6sf]0fdf :j lg0f{o, :yfgLo ;d'bfo /
ljZjJofkL ;f]rnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvG5 . æljZjJofkL ;f]r t/ :yfgLo lqmofsnfk
u/Æ h:tf s]Gb|Lo zAbsf] ;fy{stf o;df 5 . dfgj ;dfhdf ulx/f] kl/jt{g
gNofO{ kof{j/0fLo ljsf;sf gofF sfo{ of]hgfx¿ Jojxf/tM cfpg ;Sb}gg\ . ljZjdf
cUof{lgs ;d'bfosf] ljgfz Ps}lbgdf eO/x]sf] 5}g . of] dfgjLo lqmofsf] qmlds
k|ltkmn xf] -n]le; PG8 yD;g, ;g\ @))), k[= &#–&^_ . o:tf] lg0ff{os kl/jt{gsf
nflu ljZjJofkL lqmofsnfk x'g' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu e"uf]nsf lglZrt gLltut
;Ldfx¿ kf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . d"ntM t];|f] ljZjsf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ uxg kof{j/0fLo
;f]rk|lt ?lr /fVb}gg\ . cf}Bf]lus /fi6«n] t];|f] ljZjsf] ;/sf/L tj/af6} kof{j/0fLo
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL, VOL. 32, NO. 2, DECEMBER, 2018 287

dfkgnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ k|of; u5{, t/ Jojxf/df eg] Tof] nfu' ul/Fb}g . pbfx/0fsf
nflu a9\bf] e"d08nLs/0f /f]Sg ul/Psf k|of;x¿ lg/y{s ;flat ePsf] cj:yfnfO{
x]g{ ;lsG5 . o:tf jt{dfg cj:yf / c;xof]un] ljZjJofkL lqmofsnfk kl5 k/]sfn]
cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf al9/x]sf] 5 . o:tf w]/} ;+3;+:yfx¿
ljZjJofkL tj/n] h/fb]lv h/f;Dd}sf] ;f]r lnP/ sfd ul//x]sfn] ;/sf/L kIfsf]
gsf/fTds x:tIf]ksf] a]jf:tf ub}{ sfd ug{ ;kmn eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] g]O;sf] l6Kk0fL
/x]sf] 5 .
clxn] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfn] cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] dfu ul//x]sf] 5 . k|To]s
;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/e"t nIo eg]s} cTofw'lgs k|fljlws ljsf;;Dd k'Ug' g} /x]sf] 5 .
olb g]O;sf] a'Fbf g+= ^ cg';f/ gLltx¿ km]l/P eg] ljZjsf] of] kl5Nnf] /fhgLlts,
;f+:s[lts tyf j}1flgs cfljisf/sf k|efjhGo ultljlwx¿sf] lgoGq0f / kof{j/0fLo
ljZjsf] lgdf{0fn] a]Un} k|fs[lts ;+;f/sf] ljsf; x'g] s'/fdf cfbz{jfbL b[li6sf]0fn]
cfzfjfbL x'g ;lsg] dt /x]sf] 5 .
;ftf}+ a'Fbfdf g]O;n] k|fs[lts jf;:yfgdf cGtlg{lxt d"No /
To;sf] vf; dxÎjaf6} l6Kk0fL cf/De u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL cy{zf:qLx¿n]
;fdfGo hLjg k4lt eGg] zAbsf] cfnf]rgf ug]{ atfpFb} g]O;n] o;sf] sf/0f
;fdfGotfsf] kl/df0f lgwf{/0f ug{ x'g] cK7\of/f] kl/l:yltnfO{ cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\
-g]O;, ;g\ !((%, k[ &)_ . pgn] cfjZostfsf] cy{ut kl/j]z ;w}F clglZrt
5g\ . t/ g]O;n] o; a'Fbfdf cy{sf] kl/df0f lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifonfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] geO{
:yfgLo jf;:yfgsf ;Gbe{df e"ld / dflg;df cGtlg{lxt d"Nosf] af]w u/fO{ kof{j/0f
;+/If0fsf] cfbz{ cleef/flt/ pGd'v u/fpg vf]h]sf] ts{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
cf7f}+ a'Fbfn] Psb]lv ;ft;Ddsf a'Fbfsf] cf}lrTo :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . h;n] ;a}
a'Fbfx¿k|lt ;xdlt hgfpF5, p;n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf tl/sfn] cfjZos kl/jt{gsf
nflu OdfGbf/Lk"j{s Jojxf/df Nofpg sf]l;; u5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] o; a'Fbfn] cGo
a'Fbfsf] cfk;L ;DaGwnfO{ k|ToIft hf]8]sf] 5 . g]O;n] ;"qLs/0f u/]sf ;a} a'Fbfx¿
l8k Osf]nf]hL cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] atfPsf 5g\ . pgn] l8k
Osf]nf]hLsf ljsNkdf cGo kb kbfjnL k|:tfj ug{ ;lsg] ;DefjgfnfO{ v'nf /fvL
cfkm"n] k|of]u u/]sf] …cfGbf]ngÚ zAbsf af/]df :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ . pgL o; cleofgnfO{
bz{g eGg ?rfpFb}gg\ . bz{g jf ljrf/sf] :yfkgf ug'{ Osf]nf]lhsn d'ed]G6sf] p2]Zo
xf]Og . o;sf] nIo t kof{j/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu cfTd hfu/0f u/fpg' xf] . To;}n]
c?åf/f k|lt:yflkt bz{g / ljrf/ lnP/ gf/f jf efif0f, pu| jf clx+;fTds le8df
;xefuL u/fpg' klg o;sf] nIo xf]Og . To;}n] of] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cGo
kl/jt{gsf] :j¿kh:tf] x'Fb}g . pgn] o; k[YjLnfO{ ;a}sf] ;f´f lgjf;:yfgsf ?kdf
288 uxg kof{j/0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
cª\uLsf/ u/L ;/n hLjg k4ltlt/ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ zflGtk"0f{ ;xofqfsf ¿kdf Pp6f
ultzLn cf/De u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . g]O;sf ljrf/df ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ;xefuL
/ ;xofqL eg]sf snfsf/ / n]vsx¿ g} x'g\, hf] cfˆgf] leqL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k];fut
bz{gsf] rl/qdf aflx/ NofpFb}gg\ . a? cfkm} To;nfO{ cfˆgf] snf / sljtfsf
dfWodaf6 cleJoSt u5{g\ . To;}n] ;flxTo / snf;Fu ;xhtfk"j{s hf]l8g] of]
kl/jt{gsf] ultnfO{ cfkm"n] bz{g geg]/ cfGbf]ng eg]sf] g]O;n] :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ .
uxg kof{j/0fLo lrGtgsf lglDt k|]l/t ug]{ k|;ª\ux¿ k|frLg u|Gyx¿n] klg
lbPsf 5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf n/]G; a'Pn -;g\ @))%_ n] kof{j/0fLo cjd"Nogsf] k|yd
;ª\s]t afOansf] cWofo …lhg]l;;Ú d} b]Vg ;lsg] atfPsf 5g\ . lhg]l;;sf] k|f/Ded}
O{Zj/n] dfgjnfO{ hldg / ;d'b|sf ;a} hnr/ / hgfj/dfly /fHo ug]{ cg'dlt
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 -k[= %*_ . o;af6 afOansf] ljZjb[li6 dfgjs]Gb|L b]lvG5 tfklg
o;df /x]sf dfog ldys / Go'lhNofG8df a;f]af; ug]{ dfcf]/L hghfltsf ldysdf
dfgjnfO{ ;[li6sf] s]Gb|df g/fvL cGo hLj;/x g} a/fa/sf] bhf{ dfq lbOPsf] kfOG5
-pk|]tL, @)^*, k[= #!$_ . k"j{sf cå}t j]bfGt, af}4 wd{ tyf tfcf]jfb h:tf s]xL
wfld{s lrGtgx¿n] dfgj / k|s[ltlarsf] cGt;{DaGwdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ eg] dfgjsf]
l;h{gfdf O{Zj/n] hgfj/sf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnPsf] syf pNn]v u/]af6 k[YjLdf l;h{g
k|lqmof h}ljs k|0ffnLaf6 ePsf] ;ª\s]t;Fu} tflTTjs ljZn]if0fsf lglDt cfwf/ klg
lbPsf] 5 .
l8k Osf]nf]hL kof{j/0fLo ;flxTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] Pp6f :j¿k aGgdf
plNnlvt a'Fbfx¿n] k|f/lDes b[li6 k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . uxg kof{j/0fjfbsf cfwf/e"t
b'O{ tÎjx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . klxnf] dflg; ;/x g} o; k[YjLsf ;a} ;Qfsf] d"No /x]sf]
5 / ltgnfO{ cfˆgf] cl:tTj :jo+n] vf]Hg] clwsf/ klg 5 . ;txL kof{j/0fjfbLx¿n]
jt{dfg ;+:s[ltdf cfjZos km]/abn ug]{ lalQs} kof{j/0fLo ;ª\s6 ;dfKt x'g]
atfPsf lyP t/ dg'ios]Gb|L o; dfGotfsf lj?4df g]O;n] hLj÷k|s[lts]Gb|L dfGotf
cl3 ;f/]sf x'g\ . o; dfGotfcg';f/ g} e"lddf dflg;sf] Psflwsf/ ;DffKt eO{
k|To]s ;Qfn] cfˆgf] :yfg kfpg] pgsf] ljrf/ /x]sf] 5 . dfG5]n] cfˆgf] cfly{s
ljsf; Psf]xf]/f] ul//xFbf k|s[ltsf] cg'lrt zf]if0f x'g k'u]sf] 5 . To;}n] dflg;sf]
gLlt, cy{zf:q, sd{k|0ffnL cflb kIfdf ;d]t kl/jt{g cfjZos x'g] dfGotf l8k
Osf]nf]hLdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;a}eGbf klxn] clx+;fTds af6f] klxNofpg' cfjZos
/x]sf] o; dfGotfn] atfPsf] 5 . af}4 / h}g bz{gn] uxg kof{j/0fnfO{ pRr dxÎj
lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] s]xL dflg;n] lx+;fTds dfu{af6 ;d]t uxg kof{j/0fsf] …k|s[lt
arfpmÚ jf …gbLnfO{ afFRg b]pmÚ h:tf cleofgnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;lsg] atfPsf 5g\
-;];G;\, !((%, k[= @^(_ . o;/L uxg kof{j/0fn] kof{d08nsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿k|lt
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL, VOL. 32, NO. 2, DECEMBER, 2018 289

dfq geO{ klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] ;Dk"0f{ tÎjx¿ jf ¿kx¿k|lt dfgjx¿sf] ;dfg
b[li6sf]0f /fVg'kg]{ k|j[lQnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u5{ .
uxg kof{j/0fjfbsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ o;sf] d'Vo ;f/ zdg /x]sf] 5 . kof{j/0f
arfpsf nflu dflg;n] dg, z/L/ / e"ldsf] zdg ug'{kg]{ o;sf] dfGotf /x]sf] b]lvG5
-jfghf, ;g\ @)!!, k[=!%_ . c1fgtfåf/f ;Gt'ng gi6 x'Fbf dg /f]uu|:t aGg',
/f]uL dgn] df6f]nfO{ ljifo'St agfpg', ljifo'St df6f]af6 z/L/df laif g} k|j]z x'g'
kfl/l:ylts rqmsf] Pp6f 8/nfUbf] ;To xf] . kof{j/0f ljgfzsf] d'Vo sf/0f g} ljZj
;+/rgfdf dflg;sf] :yfgsf af/]df unt wf/0ff aGg' xf] eGg] uxg kof{j/0fjfbLsf]
ljrf/ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;xcl:tTj / s?0ffdf s]lGb|t gofF ;j{lxt ;bfrf/af6 g} dg,
z/L/, k|s[lt / e"lddf gofF hu a;fpg ;lsG5 . o; l;4fGtn] k|s[ltsf x/]s hLj
tyf jg:kltn] cfˆgf] Tofuaf6 k|s[ltsf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ hf]ufO/x]sf] dt cl3 ;f/]sf] 5
/ dflg;n] klg of] Tofusf] ;+:sf/sf] kl/kfng u/L cfˆgf] cflwkTos]Gb|L k|j[lQ 5f]8L
gofF lsl;dn] ;f]Rg'kg]{ dfu /fv]sf] 5 . ctM uxg kof{j/0fjfb zdgsf] bz{gaf6
k|]l/t hLjs]Gb|L cjwf/0ff ePsf] k|s[ltd'vL l;4fGt ePsf] 5 .
uxg kof{j/0fLo cjwf/0ffdf s[lt ljZn]if0fsf kof{wf/x¿
Ufxg kof{j/0fLo lrGtgn] k|lbkfbg u/]sf d"n cjwf/0ffnfO{
cfTd;ft u/]sf s[ltx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsf lglDt kof{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ k|s[lt / hLjs]Gb|L
kIfsf] cWoog ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . k|s[ltk|ltsf] g}lts bfloTj af]w ug]{ s[ltx¿
g} uxg kof{j/0fLo ljZn]if0fsf lglDt pko'St 5gf]6df k5{g\ . o:tf s[ltx¿nfO{
lgDglnlvt ;}4flGts kof{wf/x¿df cfwfl/t eP/ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
k|s[ltsf] s]Gb|Lotf
k|s[lt kl/j]zhGo sfo{ / k|sfo{sf] Ps lglZrt l;h{gfTds k|lqmofsf]
lgoldt clGjlt xf] . k|s[ltsf] o:tf] lgdf{0f IfdtfnfO{ s'g} Ps kl/efiffdf ;Lldt ug{
;lsFb}g . nf]s Jojxf/df eg] k|s[lt eGgfn] hldg, jfo'd08n, jghª\un, kz'kG5L,
gbL h:tf ljifox¿ a'l´G5 . cª\u|]hL efiffdf k|s[ltnfO{ a'´fpg] zAbsf ?kdf g]r/sf]
k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 t/ cª\u|]hLsf] …g]r/Ú zAbn] klg g]kfnLsf] k|s[lt zAbsf] h:t}
cg]s cy{x¿ k|s6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ljlzi6 cWoogdf eg] nf]s
Jojxf/n] a'‰g] u/]sf dfgj lgld{teGbf dflysf] kbfy{ / k|f0fL hut\nfO{ g} k|s[lt
elgG5 . k|f0fL / jg:kltsf] hlGdg], afFRg], pleg] / dflg;sf lglDt t c´ lrGtgåf/f
ljrf/sf] k|ltkfbg ug]{ h:tf ;a}vfn] cl:tTjsf cfwf/ g} k|s[lt ePsfn] k|s[ltsf]
s]Gb|Lotf g} hLjgsf] cfwf/ klg xf] .
290 uxg kof{j/0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
;flxTodf dflg;nfO{ cTolws dxÎj lbg] / k|s[ltnfO{ z}nLut cnª\sf/
/ k|efjf]Tkfbs ;xfos ;fdu|Lsf ?kdf dfq ;Lldt ug]{ k/Dk/f ljk/Lt k|s[ltnfO{
g} d"n ljifosf ?kdf cleJoSt ug'{ g} k|s[ltsf] s]Gb|Lo dxÎj xf] . Unf]6km]N6L -;g\
!((^_ n] ;flxTodf k|s[ltsf] k|:t'lt syfgs, rl/q / p2]Zosf txd} :ki6 ¿kdf
x'g'kg]{ atfPsL 5g\ -k[= xv_ . k/Dk/fut l;h{gfdf k|s[ltnfO{ dfgj pkef]u / ;'v
;'ljwfsf] ;fwg dfqsf ?kdf 5gf]6 ul/Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . clxn] k|s[ltsf] cJojl:yt
pkef]u / bf]xgn] k[YjLsf] af;:yfg gfz x'g] l:yltdf k'u]sf] l:yltk|lt lrGtf / rf;f]
k|s6 u/L ;+/If0f;DaGwL cleJolSt lbg] x'Fbf kof{j/0fLo ;dfnf]rgfn] k|s[ltsf] oxL
s]Gb|Lo dxÎjsf] cWoog u5{ . o:tf /rgfdf k|s[lt ;fWo eP/ s[ltdf cleJoSt 5
ls 5}g eGg] kIfsf] klg cWoog ul/G5 . ctM kof{j/0fLo ;flxTosf] s]Gb|s g} k|s[lt
xf] / of] ljZj k|s[ltsf ?kdf k|s6 ePsf] x'G5 -Unf]6km]N6L / kmf]]d{ M ;g\ !((^, k[=
ixx_ . dflg;sf nflu k|s[lt ;a}eGbf d"Nojfg\ ljifo xf] . cGo kz'k|f0fLn] k|s[ltnfO{
afFRg] k|fs[lts cfjZostfeGbf a9L pkef]u ug{ hfg]sf x'Fb}gg\ . dflg;n] k|s[ltsf
;f/f kbfy{ / k|f0fL hut\nfO{ cfˆgf] pkef]Uo j:t'sf ?kdf k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
o:tf] x:tIf]ksf/L / clgolGqt pkef]un] ubf{ k|s[ltsf] xl/ofnL ;dfKt x'Fb} uPsf]
5 . k[YjLnfO{ k|s[ltn] g} k|f0fLsf] jf;:yfg agfPsf] xf] . To;}n] uxg kof{j/0fLo
;dfnf]rgfn] s[lt ljZn]if0fsf] k|d'v cfwf/ g} k|s[ltsf] s]Gb|LotfnfO{ dfg]sf] 5 .
k|s[lts]Gb|L ;flxTosf] 5gf]6 / To;sf] ljZn]if0f;Dd ;a} cWoog k|lqmof k|s[lts]Gb|L
ePsfn] g} o:tf] ;dfnf]rgfdf /rgfn] k|s[ltsf ljljw ljifo;Fu s:tf] b[li6sf]0f
/fv]sf] 5 / To;sf] p2]Zo s] 5 eGg] d'Vo kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fV5 .
h}ljs ljljwtf
cg]s hLjsf] ;fd"lxs cl:tTj g} h}ljs ljljwtf xf] . h}ljs ljljwtfdfly
cg';Gwfg u/]sf eStaxfb'/ yfkf -@)^#_ n] k[YjLsf] w/ftndf /x]sf ljleGg xfjfkfgL,
hnfzo, jghª\un, v]taf/L tyf df6f]df kfOg] ;du| hLljt k|f0fL, jg:klt, ;"Id
hLjf0f' Pj+ ltgsf hft tyf j+z, leGgtf / Ps csf{larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] ?kdf lnOg] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ -k[= @_ . k|s[lt h}ljs / ch}ljs sf/s
tTjsf] pkh xf] . ch}ljs sf/s tTjx¿ xfjfkfgL;DaGwL sf/s tTjx¿ k|sfz,
tfkqmd, kfgL, cfb{|tf, jfo', df6f] tyf o;sf e"cfs[ltx¿ x'g\ eg] h}ljs sf/s
tTTjx¿ af]6la/mjf, hLjhGt' tyf ;"Id hLjx¿ kb{5g\ . k|s[ltdf ePsf cGo h}ljs
kbfy{eGbf jg:kltnfO{ a9L dxÎj lbOPsf] x'G5 o;sf] sf/0f jg:klt hut\sf] hLjg
k|lqmof / k|f0fLsf] hLjgz}nLlar x'g] cGt/ g} xf] .
k|f0fLsf nflu vfBfGg, hLjgbfoL jfo', jf;:yfg, cf}ifwL tyf ;f+:s[lts
kl/j]zsf] lgdf{0f u/L cfGbfg'e"lt ;d]t lbg] ;|f]t ePsfn] jg:kltsf] pRr :yfg
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL, VOL. 32, NO. 2, DECEMBER, 2018 291

/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn k|s[ltsf] e08f/ ePsfn] oxfFsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] 7"nf] dxÎj 5 .
h}ljs ljljwtf eP/ g} oxfFsf] kof{j/0fLo :jR5tfnfO{ sfod /fVg To:tf] sl7gfO
5}g . oxfFsf dflg;x¿ ef]sd/Ln] dnf{g\ eGg] 8/ gx'g'df klg h}ljs ;DklQdf
wgL eP/ g} xf] . oxfF s]jn h}ljs vfBfGgsf] Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbP k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
h}ljs ljljwtf eP/ g} ;+;f/sf] Wofg tfGg ;kmn of] d'n'sdf klg clxn] cfP/ rf]/L
lgsf;Lsf 36gfx¿ a9]sf 5g\ . b]zsf jgkfvfx¿ 8F9]nf] / s6fgLn] phf8 agfOFbf
;'Vvfkgn] lj?jfx¿ dfl;g uO{ d?e"dLs/0flt/ pGd'v x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . lj1fg /
k|ljlwsf] r/d k|of]un] jftfj/0f lau|g uO{ h}ljs ljljwtfdf klg x|f; cfpg yfn]sf]
5 . oL ljifox¿ ;flxTodf s] s:tf] ;Gbe{df s;/L k|:t't eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf]
cWoog o; kof{wf/ cGtu{t ul/G5 ..
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL
k|s[ltsf hLjx¿sf] hLjg k|lqmof g} kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL xf] . k[YjLdf /x]sf
;a} hLj / kbfy{x¿sf] tflÎjs ;xsfo{df g} kfl/l:yltsL lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . o;n]
g} k|s[ltnfO{ cljgfzL agfPsf] 5 . h}ljs tÎjx¿ jftfj/0fsf pkh x'g\, h;n]
jftfj/0fnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ / jftfj/0faf6 k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ . oL l:y/ -jg:klt_
/ ultzLn -hLj_ u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ . oL ;Dk"0f{ h}ljs tÎjx¿ lardf kf]if0f,
;Gtfg pTkfbg tyf jf;:yfgsf nflu cGt/lqmofTds ;DaGw sfod x'G5 / 7fpF
ljz]if kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] hGd x'G5 -kf]v|]n / cf]nL, @)^*, k[= *_ . ctM k|s[ltsf
h}ljs / ch}ljs ;a} kbfy{x¿lar lg/Gt/ rln/xg] cfk;L cfGtl/s hLjg k|lqmof
g} kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL xf] . o; k|lqmof cGtu{t k|s[ltsf pmhf{zLn cfˆg} :jsLo
lgod 5g\ . o; lgodnfO{ cGo k|f0fLn] af]w ;Dd klg ug{ ;Sb}gg\, s]jn hGdg],
x's{g], hLjg ofkgsf cfcfˆgf k|fs[lts lqmofsnfkx¿df of] pmhf{sf] Pp6f c+z eP/
oyfjt\ k|:t't x'Fb} slxn] k"/f cfo' afFRg} gkfP/ t slxn] cfo'sf] cGtdf ;dfKt x'g]df
dfq ;Lldt eO/x]sf x'G5g\ t/ dflg; r]]tgzLn k|f0fL ePsfn] k|s[ltsf] lgodnfO{
af]w u/L cfˆgf sd{x¿sf] ;dof]lrt of]hgf agfpg ;Ifd 5 .
dflg;n] r]tg / h8 b'j} kbfy{sf] ;Gt'lnt of}lus ;xeflutfdf kfl/l:ylts
k|0ffnL lgoldt /xG5 eGg] s'/f lj1fgsf] ljsf; u/L kQf nufO;s]sf] 5 . hLjg
rqmleqsf h}ljs k|lqmofx¿, l;h{gf, vfBrqm tyf kl/jt{gzLntf h:tf ljifox¿
hfg]/ klg kl5Nnf] ;do pkef]Stfd'vL k|j[lQ xfjL ePsfn] ljZjdf s[lqd zlStsf] gj
lgdf{0f u/L dflg;n] k|s[ltsf] zlStlj?4 cfˆgf] cb'/bzL{ lqmofsnfk u/L kfl/l:ylts
k|0ffnLnfO{ afwf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . kmntM ;a}sf] Ps dfq ;f´f jf;:yfg of] k[YjLdf
cg]s ck|fs[lts h}ljs 36gfx¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . Ct'rqmdf g} km]/abn x'g] cj:yfdf
k'u]sf] jftfj/0fLo k|efjn] kfl/l:ylts k4ltnfO{ clgoldt agfpg yfln;s]sf]
292 uxg kof{j/0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
5 . sltko :yfgdf :yfgLo k|hfltx¿ nf]k x'g] qmdsf] cf/De eO;s]sf] 5 .
Pp6f hl6n kof{j/0fLo ;d:ofsf ?kdf cfhsf] ljZjdf b]vfk/]sf] of] ;d:ofd"ns
ljifonfO{ ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfdf s] s;/L k|ltWjlgt ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ljifosf]
vf]hL o; kof{wf/ cGtu{t ul/G5 .
k|s[ltsf] ;fj{ef}dkg
k|s[lt ;a} hLjhut\sf lglDt ;f´f ljifo xf] eGg] dfGotf /fVg] x'Fbf
kof{j/0fLo ;dfnf]rgfdf s[lt ljZn]if0fsf] Pp6f kof{wf/ k|s[ltsf] ;fj{ef}dkg klg
xf] . k[YjLsf] x/fe/f / xl/ofnLsf] sf/s k|s[lt xf] eg] k|s[ltk|ltsf] ;f´f efjgf g}
oxfF a;f]af; ug]{ ;a} hLjsf lglDt ;fj{ef}dkg xf] . k|s[lt s'g} hLj jf k|f0fLsf] dfq
k]jf xf]Og, of] ;a} jg:klt, hLj, hLjfTdfx¿sf] ;f´f 3/ / ynf] xf] -lkmlnK;, ;g\
@))#, k[=@)%_ . uxg kof{j/0fLo dfGotfcg';f/ k|s[ltdf dflg;sf] cl:tTj Hofbf
/ cGo hLjsf] sd eGg] x'Fb}g . dflg;s} pkof]lutfsf cfwf/df klg s'g} j:t'sf]
d"No sd a];L eg]/ tf]lsGg . k|s[ltdf x/]s j:t'sf] cfcfˆgf] cl:tTj 5 . To;/L g}
k|s[ltn] ;a}nfO{ ljgf e]befj cfˆgf] pkef]u ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . cGo ;a} hLjsf]
pkef]Uo k|0ffnL;Fu dflg;sf] pkef]u z}nL ldNb}g . o;af6 k|s[ltsf] cTolws bf]xg
/ pkef]u ug]{ sfd dflg;af6 dfq x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . of] k|s[ltdfly dflg;sf] cltjfbL
lqmofsnfk xf] . o;n] kof{j/0fLo ;d:ofnfO{ l56f] l56f] lgDTofPsf] 5 . To;}n]
dflg; g} kof{j/0f ljgfzsf] klxnf] sf/0f xf] . o;nfO{ /f]Sgsf lglDt k|s[ltdflysf]
dflg;sf] Psflwsf/ ;dfKt x'g' / cGo hLj ;/x dflg;n] klg hLjgsf cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf] k"lt{df dfq k|s[ltsf] pkef]u ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf cl3 NofOPsf] 5 .
o;n] k|s[ltsf] ;fj{ef}dkg dflg;df dfq lglxt geO{ ;Dk"0f{ hLjdf /xg'kg]{ ljifosf]
kIfdf s[ltsf] k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f u5{ .
lgisif{
kof{j/0fLo cWoogsf s]xL ljlzi6 ;}4flGts k4ltdWo] uxg kfl/l:yltsL
jt{dfg ljZjsf] k|s[lt lj?4sf u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ lqmofsnfk aGb u/fpgsf lglDt
a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] dt o;sf cleoGtf / ;dy{gdf h'6]sf ljZn]ifsx¿sf] b]lvG5 .
jt{dfgsf] pkef]StfjfbL dfgjgLltsf lj?4 p7]sf] ;+/If0fd'vL kof{j/0fLo cleofgdf
PskIfn] o; k4ltn] lx+;fTds :j¿k wf/0f u/]sf] eGb} o;nfO{ pu| dfg]sf] klg
kfOG5 .
;fwf/0ftM kof{j/0fjfbL cjwf/0ffx¿ dfgjs]lGb|t /x]sf b]lvG5g\ eg] uxg
kfl/l:yltsL k|s[lt s]lGb|t cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5, h;leq dfgj cl:tTj cGo hLj
/ kbfy{ ;/x ;fdfGo /x]sf] dflgG5 . hLj chLj ;du|k|lt ;dtfjfbL b[li6 /fvL ;a}
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL, VOL. 32, NO. 2, DECEMBER, 2018 293

g} Pscfk;df cGof]Gofl>t /x]sf] b]vfpg' uxg kof{j/0fLo ljZn]if0fsf] p2]Zo xf] .

uxg kfl/l:ylts lj1fgdf hLj clg k|s[ltlarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ bfz{lgs clg g}lts
?kdf t'ngf ub}{ cWoog ul/G5 . ;flxTodf :jt:km"t{ ?kn] bz{gsf] cleJolSt lbg]
Ifdtf /xG5 . kf/Dkl/s kfZrfTo ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s d"Non] dfgj / k|s[ltnfO{
å}t cyf{t\ k[ys\ k[ys\ ;Qf b]V5 clg k|s[ltnfO{ dflg;x¿sf] lgldQ ef]Uof 7fG5
eg] o;}sf] ;f]´f] k|ltkIfdf uxg kfl/l:yltsL plePsf] 5 . dflg;sf kmfObfsf
lglDt k|s[lt ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{ kl/jt{gjfbL kof{j/0fljb\sf dtsf lj?4 pleP/ uxg
kof{j/0fLo dfGotf cl3 ;fg]{ cg]{ g]O;n] dflg; / cGo hLj tyf kbfy{sf] cl:tTjsf]
;dli6 g} k|s[lt kof{j/0f xf] eGg] lrGtg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ / oxL lrGtgnfO{ cf7
j6f plNnlvt a'Fbf lbO{ ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/ tof/ kf/]sf x'g\ . g]O;sf] cjwf/0ffsf
s]Gb|Lotfdf uxg kof{j/0fLo s[lt ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/x¿ tof/ kfl/Psf 5g\ .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
ca|fxD;\, Pd=Pr=-;g\ @))%_= c Unf];/L ckm ln6]//L 6D;{ -P6\y P8=_ o'gfO6]8
:6]6\; ckm cd]l/sf M dfOsn /f]hgju{ .
pk|]tL, ;~hLj -@)^*_= l;4fGtsf s'/f= sf7df8f}F M cIf/ lqmo;G; g]kfn .
uf}td, s[i0f -@)^$_= pQ/cfw'lgs lh1f;f= sf7df8f}F M e[s6' L Ps]8l] ds klAns];g .
uf}td, s[i0f -@)^&_= pQ/cfw'lgs ;+jfb= sf7df8f{F M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];g .
yfkf, eStaxfb'/ -@)^#_= g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf= sf7df8f}+ M gLtf yfkf .
yfkf, eStaxfb'/ -@)^*_= k|s[lt / k|f0fL= sf7df8f}+ M gLtf yfkf .
g]O;, cg]{ -;g\ !((%_=b l8k Osf]nf]lhsn d'ed]G6 ;d lkmnf];f]lkmsn P:k]S6\;= l8k
Osf]nf]hL km/ b 6\j]G6Lkm:6{ ;]Gr'/L -hh{ ;];G;, ;Dkf=_=af]:6g M ;fDafnf
klAns];G;= k[=@%(@^@ .
g]O;, cg]{ -;g\ !((%_=b l8k Osf]nf]hL PG8 nfOkm:6fOn= l8k Osf]nf]hL km/
b 6\j]G6Lkm:6{ ;]Gr'/L -hh{ ;];G;, ;Dkf=_=af]:6g M ;fDafnf klAns];G;=
k[=@%(@^@ .
k|wfg, lbjfsf/= -@)!#_= sljtfsf s'/f= ufGtf]s, l;lSsd M hgkIf k|sfzg .
e?rf, O/fs -;g\ @)!%_= kof{j/0f cWoog -bf]=;+:s=_= gofF lbNnL M cf]l/PG6
ANofs:jfg k|fOj]6 lnld6]8 .
n/]G;, ;L= -;g\ @)))_= b lu|g :6l8h l/8/ M k|md /f]dflG6l;hd 6' Osf]lqml6l;hd=
nG8g PG8 Go'of]s{ M /f]6\n]h 6]n/ PG8 k|mflG;; u|'k .
294 uxg kof{j/0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
n]le;\, Pkm=cf/= PG8 yDK;g=8L= -;g\ @)))_= b cUof{lgs sDo'lg6L= b lu|g :6l8h\
l/8/ M k|md /f]dflG6l;hd 6' Osf]lqml6l;hd -n/]G; s'k, ;Dkf=_=nG8g PG8
Go'of]s{ M /f]6\n]h 6]n/ PG8 k|mflG;; u|'k= k[= &#&^ .
jghf, s]= -;g\ @)!!_= ;flxTosf kfl/l:ylts bz{g= gofF lbNnL M jf0fL k|sfzg .
;];G;, hh{ -;g\ !((%_= b l8k Osf]nf]hL km/ b 6\j]G6Lkm:6{ ;]Gr'/L= af]:6g PG8
nG8g M ;Dafnf klAns];G;\ .
x\oflgug, hf]g -;g\ @))^_= OGefO/f]dG] 6 ;f]l;of]nf]hL -;]sG] 8 P8=_=Go'of]s{ M /f]6n]h .