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frequencies and observe heat signatures of personnel, and relocate displaced technologies to a new place on the
missiles, aircraft, artillery, and vehicles. spectrum.
Other Applications Congress has also recently passed legislation impacting the
Militaries use the spectrum to target and potentially attack military’s use of the spectrum, particularly in terms of
adversaries. Missiles in general, and anti-air munitions in spectrum allocation and electronic warfare. Recent
particular, use either infrared or radar for terminal guidance congressional actions in the National Defense Authorization
(i.e., guiding a missile once it has been launched) to targets. Acts (NDAAs) include the following:
Electronic jammers are used to deny an adversary access to
the spectrum. These jammers are primarily used in the radio FY2017 NDAA. Section 234 authorized the Secretary
wave and microwave frequencies (and sometimes paired of Defense to create a pilot program to modernize and
together), thereby preventing communications (both field spectrum warfare systems. Section 240 required
terrestrially and space-based) as well as radar coverage. DOD to develop an electronic warfare strategy. Section
Militaries have also begun using lasers to disable 1044 protected certain federal spectrum operations.
intelligence collection sensors, provide a potential kinetic
FY2018 NDAA. Section 1697 authorized the Secretary
kill against small unmanned aerial systems (aka “drones”),
of Defense to establish a pilot program to assess the
and communicate with satellites.
viability of mapping DOD’s usage of the spectrum.
Section 1608 required the Secretary of the Air Force to
Types of Spectrum Operations submit a report on the plans using transaction authority
Numerous military operations use the spectrum. One type is
to acquire commercial satellite bandwidth.
command and control. Command and control (C2) uses all
of these applications to develop a common operating FY2019 NDAA. Section 255 required DOD to perform
picture and communicate the commander’s orders. C2 is an independent assessment of current electronic warfare
resourced according to a unit’s size and mission focus, from plans and programs. Section 1053 directed the Secretary
a few radios and computers for platoon- and company-level of Defense to establish process and procedures to
operations to specialized satellites and aircraft for joint “develop, integrate and enhance electronic warfare
operations such as nuclear C2. C2 aircraft, such as the E-8C mission area and the conduct of joint electromagnetic
Joint STARS, use communications systems and radars to spectrum operations in all domains across the
develop a picture of the battlespace to direct forces to their Department of Defense and ensure that such processes
most effective positions for countering enemy forces. and procedures provide for integrated defense-wide
strategy, planning, and budgeting with respect to the
Electronic warfare uses the spectrum to gain and maintain conduct of such operations.”
military access to the spectrum. SIGINT capabilities allow
FY2020 NDAA. Section 254 required DOD to develop
military forces to understand where adversary forces are
a strategy and implementation plan for 5G systems.
located as well as what frequencies they use for
Section 256 required DOD to perform an independent
communications and radars. This intelligence, called
assessment of current electronic warfare plans and
electronic support by the military, is then used to develop
programs, similar to the FY2019 section.
an operational plan to jam (i.e., attack an adversary’s use of
the spectrum) radio frequencies. Militaries can develop
techniques to protect themselves from attacks using Relevant Statutes
SIGINT capabilities on their own forces. Title 10, U.S. Code, Armed Forces, Section 488: Management
and review of electromagnetic spectrum
Low observable weapons systems manipulate the spectrum
to reduce their electromagnetic signature—such as radar CRS Products
return, radio emission, and even heat. This can be achieved
by reducing radar signature, creating narrow radio beams to CRS In Focus IF11118, Defense Primer: Electronic Warfare, by
reduce the probability of detection, or reducing spectrum John R. Hoehn
emissions entirely. A few examples of these design CRS In Focus IF11493, Defense Capabilities: Joint All Domain
approaches include the Zumwalt-class destroyer, the B-2 Command and Control, by Nishawn S. Smagh
Spirit and the F-35 Lightning II, the AN/APG-81 actively
electronically scanned array radar. Other Resources
Congressional Interest in the Spectrum DOD Instruction 4650.01. Policy and Procedures for
Congress has actively supported the deployment of fifth Management and Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.
generation (5G) technologies, identifying spectrum used for Incorporating Change. 1 Oct 17, 17
5G, and amending federal rules and regulations to facilitate Joint Pub. 6-01 Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management
deployment of 5G infrastructure. The Federal Operations
Communications Commission is auctioning spectrum for
5G, which DOD currently uses for satellite communications
and weather radars. Auctioning this part of the spectrum
would potentially eliminate DOD’s ability to use these John R. Hoehn, Analyst in Military Capabilities and
systems. DOD could use funds from these auctions, through Programs
the Spectrum Relocation Fund, to develop new technologies
IF11155
https://crsreports.congress.gov
Defense Primer: Military Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
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