DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

Workingg stress method

Ultimate load method
Limit state method
 STAGES IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN
 Structural Planning
 Action of forces and Computation of Loads
 Methods of Analysis
 Member Design
 Detailing and Drawing
Dra ing

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 What is meant byy stiffness?
How do you calculate the stiffness of
th element
the l t practically?
ti ll ?

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 Stiffness
The ratio of Moment of Inertia to
unsupported
pp length
g of the member

For a Rigid Rectangular Column

S = I/h= ((bd3/ 12)/
) h&
= (db3/ 12)/ h

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 What is meant byy Flexibility?
y
How do you calculate the flexibility of
th element
the l t practically?
ti ll ?

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 The deflection of a column with both ends
fixed for a unit shear at top, called flexibility

Flexibility ∆ = h3/ 12EI

K = I/h

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 What is meant byy Rigidity?
g y
How do you calculate the rigidity of the
element
l t practically?
ti ll ?

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 The rigidity R of a Column, which is
defined as the reciprocal of flexibility

R = 1/∆ = 12 E I/ h3

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 What is the difference between
Strength and Stiffness?

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 Strength:
A measure of the maximum load that can be placed on a material(Umpire) before it
permanently deforms or breaks.We often use this as yield stress, σy, as a measure of a
material'ss strength.
material strength

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 Stiffness:
A measure of the amount of deflection that a load causes in a beam. We use a value called
Young'ss modulus
Young modulus, E,
E for stiffness.
stiffness

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 Can we ttake
C k BM andd Shear
Sh fforce ffor
structural members(Column, Beam) at
center line of the frame/member
center line?

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 d d

As per Cl.22.6 of IS 456: 2000

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 Why we have to take shear force from
d distance from the column?

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 How tto design
H d i OneO way slabl b as per IS
Codes?- Is there any clause?
Codes?

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 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
 As perCl.24.2
perCl 24 2 of IS 456
 Slab spanning in one direction and continuous over supports
shall be designed according to the provisions applicable to
continuous beams
 Bending coefficients given in Table 12 of IS 456 ; 2000
should be followed

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 DESIGN OF TWO WAYSLAB
• Different end conditions for slab based on the coefficient
given
gi en in IS 456:
456 2000 Table 26 bending moment can be
found

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DESIGN OF SLABS

Identifyy the boundaryy conditions of slab

From table 26 of IS 456, find out moment
coefficients x if it is continuous slab, and from
table 27 if simply
simpl supported.
s pported
Bending
g moments M=x w lx^2
Calculate Mu/bd^2
Find pt from SP16
Design for pt
LOAD TRANSFERING SYSTEM

SLAB

COLUM
N

BEAM
TYPICAL DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB

Xumax /d =
700/(1100+0.87*500)
Qu /bd^2 =
0.36*fck*(xumax/d)*
(1-(0.42*xumax/d))
Contd..
Contd..
 TYPICAL DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

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 Contd..

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 Contd..

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 Contd..

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 DESIGN OF BEAM
• Will the beam subject to axial tension or not?
• Will the beam subject to torsion or not? If torsion is
subjected
j when it has to be designed
g and not to be
designed?
• When will the beam be considered for moment
redistribution?

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 DESIGN OF BEAMS IN SHEAR
• There are two different kinds of design majorly followed at
practice for residential building up to 5 stories are as follows
• Singly
g y reinforced section
• Doubly Reinforced section

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BEAM DESIGN
Check for depth d= sqrt(Mu/Qb)
Q is moment of resistance factor
for Fe 250 – 0.148
0 148 fck
for Fe 415 – 0.137fck
for Fe 500 – 0.133fck
Calculate Mu/bd^2
Find pt from SP16
Design for pt
Design the shear reinforcement
 BEAM DESIGN- SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION

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 BEAM DESIGN- DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION

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 Contd..

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SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Critical section for shear

Shear Stirrups spacing = Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d/Vus
 Sv
S should
h ld nott bbe greater
t than
th 0.75
0 75 d or 300
300mm
Minimum Shear reinforcement Spacing shall be provided
as per Cl.26.5.1.6 of IS 456:2000
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 How do you classify the column
design practically as per IS Code?
• Axial Loaded Column
• Uniaxial bending Column
• Bi axial bending Column

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COLUMNS
Slender column
l/D
l/D >12
12
Failure
u e by bucking
buc g
Short column
l/D <12
Failure
F il by
b compression
i
Designg of columns from interaction charts of SP16
Unsupported length-- clear distance between the
floor and the shallower beam framing in to the
columns
 Axial Load Capacity of Column
 1.Axial
1 Axial Load capacity.xlsx
capacity xlsx

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 Can column be designed axially
loaded?

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 • Never Column be designed as axial load alone.
• At least the column should be designed for Min.
Eccentricity as per Cl.25.4
• Unsupported length Lateral dimensions
-------------------------------- + ---------------------------
500 30
< subjected to a min. of 20 mm.
Column Design.xls
Design xls

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Design of columns subjected to Axial Compression
Calculate the Area of steel
Pu = 0.4fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Calculate the min. eccentricity
emin = l/500+D/30
If emin < 0.05*least
0 05*least lateral dim
dim, calculate Asc by
using above formula
Design of columns subjected to Axial
Compression& Bending
Calculate d’/D
Calculate the min. eccentricity
emin = l/500+D/30
Cal Pu/fckbD
Cal.
Cal Mu/fckbD^2
Cal percentage of Steel pt from SP16 charts
Design of columns subjected to Axial
Compression& biaxial bending
[(Mux/Mux1)^n]+[(Muy/Muy1)^n] ≤
Mux, Muy are the moments due to design loads
Mux1 Muy1 are the max
Mux1, max. uni axial moment
capacities
n depends on Pu/Puz
Pu/Puz
/ - 0.2 ≥0.8
n 1.0 2.0
Additional moments for slenderness
 Ma = Pu D (l/D)^2/2000
In case of high axial loads, the additional
moments can be reduced by multiplying factors

Lateral ties in column

The pitch shall not exceed min of the following
Least lateral dim
16*bar dia
300mm
 FROM ANALYSIS

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 UNIAXIAL BENDING

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 BIAXIAL BENDING -COLUMN

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 How do you reinforce the column for
shear?

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 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT -COLUMN

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OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN
Nominal Cover to reinforcement
Beams – 25mm
Columns – 40mm
Slabs – 20
Minimum Reinforcement for beams As = 0.85 bd/fy
M i
Maximum reinforcement
i f t in
i beam
b = 0.04bD
0 04bD
Min. percentage of reinforcement for columns-0.8%

Max. reinforcement
i f for
f column
l 3% if Lapping
i provided
id d
Min reinforcement in slabs 0.12%
Deflection criterion:
Beams: (for spans up to 10m)
l/d for cantilever beams – 7
Simply supported beams – 20
Continuous beams – 26
Slab:(Spans up to 3.5m
3 5m and live load3kN/sqm)
l/d for simply supported slabs – 35
Continuous slabs - 40
 Can footing will be safe after BM and
shear check done?

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 • The depth of footing will be determined based on BM, One
way shear, Punching shear as per design practice.
• The most important aspect will determine the depth of
footing is compression development. If the compression
d l
development t llength
th iis iinsufficient
ffi i t you will
ill hhave tto iincrease
the depth footing even after design.

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 Thank You!

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