JK LAKSHMIPAT UNIVERSITY

Seminar Draft Report

On
Total Station Survey
Of

Sez Ajmer Expressway

Submitted By-

Kapil Sankhala

Kartik Singhal

Naveen Pandiya
 Abstract

Total station is a surveying equipment combination of Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instrument

and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage
system. The instrument can be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance
of object to the instrument.

Our project is on SEZ to Ajmer Expressway. This is the road connecting NH-8 Ajmer national highway to
mahindra SEZ.It is a 2.5 km stretch perpendicular from road to JK Lakshmipat University

Our fundamental purpose is-

Vertical gradient

Cutting & filling

Acknowledgement
We thanks Assistant Professor Amit Kumar for his guidance

Without him this project wouldn’t have been possible I  would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my tutor who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
,which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
Table of contents
1. Introduction about topic
2. Methodology
3. Literature survey
4. Statement of Problem
5. Approaches and method
6. Result and discussion
7. Conclusions
8. References
9. appendices
Introduction

A total station or TST (total station theodolite) is an electronic/optical

instrument used in modern surveying and building construction. The
total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an
electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the
instrument to a particular point.[1]

Robotic total stations allow the operator to control the instrument from
a distance via remote control. This eliminates the need for an assistant
staff member as the operator holds the reflector and controls the total
station from the observed point.
Methodology

Angle measurement
Most total station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of
extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass cylinders or discs within the
instrument. The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-second.
Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-
seconds.

Distance measurement
Main article: Distance measurement

Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated infrared carrier signal, generated

by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and reflected by a prism
reflector or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and
interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is determined by emitting and
receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the
target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass corner cube prism
reflectors for the EDM signal. A typical total station can measure distances with an accuracy of
about 1.5 millimeters (0.0049 ft) + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 meters
(4,900 ft).[2]

Reflectorless total stations can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in color,
up to a few hundred meters.
Coordinate measurement
The coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be determined using
the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be established between the two points.
Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the
coordinates (X, Y, and Z or easting, northing and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the
total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation. To determine an
absolute location a Total Station requires line of sight observations and can be set up over a
known point or with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location, called Resection
(Free Stationing).[3][4]

For this reason, some total stations also have a Global Navigation Satellite System receiver and
do not require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates. However, GNSS measurements
may require longer occupation periods and offer relatively poor accuracy in the vertical axis.

Data processing
Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance, horizontal angle, and
vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped to write these measurements to an
external data collector, such as a hand-held computer.

When data is downloaded from a total station onto a computer, application software can be
used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area. The newest generation of
total stations can also show the map on the touch-screen of the instrument immediately after
measuring the points.

Applications
Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to record features as
in topographic surveying or to set out features (such as roads, houses or boundaries). They are
also used by archaeologists to record excavations and by police, crime scene investigators,
private accident reconstructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of scenes.
Mining
Total stations are the primary survey instrument used in mining surveying.

A total station is used to record the absolute location of the tunnel walls, ceilings (backs), and
floors as the drifts of an underground mine are driven. The recorded data are then downloaded
into a CAD program, and compared to the designed layout of the tunnel.

The survey party installs control stations at regular intervals. These are small steel plugs
installed in pairs in holes drilled into walls or the back. For wall stations, two plugs are installed
in opposite walls, forming a line perpendicular to the drift. For back stations, two plugs are
installed in the back, forming a line parallel to the drift.

A set of plugs can be used to locate the total station set up in a drift or tunnel by processing
measurements to the plugs by intersection and resection.

Mechanical and electrical construction

Total stations have become the highest standard for most forms of construction layout.

It is most often used in the X and Y axis to layout the locations of penetrations out of the
underground utilities into the foundation, between floors of a structure, as well as roofing
penetrations.

Because more commercial and industrial construction jobs have become centered around
Building Information Modeling (BIM) the coordinates for virtually every pipe, conduit, duct and
hanger support are available with digital precision. The application of communicating a virtual
model to a tangible construction potentially eliminates labor costs related to moving poorly
measured systems, as well as time spent laying out these systems in the midst of a full blown
construction job in progress.
Meteorology
Meteorologists also use total stations to track weather balloons for determining upper-level
winds. With the average ascent rate of the weather balloon known or assumed, the change in
azimuth and elevation readings provided by the total station as it tracks the weather balloon
over time are used to compute the wind speed and direction at different altitudes. Additionally,
the total station is used to track ceiling balloons to determine the height of cloud layers. Such
upper-level wind data is often used for aviation weather forecasting and rocket launches .
Literature Survey

Paper 1-

Title-Research on the Total Station Trigonometric Leveling Using

Midway Method Replaces Three/Four Grade Leveling

In order to improve the precise of trigonometric leveling, analysis of the

midway method by theoretical analysis and experiment. A formula is
derived to calculate the elevation difference and the mean square error
base on the error propagation law. The result of research includes: the
midway method of total station trigonometric leveling is simple
operated , it can replaces the three/four grade leveling through a
variety of correction under certain conditions.

Paper 2-

Reflectorless Total Station Measurements and their

Accuracy, Precision and Reliability.

By-

Leigh Herbert Coaker

In fulfilment of the requirements of

Courses ENG4111and 4112 Research Project

Towards the degree of

Bachelor of Spatial Science (Surveying)

Submitted: October, 2009

  

Reflectorless Total Station Measurements and their Accuracy, Precision

and Reliability.

By Coaker, Leigh., University of Southern Queensland, 2009.

Despite the vast technological advancements in equipment, the survey

industry continues to struggle

with the collection of data relating to inaccessible points.   While the

introduction of reflector‐less

total stations has meant that inaccessible points can now be measured
with relative ease, there are

some questions as to the accuracy and reliability that can be achieved

with such equipment.     

The object of this study is to determine likely limits for reliability of

reflector‐less instruments

especially in relation to measurements with large angles of incidence,

but also looking at the

vagaries caused by differing materials and beam divergence.    The

study has been carried out in

various locations using Trimble S6 and S8 reflector‐less total station

equipment to a variety of

surfaces materials and shapes.  

This study suggests that angle of incidence of the measurement signal

to the surface of the
measured material has a large influence on the accuracy of that
measurement.   In the search for

accurate survey results from inaccessible points, it becomes necessary

to ensure that crucial

measurements are checked as well as having a good understanding of

reflector-less instruments capabilities.

Paper 3-

Title-

Performance and Accuracy Comparisons of GPS and Total Station in

Land Surveying.

Accuracies of Global Positioning (GPS) system, Total Station (TS) and

automatic level were investigated. In the statistical evaluations, Kriging
method was used with spherical, exponential, and Gaussian models.
The survey results demonstrated that an area of 1.5 km or smaller can
be best explained with Gaussian model, while the larger areas require a
spherical model. A vertical error of 60 cm and a horizontal error of 30
can be observed when the survey points outside the construction area
are eliminated. The optimum area per survey point was calculated to
be 20x20 m2 to increase the accuracy. This case study showed that an
inaccurate survey can result over cost estimations up to 27 %.

Paper 4-
Title- To Experimental Study for Comparison Theodolite and Total
Station

This research paper with how to facilitate and manage surveying

instrument theodolite and total satiation and take more accuracy for
civil works methods to accomplish modernized and cost effective urban
survey with best achievable accuracy. This is done by surveying
methods with modern methods from both theoretical and practical
point of view. At first, a theoretical assessment process on a tradition
urban planning project in India is performed by replacing other
instrument of surveying techniques previously used with more
applicable surveying techniques as theodolite and total stations,
regarding different matters such as applicability, cost and accuracy.
After approving the main idea of this modernization process, a practical
urban planning case study is performed using total station, geodetic
GPS receivers and GPS navigators, on a private sectors The applied
surveying techniques showed high efficiency regarding cost and effort,
while saving observation time reaching to 80%. Accordingly, the
adopted practical application proved to be beneficial for all civil sites.
Statement of problem

To determine the vertical gradient of the sez ajmer express way and
determine the wearing of the road after construction and determine
the cutting found in the road and determine the filling proposed.
Approaches and methods

The approach to measure the vertical gradient of the road includes

1. Taking offsets of 30m across the road
2. Taking center,left,right of the offset to measure using total station
3. Taking ground control point(gcp) using GPS device
4. Compiling the data
Result and discussion
After compiling and analyzing the data we found that the road was irregular and is prone to
damage in heavy rain,the drainage structure of road is flawed and can be prone to
waterlogging.

There are few patches on road and these patches need to be repaired

There is an unexpected curve which can be dangerous for vechile and can result in future
accidents.
Conclusion-

The roads needs to be mended and repaired in some parts which can
lead to a safer express way in future .the repair can be done with the
collaboration with JDA(JAIPUR DEVELOPMENT AUTHIORITY) and
PWD(PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT).
REFERENCE
Research on the Total Station Trigonometric Leveling Using Midway Method Replaces
Three/Four Grade Leveling BY G.Sampath

Reflectorless Total Station Measurements and their Accuracy, Precision and Reliability. By Leigh
Herbert Coaker

Inputs by-

ASS.PROF-AMIT KUMAR