AUSTRALIAN & PASIFIC STUDIES (B)

CANADA
Created by : Group 4

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY
MANADO
2020
 PREFACE

Give thanks to the Lord because his kindness and blessing us to make this paper clearly
done. This paper make it for give you all information about Canada and all around that
country. Thank to Ms. Andriyani Marentek, S.S, M.A, Ph.D and Mr. Kevin Robot for
giving this material studies and teaching us and also to spectate our groupwork.
Somehow, we can finish this paper and can take a part to discuss more about Canada.
So, this is all about the information who we given to you, thank you for the attention and
enjoy the paper.

Manado, march 22, 2020

Group 4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 A.1 INTRODUCTION
A.1.1 History
A.1.2 Education System
A.1.3 Government and Political System
A.1.4 Relationship with Indonesia
 A.2 LINGUISTIC ASPECTS
A.2.1 Language Situation
A.2.2 Language Description
A.2.3 Endangered Indigenous Languages and Language
Revitalization
 A.3 LITERATURE ASPECTS
A.3.1 Literature History
A.3.2 Literature Review (Synopsis and Review)
 A.4 CONCLUSION
 A.5 REFERENCES

A.1 INTRODUCTION

A.1.1 History
Canada is a country in the northern part of North
America. Its ten provinces and three
territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific
and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering
9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square
miles), making it the world's second-largest
country by total area. Its southern border with the
United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres
(5,525 mi), is the world's longest bi-national land
border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal,
and Vancouver.
Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European
colonization. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled
along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its
colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies
through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began
an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United
Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and
culminated in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British
parliament.
Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy in the Westminster tradition, with
a monarch and a prime minister who serves as the chair of the Cabinet and head of government. The
country is a realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, a member of the Francophonie and officially
bilingual at the federal level. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government
transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education. It is one of the world's
most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many
other countries. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant
impact on its economy and culture.

A.1.2 Education System

Education in Canada is for the most part provided publicly, funded and overseen
by federal, provincial, and local governments.[18] Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the
curriculum is overseen by the province.[19] Education in Canada is generally divided into primary
education, followed by secondary education and post-secondary. Within the provinces under the
ministry of education, there are district school boards administering the educational programs.[20]
Education is compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province in Canada, except for Manitoba,
Ontario, and New Brunswick, where the compulsory age is 18,[21][22][23][note 1] or as soon as a high
school diploma has been achieved. In some provinces early leaving exemptions can be granted under
certain circumstances at 14. Canada generally has 190 (180 in Quebec[24]) school days in the year,
officially starting from September (after Labour Day) to the end of June (usually the last Friday of the
month, except in Quebec when it is just before June 24 – Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day/Fête nationale du
Québec). In British Columbia secondary schools, there are 172 school days during a school year.
(2013-2014).[25] In Alberta, high school students get an additional four weeks off to accommodate for
exam break; two weeks in January, and two in June. Classes typically end on the 15th of those two
months.
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) coordinated by the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of
Canadian 15-year-olds as the sixth best in the world. Canada is a well performing OECD country in
reading literacy, mathematics, and science with the average student scoring 523.7, compared with the
OECD average of 493 in 2015.[26][27] In 2016, the country spent 6.0 percent of its GDP on all levels
of education – roughly 1.0 percentage points above the OECD average of 5.0 percent.[12] In 2017, 68
percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 attained some form of post-secondary education, which is 24
percent above the OECD average of 44 percent.[14][15] 57 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 had
attained a college diploma or university degree along with 11 percent of Canadians attaining
certificates, diplomas, and apprenticeships from vocational institutions.[15][28] 61 percent of
Canadians aged 25 to 34 attained
some form of tertiary education
which is also one of the highest
among OECD countries, ranking
second behind South Korea.[29]
[30][31][32] [33] 31 percent of
Canadians aged 25 to 64 have
earned a bachelor's degree or
higher, which is comparable to the
OECD average of 31 percent.

Government
The monarch (currently Queen
Elizabeth II) is personally represented by the governor general of Canada (currently
Julie Payette). The Queen's Privy Council for Canada is the body that advises the
sovereign or viceroy on the exercise of executive power. However, in practice, that task
is performed only by the Cabinet, a committee within the Privy Council composed of
ministers of the Crown, who are drawn from and responsible to the elected House of
Commons in parliament. The Cabinet is headed by the prime minister (currently Justin
Trudeau), who is appointed by the governor general after securing the confidence of the
House of Commons.

Canada has three main levels of government.

1. The federal level (from the Latin foedus, meaning league).
This level of government deals with areas of law listed in the Constitution Act, 1867 and that generally
affect the whole country.
2. The provincial level (from the Latin provincia, meaning under Roman rule: from pro, to be in favour
of something, and vincere, to conquer) and the territorial level (from the Latin terra, meaning land). In
each of the 10 provinces in Canada, the provincial government is responsible for areas listed in the
Constitution Act, 1867, such as education, health care, some natural resources, and road regulations.
Sometimes they share responsibility with the federal government. The three territories have their own
governments, with responsibilities that are given to them by the federal government.
3. The municipal level(from the Latin municipalis, meaning of a citizen of a free town).This is the level
of government that is usually based in a city, town or district (a municipality). Municipal governments
are responsible for areas such as libraries, parks, community water systems, local police, roadways and
parking. They receive authority for these areas from the provincial governments. Across the country
there are also band councils, which govern First Nations
communities. These elected councils make decisions that affect their
local communities.

The Federal Government is seated in Ottawa and is headed by the Governor General of Canada on
the advice of the Prime Minister. Its responsibilities include:

-defence,
-criminal law,
-employment insurance,
-postal service,
-census,
-copyrights,
-trade regulation,
-external relations,
-money and banking,
-transportation,
-citizenship, and
-Indian affairs.
The Provincial and Territorial Governments currently number ten and three, respectively. Each has
its own capital city and is headed by a Lieutenant Governor (provinces) or a Commissioner (territories)
on the advice of a Premier. A province exists in its own right, a creation of the Constitution Acts, 1867 -
1982. A territory, however, is created through federal law. As a result, Crown lands in the territories are
retained by the federal government in the Crown in right of Canada. This differs from the provinces,
which own provincial lands in the Crown in right of the province. Secondly, in a territory, federal
Parliament may enter into provincial-type affairs, such as school curriculum. Thirdly, territorial
governments are not included in the Constitutional amending formula — the way we decide if we want
to change something in the Canadian Constitution. Provinces get a vote when a change is proposed —
territories do not. In general, provincial and territorial responsibilities include:
-property and civil rights,
-administration of justice,
-natural resources and the environment,
-education,
-health, and
-welfare.

Municipal Governments are essential "creatures" of the

provincial or territorial governments. The latter can create,
modify, or eliminate a municipal government at will and controls
exactly which powers a municipal government is entitled to
execute. There are hundreds of municipalities in each province
and territory and are labelled in many different forms. "Upper tier"
municipalities include Regions, Counties, and Districts and are
headed by a Chair or a Warden. "Lower tier"
municipalities which exist within an upper tier include Cities,
Towns, Townships, and Municipalities and are headed by a Mayor
or a Reeve. Their responsibilities vary from location to location but
generally include:
-water
-sewage,
-waste collection,
-public transit,
-land use planning,
-libraries,
-emergency services,
-animal control, and
-economic development
 Political system
The Constitution Act of 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act 1867 and still known
informally as the BNA Act), is a major part of Canada's Constitution. The Act created a federal
dominion and defines much of the operation of the government of the country including its federal
structure, its bicameral legislature, the justice system, and the taxation system. The British North
America Acts, including the 1867 Act, were renamed in 1982 with the patriation of the Canadian
constitution to Canada.
A key feature of the Canadian political system is the difference between the largely French-speaking
province of Québec which has a large measure of autonomy and the rest of Canada which is
overwhelmingly English-speaking. At times, the political pressures inside Québec for the province to
secede from the remainder of Canada have been very powerful but currently seem to be more dormant.

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Like Australia [click here], Canada is a constitutional monarchy so the Head of State is the monarch
of the United Kingdom, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The monarch exercises power through a
Governor-General at federal level plus Lieutenant Governors at provincial level and Commissioners at
territory level. The Governor-General is advised by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet and by
convention acts on this advice.
Since Canada has a large cultural cleavage between Francophone and Anglophone citizens, the
position of Governor-General is assigned alternately to a French speaker and an English speaker.
For all practical purposes, however, the head of the executive is the Prime Minister who by
convention is the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons. Currently this is Justin Trudeau
who heads the Liberal Party (his father Pierre Trudeau was PM from 1968-1979 & 1980-1984). On
appointment in October 2015, Justin Trudeau became the secomd youngest PM in Canadian history
(after Joe Clark in 1979). The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is a key feature of the Candian power
structure and, over the years, the PMO has been seen as more and more powerful.
The Prime Minister appoints a Cabinet which by convention usually consists of at least one minister
per province. As in the British model of government, Ministers generally come from one of the two
chambers of the legislature and, if they are not already in the Commons or the Senate, they will quickly
be elected or nominated respectively. Again as in the British model, the size of the Cabinet is a matter
for the Prime Minister and therefore fluctuates from the lower 20s to almost 40.
 The Cabinet is referred to either in relation to the prime minister in charge of it or, more formally, the
number of ministries since Confederation in 1867. The current cabinet is the Trudeau Cabinet, which is
part of the 31st Ministry (membership of the Cabinet and the Ministry may not be identical).
THE HOUSE OF COMMONS

In the Canadian political system, the lower chamber is the House of Commons which takes its name
from the lower house in the British political system. The Commons consists of 308 members known as
- like their British counterparts - Members of Parliament (MPs).

Members are elected by the first-past-the-post system (as in Britain) in each of the country's electoral
districts which are colloquially known as ridings (constituencies in Britain). Seats in the House of
Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory, but
some ridings are more populous than others and the Canadian constitution contains some special
provisions regarding provincial representation.

The first-past-the-post electoral system means that the number of Commons seats won by political
parties might be somewhat different from what the proportion of votes won by each party might
suggest. Indeed, at the last election, the Conservative Party won more votes than the Liberal Party
(34.4% compared to 33.1%), but the Liberals won more seats than the Conservatives (157 to 121).
The maximum term of MPs is four years under vaguely-worded legislation but five years under the
constitution. However, it is common for a general election to be called after a lesser period. The last
election was held on 21 October 2019, so the next one will be due by October 2023.

POLITICAL PARTIES
There are only five political parties represented in the current legislature:

-The Liberal Party which is somewhere between Centre and Centre-Left (leader Justin Trudeau) - in the
General Election of October 2019, the party saw its seat total reduced from 184 in 2015 to 157.
-The Conservative Party which is on the Right of the political spectrum (leader Andrew Scheer) - in the
last election, its seats rose from 99 to 121.
-The New Democratic Party which is a social democratic party of the Left (leader Jagmeet Singh) - in
the election, its seats fell from 44 to 24.
-The Bloc Québécois (leader Yves-Francois Blanchet) which only operates in the province of Québec
and favours secession of the province from the rest of Canada - it took 32 seats in 2019, up from just 10
in 2015.
-The Green Party (leader Elizabeth May) with three seats - up from just one seat in 2015.

The present House of Commons has one independent member.

In Canada, especially in recent years, party discipline has been very strictly enforced with all MPs
expected to vote in accordance with party policy - even more rigidly than is the case in the British
House of Commons. This practice of extreme party discipline is rather new and has had some
commentators say that it is the era of "prime ministerial dictatorship".

The Liberal Party - colloquially known as the Grits - has dominated federal politics for much of
Canada's history, holding power for almost 69 years in the 20th century, more than any other party in a
developed country. However, in the General Election of May 2011, it suffered terrible losses and, for
the first time in its history, was pushed into third place. In the election of October 2015, however, it
made a spectacular recovery to win the election with almost 40% of the vote and over 50% of the seats.
Then, in the general election of October 2019, it only managed to retain power as a minority
government.

Traditionally the first-past-the-post electoral system, as used in elections to the House of Commons, is
associated with majority governments. For many years, the Liberal Party was seen as the natural party
of government and won majorities in the general elections of 1993, 1997, and 2000. Latterly, however,
Canada has had a succession of minority governments as a result of a failure by any one party to gain
an overall majority in the elections of 2004, 2006 and 2008. This changed in 2011 when Canadians
elected a majority Conservative Government and again in 2015 when they elected a majority Liberal
Government. But the pattern was resumed in 2019 when again no party won an overal majority.

THE JUDICIARY
The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final authority on civil, criminal and
constitutional matters. The court's nine members are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice
of the Prime Minister and Minister of Justice and serve until the age of 75. In recent years, a real effort
has been made to make the court geographically representative. Therefore the convention is that three
judges come from Québec, three from Ontario, two from Western Canada and one from the Atlantic
provinces.

Since 2000, the court has been led by the Right Honourable Madam Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin,
the first female Chief Justice. Each province operates its own individual court system. The country's
legal system is based mainly on English common law but, in the province of Québec, it is modelled on
French civil law.

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of
Canada which forms the first part of the Constitution Act 1982. The Charter guarantees certain political
rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada. The Charter applies to government
laws and actions (including the laws and actions of federal, provincial, and municipal governments and
public school boards), and sometimes to the common law, but not to private activity. The courts, when
confronted with violations of Charter rights, have struck down unconstitutional federal and provincial
statutes and regulations in whole or in part.
THE PROVINCES
Canada is huge territory - the second largest in the world - and understandably operates a federal
political system. This divides governmental responsibilities between the federal government and the ten
provinces. The key to understanding Canadian politics is an appreciation of the complex interplay of
power between the federal centre and the provinces.
The provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland & Labrador,
Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec and Saskatchewan. All the provincial legislatures
are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons at federal level.
As with federal elections, the voting system is first-past-the-post.
Canada's most populous province is Ontario which has almost a third of the nation's population.
Therefore it has a powerful role in Canadian politics.
Canada's three territories - the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon - also have legislatures,
but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces and some
structural differences.

The 10 provinces and three territories come together in the Council of the Federation, the creation of
which was announced in December 2003 in Charlottetown. The Council was created by Premiers
because "they believe it is important for provinces and territories to play a leadership role in
revitalizing the Canadian federation and building a more constructive and cooperative federal system".
A constant tension between the federal centre and the provinces is the desire by the provinces for a
greater share of the revenues from federal taxes. A more particular tension is between the French-
speaking province of Québec where there is a significant separatist sentiment and all the other English-
speaking provinces. This situation was aggravated in September 2012 with the election of a minority
Parti Québécois administration in Québec on just 32% of the vote.
The Clarity Act of 2000 is legislation passed by the Parliament of Canada that established the
conditions under which the Government of Canada would enter into negotiations that might lead to
secession following such a vote by one of the provinces.

Canada - Indonesia Relations

Political and Economic Overview

Indonesia is a dynamic country, an influential regional power and a global player that offers Canada
many opportunities for engagement. It has an emerging economy and is the world’s third-largest
democracy, fourth-most populous country and has the largest Muslim population of any country.
Straddling the Southeast Asia/Oceania divide, the country is as diverse as it is vast; its 17,500 islands
span a total area of 1,812,000 km² and feature some 300 ethnic groups speaking a total of over 700
languages.

Indonesia has enjoyed rapid economic expansion during the last decade and has considerable growth
potential. It has a growing middle class and almost two-thirds of its population are of working age.
Indonesia is listed 73rd in the World Bank’s 2019 Ease of Doing Business ranking.
Bilateral Relations

Even before the establishment of formal diplomatic relations in 1952, Canada and Indonesia enjoyed
positive relations. In 1948, diplomatic efforts by Canada’s Ambassador to the UN, General Andrew
McNaughton, helped to resolve deadlocked negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands, its
former colonial power, paving the way toward international recognition of Indonesia’s sovereignty in
December 1949. Since then, Canada and Indonesia have maintained a strong partnership across many
areas, including trade and investment, good governance, human rights, poverty reduction, and capacity
building in the security and counter-terrorism sector.

At the multilateral level, Canada and Indonesia collaborate in the G20, APEC, the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and at the United Nations.

Trade and Investment

Indonesia is Southeast Asia’s largest economy, a G20 member with solid long-term macro
fundamentals and strong economic potential. Indonesia is our largest export market in the ASEAN
region and despite a slowdown in 2016 (low commodity prices, completion of major aircraft order, late
harvest season), bilateral trade and Canadian exports have reached new heights in 2018. This is thanks
to growing exports of cereals, wood pulp and fertilizers. In 2018, merchandise exports were valued at
$2.14B ($1.72B in 2017; $1.45B in 2016). Merchandise imports were valued at $1.75B ($1.73B in
2017; $1.62B in 2016). Total bilateral trade in 2018 was $3.9B (compared to $3.46B in 2017; $3.07B
in 2016).

Indonesia is the second-largest destination for Canadian direct investment in Southeast Asia, at a total
stock of $3.2B in 2018.

Development

Canada and Indonesia share over 60 years of collaboration in areas including decentralization and local
governance, natural-resource management, inclusive economic growth, human rights, gender equality,
enterprise development as well as supporting the values of pluralism and secularism in Indonesia’s
higher-education system. Canada also has a long history of engagement in eastern Indonesia, where
poverty rates are higher. Since 1954, Canada has provided more than $2.0B in official development
assistance to Indonesia and, in 2017-2018, Canada delivered $50.5M to improve sustainable economic
prosperity for the poor and to support Indonesia’s democratic-governance reform agenda.
 A.3 LITERATURE ASPECTS
A.3.1 Literature History

A.3 REFERENCES

Canada, Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada

Canada, Education System, Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Canada

Education System in Canada, CEC NeT

overnment in canada https://www.google.co.id/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.craigmarlatt.com/canada/government/government.html&ved
=2ahUKEwiB7unD963oAhXEjOYKHV3-DTgQFjAZegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw1wzYRpWmMB-
2QCgl

Government in canada. https://www.google.co.id/url?

sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.craigmarlatt.com/canada/government/government.html&ved
=2ahUKEwiB7unD963oAhXEjOYKHV3-DTgQFjAZegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw1wzYRpW
mMB-2QCgls9EJGl

http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Canadianpoliticalsystem.html
https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/indonesia-indonesie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada-
indonesia-indonesie.aspx?lang=eng