Unit 3 Ge Esci Contemporary World

DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.
ACSCU-ACI ACCREDITED
Juan dela Cruz St., Toril, Davao City
Course Title: GE ESci The Contemporary World

This course introduces students to the contemporary world
by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization.
Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it
examines the economic, social, political, technological, and
other transformations that have created an increasing
awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places
Course Description:
around the globe. To this end, the course provides an
overview of the various debates in global governance,
development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the
student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to
inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical
responsibility.
Units / Credits
3 Units
Equivalent:
Pre-Requisite: None
CO1: Write a research paper on a topic related to
Course Outcomes:
globalization with proper citation.
Learning Outcomes:
LO1: Distinguish different interpretations of and approaches to globalization.
LO2: Describe the emergence of global economic, political, social and cultural
systems.
LO3: Analyze the various contemporary drivers of globalization.
LO4: Understand the issues confronting the nation-state.
LO5: Assess the effects of globalization on different social units and their responses.
LO6: Analyze contemporary news events in the context of globalization.
LO7: Analyze global issues in relation to Filipinos and the Philippines.
LO8: Write a research paper with proper citations on a topic related to globalization.
LO9: Articulate personal positions on various global issues.
LO10: Identify the ethical implications of global citizenship.
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GE ESCI- The Contemporary World

STUDY GUIDE
Unit 3: A World of Regions
Lesson 1: Global Divides: The North and the South
Introduction
The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily between

developed and developing countries, in regards to access to computing and information
resources such as the Internet and the opportunities derived from such access.
1. Why global divides the North and the South?
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Learning Objectives

LO2: Describe the emergence of global economic, political, social and cultural systems.
Intended Learning Outcomes
 Define the term “Global South and Global North”.

 Differentiate the Global South from the Third World.
 Analyze how new conception of global relations emerged from the experiences of
Latin American countries.
Key Concepts
Global Divides: The North and the South
Classifying countries in the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as a

way of showing the how the world was geographically split into relatively richer
and poorer nations.
According to this model:

 Richer countries are almost all located in the Northern Hemisphere,
with the exception of Australia and New Zealand.
 Poorer countries are mostly located in tropical regions and in the
Southern Hemisphere.
Willy Brandt
The Brandt line, proposed by Willy Brandt (the German Chancellor)

in 1980, created a partition between the 'developed' North and 'developing'
South.
Brandt Line
It is an imaginary division that has provided a rough way of dividing

all of the countries in the world in to the rich north and poor south. Many
countries in the poor south have become more developed since the 1980s
and so many people now think that the Brandt line is no longer useful.
Per capita income
It is a measure of the amount of money earned per person in a nation or

geographic region. Per capita income can be used to determine the average
per-person income for an area and to evaluate the standard of living and
quality of life of the population. Per capita income for a nation is calculated by
dividing the country's national income by its population.
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The gap between the ‘North’ and ‘South’
Despite very significant development gains globally which have raised

many millions of people out of absolute poverty, there is substantial evidence
that inequality between the world’s richest and poorest countries is widening.
In 1820 Western Europe's per capita income was three times bigger than
Africa’s but by 2000 it was thirteen times as big. In addition, in 2013,
Oxfam reported that the richest 85 people in the world owned the same
amount of wealth as the poorest half of the world’s population. Today
the world is much more complex than the Brandt Line depicts as many poorer
countries have experienced significant economic and social development.
However, inequality within countries has also been growing and some
commentators now talk of a ‘Global North’ and a ‘Global South’ referring
respectively to richer or poorer communities which are found both within and
between countries. For example, whilst India is still home to the largest
concentration of poor people in a single nation it also has a very sizable
middle class and a very rich elite. There are many causes for these
inequalities including the availability of natural resources; different levels of
health and education; the nature of a country’s economy and its industrial
sectors; international trading policies and access to markets; how countries
are governed and international relationships between countries; conflict within
and between countries; and a country’s vulnerability to natural hazards and
climate change.
Characteristics of the Brandt Line
Around 130 countries were included in the South, whilst the North
featured mainly continental Europe, the USSR (Russia, Ukraine, Georgia,
Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova,
Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.) and Australia.
1/4 of the world's people 3/4 of the world's people

Average life expectancy more than Average life expectancy of 50 years
70 years
Most people have enough to eat 1/5 or more suffer from hunger and
malnutrition
Most people are educated 1/2 of the people have little chance
of any education
Over 90% of the world's less than 10% of the world's
manufacturing industry manufacturing industry
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About 96% of the world's spending 4% of the world's research

on research and development and development
Development around the World Since 1980
Following Brandt’s report in 1980, several global shifts have defined

development around the world. These changes have affected regions
differently, whilst also blurring the established divide between the North and
South. Globalization is a noticeable phenomenon which has changed the way
that economies interact on the world stage at cultural, economic and political
levels. Interdependence between countries and a considerable increase in
cross-border activity has seen global trade levels soar. For many countries,
such as the ‘BRICS’ (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa),
globalization has brought great progress. These countries, which comprise
over 40% of the world’s population and account now for 25% of global GDP
have seen increasingly high rates of economic growth suggesting that the
cross-border activities of globalization have brought clear benefits. This can
be visualized most clearly by Brazil’s ability to host the Football World Cup in
2014, a truly global event which helped secure the country’s position as an
important world player.
Learning Resources
Study Questions
1. What is your interpretation of the above image?
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Learning Activities
This worksheet consists of two pages that you can use for your answers or your
WEEK 7 scribbles. Indicate the Titles of the Activity, Assessment, or Unit Requirement.

Instructor:
Student Name:
Course:
Year:
Date Submitted:
ACTIVITY: Write your answers on this space. Divide and identify correctly if the
Activity or Activities have different parts.
Title: Let’s Explore! (20 points)

Date of Submission:
Things to do:
 Read and understand the question/s below.
 Identify the following and put your answers on the space provided.
1. It is a measure of the amount of money

earned per person in a nation or
geographic region.
2. It is an imaginary division that has
provided a rough way of dividing all of
the countries in the world.
3.
Who proposed the Brandt line?
 Enumerate the list for reasons of inequalities of Global South and

Global North.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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Instructor:
Student Name:
Course:
Year:
Date Submitted:
ASSESSMENT: Write your answers on this space. Divide and identify correctly if the
Title: The Globe Divides (30 points)

Date of Submission:
Things to do:
 Read and understand the question.
 Create a Venn diagram about YOUR OWN VERSION/INTERPRETATION of
Global North and Global South.
 Not following instructions, automatically zero.
Strong Grasp Progressing Not in evidence

Criterion
15 points 12 points 10 points
Text support
All statements are supported by Most statements are supported Few or none of the statements
of comparison
the text. by the text. are supported by the text.
statements
All statements noting similarities
are placed in the center circle Most statements are placed in
Placement of statements within Few statements are placed in
and all statements that note the correct circle, but student
the Venn diagram the correct circle.
differences are placed in the mixed up a few statements.
correct outer circle.
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Summary
The global north is defined as the rich and developed region while the global
south is poorer and less developed. South countries have suffered many economic
crises while north countries don't have many serious economic problems. South
countries have not advanced or progressed from their indigenous culture.
References
History, (n.d.). USSR established. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/this-day-in-

history/ussr-established
Kenton, W. (2020). Per Capita Income. Retrieved from

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/income-per-capita.asp
Searl, C. (2015). A 60 SECOND GUIDE TO . . . The Global North/South Divide.

Retrieved from https://www.rgs.org/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?nodeguid=9c1ce781-
9117-4741-af0a-a6a8b75f32b4&lang=en-GB
Tait, O. (2016). THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE: How do we measure development

around the world? To what extent is the Brandt Line outdated? Retrieved from
https://intranet.kes.hants.sch.uk/resource.aspx?id=145038
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STUDY GUIDE
Unit 3: The Structures of Globalization
Lesson 2: Asian Regionalization
Introduction
This lesson will look at regions as political entities and examine what brings them
together as they interlock with globalization. The other facets of regionalism will then be
explored, especially those that pertain to identities, ethics, religion, ecological
sustainability, and health.
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being in a group?
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Learning Objectives

 Differentiate between regionalization and globalization.

 Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region.
 Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and
regionalization.
Key Concepts
Asian Regionalization
Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political

planning. As a result of successful, outward oriented growth strategies, Asian
economies have grown not only richer, but also closer together. In recent years, new
technological trends have further strengthened ties among them, as have the rise of the
PRC and India and the region’s growing weight in the global economy. But adversity
also played a role. The 1997/98 financial crisis dealt a severe setback to much of the
region, highlighting Asia’s shared interests and common vulnerabilities and providing an
impetus for regional cooperation. The challenge now facing Asia’s policy makers is
simply put yet incredibly complex: Where markets have led, how should governments
follow? In the early stages of Asia’s economic takeoff, regional integration proceeded
slowly.
East Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to developed country

markets rather than selling to each other. Initially, they specialized in simple, labor-
intensive manufactures. As the more advanced among them graduated to more
sophisticated products, less developed economies filled the gap that they left behind.
The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) famously compared this pattern of
development to flying geese. In this model, economies moved in formation not because
they were directly linked to each other, but because they followed similar paths. Since
these development paths hinged on sequential—and sometimes competing—ties to
markets outside the region, they did not initially yield strong economic links within Asia
itself. Now, though, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined. This is not
because the region’s development strategy has changed; it remains predominantly
nondiscriminatory and outward-oriented. Rather, interdependence is deepening because
Asia’s economies have grown large and prosperous enough to become important to
each other, and because their patterns of production increasingly depend 27 on
networks that span several Asian economies and involve wide ranging exchanges of
parts and components among them.
Asia is at the center of the development of such production networks because it

has efficient transport and communication links, as well as policies geared to supporting
trade. As these new production patterns tie Asian economies closer together, they also
boost the international competitiveness of the region’s firms. Against this background,
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the financial crisis that swept through Asia in 1997/98—in this chapter, referred to simply
as “the crisis”—put the region’s interdependence into harsh new focus. Emerging Asian
economies that had opened up their financial markets—Indonesia, the Republic of
Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand—were worst hit, but nearly all Asian
economies were eventually affected. Most then used the crisis as an opportunity to
pursue wide-ranging reforms in finance as well as in other areas of weakness that the
crisis exposed. Asia emerged with a greater appreciation of its shared interests and the
value of regional cooperation. Since the crisis, Asia has become not only more
integrated, but also more willing to pull together.
According to Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner, state that economic and
political definitions of regions vary, but there are certain basic features that everyone can
agree on. First, regions are “a group of countries located in the same
geographically specified area” or are “an amalgamation of two regions (or) a
combination of more than two regions” organized to regulate and “oversee flows
and policy choices”. Second, the word regionalization and regionalism should not
be interchanged, as the former refers to the “regional contraction of economic
flows” while the latter is “a political process characterized by economic policy
cooperation and coordination among countries”.
Countries respond economically and politically to globalization in various ways.

Some are large enough and have a lot of resources to dictate how they participate in
processes of global integration. China, for example, offers its cheap and huge workforce
to attract foreign businesses and expand trade with countries it once considered its
enemies but now sees as markets for its good (e.g., the United States and Japan). Other
countries make up for their small size by taking advantage of their strategic location.
Singapore and Switzerland compensate for their lack of resources by turning themselves
into financial and banking hubs. Singapore developed its harbor facilities and made them
a first-class transit port for ships carrying different commodities from Africa, Europe, the
Middle East, and mainland Southeast Asia to countries in the Asia-Pacific. In most
cases, however, countries form a regional alliance for-as the saying goes-there is
strength in numbers.
Countries for regional association for several reasons. One is for military
defense. The most widely known defense grouping is the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) formed during the Cold War when several Western European
countries plus the United States agreed to protect Europe against the threat of the
Soviet Union. The Soviet Union responded by creating its regional alliance, the Warsaw
Pact, consisting of the Eastern European countries under Soviet denomination. The
Soviet Union imploded in December 1991, but NATO remains in place.
Countries also form regional organizations to pool their resources, get better
returns for their exports, as well as expand their leverage against trading partners. The
organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was established in 1960
by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela to regulate the production and sale
of oil. This regional alliance flexed its muscles in the 1970s when its member countries
took over domestic production and dictated crude oil prices in the world market. In a
world highly dependent on oil, this integration became a source of immense power.
OPEC’s success convinced nine other oil-producing countries to join it.
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Moreover, there are countries that form regional blocs to protect their
independence from the pressures of superpower politics. The presidents of Egypt,
Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia created the Non-aligned Movement (NAM) in
1961 to pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national
sovereignty, racial and national equality, non-intervention, and peaceful conflict
resolution. It called itself non-aligned because the association refused to side with either
the First World Capitalist democracies in Western Europe and North America or the
communist states in Eastern Europe. At its peak, the NAM had 120 member countries.
The movement, however, was never formalized and continues to exist up to the present,
although it lacks the same fervor that it had in the past.
Finally, economic crisis compels countries to come together. The Thai economy
collapsed in 1996 after foreign currency speculators and troubled international banks
demanded that the Thai government pay back its loans. A rapid withdrawal of foreign
investments bankrupted the economy. This crisis began to spread to other Asian
countries as their currencies were also devalued and foreign investments left in a hurry.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) tried to reverse the crisis, but it was only after
the ASEAN countries along with China, Japan, and South Korea agreed to establish an
emergency fund to anticipate a crisis that the Asian economies stabilized. The crisis
made ASEAN more “unified and coordinate”. The Association has come a long way
since it was formed as a coalition of countries which were pro-American and supportive
of the United States intervention in Vietnam. After the Vietnam War, ASEAN continued
to act as a military alliance to isolate Vietnam after it invaded Cambodia, but there were
also the beginning of economic cooperation.
Non-State Regionalism
It is not only states that agree to work together in the name of a single
cause (or causes). Communities also engage in regional organizing. This “new”
regionalism varies in form; they can be “tiny associations that include no more than a
few actor and focus on a single issue, or huge continental unions that address a
multitude of common problems from territorial defense to food security. Organizations
representing this “new regionalism” likewise rely on the power of individuals, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), and associations to link up with one another in a
pursuit to a particular goal (or goals). Finally,” new regionalism” is identified with
reformists who share the same “values, norms, institutions, and system that exist outside
of the traditional, established mainstream institutions and systems”.
Their strategies and tactics likewise vary. Some organization partner with
governments to initiate social change. Those who work with governments
(“Legitimizers”) participate in “institutional mechanisms that afford some civil society
groups voice and influence in technocratic policy-making processes. For example, the
ASEAN issued its Human Rights Declaration in 2009, but the regional body left it to
member countries to apply the declaration’s principles as they see fit. Aware that
democratic rights are limited in many ASEAN countries, “new regionalism” organizations
used this official declaration to pressure these governments to pass laws and regulations
that protect and promote human rights.
In South America, left-wing government support the Hemispheric Social

Alliance’s opposition to the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), while
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members of Mesa de Articulacion de Asociaciones y Redes de ONGs de America Latina

y EL Caribe (Roundtable of National Associations and Networks and NGOs in Latin
America and the Caribbean) participate in “forums, summits, and dialogues with
presidents and ministers.” Likewise, a group called the Citizen Diplomacy Forum tries to
influence the policies and programs of the Organization of American States. In
Southeast Asia, the organization of an ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights was
in part of the result of no-government organizations and civil society groups pushing to
“prevent discrimination, uphold political freedom, and promote democracy and human
rights throughout the regions.”
Other regional organizations dedicate themselves to specialized causes. Activists

across Central and South America established the Rainforest Foundation to protect
indigenous peoples and the rainforests in Brazil, Guyana, Panama, and Peru. Young
Christians across Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Americas, and the Caribbean formed
Regional Interfaith Youth Networks to promote “conflict prevention, resolution, peace
education, and sustainable development”. The Migrant Forum in Asia is another regional
network of NGOs and trade unions “committed to protect and promote the rights and
welfare of migrant workers”. These organizations’ primary power lies in their moral
standing and their ability to combine lobbying with pressure politics. Unfortunately, most
of them are poorly financed, which places them at a disadvantage when dealing with
their official counterparts who have large state funds. Their impact in global politics is,
therefore, limited.
New regionalism differs significantly from traditional state-to-state regionalism

when it comes to identifying problems. For examples, states treat poverty or
environmental degradation as technical or economic issues that can be resolved by
refining existing programs of state agencies, making minor changes in economic
policies, and creating new offices that address these issues. However, new regionalism
advocates such as the NGO Global Forum see these issues as reflections of flawed
economic development and environmental models. By “flawed”, they mean economic
development plans that are market-based, profit-driven, and hardly concerned with
social welfare, especially among the poor.
Another challenge for new regionalists is the discord that may emerge
among them. For example, disagreements surface over issues like gender and religion,
with pro-choice NGOs breaking from religious civil society groups that side with the
Church, Muslim imams, or governments opposed to reproductive rights and other pro-
women policies. Moreover, while civil society groups are able to dialogue with
governments, the latter may not be welcoming to this new trend and set up one obstacle
after another. Migrant Forum Asia and its ally, the Coordination of Action Research
on AIDS (CARAM), lobbied ASEAN governments to defend migrant labor rights. Their
program of action, however, slowed down once countries like Malaysia, Singapore, and
Thailand refused to recognize the rights of undocumented migrant workers and the
rights of the families if migrants.
Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism
Today, regionalism faces multiple challenges, the most serious of which

is the resurgence of militant nationalism and populism. The refusal to dismantle NATO
after the collapse of the Soviet Union, for example has become the basis of the anti-
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NATO rhetoric of Vlademir Putin in Russia. Now, even the relationship of the United
States- the alliance’s core member-with NATO has become problematic after Donald
Trump demonized the organization as simply leeching off American military power
without giving anything in return. Perhaps the most crisis-ridden regional organization of
today is the European Union. The continuing financial crisis of the region is forcing
countries like Greece to consider leaving the Union to gain more flexibility in their
economic policy. Anti-immigrant sentiment and a populist campaign against Europe
have already led to the United Kingdom voting to leave the European Union in a move to
media has termed the “Brexit”.
ASEAN members continue to disagree over the extent to which member
countries should sacrifice their sovereignty for the sake of regional stability. The
Association’s link with East Asia has also been problematic. Recently, ASEAN countries
also disagreed over how to relate to China, with the Philippines unable to get the other
countries to support its condemnation of China’s occupation of the West Philippine Sea.
Cambodia and Laos led the opposition favoring diplomacy over confrontation, but the
real reason was the dramatic increase of Chinese investments and economic aid to
these countries. Moreover, when some formerly authoritarian countries democratized,
this “participatory regionalism” clashed with ASEAN’s policy of non-interference, as civil
society groups in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand demanded that the other
countries democratized adopt a more open attitude towards foreign criticism.
A final challenge pertains to differing visions of what regionalism should be for.

Western governments may see regional organizations not simply as economic
formations but also as instruments of political democratization. Non-Western and
developing societies, however, may have a different view regarding globalization,
development, and democracy. Singapore, China, and Russia see democracy as an
obstacle to the implementation and deepening of economic globalization because
constant public inquiry about economic globalization because constant public inquiry
about economic projects and lengthy debate slow down implementation or lead to
unclear outcomes. Democracy’s tedious procedures must, therefore, give way to
efficiency.
Learning Resources
Regionalism has responded to cultural globalization through an increase in

cultural identity and the rise of regionalist parties
Study Guide Question
1. Try to analyze the editorial above. Give your analysis using one word.
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Summary
The development of Asian regionalism has been slow, particularly in responding

to regional conflicts and the development of a free-trade area. But that should not
obscure key advances in regional cooperation. Asian regionalism moved forward
steadily until the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Regional countries were hit hard by the
multiple follow-on crises. Affected economies felt panic and were not able to cope with
serious challenges, and they discovered that existing regional mechanisms were of little
use in either protecting the region or helping it recover. There were two main reasons for
this ineffectiveness: first, the existing mechanisms remained mostly to be regular
dialogue forums and could not generate necessary resources when needed. Second
was a lack of confidence; the Southeast Asian countries believed the existing regional
mechanisms served American and Western interests at the expense of the regional
countries.
References
Aldama, P.K.R, (2018). The Contemporary World 1st Edition, Rex Bookstore
Demography (2020) https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/demography/R2:
Dependency Ratio Definition (2020)
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dependencyratio.asp
Gillis, Justin and Dugger, Celia. “U.N. Forecasts 10.1 Billion People by Century’s End.”
The New York Times (2011, May 3). Retrieved from:
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/world/04population.html?_r=1&emc=eta1
Liu, F.K. (2008). Asian Regionalism, Strategic Evolution, and U.S. Policy in Asia: Some
Prospects for Cross-Strait Development. Retrieved from
https://www.brookings.edu/research/asian-regionalism-strategic-evolution-and-u-s-
policy-in-asia-some-prospects-for-cross-strait-development/
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Learning Activities

Instructor:
Student Name:
Course:
Year:
Date Submitted:
Title: Ishikawa diagrams (20 points)

Date of Submission:
Things to do:
 List the advantages and disadvantages of Asian regionalism using the
Ishikawa diagrams.
 Item 1 and 2 is the advantages, while item 3 and 4 is the disadvantages.
 Write your analysis below.
1 2
4 3
My analysis:
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Instructor:
Student Name:
Course:
Year:
Date Submitted:
Title: Expository Essay (30 points)

Date of Submission:
Things to do:
 Read and understand the question/s.
 Make an expository essay about the contribution of Asian regionalism and
globalization to the Philippine Economy.
INTRODUCTION
BODY
CONCLUSION
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STUDY GUIDE
Unit 3: A World of Regions
Lesson 3: Global Synthesis
Introduction
Today, globalization has increased the economic prosperity and opportunity in

the developing world. With globalism in effect, civil liberties in nations across the
world have been enhanced with more efficient use of resources throughout the
world. Countries involved in free trade are generating greater profits.
1. How open are you in terms of change?
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Learning Objectives

Synthesize knowledge concerning globalization.
Key Concepts
Global Syntesis
Nations and nationalism survive in the new millennium, despite studies

that both predicted and predicted their collapse. Globalization, which allows for the free
flow of cash, goods, ideas, people, and technology, has a massive and obvious impact
on every aspect of modern life. Transnational networks that produce new forms of
migrants that do not respect national borders are facilitated by increasing
interconnectedness across nation-states on physical, mental, and virtual levels. Today's
diaspora populations are no longer bound by the country conflict. Globalization
describes a process by which national and regional economies, societies, and cultures
have become integrated through the global network of trade, communication,
immigration, and transportation. These developments led to the advent of the global
economy. Due to the global economy and globalization, domestic economies have
become cohesive, leading to an improvement in their performances.
Globalization in the Contemporary World
In the 21st century, networks of economy, technology, politics and ecology

have all engulfed the world. This has weakened the claims of the nation states over
sovereignty and cultural identity. Today, with the worldwide trade liberalization and the
growing influence of multinational corporations, economic waves are freely flowing out,
sometimes with tidal force. Information is traveling instantaneously around the globe
through various social media networks. The integration of the rich and the poor nations,
is not without any consequence – one comes at the expense of the other. Rapid
democratization of information, technology and finance under globalization is turning out
to be a remarkably progressive and liberating force, globally.
As this century embraces globalism, interaction and integration of countries and

peoples is happening instantly. There are multitudes of changes being made in policies
and economic institutions all over the world that hold out the promise of making
globalization work better. One fundamental concern however, is the environmental
effects of globalism- the question being asked is whether worldwide liberalization of
trade may provoke environmental collapse. Global trade and the increasing interaction
between countries previously separated by trade barriers have stimulated a significant
increase in transportation processes at all geographical levels. This kind of worldwide
trade has led to higher incomes, more production and more consumption – all of which
has generated more waste, which is being threatened by increasing emissions from
countries worldwide. Thus, a demanding problem of globalization is environmental
decay, caused by the rise in social consumption.
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On the flip side, globalization is considered to be a positive force that has increased the
levels of foreign direct investments, thereby making it easier for people to make long and
short term investments. Multinational corporations play a significant role in improving the
economies of developing countries and their environment as well. Global trade has
opened up the gates for new technologies and other innovations such as renewable
sources of energy – solar power, hydroelectric power, wind power and clean coal –
which are being made freely available. Thus, the environmental benefits of these
emerging technologies are manifesting themselves in significant ways. Both the World
Bank and the World Trade Organization have encouraged countries to lower trade
barriers, along with using environmental friendly technologies. Thus, as scholars like
Stiglitz and Kuznets have observed, economic growth is bad, as far as air and water
pollution is concerned at the initial stages of industrialization, but in the later stages, it
reduces pollution, as countries become rich enough to apply various advanced control
technologies. Thus, they advocate that as economy grows, the levels of pollution fall.
There is a never ending drive for efficiency and innovation.
Wealth creation also changes consumer demands for environmental quality. The
more economically affluent people become, the more they value environmental
objectives such as safe drinking water, clean air, proper sewage disposal etc. Once the
basic needs are met, they begin raising the bar by demanding even better avenues of
amenities for themselves. If poverty is at the core of the problem, economic growth is the
solution. Thus countries need to shift gears from more immediate concerns to the long
run sustainability issues. Today, globalization has increased the economic prosperity
and opportunity in the developing world. With globalism in effect, civil liberties in nations
across the world have been enhanced with more efficient use of resources throughout
the world. Countries involved in free trade are generating greater profits. There is more
competition regarding prices, and this generates more employment, less pollution and a
better standard of living. Though some critics of globalization have expressed fears
regarding some regions progressing at the cost of others, such doubts are misplaced,
because overall, globalization is a positive phenomenon, in which enhanced skills and
technologies lead to an increase in the living standards of all people throughout the
world.
Globalization is thus the emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that

entails that our lives are increasingly shaped by events that occur, and that decisions are
made thousands of miles away. The central feature of globalization is therefore that
geographical distances are declining in importance and territorial boundaries are
becoming less significant. The world is essentially becoming a ‘global village’. By no
means does globalization imply that the ‘local’ and the ‘national’ are subordinate to the
‘global’, rather it highlights the deepening as well as broadening of the process of
integration between the three, which is essentially the essence of the word ‘glocal’. This
interconnectedness is multi-dimensional, and it is a top-down process; the establishment
of a single global system that imprints itself on all parts of the world. In this context,
globalization leads to cultural homogenization, as social, economic and political
diversities are destroyed in a world where we all watch the same TV shows, buy the
same commodities and follow the same lifestyle; this is popularly termed as
‘McDonaldization’.
Indeed, globalization has become a deeply controversial issue and anti-

globalization movements have emerged more strongly in the developed states, as well
22
as in some developing ones. The pro v/s anti-globalization debate is nothing but a
reworking of the older and more familiar ideological divide. This phenomenon has also
been criticized because of its tendency towards risks, uncertainty and instability.
However, we must not forget that globalization also refers to people becoming
increasingly conscious of the growing manifestations of social interdependence and
social interactions.
The History of Globalization
Globalization is driven by technology, transportation, and international cooperation.

Since ancient times, humans have sought distant places to settle, produce, and
exchange goods enabled by improvements in technology and transportation. But not
until the 19th century did global integration take off. Following centuries of European
colonization and trade activity, that first “wave” of globalization was propelled by
steamships, railroads, the telegraph, and other breakthroughs, and also by increasing
economic cooperation among countries. The globalization trend eventually waned and
crashed in the catastrophe of World War I, followed by postwar protectionism, the Great
Depression, and World War II. After World War II in the mid-1940s, the United States led
efforts to revive international trade and investment under negotiated ground rules,
starting a second wave of globalization, which remains ongoing, though buffeted by
periodic downturns and mounting political scrutiny.
Learning Resources
Analyze the image below.
Study Guide Question
1. What is the message behind the image above?
23
24
Summary
Globalization has benefits that cover many different areas. It reciprocally

developed economies all over the world and increased cultural exchanges. It also
allowed financial exchanges between companies, changing the paradigm of work. Many
people are nowadays citizens of the world. Moreover, globalization refers to integration
between people, companies, and governments. Most noteworthy, this integration occurs
on a global scale. Furthermore, it is the process of expanding the business all over the
world. In Globalization, many businesses expand globally and assume an international
image.
References
Mohta, M. (2018). Globalisation in the Contemporary World. Retrieved from

https://indianfolk.com/globalisation-contemporary-world-edited/
Peterson Institute for International Economics, (2018). What Is Globalization? And How
Has the Global Economy Shaped the United States? Retrieved from
https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization
Saw, S.K. (2016). Globalization and migration in the contemporary world order: an
insight into the postnational condition and the diasporas. Journal for the Study of Race,
Nation and Culture, Volume 24, 2018 - Issue 3.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2017.1376283
25
Learning Activities

Instructor:
Student Name:
Course:
Year:
Date Submitted:
Title: Global-ist (20 points)

Date of Submission:
Things to do:
 Identify the following.
1.
2.
I. Write 5 Filipino
artist who 3.
compete
globally.
4.
5.
6.
7.
II. Write 5 words

that best 8.
describe
globalization.
9.
10.
26

Instructor:
Student Name:
Course:
Year:
Date Submitted:
Title: Exploring Its Effects (30 points)

Date of Submission:
Things to do:
 Read and understand the question/s.
 Give your honest thoughts about the issue.
 Provide meaty discussion.
Q1. What are the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in globalization in terms of
education?
Q2. What are the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in globalization in terms of
tourism?
27
Juan dela Cruz Street, Toril, Davao City
Landline No. (082) 291 1882
Accredited by ACSCU-ACI
UNIT 3 scribbles. Indicate the Titles of the Activity, Assessment, or Unit Requirement.

Instructor:
Student Name:
Course:
Year:
Date Submitted:
UNIT REQUIREMENT: Write your answers on this space. Divide and identify correctly
if the Activity or Activities have different parts.
Title: Collage Making (100 points)

Date of Submission:
Things to do:
 Create a collage about world of regions.
 Be creative.
RUBRICS
Criterion 50 points 45 points 40 points

The content of the The content of the
The content of the
Content collage is somehow clear. collage is not clear.
collage is clear.
The output is
The output is clean and The output is a bit messy.
Neatness unorganized and tidy.
organize.
28

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DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.

Course Title: GE ESci The Contemporary World

GE ESCI- The Contemporary World

The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily between

1. Why global divides the North and the South?

LO1: Distinguish different interpretations of and approaches to globalization.

Intended Learning Outcomes

 Define the term “Global South and Global North”.

Global Divides: The North and the South

Classifying countries in the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as a

According to this model:

The Brandt line, proposed by Willy Brandt (the German Chancellor)

It is an imaginary division that has provided a rough way of dividing

Per capita income

It is a measure of the amount of money earned per person in a nation or

The gap between the ‘North’ and ‘South’

Despite very significant development gains globally which have raised

Characteristics of the Brandt Line

1/4 of the world's people 3/4 of the world's people

About 96% of the world's spending 4% of the world's research

Development around the World Since 1980

Following Brandt’s report in 1980, several global shifts have defined

1. What is your interpretation of the above image?

Course Title: GE ESci The Contemporary World

Title: Let’s Explore! (20 points)

1. It is a measure of the amount of money

 Enumerate the list for reasons of inequalities of Global South and

Course Title: GE ESci The Contemporary World

Title: The Globe Divides (30 points)

Strong Grasp Progressing Not in evidence

History, (n.d.). USSR established. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/this-day-in-

Kenton, W. (2020). Per Capita Income. Retrieved from

Searl, C. (2015). A 60 SECOND GUIDE TO . . . The Global North/South Divide.

Tait, O. (2016). THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE: How do we measure development

GE ESCI- The Contemporary World

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being in a group?

LO1: Distinguish different interpretations of and approaches to globalization.

Intended Learning Outcomes

 Differentiate between regionalization and globalization.

Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political

East Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to developed country

Asia is at the center of the development of such production networks because it

Countries respond economically and politically to globalization in various ways.

In South America, left-wing government support the Hemispheric Social

members of Mesa de Articulacion de Asociaciones y Redes de ONGs de America Latina

Other regional organizations dedicate themselves to specialized causes. Activists

New regionalism differs significantly from traditional state-to-state regionalism

Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism

Today, regionalism faces multiple challenges, the most serious of which

A final challenge pertains to differing visions of what regionalism should be for.

Regionalism has responded to cultural globalization through an increase in

Study Guide Question

The development of Asian regionalism has been slow, particularly in responding

Course Title: GE ESci The Contemporary World

Title: Ishikawa diagrams (20 points)

Course Title: GE ESci The Contemporary World

Title: Expository Essay (30 points)

GE ESCI- The Contemporary World

Today, globalization has increased the economic prosperity and opportunity in

1. How open are you in terms of change?

LO1: Distinguish different interpretations of and approaches to globalization.

Intended Learning Outcomes

Synthesize knowledge concerning globalization.