ACADEMIC SESSION 2017-18

SECOND PRE-BOARD EXAMINATION (028/02)

POLITICAL SCIENCE MARKING SCHEME
CLASS: XII

Duration: 3 Hours Date: 15TH January, 2017 Maximum Marks:100

General Instructions:

 Question numbers 1 to 5 is of one mark each. The answers to these questions should not
exceed 20 words each.
 Question numbers 6 to 10 are of two marks each. The answers to these questions should not
exceed 40 words each.
 Question numbers 11 to 16 are of four marks each. The answers to these questions should not
exceed 100 words each.
 Question numbers 17 to 19 are passage-based and are of five marks each.
 Question numbers 20 to 21 are picture/map based and are of five marks each.
 Question numbers 22 to 27 are of six marks each. The answers to these questions should not
exceed 150 words.

1. Multipolar World order means coexistence of several powers in the international

system, collective security, negotiated settlements, greater regionalism.
2. Purchasing Power Parity means ability of the nation’s currency to buy goods and
services.
3. GATT- General Agreement on Trade and Tariff.
4. Congress lost majority in the 2004 elections and there was no other party.
5. To an industrialist who is planning to set up a steel plant in a rural area, and at the
same time to the Adivasi who lives in that region development means different
because they lose their forest land
6. Two-Nation theory and Muslim league demand for Pakistan as they were clear that
till such time Congress is in majority, Muslims will always be in minority and British
policy of divide and rule.
7. Indian National Congress, Communist Party, Praja Socialist party, Socialist party.
8. Sacred groves embody a rich set of forest preservation practices and they share
characteristics with common property resource systems. The sacred groves can be
seen as a system that informally forces traditional communities to harvest natural
resources in an ecologically sustained fashion. Some researchers believe that sacred
groves hold the potential for preserving not only biodiversity and ecological
functions, but also cultural diversity.
9. Activities of Dalit Panthers mostly centred around fighting increasing atrocities on
Dalits in various parts of the State. As a result of sustained agitations on the part of
Dalit Panthers along with other like-minded organizations over the issue of atrocities
against Dalits, the government passed a Comprehensive law in 1989 that provided for
rigorous punishment for such acts.
10. Total Revolution- Jayprakash Narain.
Garibi Hatao- Indira Gandhi
Sudent’s protest- Bihar movement
Railway strike- George Fernandes

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 11. Changing method of voting in India
In the first general election in 1952, there was a box with the name of the candidate
and his/her election symbol. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper to be dropped
into the box of the candidate of his or her choice. - After the first two elections this
method was changed. Now the ballot paper carried the names and symbols of all the
candidates. The voter was required to put the stamp on the name of the candidate of
his/her choice. This was to be placed inside a box common for all. This system
continued for years. - Towards the end of 1990’s the Election Commission started
using the EVM’s or Electronic Voting Machines. Now this is used all over India.
12. Commons’ are those resources which are not owned by anyone but rather shared by a
community. This could be a ‘common room’, a ‘community centre’, a park or a river.
Cooperation over the global commons is not easy. There have been many path-
breaking agreements such as the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, the 1987 Montreal Protocol,
and the 1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol. A major problem underlying all
ecological issues relates to the difficulty of achieving consensus on common
environmental agendas on the basis of vague scientific evidence and time frames.
13. Article 51 of the Indian Constitution lays down some Directive Principles of State
Policy on Promotion of international peace and security’. “The State shall endeavor to
(a) Promote international peace and security
(b) Maintain just and honorable relations between nations
(c) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings
of organized people with one another; and
(d) Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.”
14. India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purpose as Nehru was against
nuclear weapons. India wanted superpowers to follow comprehensive nuclear
disarmament. It also considered NPT as discriminatory & refused to sign it.
15. In traditional security, there is recognition that cooperation in limiting violence is
possible. These limits relate both to the ends and the means of war. Traditional
views of security do not rule out other forms of cooperation as well. The most
important of these are dis armament, arms control, and confidence building.
16. After the Chinese revolution in 1949, India was one of the first countries to recognize
the communist government. Nehru felt strongly for this neighbour that was coming
out of the shadow of western domination and helped the new government in
international fora. The joint enunciation of Panchsheel, the Five Principles of
Peaceful Coexistence, by the Indian Prime Minister Nehru and the Chinese Premier
Zhou Enlai on 29 April 1954 was a step in the direction of stronger relationship
between the two countries.
17. Passage based questions:
i) It was also a period of political crisis as the party in power had absolute majority
and yet, its leadership decided to suspend the democratic process and impose
emergency under article 352, suspended fundamental rights,
ii) Issues between Judiciary and Parliament were, whether Parliament can abridge
Fundamental rights of the citizens, whether they have right to curtail right to
property and can Parliament abridge Fundamental rights to give effect to Directive
Principles of State policy.
iii) Mass protest during emergency basically was due to dissatisfaction of the
people with the existing government. It was reflected in the massive rally in Ramlila
Ground on 25th June 1975 to protest for the resignation of Indira Gandhi as Prime
Minister, railway strike etc

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18. Passage based question:
i) The developed countries of the first world generally referred to as “Global
North” were concerned with ozone depletion and global warming, whereas the
developing countries of the third world called the “Global South” were anxious to
address the relationship between economic development and environmental
management.
ii) There were major differences between the countries of the North and the South
over environmental issues. The developed countries of the North wanted everyone
to be made equally responsible for ecological conservation. The Global South on
the other hand felt that much of the environmental degradation caused today is the
result of economic activities pursued by the Global North. Hence they believed that
the Global North owes a greater responsibility of undoing the damage now.
Moreover, the developing countries are undergoing a process of industrialization
and they should not be subjected to the same restrictions which apply to the
developed countries.
These two concerns were effectively addressed by the Principle of ‘Common but
differentiated responsibilities’. It accepted that the special needs of the developing
countries be taken into consideration and in view of different contributions of
global environmental degradation, states have common but differentiated
responsibilities.

19. Passage based question:

i) The first general election was also the first big test of democracy in a poor and
illiterate country. Till then democracy had existed only in the prosperous countries,
mainly Europe and America. It was now proved that democratic elections on the
basis of Universal adult franchise can be held in the condition of lack of education or
conditions of poverty.
ii) Problems faced by the Election Commission were:
Holding an election required delimitation or drawing the boundaries of the
electoral constituencies. This task took lot of time. It also required to prepare the
electoral rolls. When the first draft of the rolls was published, names of nearly 40
lakh women were not recorded in the list. So it had to be prepared again. At the
time of first general elections, there were 17crore eligible voters, who had to elect
about 32ooo MLAs and 489 members of Lok Sabha. Only 15 percent of these
eligible voters were literate. The EC therefore had to think about some special
method of voting.
20. Map work
i) Bihar-C
ii) Kerala- A
iii) Uttar Pradesh-B
iv) Sikkim -D
v) Maharashtra- E

21. Picture based question:

i) Mandal Commission implementation
ii) The National Front government decided in favor of implementing the
recommendation of Mandal Commission by reserving 27%seats for OBC’s in
central government and its undertakings.

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iii) Coalition partners of National Front-BJP and Left Front, supported the
recommendations of Mandal Commission as they had a strong rural base among
some sections of OBC.

22. The interim government took a firm stand against the possible division of India into
principalities of different sizes. The Muslim League opposed this view and wanted
that states should be free to adopt any course they like. There were three
considerations that guided the Indian government to solve the problem of princely
states.
i) The people of most princely states clearly wanted to become part of union.
ii) The government was prepared to be flexible in giving autonomy to some regions.
iii) The territorial’s boundaries assumed supreme importance keeping in mind the
integration and consolidation of the country.
OR
Green Revolution:

In the face of prevailing food crisis, the country was clearly vulnerable to external
pressures and dependent on food aid mainly from the USA. The USA in turn pushed
India to change its economic policies. The government adopted a new strategy for
agriculture in order to ensure food sufficiency. The introduction of high-yielding
varieties of seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are known
collectively as the Green Revolution, which provided the increase in production
needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving agriculture in
India

Positive effects-

i) Increase in Production / yield of wheat.

ii) Advantage to farmers: this includes their economic situation improving, even
small and marginal farmers (although they were late in joining) getting better
yield, control on many insects and pests, mechanizing improved working
conditions.
iii) Better land use by employing two and three crop pattern.
iv) Better scientific methods applied as per requirement of farms.
v) New seeds have been developed with better yield and disease fighting
capability.

Negative effects
i) The Green Revolution negatively impacted owners of small farms because
they could not afford the new technology, whereas owners of large farms were
able to adopt the new technologies because of better access to irrigation
systems, fertilizers, seeds and credit.
ii) Some regions like Punjab, Haryana and Western UP became agriculturally
prosperous while others remained backward
iii) There was a stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords which
produced conditions favorable for leftwing organizations to organize poor
peasants.
23. The UN was founded as a successor to the League of Nations. It was established in
1945 immediately after the Second World War. The organization was set up through
the signing of the United Nations Charter by 51 states. It tried to achieve what the

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 League could not between the two world wars. The UN’s objective is to prevent
international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among states. It was founded with
the hope that it would act to stop the conflicts between states escalating into war and,
if war broke out, to limit the extent of hostilities.
By 2006, the UN had 192 member states. These included almost all independent
states. In the UN General Assembly, all members have one vote each. In the UN
Security Council, there are five permanent members. These are: the United State
Russia, the United Kingdom, France and China. The UN consists of many different
structures and agencies. War and peace and differences between member states are
discussed in the General Assembly as well as the Security Council. Social and
economic issues are dealt with by many agencies including the World Health
Organisation (WHO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the
United Nations Human Rights Commission (UNHRC), the United Nations High
Commission for Refugees (UNHCR).
OR
The differences in the threats that people in the Third World faced and those living in
the First World.
i) The Third world countries face the threats not only from outside their borders, but
also from within. On the other hand, most of the First World countries face threats
only from outside their borders.
ii) Third World faces threats from separatist movements. There is no such threat in the
First World Countries.
iii) For the newly independent Third World Countries, external and internal wars posed
a serious challenge to their security than the First world countries faced
.
24. The question of indigenous people brings the issues of environment, resources and
politics together. The UN defines indigenous populations as comprising the
descendants of peoples who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time
when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of
the world and overcame them. Indigenous people today live more in conformity with
their particular social, economic, and cultural customs and traditions than the
institutions of the country of which they now form a part. The worldviews of
indigenous societies, irrespective of their geographical location, are strikingly similar
with respect to land and the variety of life systems supported by it. The loss of land,
which also means the loss of an economic resource base, is the most obvious threat to
the survival of indigenous people.

OR
Nepal and India enjoy a very special relationship that has very few parallels in the
world. A treaty between the two countries allows the citizens of the two countries to
travel to and work in the other country without visas and passports. Indo-Nepal
relations are fairly stable and peaceful. Despite differences, trade, scientific
cooperation, common natural resources, electricity generation and interlocking water
management grids hold the two countries together. There is a hope that the
consolidation of democracy in Nepal will lead to improvements in the ties between
the two countries. The worldviews of indigenous societies, irrespective of their
geographical location, are strikingly similar with respect to land and the variety of life
systems supported by it. The loss of land, which also means the loss of an economic
resource base, is the

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 25. The relevance of NAM in today’s world is against
i) racial discrimination
ii) Disarmament
iii) Respect for human rights and dignity
iv) opposition to counter neo colonialism
v) Maintain environmental balance
OR

The European Union has economic, political and diplomatic, and military influence’.
i) The EU is the world’s biggest economy with a GDP of Its currency, the euro, can
pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
ii) Its share of world trade is three times larger than that of the United States allowing it
to be more assertive in trade disputes with the US and China.
iii) Its economic power gives it influence over its closest neighbors as well as in Asia
and Africa. It also functions as an important bloc in international France, hold
permanent seats on the UN Security Council.
iv) The EU includes several non-permanent members of the UNSC. This has enabled
the EU to influence some US policies such as the current US position on Iran’s
nuclear programme.
v) Its use of diplomacy, economic investments, and negotiations rather than coercion
and military force has been effective as in the case of its dialogue with China on
human rights and environmental degradation.

26. Yes, we agree with the statement. Suitable arguments for this are:
i) The foreign policy of independent India vigorously pursued the dream of a peaceful
world by advocating the policy of non-alignment, by reducing the Cold War
confederation and by contributing human resources to the UN peacekeeping
operations.
ii) India did not join either of the two camps during the Cold War era. India wanted to
keep distance from the military alliances led by US and by the Soviet Union against
each other.
iii) During the Cold War, the US-led North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and
the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact came into existence. India advocated Non-alignment as
the ideal foreign policy approach. This was a difficult balancing act and sometimes
the balance did not appear perfect.
iv) In 1956 when Britain attacked Egypt over the Suez Canal issue, India led the world
protest against this neo-colonial invasion. In the same year, when the USSR invaded
Hungary, India did not join its public condemnation. Despite such situation, by and
large India did take an independent stand on various international issues.
OR
Supporting arguments:
i) Under the leadership of Nehru India convened the Asian Relation Conference in
March 1947. India was a staunch supporter of the decolonization process and
firmly opposed racism especially apartheid in South Africa.
ii) India made earnest efforts for the early realization of an international conference
in1949 to support its freedom struggle.
iii) The Afro – Asian Conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955,
commonly known as Bandung Conference, marked the zenith of India’s
engagement with newly independent Asian and African nations. The Bandung
Conference later led to the establishment of the NAM.

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27. After Independence, the Mizo Hills area was made an autonomous district within
Assam. Some Mizos believed that they were never a part of British India and
therefore did not belong to the Indian union. But the movement for secession
gained popular support after the Assam government failed to respond adequately
to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills. The Mizos’ anger led to the formation
of the Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of Laldenga. In 1966 the
MNF started an armed campaign for independence. Thus, started a two decade
long battle between Mizo insurgents and the Indian army. The MNF fought a
guerilla war, got support from Pakistani government and secured shelter in the
then East Pakistan. The Indian security forces countered it with a series of
repressive measures of which the common people were the victims. At one point
even Air Force was used. These measures caused more anger and alienation
among the people. A peace accord was signed between Rajiv Gandhi and
Laldenga in 1986 according to which Mizoram was granted full statehood and
they gave up their secessionist struggle.
OR
Sardar Sarovar project is an ambitious developmental project launched In the
Narmada Valley. It’s a mega dam project consisting of 30 big dams, 135 medium
dams and around 3000 small dams to be constructed in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat
and Maharashtra. Its benefits are:
i) Water for irrigation.
ii) Generation of electricity.
iii) Help to control flood and drought.
iv) About 245 villages have been affected and people belonging to these villages had
to be relocated and rehabilitated.

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