4.

(i)belgium the govrenment does not follow preferential policies in matters of

jobs and education whereas in srilanka the government follows preferential
policies in matters of job and education.
(ii)In belgium the is a special government called the ''community government'' to
look after the cultural, educational and language related issues. In srilanka the
majour political parties are not sensetive to the language and culture of the
tamils.
(iii)In belgium thereis no discrimination between different religions. In srilanka ,
buddhism is the official religion.

5.Some factors on which the power sharing arrangement work -

1) Rule of Law.
2) Human Rights.
3) constitutional option of solving conflicts.
4) political liberty.

6.‘Majoritarianism’ is a concept which signifies a belief that the majority

community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants. In
this type of rule they disregard the wishes and needs of the minority.
The majoritarian concept has increased the strong feelings of alienation
among Sri Lankan Tamils because of the series of majoritarian
measures adopted by the democratically elected government in Sri Lanka.
A series of majoritarian measures were adopted by the democratically
elected government in Sri Lanka after its independence in 1948
to establish Sinhala Supremacy.
(i) In 1956 an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official
language thus disregarding Tamil.
(ii) The Government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala
applicants for university positions and government jobs.
(iii) A new constitution advocated that the state shall protect and foster
Buddhism.
7.people have conflicting as well as development goals.

=> this is because the conditions or circumstances are different for every
person. for one something may be a source of development while for other
it many be a loss of the chance of development.

take for example:

◆ a industrial worker would want to make large dams so that his industry
could grow but this may cause huge displacement of poor people.

so, in this case there is development for the industrialist but not for the poor
people.

◆ similarly other example can be construction of nuclear power plant in

which local people would have to suffer because of radioactive waste.

8.This statement is given by Mahatma Gandhi :

(i) It means that the earth has abundant resources to satisfy everyone’s
needs but in our greed and hurry to develop, we have been recklessly
exploiting these resources.

(ii) In the name of development, we have indulged in activities such as

deforestation, overgrazing, encroachment into forest lands, overuse of
ground water, use of plastics, etc.

(iii) The exploitation of natural resources not only harms the environment
but may cripple the future generations of the development process itself.

(iv) If fossil fuels are exhausted, the development of all countries would be
at risk.

(v) Thus, there is a need for conservation and judicious use of resources
for development.
9.Amount of money and funds spent by the government is definitely an
important factor in which availability of health and educational facilities
depend.

How ever there are some other factors which count too-

a ) Implementation by the executives.

b ) Cooperation of the people.

c ) Opinion of the people.

d ) Money doesn't always ensure that, the quality is good. For good quality
health and education facilities, we need to ensure that the personals
engaged in providing  these programs ( ie. doctors and teachers in this
case )must be well qualified too.

11.Impact of local self government on Indian democracy :

(a) Constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen

democracy.

 (b) It has increased women's representation and voice in our democracy.

 Difficulties :

 (a) Gram Sabhas are not held regularly.

(b) Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to local
government.

(c) State governments do not provide adequate resources.

12.The constitution of India provide for a federal system of government due

to this there is a division of legislature and administrative power between.
the central and state government . It divides all the subject and matters into
3 list ....union , state , concurrent list .

1. union list = it's include the subject of

national importance such as defence and foreign affairs .the union

government alone can make the laws relating to this subjects mentioned in
the list ...

2. state list = it's include the subject of local importance such as police and
agriculture . the government alone can make the laws relating to this
subjects mentioned in the list.

3. concurrent list = it's include the subject both union and state government
such as education and forest .

13.(i)The article 370 of the Indian constitution deals with the provision of

certain special powers to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It grants a
‘temporary’ autonomous status to the state of Jammu & Kashmir. The
article was an outcome of Kashmir’s accession to Indian after the
Independence. As the things stood, the people of Kashmiri valley (Muslim
majority) were apprehensive and blanched about their identity getting lost
in a Hindu dominated country. Moreover, there was growing pressure from
the radical Islamic groups to give autonomy to the government of Jammu &
Kashmir.

(ii)Coming together federation involves independent states coming together

on their own to form a bigger unit so that by pooling sovereignty and
retaining identity, they can increase their security. In this type of federation,
all the constituent States have equal power and are strong vis-a-vis the
federal government.

Eg : USA, Switzerland and Australia have this type of federation.

(iii) Joint Forest Management often abbreviated as JFM is the official and
popular term in India for partnerships in forest movement involving both the
state forest departments and local communities. The policies and
objectives of Joint Forest Movement are detailed in the Indian
comprehensive National Forest Policy of 1988 and the Joint Forest
Management Guidelines of 1990 of the Government of India.

14.This Act provides for the protection of the country’s wild animals, birds
and plant species, in order to ensure environmental and ecological security.
Among other things, the Act lays down restrictions on hunting many animal
species. The Act was last amended in the year 2006. An Amendment bill
was introduced in the Rajya Sabha in 2013 and referred to a Standing
Committee, but it was withdrawn in 2015.
Constitutional Provisions for the Wildlife Act
Article 48A of the Constitution of India directs the State to protect and
improve the environment and the safeguard wildlife and forests. This article
was added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.
Article 51A imposes certain fundamental duties for the people of India.
One of them is to protect and improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living
creatures.

15.(i)The biological loss of forest and wildlife are correlated with the loss of

cultural diversity because the biological losses have rapidly marginalized
and impoverished many indigenous and other forest-
dependent communities, who directly depend on various components of
the forest and wildlife for food, culture, drink, medicine, spirituality, etc.
(ii) The indirect impact of degradation such as severe drought or
deforestation-induced floods, etc., also hits the poor the hardest. Poverty`
in these cases is a direct outcome of environmental destruction.

(iii) Due to biological loss of forest and wildlife many tribal communities
have disappeared
1.The characteristics of the Indian federal system are:

1. Decentralization of power: The decentralization of power between the central

government and the governments of the constituent provinces is the chief
characteristics of the Federal government.
2. Separation of power: The three organs in the federal government namely- i) The
Executive, ii) The Legislature, iii) The Judiciary are completely independent in their
own sphere. None of them is the substitute of the other.
3. The written and the rigid Constitution: The Constitution in the federal type of
government is written as well as rigid in nature. So, the process of amending the
constitutional provisions is very different.
4. Two types of government: There are two types of government in the federal type
of government. One is the Central Govt. and the other type is the provincial Govts.
Both the type of Govts. posses their own respective Constitutions.
5. Single citizenship: In India all the people have single citizenship that is being an
Indian (unlike the federal government system of USA).
6. Independent Judiciary: In the federal type of government there exist a free and
independent judiciary which performs the duty of the supreme authority and the
guardian of the federal constitution.

2. Union List has a range of subjects under which the Parliament may make laws.
This includes defence, foreign affairs, railways, banking, among others.union list
consists of the subjects that are handled and seen by the union government .

3. Mayor is the political head of the Municipal Corporation.The mayor is elected

annually from among the members of the Corporation. He is the first citizen of the city.
(i) He acts as the chairperson of Municipal Corporation.
(ii) He presides over the meetings of the corporation and guides its deliberations.
(iii) He regulates the conduct of business at such meetings.
(iv) Mayor is also the proper channel of communication between the Commissioner
and the state government.

4. (i) Judiciary with the supreme court at the apex is the sole interpreter of Indian
federalism.

(ii) It plays a pivotal role in the implementation of constitutional provisions and

procedures.

(iii) Judiciary administers both the union and state laws which are applicable to the
cases coming up for adjudication.
(iv) The disputes about the division of powers are settled by the High courts and
Supreme court.

Hence, judiciary is considered as the guardian of the Indian federalism

5. “Decentralisation” is a major step to modify the concept of democracy and federalism.

It is very significant for all practical aspects.
(i) It helps in the settlement of a large number of problems and issues at the local level.
(ii) It provides a platform for the direct participation of people in decision making. Hence,
inculcates a habit of “democratic participation.”
(iii) In another way decentralisation in the form of “local self government” is the best way to
realise principles of Democracy, i.e., “Democracy at the grassroots level.”
(iv) Thus, decentralisation is rationale for the federal concept.

(i) Unitary system, a system of political organization in which most or all of the
governing power resides in a centralized government. It contrasts with a federal system 

(ii) Panchayati raj generally refers to the system of local self government in India
introduced by a constitutional amendment in 1992

(iii) Any person born on or after the commencement of the Citizenship (Amendment)
Act, 2003, where either- (i) both of his parents are citizens of India; or (ii) one of whose
parents is a citizen of India and the other is not an illegal migrant at the time of his
birth, shall be a citizen of India by birth.