Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Renaissance Architecture.
• Baroque Architecture.
• Comparison.
• References.
Renaissance
Last Supper Mona Liza
• Galileo Galilei ( Italian astronomer, physicist and
engineer) he worked with telescopes and with it he
could describe moons and planets and details of
space objects. Most important inventions are “The
Sector” which offered a safer way for gunners to
elevate their cannons accurately in addition to the
construction of any regular polygon. Another
invention is the “Thermometer” to measure heat
and temperature, his idea of the thermometer
depends on the expansion of air in a bulb to move
water in a tube which by time develops a scale to
measure heat.
First Printing Press
• The clock which allowed for more precise
measurements and changed the daily life which was
guided back then by the Church.
Bell Tower of Parish Church Table Clock
• Columbus discovered America in the Renaissance,
attempted to prove that the sun is the center of the
planetary system.
• Advances in the fields of chemistry and medicine.
Principles: focused on humanity and emotion, embraced some
of Greek and Roman arts, paintings done on wet plaster
became popular because it gave depth to the paintings,
sculptures are in the human form, architecture reached new
heights of design.
inside and outside details of the church
Decorations are made of bronze and arches were made of
polychrome stuccos that set above the bronze doors. Near the
alter are two bronze pulpits created by Donatello which was
his last work before death.
Pulpit in front of the alter Paintings
interior decorations
• Gardens of Bomarzo: it is a garden in a wooden valley of
many large sculptures and small buildings located among
the natural vegetation of the valley. It was made to be a
work of art. the sculptures seem to be scattered around
the area an not thought of in a rational plan and this
decision of the layout is not known why to be chosen but
maybe they were as a contrast of the perfect symmetrical
layout of the gardens nearby.
The gate One of the sculptors
The sculptures are: a fountain, a winged horse, two sirens, a
whale, two bears, a dragon attacked by lions, a turtle, giant
human, a sleeping nymph, a giant fruit, basins.
The monuments are: a leaning house, the temple of eternity
which is a mix of classical, Renaissance and Etruscan styles.
Mannerist period (solid and spatial relationships, free and
imaginative rhythms)
• Capitoline hill: by the Italian sculptor, painter and
architect Michelangelo Buonarroti which was a
monument that still had some parts of the old temples,
the square shaped plan is of palazzos, the center one is
the city hall of Rome while the other two are museums.
Front Façade Plan
Summary of Renaissance:
• Characteristics: symmetry, proportions, geometry and
regularity of parts of classical antiquity of ancient Roman
architecture. Order in arrangement of columns and
pilasters as well as the use of semi-circular arches,
hemispherical domes, and the use of niches in a more
complex proportional system.
• The plans: are mostly square planned and proportions
are based on the width of of an aisle in a church.
• Columns: the types used are Tuscan, Doric, Ionic,
Corinthian and Composite. The placing of them can be
structural to support or just a decorative order.
• Arches: semi-circular arches supported on columns with
capitals. They used arches and domes which they took
from Roman and Greek architecture.
• Vaults: vaults with no ribs and are semi-circular or
segmental unlike Gothic vaults which are rectangular
these are square shaped.
Baroque
This style began in the late 16th century in Italy. This style took
the Renaissance methods of architecture and used it in a new
theatrical way which was often to express the triumph of the
catholic churches. Many new explorations of the way they
form the plans or the use of light and shadow where used and
discovered. In Italy baroque meant pedantic little dialectic
values while in Spain it was more of irregular shaped pearls.
Many inclined lines and broken lines appeared in plans instead
of the straight lines of classicism and decorations became
more important but also more complicated. They wanted to
reflect the wealth and power of the church for religious
superiority that happened.
Inventions in Baroque period
• Steam Engine: Thomas Savery had the idea and design
but Thomas Newcoman actually made it happen and fully
functional. They were first majorly used in pumping
water from deep mine shafts. They are also known as
“fire engines”. They became a primary source of power
for factories around Europe.
The steam engine
• Blood Transfusion: The first research into blood
transfusion dates back to the 17th Century when British
physician William Harvey fully described the circulation
and properties of blood in 1628. The first blood
transfusions were also attempted around this time,
although these were often unsuccessful and proved fatal
in humans.” but now they have modified the blood
transfusion and now up to 45% of critically ill patients are
transfused with blood.
Artists in Baroque period
• Michelangelo Caravaggio: one of the most influential
Baroque painters. His famous painting “Bacchus”.
Represents naturalism
• Rembrandt Van Rijn: his famous painting is “Self Portrait
with Two Circles”.
The use of circles and not only straight lines
• Peter Paul Rubens: his work was highly influenced by
historical and mythological ideals. His famous painting is
“The Garden of Love” was a symbol of love for his second
wife, he used many Renaissance elements.
Time periods of Baroque architecture:
• Early Baroque
• High Baroque
• Late Baroque
Early Baroque
interior
High Baroque (famous names Bernini and Borromini)
• Church of Sant Andrea al Quirinale: Barnini’s most
famous building on one of the 7 hills of Rome.