Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)

Next were the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria. This family had its roots in the Ayyubid
confederation founded by Saladin in 1169. The Mamluk Sultan Qutuz defeated the Mongols in 1260
and was himself assassinated by Baybars (1260–1277), the first Mamluk leader of the Islamic
empire.

Baybars established himself as Sultan and ruled over the eastern Mediterranean part of the Islamic
empire. Protracted struggles against the Mongols continued through the mid-14th century, but
under the Mamluks, the leading cities of Damascus and Cairo became centers of learning and hubs
of commerce in international trade. The Mamluks, in turn, were conquered by the Ottomans in
1517.

Ottoman Empire (1517–1923)

The Ottoman Empire emerged about 1300 CE as a small principality on former Byzantine territory.

Named after the ruling dynasty, the Osman, the first ruler (1300–1324), the Ottoman empire grew
throughout the next two centuries. In 1516–1517, the Ottoman emperor Selim I defeated the
Mamluks, essentially doubling his empire's size and adding in Mecca and Medina. The Ottoman
Empire began to lose power as the world modernized and grew closer. It officially came to an end
with the close of World War I.

Sources

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(South-East Spain)." World Archaeology,  Volume  45, Issue 1, April 2013, Routledge, Abingdon, U.K.
 Casana, Jesse. "Structural Transformations in Settlement Systems of the Northern
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Cultural Heritage. Eds. Mattingly, David, et al. Volume 6: The Society For Libyan Studies,
2006, London.
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Circumstances among the Swahili on the East African Coast . Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitututet, 2009,
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 Meri, Josef Waleed, ed. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia . New York: Routledge, 2006,
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