CHE101A: Lecture 2

Fluid Statics Part 2 | Gordon Dam, Tasmania (John Carnemolla)

Learning outcomes
By the end of today’s lesson, you will be able to answer the following:
• What are the forces present on a fluid inside of a capillary tube?
• How does pressure vary spatially in a fluid?
• How can you design a manometer?
• What is the total force applied on a surface submerged under a fluid? What can I use
to inform design choices for static structures?

Due dates this week: Quiz 1 due 10/7 11:59 PT*

Quiz 2 due 10/8 4 PM PT
Survey 1 due 10/7 11:59 PM PT

Homework 1 is online – will be turned in via gradescope!

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Sticking Point: +/- notation for stresses
When are the surface stresses positive / negative? Our text uses the following notation:

𝜎𝑖𝑖 > 0 𝜎𝑖𝑖 < 0

Tension Compression

The rules for shear stress are a little more complicated, and we’ll get to them week 3!
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Sticking Point: visualizing contact angle
The contact angle is going to be measured using the solid surface and the tangent line of
the fluid near the surface. The angle will be measured on the side of the liquid.

Common Contact Angles

• Water on clean glass: 0°
• Water on polymethylmethacrylate: 50°
• Water on silicon: 90°
• Mercury on clean glass: 130°

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Capillary tube thought experiment
Poll: a capillary tube is inserted into a fluid, which do you expect to happen?

?
A B C
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Example: height in a capillary tube
A small capillary tube (radius r) is inserted into a fluid with a density ρ. The fluid has a
surface tension of σ and a contact angle of θ with the tube. What is the resulting height (h)
in the capillary tube?

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Example: height in a capillary tube

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Example: height in a capillary tube

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Capillary tube summary

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Visualizing contact angle (part 2)

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Pressure at a point

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Pressure at a point

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Elevation and pressure

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Elevation and pressure

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Gage pressure versus absolute pressure
• Gage pressure – relative pressure
• Absolute pressure – absolute (takes into account atmosphere)

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Manometer- pressure variation in static fluid

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Manometer- pressure variation in static fluid

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Inclined manometer: how does geometry affect pressure
distribution?

D
C

Poll: How do the two systems compare?

A. PA – PB > PC – PD
B. PA – PB < PC – PD
C. PA – PB = PC – PD
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Inclined manometer: how does geometry affect pressure
distribution?

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Force on a submerged surface
Goal of derivation:
1. Find total force on submerged object
2. Find point where force acts (center of pressure)

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Poll: where do you expect the center of pressure to be?

A
B
C
D - Depends
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Aside: centroid and second moment of area
First moment of area Second moment of area
(Centroid)

Check out the math tutorials under “Resources”!

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Force on a submerged surface

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Force on a submerged surface

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Force on a submerged surface

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Poll: where do you expect the center of pressure to be?

A
B
C
D - Depends
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Example: Universal Studios design engineer

Deep Blue Sea (1999)

Tank: diameter 25 ft, depth 14.5 ft, water level 13 ft

5 windows: 2 ft x 4 ft, various heights
Water density (90deg F): 60.26 lbm / ft3
(Gravity): 32.2 ft/s2

Cost of stand-by plumber is extra, additional charges

apply on weekends! 27
Breakout rooms: reflection
Open the google link in the chat window. Working in your small breakout
rooms (~3-4 people), discuss the following questions:

• What is something you took away from today’s class?

• What is something you still have questions about?

Then, find your breakout room # and type in your responses (anonymous)

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