Francis L.

Zerrudo BSIT 2A

1. History of soccer

More than 240 million people around the world play soccer regularly according to the Federation
Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The game has evolved from the sport of kicking a
rudimentary animal-hide ball around into the World Cup sport it is today.

Records trace the history of soccer back more than 2,000 years ago to ancient China. Greece, Rome, and
parts of Central America also claim to have started the sport; but it was England that transitioned
soccer, or what the British and many other people around the world call “football,” into the game we
know today. The English are credited with recording the first uniform rules for the sport, including
forbidding tripping opponents and touching the ball with hands.

As the sport developed, more rules were implemented and more historical landmarks were set. For
example, the penalty kick was introduced in 1891. FIFA became a member of the International Football
Association Board of Great Britain in 1913. Red and yellow cards were introduced during the 1970 World
Cup finals. More recent major changes include goalkeepers being banned from handling deliberate back
passes in 1992 and tackles from behind becoming red-card penalties in 1998.

2. Rules and regulations

At the start of a soccer period or after a goal, there is a kick-off from the center circle. At the kick-off all
of the soccer players must be on their side of the field (the side they are defending). Only the player
kicking the kick-off is allowed inside the center circle. After the kick-off the ball will be in play until the
ball goes out of bounds or the referee calls a penalty.

Other ways of restarting soccer include:

Throw-in: When the soccer ball has gone out of bounds, the team that last touched the ball loses
possession and the opposing team gets to throw-in the ball from the point where the ball crossed out of
bounds.

Corner kick: When the defending team last touches the ball and it crosses the goal line (and not scoring
a goal), the opposing team gets to kick the ball from the corner of the field.

Goal kick: When the offensive team last touches the ball before it crosses the goal line, the goalie gets to
kick the ball from the goal box.

Penalty kick: When a foul occurs in the penalty area, the fouled team is awarded a penalty kick.

soccer-foul
Soccer Fouls

Soccer fouls can be any number of unfair advantages taken by a player that are called by the referee.
These can include tripping, pushing, and touching the ball with the hands. Free kicks or penalty kicks
may be awarded to the opposing soccer team. Very unsportsmanlike behavior may result in a yellow
card or a red card. Players that get red cards are ejected from the game.

Offside Rule

The offensive player is offside if they are nearer to the opponent's goal line than both the second and
last opponent and the soccer ball.

Out of Bounds

Out of bounds occurs when the ball completely crosses over the boundary line.

Throw-in

When throwing the ball in at throw-in, the ball must be thrown from behind and over the head using
both hands. When the ball leaves the thrower's hands, both of his/her feet must be touching the
ground.

3. Officials and their functions

Referee

The referee is the lead official that has control of the game and is generally the final authority in all
decisions.

It is the role of the referee to announce all penalties. The referee explains penalties to the offending
team's captain and coach and says which player is responsible for the penalty. The referee is positioned
in the backfield, approximately 10 yards behind the quarterback before the start of the play. The referee
monitors illegal hits on the quarterback, watches for illegal blocks near the quarterback and determines
if the yardage chains are needed on the field for a measurement.

Umpire

The umpire is the official that lines up approximately five yards off the line of scrimmage on the
defensive side of the ball.

The umpire assists the referee in decisions involving possession of the ball. The umpire monitors the
legality of play on the line of scrimmage with a special emphasis on offensive holding and illegal linemen
down field. The umpire makes sure that the offense has no more than 11 players on the field and checks
the legality of player's equipment. The umpire records all scores, timeouts, records the winner of the
coin toss and wipes the ball dry between plays during inclement weather.
Head Linesman

The head linesman is the official on the sideline that straddles the line of scrimmage looking for
scrimmage violations like offsides or encroachment and penalties like illegal motion, illegal shifts , illegal
use of hands and illegal men downfield.

The head linesman rules on all out-of-bounds plays along the sideline where positioned. The head
linesman keeps tabs on the chain crew and marks the chain to a yard marker on the field as a reference
point for a measurement on the field. Also, the head linesman keeps track of all eligible receivers and
marks the forward progress of the ball.

Line Judge

The line judge is the official who lines up on the opposite side of the field from the head linesman. The
line judge assists the head linesman on making calls of illegal motion, illegal shifts, offsides or
encroachment. The line judge assists the umpire with illegal use of the hands and holding calls and
assists the referee on false start calls.

The line judge makes sure the quarterback does not cross the line of scrimmage before throwing the
ball, watches for offensive lineman going downfield too early on punts, supervises the timing of the
game and supervises substitutions by the team on the side of the field where positioned.

Back Judge

The back judge is the official who sets up 20 yards deep in the defensive backfield on the wide receiver
side of the field. One of the roles of the back judge is to make sure the defensive team has no more than
11 players on the field. The back judge watches all eligible receivers on the wide receiver side of the
field. The back judge is responsible for monitoring the area between the umpire and the field judge. The
back judge rules on the legality of catches and pass interference penalties and has the final say regarding
the legality of kicks during kickoffs. During field goals, the back judge is positioned under the goalpost
and rules whether the field goal attempt was successful.

Field Judge

The field judge is the official that lines up 25 yards deep in the defensive backfield on the tight end side
of the field. The field judge is responsible for keeping track of the play clock and calling a delay of game
if the clock expires. Like the back judge, the field judge makes sure the defensive team has no more than
11 players on the field. The field judge rules on plays that cross the defense's goal line, rules on the
legality of catches and pass interference penalties and monitors all eligible receivers on the tight end
side of the field. Also, if a play goes out of bounds on the tight end side of the field, the field judge marks
the spot.

Judge
The side judge is the official positioned 20 yards deep in the defensive backfield near the same sideline
as the head linesman. Side judge duties are essentially the same as the back judge. The side judge makes
sure the defensive team has no more than 11 players on the field and watches all eligible receivers from
that side of the field. The side judge is responsible for monitoring the area between the umpire and the
field judge, assists on calling the legality of kicks during kickoffs and rules on the legality of catches and
pass interference penalties.

4. Hand signals

Goal kick

To make a goal kick signal, the ref points at the goal with his arm straight, and palm open.A goal kick in
football is awarded to a team if an offensive player plays the ball out of bounds over the goal line.

Referee points to the appropriate corner arc.Corner kick

A ref signals for a corner kick by pointing to the corner flag where the kick must be taken.

A corner kick in football is awarded when a defensive player plays the ball out of bounds over the goal
line.

Referee points to the appropriate penalty mark.Penalty kick

To signal for a penalty kick, the ref points to the penalty spot with his index finger. The penalty spot is
the part of the football field where penalty kicks are taken, indicated by a bold dot.

The penalty kick is awarded to an offensive player when he is fouled inside the penalty area.

Referee blows the whistle and points in the direction of the kick.Direct free kick

To make a signal for a direct free kick, a referee raises an arm diagonally upwards before pointing with
his other hand to the direction of the offending player’s goal.

A direct free kick is a signal for serious offenses—a goal can be scored directly from it.

Referee's hand is held up until the taker and a teammate have touched the ball.Indirect free kick

To signal for an indirect free kick, the referee blows his whistle, raises an arm upwards and points to the
direction of the kick. He keeps his arm raised until the ball has been kicked and touched by another
player.

An indirect free kick is awarded for less serious offenses by an outfield player or for violation of
goalkeeping rules.

Red cardReferee holds red card above the head, to the player being sent off.
When awarding a red card, the referee goes to the player who committed an offense then holds a red-
colored card high up. After making this gesture, the referee gives the signal for a direct free kick, or a
penalty kick if the offense happened inside the penalty area.

The referee gives a red card in a football game to send off a player who committed a very serious foul
and misconduct.

Yellow card

Referee held up a yellow card above the head, to the player being cautioned.A yellow card is issued the
same way with a red card. The yellow card in football is a caution for a serious rule violation. If a player
is issued a yellow card for the second time in the match, he will be sent off from play.

After awarding a second yellow card, the referee shows a red card to indicate that the offending player
must leave the football field.

Referee extends both arms to indicate that play can continue.Advantage

The referee signals for an advantage by extending both arms in front of his body, palms facing up. If the
advantage foul warrants a card, the referee will issue it to the offending player in the next dead ball.