1. In the year 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian visited his provinces in Britain.

2. On his visit, the Roman soldiers told him that Pictish tribes from Britain's north had attacked them.
3. So Hadrian gave the order to build a protective wall across one of the narrowest parts of the
cuntry.
4. After 6 years of hard work, the Wall was finished in 128.
5. It was 117 kilometres long and about 4 metres high.
6. The Wall was guarded by 15,000 Roman soldiers.
7. Every 8 kilometres there was a large fort in which up to 1,000 soldiers found shelter.
8. The soldiers watched over the frontier to the north and checked the people who wanted to enter or
leave Roman Britain.
9. In order to pass through the Wall, people had to go to one of the small forts that served as
gateways.
10. Those forts were called milecastles because the distance from one fort to another was one Roman
mile (about 1,500 metres).
11. Between the milecastles there were two turrets from which the soldiers guarded the Wall.
12. If the Wall was attacked by enemies, the soldiers at the turrets ran to the nearest milecastle for
help or lit a fire that could be seen by the soldiers in the milecastle.
13. In 383 Hadrian's Wall was abandoned.
14. Today Hadrian's Wall is the most popular tourist attraction in northern England.
15. In 1987, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words

always,
1. action in the present
SIMPLE A: He speaks/You speak. every …, never,
PRESENT TENSE N: He does not speak/You don’t taking place once, never normally, often,
speak. or several times seldom,
Q: Does he speak? / Do you speak? sometimes,
2. facts
usually
3. actions taking place one if sentences type
after another (repeated I (If I talk, …)
actions)
4. action set by a timetable
or schedule
PRESENT A: He is speaking. at the moment,
1. action taking place at
CONTINUOUS N: He is not speaking. just, just now,
Q: Is he speaking? the moment of speaking Listen!, Look!,
TENSE
2. action taking place only now, right now
A: I am speaking.
for a limited period of
N: I am not speaking.
Q: Am I speaking? time (temporary)
3. action arranged for the
A: We are speaking.
future
N: We are not speaking.
Q: Are we speaking?
SIMPLE PAST TENSE A: He spoke. yesterday, 2
1. action in the past taking
N: He did not speak. minutes ago, in
Q: Did he speak? place once, never or 1990, the other
several times day, last Friday
if sentence type
2. actions taking place one
II (If I
after another talked, …)

PAST A: He was speaking. when, while, as

1. action going on at a
CONTINUOUS N: He was not speaking. long as
Q: Was he speaking? certain time in the past
TENSE
2. two actions taking place
A: We were speaking.
at the same time in the
N: We were not speaking.
Q: Were we speaking? past
3. action in the past that
was interrupted by another
action

PRESENT A: He has spoken. already, ever,

1. putting emphasis on the
PERFECT N: He has not spoken. just, never, not
Q: Has he spoken? result yet, so far, till
SIMPLE TENSE
2. action that is still going now, up to now
A: We have spoken.
on
N: We have not spoken.
Q: Have we spoken? 3. action that stopped
recently
4. finished action that has
an influence on the present
5. action that has taken
place once, never or
several times before the
moment of speaking
(experience)
PRESENT A: He has been speaking.
PERFECT N: He has not been speaking.
Q: Has he been speaking?
CONTINUOUS
TENSE A: We have been speaking.
N: We have not been speaking.
Q: Have we been speaking?
PAST PERFECT A: He had spoken.
SIMPLE TENSE N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken?
PAST PERFECT A: He had been speaking.
CONTINUOUS N: He had not been speaking.
Q: Had he been speaking?
TENSE
FUTURE SIMPLE A: He will speak.
TENSE N: He will not speak.
Q: Will he speak?
FUTURE A: He is going to speak.
N: He is not going to speak.
(going to) Q: Is he going to speak?
FUTURE A: He will be speaking.
all day, for 4
1. putting emphasis on the
years, since
course or duration (not 1993, how
the result) long?, the whole
week
2. action that recently
stopped or is still going on
3. finished action that
influenced the present
already, just,
1. action taking place
never, not yet,
before some other past once, until that
action day
if sentence type
2. sometimes
III (If I had
interchangeable with past talked, …)
perfect continuous
3. putting emphasis only
on the fact (not the
duration)
for, since, the
1. action taking place
whole day, all
before a certain time in the day
past
2. sometimes
interchangeable with past
perfect simple
3. putting emphasis on the
duration or course of an
action
1. action in the future that
in a year,
next …,
cannot be influenced tomorrow
2. spontaneous decision If - I (If you ask
her, she will
3. assumption with regard help you.)
to the future assumption: I
think, probably,
4. offers, threats,
we might …,
promises… perhaps
in one year, next
1. plan made for the
week, tomorrow
future
2. conclusion with regard
to the future (based on
present evidence)
in one year, next
1. action that is going on
 CONTINUOUS N: He will not be speaking. week, tomorrow
at a certain time in the
TENSE Q: Will he be speaking?
future
2. action that is sure to
happen in the near future

FUTURE A: He will have spoken. by Monday, in a

1. action that will be
PERFECT N: He will not have spoken. week
Q: Will he have spoken? finished at a certain time
SIMPLE TENSE in the future
FUTURE PERFECT A: He will have been speaking. for …, the last
1. action taking place
CONTINUOUS N: He will not have been speaking. couple of hours,
TENSE Q: Will he have been speaking? before a certain time in the all day long
future
2. putting emphasis on the
course of an action

  Explanation Past Present Future

 
PAST SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE
TENSE TENSE TENSE
action that takes place He played football every He plays football every He will / is going to play
once, never or several Tuesday. Tuesday. football every Tuesday.
times
actions that happen one He played football and He plays football and thenHe will play football and
after another then he went home. he goes home. then he will go home.
state He loved football. He loves football. He will love football.

  PAST CONTINUOUS PRESENT FUTURE

CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS

action going on at that He was playing football. He is playing football. He will be playing
moment football.
actions taking place at He was playing football He is playing football He will be playing
the same time while she was watching. while she is watching. football and she will be
 watching.

 
PAST PERFECT PRESENT FUTURE
PERFECT PERFECT
action taking place before He had won five matches He has won five matches He will have won five
a certain moment in time; until that day. so far. matches by then.
emphasises the result

  PAST PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT

CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS

action taking place before He had been playing He has been playing He will have been playing
a certain moment in time football for ten years. football for ten years. football for ten years.
(and beyond), emphasises
the duration