Basic Principles of Electromechanical Energy

Conversion
• Role
• Structure
• Production of Magnetic Field
• Basic Principles – force and induced-emf
• Motoring and Generating Modes
• Power Losses and Efficiency

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 1
 Electric Drive

Electrical Electrical Mechanical

System Machine System

Motoring mode Pelec Pmech

Generating mode Pelec Pmech

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 2
 Basic Structure
 Construction

Stator
Air gap

Rotor

 Multi‐pole structure

S
N

N S N N S S
N

2 pole 4 pole salient pole

Sufficient to consider a 2‐pole machine
© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 3
 Production of Magnetic Field
 Radial field (H,F,B) in the air gap
 
is (t ) 
H positive if away from the center
 Using Ampere’s law, field  magnetic
axis
produced by the stator is, r lg
is (t )
Ns
N sis
Hs 
2g

mmf  acting on air gap Bs (t )
N s is o
Ni 
Fs  H s  g  ss stator surface 2l g
2 
 2
& Flux density in air gap rotor surface
0
N s is o

Bs  o H s  2l g
 
2
2

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 4
 Basic Principles of Operation

 Force on a current carrying conductor subjected to an externally‐
established magnetic field

f em  B  i
 emf induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic field

e Bu

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 5
 Electromagnetic Force
external B field
B

fem
l fem fem
i


 
 resultant
subtract add

fem  B  i  Force Direction ‐
    Higher concentration to
[ Nm ] [Wb / m 2 ] [ m ] [ A] lower concentration

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 6
 Induced EMF
Force on positive charges 

fq  q ( u  B )
fq
B (into paper)

In this example a net positive charge u
accumulates at the top and a net 
negative charge accumulates at the 
bottom fq


Magnitude of induced emf
e 
 B l u
   fq
[V ] [Wb / m 2 ][ m ][ m / s ]
B (into paper)
Polarity of induced emf is given by f q
and is independent of current flowing
u
through the conductor 

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 7
 Application of Basic Principles
 Assumptions 
 Uniform Bs , radial in direction
 Rotor current of constant magnitude
 m
but direction changes with position ir er Tem
stator
magnetic

 counter‐clockwise torque is positive axis

Electrical
 Force acting on the conductor system
f em  Bs ( N r I ) l
and torque on coil
ir
Tem  2 f em r  2Bs ( N r I ) lr I

torque remains constant as rotor turns 
0 180 o 360 o
I
 emf induced in coil er E
er  2econd  2N r Bslr m r
0 
E
Tem


0

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 8
 Energy conversion
ir
 I

0 180 o 360 o
I
Motoring er E
 m
Mode ir er
stator

Tem magnetic 0 
axis E
Electrical Tem
system

0

ir
 I


0 180 o 360 o
I
Regenerative er E
braking 
ir er m Tem
stator
Mode  magnetic 0 
axis
E
Electrical Tem
system 0 

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 9
 Power losses and Energy efficiency
 Motor losses
 Conduction losses, PR
 Iron losses, Phe Electric
 Drive
 
 Friction and windage losses, Pfw
 Switching losses, Psw P
Electrical
 Stray losses, Ps Pin P Po
Machine
U
Ploss  PR  Phe  Psw  Pfw  Ps

Po Po
mach  
Pin Po  Ploss

 PPU losses PPU Motor

 Conduction losses losses losses
 Switching losses
drive   PPU  motor (80  90%)

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 10
 Motor Ratings
 Safe Operating Area

Speed
Continuous
Safe Operating
Area

100% Re duced torque

due to lack of
cooling

0 Torque
100%

 Rated speed, torque and power Prated   rated Trated

 Motor temperature rise due to losses
 Expanded safe operating area during transients and 
for intermittent operation

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 11
 Summary
Basic Principles of Electromechanical Energy 
Conversion
• Role
• Structure
• Production of Magnetic Field
• Basic Principles – force and induced‐emf
• Motoring and Generating Modes
• Power Losses and Efficiency

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2010 12