Emma MacDonald

1. If kidneys stopped functioning, then the intracellular functions would be affected through
the urea accumulating in the blood since there is nothing to process it. This would cause
toxic concentration of urea into the cell, leading to cell failure because of the toxic urea.
2. The conversion of glucose into another molecule leads to effect the body to be able to
take energy out of the bonds of glucose. If the cell is constantly seeking glucose and then
immediately converting it, the cell will always seek to gain more glucose because it is
constantly being converted to maintain the concentration gradient.
3. Facilitated diffusion is the movement of materials through transport proteins. Active
transport is a type of transport that goes against the concentration gradient by moving
from high to low. Energy expenditure is more so used for active transport since that kind
of transport requires energy compared to facilitated diffusion which is a kind of passive
transport. Active transport moves against its concentration gradient and facilitated
diffusion moves with the concentration gradient (from high to low) with the aid of a
transport protein.
4. The rate of diffusion is affected by an increase in the concentration gradient because of
the fact that if the comparison of the gradient is more extreme then the cell would be
finding more urgency to achieve equilibrium. As the gradient gets closer and closer to
equilibrium the cell will slow down the rate of diffusion since it is getting to the achieved
states before the cell is able to undo any progress that it has made.
5. A hypertonic solution causes the crenation of a cell because the low about of water in the
solution causes the cell to shrink. A hypotonic solution causes lysis of a cell because the
cell will burst due to the high concentration of water inside.
6. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. It is an enzyme that
breaks things down through catalase.

7. If a cell had made a mistake causing the wrong amino acid in a sequence this would
affect the protein’s function through the enzyme function. If the enzyme function is off in
a cell the cell would be affected through the amino acid in the wrong sequence and
therefore the cell would not function properly.
8. You need a solution that is isotonic to glucose and ions so that they will stay within the
body. To get rid of the urea a hypotonic solution would be necessary so that the cells
would burst and ultimately get rid of the toxic waste in the urea.
9. When a person is beginning to become dehydrated and wants to drink water, ocean water
is not a viable option because this will cause further imbalance of the concentration
gradient. Because of the saltiness the cells will begin to shrink, which is the process of
crenation. The body will have to work harder and use the water that it does have stored to
balance out all the salt which is no longer benefical.