Problem Set #6:

1(3). Find Jordan-form representations A and transformation matrix Q for the following matrices:
⎡ 3 3 −3⎤ ⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡1 3 −3⎤
A1 = ⎢0 −1 1 ⎥ , A2 = ⎢1 −1 1 ⎥ , A3 = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 3 −2 ⎥⎦
Solution: A1 :
λ −3 −3 3
Δ (λ ) = λ I − A1 = 0 λ +1 −1 = λ 2 (λ − 3) = 0 ⇒ λ1 = λ2 = 0, λ3 = 3
0 1 λ −1
⎡ −3 −3 3 ⎤ ⎡0 ⎤
(λ1 I − A1 )v1 = 0 ⇒ ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥ v1 = 0 ⇒ v1 = ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 ⎦⎥
Since λ1 = λ2 , consider ( A1 − λ1 I )v2 = v1 , i.e.,
⎡ 3 3 −3⎤ ⎡0 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
⎢0 −1 1 ⎥ v = ⎢1 ⎥ ⇒ v = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦
⎡ 0 −3 3 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
(λ3 I − A1 )v3 = 0 ⇒ ⎢ 0 4 −1⎥ v3 = 0 ⇒ v3 = ⎢⎢0 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦
⎡0 1 1 ⎤ ⎡0 1 0 ⎤
Let Q = [ v1 v2 v3 ] = ⎢1 0 0 ⎥ , thus, Q −1 = ⎢⎢0 −1 1 ⎥⎥ , the Jordan form of A1 is
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣1 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 −1⎥⎦
⎡0 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 3 −3⎤ ⎡ 0 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 −1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 0 ⎤
A1 = Q −1 A1Q = ⎢⎢0 −1 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢0 −1 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1 0 0 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1 0 0⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ .
⎢⎣1 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 3 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 3⎥⎦
A2 :
λ −2 0 1
Δ (λ ) = λ I − A2 = −1 λ + 1 −1 = (λ + 1)(λ − 1) 2 = 0 ⇒ λ1 = −1, λ2 = λ3 = 1
−1 0 λ
⎡ −3 0 1⎤ ⎡0 ⎤
(λ1 I − A2 )v1 = 0 ⇒ ⎢⎢ −1 0 −1⎥ v1 = 0 ⇒ v1 = ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ −1 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦
⎡ −1 0 1⎤ ⎡1⎤
(λ2 I − A2 )v2 = 0 ⇒ ⎢⎢ −1 2 −1⎥ v2 = 0 ⇒ v2 = ⎢⎢1⎥⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ −1 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1⎥⎦
Since λ2 = λ3 , consider ( A2 − λ2 I )v3 = v2 , i.e.,

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 ⎡1 0 −1⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
⎢1 −2 1 ⎥ v = ⎢1⎥ ⇒ v3 = ⎢⎢0 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 3
⎢⎣1 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦
⎡01 1⎤ ⎡ 0 1 −1⎤
Let Q = [ v1 v2 v3 ] = ⎢⎢11 0 ⎥ , thus, Q = ⎢⎢ 0 0 1 ⎥⎥ , the Jordan form of A2 is
⎥ −1

⎢⎣0
1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 0 −1⎥⎦
⎡ 0 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡0 1 1 ⎤ ⎡0 −1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 0⎤
A2 = Q A2Q = ⎢⎢ 0 0 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 1 −1 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1 1 0⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢1 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢1 1 0⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0 1 1 ⎥⎥ .
−1

⎢⎣1 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦

A3 :
λ −1 −3 3
Δ(λ ) = λ I − A3 = 0 λ −1 0 = (λ + 2)(λ − 1) 2 = 0 ⇒ λ1 = −2, λ2 = λ3 = 1
0 −3 λ + 2
⎡ −3 −3 3 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
(λ1 I − A3 )v1 = 0 ⇒ ⎢⎢ 0 −3 0 ⎥ v1 = 0 ⇒ v1 = ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −3 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦
⎡0 −3 3 ⎤ ⎡0⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
(λ2 I − A3 )v2 = 0 ⇒ ⎢⎢0 0 0 ⎥ v2 = 0 ⇒ v2 = ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥ ,
⎥ v3 = ⎢⎢0 ⎥⎥ since ν (λ2 I − A3 ) = 2
⎢⎣0 −3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦
⎡1 0 1⎤ ⎡ 0 −1 1⎤
Let Q = [ v1 v2 v3 ] = ⎢⎢0 1 0 ⎥ , thus, Q = ⎢⎢ 0 1
⎥ −1
0 ⎥⎥ , the Jordan form of A3 is
⎣⎢1 1 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢1 1 −1⎦⎥
⎡ 0 −1 1 ⎤ ⎡1 3 −3⎤ ⎡1 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2 −2 ⎤ ⎡1 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ −2 0 0⎤
A3 = Q A3Q = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢0 1 0 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 0 1 0⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0⎥⎥ .
−1

⎢⎣1 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 3 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦

2(6). For the matrices in Problem 1, compute A119 , A1k , A250 , A2k , A311 , A3k for arbitrary integer k .
Solution: A1k :
Since det( A1 ) = 0, A1−1 does not exist, k ≥ 0.
k = 0 : A1k = A10 = I
k = 1: A1k = A11 = A1
k ≥ 2 : define f (λ ) = λ k , g (λ ) = β 0 + β1λ + β 2λ 2 , from Problem 1, λ1 = λ2 = 0, λ3 = 3,
f (0) = g (0) ⇒ 0k = β 0 + β1 ⋅ 0 + β 2 ⋅ 02 ⇒ β0 = 0
f '(0) = g '(0) ⇒ k0 k −1
= β1 + 2β 2 ⋅ 0 ⇒ β1 = 0
f (3) = g (3) ⇒ 3 = β 0 + β1 ⋅ 3 + β 2 ⋅ 3
k 2
⇒ β 2 = 3k − 2
Thus, g (λ ) = 3k − 2 λ 2

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 ⎡ 3 3 −3⎤ ⎡9 9 −9 ⎤ ⎡1 1 −1⎤
2

A1 = f ( A1 ) = g ( A1 ) = 3 A1 = 3 ⎢0 −1 1 ⎥ = 3 ⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥ = 3 ⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ .
k k −2 2 k −2 ⎢ ⎥ k −2 ⎢ ⎥ k ⎢

⎢⎣0 −1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 ⎥⎦
A119 :
⎡1 1 −1⎤
A = 3 ⎢⎢0 0 0 ⎥⎥ .
19
1
19

⎢⎣0 0 0 ⎥⎦
A2k :
Define f (λ ) = λ k , g (λ ) = β 0 + β1λ + β 2 λ 2 , from Problem 1, λ1 = −1, λ2 = λ3 = 1,
f (−1) = g (−1) ⇒ (−1) k = β 0 + β1 ⋅ (−1) + β 2 ⋅ (−1) 2 ⇒ (−1) k = β 0 − β1 + β 2
f (1) = g (1) ⇒ 1k = β 0 + β1 ⋅1 + β 2 ⋅12 ⇒ 1 = β 0 + β1 + β 2
f '(1) = g '(1) ⇒ k ⋅1k −1
= β1 + 2 β 2 ⋅1 ⇒ k = β1 + 2 β 2
−2k + 3 + (−1) k
1 − (−1) k
2k − 1 + (−1) k
⇒ β0 = , β1 = , β2 =
4 2 4
−2k + 3 + (−1) 1 − (−1)
k k
2k − 1 + (−1) k 2
Thus, g (λ ) = + λ+ λ
4 2 4
−2k + 3 + (−1) k 1 − (−1) k 2k − 1 + (−1) k 2
A2k = f ( A2 ) = g ( A2 ) = + A2 + A2
4 2 4
⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ 0 −1⎤
2
⎡2
−2k + 3 + (−1) 1 − (−1) ⎢
k k
⎥ + 2k − 1 + (−1)
k
⎢1
= + ⎢ 1 − 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ −1 1 ⎥⎥
4 2 4
⎢⎣ 1 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡3 0 −2 ⎤
−2k + 3 + (−1) k 1 − (−1) k ⎢ ⎥ + 2k − 1 + (−1)
k
⎢2
= + ⎢ 1 − 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1 −2 ⎥⎥
4 2 4
⎣⎢ 1 0 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 0 −1⎦⎥
⎡k + 1 0 −k ⎤
⎢
=⎢ k k⎥
(−1) 1 − k − (−1) ⎥ .
k

⎢⎣ k 0 −k + 1 ⎥⎦
A250 :
⎡50 + 1 0 −50 ⎤ ⎡ 51 0 −50⎤
⎢
A = ⎢ 50
50
(−1) 50
1 − 50 − (−1) ⎥ = ⎢⎢50 1 −50⎥⎥ .
50 ⎥
2

⎢⎣ 50 0 −50 + 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣50 0 −49⎥⎦

A3k :
Define f (λ ) = λ k , g (λ ) = β 0 + β1λ + β 2 λ 2 , from Problem 1, λ1 = −2, λ2 = λ3 = 1,
f (−2) = g (−2) ⇒ (−2) k = β 0 + β1 ⋅ (−2) + β 2 ⋅ (−2) 2 ⇒ (−2) k = β 0 − 2 β1 + 4 β 2
f (1) = g (1) ⇒ 1k = β 0 + β1 ⋅1 + β 2 ⋅12 ⇒ 1 = β 0 + β1 + β 2
f '(1) = g '(1) ⇒ k ⋅1k −1
= β1 + 2 β 2 ⋅1 ⇒ k = β1 + 2 β 2
−6k + 8 + (−2) k
3k + 2 − 2(−2) 3k − 1 + (−2)
k k
⇒ β0 = , β1 = , β2 =
9 9 9
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 −6k + 8 + (−2) k 3k + 2 − 2(−2) k 3k − 1 + (−2) k 2
Thus, g (λ ) = + λ+ λ
9 9 9
−6k + 8 + (−2) k 3k + 2 − 2(−2) k 3k − 1 + (−2) k 2
A3k = f ( A3 ) = g ( A3 ) = + A3 + A3
9 9 9
⎡1 3 −3⎤ ⎡1 3 −3⎤
2

−6k + 8 + (−2) 3k + 2 − 2(−2) ⎢

k k
⎥ + 3k − 1 + (−2)
k
⎢0 1 0 ⎥
= + ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
9 9 9
⎢⎣ 0 3 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 3 −2 ⎥⎦
⎡1 3 −3⎤ ⎡1 −3 3 ⎤
−6k + 8 + (−2) k 3k + 2 − 2(−2) k ⎢ ⎥ + 3k − 1 + (−2)
k
⎢ 0 1 0⎥
= + ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
9 9 9
⎢⎣ 0 3 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −3 4 ⎥⎦
⎡1 1 − (−2) k −1 + (−2) k ⎤
⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0 1 0 ⎥.
⎢0 1 − (−2) k (−2) k ⎥⎦
⎣
A311 :
⎡1 1 − (−2)11 −1 + (−2)11 ⎤ ⎡1 2049 −2049 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
A311 = ⎢0 1 0 ⎥ = ⎢0 1 0 ⎥⎥ .
⎢0 1 − (−2)11 (−2)11 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 2049 −2048⎥⎦
⎣

3(1). Let f ( A) be a polynomial. Suppose that v is an eigenvector of A with corresponding eigenvalue λ ,

show that v is also an eigenvector of f ( A) with corresponding eigenvalue f (λ ).
Solution: Since v is an eigenvector of A with corresponding eigenvalue λ , i.e.,
Av = λ v
and f ( A) is a polynomial, i.e.,
N
f ( A) = ∑ ak Ak
k =0

Thus,
⎛ N ⎞ N N
⎛ N ⎞
f ( A)v = ⎜ ∑ ak Ak ⎟ v = ∑ ak ( Ak v) = ∑ ak (λ k v) = ⎜ ∑ ak λ k ⎟ v = f (λ )v
⎝ k =0 ⎠ k =0 k =0 ⎝ k =0 ⎠
which shows that v is also an eigenvector of f ( A) with corresponding eigenvalue f (λ ).

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