ERP FOR FASHION BUSINESS

ASSIGNMENT 1

TOPIC – EVOLUTION OF ERP, ITS POPULAR VENDORS, BENEFITS AND

PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTATION. CASE STUDIES OF REVLON AND GANONG
BROS

SUBMITTED TO – MR. D. HARISH RAJIV SUBMITTED BY – GARGI KAWALKAR

ASST. PROFESSOR MAYA N M

NIFT BHUBANESWAR NIKITA

SHIVANI JAYANTH

1 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION TO ERP..............…….…………………………….………….3
2. EVOLUTION OF ERP.......……………………………………………….………..4
3. Stage 1......................………………………………………………….………4
2. Stage 2.......................……………………………………………….………...5
3. Stage 3......................………………………………………………….………6
4. Stage 4......................…………………………………………………….……7
5. Stage 5......................…………………………………………………….……7
6. LATEST TRENDS IN ERP MARKET…………………………………….……...9
7. POPULAR ERP VENDORS..........................................................................14
8. PROCESS OF ERP IMPLEMENTATION.............…………………….……….22
9. BENEFITS OF ERP IMPLEMENTATION.............…………………………….25
10. Tangible benefits……………………….………………………...……...25
11. Intangible benefits……………………….……………………..………...27
12. CASE STUDIES............................................................................................29
13. Successful ERP Implementation……………………………….….……..…29
14. Failure in ERP Implementation...…………………………….….….............31
15. ERP IMPLEMETATION IN INDIAN RAILWAY ………………….……..….…..34
16. Freight Operations Information System (FOIS)……………….……..….….35
17. Unreserved ticketing system (UTS)……………………………..………..….37
18. REFERENCES...............………………………………………………………….40

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 INTRODUCTION TO ERP

The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is an enterprise information system

designed to integrate and optimize the business processes and transactions in a
corporation. An ERP system enables an organization to integrate all the primary
business processes in order to enhance efficiency and achieve a competitive edge. It
also facilitates the smooth flow of functional information and practices across the
supply chain.1

Fashion brands have become aware of how technology and innovation are key
competitive differentiators to enable them to achieve a faster speed to market and
insight throughout all steps of the supply chain. ERP implementation in fashion
businesses usually involves significant customisation or the use of a vertical solution.
Speed to market and flexibility are key success factors in the fashion
industry. Responsiveness to fashion market trends requires information sharing
across a global supply chain. Shared information, quick response and greater
systems integration are seen as critical to creating agile and lean supply chains
within the industry. Many fashion companies have adopted ERP to deal with this
issue by re-engineering the supply chain both within and beyond the organisation.
The fast fashion phenomenon is another important driver of ERP adoption within the
sector. Fast fashion leads to a more dynamic market with more frequently
changing merchandising and purchasing decisions, and hence ERP systems can
play a crucial role in supporting the fast fashion concept. 2

1
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Fashion-ERP-Systems-and-Supply-Chain-Coordination-Li-
Choi/fb2295e5606fa2cc16706701a0efd8a169efefb3?p2df
2
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301197652_ERP_in_Fashion_Implementation_Issues_and_Busines
s_Benefits

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 EVOLUTION OF ERP

STAGE 1 - MATERIAL REQUIREMENT PLANNING (MRP)

Material requirement planning is the first stage in evolution of ERP. It was developed
by engineer Joseph Orlicky. It was the fundamental concept of production
management and control in the mid 1970s. The first computerized MRP system was
tested successfully by Black & Decker in 1964. 3 MRP is generally used for 3
functions,

 MRP helps in ensuring that right materials are available for production with right
quantity to avoid shortages.
 MRP helps in reducing waste by maintaining lowest possible materials and
product levels in stock.
 An MRP system helps plan manufacturing functions, delivery schedules and
purchasing.

MRP helps in integrating data from production schedules from inventory and Bill of
Materials (BOM) to calculate purchasing and shipping costs and schedules for the
parts required to build a product. In an apparel industry, for the making of a formal
shirt the required materials are, Fabric, Hanger, Fusing material, Handtag, Thread,
Buttons, Main label, Care label, Joker label , Polybag, Paper, Board, Hang tag and
Carton. It is very necessary to keep track of these materials in the inventory
warehouse to maintain the production schedule such that the order is completed on
time. When production is done a large scale, keeping a stock of the inventory is a
tedious task and there can be errors while handling stock without an organized
system. MRP systems brought considerable order into the chaotic process of
material planning in a discrete manufacturing operation.

The main shortcoming of an MRP system is Data Integrity. For successful material
requirements planning the data fed in the system must be accurate or it can cause
serious production and stock errors.

3
http://www.brainkart.com/article/Evolution-of-Enterprise-Resource-Planning_7316/

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STAGE 2 - MANUFACTURING RESOURCE PLANNING (MRP 2.0)

MRP 2.0 addressed the entire manufacturing function. MRP 2.0 went beyond
computations of the materials requirement to include loading and scheduling. MRP
2.0 systems could determine whether a given schedule of production was feasible,
not merely from material availability but also from other resource point of view. It is
an upgrade from material requirement planning; it allows additional data such as
employee and financial needs. The system is designed to centralize, integrate and
process information for effective decision making in scheduling, design engineering,
inventory management and cost control in manufacturing.

The resources considered from MRP 2.0 systems would include production facilities,
machine capacities and precedence sequences. The increased functionality enabled
MRP 2.0 systems provided a way to run the system in a loop.

 It was used to check the feasibility of a production schedule taking into account
the constraints.
 It is used to adjust the loading of the resources, if possible, to meet the production
schedule.
 It is also used to plan the materials using the traditional MRP 2.0 systems. 4

When an apparel formal shirt making industry accepts an order for the production of
formal shirts, they need to assign a production schedule such that the order is
completed on time.

MRP 2.0 is widely used in industries today by itself but it can also be used as a
module of more extensive ERP systems.

4
https://www.forceintellect.com/2017/11/13/evolution-of-erp/

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STAGE 3 - ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP)

The nineties generation saw a rise in global competition, customer focus and
shortened product life cycles. The systems before could not keep up with the pace.
This called for integration of manufacturing with other functional areas including
accounting, marketing, finance and human resource development.

All business have different systems, like financials to watch the accounts, production
to watch productivity, inventory to keep tracks of your supplies, sales to keep in
bringing the customers, services to look into your customer needs and purchasing to
shop for your product, now data of some of these systems are needed for the
functioning of other systems like data of sales system can be needed for production
system which can be needed for finance. Various interfaces are used to transfer data
from sales to manufacturing and than from manufacturing to financial. This can
reduce the efficiency of the company and can cause data loss too.

The function of ERP is,

 To create a common database serving in multiple functional areas so whenever

data of one system is needed for other it can be attained easily.
 To streamline business operations by integrating the data and refining the
processes required to operate an organization.

ERP is business solution software that integrates and automates the data
management of a company’s business processes.

ERP is a tool that brings about effective co-ordination between the departments of
an organization to direct the process by providing comparative information & analysis
regarding trends and forecasts. It assists in effective management of the supply
chain, just-in-time inventory and information as well as enterprise logistics
management useful in the fashion and lifestyle industry. 5

STAGE 4 - EXTENDED ERP PLANNING (E - ERP)

5
https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/2704/erp-in-apparel-industry

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Further developments in the enterprise resource planning system concept have led
to evolution of extended ERP or web - enabled ERP. With globalization on one hand
and massive development in the internet technology on the other, need for web
based IT solution was felt. Thus E- ERP is development in the field of ERP which
involves the technology of Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) to facilitate the
functions of an organization around the web.

Cloud services of ERP for the garment industry are the most feature-rich and user-
friendly fashion software. They enable,

 To perform multiple billing,

 Take control over clothing inventory,
 Accept online payments for the customer’s orders and
 Keep track of stock levels in real-time.
 Streamline the sales process at your apparel store, and efficiently and securely
manage your customer’s order and payment details.
 Allows integration between multiple departments at the apparel and garment store
to enable communication among them6

STAGE 5 - ENTERPRISE RESURCE PLANNING II (ERP 2.0)

ERP 2.0 comes with all the functions as ERP with improvement in functionality
associated with supply chain management, supplier relationship management and
customer relationship management. All of these tend to encourage collaboration with
entities or companies outside of the original enterprise that implemented ERP. ERP
2.0 can enable access to information by those outside the company or original entity.
Functions like customer relationship management, knowledge management,
workflow management and human resource management are included in this
package.

An apparel manufacturing plant that allows access to planning information by

another plant or its customers uses ERP 2.0. This software allows access by those
outside the company has more stringent security plus design to avoid access to
6
https://www.logicerp.com/Solutions/apparel-footwear-software

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certain company information. This is a web friendly application and thus addresses
the issue of multiple office locations.

Fig 1 - History of ERP system with respect to apparel industries

LATEST TRENDS IN ERP MARKET

1. MOBILE ERP

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 Mobile devices are rampantly used by people all over the world and are the most
common device in existence. They are taken everywhere and used for every
purpose possible by people. Today’s workforce requires a higher level of mobile
connectivity, essentially app versions of large-scale company software. Mobile
applications provide executives, managers, analysts and employees with a real-
time view of pertinent company information and make communicating with
customers easier from any location.
With ERP mobile apps, we gain a variety of helpful functions, such as,
 The ability to send out push notifications
 Keep track of orders and expenses
 Review and approve employee time and create events on a calendar
 Improving customer relations or managing sales orders.

Including mobile apps in your software suites means the ability to accomplish
more in a shorter amount of time. Faster response time, improved connectivity
and keeping your employees informed means happier customers and better
internal organization.

2. CLOUD ERP
Cloud ERP is quickly evolving to become the industry standard. Manufacturers,
retailers and every company in between can benefit from using cloud-hosted
services. And as consumers demand more from the brands they shop with, cloud-
based ERP is predicted to continue growing.
Using the cloud, supports our best interests and business intelligence, and also
will continue to evolve as more industries implement the tool. Growth in popularity
and higher business demand for cloud services will spark the development of
more features and customization options.
Cloud-hosted ERP is a solution that helps a company collect, manage and
analyze data from any location. Using the cloud as a hosting service has many
benefits, including,
 Faster deployment - On-site ERP platforms can take about a year to
implement and deploy, as setting up the servers correctly requires a lot of
complex planning. In a fast-paced industry, it’s crucial to get things done

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 quickly, without risking a lot of downtime. With no on-site servers to install,
implementing a cloud-based system takes as little as three months, so a
company will get to the advantages much sooner.
 Simplified updates - In an on-site system, updating software is a hassle. It
takes valuable time and often requires a company-wide outage for
maintenance which can disrupt your productivity. The use of cloud will gain
benefit of automatic software updates. Without a break in productivity, one can
always work with the latest and most capable version of the software.
 Collaboration - One of the most significant conveniences of cloud-hosted ERP
systems is the ease of collaboration. With a simplified system and central
database, teams and suppliers can all access the same data in real-time,
regardless of where they’re located around the world. Access to real-time
supply chain data gives employees and partners the power to identify and
address issues immediately. On-site ERP systems don’t even come close to
this level of collaboration, as they require wired connections to desktop
computers in the same location for access.
 Reinforced security - When cloud-based solutions were first developed, they
were created to enhance security. Cloud-hosted ERPs may have various
security features to keep your information safe, including encrypted
communication for web service calls and monitoring for any activity that’s out of
the ordinary. Using a cloud system also safeguards data from accidental losses
like power failure and natural disasters. All information is automatically backed
up in the cloud and stored far from your geographic location.

3. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
IOT devices create a path for communication between the physical systems and
ERP software. They improve accuracy and efficiency while reducing the necessity
of human intervention. The visibility IOT adds to the entire supply chain process
will help keep the entire organization informed and on the same page. The six key
elements are,
 Hardware - IOT centers on the physical devices that make this technology
possible, including the sensors and actuators that are capable of network
connectivity and data collection. They require the functionality for basic

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 processing and storage, so micro-controllers or integrated circuits are also
necessary.
 Networking and cloud integration - Designing a capable network and
management system is essential to making IOT work. It involves a high volume
of interconnected devices, and small design decisions have significant impacts
when they reach that scale. Creating connectivity allows devices to
communicate among themselves and with cloud services and applications.
Data storage, processing and analysis are centered in the cloud infrastructure.
 Embedded programming - IOT uses embedded devices, which require
prototyping and programming. C++, C, Python and JavaScript are all
programming languages suited for developing embedded programs.
 Data analytics and prediction - While the devices and hardware collect data,
the system still needs a program to ingest, store and analyze a large amount of
incoming information. Also, because some of the collected data is latent or
time-sensitive, it must filter or discard irrelevant information.
 Security - As one of the biggest concerns surrounding IOT, security needs to
be present and built into every part of the system’s design. With so much data
and information to protect, developers need to be skilled in security
engineering, including threat assessment and intelligence, encryption, ethical
hacking, event monitoring, activity logging and securing network architectures
and applications.
 Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) - Because devices generate
so much information, IoT developers need machine learning and AI skills to
derive value from the raw data. Cognitive computing techniques are necessary
for intelligence, can be applied to sensor data streams and make autonomous
decisions regarding incoming information. Machine learning can also use
historical data to recognize patterns or identify anomalies in new data.

The software used is an ecosystem of IOT and its interconnected devices is what
performs all the analytics. Once the sensors and hardware send the data to your
software, the program aggregates the information and sorts it into relevant
sections, making it accessible to the user. It can render and convert data from
personal computers, smart phones, tablets and similar devices, as well as pull

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 from servers, networks, websites, applications, other programs, SIEM logs and
other sources.

4. OMNICHANNEL STRATEGIES
Gone are the days when brick and mortar stores were the source of items for
customers. Now there are multiple channels buyers go through to make a
purchase. It can be challenging to manage all those channels cohesively.
Consumers will see a brand as a whole rather than judging by a single method of
sales, and they expect consistency. If every sales channel was kept separate,
customers are bound to experience inconsistencies and feel ignored and
frustrated while moving from one system to another.
The best alternative is creating an omnichannel experience that unifies front-end
and back-end services. It creates a seamless shopping journey for customers,
whether they use online, mobile, in-store or a combination of those channels.
Omnichannel solutions offer advantages like,
 Real-time visibility - Omnichannel solutions allows checking inventory levels
across all channels quickly and from anywhere. One can easily avoid running
into stock issues or inefficient product tracking methods. These benefits reduce
the risk of missing a sales opportunity and help provide better customer
service.
 Centralized order management - Omnichannel eliminates separate channels
and issues that come with it and makes it easy to fulfil any order and allows
customers to buy and return items anywhere.
 Unified data source - Siloed sources keeps data resources separated. But an
omnichannel system compiles all your customer data in a single repository.
This way, all employees and team members can have a complete view of a
customer’s interactions across all channels allowing consistent customer
service, supporting personalized marketing and merchandising and create
targeted promotions.
5. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
3D printing is changing the manufacturing industry for the better, especially where
large-scale, high-volume and complex products are involved. Using faster, more

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 adaptable equipment allows cutting costs while producing higher quality items and
boosting the company’s efficiency. But, to successfully integrate it into processes,
one needs an ERP software system that can keep up.
With additive manufacturing and the right configuration of hardware, direct
machine integration and software, one will be able to closely track quality and
material usage for every part manufactured. From sourcing through delivery, we
can monitor the efficiency of your processes in real-time. To find ways to improve
the fundamentals of products, we can also keep track of the safety records of 3D
parts with serial codes.7

POPULAR ERP VENDORS

1. SAP

7
https://www.fdm4.com/erp-trends/

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 Fig 2 - Logo of SAP

SAP ERP Software is a European multinational, founded in 1972 by

Wellenreuther, Hopp, Hector, Plattner, and Tschira. They develop software
solutions for managing business operations and customer relationships. SAP
system consists of a number of fully integrated modules, which covers virtually
every aspect of business management. SAP is #1 in the ERP market. As of 2010,
SAP has more than 140,000 installations worldwide, over 25 industry-specific
business solutions and more than 75,000 customers in 120 countries. 8
SAP offers,
 Omnichannel Customer Experience through Commerce Management and
Personalisation, better Customer Service, Omnichannel Sales Order
Management, improved Retail Store Management by leveraging technologies,
Sales Force Automation and Performance Management and Customer
Experience digital Management which increases loyalty and sales.
 Customer-Centric Merchandising through Master Data Management for
Fashion, Merchandise and Assortment Planning, Merchandising Intelligence,
Pricing and Promotions and Product Design and Development.
 Omnichannel Marketing through Consent-Based Marketing, Marketing
Execution and Single Customer View
 Procurement Excellence through Indirect Buying, Invoice and Pay,
Procurement, Sourcing and Contract Management and Supplier and Risk
Management
 Branded Fashion Production through tracking Environment, Health, and Safety
standards, Manufacturing Execution for Industry 4.0 and Quality Management

8
https://www.guru99.com/what-is-sap-definition-of-sap-erp-software.html

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  Digital Supply Chain through Demand and Supply Planning, Omnichannel
Inventory and Order Response, Track and Trace and Logistics Networks,
Transportation Management, Warehouse Management and Yard Logistics. 9

Penti, Zalora and Misguided are among fashion brands that have implemented
SAP ERP software into their working systems.

2. ORACLE

Fig 3 - Logo of Oracle

Oracle Enterprise Resource Planning Cloud is a cloud-based software application

suite introduced by Oracle Corporation in 2012. Oracle ERP Cloud manages
enterprise functions including accounting, financial management, project
management, and procurement. Oracle ERP gives the power to adapt business
models and processes quickly so that one can reduce costs, sharpen forecasts,
and innovate more. The advantages provided by the use of Oracle ERP are,
 Consistent cloud ERP leadership - One can access the cloud faster, more
easily, and with less risk than with other ERP providers. Industry analysts and
more than 7,000 customers consistently rate Oracle as the industry leader and
an experienced and committed partner.
 ERP leadership - One cloud for a seamless organization where a complete
picture of your company’s finances and operations is seen. Oracle Cloud’s
application suite offers the broadest and most seamless functionality across
finance, HR, supply chain, and customer experience.
 Commitment to our customer community - Leading companies around the
world trust Oracle to run their mission-critical business functions.

9
https://www.sap.com/india/industries/fashion-apparel.html

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  Continuous innovation for future growth - Oracle invests continuously in R&D,
updating cloud every 90 days to provide the latest capabilities to adapt to
changing conditions. Pervasive AI and machine learning helps identify
anomalies, predict possible outcomes, and make recommendations. 10
Global fashion retail conglomerate Apparel Group has selected Oracle to help
meet its long-term strategic, financial, and operational goals. With a growing
portfolio of more than 75 brands, catering for millions of customers in its 1,750
stores, Apparel Group will use Oracle technology to streamline processes across
departments, to launch new brands and expand into different geographies.

3. YSOFT

Fig 4 - Logo of YSoft

Apparel Industry Extensions (AIE) is an apparel system/solution built upon open-

source technologies, primarily Compiere ERP system and customer relationship
management (CRM) software. Compiere is destined to be a generic ERP system
application and, hence, may fall short of features/functions that are important to
certain industries, for example, the apparel industry. To address the specific
needs of trading and sourcing business operations in the apparel industry,
Compiere has been heavily customized and enhanced to the YSoft software.
The following benefits are provided by the software to an apparel company,
 Garment specification in good detail
 Parameters and specifications can easily be customized
 Very detailed order management system
 3-month calendaring system with auto-update and alert system
 Generate multiple requirements plan for multiple orders
10
https://www.oracle.com/in/applications/erp/

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  Exception alerts that are user-defined11

4. SYNC

Fig 5 - Logo of Sync

Sync is fully integrated ERP system software designed specifically for the apparel
industry. This business management system manages the entire job of costing as
well as the project management process, and it includes seven comprehensive
ERP modules.
 Costing - Costing software that allows calculating costs with accuracy
 Purchasing - Software to control the creation and processing of purchase
orders
 Stock control software - Inventory control software to ensure effective control of
stock levels
 Mobile sales - This apparel software module allows the creation of sales orders
from remote locations
 Task management - Task management software makes it easy to keep track of
tasks across multiple projects and allows job tracking
 Financial integration - Seamless integration into financial software (Pastel
Partner, Pastel Evolution, Quick- Books, AccPac, and Microsoft Dynamics GP)
 Reports - Effective business management system generates critical reports at
the click of a button

5. VISUALGEMS

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 Fig 6 - Logo of VisualGEMS

VisualGEMS has been designed with the flexible working of the garment industry
in mind. The functional breakup of the software has been organized to match with
the distribution of garment organization into various departments. The facility of
online referencing of master data and even related transaction data keeps the
users free from the pressure of remembering codes. The integrated design of
VisualGEMS allows one to establish and enhance interdepartmental
communication within the organization, which otherwise may become a major
productivity bottleneck. Compatibility of information/data sharing needs between
the various departments is built into the software and is the major pay-off of the
integrated environment. VisualGEMS has been designed to meet the industry’s
present needs and to be flexible enough to accommodate new requirements.
They provide the following benefits to the apparel industry,
 Tailor-made customizable platform
 Supports multitasking with extensive control of access permissions
 Supports progressive implementation by a setup-based workflow
 Online master creation
 User friendly (no coded value) and better GUI
 Production planning and scheduling
 Resource allocation
 Payroll
 Human resource integrated, various add-ons and tools

18 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

6. ATOM

Fig 7 - Logo of Atom

ATOM is a suite of application software designed for the textile industry. The key
features of ATOM,
 ERP system designed exclusively for the textile industry
 Multicompany, Multilanguage features
 Manage entire process chain, from knitting/weaving, cutting, and sewing in a
single system
 Project and monitor sourcing and production
 Track raw materials availability automatically
 Monitor production orders in real time
 Visual dashboards for easy information access
 Reliable technology platform that supports a high volume of transactions
 Modular functions for need-based implementation

Key benefits to an apparel industry by the software are,

 Increase operational efficiencies; maximize cash flow and ROI

 Reduce order-cycle times
 Always maintain inventories at proper levels
 Reduce wastage of fabric and accessories
 Accounting of chemicals and dyestuff in process house
 Make quick business decisions using real-time information
 Automate routine processes
 Manage in-house and job work production
 React to changing business needs swiftly
 Built by experts in fashion business
 Low cost of ownership

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7. E - SMARTX

Fig 8 - Logo of E - Smartx

E-Smartx is a state-of-the-art, modern, cost-effective, and proven enterprise

platform solution that meets the need of the apparel manufacturing industry. The
effective support from installation to usage is the key success for both the user
and the developer.
E-Smartx streamlines the total process cycle in the apparel manufacturing. Its
workflow system provides superior business management capability for faster
response to the customer demands. Internet-enabled, real-time MIS gives
manufactures the capability to monitor the whole process from product
development to exports across the globe. It integrates all the departments across
multifactory locations, such as these,
 Merchandising
 Planning
 Purchase
 Production
 Inventory management
 Exports
 Finance
 Payroll
Advantages and benefits,
 Effective monitoring of overall operations of the company
 Single database across the globe
 Highly robust and real-time MIS
 Flexible and parameterized
 Greater efficiency and performance
 Continued support and constant technology migration

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  Help reduce operation costs
 Supports strategic planning
 Internet access12

8. DELTEK

Fig 9 - Logo of Deltek

In 1983, the company was founded as Deltek Systems, Inc. by Donald deLaski
and his son Kenneth. From the beginning, Deltek's niche in the software industry
is its focus on developing software for use by companies that are project focused.
Deltek Vision ERP provides,
 Complete visibility into opportunities throughout the firm that can be analysed to
make better business decisions and win more business
 Full project management, budgeting and scheduling to help execute projects on
time and under budget
 Designed to meet the needs of project-focused firms out of the box to manage
the entire project life cycle

Their key benefits are,

● Deltek offers options for small to large enterprises with flexibility in their basic
versus advanced functionality.

● They resolve the operational and regulatory needs of discrete manufacturing

firms, and help industry-specific accounting, invoicing and materials
management with performance management, client management, and
financial management tools.

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 PROCESS OF ERP IMPLEMENTATION
13
There are 6 phases that make up an ERP implementation project

 Identifying the problem and set the objective

 ERP product Selection
 Preparations
 Production Phase
 Implementation Phase
 Post-implementation Phase

1. IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS / SET THE OBJECTIVE

ERP provides a vast solution to many issues faced by companies. However, it is
very important to identify the real objective for implementing ERP. The question is
less about “should we implement” and but more about “what should ERP be
implemented for”. The Key Performance Indicators (KPI) have to be analysed in
order to understand the necessity of the software intervention. Key objectives are
necessary; not only with respect to the present but also because future projections
are included in the requisition list, which allows a business to factor in the
scalability and accommodating changes in the future of the business/industry. So
again, it is essential to identify the problem or the exact necessity motivating the
ERP.

2. ERP PRODUCT SELECTION

Evaluating ERP options is a very important task, as options are to be evaluated
based on current needs, as well as against future requirements. Types of ERP
systems available are,
 Own Custom build ERP systems
 Cloud based Industry Specific ERP solutions
 Customized Cloud based ERP Solutions

Cloud ERP solution or SaaS ERP, are the current preference of customers, as
these options are available in different scope and flexibilities to accommodate

13
Enterprise Resource Planning, author :Mary Sumner

22 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 future requirements. Thus, a company needs to brainstorm with the ERP
vendors/ consultants to bring in the best system in the organization.

3. PREPARATIONS
Preparations involve two phases,
The Framing Implementation Strategy, this plan necessarily includes the
following,
 Previously defined Goals.
 Objectives with defined tasks.
 Well-structured realistic timelines.
 Planned Training Procedures. (Should start at least one month before Going
Live)
 Team member’s responsibilities individually.
 A To-Do List for each team member.
 Case studies for development partner.
 Checklists for point-wise functionalities that will help you do functional testing.
 End Result Case Studies (for each ERP module involved) for final testing.

Without quality requirements and defined business processes, configuring the

ERP software is almost impossible. During this phase of the ERP implementation
life cycle, requirements workshops should be held. The outcome of these
workshops should be SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and
time-constrained) requirements that the team can further analyse. Forming Apex
and steering committees, a managing or directing committee is important.

During this period, the project team will be created. There will be initial meetings
and documentation developed as the team works to identify current issues and
potential solutions. An important part of this phase is constructing the project plan,
which will serve as a guide throughout the rest of the project.

Gap Analysis and action plan

Once quality requirements are documented, a fit and gap analysis will be
performed to determine if the ERP software can meet the requirements (a fit) or

23 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 require a customization (a gap). For the fit requirements, the ERP software should
be configured appropriately and demoed to the business for approval.

4. PRODUCTION PHASE
 Installing the software & hardware and tuning the software to meet the
customisation needs
 Building interfaces to other systems.
 ERP implementation includes establishing security and permissions, so users
have the access they need.
 Migrating data from the old system to the new system means ensuring that data
to be migrated are accurate and that data bridges work.

5. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
After the design phase, a test run is issued. This test run also helps in ,
 To find the issues and resolve them
 Evaluating the performance of the ERP implemented
 Train the end users
 Accurate qualifications to facilitate correct measures.

The project team and implementation team will assess the situation and make the
final go or no-go decision. Prior to going live, the final data will be loaded and
validated. The project team will train other employees who will then start working
in the new system regularly.

6. POST-IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
The process of implementation will find meaning only when there is regular follow
up and proper instruction flow thereafter and through the lifetime of ERP. This will
include all efforts and steps taken to update and attain better benefits once the
system is implemented. Some steps taken are,
 Regular Monitoring
 Conducting post implementation audit
 Maintenance14

14
Enterprise Resource Planning, author :Mary Sumner

24 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 BENEFITS OF ERP IMPLEMENTATION

TANGIBLE BENEFITS

1. Inventory reduction
With complete, real-time visibility over all aspects of operations, including those
with suppliers and customers, inventory levels can be refined and managed with
greater precision. Increased tracking from greater operational visibility can also
cut down on stock obsolescence and other wastage.
2. Personnel reduction
Labour savings is probably one of the toughest costs to realize. ERP improves
business processes and makes employees’ jobs more efficient. More work can be
done with less people, which mean reductions in the number of full-time staff.
3. Productivity improvement
ERP Implementation helps in increasing the productivity quotient of different
processes and people by streamlining activities. A singular tool with multiple
integration capabilities equals reduction in multiple software and upgrade costs
and a decrease in material wastage.
4. Order management improvement
By incorporating Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) a strong order management
system can be developed by improved data quality and management.
5. Financial close cycle reduction
ERP provides integrated financial management applications designed to give
simplified access to relevant financial information. ERP solutions provide
company-wide accessibility so you can accelerate an accurate financial closing
cycle at any level.15
6. IT cost reduction
Cloud ERP also eliminates redundant effort and promotes the adoption of industry
best practices on a company-wide level to further boost productivity, and
unification of business software cuts down on IT-related expenses.

15
https://blog.nbs-us.com/the-tangible-and-intangible-benefits-of-a-new-erp-system

25 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

7. Procurement cost reduction
An ERP leads to improved procurement practices. Since your forecasting
improves, your company is able to place orders well in time and avoid emergency
purchases. As a result, the purchase department is able to obtain better terms and
conditions from vendors.
8. Cash management improvement
The cash management module within an ERP system mostly deals with the
overall cash flow of the organization. It keeps a track of the bank transactions,
cash transactions, sales invoice receipts, standalone payments and payments that
are due for allotment.
9. Revenue/profit increase
ERP system also improves profitability by automating existing manual tasks and
reducing overall errors. They make it possible through different features such as
barcoding and data collection systems, and mobile or web-based access.
10. Transportation/logistics cost reduction
With transportation management in ERP, we can accurately forecast demand and
shipment volumes, enhance freight management, consolidate orders, maximize
the return on your transportation spend, and gain real-time visibility into domestic
and international shipping across all transportation.
11. Maintenance reduction
Maintenance of ERP software is easier and less costlier than maintaining data
and information in traditional systems.16
12. On-line delivery improvement

Increased tracking can be achieved through ERP implementation, it give greater

operational visibility this can cut down obsolescence in on-line delivery. 17

16
https://www.essindia.com/about-us/resources/articles/201-erp-and-productivity
17
https://www.provintl.com/blog/the-intangible-benefits-of-erp-adoption-into-your-company

26 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

INTANGIBLE BENEFITS

1. Information/visibility
With all business activity stored and accessed through a single system,
businesses greatly improves transparency and operational visibility. Data access
logging, precise worker output, machine failure rates and Inventory levels and
production output can be monitored on a daily basis or even in real-time.
2. New/improved processes
Process Improvement is the proactive task of identifying, analyzing and improving
upon existing business processes within an organization for optimization and to
meet new quotas or standards of quality. EPR implementation is such a process.
3. Customer responsiveness
An ERP system can be programmed so that a user sees the most relevant
information on his or her customized dashboard first (e.g., customer-related data
vs. the entire system’s daily data), making it easy to access the information they
need. ERP software also integrates seamlessly with most CRM and sales
systems to give a “big picture” view of a client relationship.
4. Integration
ERP systems integrate various functions and business processes across an
organization and store them in a single database. This enables employees in
different divisions to use the same data for different needs. It also unifies
operations. An example of this unification is having a new order initiate a credit
check, check product availability, update a distribution schedule and send an
invoice.
5. Standardization
Because systems and data are linked between departments, cloud ERP systems
simplify business processes and bring greater synergy across an organization
through standardization. Businesses also benefit from best practices that are built
into the system, focusing on differentiating elements instead of reinventing
standard processes that are uniform across an industry.

27 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

6. Flexibility
ERP is versatile enough to be changed without significant cost or operational
overhead; we are able to adjust business processes and models as the market
demands.18
7. Globalization
ERP systems integrate all of the company’s management processes in a global
database and give users access to this information in one standard system.
Integrating resources, information, and knowledge increases efficiency and allows
for speedy reaction to new market trends.
8. Supply/demand chain
ERP streamlines supply chain management by creating effective job scheduling.
As a result, managers can know in real time what resources are being consumed
and which resources are used. This helps them to plan product delivery dates. 19

18
https://abas-erp.com/en/news/erp-flexibility-and-upgradability
19
https://blog.nbs-us.com/the-tangible-and-intangible-benefits-of-a-new-erp-system

28 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 CASE STUDIES

1. A CASE STUDY OF ERP IMPLEMENTATION AND SUCCESS20

Fig 10 - Logo of Ganong Bros

BACKGROUND

Ganong Bros. Limited (Ganong) produces some of the finest chocolate and
confectioneries in Canada. As the oldest candy company in Canada, the Ganong
family has been putting its heart and soul into its sweet treats since 1873. Operating
from three locations across the country, Ganong chocolates are shipped to mass
merchandisers, drug stores, and grocery chains including: National Grocers, Sobeys,
Shoppers Drug Mart, Wal-Mart, Safeway, A&P, and London Drugs. The company
has been voted one of Canada’s 50 Best-Managed Companies.

VISION OF THE COMPANY

Despite being a mid-sized manufacturer, Ganong believed strongly in the value of an

experienced information technology staff and in what a new fully integrated
enterprise system could bring to the organization. Operating on a proprietary, heavily
customized MAP 3000-based application for more than 17 years, the system was
generally effective in processing the company’s business transactions. The company
wanted to build an information system that would,

 Deliver timely information about the financial health of the company

20
https://www.top10erp.org/sage-x3-erp-ganong-brothers-ltd-case-studies-195

29 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 Promote improved order processing
 Support the company’s mixed-mode manufacturing style- a combination of
discrete and process manufacturing.

To accomplish this goal, Ganong switched from its proprietary MAP 3000 application
to Sage ERP X3 in 2002. Ganong selected Sage ERP X3, believing that the software
solution had the right amount of functional depth and breadth to achieve the
company's system objectives and attain the fastest return on investment.

THE IMPLEMENTATION21

A two-phased approach was selected, with all core ERP functionality receiving the
highest priority, while extended functionality and business enablers such as Finite
Capacity Planning, Workflow Management and Web-enablement were deferred to a
second phase. Ganong implemented a 35-user configuration in a Microsoft
environment using Windows as the server operating system and the SQL Server
relational database. Several factors contributed to a successful implementation.

REASONS BEHIND THEIR SUCCESS

 Commitment from upper management to the dedication of resources.

 Empowered employees
 100% dedicated client project manager
 Train-the-trainer approach
 Frequent communication

 A strong Sage support team.

OUTCOMES OF ERP IMPLEMENTATION

 Improve accuracy and reduce billing errors, and can now track off-invoice
allowances at a detailed level.
 Financial reporting is also much improved, now that management can easily
access financial and statistical profitability information.

21
https://www.netatwork.com/uploads/pdfs/x3-success-story-Ganong.pdf

30 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 Greatly improved the accuracy and timeliness of production recording through the
use of the integrated Sage ERP X3’s Data Collection module, thereby improving
the production planning process
 Dramatic improvement in the accuracy of its manufacturing capacity planning.
Ready access to the information has improved the overall efficiency of Ganong’s
manufacturing operation, enabling it to efficiently meet the demand for its
products.
 Helps in Maintain exceptional standards.

2.  A CASE STUDY OF ERP IMPLEMENTATION AND FAILURE22

Fig 11 - Logo of Revlon

INTRODUCTION

Revlon, Inc. is a leading global beauty company with a portfolio of iconic brands that
transform the lives of women and men around the world. Company manufactures
and markets colour cosmetics, hair colour and care, skincare, beauty care and
fragrances through a diverse portfolio of 15+ brands sold in more than 150 countries.

Revlon is the latest in a string of recent SAP enterprise resource planning (ERP)
failures. In early February [2018], they rolled out SAP for a large part of our North
American business to integrate planning, sourcing, manufacturing, distribution and
finance. However, they experienced issues during the SAP changeover that caused
the plant to ramp up capacity slower than anticipated. Company’s first-quarter results
for fiscal 2018, Revlon announced that its SAP ERP implementation was a disaster.
The company’s stock fell 6.9 percent within 24 hours of reporting the news, which led
to investor lawsuits against the company. Some four law firms have filed class action

22
https://medium.com/@henricodolfing/case-study-how-revlon-got-sued-by-its-own-shareholders-because-of-
a-failed-sap-implementation-58b66f1267fa

31 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

suits to date, based on the U.S. beauty behemoth’s quarterly results where it
confessed it was unable to fulfil orders to the tune of US$64 million because of its
inability to record and account for inventory.

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

In June 2016, Revlon announced its intention to buy Elizabeth Arden Inc. The
acquisition was completed in September of the same year. Elizabeth Arden was an
early adopter of Oracle Fusion Applications. Their global efficiency re-engineering
project remains on track and they currently anticipate savings of approximately $10
million to $12 million by the end of fiscal 2009 and additional savings of
approximately $13 million to $15 million by the end of fiscal 2010. During fiscal 2007,
they successfully implemented the same Oracle solution in our Greater China
business.

Revlon had previously chosen Microsoft Dynamics AX which was an equal success
story. Revlon ran 50 different business entities with a plan to collapse 21 separate
ERP systems into one. Dynamics AX was to be implemented at Revlon to act as one
unified organization.

The company wanted implement new ERP system,

 Improved supply chain integration

 Increase efficiency and improve working capital management.
 Integrate planning, sourcing, manufacturing, distribution and finance

The company’s problems with the ERP system surfaced shortly after Revlon
launched S/4HANA in February 2017. SAP changeover resulted in an initial slowing
of plant operations, disrupting manufacturing facility to experience service level
disruptions that have impacted the Company’s ability to manufacture certain
quantities of finished goods and fulfil shipments to several large retail customers in
the U.S.

REASONS BEHIND FAILURE 23

23
https://www.toolbox.com/tech/erp/blogs/when-revlon-changed-erp-but-should-have-perhaps-settled-for-
simply-changing-its-lipstick-060119/

32 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 The ERP system was too slow
 Disruption of the Company’s internal control structure
 Inability to fulfil the Company’s SEC or other governmental reporting requirements
in a timely or accurate manner
 Lack of design and makings of effective controls in connection with the
implementation of its new SAP ERP system
 Revlon had some significant operational issues related to its acquisition and
integration of the Elizabeth Arden brand.
 Poor preparation and planning of the implementation of the ERP system

OUTCOMES OF FAILURE ERP

 Negative ROI
 The company was unable to recover lost sales from the SAP failure.
 Customer service levels were disrupted
 It incurred significant capital and operating expenditures
 It experienced difficulty processing payments to vendors
 It was unable to fulfil federal, state and local reporting and filing requirements in a
timely or accurate manner
 It suffered from an “inability to fill customer orders accurately or on a timely basis,
or at all”

ERP IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIAN RAILWAY

33 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

The Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS) designs develops implements
and maintains most of the important information systems of Indian Railways. It is
located in Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. CRIS was established by the India's Ministry of
Railways in 1986.

Table below shows different IT system developed by CRIS. These system

24
applications are either central system or stand-alone IT programs:

INDIAN RAILWAY ENTERPRISE COMPUTING

SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
INTEGRATION ENTERPRISE RESOURCE INDIAN RAILWAY
PLANNING PORTAL
Enterprise Strategic Business Managerial Financial Regulatory
Management enterprise Intelligence Accounting Accounting Report
management and Data
warehousing
CRM Market PRS UTS Customer Customer
Research Data Base Service
Operations FOIS Crew Station Parcel Train
Scheduling Management Management Planning
Business support Human Procurement Cash Flow Real Estate Litigation
system Resource Management Management Management
Management
Data
Processing Control Office Applications
Systems
Data Capture Terminal, PDAS Mobile Data Logger SCADA
Fixed, Hand Phones
System
Held

Table 1: IT projects at Indian Railway System by CRIS

In the past, stand-alone IT systems have been set up by individual Repair

Workshops, Locomotive sheds, Coaching and freight car depots and the Production
Units to optimize their manufacturing and maintenance operations. Department
centred systems like MMIS, PMIS, FMIS etc. were also developed concurrently,
mimicking the departmental silo structure of Indian Railways. But these have
limitations in bringing about overall efficiency and provide the management a
common view of the organization at all levels.

24
31536958-CRIS-Indian-railway-ERP.pdf

34 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

Hence the need has arisen to evolve an integrated and self-contained management
system such as the ERP in each production unit, workshops and LCDs
progressively, duly linking all departments within the unit. Every such ERP system
shall however have a seamless interface not only with other Production Units,
workshops and LCDs, but also already developed systems like FOIS, MMIS etc. thus
sharing freely all relevant and pre-determined information across departmental and
other physical remote locations.25

ERP IMPLEMENTED SYSTEMS -

1. Freight Operations Information System (FOIS)

The Indian Railways carries nearly 1079 million tonnes of freight in a year. This
translates to about 5000 freight trains daily. Freight trains bring two thirds of the
Indian Railway revenues and are referred to as the bread earners for the Railways.
The major commodities carried by Indian Railways are Coal, Iron Ore, Foodgrains,
Iron & Steel, Cement, Petroleum products, Fertilizer and Containerized Traffic. There
are specialized wagons to handle the transportation needs of the different types of
commodities. Unlike passenger carrying trains, freight trains do not run to a fixed
schedule and thus making freight operations a highly information intensive activity.
Based on this information managers make allocation decisions continually to
dynamically optimize utilization of resources like wagons, locomotives, crew and
paths on the network. Real time information allows good decision making and thus
ensures high levels of mobility within the system. The Freight Operations Information
System (FOIS) was the first project which CRIS embarked upon. In fact the creation
of CRIS is a by-product of this effort in the mid-eighties.

FOIS began as an application to track and monitor the movement of wagons,

locomotives and unit trains. Now it is a complete management module for freight
trains handling the billing and revenue collections as well. It has played a major role
in the improved wagon productivity on Indian Railways and the objective is to use the
information to further improve productivity, customer service and thus meet the
needs of a rapidly growing economy.
25
https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/MechDept/Final_8_DME.PDF

35 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

FEATURES

Apart from monitoring the movement of freight trains, the system calculates freight
and other charges based on complex rules of business and generate the Railway
Receipt, the bill payable by the shipper. Today electronic collection of freight has
reached an astounding figure of Rs 270 crores per day. The system has the
capability of tracking and tracing consignments and publication of information to the
end users. Electronic Registration of Demand is also now a part of FOIS which
brings convenience, speed and ease to customers through online registering of
indents for Rakes and Wagons. To bring in greater transparency, Indian Railways
have begun automatic allotment of rakes to customers for select commodities based
on priority rules, operational restrictions, and commercial agreements. Services are
provided to major customers by integrating FOIS with their legacy systems. It is
capable of keeping record of asset ownership and maintenance, which is now being
integrated to an Oracle based asset maintenance management system. Most
importantly, it also generates performance reports for terminals, train movements,
asset use, financial statements and their trends over time that have been used for
bringing about systemic improvements.

TECHNOLOGY

The application has been developed in house with a 3-tier architecture using Visual
Basic 6.0 (EE), Oracle Tuxedo 10 (Middleware) and Oracle 10g as Database.
Reports are available on J2EE platform accessible both on FOIS network and over
the web at www.fois.indianrail.gov.in. FOIS is integrated with other operations
modules of CRIS using Enterprise Application Integration software and with banks
and customer legacy system through SOA using web services. Oracle grid including
26
Oracle Weblogic, Oracle Tuxedo and Oracle DB are used for the same.

2. UNRESERVED TICKETING SYSTEM27

26
https://www.fois.indianrail.gov.in/FOISWebPortal/pages/FWP_AboutFOIS.jsp
27
https://www.stechies.com/sap-comes-rescue-indian-railways/

36 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

Booking ticket online using irctc.co.in is a difficult task for every Indian . Because of
poor infrastructure, which would face all types of issues from session timeout,
payment gateway timeout, amount getting debited without a ticket to page not
loading at all. If somebody faces any of these issues, they need to login all over
again. During holiday seasons, tickets are sold out in few minutes. The issue is even
bad for Tatkal (Urgent) tickets. (Regular tickets can be booked from 4 months in
advance and Tatkal tickets 1 day in advance.)

Overall Indian Railways sell 21 million tickets on an average every day. 250 million
tickets are booked via IRCTC per annum. Indian Railways was facing a hard time as
they lost almost 49% of their total revenue because of passengers travelling without
reservations. Even the passengers were restricted as they only got 1 hour prior to
purchase the tickets, at a railway station, which eventually resulted in long queues at
the railway station. So, when booking window opens at 8.00 AM there is a mad rush
for tickets both online as well as in Railway reservation counters both vying for
database resources. Railway counters book from a separate system which is directly
connected to the back-end infrastructure and hence would not face the issue faced
by online users.

CHALLENGES

 24*7 booking facility for unreserved train journey tickets.

 To deliver ticketing at the remote corners of the country.
 To provide a ticketing system for masses (small distance travellers, daily
commuters, suburban passengers, etc).
 To enable Railways in prompt and speedy issuance of tickets.

GOALS

 To provide a hassle free and convenient way of ticket issuance mechanism with
added transparency and accountability.
 To provide a system having Centralised Change Management System and
Centralised Accounting System.
 To adopt leading technologies and serve commuters with quick ticketing
experience resulting in queue size reductions.

37 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 To promote Digital India and Cashless Economy through Mobile ticketing, Kiosks,
integration of e-wallets, PoS(Point of Sale) machines at Counters, Automatic
Ticket Vending Machine(ATVM), Currency Operated Ticket Vending
Machine(CoTVM), etc.

The one stop objective of UTS system is to exploit the latest technologies and
alleviate the plight of common man who stands in long queues for ticket bookings.
To resolve this major problem the Indian railways turned towards CRIS (Center for
railway information system), which helped them develop a tracker for monitoring the
unreserved ticketing system, much more closely and in detail.

SAP (Systems, Applications, Products in Data Processing) a well-known software

has comes to the rescue of the Indian railways. Special software has been designed
for the Indian railways on the SAP Adaptive server along with other relevant SAP
technology SAP HANA. The software will be well equipped to handle all the major
issues pertinent to operations and ticketing.

3. SAP HANA HELP INDIAN RAILWAYS

1. Session time out error to be resolved: The memory computing capabilities of

SAP HANA will equip the application capable of running the most complicated
logic in just a few seconds and in a very simple manner, thus negating the time
out errors.
2. Estimate Pre-holiday/Peak season booking rush: SAP HANA will enable the
Indian railways to analyse the volume of the passenger based on past history and
allow the railways in estimated the traffic. On the bases of the information
received from SAP HANA the railways will be able to effectively plan additional
trains.
3. Confirmed ticket: also be able to predict the overall chances of getting a
confirmed ticket on the basis of the historical data available.
4. Capable of handling large volumes: SAP is quite capable of handling very large
volumes and SAP HANA is fully capable of handling an enormous volume of
approximately 30 million passengers who travel on a daily basis with the Indian

38 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 Railways. More than 10000 trains run daily and the data volume for a year will be
approximately 10 Billion.
5. Quota system to be managed more effectively: the application should be able
to manage the quota system in a much more effective and efficient manner thanks
to its computing capabilities.
6. 120-day booking period:  able to showcase the users about the cancellation
along with the bookings so that the user can see how many cancellations take
place on a daily basis and make their travel plans accordingly.
7. Effective implementation of preferential seats: the module can manage the
preferential seating arrangement in a much better manner as compared to the
current method of the Indian Railways

REFERENCES

 Enterprise Resource Planning, Mary Sumner

39 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Fashion-ERP-Systems-and-Supply-Chain-
Coordination-Li-Choi/fb2295e5606fa2cc16706701a0efd8a169efefb3?p2df
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301197652_ERP_in_Fashion_Implemen
tation_Issues_and_Business_Benefits
 http://www.brainkart.com/article/Evolution-of-Enterprise-Resource-Planning_7316/
 https://www.forceintellect.com/2017/11/13/evolution-of-erp/
 https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/2704/erp-in-apparel-industry
 https://www.logicerp.com/Solutions/apparel-footwear-software
 https://www.fdm4.com/erp-trends/
 https://www.guru99.com/what-is-sap-definition-of-sap-erp-software.html
 https://www.sap.com/india/industries/fashion-apparel.html
 https://www.oracle.com/in/applications/erp/
 https://clothingindustry.blogspot.com/2018/01/erp-systems-fashion-apparel.html
 https://blog.nbs-us.com/the-tangible-and-intangible-benefits-of-a-new-erp-system
 https://www.essindia.com/about-us/resources/articles/201-erp-and-productivity
 https://www.provintl.com/blog/the-intangible-benefits-of-erp-adoption-into-your-
company
 https://www.top10erp.org/sage-x3-erp-ganong-brothers-ltd-case-studies-195
 https://www.netatwork.com/uploads/pdfs/x3-success-story-Ganong.pdf
 https://medium.com/@henricodolfing/case-study-how-revlon-got-sued-by-its-own-
shareholders-because-of-a-failed-sap-implementation-58b66f1267fa
 https://www.toolbox.com/tech/erp/blogs/when-revlon-changed-erp-but-should-
have-perhaps-settled-for-simply-changing-its-lipstick-060119/
 https://www.stechies.com/sap-comes-rescue-indian-railways/

40 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY