CVL 756

PLASTIC ANALYSIS

Dr. Suresh Bhalla
Professor 
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
24/09/2019 1
Password: cvl756
ENGINEERING DESIGN APPROACH
Working
Design stress
Approach
Limit State
σ

Ultimate strength = σ u

Yield stress = σy
Yield Point
Allowable stress = σ all

σY ε
Working stress method: σ all =
FOS

‐Stress is restricted to σall under working loads. No load factor.

-Elastic analysis of structure is considered adequate
 Limit State Method
1. Design the structure for limit state of collapse

2. Check for limit state of serviceability.

3. Partial factors of safety for both loads as well as

stresses

Conventional analysis approach for limit

state design
1.Carry out linear elastic analysis (unfactored load values)

2. For limit state values of axial force, shear force and bending moment
we simply multiply by load factor.

3. Section design, we follow rigorous non-linear computations.

This makes the process somewhat contradictory in nature.. HOW?

OTHER FLAWS WITHCONVENTIONAL
ANALYSIS APPROACH

Only 2 points reach yield

stress (symmetrical section,
else not).
σy
PL σ y
4

Corresponding moment is called as Yield Moment My

But the structure has not yet reached collapse state, can still
carry further load
FLAWS WITHCONVENTIONAL ANALYSIS
APPROACH
The structure still has capacity to sustain higher loads and bending
moment.

Actual failure values Pult , Mult are much higher than My Py

Correspond to yielding at
By plastic analysis, we can get two points only.
Pult
Actual Load Factor λ=
Py
Plastic Analysis basically extends the Limit state approach (so far
restricted to design aspect only) to analysis

In Plastic Analysis, we take into account the actual behaviour of

structure beyond the yield point.

Actual behavior of structure @ collapse (rather than yield point) is

realistically taken into account.
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS: ASSUMPTIONS

1) Hookes’s law of elaticity holds until yield point

Stress – strain curve is linear till yield point.

2) Yield stress and Young’s modulus have same values for

tension and compression.

3) Stress-strain curve is same in tension and compression.

4) Strain hardening is ignored

σ
σ u σ
σy σy Tension

Yield Point ∈
σ all
Compression
σY
ε
 ASSUMPTIONS (Contd.)…..
5) Section has at last one line of symmetry.

Axis of
bending

BI-SYMMETRIC MONO-SYMMERTIC
Not considered
Why…..???
So that the plane of loading and the plane of bending coincide with
the plane of symmetry….else formulations won’t apply
 STEP-BY-STEP ANALYIS TILL COLLAPSE
Elastic NA Z < Z
C T σ Tension
(Bottom)
Compression
3
N A 2
4 5
Tension 0 1
-Let plane section remain plane. 1

-Let loads be gradually increased starting from zero. 2

5 4 3
Compression
At point 1: Elastic behaviour, both tension and (top)
compression zone.

<σY Y
C-T = No net axial force.
B
dy

∫
ENA
y
ENA
σ bdy = o
ye
x
<σY
 M M
σ = y *
= ( y − ye )
I I

∫ σ bdy = 0 Y

y*
M dy

∫
A
I
( y − y e ) bdy = 0 ENA

∫y bdy − y e ∫ bdy = 0

1
ye =
A A
∫ y dA A= Total are of section.
 INCREASE LOADS TO REACH POINT<2>
Y σ
B 2 Tension
dy
σ < σ y. Bottom
ENA Compression
y top
ye
σ = σ y. 2
x

Yield point is reached for compression.

Comp. Tension
∈y σy
ε +ε
φ Curvature = tan φ = top
D
bott
Absolute
values
∈ σ
Derive Depth of section
∈<∈ y σ <σy ?? φ ⎛ ∈ − ∈t ⎞ With sign
=⎜ b ⎟ convention
Yield condition arrived ! ⎝ D ⎠
(one point only, @ compression) +ive value implies concave upwards
 POINT<2> contd…….
Hence moment acting an the section = YIELD MOMENT = My

σy My
σ=
I
yce σ yI
Yield moment = M y = = σ yZe
E NA y ce
yte
σ <σy
Elastic section
I modulus
Ze =
ye,max Larger of the two extreme fibre distances from
ENA

Distance from ENA, so here equal to yce

INCREASE LOAD FURTHER YIELD POINT
ARRIVES AT BOTTOM (TENSION)
Y POINT <3>
B
σ Tension
Bottom
3
dy
ENA
y
ye
x
3
Compression top
ε >εy σ =σ y

No Longer elastic neutral axis (ENA)

∈ Nor fully plastic neutral axis (PNA)

Stress no longer proportional to y

∈y σ y
INCREASE LOAD FURTHER SO AS TO
REACH BEYOND YIELD POINT
(BOTH COMP. AND TENSION) <4>
σ
Y
Tension
B 4 Bottom
dy
ENA
y
ye
4
x
Compression top

∈>∈y σ y
Plastic
∈y region
Elastic Provides a measure of
∈y core curvature

∈>∈y σ y Plastic
region
 LOAD THE STRUCTURE SUCH THAT
ELASTIC CORE VANISHES POINT <5>
σ Tension
Top and bottom plastic zones 
merge with one another
3 (Bottom) σy
2
0 1 4 5 A1
1

Plastic
5 4 3 2
neutral axis
Compression
depth. = yp
(top)
σy
A2

‘NA’ defined by C = T
New neutral axis is called as
Plastic neutral axis (PNA)
 FULLY PLASTIC SECTION.
Curvature ∞ σy
A1
C = T
σ y A1 = σ y A2
A1 = A 2
σy
PNA bifurcates the section into 2 equal areas A2

ENA = PNA for Doubly symmetric sections

ENA ≠ PNA for mono symmetric sections

 PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY AND
SECTION MODULUS
A1 = A2 Can be obtained by taking the moment of C
& T about the PNA

A1
CG
M P = σ y A1 y1 + σ y A2 y2
y1
y2 A
A1 = A2 =
2

A
A2 MP =σ y ( y1 + y2 )
2
M P = σ yZP
Distance between the CGs of
Plastic section A two areas into which PNA
ZP = modulus
=
2
( y1 + y2 ) divides the cross section.

M Z
Shape factor = = f =
p p

M y Z e
 EXAMPLE (1)

B 1
Z e = bd 2
d 6
4 NA
d d NA A
4 Z p = ( y1 + y 2 )
2
2
bd
=
4
Z
f = = 1 .5
p

Z e

Plastic collapse moment: 50% higher than yield moment.

 EXAMPLE (2)

150
Z e ? Z p ?
1 10 f ?
200
190 1
∫
2
Y e = ydA
A
7
Y1 A1 + Y 2 A
= 2
ALL DIMENDIONS IN MM A1 + A 2
Yield stress= 250MPa
5 × (150 × 10 ) + (10 + 1902 )(190 × 7 )
=
150 × 10 + 190 × 7

= 52 mm
 EXAMPLE (2) contd…

P Q b 1
I= bd 3
(2) 10 3
52 d
42
E R NA
(1) 148
(3)
7

1 1 1
I = ( 7 )(148 ) 3 + (150 )( 52 ) 3 − (150 − 7 )( 42 ) 3
3 3 3

(1) (2) (3)

= 11.06 × 10 6 mm 4

Ze =
I
=
11.06 ×106
= 74750mm3 M y = σ y Ze = 18.66×106 Nmm = 18.66kNm
ymax 148
250
 PLASTIC MOMENT

G1 A1
YP 150 9.4 A web = 190 × 7 = 1330 mm 2
PN 10 A
0.6 A f = 1500 mm 2

A2
∴ NA must lie in flange.
A3
190
A 1 = A 2 + A 3
7
150 Y p = 150 (10 − y p ) + 190 × 7
Y p = 9 . 4 mm .
Z p = First moment of A1 , A 2 , A 3 About PNA

= (150 × 9 . 4 )( 92. 4 ) + (150 × 0 . 6 ) × ( 02. 6 ) + (190 × 7 )( 1902 + 0 . 6 )

A 1 A 2 A 3

= 133801 mm 3
 Mp = Plastic moment capacity

= σ yZ p
= 33 . 45 × 10 6 Nmm
= 33 . 45 kNm
Mp Zp 33 . 45
f = = = = 1 . 79
My Ze 18 . 66
150
12
8 300
H.W:
D
Determine f
12
180
24/09/2019 23
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 MOMENT CURVATURE RELATION
b

σ Tension
(Bottom)
Fully plastic
Rectangular
section
d
2
3 4 5
σ y
0 1
1
Elastic ε 2σ
5 4 3 2 φ =
∈ core de φ = y
=
y

d / 2 de / 2 Ed
Compression 2σ Plastic
e

(top) =
Ed σ y region
-Plastic (end) regions – will undergo strain
without any increase in stress.
1
M y = σ y Z e = σ y bd 2
6 -Any moment beyond My will be resisted by
shrinking of the elastic core .

Fully plastic condition de →0 φ →∞

 MOMENT CURVATURE RELATION
Moment curvature plot
σ Tension
(Bottom) Mp
2 5
3 4 5 2
0 1 My
1

5 4 3 2 φ
φ
Compression φ y p

(top)

For linear portion of curve  ∈<∈ y or σ < σ y

2σ 2M
φ y =
y
φy = y

Ed EdZ e
 MOMENT CURVATURE RELATION
Moment curvature plot
M σy
M 5 Plastic
p
Lever
2
My d Arm
de PNA

φ Plastic
φ y
φ p σy region

M = M core +M plastic

M = σ y Z ec + σ y b ( d −2de )( d +2de )
1 2
6 bd e

M = M y 3−( ) 1
2
[ de 2
d
] M y < M < M p
 MOMENT CURVATURE RELATION
M y < M < M p
or φy < φ < φp

M = 1
2 M y [3 − ( de
d ) 2
] φ=
2σ y
Ed e
φ
φy
= d
de
2σ y
φy = Ed

φy 2
M = My − M ( ) 3
2
1
2 y φ

φ 1 1
= M y = σ y bd 2
φ y 3 − 2(
M
) 6
M y

Condition M = M p
1
M P = σ y bd 2
4
M 3 φ → ∞
=
φ p ??
p

M y 2 H.W.
 MOMENT DEFLECTION RELATION
σy
σy

σ
Assume that structure is determinate
σ <σy
σ Tension M
σy
3 Bottom
2 Mp 5
0 4 5
1
1 My 2

5 4 3 2 δ
Compression
top
SEQUENCE OF PLASTIFICATION
P

D
B L C

My Increase load gradually.

P = Py M = M y

PL
M mid − pt = Increase load beyond Py
Lp 4
Region under plastification My < M < MP
Lp
Plastic zone

Rest of the beam is elastic.
My My
P L − Lp
> My M = M y =
2
(
2
)
 Increase P such that P

P= Pu M = MP
L

Pu L
MP = My
4
4M P
=> Pu = MP
L

M y M p
M y Solving the two
Limiting length of equations
L po
plastic zone Lpo
= 1 − f −1
Pu L − L po Pu L L
( )= M MP = Rectangular section: 0.33
4
y
2 2
H.W.: Shape of plastic region?
 MOMENT CURVATURE RELATION
Very high ductility
σ Tension
Bottom
M
φ f ≈ 5 to 10φ p
Mp

My

φ y
φ p
φ f

Compression top
The phenomenon of large
My My increase in curvature when
Mp
load reaches Pu is called as
“unrestricted plastic flow”

Variation of curvature φ φ
y
y
Actual

Theoretical
TYPICAL PLASTIC HINGE
 LOAD APPLICATION
Vertical Load

Horizontal
Load

24/09/2019 37
24/09/2019 38
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 PROVISIONS OF IS 800 (2007)
SEC 3.7 CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
Plate elements of a cross‐section may buckle locally due to
compressive stresses. The local buckling can be avoided
before the limit state is achieved by limiting the width to
thickness ratio of each element of a cross‐section subjected
to compression due to axial force, moment or shear.

When plastic analysis is used, the members shall be capable of 
forming plastic hinges with sufficient rotation capacity (ductility) 
without local buckling, to enable the redistribution of bending 
moment required before formation of the failure mechanism.

When elastic analysis is used, the member shall be capable 
of developing the yield stress under compression without 
local buckling.
 Class 1 (Plastic) — Cross‐sections, which can develop 
plastic hinges and have the rotation capacity required 
for failure of the structure by formation of plastic 
mechanism.
Class 2 (Compact) — Cross‐sections, which can develop 
plastic moment of resistance, but have inadequate 
plastic hinge rotation capacity for formation of plastic 
mechanism, due to local buckling. 
Class 3 (Semi‐compact) — Cross‐sections, in which the 
extreme fiber in compression can reach yield stress, but 
cannot develop the plastic moment of resistance, due to local
buckling.

Class 4 (Slender) Cross‐sections in which the elements 
buckle locally even before reaching yield stress. 
 EX 1: SIMPLY SUPPORTED
BEAM UNDER U.D.L
b
A C
B
d

wl 2
= M < My
8
Mp

When M > M y but M <M p No change in shape of BMD continue till Mp

But when M =M p Plastic hinge @ B

Mechanism formation w = wu
wul 2 1
= M p = Z pσ y = bd 2
σ
8 4
y

2σ y bd 2
wu = 2 = Ultimate collapse load.
L
Compare with yield capacity
 EX 2: PROPPED CANTILEVER
A P PL
P
PL
C 8 8
B
P < Pu

6 PL 3 PL PL +
o 16
PL
32 16 8
5 PL
32
P
1st Plastic hinge shall form at ‘A’ 3 PL
16
Collapse will not occur

P 3P P 3P
Let P = P H 1 when BM @ A = M p + −
2 16 2 16

σ Tension
3 PH 1 l
Bottom
= M 16 M
PH 1 =
p
p
16 3L
ε
Structure can still carry further loads
Compression top
 EX 2: PROPPED CANTILEVER
(Contd.) MP
B
A
When P = PHI C
5
MP
6
Increase " P " after formation of Plastic hinger at ' A'
For load P > PHI → B .M cannot increase @ A

When P > PHI : for incremental load

ΔP
Δ P = P − PHI
When P = Pu , Δ P = Δ Pu H1

5 Δ PL
Net BM @ B = M P + ΔPL
6 4
4
PU

H1 H2
Mechanism

5 Δ PU L 2 M
M p = Mp+ Δ PU = (
p
)
6 4 3 L
Pu = P H 1 + Δ Pu 6M
Pu = P
L

Determinate structures Indeterminate structures

Shape of BMD does not Shape of BMD changes after

change till failure each hinge formation.
P PU
Pu P
PH 1

δ δ

M P

BMD Final reactions

@collapse ???
M P
 MULTISPAN INDERTMINATE BEAM
UNDER U.D.L
m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
(H1) (H 2 ) (H 3 )
A DSI=3  =>
Ha B C D E
4 HINGES
L L L L
Increase ‘P’ gradually
BMD
(Elastic range) (H1)
PH 1 = ?

For incremental load (H 2 )
BMD Δ PH 2 = ?

For next incremental load  (H 3 )
BMD Δ PH 3 = ?

For next incremental load
BMD
Δ PH 4 = ?

(H 4 )
 BEAM UNDER U.D.L
The solution process very tedious
Pu = PHI + Δ PH 2 + Δ PH 3 + Δ PHN

Need to analyse indeterminate

structure

We also get to know….. ….the sequence of hinge formation.

Often, we are not interested in sequence.

EQULIBRIUM
Methods for
simplified analysis
VIRTUAL WORK
 EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH
P
A H1 H 2
0 .5 L B 0 .5 L C

Shape of BMD Possible hinge locations.

(actual value not
needed)
M P
−
Consider equilibrium when structure is at verge P = P u
M
of collapse Consider overall equilibrium
P

M P Pu
Consider equilibrium of BC C
A B
RA
Rc
M P 0 .5 L Moment about A
c
B Rc
M P + ( 2 Mp
L ) L = Pu × 0 .5 L

2 Mp
Take moment about B Rc = 6M
Solving Pu =
p
L
L
Advantage – Skip solving an in determinate structure,
which is otherwise tedious….
 VIRTUAL WORK APPROACH
ASSUMPTIONS: P
A = MP B =
1. Structure @ verge of collapse C
MP θ θ
2. Geometry of the structure not change

Identify hinge locations and apply small virtual (RIGID BODY) rotation θ.

Ext. Virtual work = Internal Virtual work

Only Mp does the
L internal work, WHY?
PU θ = M Pθ + 2 M Pθ
2
6M P
⇒ PU =
L

Which method would you judge best

out of the three methods??
 APPLICATION OF SHORT-CUT APPROACH ON
COMPLICATED STRUCTURE
m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A DSI=3  =>
Ha B C D E
4 HINGES
L L L L

BMD
(Elastic range)
Pu = ?

Problem: Four hinges till collapse, but seven possible locations

Which four of the seven possible hinges will be the governing mechanism….???

This won’t be problem in the long‐hand method of sequential formation of hinges…

In equilibrium or virtual work method, we rely on some important theorems..
 THEOREMS FOR PLASTIC
ANALYSIS
ASSUMPTIONS: At the point of collapse
(1) Loading system not affected
(2) Geometry of structure not affected.

UNIQUENESS THEOREM (UT)

Following conditions must be satisfied simultaneously at point
of collapse of structure.
1) EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION
All bending moments in equilibrium with the applied forces and reactions

2) YIELD CONDITION
At all points of the structure, the bending moment < MP

3) MECHANISM CONDITION - Sufficient number of plastic hinges are formed

so that mechanism condition results…..
 UPPER BOUND THEOREM (UBT)
If a loading can be found such that a mechanism is formed, then

P > PU
−

LOWER BOUND THEOREM (LBT)

If a distribution of moments can be found such that equilibrium and yield
conditions are satisfied…..

…This would imply that the structure is either safe or just at the verge of
collapse
P < P U
−
If LBT and UBT are satisfied simultaneously

P = PU
 ANAYLYSIS PROCEDURE
(1) Formulate possible collapse mechanism. ( Guess!)

(2) According to UBT PU < ( P1 u , P2 u , P3 u ......)

−

(3) Critical value of Pu : Lowest among these values

………..provided all possible mechanism included.

Possibility of missing the critical mechanism exists.

(4) To rule out missing of critical mechanism, apply LBT (Yield and
equilibrium criteria)
Pu ≥ Pcrit

(5) If both LBT & UBT satisfied simultaneously imply correct collapse
load
P = Pu
 EXAMPLE
Mp B
A B M L C
p

Let structure be @ verge of collapse. Apply virtual displacement & @ B

A H1 B H2 C
δ φ
θ
=
External virtual work θ +φ Internal virtual work
( wx ) δ
2 + w (l − x ) δ
2 = M P θ + M P (θ + φ )
@A @B
Disp. of CG
θ = δ
x φ = δ
L−x

Solving w = (
2M
L
p
) [2L−x
(L−x)x
] Infinite mechanisms depending an value of x
 EXAMPLE (CONTD..)
dw
To get lowest = 0 ⇒ x = 0 . 586 L
dx
M p
wu = w = 11 . 65 ( 2 )
( x = 0 . 586 L ) L

According to UBT w u > w uc

−

To ensure correct mechanism, use LBT & check yield & equilibrium condition.
 CHECK BY LBT
B
Equilibrium Check : ← 0 . 586 L → 0 . 414 L →
Mp
A M p
C
B w
A w B
M p
C
M p
0.586L M 0.414L
RA = ?
p
RC = ?

Moment about ‘B’

Moment about ‘B’

R A × 0 . 586 L = w x2
2 + 2M p RC ( L − x) = M p + w ( L − x )2
2

R A = 0 . 586 wL R C = 0 . 4140 wL

Check R A + RC = wL

.. Equilibrium condition satisfied

 YIELD CHECK
Mp
B
A
RA RC
REACTIONS ON THE BASIS OF THE ABOVE BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS ONLY

R A = 6 . 83 Mp
L Rc = 4 . 83 Mp
L

= RAx − − M
2
wx
Compute M B 2 P

= ??
Alternately, we can keep MA as unknown fix MB to a value equal
to MP
NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT
MECHANISMS

Possible hinge locations? n

Degree of indeterminacy r
Possible independent mechanisms m = n − r
H1 H2 = 2 −1

= 1
 EXAMPLE
How to identify possible hinge locations ???
P P
H1 L H2 L H3 L
D m = n − r
A B C
= 3 − 1
= 2

Pu1 Pu1 PU 2 PU 2
A 2θ C D
B φ φ
3θ θ 2φ

Ext virtual work = Int. Virtual work

Ext virtual work = Int. Virtual work

Pu 1 ( 2 θ L ) + Pu 1 ( L θ ) = M P ( 2θ ) + M p ( 3θ ) PU 2 ( φ l ) = M P φ + Mp ( 2 φ )
5 Mp
Pu 1 = ( ) PU 2 = 3 ( MpL )
3 L
 MECH 1: EQUILIBRIUM CHECK

UBT ⇒ PU 1 , PU 2 , > PU
LBT – To rule out missing any mechanism. Check for equilibrium & yield.

5 Mp 5 Mp
MP ( ) ( )
3 L 3 L
B
C
A MP D

Consider equilibrium of BCD Consider equilibrium of AB

5 Mp
( ) MP MP
3 L
B D A B
MP C Mp
R A = 2( )
4 Mp L
R D = ( )
3 L

10 Mp
Check : R A + R D = = 2 PU 1
3 L
∴ Satified .
 MECH 1: YIELD CHECK
5 Mp
5 Mp ( ) 4
( )
3 L
3 L Use BCD- R D = ( Mp
)
MA 3 L

A B C D
MP Vertical equilibrium

R A = 2( Mp
L )

4 Mp 5
Overall equilibrium - M A + ( L ) × 3L = ( Mp
L ) [L + 2 L ]
3 3
M A = M P

Check for M C
Using CD
5 Mp 4
( )
MP 3 L D MC = (M P )
3
B C
A 2 Mp
L
Yield criteria not satisfied
=> WE MISSED OUT A CRITICAL MECHANISM
 NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT
MECHANISMS
LBT- Some mechanism missed out……………

Mechanism <1> IB

IA

Check I (B)
 MECHANISM I(B): MISSED OUT
P U1B P U1B
B M P
D
M P A θ C 2θ
3θ
External virtual work = Internal virtual work
PU 1 B ( L θ ) + P1 B ( 2 L θ ) = M P θ + M P ( 3θ )
@ A @C

PU 1 B =
M p
4
3 ( L )
'
This is lower than P UI
Check for equilibrium & yield condition.
<1> ABC → R A CD → R D check vertical equilibrium.

<2> Point A(assume M A ≠ M P )

<2> Yield check
<2> Point B
 YIELD CHECK @ B
Yield Check @ B →
4 Mp
RA = ( ) Equilibrium of CD and then
3 L
4 Mp
RA = ( ) overall vertical equilibrium
3 L
M D M 5 Mp
A
RD =
p
RA = ( )
B C M P L 3 L
A RD
RA

Overall moment equilibrium about A M A = M p

M B = RAL − M A
= 53 M p − M p
M B = 23 M p

Yield check satisfied.

APPLICATION OF SHORT-CUT APPROACH ON
MULTISPAN STRUCTURE

m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A DSI=3 
Ha B C D E
L L L L

Possible independent mechanisms =  7 – 3 = 4
Mechanism 1

m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E
APPLICATION OF SHORT-CUT APPROACH ON
COMPLICATED STRUCTURE
Mechanism 2

m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E

Mechanism 3

m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E

Mechanism 4

m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
2P P

1. L L L

First solve by first principles

P 2P
2P

2. L /3 L/3 L/3 L/2

EXAMPLE: To check for a
mechanism to be critical
 2 D FRAMES

H2 H2 H3
H4

H3

H4
H1 H 5 H1

m = n − r = 2 m = n − r =1
5 3 3
4
 2 D FRAMES
Symmetric Under horizontal loads or
vertical loading not symmetric or
Under symmetrical structure not symmetric
vertical loads
No sway frame Sway frame

Beam mechanism Sway mechanism.

Beam + Sway – Combined Mechanism

Beam mechanism
(local collapse)

Sway mechanism
(complete collapse)
Beam mechanism Sway mechanism

Combined mechanism

Hinge
cancellation
 EXAMPLE
m = n − r = 2
P D M = 300 kNm .
P B C
P
1 Beam Independent
L = 2m 2 Sway
2L 3 Combined.
E
A

<1> BEAM MECHANISM

PUI EVW = IVW

L
PUI
L
PUI L ϕ = Mp ϕ + Mp ( 2 ϕ ) + Mp ϕ
ϕ ϕ
C
2m PUI = 600 kN B D
 2 D FRAMES
<2> SWAY MECHANISM EVW = IVW 2m 300
B PU 2 D
C PU 2 ( 2 L ϕ ) = ( Mp ϕ ) + Mp ϕ + Mp ( 2 ϕ ) + Mp ( 2 ϕ )
PU 2 2L A B D E
L
2L 2ϕ 2 PU L = 6 Mp

ϕ E
PU 2 = 450 kN
A

<3> COMBINED MECHANISM

EVW = IVW
PU 3 B PU 3 ϕ
D PU 3 ( 2 L ϕ ) + PU 3 ( L ϕ ) =
C 2ϕ 2ϕ
2ϕ Mp ϕ + Mp ( 2 ϕ ) + Mp ( 3ϕ ) + Mp ( 2 ϕ )
ϕ
E
3 PU 3 L ϕ = 8 Mp ϕ ⇒ PU 3 = 400 kN
A A C D E
No work done at “B” due to
mutual cancellation….
 2 D FRAMES
Combined mechanism is the critical (true) mechanism provided equilibrium
& yield conditions are satisfied.

Equilibrium of DE -
400 kN
400 kN D 300
C
300 D
H E L
H A
E
A 300 E
300 H E

300 V V E
A V E

H E L = 300 + 300
H E = 300 kN
Equilibrium of CDE -

L D
C
300
Moment about C −
L
300 300 L = V E L
E 300 V E = 300 kN
V E
 2 D FRAMES
ABC B
400 kN C
AB-
B L
300

2L 300
H
H 300 Cannot find H ,V
A
A
Solution Not possible!
A A
A
V A

A
V A

Use equilibrium of over all structure

400 kN
From horizontal /vertical
equilibrium -
300
H A = 100 kN
H
V A = 100 kN A

300 kN 300
300
V A
 2 D FRAMES
Check equilibrium of ABC
400 B C
L
300 Check moment equilibrium about C
2L

M C = 100 × L + 100 × 2 L − 300 − 300

300 = 0
100 2m
A
100
Yield Check @ B - Moment equilibrium satsified.
B 2m

M B = 100 × 2 L − 300
2L
= 100 kNm
100 < M p ok
300
A

100
 2 D FRAMES
Yield Check @ C -
400 B L C

M
= 100 × 2 L + 100 × L − 300
C

2L M C

= 400 + 200 − 300

300 = 300 kNm ( ok )
100 A

100
Check : Equilibrium & yield check for
other mechanisms.

HOW DOES THE GOVERNING MECHANISM CHANGE WHEN THE STRUCTURE IS 
UNDER (A) ONLY VERTICAL LOADS (B) ONLY HORIZONTAL LOADS

(A) Sway mechanism not possible (B) beam mechanism not possible
PRACTICE PROBLEM

3 P P
4 P
3m 3m 3m
Mp = 300 kN − m
4m
6m
 EXAMPLE

P M p = 600kNm( Beam) = M B
M p = 300kNm(Cols) = M C
P B D
L C L
L
2L E

A
 Beam Mechanism

P M p = 600kNm( Beam) = M P1
M p = 300kNm(Cols) = M P 2
P B L L D
300kN − m C 300kN − m
L
2L
600kN − m E

IVW = EVW
A
M P 1 ( 2ϕ ) + M P2 ϕ + M P2 ϕ = PU L ϕ
1

PU 1 = ??
 Sway Mechanism
M p = 600kNm( Beam) = M P1
P M p = 300kNm(Cols) = M P 2

P B L L D
300kN − m
300kN − mC
L
2L E 300kN − m

A
300kN − m

IVW = EVW
M P2 (ϕ ) + M P2 (ϕ ) + M P2 ( 2ϕ ) + M P2 ( 2 ϕ ) = PU 2 ( 2 L ϕ )
PU 1 = ??
 Combined Mechanism
M p = 600kNm( Beam) = M P1
M p = 300kNm(Cols) = M P 2
P

P B L L D
300kN − m
300kN − mC
L
2L E 300kN − m

A
300kN − m

IVW = EVW
M P 2 (ϕ ) + M P2 ( 2ϕ ) + M P2 ( 3ϕ ) + M P1 ( 2 ϕ ) = PU 3 ( 2 L ϕ ) + PU 3 ( L ϕ )
PU 3 = ??
 INCLINED PORTAL FRAMES
P 5 3
5 . 38 m
P m = n − n
2m
B D = 2

5m
(1 ) A
C
SWAY
A
5m 5m

NOT A (2)
MECHANISM A
 INCLINED PORTAL FRAMES

(2) B
(1 ) B

Comallastion
Hirge comallastion.
Combine IA+2A

IB+2B
 INCLINED PORTAL FRAMES
SWAY MECHANISM
Pu 1 Pu 1 (1A)
EVW = IVW
PU 1 × 0 = −
PU 1 = ∞

Not aritical if structure under vertical

P load only.
I

φ
(2A) C
I = Instantaneres centre of rotation
ϕ + φ D
give small rotation about I = ϕ
B
φ
α + φ α
Δ ICD reasains rigid
A E