Power Electronics Circuit Devices and Applications by Muhammad PDF

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.
net
‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬
‫ﻣ‬
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g .ne
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
rin
(
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
rin
(
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
a
w .E
1-1 ~~~11~(1110115 01 ~0~~( 81~~1(0111~5, 1

1-2 ~0~~( 5~1111~01100~10( 1)~~1~~5, 3
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
1-3 ~0111(01 ~113((1~1~(1511~5 01 ~0~~( 1)~~1~~5, 8

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1-4 1~~~5 01 ~0~~( 81~~1(0111~ 0(~0115, 8

1-5 1)~51~11 01 ~0~~( 81~~1(0111~5 8().01~111~111, 12
1-6 ~~(1~11~(31 811~~15, 13
5 0111111(1(~, 13
~~1~(~11~~5, 14
~~~1~~ 00~5110115, 14

2-1 101(0011~1100, 15
2-2 0100~5 ~1111~~ (100 ~1., 1.0(105, 15
2-3 0100~5 ~11111.,~ (100 ~1.,~ 1.0(105, 18
2-4 ~(~~~11~~110~ 0100~5, 23
2-5 ~~~0~~()1 011((11111~0 ~0~(~)1 ~1111(1 0100~, 25
2-6 510~1~-.,11(15~ 1-1(111-~(1~~ ~~~1111~(5, 29
2-7 .,~(10((0(10~~ .,(1((1(0~1~(5, 29
‫ﻣ‬
2-8 510~1~-.,11(15~ ~1111-~(1~~ ~~~1111~(5, 33
2-9 ~111111111(15~51(1( ~~~1111~(5, 38
et
2-10 111(~~-.,11(15~ 13(10~~ ~~~1111~(5, 41
2-11 ~~~1111~( 0(~1111 0~51~0, 44
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
2-12 ~11~~15 01 5011(~~ (100 1.0(10 10011~1(10~~5, 49
511(0(0(1()1, 50
~~1~(~0~~5, 51
~~~1~~ 011~511005, 51
n
.,(001~(05, 52
~~~~,..~~ 3
e eri 56
3-1 101(0011~1100, 56
gin
3-2 ~(1111((11 ~0(0(0111(11100, 57
3-3 ~0(~~0 ~0(0(0111(11100, 57
‫ﺔ‬ 3-3.1 5~11-~0(0(0111(11100,
En
58
3-3.2 1(0111115~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 60
3-3.3 ~~500(101 .,1115~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 64
3-3.4 ~0(0111~(0~01(1()1 ~0(0(0111(11100, 67
3-3.5 ~)(1~(0(11 .,1115~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 69
sy
3-3.6 1.0(10-510~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 69

3-3.7 1.10~-510~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 69
Ea
3-4 ~0(0(0111(11100 0(~1111 0~51~0, 71

3-5 ~0(0(0111(11100 ~(111(1~110(5, 74
511(0(0(1()1, 74
w.
~~1~(~0~~5, 74
~~~1~~ 011~511005, 75
‫ُﺭ‬
.,(001~(05, 75
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
4-1 101(0011~1100, 77
/4-2 .,(10~1111~ 01 .,11(15~-~001(011~0 ~00~~(1~( 011~((11100, 78
~4-3 510~1~- .,11(15~ 5~(01~00~~(1~(5, 80
~-4 510~1~-.,11(15~ ~1111 ~00~~(1~(5, 84
4-5 510~1~- .,11(15~ 011(11 ~00~~(1~(5, 87

4-6 51(1~1~-~11(15~ 5~(1~5 ~0(1~~(1~(5, 90

4-7 111..~~-~11(15~ 1-1(11~-~(1~~ ~0(1~~..1~(5, 95
4-8 111(~~-~11(15~ 5~1111~0(1~~..1~(5, 99
4-9 111..~~-~11(15~ ~011 ~0(1~~..1~..5, 101
4-10 111..~~-~11(15~ 00(11 ~0(1~~..1~(5, 105
4-11 ~0~~( ~(1~10( 1111~..0~~111~(115, 107
4-11.1 8)(11(1~110(1 ~(1~1~ ~0(11..01, 108
4-11.2 5)1111111~1..1~(11
~11~1~ ~0(11..01, 110
4-11.3 ~015~- ~10111- ~0001(1110(1 ~0(11..01, 112
4-11.4 51(105010(11 ~015~- ~10111 ~0001(1110(1, 114
‫ﻣ‬
4-12 0~51~(1 0~ ~0(1~~..1~( 0..~0115, 115
4-13 8~~~~15 0~ 1.0(10 (1(10 500..~~ 1(100~1(1(1~~5, 117
~
et
51101111(1()1,
119
~~~~..~(1~~5, 119
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~~~1~~ 00~5110115, 120
~..0~1~1115, 121
rin
/5-1 1(11(000~110(1, 124 ee
5-2 51(1~1~-~11(15~ ~~ 5~11~11~5, 125
5-3 111..~~-~11(15~ ~~ 5~11~11~5, 127
5-4 111..~~-~11(15~ ~~~~..51(1~ 5~11~11~5, 127
gin
5-5 ~~ 5~11~11~5 ~0.. 1305 1((1(15~~(, 130
‫ﺔ‬
/5-6
5-7
5-8
0~ 5~11~11~5, 130
50110-51(11~ ~~1(1)15, 132
En
0~51~(1 0~ 51(111~ 5~11~11~5, 133

50111111(1..)1, 134
~~~~(~11~~5, 134
sy
~~~1~~ 00~5110(15, 134

~..0~1~1115, 135
Ea
w.
6-1 1111..000~110(1, 137

6-2 ~..111~1~1~ 0~ 0(1-0~~ ~0(11..01, 138
‫ُﺭ‬
6-3
ww
~..1(1~1~1~ 0~ ~11(15~ ~0(11..01, 140

‫ﺷﺩ‬
6-4 51(1~1~-~11(15~ 13101(~~11011(11 ~0(11(011~..5 ~1111 ~~51511~~ 1.0(105, 142

,/6-5 51(1~1~-~11(15~ ~0(11(011~..5 ~11111(100~11~~ 1.0(105, 145
6-6 111..~~ ~11(15~ 1-1(11~-~(1~~ ~0(11(011~(5, 148
6-7 111..~~-~11(15~ ~011-~(1~~ ~0(11..011~..5, 154
6-8 111..~~-~11(15~ 13101(~~110(1(11 0~11(1-~0(111~~1~0 ~0(11..011~..5, 157
6-9 51(1~1~-~11(15~ 1((1(15~0(111~.. 1(1~ ~11(1(1~~..5, 161
6-10 ~)1~10~0(1~~..1~..5, 166

6-10.1 510~1~-~1138~ ~)1~10~00~~(1~(8, 166

6-10. 2 111(~~- ~1138~ ~)1~10~00~~(1~(8, 168
6-10.3 ~~011~1100 01 0111~1111-13((0001~8, 169
6-11 1)~81~0 01 ~~ ~ 0113~~-~001(011~( ~1(~11118,172
6-12 ~11~~18 01 5011(~~ 300 1-030 10011~130~~8, 175
511(0(03()1, 176
~~1~(~0~~8, 176
~~~1~~ 011~811008, 176
‫ﻣ‬
~(001~(08, 177
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
7-1 101(0011~1100, 180
7-2 ~(10~1~1~ 01 51~~-1)0~0 0~~(31100, 180
ng
7-3 51~~-1)0~0 ~110~~~(8 ~1111~1. 1-030, 183
7-4 ~(10~1~1~ 01 51~~-1)~ 0~~(31100, 186
7-5
7-6
eri
~~(10((030~~ ~3(3(0~1~(8, 189
5~11~1110~-~00~ ~~~111310(8, 189
7-6.1 1311~~~~~111310(8, 190
ine
7-6.2 130081 ~~~111310(8, 193
7-6.3 1311~~-130081 ~~~111310(8, 196
7-6.4 ~11~ ~~~111310(8, 199
‫ﺔ‬
7-7
7-6.5 1-1(01131100801 510~1~-513~~ ~00~~(8100, 204
En
g
111)1(1810( ~110~~~( 0(~11118, 204

7-7.1 1(0~1118~-~0(0(011131~0 ~110~~~(8, 205
7-7.2 ~11~~18_015011(~~ 300 1-030 10011~130~~, 210
7-7.3 1(0~1118~-~0(0(011131~0 111(~~-111)1(1810( ~110~~~(8, 210
sy
7-7.4 ~~800301 ~1118~~110~~~(8, 212

7-8 ~110~~~( ~1(~11111)~81~0, 215
7-9 ~3~0~11~ ~00810~(311008, 221
Ea
511(0(03()1, 221
~~1~(~0~~8, 221
w.
~~~1~~ 011~811008, 222

~(001~(08, 223
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
8-1 101(0011~1100, 226

8-2 ~(10~1~1~ 01 0~~(31100, 227
8-3 ~~(10((030~~ ~3(3(0~1~(8, 228
8-4 510~1~-~1138~ 13(10~~ 10~~(1~(8, 230
8-5 111(~~-~1138~ 10~~(1~(8, 233
8-6 ~0113~~ ~001(01 01 510~1~-~1138~ 10~~(1~(8, 239
8-6.1 510~1~-~1118~-~10111 ~0011131100, 240

8-6.2 ~11111~1~-111115~-~10111 ~00111(11100, 241
8-6.3 510115010(11111115~-~10111 ~00111(11100, 243
8-6.4 ~00111~0 510115010(11111115~-~10111 ~00111(11100, 245
8-6.5 1111(15~-015~1(1~~111~01 ~001(01, 246
8-7 ~011(1~~ ~001(01 01111(~~-1111(15~ 10~~(1~(5, 247
8-8 1-1(1(111001~~~011~11005, 248
8-9 5~(1~5 ~~500(10110~~(1~(5, 251
8-9.1 5~(1~5 ~~500(10110~~(1~(5 ~1111 00101(~~1100(11 5~11~11~5, 252
8-9.2 5~(1~5 ~~500(101111~~(1~(5 ~111113101(~~1100(11 5~11~11~5, 259
‫ﻣ‬
8-10 ~0(~~0-~0111111111(11~0 111)1(1510( 10~~(1~(5, 264
8-10.1 ~11,.111(1()1-~0111111111(11~010~~(1~(5, 265
t
8-10.2 ~0111~1~111~111(1()1-~0111111111(11~010~~(1~(5, 266
e
8-11 ~11((~01-5011(~~ 10~~(1~(5, 273
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
8-12
g.n
~ (1(1(101~ 0~ 1.,10~ 10~~(1~(, 276
8-13 10~~(1~( 0(~1111 0~51~0, 276
8-14 ~(1~0~11~ ~00510~((111005, 279
511111111(1()1, 279
rin
~~1~(~11~~5, 279
~~~1~~ 011~511005, 280
~(001~1115, 281 ee
gin
9-1 1111(0011~11011,284
‫ﺔ‬ 9-2
9-3
0~ ~0~~( 511~~11~5,285
9-2.1 5~11~11~0-~00~ 0~ 110~~( 511~~11~5,285
En
9-2.2 ~~5011(11110~ ~0~~( 511~~11~5,288

9-2.3 13101(~~11011(11
~0~~( 511~~11~5,289
~~ ~0~~( 511~~11~5,290
sy
9-3.1 5~11~11~0-~00~ ~~ 110~~( 511~~11~5,290

9-3.2 ~~5011(101 ~~ ~0~~( 511~~11~5,291
Ea
9-3.3 13101(~~1100(11~~ 110~~( 511~~11~5,291

9-4 ~1111151(1~~~011~~(510115, 292
9-5 ~(1~0~11~ ~011510~((1110115,293
w.
511111111(1()1, 294
~~1~(~0~~5, 294
‫ُﺭ‬
~~~1~~ 011~5110115, 294
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11(001~1115, 295
~ 4~~~~ 10 ()~ ()~~~~5 296
10-1 1111(0011~1100,296
10-2 13(151~~11(1((1~1~(1511~5
01 0~ ~010(5, 297
10-3 5111~1~-1111(15~
0(1~~5, 300
/ 10-3.1 510~1~-1111(15~1-1(111-~(1~~~00~~(1~( 0(1~~5, 301

10-3.2 $111~1~-~1138~ $~1111~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 302

10-3.3 $111~1~-~1138~ ~1.111-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 303
10-3.4 $111~1~-~1138~ 01.131-~00~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 304
10-4 111(~~-~1138~ 0(1~~8, 307
~10-4.1 111(~~-~1138~ 1-1311-~3~~ ~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 308
10-4.2 111(~~-~1138~ $~1111~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 308
10-4.3 111(~~-~1138~ ~1.111-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 308
‫ﻣ‬
10-4.4 111(~~-~1138~ 01.131-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 309
10-5 ~110~~~( 0(1~~8, 313
10-5.1 ~(111~1~1~ 01 ~0~~( ~0111(01, 313
t
10-5.2 ~(111~1~1~ 01 ~~~~11~(311~~ )3(3~~ ~0111(01, 315
.ne
10-5.3 ~(111~1~1~ 01 ~11~081311~ )3(3~~ ~0111(01, 317
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
10-5.4 ~(111~1~1~ 01 ~01110111~0 ~~~~11~(311~~ 3110 ~11~081311~ )3(3~~
~0111(01, 319
ng
10-5.5 1~0/~01.1(-01.130(3111 ~110~~~( 0(1~~8, 319
10-5.6 ~1.1111~1138~~110~~~(8, 321
10-6 008~0-1.,00~ ~0111(01 01 0~ 0(1~~8, 323
10-6.1
10-6.2
10-6.3
008~0-1.,00~ eri
0~~11-1.,00~ 1(31181~( ~1.111~11011,324
1(31181~( ~1.111~11011,328
~1138~-1.,0~~~0-1.,00~ ~0111(01, 330
ine
10-6.4 ~1~(0~0111~1.11~( ~0111(01 01 0~ 0(1~~8, 332
$1.11111113()1, 333
~~1~(~11~~8, 333
‫ﺔ‬ ~~~1~~ 01.1~8110118, 334
~(001~1118, 335
sy
En
g
~...~~,.~~ 11 ~~ ()~~~~5 339

11-1 1111(001.1~11011, 339
Ea
11-2 11101.1~11011~010( 0(1~~8, 340

11-2.1 ~~(10(111311~~ ~113(3~1~(1811~8, 341
11-2.2 $1310( ~0113~~ ~0111(01, 347
w.
11-2.3 ~010( ~0113~~ ~0111(01, 349

11-2.4 ~(~()1.1~11~)1 ~0111(01, 356
‫ُﺭ‬
11-2.5 ~0113~~ 3110 ~(~()1.1~11~)1 ~0111(01, 358
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11-2.6 ~1.1((~111 ~0111(01, 361

11-2.7 ~0113~~, ~1.1((~111, 3110 ~(~()1.1~11~)1 ~0111(01, 364
11-2.8 008~0-1.,00~ ~0111(01 0111101.1~11011 ~010(8, 365
11-3 $)111~11(01101.18~010( 0(1~~8, 369
11-3.1 ~)111110(1~31 ~010( ~010(8, 370
11-3.2 $311~111-~01~ ~010(8, 373
11-3.3 ~~11.1~1311~~ ~010(8, 374
11-3.4 ~~(111311~111-~3~11~1 ~010(8, 375
11-3.5 008~0-1.,00~ ~0111(01 01 $)111~11(01101.18~010(8, 376

51.1111111(1()1, 377 ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬

~~1~(~0~~5, 378
~~..,1~~ 01.1~511005, 379
~(001~1115, 380
12-1 1111(001.1~11011,
383
12-2 0100~ 01(1((1~1~(1511~5,383
‫ﻣ‬
12-3 ~0~~( 0100~ 1)1~~5, 386
12- 3.1 0~11~((11-~1.1(~05~ 0100~5, 386
12-3.2 ~(151-~~~0..,~1-)10100~5, 387
et
12-3.3 5~0.011~)1 0100~5, 387
12-4 ~~(10(111(111~~~(1((1111~1~(5,388
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
12-5 811~~15 01 ~0(~(1(0 (1110~~..,~(5~ ~~~0..,~()111111~, 402
12-6 5~(1~5-~0011~~1~0 0100~5, 406
12-7 ~(1((111~1-~0110~~1~00100~5, 408
51.1111111(1()1, 409
rin
~~..,1~~ 01.1~5110115,409
~(001~1115, 410
ee
gin
13-1 1111(001.1~11011, 412
‫ﺔ‬
13-2 131~01(1( 11.111~110111((11151510(5, 413
13-2.1 51~(10)1-51(11~ ~0.(1((1~1~(1511~5, 413
En
13-2.2 5~11~0.111~ ~0.(1((1~1~(1511~5, 418

13-2.3 ~~(10(111(111~~ ~(1((1111~1~(5, 424
13-2.4 13(15~ 0(1..,~ ~0111(01, 436
sy
13-3 ~0~~( ~05~815, 440

13-3.1 51~(10)1-51(11~ ~0.(1((1~1~(1511~5, 442
13-3.2 5~11~0.111~ ~0.(1((1~1~(1511~5, 444
Ea
13-3.3 ~~(10(111(10~~ ~(1((1111~1~(5, 445

13-3.4 0(11~ 0(1..,~, 452
13-4 ~051015, 452
w.
13-5 5~(1~5 (1110 ~(1((111~1 0~~((111011, 457

13-6 ()//()( (100 ()1)/()( 1,111111(1110115, 458
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
13-7 1501(111011 01 0(11~ (1110 13(15~ 0(1..,~5, 461

‫ﺷﺩ‬
13-7.1 ~1.115~ 1((111510(111~(5, 462

13-7.2 0~10~01.1~1~(5, 462
51.1111111(1()1, 463
~~1~(~0~~5, 464
~~..,1~~ 01.1~511005, 464
~(001~1115, 466

14-1 1111(001.1~11011, 468

14-2 111)1(1510( ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5, 468
14-3 1~0-1((11151510( ~00~1 01111)1(1510(, 470
14-4 111)1(1510( 11.1(11-011, 472
14-5 (/// (/( ~(01~~11011, 474
14-6 (/1)/(/( ~(01~~11011, 476
14-7 111)1(1510( 11.1(11-011, 478
‫ﻣ‬
14-8 111)1(1510( 1)1~~5, 479
14-8.1 ~11(15~ ~0111(01111)1(1510(5, 480
14-8.2 ~(151-5~11~11111~ 111)1(1510(5, 480
t
.ne
14-8.3 (1(11~-11.1(11-011111)1(1510(5, 481
14-8.4 )3101(~~11011(111(100~ 111)1(1510(5, 482
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
14-8.5 ~~~~(5~-~01101.1~1111~ 111)1(1510(5, 482
14-8.6 51(111~ 11101.1~11011111)1(1510(5, 483
ng
14-8. 7 1.,1~111-~~11~(11~0 5111~011-~0111(011~0 ~~~1111~(5, 484
14-8.8 ~~1-~0111(011~0 111)1(1510(5, 484
14-9 ~~(10((11(111~~ ~(1((1(11~1~(5, 485
14-10
14-9.1 5~~ ~(1((1(11~1~(5, 485
14-9.2 (110 ~(1((1(11~1~(5, 494 eri
ine
5~(1~5 0~~((111011 01111)1(1510(5, 504
14-11 ~(1((111~1 0~~((111011 01111)1(1510(5, 507
14-12 111)1(1510( ~1(111~ 0(~1.1115, 507
‫ﺔ‬ 51.1(11(11(1()1, 509
~~1~(~11~~5,
~~~1~~
~(0/)1~(115,
sy
510
En
01.1~5110115~
511
g
510
Ea
15-1 1111(001.1~11011, 514

15-2 ~001111~ (1110 1-1~(115111./(5, 514
15-3 5111.1/)/)~( 0(~1.1115, 520
w.
15-4 ~~~~(5~ ~~~0~~()11((11151~1115, 521

15-5 51.1~~1)1- (1110 1.,0(10-510~ 1((11151~1115, 527
‫ُﺭ‬
15-6 ~011(1~~ ~(01~~11011 /))1 5~1~1111.111 0100~5 (1110 ~~1(11-0)(10~ ~(1(1510(5, 529
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
15-7 ~1.1((~111 ~(01~~110115, 531

15-7.1 ~1.15111~,531
15-7.2 ~(11.111~1.1((~111 ~1111 ~~ 501.1(~~, 538
15-7.3 ~(11.111~1.1((~111 ~1111 0~ 501.1(~~, 540
51.1(11(11(1()1, 541
~~1~(~11~~5, 541
~~~1~~ 01.1~5110115, 542
~(0/)1~(115, 542

‫ﻣ‬
t
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
~~()-=)( 580
sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬

‫ﻣ‬
t
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬

‫ﻣ‬
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ee
rin
g.n
gin
‫ﺔ‬
~0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5
(1110 ~011~~(51011
(1110 011 01 ()0~~(
01 ~1~~1(1~
En
0~(115 ~1111111~ (1()()11~(1110115 0150110-51(11~

()0~~(.
5~1111~011011~10(
~011~~(51011
0~~1~~5.
~1~~1(0111~510(
1~~11111()11~5 (~()111(~
1-0~-1~~~1 ~1~~1(0111~5
111~ ~0111(01
111~ 5~11~11111~ 011
~1(~11115, ~111~11
asy
110(111(111)1 ~0115151 011111~~((11~0 ~1(~11115 (1110 015~(~1~ ~0111()011~1115, ~~11~((11~ 111~ (~-
()111(~0 ~(11111~ 51~11(115 10( 111~ ()0~~( 0~~1~~5. 1111~~((11~0 ~1(~11115 (1110 015~(~1~ ~0111-
()011~1115 (1(~ 0~111~ (~()1(1~~0 0)11111~(0()(0~~550(5.
~11 10~(11 ()0~~( 0~~1~~ 51101110 11(1~~ 110 5~11~11111~-011 (1110 -011 1111111(1110115 111
.E
1~(1115 01111(11-011 11111~, 111(11-01111111~, ~11((~111, (1110 ~011(1~~ 11(11101111~ ~(1()(1011111~5.

~0~~( 5~1111~011011~10( 1~~1111010~)115 ((1()101)1 0~~~10()111~ 1(151 5~11~11111~ ()0~~( 0~~1~~5
w
~1111111~(~(15111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~11((~11111111115. ~0~~( 5~11~11111~ 0~~1~~5 511~11 (15 ()0~~(
13115, ()0~~( ~05~~15, ~051(115, 50~.5, 1~1~~5, (1105, (11100111~( 5~1111~011-
‫ُﺭ‬
(1(~ 11110111~ 111~(~(15111~ (1()()11~(1110115 111 (1 ~10~ ((111~~ 01 ()(0011~15.
ww
011~10( 0~~1~~5
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1111111~ (1~(111(101111)1 011(151~( 5~11~11111~ 0~~1~~5, 111~ (1()()11~(1110115 0111100~(111111~(0-

()(0~~550(5 111 5)111111~512111~ 111~ ~0111(01 51((11~~)110( ~(11111~ ()0~~( 0~~1~~5 10 111~~1111~
~011~~(51011 5()~~16~(1110115 (1(~ ~10~11111~ 111~ 5~0()~ 01 ()0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5. 111~ ()0-
1~1111(11 (1()()11~(1110115 01 ()0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5 15 )1~1 10 0~ 11111)1~)(()10(~0.
111~ 11111~ (1110~(11~0 10 (1 ~011(5~ 011 ()0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5 111(11)1()1~(1111110~(~((1011(11~
~11((1~1111111115 110(111(111)10111)1 011~ 5~111~51~(. ~0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5 11(15 (11(~(10)1 (10~(111~~0
10 111~ ()01111 ~11~(~ 1115 01111~111110 ~0~~( 111~ ~1111(~ 5110)~~1111 (1 011~-5~111~51~( ~011(5~.
111~ 111110(1111~111(11501 ()0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5 (1(~ ~~11 ~51(1011511~0 (1110 111~)1 00 1101 ~11(111~~

(3()101)1. 1-/.0~~~~(, 111~ 0~~1~~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 3(~ ~11311~111~~01111111101151)1. ~0~€,.
~/€~(,.0/1/~5, ~111~11 ~(11()10)15 111~ 10()-00~11 3()()(03~11, ~0~~(5 ~011~~(51011 1~~11111()11~5
11(51, 3110 111~113()()11~3110115 3110 0~~1~~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5. 11 ~(11()11351~~5 111~ 1111103-
(11~11131()(111~1()1~5 01 ()0~~( ~011~~(510115. 111~ 000/( 15 01~10~0 11110 11~~ ()(1(15~
1. 1111(0011~11011-~113()1~( 1
2. ~0(11(111113110111~~11111()11~501 5~~5 3110 ()0~~( ~011~~(51011 1~~11111()11~5-
~113()1~(5 2,3,4,6,7,31108
‫ﻣ‬
3. ~()()11~3110115-~113()1~(5 5, 9, 10, 3110 11
4. 1)~~1~~5-~113()1~(5 12, 13, 3110 14
5. ~(01~~110115-~113()1~( 15
et
10()1~511/(~ 111(~~-()1135~ ~1(~11115, (113~11~11~ ~1(~11115, 5~11~11111~ 11111~110115 01 ~011~~(1~(5,
0~ 1(31151~111 311(1)1515, 3110 ~011(1~( 311(1)1515 3(~ (~~1~~~0 111 111~ ~()()~1101)(~5.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g .n
~0~€,. ~/€~(,.0/1/~5151111~110~0 35 3 1~)(1000/( 10( 3 ~011(5~ 011 ..()0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5/
51311~ ()0~~( ~011~~(1~(5,, 10( )111110( 0( 5~1110( 11110~(~(301131~ 51110~1115 111 ~1~~1(1~31
3110 ~1~~1(0111~ ~11~111~~(111~. 11 ~01110 3150 0~ 115~0 35 3 1~)(1000/( 10( ~(301131~
rin
51110~1115 3110 ~01110 0~ 3 (~1~(~11~~ 000/( 10( ()(3~11~111~ ~11~111~~(5 111~01~~0 111 111~
0~51~11 3110 3()()11~3110115 01 ()0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5. 111~ ()(~(~()111511~5 ~01110 0~ ~011(5~5
011 0351~ ~1~~1(0111~5 3110 0351~ ~1~~1(1~31
ee ~1(~11115. 111~ ~0111~111 01 ~0~€,. ~/€~(,.0/1/~5
15 0~)10110 111~ 5~0()~ 01 3 011~-5~(11~51~( ~011(5~. ~0( 311 11110~(~(301131~ ~011(5~,
~113()1~(5 1 10 9 51101110 0~ 30~()1131~ 10 ()(0~10~ 3 51(011~ 03~/(~(011110 011 ()0~~(
~1~~1(0111~5. ~113()1~(5 9 10 15 ~01110 0~ 1~11 10( 0111~( ~011(5~5 0( 111~1110~0 111 3
gin
~(301131~ ~011(5~.
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~11113(11(1130
~111151~(,
1-/.. ~351110
111013113
~ 110()())1 015/( 1135 0~~11 ~11~105~0 ~111111115 1~)(1. 11 ~011131115 51 ()(0~(3(115 ~(111~11
Ea
111 ~0~311~~0 13~51~ 3110 53~~0 111 ~501 ~113(3~1~(5. 111~5~ ()(0~(3(115 ~311 0~ 115~0
10( 111~ 50111110115 0150(11~ ~0(/(~0-0111 ~)(3(11()1~5 3110 ~~11~(31111~ 031310( 50(11~ 11~11(~5,
~5()~~1311)1 ~1111 ()1115~ ~10111 (1100111311011. 111~ 111~113(11~5 011 111~ 015/( 0~~111 ~1111
w.
.~)(, 10( ~0(/(~0-0111 ~)(3(11()1~5 3110 .~10, 10( 11~11(~5. ~0( ~)(3(11()1~, ~1~11(~ 4-14
1135 3 111~113(11~ 01 .~10-14,. 111~ 111~113(11~5 ~311 0~ 1151~0 0)1 01(~~10()11151111~. 111~
‫ُﺭ‬
015/( 1135 3 001101~-510~0 360 /(13 10((1131 (~30301~ 0)1 (11)1 ()~(501131 ~0(11()111~( ~1111 3
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~-1)05 0( 311 ~5-005 2 0( 3 0()~(31111~ 5)151~(11, 511~11 35 113~ ~~, )(1 0( ~ 1.

011~5110115 (~~3(0111~ 111~ 5011~3(~ (113)1 0~ 01(~~1~0 10 111~ 3111110(~
1)(. ~11113(11(1130 1-/.. ~351110

~(01~550( 01 ~1~~1(1~31 ~11~111~~(111~
~0~00~ 0~1~~~511~ ~3111(11~1
1-/.3(11(110110, 111013113 46323

~)(2-16 .13~5 ~)(6-12 .13~5 ~)(11-6 .13~5

~)(3-4 .13~5 ~)(7 -2 .13~5 ~)(11-7 .13~5
~)(3-5 .13~5 ~)(8-3 .13~5 ~)(11-8 .13~5
~)(3-9 .13~5 ~)(8-7 .13~5 ~)(11-9 .13~5
~)(3-10 .13~5 ~)(8-9 .13~5 ~)(11-10 .13~5
~)(3-12 .13~5 ~)(8-10 .13~5 ~1011-3 .13~5
~)(4-6 .13~5 ~)(8-11 .13~5 ~1011-4 .13~5
~)(4-12 .13~5 ~)(8-12 .13~5 ~1011-9 .13~5
‫ﻣ‬
~)(4-13 .13~5 ~)(8-13 .13~5 ~1011-12.13~5
~104-14 .13~5 ~)(8-14 .13~5 ~)(12-1 .13~5
t
~104-15 .13~5 ~108-11 .13~5 ~)(12-2 .13~5
e
~)(6-4 .13~5 ~108-13 .13~5 ~)(12-3 .13~5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~)(6-5 .13~5 ~108-15 .13~5 ~)(12-4 .13~5
~)(6-6 .13~5 ~)(11-1 .13~5 ~)(12-5 .13~5
~)(6-7 .13~5 ~)(11-2 .13~5 ~)(15-2 .13~5
~)(6-8 .13~5 ~)(11-3 .13~5 ~)(15-3 .13~5
rin
~)(6-9 .13~5 ~)(11-4 .13~5 ~)(15-4 .13~5
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬

‫ﻣ‬
et
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e eri
n
gin
‫ﺔ‬
1 ~01.110
~8110~(1 1(. 5.
sy
En
11~~ 10 111(10~ 111~ ~0110~10~
.811(11- 001..,~..811)1
..~..,1~~~..8
0~ ~1~10..1(1,
~0.. 111~1.. ~0(0(0~018
~(10(10(1
(100 81.1~~~811008~
~..~0 .8..0~~111.1..81-~08~-1-11.11(0(10 1081111.11~ 0~ 1~~110010~)1

108~.,11 ~. ~..0~1~)1-001..,~..811)1 0~ 11110018, 0..0(10(1-~11(1(0.,(11~0
~~11..(10 ~118(101-1~)((18 ~~~ 001..,~..811)1
Ea
511(111101.111. 1(11(10-~00~0..01(1 001..,~..811)1, ~(10(10(1

~~1~.. 1.,(11.1..112~0 - 0 01..,~..811)1 0~ ~ (181110~100
~(1 1)(1 111~-5.,00~- 001..,~..811)1 0~ 11110018, 0..0(10(1-~11(1(0.,(11~0
w.
1111(18 0~~0 (1 ~..~(11 .,1~(181.1..~ ~0..~10~ ~1111111~ ~0110.., 11(0 .8021~, (100 1118 (188181(101,
‫ُﺭ‬
1(111)1 ~00(111(10. ~10(111)1, 1 ~01.110 111(10~ (0)1 ~(1(011)1 ~0.. 111~1.. 10..,~, .,(111~0~~, (100
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1.100~..81(10010~ .
)()(

‫ﻣ‬
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ee
rin
g.n
gin
‫ﺔ‬ En
asy
‫ُﺭ‬.E
w
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬

‫ﻣ‬
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
g
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬

‫ﻣ‬
t
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
111~ 0~1113110
11100511131 ~01111015
101
En
~0111101
~)(151~0
sy
01 ~1~~111~
101111311~
~0~~1
~~315,
101 ~1~~111~ 1110101 011~~
3110 11115 1~0 10 ~311~ 0~~~10~111~111
5~51~1115 3110
01111~
~310-1--~011310 5~51~111 10 0013111 3 ~311301~ 0~ ~0113~~ 101111~ ~0111101 010~ 1110101
011~~5. ~0~~1 ~1~~110111~5 113~~ 1~~0101101112~0 111~ ~011~~~1 01 ~0~~1 ~0111101 101
Ea
~0~~1 ~011~~151011 3110 101 ~0111101 01 ~1~~111~311110101 011~~5.

~0~~1 ~1~~110111~5 ~01110111~ ~0~~1, ~1~~110111~5, 3110 ~0111101. ~0111101 0~315
~1111 111~ 51~30~-5131~ 3110 0~1131111~ ~11313~1~11511~5 01 ~105~0-100~ 5~51~1115. ~0~~1
w.
0~315 ~1111111~ 51311~ 311010131111~ ~0~~1 ~()01~111~111101111~ ~~11~1311011, 1131151111551011,

3110 0151110011011 01 ~1~~111~ ~0~~1. ~1~~110111~5 0~31 ~1111 111~ 50110-5131~ 0~~1~~5
‫ُﺭ‬
3110 ~11~0115 101 51~1131 ~10~~55111~ 10 111~~1 111~ 0~511~0 ~0111101 00)~~11~~5. ~0~€,
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
€/€~(,011/~5 1113~ 0~ 0~1111~0 35 111~ 3~~11~3110115 01 50110-5131~ ~1~~110111~5 101 111~

~0111101 3110 ~011~~151011 01 ~1~~111~ ~0~~1. 111~ 1111~11~13110115111~ 01 ~0~~1 ~1~~-
110111~5 ~1111 ~0~~1, ~1~~110111~5, 3110 ~011110115 5110~11 111 ~1~. 1-1.
~0~~1 ~1~~110111~5 15 035~0 ~111113111~ 011 111~ 5~11~11111~ 01111~ ~0~~1 5~1111~011-
00~101 0~~1~~5. ~1111111~ 0~~~10~111~111 01 ~0~~1 5~1111~01100~101 1~~1111010~~, 111~
~0~~1-1131101111~ ~3~3011111~5 3110 111~ 5~11~11111~ 5~~~0 01 111~ ~0~~1 0~~1~~5 113~~
1111~10~~0 11~111~1100051~. 111~ 0~~~10~111~111 01 1111~10~10~~55015/1111~10~0111~01~1

‫ﻣ‬
()0,,1,01
,6.,,8~09 0(9~18~
~
t
.ne
~0,,.,9,
~~9~1,0,,~~5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
()~,~(1(15 9~(1~~,,,9,,1
09~~~95 ~
5181(~ 80181~,,9
~
ng
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬
1~~1111010~)11135
~0( 111~ ~0~~(
~0~~(
11010~)1 3110 3(~
~0111(015,
3 ~(~311111~3~1
110~
11~111 ~0111(015,
sy
g
5~1111~01101.1~10(
~1~~1(0111~5
En
113~~
1.15~0 111 3 ~(~31
011 111~ ~0111(01
0~~1~~5.
31(~30)1
111010( ~0111(015,
~3(1~1)1
~0~~(
3110 5)111111~512111~ 111~ ~0111(01
~01.1110 311 1111~0(13111

0~ 111~11-~0~~(
~13~~
~(001.1~15,
51.1~~11~5, ~~111~1~ ~(0~1.1151011
111 11100~(11
51(31~~)1
1~~11-
111~11.10111~11~31
5)151~1115,
3110111~11-~0113~~ 01(~~1-~1.1((~111 (1-1~0~) 5)151~1115. 1115 01~~1~1.11110 0(3~ 111~ 001.1110-
3(1~5 ~0( 111~ 3~~11~3110115 0~ ~0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5~ ~5~~~1311)1 ~1111111~ ~(~5~111 1(~1105
Ea
111 111~ 0~~~10~111~111 0~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~5 3110 1111~(0~(0~~550(5, 111~ 1.1~~~( 111111115 1.111-
0~1111~0. 1301~ 1-1 5110~5 50111~ 3~~11~3110115 0~ ~0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
5111~~ 111~ ~1(51111)1(1510( 0~ 5111~011-~0111(011~0 (~~11~1~( (50~) ~35 0~~~10~~0 111 131~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1957, 111~(~ 113~~ 0~~11 1(~111~11001.15 30~311~~5 111 111~ ~0~~( 5~1111~01101.1~10( 0~~1~~5.
0111111970, 111~ ~011~~111101131111)1(1510(51130 0~~11 ~)(~11.151~~1)11.15~0 ~0( ~0~~( ~0111(01
111 11101.151(131 3~~11~3110115. 5111~~ 1970, ~3(101.15 1)1~~5 0~ ~0~~( 5~1111~01101.1~10( 0~-
~1~~5 ~~(~ 0~~~10~~0 3110 0~~3111~ ~0111111~(~1311)1 3~311301~. 111~5~ ~311 0~ 01~10~0
0(0301)111110 ~01.1( 1)1~~5~ (1) ~0~~( 0100~5, (2) 111)1(1510(5, (3) ~0~~( 01~013( )1.111~11011
1(31151510(5 (13115), 3110 (4) ~0~~( ~05~815. 111~ 111)1(1510(5 ~311 0~ 51.1001~10~0
11110 5~~~11 1)1~~5~ (3) ~0(~~0-~01111111.1131~0 111)1(1510(, (0) 1111~-~01111111.1131~0 111)1(1510(,
(~) ~31~-11.1(11-0~~ 111)1(1510( ((110), (0) (~~~(5~-~01101.1~1111~ 111)1(1510( (~~1), (~) 51311~
11101.1~11011 111)1(1510( (5111-1), (~) ~31~-355151~0 11.1(11-0~~ 111)1(1510( ((1~ 11), 3110 (~)

~0.,,~~((810~ ~3~0~18
~1~ (0001((0010~ ~388 1~308118
~1~(~311 (10~~~ 811(1(111~8 ~~~(11~~-3~( )3~(1 03113818
~13~~8 ~1010~
~(1(11130(~8 ~00~1 1~3108
~11010 3~(11111~~8 ~010~ (001~018
8311~~~ (113~~~~ ~010~ 0~1.,,~8
81~00~~8 ~0.,,1~ (1~0)~(10~8
810~~~8 ~11(1~3~ ~~3(10~ (001~01 ~00
‫ﻣ‬
8011~~8 011 ~~11 0~11110~
811~~13~ 313~~8 0.,,~0 (001~018
~~~~01 /(110 ~3(1~~ ~1118

~3~(((1~ 3((~1~~310~8
t
~11~~1(31 (1~0(~8810~
e
00111~8 0~~~~8 ~~0(11~ ~0.,,~~8
~0~(1111~~8 ~11000~~3(1118
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~00.,,~~~~8 ~11010(0(11~8
~~30~8 300 1101818 ~11010~~3(1111( 811(1(111~8
))1~~~~8 ~0~~~ 811(1(111~8
))18(113~8 ~~10110~ (1~~88
rin
~1~(1~1( 0130/(~18 ~11~(18 300 (0~(1~~880~8
~1~(1~1( 000~ 0(1~0~~8 ~303~/8003~ (10~~~ 811(1(111~8
~1~(1~1( 0~~~~8 ~30~~ 811~13(~ 11011
~1~(1~1( 1308 ~~1~1~~~310~8
~1~(1~1( .,,~111(1~8
ee ~~~111310~8
~1~(1~0~3~0~18 ~~ 3~(11111~~8
~)~(1~0~~(11301(31 ~1~(1~0(113110~ 5~(11~11~ 8~81~~8
gin
~1~(1~001( 1~011100 5~~.,,0 8~81~~8
‫ﺔ‬ ~1~(1~0813(((
~)~.,,310~8
~308
~13811~~8
~000
~000
~1)(~~8
~3~~~~
~0~/(1111 1~11(/(8
(1~~(1(111310~8
1~3~8
sy
En
5~~10~
5013~ (10~~~
50110-8131~
~3(1110~8
50110-8131~ ~~13~8
811(1(111~8
(0013(10~8
5(13(~ (10~~~ 811(1(111~8

51311( (1~(1111 0~~3/(~~8
51311( ~~13~8
~11~03(~8 51~~1 ~1118
()3~~8 5~0(11~000118 ~3(1110~ 813~110~
5~0111~((( 110~~8
Ea
()3~3~~ 000~ 0(1~0~~8

()38 111~010~ 813~110~ 1~1~.,,18100 (1~(11118
()~0~~310~ ~)((11~~8 1~~(1~~3111~~ (001~018
()~100~~8 11~~~8
w.
11300 (10~~~ 10018 10~8

11~31 (001~018 1~3111( 81~031 (001~018
‫ُﺭ‬
111~11-1~~()11~0(~ 11~11((0~ 1~3108
ww
111~11-.,,0113~~ 0( (11~))~) 1~ 0~11~(11008

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(0011(1100 11~3110~ 011~38001( ~~0~~310~8

1..38~~ (10~~~ 811(1(111~8 00101~~~11(11101~ (10~~~ 811(1(111~8
1..31(1110~ ~~13~8 ~3(1111~ (1~30~~8
1..1~111 01~~~~8 ~ ~~ (0~(1~0831100
1..1~111 113811~~8 ~ ~0010~ ~3(1110~8
1..10~3~ 10011(1100 ~010~ (001~018 ~1..~ 1~308~111~~8
1..0(0~011.,,~8 ~ 0113~~ ~~~111310~8
~3(1110~ 10018 ~381110~ ~3~1110~8
~3~0~11( ~~(0~010~8 ~~1010~
5011~(~ ~ ~~1. 5.
58~. 1-2 3

11~01-3~11~31~0 5111~00-~001(011~0 (~~11~1~( (1-~5~~). 51311~ 10011~1100 1(3051510(5

3(~ 3150 ~0111111~(~1311)13~311301~.
~0~~( 0100~5 3(~ 0~ 10(~~ 1)1.,~5~ ~~0~(31 .,11(.,05~5, 01~0 5.,~~0 (0( ~351 (~-
~0~~()1), 300 5~0011~)1. (1~0~(31-.,11(.,05~ 0100~5 3(~ 3~311301~ 11~ 10 3000 ~, 3500
~, 30010~ (3110~ 0~~351-(~~0~~()10100~5 ~30 ~011., 10 3000~, 1000~. 10~ (~~~(5~
(~~0~~()111111~ ~3(1~5 0~1~~~0 0.1 300 5 ,..,.,5. 10~ ~351-(~~0~~()1 0100~5 3(~ ~55~01131
~0( 01~0-~(~()11~0~)1 5~11~010~ 0~ .,0~~( ~00~~(1~(5. ~ 0100~ 035 1~0 1~(11110315~ 3
~31000~ 300 30 3000~. 5~0011/()1 0100~5 03~~ 10~ 00-5131~ ~0113~~ 300 ~~()1 5111311
‫ﻣ‬
(~~0~~()1 11111~, 1)1~1~311)1 03005~~0005. 10~ 1~3/(3~~ ~11((~01 10~(~35~5 ~110 10~
~0113~~ (3110~ 300 10~1( (3110~5 3(~ 1111111~010 100 ~, 300~. ~ 0100~ ~00011~15
~0~0 115 3000~ ~0113~~ 15 01~0~( 1030 1031 0~ 10~ ~31000~~ 300 10~ ~0(~3(0 ~0113~~
et
0(0~ 0~ 3 .,0~~( 0100~ 15 ~~)110~, 1)1~1~311)10.5 300 1.2 ~. 1~ 10~ ~31000~ ~0113~~
15 01~0~( 1030 115 3000~ ~0113~~, 3 0100~ 15 5310 10 0~ 10 3 0/0~/(1118 11100-~. ~1~11(~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1-2 500~5 ~3(10115 ~0011~11(311005 0~ ~~0~(31-~11(.,05~ 0100~5, ~01~0 0351~311)1 ~311
1010 1~0 1)1.,~5. 00~ 15 ~311~0 3 5(/10- 0( 5(/10--1110/111(~0-1)1~~ 300 10~ 010~( 15 ~311~0
3 0-15/( 0( ~,~55 ~(1/( 0( /10~/(~)1 ~/1~/( 1)1.,~. 10 3 51110-11101101~0 1)1~~, ~110~( 10~ 3000~
rin
0( 10~ ~31000~ ~01110 0~ 10~ 51110.
~ 10)1(1510( 035 10(~~ 1~(11110315~ 30 3000~, 3 ~31000~, 300 3 ~31~. ~0~0 3
5111311~11((~0115 .,355~0 10(011~010~ ~31~ 1~(111103110 ~31000~, 10~ 10)1(1510( ~00011~15,
ee
.,(0~10~0 103110~ 3000~ 1~(111103115 31 3 01~0~( ~01~011311030 10~ ~31000~. 00~~
310)1(1510(1510 3 ~00011~1100 11100~, 10~ ~31~ ~1(~1111035 00 ~001(01 300 10~ 10)1(1510(
~0011011~5 10 ~00011~1. ~0~0 3 10)1(1510( 15 10 3 ~00011~1100 11100~, 10~ ~0(~3(0
gin
~0113~~ 0(0., 15 ~~()1 5111311, 1)1.,1~311)10.5 10 2~. ~ ~00011~110~ 10)1(1510( ~30 0~
‫ﺔ‬
111(0~0 0~~ 0)11113/(10~ 10~ .,01~01131 0~ 10~ 3000~ ~()113110 0( 1~55 1030 10~ ~31000~
.,01~01131. 10~ 110~-~011111111131~0 10)1(1510(5 3(~ 111(0~0 0~~ 011~ 10 10~ 51011501031
En
03111(~ 0~ 10~ 10.,111 ~0113~~, 300 ~0(~~0-~011111111131~0 10)1(1510(5 3(~ 111(0~0 0~~ 0)1
30 ~)(1(3 ~1(~1111 ~311~0 ~0111111/1((1(1011~1,~/11(,)1. ~1~11(~ 1-3 500~5 ~3(10115 ~00~1~11-
(311005 0~ .,035~ ~001(01 (0( 110~-~011111111131~0) 10)1(1510(5~ 51110, 00~/(~)1 .,11~/(, 031,
sy
300 .,105 1)1.,~5.

Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1
...)~0..~ 1-2 ~3..1005 ~~/1~..31-))0..))05~
0100~ ~0/111~0..3(10/15. (~011~(~5~ 0/
~0101~~~~, 1/1~.)

‫ﻣ‬
t
..1~11..~ 1.3 ~3..10115 111~..1510.. ~011~1811..3-
.ne
110115. (~0/./,(~5)1 0/ 110~~,~~, 1/1~.)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~310(31 0( 110~-~011111111131~0 111~(1810(8 3(~ 3~311301~ ~1111 (3110~8 11., 10 2500
ng
~, 4000 ~ (300 5000~, 2500 ~). 111~ (~1.,1-0././(1111~
0~ 111~11-8.,~~0(~~~(8~-010~~10~
111~(1810(8 113~~ 0~~0 1111.,(0~~0 800813011311~ 300 11 18 .,088101~ 10 113~~ 10 10 20 /.1-8
10 3 1200-~, 2000-~ 111~(1810(. 111~ (~1.,1-0././ (1111~18 0~~10~0 38 111~ 11111~101~(~31
eri
0~1~~~0 111~1081301 ~11~0 111~.,(10~1.,31 ~11((~011138 0~~(~38~0 10 2~(0 3~1~( ~)(1~(031
8~11~1110~ 0~ 111~ .,(10~1.,31 ~0113~~ ~1(~011, 300 111~ 1081301 ~11~0 111~ 111~(1810( 18
~3.,301~ 0~ 811.,.,0(110~ 3 8.,~~1~1~0 .,(10~1.,31 ~0113~~ ~1111011110(010~ 00 (2). ~~18
ine
300 0~ 118 3(~ ~10~1~ 118~0 ~0( 111~11-8.,~~0 8~11~1110~, ~8.,~~1311~ 10 1(3~1100 3.,.,11-
~311008. ~0 ~~1 ~30 0~ ~00810~(~0 38 3 111~(1810( ~1111 30 10~~(8~-.,3(311~1 0100~.
‫ﺔ‬
~~18 3(~ 3~311301~ 0., 10 2500 ~, 1000 ~ (300 400 ~ 10 (~~~(8~ ~00011~1100) ~1111
~8.,~~1311~ 10 1-(~0~.
sy
E ng
3 8~11~1110~ 11111~0~ 40 /.1-8. 0~ 118 3(~ 3~311301~ 0., 10 1200 ~, 400 ~ ~1111 3
8~11~1110~ 8.,~~0 0~ 8 /.1-8. 1.,~5~~8,
~11113 8~11~1110~ 8.,~~0 0~ 20010400
~0( 10~-.,0~~(
~111~11 3(~ 3~311301~ 11., 10 6000 ~, 1500 ~,
/.1-8,3(~ 81111301~ ~0( 111~11-~0113~~ .,0~~( 8~81~1118,
3~ 3.,.,11~311008, 1~1~~8 3(~ ~10~1~ 08~0 10
3111~.,~8 0~ 81111.,1~ 11~31 ~001(018, 11~111~001(018, 111010( ~001(018, 300 3~ 8~11~11~8.
111~ ~113(3~1~(1811~8 0~ 1~1~~8 3(~ 81111113(10 1~0 111~(1810(8 ~000~~1~0 10 10~~(8~
.,3(311~1 300 113~10~ 001~ 00~ ~31~ 1~(1111031. 111~ ~0((~01 ~0~ 111(011~11 3 1~1~~
Ea
~30 0~ ~001(011~0 10 ~1111~( 01(~~1100.

0108300 5111-(8 3(~ 8~1~-10(0~0-0~~ 111~(1810(8. 0108300 5111-(8 3(~ 10(0~0
00 0~ 3.,.,1~10~ 3 8110(1 .,08111~~ .,018~ 10 111~ ~31~8 300 3(~ 111(0~0 0~~ 0~ 111~ 3.,.,11-
w.
~311008 0~ 8110(1 0~~311~~ .,018~ 10 111~~31~8. 111~~ 00 001 (~~01(~ 30~ ~01111110131100
~1(~1111. 0108 3(~ ~~(~ 311(3~11~~ ~0( ~0(~~0 ~01111110131100 0~ ~00~~(1~(8 300 3(~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
3~311301~ 0., 10 2500 ~, 1000~. 5111-(8 3(~ ~)(.,~~1~0 10 0~ 3.,.,11~0 ~0( 111~0111111-
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.,0~~( ~00~~(1~(8 ~1111 3 ~(~~11~0~~ 0~ 8~~~(31 111100(~0 ~11011~(12 300 0~~000 111~
~(~~0~0~~ (30~~ 0~ 0108. ~1~0(~ 1-4 8110~8 ~3(10118 ~00~1~11(311008 0~ 0108.
1-(1~11-.,0~~( 01.,013( 1(3081810(8 3(~ ~0111111001~ 118~0 10 .,0~~( ~00~~(1~(8 31 3
~(~~11~0~~ 0~10~ 10 ~1-(2 300 3(~ ~~~~~11~~1~ 3.,.,11~0 10 111~ .,0~~( (3110~8 11., 10 100
~~ 300 1000~. 111~ ~3(10118 ~00~1~11(311008 0~ 01.,013( .,0~~( 1(3081810(8 3(~ 8110~11
10 ~1~. 13-2. ~ 01.,013( 1(3081810( 1138111(~~ 1~(11110318~ 038~, ~111111~(, 300 ~011~~10(.
1118 00(111311~ 0.,~(31~0 38 3 8~11~1110 111~ ~011111100-~111111~(~00~1~11(31100. ~8 100~
38 111~ 038~ 0~ 30 ~~~ 1(3081810( 18 31 3 111~11~( .,01~01131 11130 111~ ~111111~( 300 111~
58~. 1-2 5

‫ﻣ‬
et
g.n
n
..1~0..~ 1-4 (131~-10..0-0(( 111~..1510..5.
(~0/17(€$)/ 0/ /,,(€7,,(1(/0,,(1/ 8.€~(///€7)
gin
~0113~~/~0....~01 5~11~1110~
1~~~ ..3110~ 11~~ (~5) 00 .,,0113~~/~0....~01

‫ﺔ‬
))100~5
~~0..(~0-10..0~0-0((
~~111~..1510..5
(1~0~..31
~~1-11~11
~5~11011~~
En
5~~~0
~0..~05~
~~.,,~..5~010~~10~
3000
3000
40
3000
~/3500
~/1000
~/60
~/1000
~2-5
~0.23
~400
~1.6 ~/10
0.58
2.5
3 ~/3000
~/60
~/10
1-11~115~~~0 1200 ~/1500 ~20 2.1 ~/4500
sy
~~~.,,~..5~
010~~10~ 2500 ~/400 ~40 2.7 ~/1250
~~~.,,~..5~~0000(110~ 2500 ~/1000 ~/~400 ~40 2.1 ~/1000
~(1~11 1200 ~/400 ~8 2.8 ~/1250
Ea
~1--1~111
1..1~~~..~0 6000 ~/1500 ~200-400 2.4 ~/4500
~1~1~~5 1200 ~/300 ~1.5 ~/420
~5~1(-10..0~0-0(( (110 3600 ~/600 ~25 2.5 ~/1000
w.
~111~..1510..5 5111-1 4000 ~/2200 ~6.5 2.3 ~/400

~~0~~.. 1..3051510..5 510~1~ 400 ~/250 ~9 1 ~/250
‫ُﺭ‬
~400 ~/40 ~6 1.5 ~/49
ww
~630 ~/50
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1.7 0.3 ~/20

~))3..110~100 900 ~/200 ~40 2~
5115 1200 ~/10 ~0.55 1.211
~0~~.. ~05~~15 500 ~/8.6 ~0.7 0.6
1000 ~/4.7 ~0.9 20
500 ~/10 ~0.6 0.40
50/17~€.. ~~(.3.

08~~~85 8~~00,5 ~,,8.~8.~/8~~5/~~5
,,, ,0
0
~~10 ) ~,,.,,,
‫ﻣ‬
0~008 0 .
0
~4 ~,,.,,, ~1 ~,, 88./8 /~~998~80
et
.
~,, ~8 0 -- / ~,,.,,,
.,,~~~5/0~ ,,,
0
0
(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~~8 ~,, )8./8 /~~998~80
~,, 1_
8.0 . 0 ~,,.,,,
rin
0
,,, 0
~(
,,, 88./8 /~~998~80
.~~,,,~ .
~,, 80
ee ,--
1/ -- ,,8
7
~0
,,, 0
~8 88./8/~~998~80
gin
~~,, ~88./8 /~~998~80
,,,
‫ﺔ‬
(..,,,8~~
~~~8.).
0-- .~
~,,
8~0
sy
En
8
0
,~~
0
~/
180 ~80~~81
~,,.,,,
.,~ ~81
~.
~~~/80
~~~8~~,0
Ea
/
/ ~80~ ~~1
~~~8.). ~/
~8~
~1 ~~0
w.
~~~~,11,, ~0
~(351
~-~,,8.008~ /
‫ُﺭ‬
~(351~~(350
~08~~. 8
ww
~(350
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0 ~05
~8
10
~~~0 ~(351
~-~,,8.0081 / ~(351..(~(35
~08~~. ~(350
~~8 0 ~05
58~. ,-2 7

035~ ~0((~0115 50111~1~011)113(~~ 10 0(1~~ 111~ 1(3051510( 10 111~ 5310(31100 (~~100, 111~
1(3051510( (~013105 00, .,(0~10~0 11131 111~ ~011~~10(-10-~01111~( )00~1100 15 .,(0.,~(1)1
0135~0. 111~ 10(~3(0 0(0., 01 3 ~0000~110~ 1(3051510( 15 10 111~ (30~~ 0.5 10 1.5 ~.
11111~ 035~ 0(1~~ ~01138~ 15 ~11110(3~0, 111~ 1(3051510( (~01(11118 111111~11011~011011~11011
(0( 0(1) 0100~.
~0~~( ~05~~15 3(~ 115~0 10 111~11-5.,~~0 .,0~~( ~00~~(1~(5 300 3(~ 3~311301~
31 3 (~1311~~1)110~ .,0~~( (3110~ 10 111~ (30~~ 011000 ~, 50 ~ 31 3 1(~~11~0~)1 (30~~
01 5~~~(31 1~05 01 ~11011~(12. 111~ ~3(1005 .,0~~( ~05~~15 01 0111~(~01 512~5 3(~
‫ﻣ‬
5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-22. 111~ (3110~5 01 ~00101~(~1311)1 3~311301~ .,0~~( 5~011~00011~10(
0~~1~~5 3(~ 5110~0 10 1301~ 1-2, ~11~(~ 111~ 00-~0113~~ 15 111~ 00-5131~ ~0113~~ 0(0.,
01111~ 0~~1~~ 31111~ 5.,~~111~0 ~0((~01. 1301~ 1-3 5110~5 111~ 11-/ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 300
t
111~ 5)1010015 01 ~00101001)1 05~0 .,0~~( 5~011~0000~10( 0~~1~~5.
rin
111~ .,0~~( 5~011~0000~10( 0~~1~~5 ~30 0~ 0.,~(31~0 35 5~11~11~5 0)1 3.,.,1)110~ ~001(01
51~0315 10 111~ ~31~ 1~(011031 0(111)1(1510(5 (300 10 111~ 035~ 01 01.,013( 1(3051510(5).
111~ (~~01(~0 001.,0115 001310~0 0)1 ~3()110~ 111~ ~0000~1100
ee 1101~ 01111~5~ 5~11~1110~
0~~1~~5. ~1~0(~ 1-5 5110~5 111~ 001.,01 ~0113~~5 300 ~001(01 ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01 ~001-
01001)1 05~0 .,0~~( 5~11~1110~ 0~~1~~5. 00~~ 3 111)1(1510( 15 10 3 ~0000~1100 0100~,
gin
111~ ~31~ 51~031 01 ~1111~( .,05111~~ 0( 0~~311~~ 013~01100~ 1135 00 ~11~~1 300 1111515
5110~010 ~1~. 1-53. ~11~0 3 .,0~~( 5~011~0000~10( 0~~1~~ 1510 3 00(0131 ~0000~1100
‫ﺔ‬
0100~, 111~(~ 15 3 501311 ~0113~~ 0(0., 3~(055 111~ 0~~1~~.
~3~~10(015 10 ~1~. 1-5, 111~5~ ~0113~~ 0(0.,5 3(~ ~00510~(~0
En
10 111~ 001.,01 ~0113~~

0~~11~101~, 300 001~55
5.,~~111~0, 11115355001.,1100 15 0130~ 111(00~11001 111~ 10110~10~ ~113.,1~(5.
111~ .,0~~( 5~011~0000~10(
1.
sy
00~001(011~0
5~11~1110~ 0~~1~~5 ~30 0~ ~1355111~0 00 111~ 03515 01~
10(0 00 300 011 (~.~., 0100~)

2. ~001(011~0 10(0 00 300 110~001(011~0 111(0 011 (~.~., 50~)
3. ~001(011~0 10(0 00 300 011 ~113(3~1~(1511~5 (~.~., 811, ~05~~1, (10)
Ea
4. ~001100005 ~31~ 51~031 (~~01(~01~01 (811, ~05~~1)

5. ~015~ ~31~ (~~01(~01~01 (~.~., 50~, (10)
6. 81.,013( ~0113~~-~11115130010~ ~3.,(01111)1 (50~.)
w.
7. 001.,013( ~0113~~-~11115130010~ ~3.,(01111)1 (811, ~05~~1, (10)

8. 8101(~~110031 ~0((~01 ~3.,(01111)1 (1~1~~, ~~1)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
9. 00101(~~110031 ~0((~01 ~(1.,301111)1 (5~~, 010, 811, ~05~~1, 0100~)

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0( 111~ ~001(01 01 ~1~~1(1~ .,0~~( 0( .,0~~( ~0001110010~, 111~ ~00~~(5100 01 ~1~~1(1~
.,0~~( 1(001 00~ 10(01 10 300111~( 15 0~~~553()1 300 111~ 5~11~1110~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01
111~ .,0~~( 0~~1~~5 .,~(0111111~5~ ~00~~(51005. 111~ 51311~ .,0~~( ~00~~(1~(5 .,~(10(01

1/9
+
~9
.~~~~5.0~ 1/0
~5
+1~.
~0
1~
‫ﻣ‬
(8) .~~~~5.0~ 51/,/~.~~
et
1/9
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0
+
-1 -------
0.0 1/0
rin
~5
1~.
~0
1~
ee ., .
(0) 0.0 91/,/,.~~
gin
1/8
+
‫ﺔ‬ 1~.
+
sy
En
~~5
1/0
.1 .
-
1~
0
.1 .
Ea
(~) .~8~5~5.0~ 51/,/~.~~
+0
w.
~1/95
+~
‫ُﺭ‬
0
ww
~5 ~8_ .1 .
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1/0
~5 -
~. ~0
1
.1 .
(~) ~08~,,,. 51/,/~.~~
~)~(1..~1-5 ~011.(01 ~11~(~~1~(15(/~50( .,0~~( 5~11~11111~0~1/1~~5.
58~. ,-4 ,.~~85 0~ ~0~8( ~~8~1(0(11~(~(~0~15 9

0~0~80, ,.,.
~2..
+ ~....5~~,.,.
1..,. =
~~_
~08~ ~85,5.8~~8 -~~
~3
5~~~~~
‫ﻣ‬
..,0 1
~+
~~~.
..,0
~1,.
t
~~~,.,.
.ne
0,0~8 02 .. 2..
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(8) ~~~~~~.
~~89~8~ (0) ~0~.898..,,,8..,810~~5
ng
111~5~ 11111~11011501 ()0~~( ~011~~(510115. ~ ~011~~(1~( (11(1~0~ ~011510~(~0 (15 (1 5~11~11-
111~ (11(11(1)(. 111~ ()0~~(
1. 0100~ (~~1111~(5
eri
~1~~1(0111~5 ~1(~11115~(1110~ ~1(155111~0 11110 51)( 1~()~5~
ine
2. (1~-0~ ~011~~(1~(5 (~0111(011~0 (~~1111~(5)
3. (1~-(1~ ~011~~(1~(5 ((1~ ~011(1~~ ~0111(011~(5)
4. 0~-0~ ~011~~(1~(5 (0~ ~110()()~(5)
‫ﺔ‬ 5.
6.
0~-(1~ ~011~~(1~(5 (111~~(1~(5)
51(111~ 5~11~11~5
~9~1.1.9,.5.
(1~~ (1110 15 5110~11
sy
~
En
111 ~1~.
g
0100~
1-6.
(~~1111~(
111~
~1(~1111 ~011~~(15
111()111 ~011(1~~
(1~ ~011(1~~
10 111~ ~011~~(1~(
11110 (111)(~0 0~ ~011-
~01110 0~ ~1111~(
5111~1~-()11(15~ 0( 111(~~-()11(15~.
Ea
8~-~~ ~00~9~9,.5. ~ 5111~1~-()11(15~ ~011~~(1~( ~11111~0 11(1111((11~0(11(11111(11~0

111~(1510(5 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 1-7. 111~ (1~~((1~~ ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111()111 ~011(1~~ ~(111 0~
~0111(011~0 0~ ~(1(~111~ 111~ ~011011~11011 11(11~ 01111~(1510(5. 111~ 111()111 ~01110 0~ (1
5111~1~ 0( 111(~~-()11(15~ 5011(~~. 111~5~ ~011~~(1~(5 (1(~ (1150 /(110~11 (15 ~0111,0//~0. ,~~-
w.
11//~,5.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
8~-8~ ~00~9~9,.5. 111~5~ ~011~~(1~(5 (1(~ 115~010 001(1111 (1 ~(1(1(101~ (1~ 0111()111
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~011(1~~ 1(0(11 (111)(~0 (1~ 5011(~~ (1110 (1 5111~1~-()11(15~ ~011~~(1~( ~1111 (11~1~~ 15 5110~11
111 ~1~. 1-8. 111~ 0111()111 ~011(1~~ 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ ~(1(~111~ 111~ ~011011~11011 11111~ 01 (1
1~1~~. 111~5~ 1~()~5 01 ~011~~(1~(5 (1(~ (1150 /(110~11 (15 (1~ ~0/1(1~~ ~0111,0//~,5.
~~-~~ ~00~9~9,.5. ~ 0~-0~ ~011~~(1~( 15 (1150 /(110~11 (15 (1 ~/10/1/1~, 0( 5~/1~/1-

/11~ ,~~/1/(110, (1110 (1 1((11151510( ~110()()~( 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 1-9. 111~ (1~~((1~~ 0111()111
~011(1~~ 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ ~(1(~111~ 111~ ~011011~11011 011((11151510(, 11. 11115 111~ ~110()()111~
()~(100, 111~1111 81. 8 15 ~(111~0 (15 111~ 0.(11)1 ~)1~/~ 01 ~110()()~(.
=
10

0,/.
0
,, ~
~
~
-~,,, _1.._ __ ___
0,/0
~
(
~,,,
‫ﻣ‬
t
0
e
~0~~~5~0~ ~2 ~~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(~) ~0~~898
g.n
(8) 8~~~~1~ ~~89~8/11 ,80,/810~/115
rin
~~-8~ ~0.,~8~8,.5. ~ 0~-~~ ~00~~(1~( 15 ~150 ~00~0 35 30 111~~,(~,. ~
51081~-()11~5~ 1(~051510( 10~~(1~( 15 5110~0 10 ~18. 1-10. 111(~051510(5 (21 ~00 (22
~00011~110( 00~-11311 ()~(100 300 (23 ~00 (24 ~00011~110( 111~ 0111~( 11~11, 111~ 0111()111
ee
~011~8~ 15 01 ~11~(0~1108 10((0. 111~ 0111()111~011~8~ ~~0 0~ ~001(011~0 0~ ~~(~108
111~ ~00011~1100 11(0~ 011(3051510(5.
gin
5181.~ 5~.1~...85. 510~~ 111~()0~~( 0~~1~~5 ~30 0~ 0()~(31~0 35 51311~ 5~11~11~5
‫ﺔ‬ 0( ~0013~1015, 111~511()()1~ 10 111~5~ 5~11~11~5 ~01110 0~ ~1111~( ~~ 0( 0~ ~00 111~ 5~11~11~5
3(~ ~~11~0 35 (/~ 5((/(1~ 51111(~/1~50( ()~ 51111(~/1~5.
sy
En
Ea
w.
~~~,6.8
0,/0
~,,,
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
+ +
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~85~5~~0,/8 ,.,~
8~ 0,/. ~,,,5~0,.,~ 0,/0
~08~.
=
5~~~~~
~-~,,,
----
(8) 8~~~~~~ ~~89~8/11 (~) ~0~~898 ....,80,/810~/115
..1~0..~ 1-8 510~1~-~035~3~- 3~ ~00.,,~~1~~.
$8~. ,-4 11

+
~.
0
0~ 0,/0
5..,~~~~ 0=
~. ~~-
‫ﻣ‬
~~1 --- -- -- --
0
11 ~
et
(0) ~0~18981/,/80,/810~(115
g.n
0
~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ~
~
e eri
n
-+
gin
2
0
‫ﺔ‬----
~
2
sy
En
~
Ea
w.
111~ 0~51~0 01 3 .()0~~( ~1~~1(001~5 ~~111.()(0~01 ~30 /)~ 01.,,10~0 1010 1011( .()3(15~
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
1. 0~51~0 01 .()0~~( ~1(~11115

‫ﺷﺩ‬
2. ~(01~~1100 01 .()0~~( 0~.,,1~~5

3. 0~1~((01031100 01111~ ~001(01 51(31~~)1
4. 0~51~0 0110~1~ 300 ~3110~ ~1(~11115
10 111~ ~113.()1~(5 11131 10110~, .,,3(10115 1)1.()~5 01 .()0~~( ~1~~1(001~ ~1(~11115 3(~
0~5~(1/)~0 300 30(1)12~0. 10 111~ 30(1)1515, 111~ .()0~~( 0~.,,1~~5 3(~ 35511(0~0 35 10~31
5~11~11~5~ 300 ~11~~15 01 ~1(~1111 51(3)1 10011~130~~, ~1(~1111 (~515130~~5, 300 5011(~~
10011~130~~ 3(~ 0~~1~~1~0. 111~ .()(3~11~31 .()0~~( 0~.,,1~~5 300 ~1(~11115 0111~( 1(0(0
111~5~ 10~31 ~000111005 300 111~ 0~51~05 01111~ ~1(~11115 3(~ 3150 311~~1~0. 110~~.,,~(,
10 111~ ~3(1)1 513~~ 01111~ 0~51~0, 111~ 51(0.()1111~0 30(1)1515 01 3 ~1(~111115 .,,~()1115~111110
12

5~~1~~~,,9
~0,,1~0~5~9,,8~
99,,9~810~
‫ﻣ‬
et
11110~(51(1110 111~ 0).)~((111011 01 111~ ~1(~1111 (1110 10 ~51(1011511 111~ ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 (1110
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~0111(01 51((11~~)1.
8~10(~ (1 ).)(0101)1).)~ 15 011111, 111~ 0~51~11~( 51101110 111~~511~(11~ 111~ ~11~~15 01111~
~1(~1111 ).)(1((1(11~1~(5 ((1110 0~~1~~5 1(11).)~(1~~110115) (1110 51101110 (110011)1 111~ 0~51~11 11
11~~~55(1()1. 0(11)1 (111~( 111~ ).)(0101)1).)~ 15 011111 (1110 1~51~0, 111~ 0~51~11~( ~(111 0~ ~011-
rin
110~111 (100111 111~ ~(111011)1 01111~ 0~51~11 (1110 ~(111 ~511(11(11~ (110(~ (1~~11((11~1)1 50(11~ 01
111~ ~1(~1111 ).)(1((1(11~1~(5 (~.~., 51((1)1111011~1(111~~).
ee
gin
111~ 0).)~((1110115 01111~ ).)0~~( ~011~~(1~(5 (1(~ 0(15~0 (11(11111)1011 111~ 5~11~11111~ 01 ).)0~~(
‫ﺔ‬
5~(111~011011~10(
~(1115~ ).)(001~(115
0~~1~~5~
01 01510(11011
511).)).)1)15)151~(11, (1110 1111~(1~(~11~~
15 110((11(111)1 11~~~55(1()1
sy
(1110 (15 (1 (~51111111~ ~011~~(1~(51111(0011~~

11(1((110111~5 11110 111~ 511).)).)1)15)151~(11 (1110 011 111~ 0111).)111 01111~
En
01111~
10 1111(0011~~
~1111111~
0111).)111 ~011(1~~,
~11((~111 (1110 ~011(1~~
~011~~(1~(5.
11(1((110111~ ~~11~((111011
~0(11(1111111~(111011 (1110 51~11(11111~ ~1(~11115.
111~5~
1111~(5 011 111~ 1(1).)111 (1110 0111).)111 01 (1 ~011~~(1~(

~(111
11110 111~
11
5)151~(11 10 (~011~~ 111~ 11(1((110111~ 1~~~1 10 (111 (1~~~).)1(101~ (11(1~1111110~. ~1~11(~ 1-11
5110~5 111~ 010~~ 01(1~((1(11 01 (1 ~~11~((1112~0 ).)0~~( ~011~~(1~(.
Ea
111~ ~0111(01 51((11~~)110( 111~ ).)0~~( ~011~~(1~(5 ).)1(1)15 (111 1(11).)0(1(1111 ).)(1(1 011 111~
11(1((11001~ ~~11~((111011 (1110 0111).)111 ~(1~~10((1101510(11011, (1110 ~(111 0~ (11(11~0 10 (111111(1112~
0( (~011~~ 111~5~ ).)(001~(115. 111~ ).)0~~( ~011~~(1~(5 ~(111 ~(1115~ ((1010-1(~~11~11~)11111~(-
w.
1~(~11~~ 011~ 10 ~1~~1(0(11(1~11~11~ ((101(111011 (1110 111~ ~(11111~ ~1(~11115 (11(1)1 ~~11~((11~
~((011~0115 51~11(115. 11115 1111~(1~(~11~~ ~(111 0~ (1~010~0 0)1 ~,0/111()~() 511/~/()/11~.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~5 111~ 1~~1111010~)1 10( 111~ ).)0~~( 5~(111~011011~10( 0~~1~~5 (1110 1111~~((11~0 ~1(~11115
0~~~10).)5, 111~ ).)01~1111(11 10( 111~ (1).)).)11~(1110115 01 ).)0~~( ~1~~1(0111~5 0~~0(11~5 ~10~(.
111~(~ (1(~ (11(~(10)1 (11(111)1).)0~~( 5~(111~011011~10( 0~~1~~5 111(11 (1(~ ~0(11(11~(~1(111)1 (1~(111-
01~ ~ 110~~~~(, 111~ 0~~~10).)(11~111 111 11115 01(~~11011 15 ~011111111111~. 111~ ).)0~~( ~011-
~~(1~(5 1(111 ~~11~((111)1 11110 51)( ~(11~~0(1~5~ (1) (~~1111~(5, (2) (1~-0~ ~011~~(1~(5, (3)
(1~-(1~ ~011~~(1~(5, (4) 0~-0~ ~011~~(1~(5, (5) 0~-(1~ ~011~~(1~(5, (1110 (6) 51(111~5~11~11~5.111~
13

0~51~0 0~ ~0~~( ~1~~1(001~5 ~1(~11115(~()111(~5 0~51~010~ 111~ ~0~~( 300 ~001(01 ~1(-
~11115. 111~ ~0113~~ 300 ~11((~01 113(111001~5 11131 3(~ ~~0~(31~0 0)1 111~ ~0~~( ~00-
~~(1~(5 ~30 0~ (~011~~0 (0( 11110111112~0)~1111 3 ~(0~~( ~1101~~ 0~ 111~ ~001(01 51(31~~)1.
1. ~. 0. 110~1, ..111510(1~111 (~~1~~, 11(~5~111 5111111511110111111(~11(0511~~15,,, //1(~/.,1(1(10/1(1/ ~011/~,.
‫ﻣ‬
~/~~(,.0/11~5 ~0/1/~,.~/1~~, 10/(~0, 1983,1111. 6-18.
2. 0~11~(111 ~1~~1(1~, 0. ~. 0(111111111111110~. 13. 0010~11, ~05. 50~ ~(1/1~(1/, 61/1 ~0., 811~1~-
~000 01115, ~.1.~ ~(~116~~-111111, 111~., 1982.
et
3. ~. 1111(115/1111111,
..51111~ 011/1~ 11(1011110~~( ~1~~1(0111~5 11110~1~~1(1~111 0(1~~5111111111111,,, 3,.(/
/~ ~ ~ 5)1/11~051~/11 0/1 ~0/1(,.0/ 1/1 ~011/~,. ~/~~(,.0/11~5 (1/1(/ ~/~~(,.1~(1/ /),.11)~5, 1-11115111111~,
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
5~112~(111110, 1983, 11110(1111 5~551011 11110511(~~~ 111111~(5, 1111.23-33.
4. 13. ~. ~~11~, ..~0~~( 5~1111~011011~10( 0~~1~~5-11 51111115(~~1~~,,, /~~~ //1(/~5(,.)1 ~~~/1~(1-
(10/15 50~1~()1 //1(~,./1(1(10/1(1/ 5~/11/~0/1(/~~(0,. ~011/~,. ~0(11)~,.(~,. ~0/1/~,.~/1~~, 1982, 1111. 1-19.
n
5. ~. 0.11011, 5~/11/~0/1(/~~(0,. ~011/~,. ~/~~(,.0/1/~5, ~~~ ~0(/(, ~.~.~ ~1111 ~051(11110 ~~111/1010
~0111111111~, 111~., 1986.
e eri
gin
1-1. ~/1111 15 110~~( ~1~~1(0111~57
‫ﺔ‬
1-2.
1-3.
1-4.
1-5.
1-6.
~/1111 11(~ 1/1~ ,,,11(10115 1~11~5 011/1~(1510(57
~/1111 15 11~0111111111116011~1(~11117
En
~/1111 11(~ 1/1~ ~0110160115 10( 111/1~(1510( 10 ~011011~17

110~ ~111111~011011~1111~ 1/1~(1510( 0~ 111(11~0 0117
~/1111 15 11 1111~~01111111111160117
sy
1-7. ~/111115 11 10(~~0 ~011111111111110117

1-8. ~/111115 1/1~ 0111~(~11~~ 0~1~~~11 11 1/1~(1510( 11110111~1,4.~7
Ea
1-9. ~/1111 15 1/1~ ~11611~ ~/111(11~1~(156~ 0111 0107

1-10. ~/111115 111(11-01111111~ 0111 1/1~(1510(7
1-11. ~/1111 15 11~011,,,~(1~(7
w.
1-12. ~/111115 1/1~ 11(111~1111~0111~-0~ ~011,,,~(510117

1-13. ~/111115 1/1~ 11(111~1111~0111~-11~ ~011,,,~(510117
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
1-14. ~/111115 1/1~ 11(111~1111~010~-0~ ~011,,,~(510117

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1-15. ~/1111 15 1/1~ 11(111~1111~01 0~-11~ ~011,,,~(510117

1-16. ~/1111 11(~ 1/1~ 51~115 111,,,01,,,~0 1110~51~11111~ 110~~( ~1~~1(0111~5 ~~11111111~1117
1-17. ~/1111 11(~ 1/1~ 11~(111/1~(31 ~11~~15 01110~~( ~1~~1(0111~5 ~~11111111~1117
1-18. ~/1111 11(~ 1/1~ 0111~(~11~~5 1111/1~ ~11611~ ~/111(11~1~(156~5 01 0105 111101/1~(1510(57
1-19. ~/1111 11(~ 1/1~ 0111~(~11~~5 1111/1~ ~111111~~/111(11~1~(156~5 011/1~(1510(5 111101(111151510(57
1-20. ~/1111 11(~ 1/1~ 0111~(~11~~5 1111/1~ ~111111~~/111(11~1~(156~5 0113115 111101-.105~815 7
14

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
5~1111~00011~10(
~0~10~~(10~
sy
0100~5
~1(~11115. 0100~5
En
011..,~ 101100 111110)1 11~~11~1111005

11(~ 11150 ~10~1)1115~0
10 ~1~~1(001~5
10 ~0~~( ~1~~1(001~5
1100 ~1~~1(1~111
~1(~11115 10(
~00..,~(5100 01 ~1~~1(1~ ~0~~(. 10~ 0100~ ~1(~11115 1011111(~ ~0111111001)1115~0 10 ~0~~(
~1~~1(001~5 10( 51~0111 ~(0~~5510~ 11(~ (~..,1~~~0 10 1015 ~011~1~(. 10~ 11~~11~1111005 01
Ea
0100~5 10( ~00..,~(5100 01 ~0~~( 1(011111~-0~ 11(~ 101(0011~~0. 111~ 11~-0~ ~00..,~(1~(5
11(~ ~0111111001)1 /(00~0 115 ,.~~(///~,.5 1100 111~ 0100~ (~~1111~(5 ~(0..,10~ 1111)(~0 0~ 0111~111
..,01111~~. ~0( 111~ 511/(~ 01 51111~11~11)1 111~ 0100~5 11(~ ~00510~(~0 10 /)~ 10~111. 13)1
w.
10~111, ~~ 111~110 10111 111~ (~..,~(5~ (~~0..,~()111111~ 1100 111~ 10(~11(0 ..,01111~~ 0(0~ 11(~
0~~11~1/)1~ .
‫ُﺭ‬ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1~11(~ 2-111 5110~5 11 0100~ ~1(~1111 ~1111110 ~~ 10110. ~11~0 111~ 5~11~11 5) 15 ~105~0
111 ( = 0, 111~ ~011(~10~ ~11((~01 111111110~5 111(011~11111~ ~11~11~110( 15 101100 1(0111
~5 = 1)8. + 1)0 = 1)8. +

~ )/ ()(
+ 1)0
((
= 0) (2-1)
(2-2)
15

0.368
*0
~. ------
0.632~.
‫ﻣ‬
-.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
11~ (( = 0) = 0, 111~501111100018().. (2-1) (~111~11150~.-1~~0
rin
~1111111~ 10111(11 ~00011100
10 ~~~~001)( 0.1) ~1~~5 111~ ~11(1.-~10~ ~11 ~01 (15
~5 ~~(/8.~
1(/) = (2-3)
~
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
~11~.-~ ~~
~(1~(1~110.-
= ,. 15 111~ 11(0~
~011(1~~
sy
En
15
~0051(101 01 (10 ~~ 10(10.
(2-4)
111~ .-(11~ 01 ~11(10~~ 01111~
(2-5)
(100 111~ 10111(11 .-(11~ 01 ~11(10~~ 01 ~(1~(1~110.- ~011(1~~ ((11 ( = 0) 15 001(110~0 1.-0(0 8()..
Ea
(2-5) ~
011~~ ~5
w.
= (2-6)
0( ~(~0 ~~
‫ُﺭ‬
~ 0100~ ~1.-~1111~1111 (10 ~/..., 10(10 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-2(1. ~11~0 5~11~11 51 15
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(
~105~0 (11 = 0, 111~ ~11 ~01111.-011~11111~ 10011~10.- 10~.-~(15~5 (100 15 ~)(~.-~55~0 (15
01 .
~5 = 111- + 118. = /...,0( + ~1 (2-7)
~1111111~ 10111(11~00011100 1(( = 0) = 0, 111~50111110001 8().. (2-7) (~111~11150~.-1~~0

10 ~~~~001)( 0 .2) )11~105
(2-8)
16

0.368 ~5
0 (
-
~5 -~ ~---
8
~
0.632,5. - - -
( ~=
~
(
~
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
111~ (31~ 01 ~1130~~ 0111115 ~11((~01 ~30 0~ 001310~0 1(001 ~~. (2-8) 35
0-/ 115~-(~/~
(2-9)
0-( 1--
rin
300 111~ 1011131 (31~ 01 (15~ 01111~ ~11((~01 (31 ( =
0-/ ee
~
(2-10)
0-(~(~0
gin
0-/
1)~(() = 1-- = 115~-(~/~ )
‫ﺔ‬
~,
1--/
51~30~-5131~ ~3111~0115 = 11/~.
sy
1~005 10
0-(
~11~(~ 1--/~ = ,. 15 111~1101~ ~0051301 01 30 ~1-- 1030.

En
111~ ~3~~10(015 10( 111~~0113~~ 300 ~11((~01 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-20.
111~ ~0113~~ 3~(055 111~ 10011~10( 0~ 2~(0 300 115 ~11((~01
11 ( //
(~3~11~5
1130 311~01~115 111~00130~ 10 0~~0 5~11~1151, 111~
3
(2-11
~0~(~~ 510(~0 10 111~10011~10( (= 0.51--(2) ~111 0~ 1(30510(01~0 1010 3 111~11(~~~(5~

~0113~~ 3~(055 111~5~11~11300 0100~. 11115~0~(~~ ~111 0~ 01551~31~0 10 111~10(01 01
Ea
5~3(~5 3~(055 111~5~11~11~300 111~0100~ 1)1 15 11~~1~ 10 0~ 03013~~0 10 11115~(0~~55.

10 0~~(~001~ 511~113 5111131100,3 0100~ ~00101001~ ~00~0 35 3 /,~~)1//2~~//11150-/00-~
15 ~000~~1~0 3~(055 30 10011~11~~1030 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-83-.
w.
~)(3111()1~2-1
‫ُﺭ‬
~ 0100~ ~1(~111115 5110~11111 ~1~.2-33 ~11118. = 440 3110~ = 0.1 /1-~. 111~~3~3~110(
ww
11111~ 5~11~1151 15 ~105~0 31 ( = 0, 0~1~1111111~111~

‫ﺷﺩ‬
11353111111631~0113~~, 110 = 220~.

(3) ~~3/( 0100~ ~1111~111~(0) ~11~1~)101551~31~0 111111~ 1~515101, 8.~ 3110 (~) ~3))3~1101
(
~0113~~ 31 = 2 /1-5.
801111100 111~ ~3~~1011115 3(~ 5110~11111~1~. 2-30.
(3) ~~1136011 (2-3) ~311 0~ 115~0 ~1111115 = 1103110 111~))~3/( 0100~ ~1111~11115
220
/ ,, =-=5~
44
58~. 2-2 17

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n et
ng
(/)) 111~ ~11~1~)1 01551~31~0 15
)( )( 10~6 )( 2202
= 0.5~115 = 0.5
~ 0.1 = 0.00242 1
(() ~01 ~~ = 0.1 )( 44 (
ri
= 4.4 ).1-53110 = (1 = 2 ).1-5,111~(3~3(1101 .,,0113~~ 15
1)0(( = 2 ).1-5)= 220 )( ~-2/44 = 139.64 ~
ee
gin
~1
‫ﺔ‬
~ 0100~
(
=
~1(~1.111~1111 ~0 /..,~ 10~0 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-4~.
0, 111~ ~11~(~10~
En
~1.1((~01
11. =
0( 111~ ~~1=/~~110(
/..,
()1
()( +
1
~1 1
. ()(
+
15 ~)(1=/(~55~0
1)~
((
= 0)
~11~0
35
5~11~11 51 15 ~105~0
(2-12)
asy
~111110111~1 ~000111005 1(( = 0) = 0 300 1)~(( = 0) = 0, ~(). (2-12) ~~0 0~ 501~~0

(0( 111~ ~~1=/~~110( ~1.1((~01 ~5 (10 ~1=/1=/~0(1)( 0.3)
E
1(() = 11 .~ ~. - 510
0)( (2-13)
w.
/..,
0)( (2-14)
= /,, 510
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1/~ ~00 111~ 1=/~~~ ~1.1((~01,
1, = ~.)~ (2-15)
111~ (~1~ 0( (15~ 0( 111~ ~1.1((~0115 001~10~0 ((001 ~(). (2-13) ~5
()1 11.
-()( = - ~05
0)( (2-16)
/..,
18

‫ﻣ‬
- . ~4
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
300 ~(). (2-16) ~1~~5 111~ 1011131 (31~ 01 (15~ 01111~ ~1.1((~01 (31 ( 0) 35
= ~- (2-17)
~~~ (~0
1 ((
rin
1)0(() = ~ )0 /
ee
(/(
= ~5(1 - ~05
0)() (2-18)
3 11111~ ( ~,
gin
~1 = (1 10 111~ 0100~ ~1.1((~01, / 13115 10 2~(0 300 111~ ~3~3~110( 15
~113(~~0 10 2~5. 111~ ~3~~10(1115 10( 111~ ~0113~~ 300 ~1.1((~01 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-
40.
‫ﺔ‬
~,.3(11))1~ 2-2
~ 0100~
11111131~01138~,
En
~1(~1.111~1111 311 /...,~ 1030 18 5110~11 111~18. 2-53

170 = 220 ~, ~3~3~11311~~, ~ = 20 ~~, 3110 11101.1~1311~~, /...,
sy
= 80 ~1-1.
11111~ 5~11~11 51 15 ~105~0 31 ( = 0, 0~1~(111111~111~(3) ~~3/( ~1.1~~~111111~01.1811111~
0100~~
~1111 111~ ~3~3~110( 113~1118 311
(0) ~01101.1~1101111111~01111~ 0100~ ~ 3110 (~) 51~(0)1-5131~ ~3~3~110~ ..01138~.
, (1(~1.,),
Ea
8011.11100 (3) 051118 /(/,.~/1/10/15 ~0/((18~ /(1 ~~ ~311 ~~11~ 111~ ~()1.131101110~ 111~
~1.1~~~11135
(// 1 . (/(
/...,
~ ~1 / + + 11~(( = 0) = 0
w.
((
3110 111~ ~1.1~~~111~111111111131~01101110115 01/(( = 0) = 0 311011~ = 0) = - 17015 501~~0
‫ُﺭ‬
35
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
/(() ())(
= 1(0)~ 5111
())
= 106(~20
)(
~11~~~ = 1/~ 80 = 25,000 ~30/5. 111~ ~~3/( ~1.1~(~111,
/20
1,, = 170 /0/..., = 220 = 110 ~
80
~
58~. 2-3 19

5,
0,
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
(0)~1, = ,1 = ,,. ~, 111~ 0100~ ~11~~~1110~~0111~5 2~~0 (1110 111~ ~011011~11011 11111~0(
0100~ 15
rin
,1 = ,,.~ = ,,. -/20 )(
80 = 125.66 ~5
ee
, = ,1 =
gin
~0~ 125.66 ~5, 1)~ (, = ,,) = 220 ~.
‫ﺔ‬ ~ 0100~ ~1..~011~1111 311~1-~ 1030 15 5110~11111~1~. 2-6. 11111~ 5~11~1151 15
~105~0 31 1 = 0, ~~ ~31105~ 111~1(~1- 10 ~..11~ 111~~().036011 10.. 111~1030 ~0 ~11135
sy
En
(// 1 (
1-(/1 + ~/ + (3) / (/1 + 1)~ (1 = 0) = ~5 (2-19)
~01101110115/ (1 = 0) 3110 1)~(1 = 0) = ~0.

~111111111131 0111~..~1163611~ ~().. (2-19)
3110 01 10111~ 00111 510~5 0~ 1- ~1 ~5
Ea
(2-20)
w.
0110~.. 51~30~-5131~ ~01101110115, 111~ ~3))3~110.. 15 ~113..~~0 10 111~ 500..~~ 0113~~ ~5

3110 111~ 51~30~-5131~ ~0 ~111 ~111 0~ 2~..0. 111~ 10..~~0 ~0(11))011~111 01111~ ~0 ~111
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
111 ~().. (2-20) 15 3150 2~..0. 111~ ~0 ~11115 00~ 10 111~ 11310..31 ~0(11))011~111.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
5,
+-- 0,
..)~11..~ 2-6 010~~ ~1~~111( ~1(/1 8.1.-~
-. 103~.
20

(2-21)
300 111.~(0015 01 ()1.130(311~ ~(). (2-21) 3(~ ~1~~0 0~
/~ 2
1
~( )
~
51.2 = - =1= - (2-22)
21., 21., 1.,~
‫ﻣ‬
1-~1 1.150~110~ 1~0 1(0~0(1301 ~(0~~(11~5 01 3 5~~000-0(0~( ~1(~1.111~
/(1~(0, ,
~
t
~ =- (2-23)
.ne
21.,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g
1
0)0 = (2-24)
~
rin
51.1051111.1110~ 111.~5~ 1010 ~(). (2-22) ~1~105
= =1= ~~2 - (2-25)

51,2 -~
ee 0)5
111.~ 5011.11100 10( 111.~ ~1.1((~01, ~11.1~11. ~111 0~~~00 00 111.~ ~311.1~5 01 ~ 300 0)0, ~01.110
gin
10110~ 00~ 01111.~ 111.(~~ ~055101~ ~35~5.
‫ﺔ‬ ~859
~,/(/~(1//)1
1. 11 ~
0.(1111~~0..
= 0)0 , 111.~ (0015
111.~ 5011.11100 ~111 0~ 01111.~
sy
En
3(~ ~()1.131, 51
10((0
= 52, 300 111.~ ~1(~1.11115 ~311~0
(2-26)
~859 2. 11 ~ ~ 0)0, 111.~(0015 3(~ (~31300 111.~~1(~1.11115 5310 10 0~ 01)~,0.(1111~~0..

111.~ 5011.11100 13~~5 111.~ 10((0
Ea
(2-27)
w.
~859 3. 11 ~ ~ 0)0, 111.~ (0015 3(~ ~0(0~1~)( 300 111.~ ~1(~1.111 15 5310 10 0~
/1110.~,0.(1111~~0.. 111.~ (0015 3(~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
(2-28)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~11.~(~ 0)~ 15 ~311~0 111.~ ,/118/118 /,~()/1~119 (0( 03(0~~0 (~500301 1(~()1.1~0~~) 300
0)~ = ~ 0)5 - ~2. 111.~ 5011.11100 13~~5 111.~ 10((0
/(0 = ~-,.((~1 ~05 0)~( + ~2 510 0)~() (2-29)
300 111.~ ~1.1((~01 ~0051515 01 3 0.(1111~~0. 0, 0.~~(1)1/118 5/11/150/0.(1/.
1-/0(~. 111.~ ~00513015 ~1 300 ~2 ~30 0~ 0~1~((010~0 1(0(0 111.~ 1011131 ~000111005
01111.~ ~1(~1.111. 111.~ (3110 01 ~/0)0 15 ~0(0(0001~ ~00~0 35 0.(1111~/118 ,(1(/0, 8.
58~. 2-3 21

~)(301()1~ 2-3
10 10~ 5~~000-0~0~~ ~1-~ ~1~~1111 0~ ~1~. 2-6, 10~ 5011~~~,,,0113~~, ~, = 220 ~, 10011~1-
30~~, 1- = 2 ~1-1, ~3~3~1130~~, ~ = 0.05 ~~, 300 ~~515130~~, ~ = 160 0. 10~ 1011131
,,,3111~0~ 10~ ~3~3~110~ ,,,0113~~ 15 ~0 = 0. 1~ 10~ 5~11~015 ~105~0 31 ( = 0, 0~1~~~10~
(3) 30 ~)(~~~55100 ~0~ 10~ ~11~~~01, /((), 300 (0) 10~ ~00011~1100 11~~ 0~ 0100~. (~)
1)~3~ 3 5/(~1~0 0~ /( ().
80111~)0)) (3) ~~0~ ~~. (2-23), ~ = 160 )( 103/(2 )( 2) = 40,000 ~30/5 300 ~~0~ ~~.
(2-24), (00 = 1/~ = 105 ~30/5.
‫ﻣ‬
(0~ = ~1010 )( 10~
- 16 = 91,652 ~30/5
510~~ ~ ~ (00, 1115 30 1100~~03~~~0 ~1~~1111300 10~ 501111100 15 0~ 10~ ~0~~
et
/(() = ~-~/(..41 ~05 (0~( + ..42 510 (0~()
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(
~1 = 0, /(( = 0) = 0 300 1015 ~1,,,~5..41 = 0. 10~ 501111100 0~~0~~5
/(()
= ~-~/..42 510 (0~(
n
10~ 0~~1,,,311,,,~ 0~ /(() ~1,,,~5
~0~0 10~ 5~11~0

e 0/
-0(
15 ~105~0
= (0
31
~ ~05
(
=
eri (0
~
(..4
2
0, 10~ ~3~3~110~
~-~/
- ~
.
510 (0
~
(..4
0~~~~5 3 10~
2
~-~/
1~~~030~~ 300 10~

10011~10~ 0~~~~5 3 01~0 1~~~030~~. 10~ 1011131 ~31~ 0~ ~15~ 0~ 10~ ~11~~~01 15 11~11~0
gin
(
001~ 0~ 10~ 10011~10~ 1-. 10115 31 = 0, 10~ ~1~~1111
0//0( 15
‫ﺔ‬ En
220 )(
1000
~ 2
~
=~
(0~1- = 91,652)( 2 =
1.2
sy
10~ ~1031 ~)(~~~55100 ~0~ 10~ ~11~~~01 /(() 15

Ea
/(()
= 1.2 510 (91,652()~-40.000/ ..4
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~11..~ 2-7 ~11((~(1( ~3,,,~~0(111 ~0( ~)(-
3111111~2-3.
22

,.
(1
= 91 ,652 = 34.27 ~8
‫ﻣ‬
11111~ $~11~11.51 10 ~1~. 2-23 18 ~10$~0 10( 11(0~ (1, 3 ~0((~011$ ~$13011$11~0 111(00~11
111~ 1030~ 300 111~0 11111~ $~11~111$ 0~~0~0, 3 ~3111 (00$1 0~ ~(0~10~0 16( 111~ ~0((~01
10 111~ 1000~11~~ 1030. 1111$ 1$ 00((0311)1 000~ 0)1 ~000~~110~ 3 0100~ /),,, 3$ $110~0
et
10 ~1~. 2-83, 300 1111$0100~ 1$ 0$0311)1 ~311~0 3 /,.~~111/1~~//~/5 (//0(/~. 111~ ~1(~011
0~~(31100 ~30 0~ 01~10~01010 1~0 (000~$. ~00~ 1 0~~10$ ~11~0 111~$~11~111$ ~10$~0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
31 ( = 0, 300 (000~ 2 0~~10$ ~11~0 111~$~11~111$ 111~0 0~~0~0. 111~ ~()01~31~01
~1(~011$ 10( 111~ (000~$ 3(~ $110~0 10 ~1~. 2-80. /1 300 /2 3(~ 0~110~0 3$ 111~ 10$130-
130~00$ ~0((~01$ 10( (000~ 1 300 (000~ 2, (~$~~~11~~1)1. (1 300 (2 3(~ 111~ ~0((~-
rin
$~00010~ 00(31100$ 01111~$~ (000~$.
~0~~ 1. 00(10~ 1111$ (000~, 111~ 0100~ ~0((~01, ~111~11 1$ $1(0113( 10

~(). (2-8), 1$
ee
(2-30)
gin
0,
‫ﺔ‬ +- ...
sy
En
1...
Ea
w.
,
~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~
~
~, _ _ _ _ __ __ __ ~ ~2
0
(~) ~8~910~,,,5
..1~ ~ 2-8 ~1~~..11 ~11/11~~~~/1~~11(1~ 0100~.
58~. 2-4 23

~11~0 111~ 8~11~1118 0~~0~0 31 1 = 11 (31 111~ ~00 0111118 0100~), 111~ ~1.1((~01 31 11131
1101~ 0~~001~8
(2-31)
11111~ 1101~ 11 18 81.1111~1~011)1 100~, 111~ ~1.1((~01 (~3~11~8 3 81~(0)1-8131~ ~311.1~ 300 3
81~(0)1-8131~ ~1.1((~01 0115 = ~5/~ 110~8 111(01.1~11111~1030.
‫ﻣ‬
~0~~ 2. 11118 0100~ 0~~108 ~11~0 111~ 8~11~1118 0~~0~0 300 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01
813(18 10 110~ 111(01.1~11111~ 1(~~~11~~110~ 0100~ 1),,,. ~~0~11010~ 111~ 1101~ 0(1~10 31
111~ 0~~10010~ 0111118 0100~, 111~ ~1.1((~01 111(01.1~11111~ 1(~~~11~~110~ 0100~ 18 101.100
et
1(001
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
0.12
0 = 1.~ + ~12 (2-32)
~11111011131~00011100 12 (1 = 0) = 11. 111~ 8011.1110001 8().. (2-32) ~1~~8 111~1(~~-
n
~11~~110~ ~1.1((~01 38
300 11118~1.1((~01 0~~3)18 ~)(~00~011311)110

111~ ~3~~10(018
e 2~(0 31 1
eri
12(1) = 11~-(~/1-
12 ~(0~10~0
10( 111~ ~1.1((~018 3(~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 2-8~.
(2-33)
11131 12 ~ ~ 1./ ~.
gin
~,.301())~ 2-4
111~1~. 2-83, 111~(~8181311~~18 11~~11~101~(~ = 0), 8011(~~ __0113~~, ~5 = 220 ~, 3110
‫ﺔ‬ 1030 111011~1311~~,1- = 220 ~1-1. (3) 0(3~ 111~~3__~10(01 10( 111~1030 ~11((~11111111~
En
8~11~1118 ~108~0 10( 3 11(11~ (1

810(~0 111111~1030 111011~10(.
sy
= 100~8 3110 18111~11011~11~0. (0) 0~1~((11111~111~~11~(~)1

Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
+-
0.,,
24

/(() ~5(
= 1,
(1110 (11 ( = (1, /0 = ~5(/1, = 220

)(
100/220 = 100~.
(0) ~0~11 10~ 5~11~0 51 15 0~~11~0 (11 (1 11111~ (
= (1, 10~ 10(10 ~11((~111 51(1(15 10
110~ 10(011~0 10~ 0100~ 1),,,. 5111~~ 10~(~ 15 110 01551~(111,,,~ ((~51511,,,~) ~1~111~111111 10~
~1(~1111, 10~ 10(10 ~11((~111 (~111(11115~01151(1111(11 /0 = 100 ~ (111010~ ~11~(~)1510(~0 11110~
111011~10( 15 0.51,/6 = 1.11. 10~ ~11((~111 ~(1,,,~~0(1115 (1(~ 500~11111 ~1~. 2-90.
‫ﻣ‬
t
10 10~ 10~(1110551~55 ~1(~1111 01 ~1~. 2-9(1, 10~ ~0~(~)1 510(~0 10 10~ 10011~10( 15 1((1~~~0
e
10~(~, 0~~(1115~ 10~(~ 15 00 (~5151(10~~ 10 10~ ~1(~1111. 10 (1 ~((1~11~(11 ~1(~1111 11 15
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0~51((101~ 10 1(0~(0~~ 10~ ~///(/~11()1 0)1 (~111(010~ 10~ 510(~0 ~0~(~)11010 10~ 511~~1)1
5011(~~. 10/5 ~(10 0~ (1~01~~~0 0)1 (10010~ (1 5~~000 ~10010~ 10 10~ 10011~10( (100
~000~~1111~ (1 0100~ 1)1 (15 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-10(1. 10~ 10011~10( 0~0(1~~5 (15 (1 1((105-
rin
10((0~(. 10~ 1((10510((0~( 5~~000(1()115 ~000~~1~0 511~0 10(11 111)1 15 ~05111,,,~, 10~0
1)2 15 0~~(111~~, (100 ~1~~ ~~(5(1, 10~ 5~~000(1()1 ~10010~ 10(111(1~11111(11~5 (~111(010~ 10~
510(~0 ~0~(~)11010~ 5011(~~ ~1(10100~ 1)1/5 ~00~0 ee (15 (1/~~0-0(1(/( 11//110-/1115. ~5511(010~
(1 1((10510((0~( ~110 (1 (0(1~0~11210~ 10011~1(10~~ 01 1.,~, 10~ ~().111~(11~01 ~1(~1111 15 (15
500~0 10 ~1~. 2-100.
1110~ 0100~ (100 5~~000(1()1 ~011(1~~ (5011(~~ ~011(1~~) (1(~ (~1~((~0 10 10~ ~(1(0(1()1
gin
510~ 0110~ 1((10510((0~(, 10~ ~().111~(11~01 ~1(~111115 10(11 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-10~. /1 (100
‫ﺔ‬
/2 0~110~
10~
10~ ~(1(0(1()1
(/1,115 ,(1(/0
(100 5~~000(1()1
01 (10 10~(11 1((10510((0~(
En
~11((~015
(1
=
/+-/2
/+-/1
0110~
15 0~110~0
1((10510((0~(,
(15
(~5~~~11~~1)1.
(2-34 )
asy
10~ ~1(~1111 0~~((11100 ~(10 0~ 01~10~0 1010 1~0 (000~5. ~00~ 1 0~~105 ~0~0 10~
5~11~0 51 15 ~105~0 (11 ( = 0 (100 (000~ 2 0~~105 ~0~0 10~ 5~11~0 15 0~~0~0. 10~
~().111~(11~01~1(~1111510( 10~ (000~5 (1(~ 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-11(1. (1 (100 (2 (1(~ 011((111005
.E
01 (000~ 1 (100 (000~ 2, (~5~~~11~~1)1.
~0~9 1. 011(10~ 10/5 (1100~ 10~ 5~11~015 ~105~0 (11 ( = 0. 10~ 0100~ 1)1 15
w
(~~~(5~ 01(15~0 (100 10~ ~11((~0110(011~010~ 0100~ (5~~000(1()1 ~11((~01) 15 (1 /2 = 0

‫ُﺭ‬
0( /2 = 0. 0510~ 10~ 1(~1- 10 ~1~. 2-11(1, 115 = (1)0 1(5)/(1 (100 1015 ~1~~5 10~
ww
-
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~~~(5~ 0100~ ~011(1~~ (15
1)0 = 11,(1 + (1) (2-35)

~5511(010~ 10(11 10~(~ 15 00 10111(11 ~11((~01 10 10~ ~1(~1111, 10~ ~(1(0(1()1 ~11((~01 15 10~
5(1(0~ (15 10~ 5~11~0 ~11((~01 /5 (100 15 ~)(~(~55~0 (15
(2-36)
58~. 2-5 25

01 ~2
+
5, ~1
.
+
~2
~~~, .+
~.
‫ﻣ‬
et
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
+
+
.
~,
.
n
+
,098~
1~8~510~,,,9~
e eri
(0) (0~~1~8~9~1 ~~~~~11
gin
‫ﺔ‬+
sy
En
..)~0~~ 2-10 ~1(~01( ~1(/1 ~0~(~~ (~~0~-

~(~ 0100~_
Ea
w.
(2-37)
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
( ~ (
1015 11100~ 15 .,,3110 10( 0 ~ (1 3110 ~1105 ~0~11 10~ 5~11~0 15 0~~11~0 31 = (1-
~1 10~ ~110 011015 11100~ 10~ ~(11113()1 ~11((~111 0~~0111~5
~5
10 = -(1 (2-38)
1-,,,
~0~8 2. 011(1118 1015 11100~ 10~ 5~11~0 15 0~~11~0, 10~ .,,01138~ 3~(055 10~
111011~10( 15 (~.,,~(5~0 3110 10~ 0100~ /)1 15 10(~3(0 0135~0. ~ ~11((~111110~5 10(01180
10~ 1(311510(111~( 5~~01103()1 3110 10~ ~11~(8)1 510(~0 11110~ 111011~10( 15 (~111(11~0 10 10~
26

8~2 =0
+
., ~~28
01 ...()
., ...1 1. ~~+
1 (...~
~1
1
~0~91
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~5 - - - - - - - - - -
0 ..1~0..~ 2-11 ~~01...31~0( ~1(~01(5 300
~3...~(0(((15 .
27
58~. 2-5

500(~~. 1)510~ 111~ 1(~1- (100 (~0~11010~ 111~ 11(0~ 0(1~10 (11 111~ 0~~10010~ 0111115
(000~, 111~ ~(1(0(1()1 ~0((~0115 ~)(~(~55~0 (15
~11 ~5
1--~ ~( + (1 = 0 (2-39)
~111110111(11 ~00011100 11 (( = 0) = 10, (100 ~~ ~(10 501~~ 111~ ~0((~01 (15
~5
11(() = - (+ 10 (2-40)
(11.~
‫ﻣ‬
111~ ~0000~1100 11(0~ 01 0100~ 1)1 15 10000 1(0(0 111~ ~00011100 11 (( (2) = 001
~(). (2-40) (100 15
et
(2 = -(11.~10 = (1(1 (2-41 )
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~5
~00~ 2 15 ~(1110 10( 0 ~ ( ~ (2. ~1111~ ~00 0111115 (000~ (11 (
= (2, (111111~ ~0~(~)1
510(~0 10 111~ 1000~10( 1.~ 15 (~10(0~0 10 111~ 500(~~. 111~ ~(1(1005 ~(1~~10((05 10(
n
111~ ~0((~015 (100 ~011(1~~ (1(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-110 10( (1 = 10/6.
~~301))1~
~0(
2-5
10~ ~11~(~~
1(~11810(111~( 181.,,,
e (~~0,,,~(~
eri
~1(~1111 01 ~1~. 2-10~, 10~ 111~~11~112111~111011~1~11~~ 01 10~
= 250 /1-1-1,1-/1 = 10, ~110 1-/2 = 100. 10~ 1~~)(~~~ 111011~1~11~~8~110

(~8181~11~~8 0110~ 1(~11810(111~( ~(~ 11~~11~101~. 10~ 8011(~~ ,,,011~~~ 18 ~5 = 220 ~ ~110
gin
10~(~ 18 110 111111~1~11((~111111 10~ ~1(~1111. 1110~ 8~11~0 18 ~108~0 10( ~ 11111~(1
= 50 /1-8
‫ﺔ‬ ~110 18 10~11 0~~11~0~ (~) 0~1~(111111~ 10~ (~,,,~(8~ ,,,011~~~ 01 0100~ 1)1 (0) ~~1~111~1~ 10~
0~1~(111111~ 10~ ~011011~11011 11111~01 0100~

0~ 10~ 8011(~~.
80101)00 10~ 1111118(~110 18 (1

sy
= 1-/2/1-/1 = 100/10 = 10.

~
~~~)( ,,,~111~ 01 ~(1111~(~ ~11((~111~ (~) ~~1~111~1~ 10~ ~~~)( ,,,~111~ 018~~0110~(~
En
~11((~111~ (0)
1)1 ~ ~110 (~) 0~1~(111111~ 10~ ~11~(~~ 811~~11~0
(~) ~(0111 ~(),. (2-35) 10~ (~,,,~(8~ ,,,011~~~ 0110~ 0100~,
1)0 = 220 )( (1 + 10) = 2420 ~

Ea
(0) ~(0111 ~(),. (2-38) 10~ ~~~)( ,,,~111~0110~ ~(1111~(~ ~11((~111,
)( 50
10 = 220 44 ~
250 =
w.
(~) 10~ ~~~)( ,,,~111~ 0110~ 8~~0110~(~ ~11((~111, 16

= 1()/(1 = 44/10 = 4.4 ~.
‫ُﺭ‬
(0) ~(0111 ~(),. (2-41) 10~ ~011011~11011 11111~0110~ 0100~,
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10
(2 = 250 )( 44 )( = 500 /1-8
220
(~) 10~ ~11~(~~ 811~~11~00~ 10~ 8011(~~,
08111~ ~(),. (2-38) ~1~108
~ )( )( 10-6 )( 442
= 0.51.,,,15 = 0.5 250 = 0.2421
28

..,.,,
~~.
‫ﻣ‬
~~0
~0,
t
..
e
~0 2
..,,0.. ~0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~. ~, ..
1 1
-..,.,,
(8) ~~~~0~.
~~89~801 (~) ~8~810~015
rin
ee
(1 110101(~~1100(11 51~0(11. 0100~5
15 (1 ~1(~1111111(11 ~00~~(15 (10 (1~ 51~0(111010
gin
~ ,€((1/1€,
(1(~ 115~0 ~)(1~051~~1~ 10 (~~1111~(5. ~ 510~1~-~11(15~ 11(111-~(1~~ (~~1111~( 15 111~ 51(0~1~51
‫ﺔ‬1~~~ (100 15 001 00((0(111~
1100~(51(10010~
(~51511~~
~011(1~~,
111~ 0~~(111~~
10(10
0100~
115~0 10 1001151(1(11 (1~~11~(111005.
111~ ~(10~1~1~
15 5110~0
01 (~~1111~( 0~~((11100.
1)1 ~00011~15
11(111-~~~1~ 01111~
En
10 ~1~. 2-12(1.
110~~~~(,
011(10~
(100 111~ 10~111 ~011(1~~
10~111 ~011(1~~,
11 15 115~111110
111~ ~1(~1111 01(1~((1(0 ~1111
111~ ~05111~~
(1~~~(1(5
111~ 0100~
(1
11(111-~~~1~ 01111~
(1~(055 111~ 10(10.
15 10
(1 6/0(/(111(5
10~111
011(10~
(0110-1(1011
asy
(100 111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 15 2~(0. 111~ ~(1~~10((05 10( 111~ 10~111 (100 0111~111 ~011(1~~5
(1(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-120.
w .E
~1111011~11 111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ (15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 2-120 15 0~, 11 15 015~0060110115 (100
~001(1105 11(1((0001~5. 111~(~ (1(~ 0111~(~01 1~~~5 01 (~~611~( ~1(~11115 (100 111~ ~~(-
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
10((0(10~~5 01 (1 (~~1111~( (1(~ 00((0(111~ ~~(1111(11~010 1~((05 01111~ 10110~10~ ~(1((1(0~1~(5~

‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ (11)€,(1(5€ ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111~111 (10(10) ~011(1~~, 1100

111~ (1~~((1~~ ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111~111 (10(10) ~11((~01, 100
111~ 0111~111 0-( /10~€,,
~ 00 = 110-100
(2-42)
111~ ,1115 ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~, 11~,,..5

111~ ,1115 ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111~111 ~11((~01, 1~,,..5
58~. 2-7 29

(2-43)
111~ €111(1€11()1 (0( 7€((111((1(1011 7(1(10) 01 (1 (~~1111~(, ~111~1115 (1 11~1.1(~ 01 01~(11
(100 ~~(01115 1.15 10 ~001~(1(~ 111~ ~11~~11.,,~0~88, 18 0~110~0 (18
~00
11 =- (2-44)
~30
‫ﻣ‬
111~ 01.11~1.11 .,,011(1~~ ~(10 0~ ~00810~(~0 (18 0~10~ ~001~08~0 011~0 ~001~00~018~
(1) 111~ 0~ .,,(111.1~, (100 (2) 111~ (1~ ~001~00~01 0( (1~~1~.
111~ €11€((1))€ ((015) .,,(111.1~01111~ (1~ ~001~00~01 01 01.11~1.11 .,,011(1~~ 18
et
(2-45)
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(2-46)
n
111~ 7//1/1/€ 1(1((07,
e ~111~1118
eri
(1 01~(181.1(~ 01111~
~~ =
1130
1100
(1~~1~ ~001~01, 18 0~110~0 (18
(2-47)
gin
51.1081111.1110~ 8().. (2-45) 10 8().. (2-47), 111~ (1~~1~ 1(1~10( ~(10 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 (15
) (~=.),
‫ﺔ‬ 111~
sy
En
(7(1115107111€7
~~ =
1-/(1111.(1(10111(1((07
- 1=
18 0~110~0
,,~
(18
- 1 (2-48)
~00
10~ = (2-49)
11/5
~11~(~ 115 (100 /5 (1(~ 111~ (018 .,,011(1~~ (100 (018 ~1.1((~01
Ea
01111~ 1((10810(01~( 8~~000(1(~,

(~5~~~11.,,~1~ .
11 ~ 15 111~ (10~1~ 0~1~~~0 111~ 11.100(101~01(11 ~001~00~015 01111~ 10~1.11 ~1.1((~01
w.
(100 .,,011(1~~, ~
15 ~(111~0 111~ 0-15/1/(1(€111€11((111/5/€. 111~ 0-15/1/(1(€111€11(1(1((07 15 0~110~0
(15
‫ُﺭ‬
0 ~ = ~05 ~ (2-50)
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ /1(17111011/( 1(1((07 01111~ 10~1.11 ~1.1((~01 15 0~110~0 (15
2 _ /21
1/2
/
2 1/2
1-1~ = ( /5
/1 ) = ( ()
.2.
/1
- 1) (2-51)
~11~(~ /1 15 111~ 11.100(101~01(11 (015 ~001~00~01 01111~ 10~1.11 ~1.1((~01. 111~ 10~1.11/10~€7
1(1((07 15 0~110~0 (15
(2-52)
30

,..,01~. 1110~ 111~01 (0((~11115 ~0(~1~ 51110501031, 11 = 1, 3110 10~ ~0~~( 13(10(,
~~, ~().0315 10~ 015~13(~(/1~111 13(10(, 0~. ~11 10~31 (~(1111~( 500010 03~~~ 11 =
100%, ~30 = 0, ~~ = 0, ~~ = 0, 10~ = 1, 1-1~ = 0, 3110~~ = 1.
~)(301()1~ 2-6
111~ (~~1111~( 111 ~1~. 2-123 1135 3 ~11(~1~ (~51511,,,~ 103~ 011(. 0~1~.01111~ 111~ (3) ~16-
~1~11~~~ (1-1) 10.111 13~10.~ (~) .1~~1~ 13~10.~ (~) 1.311510.111~. 111111231101113~10.~ 311~ (~)
~~3/( 111,,,~.5~ ,,,0113~~ (~1~) 01 ~10~~ ()1.
801111100 111~ 3,,,~(3~~ 0111~111 ,,,01138~ ~~0 15 ~~1111~~ 35
‫ﻣ‬
(2-53)
t
~ ( ~ 7.
e
~~ ~31111011~~ 1(0111 ~1~. 2-121-1 111(11)~(() = 010( 7/2 1-1~11~~ ~~ 113,,,~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
),),/2 ~,,, 5111 (1)( (/( - ~,,, (1)27
~~0 = = (~05 - 1)
~
rin
~,,,
~~0 = ,. = 0.318~,,,
ee (2-54)
gin
‫ﺔ‬ ~0.
En
3 511111501~31 ,,,0113~~ 011) /.(()

0111~111 ,,,0113~~ 15
sy
= ~,,, 5111 (1)( 10. 0 ~ ( ~ 7/2,

(2-55)
111~ .1115 ,,,3111~ 01111~
(= (~,,, 5111(1)1)2(/(
~
~~,,
~,,,,, =
( ~)0 ) = = 0.5~,,,
(2-56)
Ea
_ ~,0,, _ 0.5~,,,
/,,,,, - -
~ ~
w.
~.0111 ~().. (2-42), ~~0 = (0.318~,,,)2/~, 311~ 1.0111 ~().. (2-43), ~00 = (0.5~,,,)2/~.
(3) ~.0111 ~().. (2-44), 111~~111~1~11~~,11 = (0.318~,,,)2/(0.5~,,,)2 = 40.5%.
‫ُﺭ‬
(1-1)~.0111 ~().. (2-46), 111~10.11113~10., ~~ = 0.5~,,,/0.318~,,, = 1.570.157%.
ww
(~) ~.0111 ~().. (2-48), 111~.1~~1~ 13~10., 1(~ = --/1.572 - 1 = 1.210.121%.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~) 111~ .1115 ,,,0113~~ 01111~ 1.311510.111~. 5~~011~3.~ 15
(2-57)
0.5~,,,
/=-
5
~
58~. 2-7 31

)(
111~ 1)0/(-(1111~~,~(3611~ (~~) 011(311510(111~(, ~ ~ = ~5/5 = 0.707~~, 0.5~~/~.
~(0111 ~().. (2-49) 10~ = 0.3182/(0.707 )( 0.5) = 0.286.
(~) 111~ ~~3~ (~..,~(5~ (0( 111..,~(5~)010~~111~..,0113~~, 101~ = ~,,,.
~0(~. 1/10~ = 1/0.286 = 3.496 51~11111~5 1113110~ 1(3115~0(111~( 11111510~ 3.496

11111~513(~~( 10311 1031 ~0~111115 0~111~ 115~0 10 0~11..,~( ~0~~( ~(0111 3 ~11(~ 3~ ..,0113~~.
1015 (~~11~1~( 035 301~0 (1~~1~ ~3~10(, 121 %~ 310~ ~~~1~1~11~~, 40.5%~ 3110 3 ~00(
10~, 0.286. 111300111011, 10~ 1(3115~0(111~( 035 10 ~3((~ 3 0~ ~11((~111, 3110 1015 (~511115
1113 0~ 53111(311011 ~(001~111 0~ 10~ 1(3115~0(111~( ~0(~.
‫ﻣ‬
~~1115 ~011510~( 10~ ~1(~11110~ ~1~. 2-123 ~110 311 8.1. 1030 35 500~11 111~1~. 2-
et
133. 011~ 10 111011~11..,~1030, 10~ ~011011~11011 ~~(100 0~ 10~ 0100~ 1)1 ~111 ~~1~110
0~~0110 1800 111111110~ ~11((~111 0~~0111~5 2~(0. 10~ ~3..,~~0(1115 ~0( 10~ ~11((~111 3110
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
ri ng
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ En
E asy
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
32

(2-58)
17/11
(1 - ~05(10 + 8))
210
~/1~(~ 8 = 130-1 ((1)0~) 300 (1)
= 210/. 1/1~ 3..,~(3~~ 1030 ~1.1((~0115 /00 = 1700/~.
11 ~30 0~ 001~0 1(001 ~~. (2-58) 1/131 1/1~ 3..,~(3~~ ..,0113~~ (300 ~1.1((~01) ~30
0~ 10~(~35~0 0)1 013/(10~ 8 = 0, ~/11~/115 11055101~0)1 30010~ 3 1(~~~/1~~110~ 0100~
‫ﻣ‬
(),,, 35 500~010 ~1~. 2-133 ~110 0350~0110~5. 10~ ~11~~1011015 0100~ 15 1011(~..,~01
3 0~~311..,~ ..,0113~~ 31111~3(10~ 3~(055 10~ 1030~ 300 35 3 (~51.111, 1/1~ 013~0~11~ 510(~0
~0~(~)115 10~(~35~0. ~1 ( = (1 = 10/(1),1/1~ ~1.1((~011(001 ()1 15 1(3051~((~0 10 (),,,
t
.ne
300 1015 11(0~~55 15 ~311~0 ~0,11111/1((1(/01101 0100~5 300 10~ ~3..,~10(015 3(~ 500~0 10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~1~. 2-13~. 0~11~0010~ 00 1/1~ 1030 1101~ ~0051301, 10~ 1030 ~1.1((~01 013)1 0~ 015-
~001101.101.15.
g
~ 11.111-~3..,~ (~~1111~( ~1(~1.111~11/1 3 ~~01~(-131111~0 1(30510(01~(
rin
15 5/10~0 10 ~1~.
2-143. ~3~/1 /1311 0110~ 1(30510(01~(
ee
~11/1115 3550~131~0 0100~ 3~15 35 3 /1311-~3..,~
(~~1111~( 300 1/1~ 01.11111.11
01311.111-~3..,~ (~~1111~( 15 5/10~010 ~1~. 2-140. 510~~ 10~(~
gin
15 00 0~ ~1.1((~01110~10~ 1/1(01.1~010~ 1(30510(01~(, 1/1~(~ 15 00 0~ 5311.1(31100 11(001~01
011(30510(01~( ~0(~. 1/1~ 3..,~(3~~ 01.11111.11
..,0113~~ 15
‫ﺔ‬
500~0
1051~30
10 ~1~.
011.1510~
2-153.
1700 = 7)0
En
2 (//2
3 ~~01~(-131111~0
01.1(10~
17/11510
(1)( 0(
1(30510(01~(,
=
217/11
10
10~ 1105111..,~ /1311-~)1~1~ 011/1~ /0111.11 ..,0113~~, 1/1~ ~1.1((~01

sy
=
~~
0.636617/11
~01.110 1.15~ 101.1( 0100~5,

(2-59)
35
110~5 10 10~ 1030 1/1(01.1~/1 0100~5 ()1 300 ()2. 01.1(10~ 1/1~ 0~~311..,~ ~)1~1~, 0100~5
()3 300 ()4 ~0001.1~1. 10~ ~3..,~10(0110( 10~ 01.11111.11..,0113~~ 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 2-150
Ea
300 15 5101113( 10 1031 01 ~1~. 2-140. 10~ 11~3/(-10..,~(5~ ..,0113~~ 01 3 0100~ 15 001)1
17/11. 1015 ~1(~1.11115 /(00~0 35 3 6,/08€ ,€~(///€,.
~)(301~1~ 2-7
w.
1110~ (~(1111~( 111~1~. 2-143035 3 ~1.1(~1~ (~51511..,~ 1030 01 ~, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ (3) ~111(1~11(~ ~
(0) 10(111 13(10(~ (() (1~~1~ 13(10(~ (0) 1(311510(111~( 1.11111~31101113(10(~ 3110 (~) ~~3/(
‫ُﺭ‬
111..,~(5~ ..,0113~~ (~1~) 01 0100~ /)1.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
80/01100 ~(0111 8().. (2-59), 10~ 3..,~(3~~ 01.11~1.11..,0113~~ 15
217,,,
17
~ ~0 = - ,,. = 0.636617,,,
17~0 0.636617,,,
/ ~0 = = (2-60)
8. 8.
58~. 2-8 33

(2-61)
~10111 6().. (2-42), ,,00 = (0.6366~,,,)2/~ 31101101116().. (2-43), ,,0_ = (0.707~,,,)2/~.

~ = (0.6366~,,,)2/(0.707~,,,)2
(3) ~10111 6().. (2-44), 10.~ ~111~1~11~)1, = 81 %.
‫ﻣ‬
(0) ~10111 6().. (2-46), 10.~ 10111113~101, ~~ = 0.707~,,,/0.6366~,,, = 1.11.
(~) ~10111 6().. (2-48), 10.~ 11~~1~ 13~101, 1(~ = ~1.112 - 1 = 0.4820148.2%.
(0) 10.~ 11115~0113~~ 0110.~ 113115101111~1 5~~0110(1)1, ~, = ~,,,/0 = 0.707~,,,.
et
10.~ 11115~3111~ 01113115101111~15~~0110(1)1 ~1111~111,/, = 0.5~,,/~. 10.~ ~011-3111~~1~
)( 0.707~,,, )( 0.5~,,/~.
131111~(~~) 0110.~ 113115101111~1,~ ~ = 2~,/, = 2 ~10111 6()..
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(2-49) ,
0.63662
10~ = 0.5732 = 57.32%
2 )(
0.707 )(
0.5 =
n
(~) 10.~ ~~3/( 1~~~15~ 010~/(111~ ~0113~~, ~1~ = 2~,,,.
()31~0
~0(€.
10 1031
10~ ()~1101111311~~
01 3 0311-~3~~
e 1~~1111~1,
eri
01 3 11111-~3~~ 1~~1111~115 51811111~(1111)11111()10~~0 ~0111-
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~
+
0
34

‫ﻣ‬
+
+
- +
t
01 03
.ne
-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~.
~---1
04 02
ng
-
eri
ine
~,.301()1~ 2-8
‫ﺔ‬ 10.~ (~~611~( 111~1~. 2-1430.38311
(1~~1~ ~11((~11110 5% 01/00.
8011111011
sy
E
(3) 10.~ (~~611~(

ng
8./..., 1030.
0013111 ~)(~(~8810118 10( 0111~111 ~0113~~ 1)1.(1) 3110 1030 ~11((~111 /1.(/).
0111~111 ~0113~~ (113)10~ 0~8~(10~0

(3) 08~ 10.~ 111~10.00 01 ~011(1~(
(0) 11 ~,,, = 170
~, / = 60 1-1~, 3110 8. = 500 0, 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ ~3111~ 018~(1~8 111011~1311~~ /..., 10 1111111
8~(1~8 10
0)13 ~011(1~( 8~(1~8 (~0.1~0.

18 (~~1~~~0 111~~~~11(1)( ~) 38
~
Ea
1)1.(/) = ~00 + ~
11=1,2,...
(/7~ ~08 ,,(,)/ + 0~ 8111 ,,(,)/) (2-62)
w.
1 (2.. 2 (.. 2~,,,

~00 = 1)1.(/) (/((,)/) = ~~, 8111 (,)/ (/((,)/) =
270)0
‫ُﺭ‬
270)0 70
ww
(2.. (..
‫ﺷﺩ‬
/7~ = ~ 1)1. ~08 ,,(,)/ (/( (,)/)

= ~ )0 ~,,, 8111(,)/ ~08 ,,(,)/ (/( (,)/)
70 )0 70
4~,,, 1
= ~ (,, - 1)(,, + 1)
70 ~~2.4
58~. 2-8 35

(2-63)
(2-64)
‫ﻣ‬
/70)~
8 0
= 1(111-1- (2-65)
8.
(2-66)
ri ng
(0) 8().11(111011 (2-66) ~1~~8 10.~ 11118~(1111~ 0110.~ 11~~1~ ~1111~111 (18
ee 2 2
2
/30
_ (411,,,)2
() ~ +
(411,,,)2 ~
() +
- 2,,-2(8.2 + (20)~ )2) 3 2,,-2(8.2 + (40)~ )2) 15
gin
~011810~1111~ 0111)110.~ 10~~81-010~1 = 2), ~~

0.(111110111~ (/7 0.(1~~
‫ﺔ‬ En
/ 30 =
411,,,
0,,-~8.2
)(
0.34
+ (20)~)2
/30 0.481
asy
1(~ = = = 0.05
/~0 ~1 + (20)08.)2
~01 8. = 500 0 (1110/ = 60 1-12, 10.~ 111011~1(111~~~(1111~ 18 001(1111~0 (18 0.4812 = 0.052
(1 + (4 )( 60 )( ,,-0500)2) (111010.18~1~~8 ~ = 6.341-1.
E
1-/0(~. 111.~ 01111101 0~ (1 ~011-~(1,,,~ 1~~11~1~1 ~001(1108 001)1 ~,,,~0 11.(1101001~8 (100
w.
111.~ 8~~000 11.(1101001~ 18 111.~ 01081 000110(101 00~ (100 118 ~1~()0~0~)118 2/ (= 1201(12).
111.~ 0011101 ,,,011(1~~ 10 8(). (2-63) ~(10 0~ 0~11,,,~0 0)1 811~~11001 0101111111~(11100 0~
‫ُﺭ‬
8~11~11.10~ ~00~1100, (100 111.1818 ~)(111(110~0 10 ~1111~001)( ~.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ ~ ~(10 0011~~ ~1001 8(). (2-66) 111.(11(10 1000~1(10~~ 10 111.~ 10(10 0~~~18 (1 11.1~11.
10111~0(10~~ ~01111.~ 11.(1101001~ ~011~018 (100 (1~1811~~ (11111~110 1~00~10~ 111.~11.(1101001~8.

1-10~~,,,~1, 111.181000~1(10~~ 1011000~~8 (1 1101~ 0~1(1)1 01111.~ 10(10 ~011~01 ~1111. 1~811~~1
10 111.~ 101101 ,,,011(1~~~ (100 10 111.~ ~(18~ 01111.~ 810~1~-1111.(18~ 11.(111-~3,,,~ 1~~1111~1, 3
11~~~11.~~110~ 0100~ 18 1~()011~0 10 1110,,,10~ 311(1111. 101111.18 1000~11,,,~ ~011~01.
~)(301()1~ 2.9
/1-..8111~1~-~0.38~ 0110~~ 1~~1111~1 10.31 811~~11~8 (1 0~ 1110101 18 80.0~11 111~1~. 2-16(1. 10.~
11111181(1110 0110.~ 11(1118101111~118 111111)1. 10.~ 10(1018 811~0. 10.(1110.~ 1110101 01(1~8 (111~~1~-
36

+
-~,,,
~~1108,.,,911181
~1 __ - / ~0,.,,~0119111
‫ﻣ‬
18
.- ...
/ ~
0
/
t
- ~8
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e
g.n
rin
1(~~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~11101 /~. 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ (3) 0.3(1110111~ 13~10( 01111()111 ~11((~111, (-1~~
3110 (0) 111()111()0~~( 13~10( 0110.~ (~~116~(, ~~.
80)01100 ~0(111311~, 3 0~ 111010( 15 0.1~0.1~ 111011~11~~ 3110 3~15 11/(~ 3 1111~( 111 (~011~111~
ee
10.~ (1()()1~ ~11((~111 0110.~ 1030.
(3) 10.~ ~3~~10(1115 10( 10.~ 111()111~11((~111 3110 111()01 ~0113~~ 0110.~ (~~116~( 3(~
50.0~11111 ~1~. 2-160. 10.~ 111()111~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~)(()(~55~0 1113 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5 35
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 1~0 =
2~
sy
/1(1) = /~0 +
En
12,-,
/1(() (/((0)() =
~
11=1
(00
2~
~05
12,-,
/1(0)( +
/~ (/((0)() = 0
00 5111 /1(0)1) (2-67)
(2,-, (,-,
30 =
~ /1
(() ~05 /1(0)( (/( (0)()
=
~ 1~ ~05 /1(0)( (/( (0)()
= 0
~)0 ~)0
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
(2-68)
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
2 2 2 2 1/2
15 =
4
~~
1~ 1
1 1 1 1
( + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9() () () ()
+...
)
58~.2-8 37

~(0111 ~(). (2-51),

2
11/2 48.43%
11~ =
((0.~0) - = 0.4843 0(
(/)) 111~ 0151113~~111~111311~1~, ~ = 0 3110 0151113~~111~11113~10~, ))~ = ~05 ~ = 1.

~(0111 ~(). (2-52), 111~ 110~~( 13~10(, ~~ = 0.90 (13~~111~).
‫ﻣ‬
et
~~ 03~~ 8~~11111 ~~. (2-59) 103110~ 3~~(3~~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~ ~01~0 ~01.110 0~ 0013111~0
~(0111 8111~1~-~038~ ~1.111-~3~~ (~~1111~(8 18 0.6366~,,, 3110 10~8~ (~~11~1~(8 3(~ 1.18~0 111
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
3~~11~3110118 1.1~ 10 10~ 15-/(~ ~0~~( 1~~~1. ~0( 13(~~( ~0~~( 01.11~1.11, (/1,.~~-~/1(15~
3110 111/1/(/~/1(15~ (~~11~1~(8 3(~ 1.18~0. 10~ ~01.1(1~( 8~(1~8 0~ 10~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ ~1~~11
0)1 ~~. (2-63) 11101~31~8 1031 10~ 01.11~1.11 ~011131118 03(1110111~8 3110 10~ ~(~~1.1~11~)1 0~
10~ 1/1110-(1111~11((1/ ~0111~011~11( 18 1~0 11111~8 10~ 801.1(~~ ~(~~1.1~11~)1 (21). 111 ~(3~11~~,
n
3 ~111~( 18 110(111311)11.18~0 10 (~01.1~~ 10~ 1~~~1 0~ 03(1110111~8 111 10~ 1030~ 3110 10~ 812~
0~ 10~
13(~~(
03(1110111~8
10~
1111~( 0~~(~38~8
~0~~(
18 3180 111~(~38~0
(~~1111~(
e ~110 10~
01.11~1.11 0~ 1111.1111~038~ (~~1111~(8,
eri
~(~~1.1~11~)1 0~ 10~
10~ ~1.11103111~11131 ~(~~1.1~11~)1
3110 18 () 11111~8 10~ 801.1(~~ ~(~~1.1~11~)1 (()1).
~1(~1.111 0~ ~1~. 2-14(3) ~311 0~
03(1110111~8.
~)(1~110~0
111 300111011
10 1111.1111~1~ ~038~8
10 10~
0~ 10~
0)1
gin
03~111~ 1111.1111~038~ ~1110111~8 011 10~ 1(3118~0(111~( 8~~01103()1 38 800~11 111 ~1~. 2-173.
1018 ~1(~1.111 1113)1 0~ ~011810~(~0 38 () 8111~1~-~038~ 031~-~3~~ (~~1111~(8 3110 ~311 0~
‫ﺔ‬
~011810~(~0
~0~11
~3~0
10~ ~0113~~
~0( 10~ ~0113~~8
0100~
11 ~311 0~
38 3 031~-~3~~
En
0~ /(10 ~038~
3110 ~1.1((~1118 3(~
18 270/().
11011~~0
sy
~(0111 ~1~.
1)1~~. 10~
18 01~0~(
800~11
2-170
/(10 0100~
10311 1031 0~ 010~(
111 ~1~.
1031 10~
~111 ~01101.1~1 01.1(111~ 10~
2-170.
~038~8.
10~
~1.1((~111 50~111~
10~
~01101.1~11011 ~~(100
10(01.1~0
~~(100
~3~~~0(1118
10~ 8~~-
0~
01103()1 ~1110111~ 18 1.111101(~~11011313110 ~011131118 3 0~ ~0111~011~111. 0111)1011~ 8~~01103()1

~1110111~ ~3((1~8 ~1.1((~111 31 3 ~3(11~1.113( 11111~, 3110 38 3 (~81.111 10~ ~(11113()1 1111.1810~
Ea
~01111~~1~0 111 0~113 111 0(0~( 10 ~1111111131~ 10~ 0~ ~0111~011~111111 10~ 111~1.11810~ 0~ 10~
1(3118~0(111~( .
10~ 3~~(3~~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ ~0( 3 ()-~038~ (~~11~1~( 18 ~1~~11 0)1
w.
(2-69)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1/2
()
~,,,
( 270 (~ +
70 1.
2 ~ 8111
270
)) (2-70)
1~ 10~ 1030 18 ~1.1(~1)1 (~81811~~, 10~ ~~3/( ~1.1((~11110(01.1~0 3 0100~ 18 1,,, = ~ ,,,/~ 3110
~~ ~311 ~1110 10~ (1118 ~311.1~ 0~ 3 0100~ ~1.1((~111 (0( 1(3118~0(111~( 8~~01103()1 ~1.1((~111)
38

‫ﻣ‬
/
~
*-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
(2-71)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
1/2
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1
1,,,
( 210 (~ + 2
10 1.
510
~ ))
210
~~3(1))1~ 2-10
~ 10(~~-~035~ 513( (~~611~( 035 3 ~11(~1~ (~5156~~ 1030 ~110 ~ 00015. 0~1~(01111~ 10~
(3) ~111~1~11~~~ (0) 10(01 13~10(~ (~) (1~~1~ 13~10(~ (0) 1(311510(01~( 116112.31101113~10(~ (~)
~~3/( 111~~(5~ ~0113~~ (~1~) 01 ~3~0 0100~~ 3110 (1) ~~3/( ~11((~11110(011~0 3 0100~ 1110~
(~~611~( 0~11~~(5 /~0 = 30 ~ 31 3 0111~111 ~0113~~ 01 ~~0 = 140~.
58~. 2-9 39

8010~)0() ~0( 3 111(~~-~1135~ (~~1111~( (). = 3 111~().5. (2-69), (2-70), 3110 (2-71).
(3) ~(0(11 ~().. (2-69), ~00 = 0.827~,,, 3110100 = 0.827~,,,/~. ~(0(11 ~().. (2-70),
~,,,,, = 0.84068~,,, 3110 1,,,,, = 0.84068~,,,/~. ~(0(11 ~().. (2-42), ~00 = (0.827~~,)2/~,
1(0(11 5().. (2-43), ~30 = (0.8406811,,,)2/~, 31101(0(11 5().. (2-44), 111~ ~111~1~11~)1,
(0.827~ ,,,)2
11 =
(0.84068~,,,)2 = 96.77%
(0) ~(0(115().. (2-46), 111~10((1113~10(,~~ = 0.84068/0.827 = 1.0165 0( 101.65%.
‫ﻣ‬
(~) ~(0(11 5().. (2-48), 111~ (1~~1~ 13~10(, ~~ = ~1.01652 - 1 = 0.1824 =
18.24%.
(0) ~(0(11 ~().. (2-57), 111~((115 ~0113/1,~ 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 5~~01103()1, ~, = 0. 707~,,,.
t
~(0(11 ~().. (2-71), 111~ ((115 ~11((~111 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 5~~01103()1,
rin
)( )( 0.4854~,,,
~~ = 3~/5 = 3 0.707~,,,
~
~(0(11 5().. (2-49), ee 0.8272
0 664
0.4854 - . 3
10~ -- )( )(
3 0.707
gin
(~) 111~ ~~3/( 111~~(5~ ~0113/1,~ 01 ~3~11 0100~ 15 ~().1131 10 111~ ~~3/( ~3111~ 01111~
5~~01103()1 1111~-10-1111~ ~0113/1,~. 111(~~-~1135~ ~1(~11115 3(~ (~~1~~~0
111 ~~~~11(1)( ~.
‫ﺔ‬ 111~ 1111~-10-1111~~0113/1,~ 15 -0 11(11~5 111~ ~1135~ ~0113/1,~ 3110 111115.,1~ = -0~,,,.
(1) 111~ 3~~(3/1,~ ~11((~111111(011/1,11 ~3~11 0100~ 15
sy
En
_ -./4
1,)= 2
27001
1,,, ~05 (1)( (/((1)() 1
= 1,,, - 5111-
70 ().
70
(2-72)
~0( (). = 3, 1,) = 0.27571,,,. 111~ 3~~(3/1,~ ~11((~111111(011/1,11

~3~11 0100~ 15 1,) = 30/3 =
10 ~ 3110 11115/1,1~~5 111~ ~~3/( ~11((~111 35 1,,, = 10/0.2757 = 36.27 ~.
Ea
~)(301()1~ 2-11
(3) 5)(~(~55 111~ 0111~111 ~0113/1,~ 01 3 ().-~1135~ (~~1111~( 111 ~1/1,. 2-173 111~011(1~( 5~(1~5.
(0) 11 (). = 6, ~,,, = 170 ~ 3110 111~ 511~~1)11(~().11~11~)115 / = 60 1-12, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ ((115
w.
~3111~ 01111~ 00(111113111113((110111~ 3110 115 1(~().11~11~)1.
8010~)0() (3) 111~ ~3~~10((115 10( ().-~1115~5 3(~ 5110~11 111~1/1,. 2-170 3110 111~ 1(~().11~11~)1
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
01111~ 0111~111 15 (). 11(11~5 111~ 1111103(11~11131~0(11~011~111 (()./). 10 1/110 111~ ~0115131115 01
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ ~011(1~( 5~(1~5, ~~ 1111~/1,(31~ 1(0(11 -70/(). 10 70/(). 3110 111~ ~0115131115 3(~
0~ = 0
1 -./4
(1~ = - ~,,, ~05 (1)( ~05 (/(1)( (/( (1)()
70/ (). 1 --./.
().~~, ) 5111 (((/ - 1)70/().) 5111 (((/ + 1)70/().)1

= (/-1 + (/+1
70 1 5
().~,,, ((/ + 1) 5111(((/ - 1)70/().) + ((/
- 1) 5111 (((/ + 1)70/().)
= (/2 -
70 1
40

~11~. 81111~)111((111011 (1110 111~11 118111~ 1.1~0110111~1.1( .~)(1110118111~8
8111(..4 + 8) = 8111..4(08 8 + (08..4 81118
2(/~,,,
00 =
70(112
_ 1) ( .
11 8111
1170
-
(/
(08
70
-(/ - (08
(/
. 70
-1170 8111 -
(/ ) (2-73)
‫ﻣ‬
~0. (1 .~(1111~. ~1111 (/ ~11)8~8 ~~. (~()~, 111~ 11(1.1110111(801111~ 0111~111 ,,,0)1(1~~ (1.~~ (/111,
2(/111,3(/111,4(/111 (1110 ~~. (2-73) 18 ,,,(1)10 10.11 = 0,1(/,2(/, 3(/. 111~ 1~.111 8111 (1170/(/)
811170 = 0 (1110~~. (2-73) 0~(0111~8
et
11(/708111
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
00 = 700~(/~ ((08
~) ~)
rin
(2-74)
~111(,31118111~ 8(1111~(18 ~~. (2-69). 111~ ~011.1~.

ee 8~.1~8 01111~ 0111~111 ,,,0)1(1~~ 18 ~)(~.~88~0
(18
1)1-(()
00
+
~
= 2 00 (08 11().)(
gin
0~~~.
51108111111111~111~ ,,,(1)11~ 01 00, ~~ 001(1111

‫ﺔ‬ sy
1)1-=~,,,18111~
En
70 (/ ( 1- ~
0~~.2~...
~
.11-1
2
(08
1170
-
(/
(08 11().)(
) (2-75)
. . .) (2-76)
Ea
111~ 81)(111 11(1.1110111( 18 111~ 00111111(1111 011~. 111~ .1118 ,,,(1)11~ 01 (1 8111118010(1) ,,,0)1(1~~ 18
1/~ 11111~8118 ~~(1)( 111(1~1111110~,(1110 111~ .1118 01111~ 81)(11111(1.1110111( 18 ~6 = ~~, )(
2
)( )(
0.9549/(35 ~) = 6.56 ~ (11101181.~~11~11(~18/6 = 6/ = 360 1-12.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~ 10.~~-~0(18~ 0.10~~ .~(1111~. 18 ~~1)1 ~0111111011 111 01~0-~0~~1 (1~~)1~(1110118 (1110 18
800~11 111 ~1~. 2-18. 101818 (1 //4//-)1/(1~~ ,~~1///~,. 11 ~(111 0~~.(11~ ~110 01 ~1100111
(1 1.(1118101111~1 (1110 ~1~~8 81)(-~1118~ 11~~1~8 011 10~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~. 10~ 0100~8 (11~
11111110~1~0 111 0.0~1 01 ~011011~11011 8~()11~11~~8 (1110 ~(1~0 011~ ~011011~18 101 1200. 10~
~011011~11011
8~~11~11~~101 0100~8 18 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, (111061. 10~ ~(11101 0100~8
~01~0 (11~ ~01111~~1~0 0~1~~~11 10(11 ~(111 01 811~~1)11111~8 0(1~111~ 10~ 01~0~81 (1111011111
0111181(1111(111~0118 1111~-10-1111~ ~011(1~~ ~111 ~011011~1. 10~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~011(1~~ 18 0
58~. 2-10 41

~01 1~
+
10
03 05
~1. 8
06 02
1~
‫ﻣ‬
et
~-~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
1101~5 111~ ~1135~ ~01138~ 013 111(~~-~1135~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 5011(~~.
~011011~11011 1101~5 01 0100~5 3(~ 5110~11 111~18. 2-19.
ng
111~ 3~~(38~ 0111~111 ~01138~ 15 1011110 1(001
2 (70/6
~00 = 2,,,/6)0 0 ~,,, ~05
())( (/( ())/)
ri
(2-77)
30
ee
= -~,,,
,,, = 1.6542~,,,
gin
‫ﺔ‬ En
(2-78)
E asy
w.
(2-79)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(2-78)
42

0~0(195
/-56-~-61-~-12-~-23--~_34_~_45_~
0~
~~~ ~8~ ~3~ ~~ ~08 ~~8
- -.(3~,,.,
-.(3~,,.,
‫ﻣ‬
0 ,, 2,, ,, 4,, 5,,
3 3 3 3
et
~~~8
/
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~-.(3~,,.,
~~8 /
0 ,,
rin
~ ~ %
3 3 ~ 3
0
~
- - - ,..- - - -/-~ - - - -+- - - - --
~
~
~01
~
~
~
~
ee ~
~
,
gin
0 ,,
3
‫ﺔ‬
~)(301().~ 2-12
sy
En
~ 111(~~-))113$~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~( 113$ 3 ))11(~1)1 (~$1$11~~ 1030 0( ~. ))~1~(01111~ 111~ (3)
Ea
~((1~1~11~)1~ (0) (0(01 (3~10(~ (~) (1))))1~ (3~10(~ (0) 1(311$(0(01~( 1111/12311011 (3~10(~ (~)
))~3/( 111~~($~ (0( (~~~($~) ~0113~~ (~1~) 0( ~3~11 0100~ ~ 3110 (() ))~3/( ~11((~111 111(011~11
3 0100~. 111~ (~~11(1~( 0~11~~($ /00 = 60 ~ 31 311 0111))111 ~0113~~ 0( 1/00 = 280.7 ~ 3110
111~ ((~()11~11~)1 0( 111~ $011(~~ 1$ 60 1-12.
w.
80.01100 (3) ~(001 ~(). (2-77), 1/00 = 1.65421/~. 3110 /00 = 1.65421/,,/~. ~(001 ~().
(2-78),1/,,,-,,
‫ُﺭ‬
= 1.65541/,,, 3110/,,,-,, = 1.65541/,,,/~. ~(001~(). (2-42), ~00 = (1.65421/,,,)2/
ww
~, ((001 ~(). (2-43), ~.0 = (1.65541/,,,)2/~, 3110 ((001 ~(). (2-44) 111~ ~((1~1~11~)1,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(1.65421/,,,)2
11 =
(1.65541/,,,)2 = 99.86%
(0) ~(001 ~(). (2-46), 111~(0(01 (3~10(, ~~

= 1.6554/1.6542 = 1.0007 = 100.07%.
(~) ~(001 ~(). (2-48), 111~ 0))))1~ (3~10(, ~~
= ~1.00072 - 1 = 0.0374 =
3.74%.
(0) ~(001 ~(). (2-57), 111~(01$ ~0113~~ 0(111~ 1(311$(0(01~( $~~01103()1, 1/,
= 0. 7071/,~.
58~. 2-10 43

/5 = 0.7804/,,, = 0.7804
)(
~ ~
111~ ,,,011-3111~~1~ 131111~ 01111~ 113115110111~1,
)( 0.707~,,, )( 0.7804 )(
~~ = 3~/)5 = 3 ~ ~~
‫ﻣ‬
~10111 5().. (2-49),
1.65422
10~ = .95
3 )(
~ )(
0.707 )(
0.7804 = 0 45
t
.ne
(~) ~10111 5().. (2-77), 111~ ~~3)( 1111~-11~111131,,,0113~~ 15 ~... = 280.7/1.6542 =
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
169. 7 ~. 111~ ~~3)( 111,,,~15~ ,,,0113~~ 01 ~3~11 0100~ 15 ~().113110 111~ ~~3)( ,,,3111~ 01111~
)(
5~~011031~ 1111~-10-1111~
,,,0113~~, ~1~ = ~ ~,,, = ~ 169.7 = 293.9~.
g
(1) 111~ 3,,,~13~~ ~1111~1111111011~11 ~3~11 0100~ 15
4 (~/6 2 71
rin
= /,,, ~05 ().)( ~(().)() = /,,, 0.3184/,,,
/~
271)0 ~ 5111 6 =
111~ 3,,,~13~~ ~1111~1111111011~11 ~3~11 0100~
ee 15 /~ = 60/3 = 20 ~ 3110 111~ ~~3/( ~1111~11115
/,,, = 20/0.3184 = 62.81 ~.
1-/0(~. 11115 1~~1111~1 11115 1111~10,,,~() ~~1101111110~~5 ~0051()~11101)1 ~0111~111~() 10
gin
51)( ~015~5.
11111101111~ 1110111~11115~ 1~~1111~1 10 ~1~. 2-17 ~1111
‫ﺔ‬
111~ ()~51~0
111~
En
01111~~1111~110,,,01,,,~5 ()~1~11111010~
111110~5 01 ()10()~5 111~ 00(1111111)1 5~~~111~()
sy
111~ 111110~5 015~1111~00()0~101 ()10()~5.

10 1~11115 01111~ 11,,,~111~~ ~011~01, 11115
~011~01, ~~11/( ~011~01, 110() ~~11/( 10,,,~15~ ,,,01111~~. 111~1~ 111~ 00 51110()111() ~10~~()01~5
()10()~ ~011~015 110()
101111~ ()~51~0, 001/115 1~().011~() 10 ()~1~111110~ 111~ 51111~~5 01111~
Ea
,,,01111~~5.
~~ 1111,,,~ 0011~~() 10 ~().5. (2-63), (2-66), 110() (2-76) 111111 111~ 001~01 01111~
1~~1111~15 ~0011110 11111111001~5. 10 11()()11100, ~().. (2-66) 10()1~111~5 111111 111~ 11~~1~
w.
~011~01 ~110 0~ 1~()0~~() 0)1 ~000~~110~ 110 10()0~101 10 5~11~5 ~1111111~ 1011(). ~111~15
()~ 001~01 ,,,01111~~ 01 111~ 1~~1111~1 110() 111~5~ 111~
~110 0~ 05~() 10 511100111 001 111~
‫ُﺭ‬
/(00~0 115 0.~ ///(~,.5. 111~ ()~ 1111~15 111~ 0501111)1 01 1.., ~, 110() 1.. ~ 1)1~~, 115 5110~0 10
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1~. 2-20. 011~ 10 111~ 1~~1111~111100 11~1100, 111~ 10~01 ~011~01 01111~ 1~~1111~1 11150
+
~.
- 4
8.=~
).0 ~1~
8.=·
~1~
1~ 1~ 1~
~(8)
(~) (~)
~1~11..~2-20 1)( (11(~15.
44 01008 (1~~0115 8/10 88~111(8~5 ((,8~. 2

~011131115 113(1110111~5 3110 311 (1~ /1/(€7 15 1.15~0 10 ~111~( 01.11 50111~ 01111~ 113(1110111~5 1(0111
111~ 51.111111~5~51~111. 111~ 3~ 1111~( 15 110(111311~ 011..~ 1~11~, 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 2-21.
‫ﻣ‬
~0(111311~, 111~ 1111~( 0~51~11 (~()1.11(~5 0~1~(111111111~ 111~ 1113~11111.10~5 3110 ~(~()1.1~11~1~5
01111~ 113(1110111~5. 111~ 51~115111~01~~0111 0~51~11111~ (~~1111~(5 31101111~(5 3(~ ~)(1113111~0
t
0~ ~)(3111111~5.
e
~)(301())~ 2-13
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~ 111(~~-~1135~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~( 511~~11~5 3 111~111~111011~11,,,~1030 511~1111131 111~ 3,,,~(3~~
1030 ~11((~11115 /00 = 60 ~ 3110 111~ (1~~1~ ~0111~11115 11~~11~101~. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (31111~5
01111~ 0100~5 11111~ 1111~-10-11~111(31 ,,,0113~~ 01111~ 511~~1~ 15 120 ~ 31 60 (-(2.
rin
80)01100 111~ ~11((~1115 111(011~11 111~ 0100~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 2-22. 111~ 3,,,~(3~~
~11((~111 01 3 0100~, /,) = 60/3
= 20~. 111~ (015 ~11((~11115
1/2
5-./6 /
( )
/~ =
2~ 1-./6
ee
/~0 ()(())() = -0 = 46.19 ~
111~ ~~3)( 111,,,~(5~,,,0113~~, ()1~ = ~ 1/,,,= ~ )(
-0 )(
120 = 294 ~.
gin
~0(€. 111~ 13~10( 01 ~ 15 1.15~0 10 ~011~~(1 (1115 10 11~3~ ~311.1~.
‫ﺔ‬ ~8 ---
0
. 11
En
,.,1
.
211 ~411
3 511
asy
~02 211
3 3 3
~---~- ~
0 ,.,1
~
,03__
1_
.E
,.
~
~
0
w
,04 ~ ~
__1-
~-----
‫ُﺭ‬
~ ~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0
~05
~8
0
106
~8
58~. 2-11 45

‫ﻣ‬
~,.301~1~ 2-14
et
10~ ~11((~11110(011~0 3 0100~ 15 500~11 111~1~. 2-23. 1)~1~((11111~10~ (3) ((115 ~11((~111,
3110 (0) 3,,,~(3~~ 0100~ ~11((~11111(1 = 100 ~5, (2 = 350 ~5, (3 = 500 ~5, / = 25011~,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~ = 5 /(11~, 1,,, = 450 ~, 311010 = 150~.
801111100 (3) 10~ ((115 ,,,3111~ 15 0~1111~0 35
1/2
rin
1 = 1~) (1,,, 5111(05()2 (/( + 1~3 1~ (/() (2-81 )
~~ ~
ee (2-82)
~0~(~ (05
= 270/5= 31,415.93 (30/5, (1 = 70/(05 = 100 ~5, 31101 = 1//.
gin
(/()1/2
1~1 = 1~1 (1,,, 5111 (05()2 = 1,,, ~/~1 (2-83 )
~~
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
1~2 =
= 50.31 ~
(7 1
(3
1(2 10
(/(
2
) = 10 //((3 - (2) (2-84 )
= 29.05 ..4
Ea
51105111111111~ ~().5. (2-83) 3110 (2-84) 111 ~().. (2-82), 10~ ((115 ,,,3111~ 15
1/2
/~(1 _
1 = + /~/((3 (2))
~ (2-85)
w.
= (50.312 + 29.052)1/2 = 58.09 ~

‫ُﺭ‬
(0) 10~ 3,,,~(3~~ ~11((~11115 1011110 1(0(11
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(1 13
1 1 (/(
/~0 = - (/,,, 5111(05() (/( + - /0 (2-86)
~1 10 1 1,(2 )
(2-87)
(2-88)
(2-89)
46

12.79 ~
~,.801()1~ 2-15
~ 1-~ ~111~~ 88 8110~11 111~1~. 2-20~ 18 118~0 10 ~~011~~ 111~ ~1~~1~ ~0111~111 0~ 111~ 0111~111
~0118~~ ~0~ 8 8111~1~-~1188~ ~1111-~8~~ ~~~611~~. 111~ 1080 ~~8181811~~, 8.
= 40 0, 1080
111011~1811~~, 1- = 10 11111, 8110 8011~~~ ~~~()11~11~~ 18 60 112 (0~ 377 ~80/8). 0~1~~111111~
111~ ~8111~8 0~ 1-_ 8110 ~_ 80 11181111~ ~1~~1~ ~8~10~ 0~ 111~ 0111~111 ~0118~~ 18 10%.
‫ﻣ‬
801111100 111~ ~()111~81~111 ~1~~1111~0~ 111~ 118~1110111~818 8110~11 111~1~. 2-24. 10 1118/(~
11 ~881~~ ~0~ 111~ 11111118~1110111~~1~~1~ ~11~~~11110 ~888 111~011~11111~ ~111~~ ~8~8~110~, 111~
1080 1111~~0811~~ 11111810~ ~~~81~~ 11181111181 0~ 111~ ~8~8~110~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
(2-90)
8110 11110~~ 11118~011016011, 111~ ~~~~~1 0~ 111~ 1080 ~111 0~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ ~1118~8111~ 0~
111~ 11111118~1110111~~0111~011~111 8~~~8~111~
ee 011 111~ 0111~111 ~811 0~ ~011110 0~ 118111~ 111~
~0118~~-01~10~~ ~111~ 8110 18 ~)(~~~88~0 88
gin
(2-91 )
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
(2-92)
~0~ 8 8~~~1~1~0 ~8111~ 0~ ~30 8110 ~1111111~ ~8111~ 0~ ~_ ~~0111 ~(). (2-90), 111~ ~8111~ 0~ 1-_
~811 0~ ~0111~111~0. ~~ ~811 81111~11~~111~ ~0111~11186011 0~ ~011810~~111~ 0111~ 111~ 001111118111
Ea
118~1110111~. ~~0111 ~(). (2-63) ~~ ~1110 11181 111~ 8~~0110 118~1110111~18 111~ 001111118111011~
8110118 ~1118~8111~ 18 ~2 = 4~,,,/(3 070) 8110 111~0~ ~8111~, ~00 = 2~,~/70.
~0~ 11 = 2 ~()8. (2-91) 8110 (2-92) ~1~~
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..)~0..~ 2-24 ~()01~31~(11 (1~(011 (0~ 113~-

~0(11(5.
88~. 2-11 47

10
~. = 470)-/~2 + (470/~)2 = 326 ~~
~~0111 ~().. (2-47) 10~ ~111111~ ~3~10~ 18 0~~111~0 38
‫ﻣ‬
~.0 ~02 ~2 1 0 1
= 0 .1
~~ = = = = 3 ((470/)2~.~. - 1)
~00 ~00 ~00 (470/)2~.~. - 1
et
0~ (470/)2~.~. - 1 = 4.714 3110~. = 30.831111-1.
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~,.3111()1~ 2-16
~11 ~~ 11111111~111~~ 38 800~11 111 ~18. 2-2118 118~0 10 ~~011~~ 10~ 11111111~11~~~111 03~1110111~8
111 3 811181~-11038~ ~1111-~3~~ ~~~1111~~ 0~ ~18. 2-163. 10~ 1030 ~11~~~111 18 ~1111~ ~~~~ 3110
n
118 3~~~38~ ~3111~ 18 /.. 1~ 10~ 81111111~ ~~~().11~11~~ 18/ = 60 1-12 (0~ 377 ~30/8), 0~1~~111111~
10~ ~~80113111 ~~~().11~11~~ 0~ 10~ ~111~~ 80 103110~ 1013111111111 03~1110111~ ~11~~~11118 ~~011~~0
10 1 %
801111100
2-25.
0~ 10~
10~
10~
e~().111~31~111
~1118 ~3111~ 0~ 10~
eri
~111103111~11131 ~011111011~111.
~1~~1111 ~0~
/110 03~1110111~
10~ /110 03~1110111~
~11~~~111 31111~3~1118111
~011111011~111
10~
18 800~11 111 ~18.
81111111~ 18 0013111~0
0~ 1181118 10~ ~11~~~111-01~10~~ ~111~,

gin
(2-93 )
‫ﺔ‬ ~0~~~
~11~~~111 18
En
/~ 18 10~ ~1118~3111~ 0~ 10~ /110 030110111~ ~11~~~111. 10~
~
1/2
10131 31110111110~ 03~1110111~
( ) (2-94)
sy
/~ = /~~
~~~.
Ea
(2-95)
w.
~~0111 ~().. (2-68), /1 = 4/)0 70 3110 /~ = 4/)(0 /170) ~0~ /1 3,5,7, ~~0111
~().8. (2-93) 3110 (2-95) ~~ 8~1
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
,2 _ 1)2
‫ﺷﺩ‬
= (~~)2 = /12((/1()))2~/(/
~~3~7. ~~3~7.
..1~11..~ 2-25 ~~1.11.,,31~(1( ~1(~1.11( 10( 03(-

((10(11~ ~1.1((~(1(.
48

11115~3110~ 501~~0 ~0~ 111~~3111~0~ ~/~/. ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬

10 51111~11~,,
111~~31~1113110115,
1~~~ ~011510~~
3((3 )( 2 )( 10 )( 60)2~/~, - 1)
0111,,111~1111~0113~1110111~,
= 1/0.01= 100 0~ ~/~/ =
26.84 )( 10~6 3110 111~~111~~~~~().11~11~,,
15 1/~ = 193.02 ~30/5.
1-/0(~. 10~ 3~ 1111~~ 15 ~~11~~311~ 11111~0 10 10~ 03~1110111~1~~((11~11~~ 111~01~~0,

011111 ~~((111(~5 3 ~3(~1111 0~51~11 10 3~010 10~ 11055101111~01 (~5011311~~ ~110 10~ 110~~(
5~51~111. 10~ (~501131111(~((11~11~~ 0110~ 10/(0 03(1110111~ ~11((~11115 377 )( 3 = 1131
(30/5.
‫ﻣ‬
111 10~ 0~(1~3110115 0110~ 011111111 ~0113~~5 3110 10~ 11~(10(111311~~ ~(11~(13 01 (~~1111~(5,
et
11 ~35 35511111~0 103110~ 5011(~~ 035110111011~1311~~5 3110 (~5151311~~5. 8111111 311(3~11~31
1(311510(111~( 3110 51111111~, 10~5~ 3(~ 31~3~5 11(~5~111 3110 10~ 11~(10(111311~~5 01 (~~1111~(5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
3~~ 511~011~ ~0311~~0. 10~ ~11~~1 0110~ 5011(~~ 111011~1311~~, ~01~015 1110(~ 51~11111~3111
10311 1031 01 (~5151311~~, ~311 0~ ~)(1113111~0 ~110 (~1~(~11~~ 10 ~1~. 2-263.
10~ 0100~ ~110 10~ 111051 1105111~~ ~0113~~ ~111 ~011011~1. 1.,~1 115 ~011510~( 10~
())(
=
rin
1101111 10 ~0~(~ ~0113~~5 1)(1~ 3110 1)0~ 3(~ ~((1131 35 500~11 111 ~1~. 2-260. 10~
~11((~111 100 15 51111 60~111~ 10(011~0 10~ 0100~ /)1. 011~ 10 10~ 111011~1311~~ ~1, 10~
~11((~01 ~3111101 1311 10 2~(0 1111111~0131~1~ 300 10~ 1(3051~( 01 ~11((~111 ~311001 0~ 00
30 11151311130~0115 03515. 10~ ~11((~1111(/1 0~~(~35~5, (~5111110~ 111 30 111011~~0 ~0113~~
3~(055 ~1 01 + 1) 1..1 3110 10~ 011111111 ~0113~~ 0~~0111~5 1)1.. 1)
ee
(1~ +
1) =
1..1. ~1 10~ 53111~
11111~ 10~ ~11((~01 10(011~0 /)3, 1(/3 111~(~35~5 1(0111 2~(0, 111011~111~ 30 ~((1131 ~0113~~
gin
3~(055 ~2 01 -1)1..2 3110 10~ 011111111 ~0113~~ 0~~0111~5 1)1.. = 1)0~ -1)1..2. 10~ (~5111115
1031 10~ 31100~ ~0113~~5 01 0100~5 /)1 3110 /)3 3(~ ~((1131~ 300 0010 0100~5 ~00011~1
‫ﺔ‬
10( 3 ~~(131011~(100 ~01~015 ~311~0 ~0111111/).((1(1011
(0, 01)~,/(1/1) (1118/~, (1. 10151(31151~(
01 ~11((~011(0111 00~ 0100~ 10 30010~( 15 ~311~0 ~0111111/).((1(1011. 10~ (~3~130~~ ~0(-
En
(~51100010~ 10 10~ 111011~1311~~15 /(110~11 35 ~0111111/).((1(1118

,~(1~((111~~.
10~ ~11~~1 011015 0~~(131115 10 (~011~~ 10~ 3~~(3~~ 011111111~0113~~ 01 ~011~~(1~(5.
10~ ~0113~~ 3~(055 ~2 15
sy
(2-96)
Ea
~5511111111~ 3 110~3( (15~ 0110~ ~11((~1111(0111 0 10 100 (0( 3 ~00513111 ()1/()(), ~~ ~30
~(11~ 8((. (2-96) 35
w.
1)
1..2 6.( = ~2 6.1 (2-97)
‫ُﺭ‬
31101015 15 (~11~31~0 51)( 11111~510( 3 10(~~-11035~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~(. 0510~ 8((. (2-97),
ww
10~ 3~~(3~~ ~0113~~ (~011~1100 011~ 10 10~ ~011111111131111~ 10011~1311~~5 15

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1
~.. = 72(1)1..1 + 1)1..2 + 1)/..3) 6.( = 2/(~1 + ~2 + ~3) 6.1
(2-98)
= 2/(~1 + ~2 + ~3)100
11 31110~ 111011~1311~~5 3(~ ~((1131 3110 ~~ = ~1 = ~2 ~3, 8((. (2-98) 0~~0111~5
~.. = 6/~~100 (2-99)
$8~. 2-12 49

~3
~-..,~3+ ~01
03 05
~1
~03 ~05
8 -..,~1+
06 02
~2
~-..,~+
‫ﻣ‬
(8) ~1~~(,)~(
0~89~8~
.., ..,~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
~,.301()1~ 2-17
sy
En
~ (0.~~~-~0.~5~ 0~10~~ ~~~1111~~ 15 511~~11~0 1~0111 ~ ~-~01111~~(~0 208-~ 60-1.1.~ 511~~1~.

10.~ ~.,,~~~~~ 0111~11( .,,011~~~ 15 170~. 10.~ 10~0 ~11~~~11( 15 60 ~ ~110 0.~5 11~~11~101~
Ea
~1~~1~. ~~1~111~(~ 10.~ ~~~~~111~~~ ~~011~11011 01 011(~11( .,,011~~~ 011~ 10 ~011111111(~1101111

(0.~ 1111~111011~(~11~~ ~~~ ~0.~5~ 15 0.5 11111.
8010(100 1-0 = 0.5 11111,1/, = 208/0 = 120 ~, / = 60 112, 100 = 60 ~, ~1101/,,, =

w.
-0)( 120 = 169.7~. ~~0111~~.(2-77), 1/00= 1.6542)( 169.7 = 280.7~. ~~11~11011

(2-99) ~1.,,~5 (0.~ 011(~11( .,,01(~~~ ~~011~11011,
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
)( )( )( 10-3 )( _ 100
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1/~ = 6 60 0.5 = 10.8 ~ 0~ 10.8

28 0.7 = 3.85%
111 (1115 ~113()1~( ~~ 113.,,~ 5~~11 111~ 3()()11~3110115 01 ()0~~( 5~1111~011011~10( 0100~5 111
1(~~~11~~1111~ 3~11011, (~~0.,,~(111~ ~11~(~)11(0111 111011~11.,,~ 10305 3110 111 ~011.,,~(51011 01
51~1131 1(0111 3~ 10 0~. 111~(~ 3(~ 0111~(~111 1)1()~5 01 (~~1111~(5 0~()~110111~ 011 111~
50

(01111~(60115 01 0100~5
(1110 111~01 1((111510(111~(. 111~ ~~(10(111(111(~ ~(1((1111~1~(5 01
(~(611~(5 (1(~ 0~1111~0 (1110 1111(15 0~~11 5110~11 111(11111~ ~~(10(111(111(~5 01 (~(611~(5 .,,(1(~
~1111 111~1( 1~~~5. 111~ (~(611~(5 ~~11~((11~ 11(1(1110111(5 11110 111~ 10(10 (1110 111~ 50~~1~
1111~~ (1110 111~5~ 11(1(1110111(5 ((111 0~ (~00(~0 0~ 1111~(5. 111~ ~~(10(111(111(~5 01 111~
(~(611~(5 (1(~ (1150 111110~11(~0 0~ 111~ 500((~ (1110 10(10 11100(1(111(~5.
‫ﻣ‬
1. 1. 5(03~1~., ~~~(/1/~,. 0,.~/1/(.~-1/1~0,.)/ (1/10. 1)~5/15/1, ~~~ ~0.)(~ 10011 ~11~~ 8.. 5011$, 111(.,
1975.
et
2. ~.~. 1,~~, ~0~~,. ~0/1,,,~,.(~,.1/(1/10.000/(-1/1~0,.)/ 1)~5/15/1 (1/10./11111//~(1(/0/1, ~~1~.00.011~0,
0111. ~ ~311301311 0~11~.31 81~(1.1(, 1979.
2-1.
2-2.
2-3.
~031
~031
~031
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
15 10~ 11111~(011513111 01 311 ~~
15 10~ 11111~(011513111 01 311 ~~
15 10~ .~$0113111 1.~()11~11(~ 01 311 ~~ rin
(1.(11117
ee
(1.(11117
g.n
(1.(11117
gin
2-4. ~031 15 10~ 03111()111~ 13(10. 01 311 ~~~ (1.(11117
2-5. ~031 15 10~ 0111~.~11(~ 0~1~~~11 10~ .~50113111 1.~()11~11(~ 3110 10~ .111~111~ 1.~()11~11(~ 01
‫ﺔ‬
2-6.
2-7.
2-8.
2-9.
311 ~~~
~03115
~031
110~
~031
(1.(11117
3 1.~~~0~~1111~
15 10~ 1.3()()~0
15 10~ 1.3()()~0
0100~,
En
3110 ~03115
~11~.~~ 01 311 111011(10.7
~11~.~~ .~(0,,,~.~0
15 10~ 111.115 .3110 01 3 1.311510.111~.7
sy
115 ()11.()05~7
0~ 3 0100~7
2-10. ~031 15 3 .~(1111~.7 ~031 15 10~ 0111~.~11(~ 0~1~~~11 3 .~(1111~. 3110 3 (011,,,~.1~.7
2-11. ~03115 10~ 010()(111~ (0110111011 01 3 0100~7
Ea
2-12. ~031 3.~ 10~ ()~.10.111311(~ ()3.3111~1~.5 01 3 .~(1111~.7

2-13. ~031 15 10~ 51~11111(311(~ 0110~ 10.111 13(10. 01 3 .~(1111~.7
2-14. ~031 15 10~ 51~11111(311(~ 0110~ .1()()1~ 13(10. 01 3 .~(1111~.7
w.
2-15. ~031 15 10~ ~111(1~11(~ 01.~(1111(3110117

2-16. ~031 15 10~ 51~11111(311(~ 0110~ 1.311510.111~. 111111231101113(10.7
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
2-17. ~031 15 10~ 015()13(~111~111 13(10.7

‫ﺷﺩ‬
2-18. ~031 15 10~ 111()111()0~~. 13(10.7

2-19. ~031 15 10~ 03.1110111( 13(10.7
2-20. ~031 1$ 10~ 0111~.~11(~ 0~1~~~11 3 0311-~3,,,~ 3110 3 11111-~3,,,~ .~(1111~.7
2-21. ~031 1$ 10~ 0( 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-()035~ 0311-~3,,,~ .~(1111~.-)
2-22. ~031 15 10~ 0( 0111()111,,,0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-()035~ 11111-~3,,,~ .~(1111~.7

2-23. ~031 15 10~ 1111103111~111311.~()11~11(~ 0110~ 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-()03$~ 1.1111-~3,,,~
.~(1111~.7
51

(1 ~11(~~-~11(15~ (~~1111~( 0~~( (1 5111~1~-~11(15~ (~~~111~(7
2-24. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ (10~(111~(1~~5 01
2-25. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ 015(10~(111~(1~~5 01 (1 (1111111~11(15~ 11(111-~(1~~ (~~1111~(7
2-26. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ (10~(111~(1~~5 01 (1 ~11(~~-~11(15~ 0(10~~ (~~~111~( 0~~( (1 51)(-~11(15~ 5~(1( (~~~111~(7
2-27. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ ~11(~05~5 01111~~(5 111 (~~~111~( ~1(~111~57
2-28. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ 0111~(~11~~5 0~~~~~11 (1~ (1110 0~ 111~~(57

(1 (~~1111~(7
2-29. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ ~11~~~5 01 5011(~~ 111011~~(111~~5 011 ~11~ 011~~11~ ~01~(1~~ 01
2-30. ~11(1~ (1(~ ~11~ ~11~~~5 0110(10 111011~~(111~~5 011 ~11~ (~~~111~( 011~~11~7
‫ﻣ‬
2-31. ~11(1~ 15 (1 ~0(11(1111~(1110117
2-32. ~11(1~ 15 ~11~ ~0(11(1111~(111011 (111~1~ 01 (1 (~~~111~(7
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
(1~(1~(1~1~0( (1(~ 5110~11111 ~1~. ~2-1. 0~~~((11111~ ~11~ 3~~((1~~,
2-1. 111~ ~11((~11~ ~(1~~10((115 01
rin
(1115, (1110 ~~(1/( ~11((~11~ ((11111~5 01 ~11~ ~(1~(1~1~0(.
ee
11 = 100,..5 / = 250~2
12 = 300,..5
13 = 500,..5
gin
1, 12
‫ﺔ‬
2-2.
-200
En
- - - -
111~ ~(1~~10((115 01 ~11~ ~11((~11~ 110~111~ ~11(011~11 0100~

(1 (1(~ 5110~11 111~1~. ~2-2.
~~((11111~ ~11~ (1~~((1~~, ((115, (1110 ~~(1/( ~11((~111 ((11111~5 01 ~11~ 0100~.
sy
0~-
~,,4.
300---- 11 = 100,..5, 12 200,..5,
=
13 = 400,..5, 14 800,..5, 15 = 1 (115
=
Ea
/ = 200~2
150
100
w.
0 1
1= 1
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
2-3. ~ 0100~ ~1(~111115 5110~11 111~1~. ~2-3 (1110 ~ = 22 0 3110 ~ = 10 /-1~. 11111~ 5~11~11
(
51 15 ~105~0 (1~ = 0, 0~1~(111111~ ~11~ ~)(~(~551011 10( ~11~ ~011(1~~ (1~(055 111~ ~(1~(1~1~0(
3110 111~ ~11~(~~ 105~ 111~11~ ~1(~1111.
52

2-4. ~ 0100~ ~1(~1.11115

5110~11111
~1~. ~2-4 ~1111~ = 10 0, ~ = 5 (111-1,3110 ~5 = 220 ~.
113 1030 ~1.1((~111 0110 ~ 15110~111~ 111(01.1~11111~ 1(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ 1),,. 3110 111~ 5~11~11
51 15 ~105~0 31 / = 0, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ ~)(()(~551011 10( 111~ ~1.1((~111111(01.1~11111~ 5~11~11.
+ 81
~0,,,
1..
(.. ~10~
~~..2-4
‫ﻣ‬
2-5. 11111~ 11101.1~10(01111~ ~1(~1.111111~1~. 2-4 1135 311 1111631~1.1((~11101 10, 0~1~((11111~ 111~
~)(()(~551011 10( 111~.,,0113~~ 3~(055 111~~3()3~110(.
et
2-6. 11111~ 5~11~1151 01 ~1~. ~2-615 ~105~0 31 / = 0, 0~1~((11111~111~~)(()(~55101110( (3) ~1.1((~111
())) 111~ (31~ 01 (15~ 01111~ ~1.1((~111, (///(//. (~)
110~111~ 111(01.1~11111~5~11~11, /(/)~ 3110
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
()(3~ 5/(~1~11~5 01/(1) 3110 (///(//. ((1) ~113115 111~.,,311.1~01/111631 (///(//7 ~0( ~1~. ~2-
60, 11110111~1111631(///(// 0111~.
8,
rin
8,
+
~0----0 0---0
(..
ee ~+ (..
1.. 1. 0(. 1.
gin
0
(0) (~),.....
(9.)
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~ = 0.52
Ea
(6)
w.
2-7. 111111~ 5~~0110-0(0~( ~1(~1.11101 ~1~. 2-6, 111~501.1(~~ .,,0113~~, ~5 = 220 ~, 11101.1~1311~~,
~ = 5 (111-1,~3()3~11311~~, ~ = 10 (.1.~, 3110 (~5151311~~, ~ = 22 0. 111~ 1111631.,,0113~~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
01111~ ~3()3~110( 15 ~0 = 50~. 11111~ 5~11~11 15 ~105~0 31 / = 0, 0~1~((11111~ (3) 311

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~)(()(~551011 10( 111~ ~1.1((~111~3110 ())) 111~ ~01101.1~11011

11(11~01111~ 0100~. (~) ()(3~ 3
5/(~1~11 01 /(/).
2-8. ~0( 111~ ~11~(~~ (~~0.,,~(~ ~1(~1.11101 ~1~. 2-103, 111~ (113~11~62111~11101.1~1311~~ 01 111~
1(311510((11~( 15~,,. = 150 (.1.1-1,/0/1 = 10, 3110/0/2 = 200. 111~ 1~3/(3~~ 11101.1~1311~~5 3110
(~5151311~~5 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 501.1(~~ .,,0113~~ 15 ~5 = 200 ~ 3110
111~(~ 15 110 1111631~1.1((~111111111~~1(~1.111. 11 5~11~11 51 15 ~105~0 10( 3 11(11~/1 = 100 (.1.5
())) ~31~1.1131~111~
3110 15 111~110()~11~0, (3) 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~ 01 0100~ 1)1 ~
()~3/( .,,311.1~01111~ ()(1(113(~ ~1.1((~111~(~) ~31~1.1131~111~()~3/( .,,311.1~015~~01103(~ ~1.1((~111~
53

((1) 0~1~~111111~ 111~ 11111~(0~ ~111~11 0100~ 1)1 ~011011~15~ (1110 (~) 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ~11~~~~
511~~11~0 0~ 111~ 5011~~~.
2-9. ~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ 0~10~~ ~~~11(1~~ 11(15(1 ~11~~1~ ~~51511~~ 10(10, ~ = 10 0, 111~ ~~(1(( ~(1111~
0( 111~ 51111111~ ~0113~~, ~,,, = 170 ~, 3110 111~ 51111111~ 1~~~11~11~~, 1= 60 1-1~. 0~1~~~111~
111~ (1~~~(1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 0( 111~ ~~~11(1~~ 1( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~15 11~~11~101~.
2-10. ~~~~(11 ~~00. 2-9 1( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~~~~ ~11(15~ (111~1110111~1~(1115(0~111~~ 1~(1(((1~~
111011~1(111~~)15 1-0 = 0.5 1111-1.
2-11. ~ 51)(-~11(15~ 51(1~ ~~~11(1~~ 11(15(1 ~11~~1~ ~~51511~~ 10(10 0( ~ = 10 0, 111~ ~~(1(( ~(1111~ 0(
111~ 511~~1~ ~011(1~~, ~,,, = 170 ~, (1110 111~ 51111~1~ (~~((11~11~~ / = 60 1-12. 1)~1~~111111~
‫ﻣ‬
111~ (1~~~(1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 0( 111~ ~~~11(1~~ 1( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~15 11~~)1011~.
2-12. ~~~~(11 ~~00. 2-11 1( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~~~~ ~11(15~ (111~1110111~111~ 1~(1115(0~111~~
1~(1(((1~~ 111011~1(111~~)15 1-0 = 0.51111-1.
et
2-13. ~ 111~~~-~11(15~ 0~10~~ ~~~11(1~~ 11(15(1 ~11~~1~ ~~51511~~ 10(10 0( ~ = 1000 (111015511~~11~0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
(~0111 (1 280-~ 60-1-12 511~~1~. 111~ ~~1111(1~~(1110 5~~0110(1~~ 0( 111~ 111~1111~(1115(0~111~~(1~~
~01111~~1~0111 ~~~. 1)~1~~111111~ 111~ (1~~~(1~~ 0111~111 ~0)1(1~~ 0( 111~ ~~~11(1~~ 1( 111~ 5011~~~
ng
111011~1(111~~5(1~~ 11~~11~101~.
2-14. ~~~~(11 .,~00. 2-13 1( 111~ 5011~~~ 111011~1(111~~~~~ ~11(15~ (111~)110111~1~(1115(0~111~~1~(1(((1~~
111011~1(111~~)15 1-0 = 0.5 1111-1.
ri
2-15. 111~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ 0~10~~ ~~~11(1~~ 0( ~1~. 2-15 15 ~~((111~~0 10 511~~)~ (111(1~~~(1~~ ~0)1(1~~
0( ~00 = 400 ~ 10 (1 ~~51511~~ 10(10 0( ~
= 10 0. 1)~1~~111111~ 111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~11~~~111
~(11111~50( 0100~5 (1110 1~(1115(0~111~~.
ee
2-16. ~ 111~~~-~11(15~ 0~10~~ ~~~11(1~~ 15 ~~((111~~0 10 511~~)~ (111(1~~~(1~~ ~011(1~~ 0( ~00 = 750
0( 0(
gin
~ (11 (1 ~1~~1~-(~~~ ~11~~~111 100 = 9000~. 111~ ~~1111(1~~ (1110 5~~0110(1~~ 111~
1~(1115(0~111~~ (1~~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~~~. 1)~1~~111111~ 111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~11~~~111 ~(11111~5 0(
‫ﺔ‬
2-17.
0100~5 (1110 1~(1115(0~111~~.
111~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ ~~~11(1~~ 0( ~1~. 2-14(111(15 (111~1- 10(10. 1( 111~ ~~(1(( ~(1)11~ 0( 111~ 111~111
En
~011(1~~ 15 ~,,, = 170~, 111~ 511~~)~ (~~((11~11~~, /

= 60 1-12, (1110 111~ 10(10 ~~5151(111~~,
~ = 15 0, 0~1~~111111~111~~(1111~0( 10(10111011~1(111~~, 1-, 101111111111~)0(10 ~11~~~11111(1~1110111~
10 4% 0( 111~ (1~~~(1~~ ~(1)11~, 100.
asy
2-18. 111~ 111~~~-~11(15~ 51(1~ ~~~11(1~~ 0( ~1~. 2-17(111(15 (111~1- )0(10. 1( 111~ 5~~0110(1~~ ~~(1((
~011(1~~ ~~~ ~11(15~ 15 ~,,, = 170 ~ (11 60 1-12, (1110 111~ )0(10 ~~5151(111~~ 15 ~ = 15 0.
0~1~~111111~ 111~ ~(1111~ 0( )0(10 111011~1(111~~,1-, 10 1111111111~10(10 ~11~~~11111(1~1110111~510 2%
0( 111~ (1~~~(1~~ ~(1111~, 100.
E
2-19. 111~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ ~~~11(1~~ 0( ~1~. 2-14(111(15 (1 ~~51511~~ 10(10 0( ~, (1110 (1 ~(1~(1~110~ ~ 15
~01111~~1~0 (1~~055 111~ )0(10. 111~ (1~~~(1~~ ~(1)11~ 0( 111~ )0(10 ~11~~~11115 100. ~5511111111~
w.
111(11111~~11(1~~111~11111~0( 111~ ~(1~(1~110~ 15 11~~11~10)~ ~0111~(1~~0 10 111~ 015~11(1~~111~11111~,

0~1~~111111~ 111~ ~1115~(1111~ 0( 111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 11(1~1110111~5,~~0.
‫ُﺭ‬
2-20. 111~ 1-~ 1111~~ 5110~11 111~1~. 2-20~ 15 115~0 10 ~~011~~ 111~ ~1~~)~ ~0111~111 0( 111~ 0111~111
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~011(1~~ (0~ (151)(-~11(15~ 51(1~ ~~~11(1~~. 111~ 10(10 ~~5151(111~~, ~ = 20 0, 10(10111011~1(111~~,

1- = 5 1111-1, (1110 5011~~~ (~~((11~11~~ 15 60 1-12. 1)~1~~111111~ 111~ ~(1111~5 0( 111~ (111~~
~(1~(1111~1~~5 1-1 (1110 ~ 50 111(11111~ ~1~~)~ ((1~10~ 0( 111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 15 5%.
2-21. 111~ 111~~~-~11(15~ 0~10~~ ~~~11(1~~ 0( ~1~. 2-18(1 11(15(111~1- )0(10 (1110 15 511~~)1~0 (~0111 (1
~-~01111~~1~0 511~~)~. 111~ 111~11100 0( ~011~1~~ 5~~1~5 10 001(1111 ~)(~~~5510115 (0~
(3) 05~
111~ 0111~111 ~0)1(1~~, (1)) 1( ~~(1(( ~11(15~ ~011(1~~. ~,,,
1)/~(1), (1110 )0(10 ~11~~~111, /1-(1). =
170 ~ (11 60 1-12 (1110 111~ 10(10 ~~5151(111~~, ~ = 200 .0, 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ~3)11~ 0( 1030
111011~1(111~~,1-, 10 )111111111~~1~~1~ ~11~~~11110 2% 0( 111~ (1~~~(1~~ ~(1111~. 100.
2-22. 111~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ 11(1)(-~(1~~ ~~~11(1~~ 0( ~1~. 2-13(1 1135 (1 (~~~~11~~)111~ 0100~ (1110 3
54

(1()()1~-1(~~ 3,,,~(3~~ 1030 01((~111 011,,.

(3) 0(3..,,, 111~ ..,,,3,,,~10((115 10( 111~ ~...((~1115 111
/) 1, /) ,,,, 3110 111~ 1(311510((11~( ()((113(~ ~ (83) ~)(()(~55 111~ ()(1(113(~ ~11((~111111 ~ 011(1~( 5~(1~5
~
3110 (~) 0~1~((11111~ 111~ 111()111()0..,,,~( 13~10(, ~~, 3110113((110111~ 13~10( 01111~ 111()...1~...((~111,
1-1~, 31 111~ (~~1111~( 111()...1. ~5511(11~ 3 1(311510((11~( 111(115(3110 01111111~.
2-23. 111~ 5111~1~-()1135~ 11111-..,,,3,,,~(~~1111~( 01 ~1~. 2-1431135 3 (1()()1~-1(~~ 3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~...((~111
011~. (3) 0(3..,,, 111~ ..,,,3,,,~10((115 10( ~11((~1115 111/)1, /)2, 3110 1(311510((11~( ()(1(113(~~ (83)
~)(()(~55 111~ ()(1(113(~ ~11((~111 111 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5 ~ 3110 (~) 0~1~((11111~ 111~ 111()111()0..,,,~(
13~10(, ~~, 3110 113((110111~ 13~10( 01 111~ 111()111~11((~111, 1-1~, 31 111~ (~~1111~( 111()111.
~5511(11~ 3 1(311510((11~( 111(115(3110 01111111~.
2-24. 111~ (1111111()1135~513( (~~1111~( 01 ~1~. 2-1731135 111(~~ ()1115~5 3110 511()()11~5 3 (1()()1~-1(~~
‫ﻣ‬
3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111 0110. 111~ ()(1(113(~ 3110 5~~01103(~ 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 3(~ ~011-
11~~1~0 111..,,,~~. ~5511(11~ 3 1(311510((11~( 111(115(3110 01111111~. (3) 0(3..,,, 111~ ..,,,3,,,~10((115
10( ~11((~1115 111/)1, 1)2, 1)3, 3110 1(311510((11~( ()(1(113(~~ (83) ~)(()(~55 111~ ()(1(113(~ ~11((~111
et
111~011(1~( 5~(1~5~ 3110 (~) 0~1~((11111~ 111~ 111()111()0..,,,~( 13~10(, ~~, 3110 113((110111~ 13~10(
01111()111 ~11((~111, 1-1~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
2-25. ~~()~31 ~(00. 2-2411111~ ()(1(113(~ 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 15 ~01111~~1~0111 0~113 3110 5~~01103(~
111..,,,~~.
2-26. 111~ (1111111()1135~513( (~~1111~( 01 ~1~. 2-173 1135 51)( ()1115~5 3110 511()()11~5 3 (1()()1~-1(~~
rin
3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111 0110. 111~ ()(1(113(~ 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 15 ~01111~~1~0 1110~113 3110
5~~01103(~ 111..,,,~~. ~5511(11~ 3 1(311510((11~( 111(115(3110 01111111~. (3) 0(3..,,, 111~ ..,,,3,,,~-
10((115 10( ~11((~1115 111 /)1, /)2, /)3, 3110 1(311510((11~( ()(1(113(~~ (83) ~)(()(~55 111~ ()(1(113(~
~11((~111111 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5~ 3110 (~) 0~1~((11111~ 111~ 111()111()0..,,,~( 13~10(, ~~, 3110113((110111~
13~10( 01111~ 111()111~11((~111, 1-1~.
ee
2-27. 111~ 111(~~-()1135~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~( 01 ~1~. 2-183 511()()11~5 3 (1()()1~-1(~~ 1030 ~11((~111 0110.
gin
111~ ()(1(113(~ 3110 5~~01103(~ 01 111~ 1(311510((11~( 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ..,,,~~. ~5511(11~ 3
1(311510((11~( 111(115(3110 01111111~. (3) 0(3..,,, 111~ ..,,,3,,,~10((115 10( ~11((~1115111 /)1, /)3, /)5
‫ﺔ‬
2-28.
3110 111~ 5~~01103(~ ()1135~ ~11((~111 01111~ 1(311510((11~(~ (83) ~)(()(~55 111~ 5~~01103(~ ()1135~
~11((~111111 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5~ 3110 (~) 0~1~((11111~ 111~ 111()111()0..,,,~( 13~10(, ~~, 3110 113((110111~
~~()~31
111..,,,~~.
~(00.
sy
2-2711111~
En
13~10( 01111~ 111()111~11((~111, 1-1~.

()(1(113(~ 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 15 ~01111~~1~0111 0~113 3110 5~~01103(~
2-29. ~~()~31 ~(00. 2-27 11111~ ()(1(113(~ 3110 5~~01103(~ 01111~ 1(311510((11~( 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 111
0~113.
Ea
2-30. ~ 1~()1~310100~ ~1(~111115 5110..,,,11111~1~. ~2-30, ..,,,11~(~ 111~ 1030 ~11((~11115110..,,,111~ 111(011~11
(
0100~ 1)~,. 11 5..,,,11~1151 15 ~105~0 31 3 11(11~ = 0, 0~1~((11111~111~(3) ~)(()(~551011510(
~,((), 1/(), 3110 1,/(()~ (83) 11(11~ (1 ..,,,11~11111~0100~ 1)1 510()5 ~011011~1111~~ (~) 11(11~ (~..,,,11~11
111~ ,,,0113~~ 3~(055 111~ ~3()3~110( 0~~0(11~5 2~(0~ 3110 ((1) 11(11~ (~().111(~0 10( ~3()3~110( 10
w.
(~~113(~~ 10 111~ 511()()1~ ,,,0113~~, ~$.
1.. 01
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0,,,
55

‫ﻣ‬
3
-,-/7~,,15~0,, 80/11/11/.1~8~10/1
ng
-,-80/7/11~/.185
ri
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ En
asy
~ 10)1(1510( 15 110(111(111)1 5~11~0~0 011 0)1 (1~~1)1111~ (1 ~015~ 01 ~(11~ 51~11(11. ~0~11 (1
10)1(1510( 15 111 (1 ~01100~11011 11100~, 115 ~011(1~~ 0(0~ 15 5111(111, ((111~111~ 1(0111 0.25 10
2 ~, (1110 15 11~~1~~1~0 111 1015 ~0(1~1~(. 011~~ 10~ 10)1(1510( 15 10(11~0 011 (1110 10~
001~01 (~().01(~111~1115 (1(~ 5(111511~0, 1115 050(111)111~~~55(1()110 10(11 11 011. 10~ 10(11-
E
011111~(1115 10(11 10~ 10(~(1(0 ~01100~11011 0110~ 10)1(1510( 0(15 ~~(15~0 (1110 10~ (~(1~-
~11~(111011 01 (1 ~05111~~ ~011(1~~ 10 10~ (11100~ ~111 1101 ~(105~ ~0((~111 110~ ~110001
w.
(1~~1)1111~ 10~ ~(11~ 51~11(11. ~0111111/1((1(,011 15 10~ ~(0~~55 0110(11111~ 011 (1 10)1(1510(,
(1110 11 110(111(111)1 ~(105~5 1((11151~( 01 ~0((~111 110~ 10 010~( ~(1(15 0110~ ~1(~011. ~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~011111101(111011 ~1(~011 110(111(111)1 05~5 (100111011(11 ~0111~011~1115 10 (1~~0111~1150 10~ 10(11-

‫ﺷﺩ‬
011. ~11010~ 0~~~10~111~1115 0110)1(1510(5, 111(111)1~011111101(111011 ~1(~0115 0(1~~ 0~~11

0~~~10~~0 (1110 10~ 00)~~11~~ 01 (111 10~ ~1(~0115 15 10 (~00~~ 10~ 10(11-011 ~(0~~55 01
10~ 10)1(1510(5.
10~(~ (1(~ 111(111)11~~0111().0~5 10 ~011111101(11~ (1 10)1(1510(. 1-10~~~~(, 10~5~ ~(111
0~ 0(0(101)1 ~1(155111~0 11110 1~0 1)1~~5~
1. ~(110((11 ~011111101(111011
2. ~0(~~0 ~011111101(111011
56

., ~0
.1 -..,
=
-..1115~,,(0(
1,0 8
(8) ~~(~()~(
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
1110.~ 5011(~~ (0( 11111111) ~011(1~~ 15 (1~, 10.~ 10.~(1510( ~11((~111 ~0~5 10.(00~0. (1 11(110((11
2~(0, (1110 (1 (~~~(5~ ~011(1~~ (11111~(1(5 (1~(055 10.~ 10.~(1510(. 10.~ 0~~1~~ 15 10.~11 (10-
rin
10111311~(111~ 111(11~0 011 011~ 10 10.~ 11(1111((11 0~0.(1~10( 0110.~ 5011(~~ ~011(1~~. 10.15 15
/(110~11 (15 11(1(/1,(1/ ~0111111/1((1(/011 0( //11(0 ~0111111/1((1(/011. 111 11((1~11~~, 10.~ 10.~(1510( 15
1(1~~~(~0 5~11~0.(01101151~ ~110.10.~ 2~(0 ~(055111~
ee 0110.~ 1105111~~ 11111111~0113~~ 111~~~(~
~~~1~ 1110(0~( 10 11(0~10~ (1 ~01111110005 ~0111(01 01110~~(. 10.15 1~11~ 01 ~0111111111(111011
15 (1111111~0111 3~ ~011(1~~ ~0111(011~(5, 110.(15~-~0111(011~0 (~~1111~(5, (1110 ~~~10~011~~(1~(5.
~1~0(~ 3-1(1 50.0~5 10.~ ~1(~1111 (1(((111~~111~11110( 11(110((11 ~0111111111(111011 (1110 ~1~. 3-10
gin
50.0~5 10.~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~11((~111 ~(1~~10(1115 ~110. (1 0~1(1~ (111~1~, ~ = 0. 10.~ ()(0/(1)1
‫ﺔ‬
(1118/(0 ~ 15 0~1111~0
10.~ 11151(111110.~ 10.~(1510(
(15 10.~ (111~1~ 0~1~~~11
sy
15 11(~0.
En
10.~ 2~(0 ~(055111~ 0110.~ 1111101 ~0113~~ (1110
111 50111~ 10.~(1510( ~1(~0115, 10.~ 1111101 ~011(1~~ 15 0~ (1110 10.~ 10(~(1(0 ~0((~111 0110.~
10.~(1510( 15 10(~~0 10 2~(0 0~ (111 (100111011(11 ~1(~011(~ ~(111~0 ~0111111/1((1(/011 ~/,~/1/( 10
Ea
10(11 01110.~ 10.~(1510(. 10./5 1~~0.111~0~ 15 ~(111~010,~(0() ~0111111/1((1(/011 (1110 110(111(111~

(1111111~0 111 0~-0~ ~011~~(1~(5 (~0.01111~(5) (1110 0~-(1~ ~011~~(1~(5 (111~~(1~(5). 10.~
10(~~0 ~011111101(111011 01 (1 10.~(1510( ~(111 0~ (1~0.1~~~0 0~ 5~~~11 ~(1~5 (1110 ~311 0~
w.
~1(155111~0 (15 ~
‫ُﺭ‬
1. 5~11-~011111101(111011
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
2. 111111015~ ~011111101(111011
3. ~~5011(1111 11015~ ~011111101(111011
4. ~0111111~111~111(1(~ ~011111101(111011
5. ~)(1~(11(11 11015~ ~011111101311011

6. ~0(10-510~ ~011111101(111011
7. ~111~-510~ ~011111101(111011
58~. 3-3 57

10.15 ~1355111~31100. 0110(~~0 ~0(0.(0.0131100.5 15 ~35~0 00. 10.~ 3((30.~~(0.~0.1 0110.~

~0(0.(0.0131100. ~1(~011 ~0(0.~00.~0.15 30.0 10.~ (0.30.0.~( 10. ~0.1~0.10.~ ~0((~0.1 01 3 10.)1(1510(
15 10(~~0 10 ~~(0. 10.~ ~0(0.(0.0131100. ~1(~011 0.0((0.311)1 ~00.51515 01 3 ~3~3~110(, 30.
10.00~10(, 30.0 00.~ 0( (0.0(~ 10.)1(1510((5) 30.0/0( 0100~( 5).
10. 10.15 1)1~~ 01 ~0(0.(0.0131100., 3 10.)1(1510( 15 10(0.~0 011 00~ 10 10.~ 0.310(31 ~0.3(3~-
‫ﻣ‬
1~(1511~5 0110.~ ~1(~011. ~~1 05 ~00.510~( 10.~ ~1(~01110. ~1~. 3-23 ~110.10.~ 3550(0.~1100.
10.31 10.~ ~3~3~110( 15 10.111(11)1 00.~0.3(~~0. ~0.~0. 10.)1(1510( 11 15 5~11~0.~0 00., 10.~
~3~3~110( ~0.3(~10.~ ~0((~0.1 15 ~1~~0. ~)1
t
.ne
01 1 .
~, + = 1--~ + / 0( + 1)~
((
= 0) (3-1 )
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1)~
= 1)/-
~ 1
~110.10.11131 ~00.011100. 1)~(( = 0) = 030.01(( = 0) = 0, 10.~50101100.01 8(). (3-1)
ng
(~0.1~0.15 0~(1~~0 10. ~~~~0.(1)( 0.3) ~1~~5 10.~ ~0.3(~10.~ ~0((~0.1 35
30.0 10.~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ 35

eri (3-2)
ine
1)~(1) = ~,(1 - ~05 0),,,() (3-3)
(() (
~0.~(~ 0),,, = 1~. ~11~( 11(0.~ = = ~, 10.~ ~0.3(~10.~ ~0((~0.1 ~~~0(0.~5
‫ﺔ‬ g
~~(0 30.0 10.)1(1510( 11 15 5~11~0.~0 011115~11. 00.~~ 10.)1(1510( 11 15 11(~0, 10.~(~ 15 3

0~13)1 01 (() 5~~00.05 ~~10(~ 11 15 10(0.~0 01130.0 (() (0.3)1 ~~ ~311~0 35 10.~ ~0111111/1((1(10/1
En
(1111~0110.~ ~1(~011. 10.15 (0.~10.00 0110(0.10.~ 011 310.)1(1510( 15 ~311~0 5~//-~0111111/1((1(10/1

30.0 10.)1(1510( 11 15 5310 10 ~~ 5~11-~0(0.(0.0131~0.
2~(0, 10.~ ~3~3~110( 15 ~0.3(~~0 10 2~5.
sy
~0.~0. 10.~ ~1(~011 ~0((~0.1 13115 10

10.~ ~3~~10((0.5 3(~ 50.0~0. 10. ~1~. 3-2~.
~1~0(~ 3-33 50.0~5 3 1)1~1~31 ~1(~011 ~0.~(~ 10.~ ~3~3~110( 0.35 30. 10.11131~0113~~
01 ~(). ~0.~0. 10.)1(1510( 11 15 11(~0, 10.~ ~0((~0.110.31 ~111110~ 10.(00~0.10.~ ~1(~01115
Ea
~1~~0. ~)1
(3-4)
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
+
‫ﺷﺩ‬
58

,1
..~~
0 ---0(/)
~,, .,. ().),.,,~
~~~0
~0
,, ~,.,,,,/
~0~+
---~~
‫ﻣ‬
t
~110111111(11 ~011(1~~ ,/)0 (( = 0) = - ~0 (1110/(( = 0) = 0, ~(). (3-4) ~1~~5111~((1~(1(110(
e
(1.1((~111 (15
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(3-5)
rin ~,,,( (3-6)

1)0(()
= - ~0
ee (05
~11~( 11(11~ ( = (~ = (0 = 10 ~, 10~ (1.1((~111 0~(0(11~5 2~(0 (1110 111~ ((1~(1(110(

~011(1~~ 15 (~~~(5~0 10 ~0. (~15 ((111~0 111~ ,~1/~,5/118 (//11~. 10~ ~(1~~10((115 (1(~ 5110~11
gin
111 ~1~. 3-30.
‫ﺔ‬
~,.3(1))1~
~
(
~.
3-1
1~~1~~) 10~118101 ~11~1.11118 800~11

En
= 0, 0~1~1111111~10~ ~01101.1~11011
1) 18 11.1111~0011.
10~
10~
111 ~1~. 3-4. 11 10~118101
11111~0110~118101 1) ~110 10~ ~~~~~1101 .,,011~~~ 311~1
~11~1.111~31~111~1~18 ~1~ ~
11101.1~101~~111~8 ~11 111111~1~1.111~11101/,,,
sy
1) 18 8~11~0~0
= 10 ~11, ~ = 50 ~~, ~110~5 = 200

= 250 ~.
011 ~1
8011111011 10~ ~~~~~1101 ~1.111~11118 ~)(~1~88~0 ~8
(// 1 .
Ea
~ + / (/( + 1)0 (( = 0) =
~ ~1 ~5
~110 111111~1~1.111~111/ (( = 0) = /,,, ~110 1)0(( = 0)

= ~0 = ~,. 10~ .,,011~~~ 3110 ~1.111~111
w.
0110~ ~~~~~1101 (110111 ~~~~11(1)( 0) ~1~
/(()
= /,,, ~08 0),,,(
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..1~0..~ 3-4 5~11-(0/11/111.1/3/~0 //1~.15/0.

(1.(1.11/.
5€~. 3-3 59

,0~.
0 ~
.,,0(1)
~
--0 - -
~1~0~~ 3-5
10~1115.
‫ﻣ‬
t
.ne
5111 (,),,,( +
110(/) = /,,,
)~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~5
)( ,,.~, 10~ ~0111111111~1101111~(100 ~1105 ~110 10~ ~~11~~110( ,,,011~~~
ng
0.5
eri
11, (( = (0) = ~0 = ~, + /,,,
= ~5 + ~ ~
)~ (3-7)
ine
.,.,0~(~ ~ ~ 15 10~ 0,,,~(,,,011~~~ 0110~ ~~11~~110( ~110 0~11~1105 011 10~ 111111~1~11((~111 0110~
111011~10(, /,,,, .,.,01~015, 111 111051 ~~5~5, 10~ 10~0 ~11((~111. ~1~11(~ 3-4 500.,.,5 ~ 1~111~~1
~()111,,,~1~111~1(~1111 011(111~ 10~ ~0111111111~1101111(0~~55. ~0( ~ = 50 /-1-~,~ = 10 /-1-11,
‫ﺔ‬ sy
/-1-5. 10~
En
g
~5 = 200 ~, ~110/,,, = 250 ~, ~~ = 111.8 ~, ~0 = 200 + 111.8 = 311.8 ~, ~110

(0 = 35.12 ~11((~111 ~110 ,,,011~~~ .,.,~,,,~10(1115 ~(~ 500.,.,11 111~1~. 3-5.
~11 1(11~1.115~-~0(11(111.11(11~0 ~1(~1.111 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 3-6. 11 15 (1551.1(11~0 10(11 10~ ~(1-
~(1~110( 15 111111(111~~0(1(~~0 10 (1 ~011(1~~ 0~ - ~0 ~110 10~ ~01(1(11~ 500~11.
Ea
1-~1 1.15 (1551.1(11~ 10(11 10~(1510( 11 15 111111(111~ ~01101.1~1111~ (1110 ~(1((~111~ (1 10(10
~1.1((~111 0~ 1,.,,. ~0~11 10~ (11.1)(111(1(~ 10~(1510( 12 15 ~1(~0, 10~(1510( 11 15 (~~~(5~0
01(15~0 0~ 10~ ~(1~(1~110( ~011(1~~. 10~ ~1.1((~111 100(1.1~0 10~(1510( 11 ~111 ~~(15~ 10
w.
60~ (1110 10~ ~(1~(1~110( ~01.110 ~(1((~ 10~ 10(10 ~1.1((~111. 10~ ~(1~(1~110( ~111 015~0(1(~~
~(0(11 - ~0 10 2~(0 (1110 10~11 ~0(1(~~ 10 10~ 0~ 111~1.11~011(1~~, ~5, ~0~11 10~ ~(1~(1~110(
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1
+
~3 --0 ~~1.,,0
+
/.... ~2 0,,,
60

0
,
,.-1 ~
...0~1899 8~~055 ,.-1
~,,, ~,.1 ~
~,,,
-- -,-~
,.1+~.~ ~,.-2 ~
+1 0,,, 0
....
~
,
‫ﻣ‬
-~
(8) ~,~~~,1 (0) ~8~910~1115
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~1.1((~1111(1118 10 2~(0 (1110 111~(1810( 1211.1(118 011. 111~ ~11(1(~~ (~~~(8(11 01111~ ~(111(1~110(
1(0(11 (= ~5)
rin
~0 - ~0 18 111~11 0011~ 0~ 11(111~ 111~(1810(
10 13. 111~(1810( 13 18 8~11-
~0(11(111.11(11~0 81(1111(1( 10 111~ ~1(~1.111111 ~1~. 3-3.
111~ ~()1.11~(11~111 ~1(~1.111 01.1(111~ 111~ ~0(11(111.11(111011 11~(100 18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 3-7(1.
111~ 111~(1810( (1110 ~(111(1~110( ~011(1~~8 (1(~ 8110~11 111 ~1~. 3-70. 111~ 11(11~ (~()1.11(~0
10( 111~ ~(111(1~110( 10 018~11(1(~~ 1(0(11
ee
- ~0 10 2~(0 18 ~(111~0 111~ ~/,.~/1/11/1,.11-0// 1/,,,~,
1~, (1110 (111.1810~ ~(~(11~( 111(111111~ 11.1(11-01111(11~ 01111~ 111~(1810(, 1011. 1~ 18 (1180 ~(111~0
gin
111~ (11/(1//(10/~ 1/1,.11-0// 1/,,,~. 111~ 018~11(1(~111~ 11(11~ ~111 0~11~110 011 111~ 10(10 ~1.1((~111
(1110 (1881.1(11111~(1 ~01181(1111 10(10 ~1.1((~111 011,,,,
‫ﺔ‬ En
110 = 1.
((.
~)0,,, 1 01 =
1,,,1~
~
1~ 18 ~1~~11 0~
asy
~0~
1~ =- (3-8)
1,,,
8111~~ (1 (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~ 01 ~0 18 (1111111~0 (1~(088 111~(1810( 11 1(11(11~01(11~1~ (111~(
.E
11(111~ 01111~(1810( 12, 11118 18 /(110~11 (18 1/0/1(18~ ~0,,,,,,/11(11/011. 01.1~ 10 111~ 1.18~ 01
(11.1)(111(1(~111~(1810( 12, 111181~11~ 01 ~0(11(111.11(11101118 (1180 ~(111~0 (1~///(1,.)1 ~0,,,,,,/11(11/011.
w
111~(1810( 11 18 80(11~11(11~8 /(110~11 (18 111~ ,,,(1/11 (/1)1,./5/0,. 0~~(11.18~ 11 ~(1((1~8 111~ 10(10
~1.1((~111.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
11 ~(111 0~ 11011~~0 1(0(11 ~(). (3-8) 111(11 111~ ~1(~1.111 11.1(11-01111(11~ 18 111~~(8~1~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11(0110(11011(1110 111~ 10(10 ~1.1((~111~ (1110 (11 (1 ~~(~ 11~11110(10 (0( 10~ 10(10 ~1.1((~111) 111~
11.1(11-01111(11~ ~111 0~ 1(1(~~. 011 111~ 0111~( 11(1110, (11 (1 111~1110(10 ~1.1((~111 111~ 11.1(11-
01111(11~ ~111 0~ 8(11(111. 111 (111 10~(11 ~0(11(111.11(111011 ~1(~1.111, 111~ 11.1(11-01111(11~ 81101.110
0~ 1110~11~110~111 01 111~ 10(10 ~1.1((~111 111 0(0~( 10 ~1.1(1((1111~~ 111~ ~0(11(111.11(111011 01
111~(1810( 11. 111~ 018~11(1(~111~ 01111~ ~(111(1~110( ~(111 0~ (1~~~1~((11~0 0~ ~01111~~1111~ (1
0100~ /)1
(1110 (111 11101.1~10( 1-1 (1~(088 111~ (11(1111111~(1810( (18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 3-~~ (1110
11118 18 1111.181((11~0 111 ~)((1(11111~ 3-3.
58~. 3-3 61

(..1 0,
+ 1,,,
11
13 ~0
+ ~1,0
12
~5
(.. 0,,,
...~0..~ 3-8 111111()15~-~0111111()(3.(~0 ~1~~()1(
~1(11 3.~~~1~~3.(~0 ~~~113.~~10~.
‫ﻣ‬
~)(3111()1~ 3-2
et
~111111~015~-~01111110131~01/1~~1510~ ~1~~01115 5/10~11111 ~1~. 3-9. 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ 3,,,311301~
10~11-0116111~
011/1~ ~1~~011111/, = 200 ~, ~ = 10 0, ~ = 5 ~~, 31101/()= 1/,.
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
8010(100 1/1~ ~().1.11,,,31~111~1~~1.11101.1~111~1/1~ ~01111110136011 ~~~100 15 5/10~11 111 ~1~. 3-
10. 1/1~ ,,,0113~~ 3~~055 1/1~ ~01111111.1136011~3~3~110~ 15 ~1,,,~11 0~
n
7)~ = / (/( + 7)~(( = 0)
~1
1/1~ 5011.111011011/1~5~
e eri
~().1.1360115 ~11/11111631 ,,,0113~~ 7)~ (( 0) -1/()
1/1~ ~3~3~110~ ,,,0113~~ 35
gin
2~-(',,~)
7)~(1) = 1/,(1 -
‫ﺔ‬ 1/1~ 11.1~11-01111111~,(4, ~/11~/1 ~311 0~ 101.1110 111/1~ ~011016011 7), (( = (4) = 0 15 536511~0,
15 501,,,~0 35
En
100 3110~ = 5 ~~,

(4
= ~~ 111(2)
(4 = 34.7 ~5.
sy
Ea
+
w.
...~0..~ 3-9 111111()15~-~0111111()(3.(~0 ~1~~()1(
~~515(1,,,~
‫ُﺭ‬
~1111 )03.0.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
+
~0 = ~5-
+
...~0..~ 3-10 ~()()1,,,3.1~0( ~1~~()1( (0~ ~)(-
3.111111~3-2.
62

~,.301))1~ 3-3
111~ ~0011111.1136011 ~1~~1.111111 ~1~. 3-8 1135 3 ~3~3~11311~~ ~ = 20 /1.~ 3110 ~~~113~~111~
11101.1~10~1-1 = 25 /1.1-1. 111~ 1111631 ~3~3~110~ ~0113~~ 15 ~()1.13110 111~ 111~1.11~0113~~, ~0
= ~5 = 200~. 11111~ 1030 ~1.1~~~111,/,,,, ~3~~1~5 0~1~~~11 50 3110 200 ~, 0~1~~111111~
111~ ~3~1360115 01111~ ~1~~1.11111.1~11-0116111~, (4.
8011.11100 111~ ~()1.11~31~111 ~1~~1.11101.1~111~ 111~ ~01111111.11311011~~~100 15 5110~11 111 ~1~.

3-11. 111~ 0~1111111~ ~()1.1360115 3~~
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
111~ 1111631~011016011510 (( = 0) = /,,, (1101)0 (( = 0) = - ~0 = - ~5. 111~ 5011.160115
01111~5~ ~()1.1360115)11~10111~~3~3~110~ ~1.1~~~111(1~0111~~~~1101)( 1)) 35
rin
~/
~
10(0 = ~0 5111(01( + /,,, ~05 (01(
1-1
111~ ~0113~~ 3~~055 111~ ~3~3~110~

ee
15 ~)(~~~55~0 35
1)0(0 = /,,,
)~
gin
5111(01( - ~0 ~05 (01(
‫ﺔ‬ ~11~~~ (01 = 1(-../1-1~. 111~ 3~311301~ 11.1~11-0116111~
1~0111 111~ ~0110111011 1)0 (( = (4) = 0 3110 15 501~~0 35
sy
En
0~ ~1~~1.11111.1~11-01111111~
15 0013111~0
(3-9)
~0~ ~ = 20 /1.~, 1-1 = 25 /1.1-1,~0 = 200 ~, 3110/,,, = 50 ~, (4 = 29.0 /1.5. ~0~ ~ =

20 /1.~, 1-1 = 25 /1.1-1,~0 = 200~, 3110/,,, = 100~, (4 = 23.7. /1.5. ~0~ ~ = 20 /1.~,
Ea
1-1 = 25 /1.11,~0 = 200~, 3110/,,, = 200 ~, (4 = 16.3 /1.5.

w.
01
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.,1~ ~ 3-11 ~()01~3)~11( ~1(~01( ~0( ~)(-

~1 3((1111~ 3-3.
58~. 3-3 63

/-/01~. ~8 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01 10~(~38~8 1(000 50 ~ 10 200 ~, 111~ 11.1(0-0111100~
0~~(~38~8 1(000 29 /-1-810 16.3 /-1-8. 111~ 1.18~01 30 ~)(1(3 0100~ 003~~8 111~ 11.1(0-011
1100~ 1~88 0~~~00~01 00 111~ 1030.
111~ (~800301 ~1.118~~000001.1131100 ~30 0~ ~)(~1310~0 ~1111 ~1~. 3-123. ~1~1.1(~ 3-120
8110~8 111~ ~3..,~10(008 10( 111~ ~3~3~110( ~1.1((~01 300 ..,0113~~. 111~ ~3~3~110( 18
‫ﻣ‬
10111(11)1~113(~~0 ~1111 111~ ~013(11)1 38 8110~0 300 111)1(1810( 11 18 10 111~ ~0001.1~1100
0000~ ~3(()110~ 3 1030 ~1.1((~01 011,,,.
~11~0 ~000001.1131100 111)1(1810( 12 18 11(~0, 3 (~800301 ~1(~1.11118 10(00~0 0)11.,
et
~, 11 300 12. 111~ (~800301 ~1.1((~01 ~30 0~ 0~(1..,~0 38
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
.(() ~ ~0
~
= 1,, 810 0) ,,,1
.,0 .,~(
(3-10)
rin (3-12)
ee
~11~(~ 1,, 18 111~ ~~3~ ~~(00188101~ ..,311.1~ 01 (~800301 ~1.1((~01.
01.1~ 10 111~ (~800301 ~1.1((~01, 111~ 10(~3(0 ~1.1((~01 01111)1(1810( 11 18 (~01.1~~0
gin
10 2~(0 311 = 11, ~11~0 111~ (~800301 ~1.1((~01 ~().1.1318111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01, 1,,,. 111~ 1100~
= (1)
= 1,,, 300 18 101.100 38
‫ﺔ‬
11 001.181 8(1181)1111~
111~ ~0((~8~00010~
sy
En
~00011100
(,
/ (1
..,311.1~ 01111~
~ ~8.0-,
~3~3~110(
(~~)
..,0113~~ 18
(3-13)
1)0 (1 = (1)
= - ~1 = - ~0 ~08 0),,,11 (3-14 )
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
+
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0,,,
64

111~ (1.1((~111 111(01.1~11 111)1(1810( 1) ~111 (~(18~ 10 110~ (1110 111~ ((1~(1(110( ~111
(~(11(1(~~ (11 (1 ((11~ 0~1~(111111~0 0)1111~ 10(10 (1.1((~111 /,,,. 111~ ((1~(1(110( ~111 018(11(1(~~
1(0111 ~~) 10 2~(0 (1110 118 ~011(1~~ ~111 111~11 (18~ 10 111~ 0( 801.1((~ ~011(1~~ ~5, 111
~111(11 ((18~ 0100~ /),,, 81(1(18 (01101.1(1111~ (1110 (1 8111.1(1110118111111(1( 10 111~ (1((1.111 111 ~1~.
3-4 ~)(1818 ~1111 (1 11111~ 01.1((111011 01 (0. 11118 18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 3-120. 111~ ~11~(~)1
810(~0 111 11101.1(10(
1- 01.1~ 10 111~ 10(10 (1.1((~111 /,,, 18 1((11181~((~0 10 111~ ((1~(1(110(,
((11.18111~ 11 10 0~ 0~~((11(1(~~0, (1110 111~ ((1~(1(110( ~011(1~~ ~() ((111 0~ ((11(1.11(11~0 1(0111
~~. (3-7). 111~ ((1~(1(110( ~011(1~~ 18 (~~~(8~0 1(0111 ~~ (= ~0) 10 - ~0 0)111(111~ 13.
13 18 8~11-(01111111.11(11~0 8111111(1( 10 111~ 6((1.111111 ~1~. 3-3.
‫ﻣ‬
111~ ~~1.11~(11~111 (1((1.111 10( 111~ (11(1(~111~ ~~(100 18 8111111(1( 10 111~ 011~ 111 ~1~. 3-
7(1. ~(0111 ~~. (3-8), 111~ (1((1.11111.1(11-01111111~ 18
~~)
et
(,,
= - /,,, (3-15)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1-~1 1.18 0~1111~ (1 ~(1((1111~1~( ~ ~111(1118 111~ ((1110 01111~ ~~(1~ (~8011(1111 (1.1((~111 10 111~
10(10 (1.1((~111. 111~11
rin
(3-16)
~~~~~~~
10
1.0.
(~01.1(~ 111~ 10(~(1(0
111 ~((1(11(~, 111~ ~(111.1~ 011-
(1.1((~111 011)
ee
10 2~(0, 111~ ~(111.1~ 01 ~ 1111.1810~ ~(~(11~( 111(111
(1110 ~ (1(~ (1108~11 81.1(11111(11 ~ = 1.5. 111~ ~(111.1~
01 () 111 ~~. (3-13) 18 110(111(111)1 8111(111(1110 ~) = ~0. 111~ ~(111.1~ 01 (,, 001(1111~0 1(0111
gin
~~. (3-15) 81101.110 0~ (1~~(0)(1111(11~1)1 ~~1.1(11 10 111(11 001(1111~0 1(0111 ~~. (3-8).
‫ﺔ‬ 01.1~ 10 111~ 1(1(1111(11 (1 (~8011(1111 ~1.118~ 01 (1.1((~11118
(1.1((~111 01111)1(1810(
~0/11/1111((1(/011.
(1180 0~~~110~111
0~ (1((~1~((11~0
sy
111~ (1.1((~111 01111)1(1810(

11 ((111 0~
1) 10 2~(0,
011 111~ 10(10 (1.1((~111.

0)1 (01111~(1111~
En
11011(~0
(1 0100~
1) 18 (~01.1(~0
1(0111 ~~.
/)2
10 2~(0,
(3-15)
111~ 018(11(1(~111~
(18 8110~11 111 ~1~.
111~ (~~~(8~
1.18~0 10 (~01.1(~
11118 1)1~~ 01 (01111111.11(111011 18 (1180 ~110~11
01111~ ((1~(1(110(
3-13(1.
~011(1~~
111~ 10(~(1(0
111(11 111~ (1((1.111 11.1(11-01111111~

(18 ~11,,~11(
~011(1~~
1-10~~~~(,
(1~~~(1(111~
18
((111
011(~
(1((088
1) 18 111~ 10(~(1(0 ~011(1~~ 0(0~ 01 0100~ /)2, ~111(11 18 8111(111. 11118 ~111 111(1~~ 111~
Ea
~0
02
w.
.1
+ ~~., -,,0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
+
‫ﺷﺩ‬
-,,0 ~0
-,,.
0., 0
.3
-,,1
-,,0
(8) ~~~~~~/ (0) ~8~810~015
58~. 3-3 65

111)1(1510(,5 (~~0~~()1 ~(0~~55 510~ (10011 ~01110 0~ 0~~~55(1()110 ~(0~10~ 100~~( (~~~(5~
01(15 11(0~ 111(10 111(1111111~ 0100~ /)2 ~~(~ 001 ~(~5~01. 111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~11((~01, /0((),
(100 111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~011(1~~, 1)0((), (1(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 3-130.
~~301))1~ 3-4
1/1~ (~50113111111115~ ~0111111111311011~1(~1111111~1~. 3-123 /135 ~3113~11311~~, ~ = 30 ~~ 3110

111011~1311~~, 1. = 4 ~1-1. 1/1~ 11111131~3113~110( ~0113~~ 15 1/0 = 200~. 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~
~1(~1111111(11-01111111~, (~, 111/1~ 1030 ~11((~111, /~, 15 (3) 250~, 3110 (0) 50~.
‫ﻣ‬
801111100 (3) /~ = 250~. ~(0111 ~-=1. (3-13),
( ~/~)
et
250
(1
= ~ 5111-1 = 5.192 ~5
200 30
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1
(0~ = = 91,287.1 (30/5 3110 (0~(1 = 0.474 (30
~
~(0111 ~-=1. (3-14), 1/1 = 200 ~05 (0.474) = 177.95 ~ 3110 1(0111 ~-=1. (3-15),
n
30
(0)/~ = 50~.
e (~
= 177.95
eri )(
250 = 21.35 ~5
(~ ~/ )
gin
4
(1
= ~ 5111-1
200 30 = 1.0095 ~5
‫ﺔ‬ (0~ =
En
~
1
1/1 = 200 ~05 (0.0914)

sy
= 91,287.1 (30/5
= 199.16 ~
(0~(1 = 0.0914 (30
)( 30
(~ = 199.16 - = 119.5 ~5
250
Ea
~~3111))1~ 3-5
~~11~31 ~)(3111111~ 3-4 11 311 31111113(311~1 0100~ /)2 15 ~01111~~1~0 3~(055 1/1~(1510( 11 35
w.
5/10~11 111~1~. 3-133.
801111100 (3) /~ = 250~. ~/1~11 1/1~(1510( 12 15 11(~0, 3 (~50113111 111115~01 ~11((~111

‫ُﺭ‬
110~5 1/1(011~/11/1~ ~3113~110( 3110 1/1~ 10(~3(0 ~11((~111 011/1~(1510( 11 15 (~011~~0 10 2~(0
ww
(
‫ﺷﺩ‬
3111111~ = (1 = 5.192 ~5. 1/1~ ~3113~110( ~11((~111 /~(1) 311/115 11111~15 ~-=1113110 1/1~ 1030
~11((~111 /~ = 250~. ~11~( 1/1~ ~11((~1110111 15 (~011~~0 10 2~(0, 1/1~ (~5011311105~111311011
~011111111~51/1(011~/1 0100~ /)2 11111111/1~ (~50113111 ~11((~111 13115 03~/( 10 1/1~ 1030 (11((~111
1~~~1 31 11111~(2. 1/115 15 5/10~11 111~1~. 3-130.
(2
=
,,.
~ - (1
=
,,.
~ - 5.192 = 29.22 ~5
(
~(0111 ~-=1. (3-14) 1/1~ (3113~110( ~0113~~ 31 = (215
1/2 = -200 (05 (2.667) = -177.9 ~
66

(~ = (2 - (1 = 29.22 - 5.192 = 24.03 ~5
(0)1,,, = 50,6..
(1
= 1.0095~5
(2 = 10 ~ - (1
= 10 ~ - 1.0095 = 33.41 ~5
(0,,, = 91,287.1 ~30/5
‫ﻣ‬
172= 200 ~05 (3.05) = -199.1 ~
e t
(4 = (2 - (1
= 33.41 - 1.0095 = 32.41 ~5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1-/0(~. 11 ~311 0~ 11011~~~ 0)1 ~0111~3(111~ 111~ (~~~(5~ 0135 11111~5 ~1111 11105~ 01
~)(3111~1~ 3-4 11131 111~ 3~~111011 01 3 ~10~~ 1113/(~5 /,, 1~55 ~~~~11~~111 011 111~ 103~
~1.1((~111 ~3(13110115. 110~~~~(, 10( 3 111~11~( 103~ ~1.1((~111 (~.~., 1171 =
rin
250 ~), (,, 111
~)(3111~1~ 3-4 15 1~55 11131 01 ~)(3111~1~ 3-5.
ee
~ ~0111~1~111~1113()1 ~01111111.11311011 15 1.15~~ 10 1(31151~( ~1.1((~111 0~1~~~11 1~0 103~5 311~
gin
51.1~11311 3((311~~111~11115 5110~11111 ~1~. 3-14. 111~ 11(111~ 01011~ 111)1(1510( ~01111111.1131~5
111~ 0111~( 011~.
‫ﺔ‬ ~11~11
~1111 ~2.
15 11(~~,
~01111~~1~~
111)1(1510( 11 1511(~~, 111~ 103~ ~1111 ~115 ~01111~~1~~ 10 111~ 51.1~~1)1 ~0113~~,
175, 311~ 31 111~ 53111~ 11111~ 111~ ~3~3~110(
111~ ~013(11)101
111~ ~3~3~110(
~ 15 ~113(~~~
En
~3~3~110(
15 111~11 ~13~~~
10 111~ 51.1~~1)1 ~0113~~,
sy
10 175 111(01.1~11111~ 0111~( 103~
175.
~ 15 35 5110~11111
3~(055 111)1(1510(
11 15 (~~~(5~
~1~. 3-14. ~11~11111)1(1510(
11 311~ 111~ 103~ ~1111 ~2 15

0135~~ 311~ 15 11.1(11~~ 011 0)1
12
1111~1.115~ ~01111111.11311011. 011~~ 111)1(1510(

11 15 5~11~11~~ 011, 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ 15
(~~~(5~~ 10 -175 111(01.1~11 ~1, 12, 311~ 111~ 51.1~~1)1. 11111)1(1510(
11 15 11(~~ 3~3111,
Ea
111)1(1510( 12 15 11.1(11~~ 011 311~ 111~ ~)1~1~ 15 (~~~31~~. ~0(111311)1, 111~ 1~0 111()1(1510(5
~011~1.1~1 ~1111 ~().1.13111111~ 1111~(~315. 111~ ~3~~10(1115 10( ~0113~~5 311~ ~1.1((~1115 3(~
5110~11 111 ~1~. 3-15 10( ~1 = ~2 = ~. 5111~~ ~3~11111)1(1510( 15 5~11~11~~ 011 ~1.1~ 10
w.
1111~1.115~ ~01111111.11311011, 11115 1)1~~ 01 ~01111111.11311011 15 50111~11111~5 /(110~11 35 (0111))/~-

111~11((1,)) /(11))~/5~ (0111111~((1(/011.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
8,
~5
~5 - + ~0
8
~1,
-..,0
..)~0..~ 3-14 ~0(1))1~01~1113~)/ ~00101013-
.). ),
11011 ~1~~011.
58~. 3-3 67

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
rin
ee
gin
~,.301))1~ 3-6
‫ﺔ‬ 10.~ ~11~1111111 ~1~. 3-14, 0.(15 10(10
~ = 10 /-1~, (1110511~~1~ ,,,011(1~~, 11$ = 100
(..
801111100
En
1~5151(111~~5 01 ~1
,.
= ~2
))~1~1111111~
= ~ = 5 0, ~(1~(1~11(111~~,
10.~ ~11~1111111111-011
~5511111111~10.(1110.~ ~(1~(1~110115 ~0.(11~~0 10 511~~1~ ,,,011(1~~ 11, 11110.~ ~1~,,,10115

sy
6111~,
~0111111111(1601101 (1 ~0111~1~111~111(11~10.~115101, 10.~ ~()111,,,(11~111~11~1111 0111111~ 10.~ ~0111-

111111(16011~~1100 15 5111111(1110 ~1~. 3-10. 10.~ ~1111~111 10.1011~0. 10.~ ~(1~(1~1101 15 ~1,,,~11
0~
Ea
()(
11, =
~1
/ + 1)0
((
= 0) + ~/
w.
~110. 1)0(( = 0) = - 110 = 11$, 10.~ 501116011 0110.15 ~()11(16011 ~1,,,~5 10.~ ~(1~(1~1101 ~1111~111
(15
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1)0(/) = 11$(1 - 2~-(/~~~)
10.~ 111111-0116111~ (. ~(1110~ 10111101110.~ ~011016011 1), (( = (.)

501,,,~0 (15
(. = ~~ 111(2)
~01 ~ = 50 (1110~ = 10 /-1~,(. = 34.7/-15.
68

~ ~1.118~ 01 ~1.1((~01 18 001(110~0 1(0111 (10 ~)(1~(0(11 ~011(1~~ 10 11.1(0 011 (1 ~0001.1~110~
111)1(1810(. ~1~1.1(~ 3-16 8110~8 (1111)1(1810( ~1(~1.1111.1810~ (10 ~)(1~(0(11 ~1.118~ ~01111111.11(11100
(100 1~0 81.1~~1)1 801.1(~~8. 17$ 18 111~ ~011(1~~ 01111~ 111(110 81.1~~1)1 (100 1718 111~ ~011(1~~
01111~ (11.1)(111(1()1801.1(~~.
11111)1(1810( 13 18 11(~0, 111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~111 ~11(1(~~ 1(0111 111~ (11.1)(111(1()1801.1(~~.
~881.111110~ 111(11111~ ~(1~(1~110( 18 10111(111)11.10~11(1(~~0, (1 (~800(101 ~1.1((~01 ~1.118~ 01 ~~(1/(
17~, ~111~1118 8111111(1( 10 111~ ~1(~1.111 10 ~1~. 3-2, ~111110~ 111(01.1~11 13 (100 111~
~(1~(1~110( 18 ~11(1(~~0 10 2~. 11111)1(1810(
‫ﻣ‬
11 18 ~0001.1~110~ (100 (1 10(10 ~1.1((~01 18
81.1~~11~0 1(0111 111~ 111(110 801.1(~~ 17$, 11(10~ 01111)1(1810( 12 ~111 (1~~1)1 (1 (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~
01 17$ - 2~ (1~(088 111)1(1810( 11 (100 11 ~111 0~ 11.1(0~0 011. 00~~ 111)1(1810( 11 18
t
11.1(0~0 011, 111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~111 018~11(1(~~ 111(01.1~11 111~ 10(10 (11 (1 ((11~ 0~1~(11110~0 0)1
e
111~ 111(1~0111.10~ 01111~ 10(10 ~1.1((~01.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ 2~
+
8
ee 1~
rin
g.n
gin
‫ﺔ‬
10 10(10-810~
111~ 018~11(1(~10~
~~(10(111(10~~
(100
0110(10-810~
sy
En
~01111111.11(11100, 111~ 10(10 10(1118 (1 8~(1~8

(~~11(1(~10~ 01111~ ~(1~(1~110(
~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.1118 0~~~008
~1(~1.111 ~1111111~
(1(~ 000~ 111(01.1~11111~
~(1~(1~110(~
10(10.
00 111~ 10(10 (100 10 (10011100
(100
111~
111~ ~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.1118 ~(10001 0~ 1~81~0 ~111101.11 ~000~~110~ 111~ 10(10. ~1~1.1(~8
3-6, 3-8, 3-12, (100 3-13 (1(~ ~)((1111~1~8 0110(10-810~ ~01111111.11(11100.
Ea
w.
10 11118 1)1~~ 01 ~01111111.11(11100, 111~ 018~11(1(~10~ (100 (~~11(1(~10~ 01111~ ~(1~(1~110( (1(~
001 (1~~0111~11811~0 111(01.1~11 111~ 10(10 (100
111~ ~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.111 ~(10 0~ 1~81~0
‫ُﺭ‬
~111101.11 ~000~~110~ 111~ 10(10. ~1~1.1(~ 3-17(1 8110~8 81.1~11 (1 ~1(~1.111.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~11~0 111)1(1810( 12 18 11(~0, ~(1~(1~110( ~ 18 ~11(1(~~0 10 217$ (100 12 18 8~11-

~01111111.11(11~0 8111111(1( 10 111~ ~1(~1.111 10 ~1~. 3-2. 111)1(1810( 13 18 11(~0 10 (~~~(8~ 111~
~011(1~~ 01 ~(1~(1~110( 10 - 217$ (100 13 18 (1180 8~11-~01111111.11(11~0. ~881.111110~ 111(11
111)1(1810( 11 18 ~0001.1~110~ (100 ~(1((1~8 (1 10(10 ~1.1((~01 01 /,,,, 111)1(1810( 12 18 11(~0 10
11.1(0 011 11. 111~ 11(10~ 01111)1(1810( 12 ~111 10(~(1(0 01(18 111~ 0100~ /),,, (100 (1~~1)1
(1 (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~ 01 217$ (1~(088 11 ~ (100 11 ~111 0~ 11.1(0~0 011. 111~ 018~11(1(~10~ (100
(~~11(1(~10~ 01111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~111 0~ 000~ 111(01.1~11 111~ 81.1~~1)1. 111~ ~000~~1100 01
111~ 10(10 18 001 (~~1.11(~0 10 1~81111~ ~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.111.
58~. 3-3 69

+ (.. ~,,,
1/. 0,,,
(8)
‫ﻣ‬
+ . ~,,,
. +01
t
~~~(1)
.ne
1/. 01 0,,,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ng
..)~0..~ 3-17 1.-1(1~-510~ ~01111111.1131~0 ~1(-
~011.
eri
111~ 11100~10( ~ ~3((1~5 111~ 1030 ~0((~111 1,,, 3110 111~ ~()01.,,,31~111 ~1(~011 01.1(111~
ine
111~ ~011111101311011~~(100 15 5110~11111 ~1~. 3-18. 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0((~11115 ~)(~(~55~0
(1(0111 ~~~~1101)( 0) 35
‫ﺔ‬~(). (3-17)
sy
En
g
115 = ~
~/
~( + ~)
1 ( .
/ ~(
~01101110115/ (( = 0) = 1,,, 3110 1)0 (( = 0) = - 2115. 111~ 5011.111011

~111111111131
~1.,,,~5 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0((~111
01
3110 .,,,0113~~
+ 1)0
((
35
= 0) (3-17)
.(,) = 1~ 005 ..~, + 3~.

~ 5.0 ..~, (3-18)
Ea
(3-19)
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
...~11..~ 3-18 ~()01~31~(1( ~1(~01( 00(1(1~

~01111110(3(10(1~~(100.
70

0),,, = 1/~
10.~ ~1(~01110(0-01111(0~, (,,, 15 001310~0 1(0(0 10.~ ~00011100 11(.(( = (,,) = 0 01 8().
(3-19) 300 501~~0 311~( 51(0~1111~31100 35
(,, = ~ (130-1 3~ - 510-1 ~+ (3-20)

9~2 1)
‫ﻣ‬
et
(3-21 )
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
10.~ ~0000~1100 11(0~ 0110.)1(1510( 12, ~0.1~0. ~30 0~ 10000 1(0(0 10.~ ~00011100 1 ((
= (1)
= 0 018(). (3-18),
-1
rin
(1 = ~ 130-1 - (3-22)
3~
000~( 00-1030 ~0001110115, 1,,, = 0 300 ~ 15 1011011~. (,, 0~~0(0~5

ee
(,, = ~ (70 - 510-11) = 1.231 ~
gin
(3-23)
‫ﺔ‬
,/)( ((
~0113~~.
1-/0(~.
= (1)
10
111,,,
=
=
110 =
(1
sy
En
03110
= 70
(1
411, 300
11(011 10.~ 0~~(~0.3(~10~
~
= 70~, 10.~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ 10 8(). (3-19) 0~~0(0~5
111~(~ ~111 0~ ~001100005
0110.~
001100~ 0110.~ ~3~3~110(
~3~3~110(, 10.~ 1000~10( 1-- 15 00((0311)1
(~~13~~0 0)1 3 ~0~(~)1 (~~0~~()11(30510((0~( 300 0100~ 35 50.0~0 10 ~1~. 3-170.
a
w .E
10.~ 0~51~0 01 ~0(0(00131100 ~1(~0115 (~()01(~5 0~1~((01010~ 111~ ~310~5 01 ~3~3~110( ~

‫ُﺭ‬ ww
300 1000~10( 1--. ~0( 10.~ 1(0~015~ ~0(0(00131100 ~1(~011 10 ~1~. 3-6, 10.~ ~310~ 01
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~3~3~110( ~ 15 ~31~0131~0 1(0(0 8(). (3-8) 300 10.~ (~~~(53111100~10( 1--~15 0~1~((010~0
1(0(0 10.~ ~~3/( ~~((0155101~ (~~~(531 ~0((~111 01 8(). (3-5). ~0( 10.~ ~1(~011 10 ~1~.
3-8, 10.~ 10(0-011-11(0~ (~()01(~(0~01 (,, 018(). (3-9) ~311 0~ 5311511~0 0)1 ~0.00510~ ~110.~(
~0(1--1.
~0( 10.~ (~500301 ~015~ ~0(0(00131100 ~1(~01110 ~1~. 3-12, 10.~ ~310~5 011-- 300
~ ~30 0~ ~31~0131~01(0(0 8()5. (3-15) 300 (3-16). 10 8()5. (3-14) 3110 (3-15) 110300
111 3150 0~~~00 00 1-- 300 ~ 35 10 8(). (3-17).
58~. 3-4 71

~)(301())~ 3-7
~0( 111~~1(~1111111 ~1~. 3-6, 0~1~(01111~111~~3111~801 ~3))3~110( ~ 3110 (~~~(8111~ 111011~10(
1-, 11111~ 811))))1~~0113~~, ~5 = 200 ~, 1030 ~11((~111,/,,, = 100 ~, 111~111(11-0111101~,
(~ = 20 ~8, 3110 111~))~3/( (~~~(831 ~11((~11118110111~010 140% 01 /~,.
)( 20/200
50)111100 ~0 = ~5 = 200~. ~(001 8(). (3-8), ~ = 100 = 10 ~~. ~(001
)(
8(). (3-5), 111~ ))~3/( (~80113111 ~11((~11118 1.4 100 = 140 = 200 -/10/1-, 31101-, =
20.4 ~1-1.
‫ﻣ‬
~)(301())~ 3-8
~0( 111~ (~80113111 ~00101111311011 ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 3-13, 0~1~(01111~ 111~ 0))11011101 ~3111~8 01
~ 3110 1- 80 11131 111~ 011111011101 ~11~(~~ 1088~8 ~01110 0~~11( 011(111~ 111~ ~00101111311011
et
))~(100 11/,,, = 350~, ~0 = 200~, 3110 /~ = 20 ~8.
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
50)111100 51108111111111~8(). (3-16) 11110 8(). (3-13), 111~ 1101~ (~()111(~0 10( 111~ ~3))3~110(
~11((~111 10 (18~ 10 111~ 1~~~1 01 ))~3/( 1030 ~11((~111 /,,, 18 ~1~~11 0~
(1 = ~ 8111~1 ~
n
~
~11~(~ ~ = /,//,,, = (~0//,,,) -/01-. ~(001 ~1~. 3-130, 111~3~311301~(~~~(8~ 0138 1101~
0( 111(11-0111101~ 18
(~
e
= (2 - (1
= 70 ~
eri - 2(1 = ~ (70 - 2 8111- 1 (3-25)
~)
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 1..~1 118 0~1111~
sy
En
3 11111~11011 ~1 (~) 811~1111131

/~ = ~0)~ (3-26)
(3-27)
Ea
~ = 0.5~~6 = 0.51-/~ (3-28)

w.
51108111111111~111~ ~3111~ 01 /~ 1(001 8(). (3-26), ~1~~8 118

‫ُﺭ‬
~ = 0.5 ~ ~0/~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
51108111111111~111~ ~3111~ 01 ~ 1(001 8(). (3-27), ~~ 113~~
(3-29)
(3-30)
72

11 (0111 0~ 50.0~11 1110110.~1110111(0111~ 0( 0~ ~1011111~ ~2(~) 01~0111151 ~ 10.011 ~2(~) 15 11111111111.1111
~0.~11 ~ = 1.5. 10101~ 3-1 50.0~5 10.~ ~0111.1~501 ~2(~) 01~0111151~. ~0( ~ = 1.5, 10101~
3-1 ~1~~5 ~1(~) = 1.68214 01110~2(~) = 0.44586.
~~8~~ 3-, 102()()

~()~~~5~ )(
~~2(~)
‫ﻣ‬
1.2 0.5122202
1.3 0.4688672
1.4 0.4515002
e t
1.5 0.4458613
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1.6 0.4465956
g.n
1.7 0.4512053
1.8 0.4583579
rin
51.1051111.11111~ ~ = 1.5 111~().5. (3-25) 01110 (3-16), ~~ 00101111
(~ = 1.682 ~
ee
gin
1.5 =
~0 0.
~~
‫ﺔ‬ 501~111~ 10.~5~, 10.~ 0~111111.1111
sy
~0111.1~501 1- 01110 ~ 01(~

En
1-
/,,,
~
= 0 . 398 /,,,
( 1/
(3-31)
( /
~ = 0.8917 (3-32)
~~
Ea
~0( /,,, = 350~, ~0 = 200~, 01110(4 = 20 ~5,
)( 20 )( 200
w.
1- = 0.398
350 = 4.6 ~1-1
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ = 0.8917 )(
20 )( _350
200 = 31.2 ~~
1-/0(~. 01.1~ 10 10~ ~(~~~0~~1111~ 0100~ 3~(055 10~ 1030 35 500~11111 ~1~5. 3-123
3110 3.133, 10~ ~3~3~110( ~111 ~~1 0~~(~03(~~0 0~ 10~ ~11~(~~ 510(~0 11111101.1~10( 1...
10~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ ~0 (= ~~), ~01~0 ~111 0~~~110 011 10~ ~311.1~50~ 1.. 3110 ~, ~311
0~ 0~1~((11111~0 ~(0(11 ~(). (3-7). 111 1015 ~35~, ~()5. (3-31) 3110 (3-32) 5001.110 0~
501~~0 ~0( 10~ ~311.1~5 0~ 1.. 3110 ~.
73

~)(301()1~ 3-9
~ 0100~ 15 ~01111~~1~0 3~(055 111~ 0011101 35 5110~11 111~1~. 3-123 3110 111~ ~3113~110( ~~15
0~~(~113(~~0 00~ 10 111~ ~11~(~~ 510(~0 11111100~10( 1-. 1)~1~((11111~ 111~ ~310~5 011- 3110
~. 3(~~ 11, = 200 ,, 1,,, = 350 ~, (~ = 20 ~5, 3110~ = 1.5.
111~113(11~013(5
501(1~100 500511~01111~ ~(). (3-7) 111~0~(). (3-16), ~ = (11)1,,,) --.,,/01- + 1. 500511101111~
~()5. (3-7), (3-13), 3110 (3-14), 11110 ~(). (3-15),
(~
= (~,,,~ + ~ ~05 (5111-1~)
‫ﻣ‬
~
111~ ~310~5 01 ~ 3110 1- ~311 0~ 100110 1(0(11 111~5~ 1~0 ~()03110115. 111~ (~50115 3(~
= 20.4 ~1-1 3110 ~ = 15.65 ~~.
t
1-
.ne
~)(301()1~ 3-10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~~11~31 ~)(3(11111~ 3-9 10( 111~ ~1(~011111 ~1~. 3-13.
501(1~100 ~(0(11 ~(). (3-25), (~ = ~ (70- 2 5111-1(1/~)). ~(0(11~()5. (3-7) 3110(3-
ng
16), ~ = (11)1,,,) --.,,/01- + 1. 111~ ~310~5 011- 3110 ~ 3(~ 100110 35 ~ = 10.4 ~~ 3110
1- = 13.59 ~1-1.
eri
ine
1110~ 8~11~010~ 1..~~0~0~1~8 3..~ 0~10~ 1 ~1-12, 10~ 10)1..1810.. ~01111110131100 11111~ ~30
0~ ~00810~..~0 800..1 ~0111.,3..~0 ~110 10~ 8~11~010~ .,~..100. ~11001.1~0 10~ .,~3~
‫ﺔ‬
~0 ~0110..00~010~ ~3.,3~110.. 18 01~0, 10~ 3~~..3~~ ~0 ~01 ~0010 0~ ..~1311~~1)110~.
g
1110~ 8~11~010~ 1..~~0~0~1~8 3..~ 300~~ 5 ~1-12, 10~ ~3.,3~110.. ~3 1~8 10.. 3 81~0111~301
.,3..1 01 10~ 8~11~010~ .,~..100 300 10~ ~3.,3~110.. 111081 10~..~10..~ 0~ ~008~0 10.. 3
~001100008
En
~0 ~01 ..3110~.
10 8~1~~110~ 3 ~01111110131100 ~3.,3~110.., 10~ 8.,~~111~311008 01 .,~3~, ..1118, 300
3~~..3~~ ~0 ~01 300 .,~3~-10-.,~3~ ~0113~~ 111081 0~ 8311811~0.
sy
Ea
~~ 03~~ 8~~0 10 1018 ~03.,1~.. 1031 3 ~0000~110~ 10)1..1810.. ~30 0~ 10..0~0 011 0)1 3
w.
0310..31 0..10..~~0 ~01111110131100. 10 10~ 0310..31 ~01111110131100, 10~ 10)1..1810.. ~0 ~01

18 ..~00~~0 10 2~..0 00~ 10 10~ 0310..31 ~03..3~1~..1811~8 0110~ 10.,01 ~0113~~. 10 10~
‫ُﺭ‬
10..~~0 ~01111110131100, 10~ 10)1..1810.. ~0 ~01 18 ..~00~~0 10 2~..0 0)1 30 3001110031
ww
~1..~011..)1~311~0 3 ~01111110131100 ~1..~011, 300 10~ 10..0-011.,..0~~88 0~.,~008 00 10~ 1030

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0 ~01. 10 ~03..301~~ 10~ 10..0-011 01 3 10)1..1810.., 10~ ~1..~011 (0.. 3~311301~) 10..0-
011111081 0~ ~..~31~.. 1030 10~ 10..0-01111111~ 013 10)1..1810.., ~01~018 00..111311)18.,~~111~0
0)110~ 10)1..1810.. 11130013~10..~...
1. ~. 1-1. ~351110, ..~0(11(110131101111(11115 010~ ~1101111~(0110011101 ~0113~~ ~0111(01.,, ~/~~(,.0/11~

~/181/1~~,.1/18, ,01. 51, ~0. 620 (~11..11) 1979, 1111. 103-105.
74

..
2. ~. 1-1. ~1150.10, ~ 10.~(1510( ~0.0))))~( ~110. 11111111111111111111115
011 ..,01111~~ ~0111(01010~ 0(1..,~5.,,
111(~,11(1(1011(1/10/)111(1/ 0/ ~/~~(,0111~5, ~01. 53, ~0. 1 (1111~) 1982, )))).71-89.
3. ~. ~~~11((~, ..10.~(1510( ~01111111111111011
111 0~ ~0.0))))~(-11 ~0111))11(1111..,~51110~.,, 1~~~
111()/-/5(,)1.4()()/1~(1(10115 50(/~1)1 ~011/~,~11~~ ~~~0,(), 0~100~( 2-6, 1977, )))). 385-397.
‫ﻣ‬
3-1. ~0.111 11(~ 10.~ 1~0 ~~11~(1111~))~5 01 ~011111111111110117
3-2. ~0.11111(~ 10.~ 1~))~5 0110(~~0 ~011111111111110117
et
3-3. ~0.11115 10.~ 0111~(~11~~ 0~1~~~11 5~11- 11110 1111111(111~011111111111110117
3-4. ~0.11115 10.~ ))(111~1))1~ 015~11-~011111111111110117
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
3-5. ~0.11115 10.~ ))(111~1))1~ 011111))1115~ ~011111111111110117
3-6. ~0.111 15 10.~ ))(111~1))1~ 01 (~501111111 ))1115~ ~011111111111110117
3-7. ~0.11115 10.~ ))(111~1))1~ 01 ~0111))1~111~11111(~ ~011111111111110117
rin
3-8. ~0.111 15 10.~ ))(111~1))1~ 01 ~)(1~(11111 ))1115~ ~011111111111110117
3-9. ~0.11111(~ 10.~ 0111~(~11~~5 0~1~~~11 10110-510~ 11110 1111~-510~ ~011111111111110117
3-10. ~0.11111(~ 10.~ 0111~(~11~~5 0~1~~~11 ..,01111~~

ee 11110 ~11((~111 ~011111111111110117
3-11. ~0.111 11(~ 10.~ ))11())05~5 0111 ~01111111111111011 ~1(~11117
3-12. ~0.~ 80.01110 10.~ 11..,11111101~ (~..,~(8~ 01118 11111~ 0~ ~(~111~( 10.1111 10.~ 111(11-01111111~ 0111
10.~(1810(7
gin
3-13. ~0.11118 10.~ ))11())08~ 01 ~01111~~1111~ 1111111111))11(1111~1 0100~ 11~(088 10.~ 1111111110.~(1810( ~110.
‫ﺔ‬
3-14.
3-15.
0( ~110.0111 11 5~(1~8 111011~10(7
~0.111
10.111 ~01110
~0.11111(~
18 10.~ (11110 01 ))~11/(
En
(~801111111
111111111112~ 10.~ ~01111111111111011 1088~87
10.~ ~)())(~581011510(
111 11 (~801111111 ))1118~ ~011111111111110117
sy
10 10110 ~11((~111 10( (~501111111 ))1115~ ~01111111111111011
10.~ 0))1111111111 ..,11111~ 01 ~01111111111111011 ~11))11~110( 11110111011~10(
3-16. ~0.~ 00~5 10.~ ~01111111111111011 ~11))11~110( 111 11 (~801111111 ))1115~ ~01111111111111011 ~~1 0..,~(-
~0.11(~~0 7
3-17. 1-10~ 15 10.~ ..,01111~~ 0110.~ ~01111111111111011 ~11))11~110( (~..,~(8~0 111 11 ~01111111111111011 ~1(~11117
a
3-18. ~0.111 1~))~ 01 ~11))11~110( 18 110(1111111~ 118~0 111 0.1~0. 5~11~0.111~ 1(~~11~11~1~87
‫ُﺭ‬ w .E
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
3-1. 111 ~1~. 3-311, 10.~ 111111111~11))11~110( ..,01111~~, ~0 = 600 ~, ~11))11~111111~~, ~ = 40 , ~, 11110
111011~11111~~,1- = 10 , 1-1. 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ ))~11/( ..,11111~ 01 (~801111111 ~11((~111 11110 10.~
~011011~11011 11111~ 0110.~(1510( 11.
3-2. ~~))~111 ~(00. 3-1 1110.~ 111011~10( 111 10.~ (~801111111 (~..,~(8111 ~1(~1111 0.118 11 (~81511111~~, ~
= 0.015 0. (11111(.. 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ (0018 0111 8~~0110-0(0~( 8~81~111 11110 10.~11 1/110 10.~
5011111011. )
3-3. 10.~ ~1(~1111111
~1~. 3-4 0.118~, 600 ~, ~0 = 0 ~, 1- = 20 ,1-1,~ = 50 ,~, 111101,,,
75

= 350~. 0~1~(11110.~ (8) 111~ ~~3~ ~3~3~110( ~01138~ 30.0 ~11((~0.1~ 30.0 (~) 111~ ~00.-
011~1100. 11111~0(111)1(1510( 11.
3-4. 10. 111~ ~011111111131100.~1(~111110. ~18. 3-6, ~3~3~1130.~~, ~ = 20 ,..,..~, 10.~111 ~01138~, ~5,
~3(1~5 ~~1~~~0. 180 30.0 220 ,,, 30.0 1030 ~11((~111, 1,,,, ~3(1~5 ~~1~~~11 50 3110 200 ~.
0~1~(11110.~ 111~ 11110.111111111
30.0 1113)(111111111
~3111~5 01 3~3113~1~ 111(11-01111111~, (~.
3-5. ~0( 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-6, 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ ~3111~5 01 ~3~3~110( ~ 30.0 (~~~(510.8 10.011~10(
,,, 1030 ~11((~0.1, /,,,
1., 11 111~ 811~~1)1 ~01138~, ~5 = 220 = 150 ~, 111(0.-011 11111~,
(~ = 15 ,..,..5,30.0 111~ (~~~(531
~11((~0.118 1111111~010 150% 01/,,,.
,,, ~
‫ﻣ‬
3-6. 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3.8 1135 ~5 = 220 = 20 ,..,..~, 30.0/,,, = 150~. 0~1~(11110.~
111~ ~3111~ 01 (~~113(810.8 10.011~130.~~, 1.1, ~111~11 ~111 ~(0~10~ 111(0.-01111111~, (~ = 15 ,..,..5.
3-7. ~0( 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-8, 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ ~3111~5 011.1 30.0~. 111~ 511~~1)1 ~01138~,
et
~5 = 200 ,,, 1030 ~11((~0.1, /,,, 350~, 111(0.-01111111~, (~ = 20,..,..5, 30.0 111~ ~~3~ ~11((~0.1
=
111(011811 0100~ 1)1 15 1111111~010 2.5 11111~5/,,,.
,,,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
3-8. ~0( 111~ 1111~1115~~011111111131100.~1(~1111 10. ~18. 3-9, 111~ 511~~1)1 ~01138~, ~5 = 220
~3~3~1130.~~, ~ = 20 ,..,..~, 30.0 1030 ~11((~0.1, ~ = 10 0. 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ 111(0.-01111111~,
(~.
3-9. 10. 111~ (~500.30.1 ~1115~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-123, 511~~1)1 ~01138~, ~5 = 200 ,,, 1030 ~11((~0.1,
rin
/,,, = 150~, ~011111111131100.10.011~130.~~, 1. = 4 ,..,..11,30.0 ~011111111131100.~3~3~1130.~~, ~
= 20 ,..,..~. 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ ~~3~ (~500.30.1 (~~~(510.8 ~11((~0.101111)1(1510( 13, /~, 30.0 111~
111(0.-01111111~, (~.
3-10. ~~~~31 ~(0~.
ee
3-9 11 30. 30.11~3(311~1 0100~ 15 ~00.0.~~1~0 3~(055 111)1(1510( 11 35 5110~0. 10.
~18. 3-133.
gin
3-11. 11 3 0100~ 15 ~00.0.~~1~0 3~(055 111)1(1510( 11 10. ~18. 3-123 30.0 111~ ~3~3~110( 8~15 0~~(-
~113(8~0, 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ ~3111~5 011. 30.0~. 111~ 511~~1)1 ~01138~, ~5 = 200 ,,, 1030
‫ﺔ‬
3-12.
3-13.
~11((~0.1, /,,, = 350 ~, 111(0.-01111111~, (~ = 20 ,..,..5,30.0 111~ (3110 01 ~~3~ (~500.30.1 10
1030 ~11((~0.1, ~ =
~~~~31
En
~(0~. 3-1110(
1.5.
,,, 30.0 111(0.-01111111~, (~

sy
111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-133.

10. 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-133, 1030 ~11((~0.1, /,,, = 200 ~, ~3~3~110( ~01138~, ~() = 220
= 15 ,..,..8. 0~1~(11110.~ 111~ 0~1111111111~3111~5 01 ~ 30.01. 80 11131
111~ 11110.111111111
~0.~(8)11055~5 ~01110 0~~11( 011(10.8 111~ ~011111111131100.~~(100.
3-14. 10. 111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-18, 111~ 511~~1)1 ~01138~, ~5 = 220 ,,, ~3~3~1130.~~. ~ = 30 ,..,..~,
~011111111131100.10.011~130.~~, 1. = 10 ,..,..11, 30.0 1030 ~11((~0.1. /,,, = 100~. 0~1~(11110.~
Ea
111~ 111(0.-01111111~, (~, 01111~ ~1(~1111.

3-15. ~)(~1310. 111~ 0~~(31100. 01111~ ~1(~111110. ~18. 3-173 30.0 10~0.111)1111~ 1)1~~8 01 ~011111111131100.
10.~01~~0 10. 11115~1(~1111.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
76

‫ﻣ‬
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ee
rin
g.n
gin
~~
‫ﺔ‬
001)1.
113~~
10
5~~0 10 ~113))1~(
001310 ~001(011~0
En
2 11131 0100~
0111))111 ~0113~~5,
(~~1111~(5 ))(0~10~
))1135~ ~001(01
3 11)(~0 0111))111 ~0113~~
111)1(1510(5 3(~ 115~0
asy
1051~30 01 0100~5. 111~ 0111))111 ~0113~~ 01111)1(1510( (~~1111~(5 15 ~3(1~0 0)1 ~001(01110~
111~ 0~13)1 0( 11(10~ 30~1~ 01111)1(1510(5. ~ ))1135~-~001(01111)1(1510( 15 111(0~0 00 0)1
3))))1)110~ 3 5110(1 ))1115~ 10 115 ~31~ 300 111(0~0 011 011~ 10 11(1(/17(1/ 07 //11~ ~0111111/1((1(/011 ~
.E
300 10 ~35~ 01 3 111~111)110011~11~~ 1030, 11 15 111(0~0 011 0)111(10~ 300111~( 111)1(1510(

01111~ (~~1111~( 011(10~ 111~ 0~~311~~ 11311-~)1~1~ 0110))111 ~0113~~.
111~5~ ))1135~-~001(011~0 (~~1111~(5 3(~ 51(0))1~ 300 1~55 ~)())~051~~~ 300 111~ ~1-
w
11~1~0~)1 01111~5~ (~~1111~(5 3(~, 10 ~~0~(31, 300~~ 95 % . 510~~ 111~5~ (~~1111~(5 ~00~~(1
‫ُﺭ‬
1(0(0 3~ 10 0~, 111~5~ ~001(011~0 (~~1111~(5 3(~ 3150 ~311~0 (1~-()~ ~0111)~7(~75 300 3(~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
115~0 ~)(1~051~~1)1101001151(131 3))))11~311005, ~5))~~1311)110 ~3(1301~-5))~~0 0(1~~5, (30~-

10~ 1(0(0 1(3~110031110(5~))0~~( 10 (0~~3~311 ))0~~( 1~~~1.
111~ ))1135~-~001(01 ~00~~(1~(5 ~30 0~ ~1355111~0 1010 1~0 1)1))~5 0~))~0010~ 00
111~ 10))111511))))1)1~ (1) 510~1~-))1135~ ~00~~(1~(5, 300 (2) 111(~~-))1135~ ~00~~(1~(5. 83~11
1)1))~ ~30 0~ 511001~10~0 1010 (3) 5~(01~00~~(1~(, (0) 11111 ~00~~(1~(, 300 (~) 01131
~00~~(1~(. ~ 5~111/~0111)~7(~7 15 3 00~-~1130(301 ~00~~(1~( 300 11 1135 00~ ))013(11)1
01 0111))111 ~0113~~ 300 ~11((~01. ~ //1// ~0111)~7(~7 15 3 1~0-~1130(301 ~00~~(1~( 300
111~ ))013(11)1 01115 0111))111 ~0113~~ ~30 0~ ~1111~( ))05111~~ 0( 0~~311~~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~
77

001~01 ~0((~01 011011 ~00~~(1~( 11(1800~ ~01(1(11~ 001~. ~ (/(1(1/ ~0/111~,(~, ~(10 0~~((11~
10 100( ().0(10((1018~ (100 00111111~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ (100 ~0((~01 ~(10 0~ ~1111~( ~08111~~
0( 0~~(111~~. 10 80(0~ (1~~11~(111008, ~00~~(1~(8 (1(~ ~000~~1~0 10 8~(1~8 10 0~~((11~
(11 111~11~( ~011(1~~8 (100 10 1(0~(0~~ 111~ 111~01 ~0~~( 1(1~10(.
111~ (0~11100 01 ~00(1~( 8~(1~8 81(011(1( 10 111(11 01 0100~ (~~1111~(8 ~(111 0~ (1~~11~0
10 (111(11~2~ 111~ ~~(10((0(111~~8 01 ~11(18~-~0111(011~0 ~011~~(1~(8 ~1111 ~1. 10(108. 1-10~-
~~~(, 10 81(0~111~ 111~ (111(11~818, 1118 (1880(0~0 111 11118 ~11(1~1~( 111(11111~ 10(10 11100~1(10~~
18 80111~1~1111~ 111~11~ (1110 111~ 10(10 ~0((~111 18 ~01111110008 (1110 11(18 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~.
‫ﻣ‬
et
1.~1 08 ~011810~( 111~ ~1(~011 111 ~1~. 4-1(1 ~1111 (1 (~81811~~ 10(10. 00(10~ 111~ ~08111~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
11(111-~~~1~ 01111~01 ~011(1~~, 111~ 111~(1810( (11100~ 18 ~08111~~ ~1111 (~8~~~110 118 ~(111100~
(1110 111~ 111~(1810( 18 8(110 10 0~ /0,~(1,(/ 0/(15~(/. ~11~11 111~(1810( 11 18 11(~0 (11 0)( =
ng
(1, 111~(1810( 11 ~01100~18 (100 111~ 10~01 ~011(1~~ (1~~~(1(8 (1~(088 111~ 10(10. ~11~0 111~
10~01 ~011(1~~ 81(1(18 10 0~ 11~~(111~~ (11 0)( = 10, 111~ 111~(1810( (1000~ 18 0~~(111~~ ~1111
(~8~~~110 118 ~(111100~ (100 111~(1810( 11 18 8(110 10 0~ ,~11~,5~ 0/(15~(/~ (100 1118 10(0~0
. ri ,,
~+ ,,,.,
ee
-~ ~,,,
., ~,
gin
~0
)~
‫ﺔ‬ ~1- ~..,..,
(8) ~~~~(1~(
En
1=/
1~0
0
~~,,0
~~,,,-~
..
,,,(
asy
,,,(
,,0 0 (1
2..
~00 ~~~0
E
~/
w.
~0
0 ~00
~0 ,,,(
(1 ..
‫ُﺭ‬
1
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~) 0(18~~80( ~1
,,,(
78

011. 10~ 11111~ (111~( 10~ 111()1.11~011(1~~ 51(1(15 10 ~0 ()05111~~ 1.11111110~ 10)1(1510( 15 11(~0
(11 0)(
= ~ 15 ~(111~0 10~ (/€/0)1 0,. 1/,./118 0118/€, ~.
~1~1.1(~ 4-10 500~5 10~ (~~1011 01 ~011~~(1~( 0()~((111011, ~0~(~ 10~ 01.11()1.11~011(1~~
(1110 ~1.1((~111 0(1~~ 011~ ()01(1(11)1. ~1~1.1(~ 4-1~ 500~5 10~ ~(1~~10(1115 10( 111()1.11~011(1~~,
01.11()1.11~011(1~~, 10(10 ~1.1((~111, (1110 ~011(1~~
11. (1~(055 10/5 ~011~~(1~( 15 1101110(111(111)1
1.15~0 111 11101.151(1(11 (1()()11~(1110115 0~~(11.15~ 11 0(15 01~0 (1()()1~ ~0111~111 (1110 10~ (1()()1~
1(~()1.1~11~)1. 11/5 15 10~ 1(~()1.1~11~)1 01111()1.11 51.1()()1)1, 10~ 10~~511(~()1.1~11~)1 01 01.11()1.11
(1()()1~ ~011(1~~ 1515.
11 ~ ,,, 15 10~ ()~(1~ 111()1.11~011(1~~, 10~ (1~~((1~~ 01.11()1.11~011(1~~ ~(111 0~ 101.1110 1(0111
‫ﻣ‬
~00 = 1,,,70
~,,, 51110)( (/(0)()
= ~~ (-~05 0)()~
2~ (4-1)
t
.ne
= ~~ (1 + ~08 ~)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(1110 ~00 ~(111 0~ ~(1(1~0 1(0111 ~ ,,,/10 10 0 0)1 ~(1()1111~ ~ 1(0111 0 10 10. 10~ (1~~((1~~
01.11()1.11 ~011(1~~ 0~~01118 111(1)(11111.1111
~0~11 ~ = 0 (111010~ 111(1)(11111.1111
~011(1~~, ~,,,,,, ~8
g
_ ~,,,
rin
17
.-,,,,, - (4-2)
10
~0(111(1112111~ 10~ 01.11()1.11~011(1~~ ~110 (~8()~~110
ee ~,,,,,, 10~ 110(111(1112~0 ~011(1~~,
~,, = -~00 = 0.5 ( 1 + ~08 ~) (4-3)

~,,,,,
gin
10~ (1118 01.11()1.11 ~011(1~~ 18 ~1~~11 0)1

‫ﺔ‬ ~~1115 = ( 2~1,,,70 ~~811120)((/(0)/) ) =
_
En
= ~,,,(~( 10 ~ + 51~2~) )
sy
1/2
( ~~
1,,,70
1/2
_
(1 ~0520)()(/(0)()
)
1/2
(4-4)
~,.3(1)))~ 4-1
1110~ ~011~~(1~( 01 ~1~0(~ 4-1(1 0(15 (1 ~1.1(~1)1 (~51511~~ 10(10 01 ~ (1110 10~ 0~1(1)1 (111~1~ 15
Ea
~ = -../2, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ ((1) (~~1111~(111011 ~111~1~11~)1~(0) 10(111 1(1~10(, ~~~ (~) (1~~1~
1(1~10(, ~~~ (0) 1((111510(111~( 011112(111011 1(1~10(, 10~~ (1110 (~) ~~(1)( 111.,,~(5~ .,,011(1~~,
~1~, 0110)1(1510( 11.
w.
80)01100 10~ 0~1(1)1 (111~1~, ~

= -../2. ~(0111 ~().. (4-1), ~00 = 0.1592~,,, (1110 /00 =
0.1592~,,,/~. ~(0111 ~().. (4-3),
~~ = 0.5 ~1.1. ~(0111 ~().. (4-4), ~,111, = 0.3536~,,,
‫ُﺭ‬
(1110
ww
1,111, = 0.3536~,,,/~. ~(0111 ~().. (2-42),1100

= ~00/00 = (0.1592~,,,)2/~ (1110 1(0111 ~()..
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(2-43),1130 = ~,1115/,1115= (0.3536~,,,)2/~.

((1) ~(0111 ~().. (2-44) 10~ (~~1111~(111011 ~111~1~11~)1,
(0.1592~,,,)2
11 = .
= 2027% 0
(0.3536~,,,)2
(0) ~(0111 ~().. (2-46), 10~ 10(1111(1~10(
0.3536~,,,
~~ =
0.1592~,,, = 2.221 0( 222.1 %
79

(~) ~~0111~().. (2-48), 10~ ~1~~1~13~10~, ~~ = (2.2212 - 1)1/2 = 1.983 0~ 198.3%.

(0) 10~ ~1115~0113~~ 011~311510~111~~5~~01103~~, ~$ = ~ ~/0 = 0.707~,~. 10~
~1115~3111~ 0110~ 1~311510~111~~ 5~~01103~~ ~11~~~1111510~ 53111~35 1031 0110~ 1030, 1$ =
0.3536~ ~/~. 10~ ~011-3111~~~~~3611~ (~~) 0110~ 1~311510~111~~, ~ ~ = ~), = 0.707~ ~
)( 0.3536~~/~. ~~0111 ~().. (2-49),
0.15922 1
10~ = 0.1014 = 9.86
0.707
)(
0.3536 = 10~
‫ﻣ‬
(~) 10~ ~~3/( 111~~~5~~0113~~, .,1~ = ~~.
~0(~. 111~ .,~~10(111311~~ 01111~ ~011~~~1~~ 15 0~~~30~0 31 111~ 10~~~ ~311~~ 01

0~13)1 311~1~, ~.
ng
111~ ~1~~1.111 3((311~~~~111 01 3 8111~1~-.,1138~ 8~~1~011~~(1~( 18 8110~11111 ~1~. 4-23 ~1111
3 111~111)1 11101.1~11~~ 1030. 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~111 18 3881.1~~0 ~01111111.101.18. 01.1(111~ 111~
())(
ri
.,08111~~ 11311-~)1~1~, 111)1(1810( 11 18 10(~3(0 0138~0. ~11~11 111)1(1810( 11 18 11(~0 31
= ~, 111~ 1030 18 ~01111~~1~0 10 111~ 111.,1.11 81.1.,.,1)1111(01.1~1111 3110 /)2 01.1(111~ 111~ .,~(100
())( ~
ee ())( ~ (10 + ~), 111~ 111.,1.11 ~0113~~ 18
~ ~ 10. 01.1(111~ 111~ .,~(100 1(0~ 10 ~
11~~311~~ 3110 111~ 1(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ /),,, 1810(~3(0 0138~0. /),,, ~01101.1~1810 .,(0~10~
gin
111~ ~01111111.111)101 ~1.1((~111 111 111~ 11101.1~11~~ 1030. 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~111 18 1(31181~((~0
1(0~ 11 3110 /)2 10 /),,,~ 3110 111)1(1810( 1) 3110 0100~ /)2 3(~ 11.1(11~0 011. 01.1(111~ 111~
‫ﺔ‬
11~~311~~
111)1(1810(
111~ 1030
11311-~)1~1~ 01111.,1.11 ~0113~~,
1231 ())(
18 ~01111~~1~0
~1~1.1(~ 4-20
En
8110~8
111)1(1810( 12 18 10(~3(0
10 + ~ ~111 (~~~(8~ 0138 /),,,.
=
10 111~ 81.1.,.,1)1111(01.1~11
111~ (~~1011 01 ~011~~(1~(
0138~0, 3110 11(111~ 01
111~ 0100~ /),,, 18 11.1(11~0011 3110
12 3110 /)1.
0.,~(311011, ~11~(~ 111~ 01.11.,1.11 ~0113~~
3110 ~1.1((~111113~~ .,08111~~ .,013(11)1. ~1~1.1(~ 4-2~ 8110~8 111~ ~3~~10(~8 10( 111~ 111.,1.11
asy
~0113~~, 01.11.,1.11 ~0113~~, 111.,1.11 ~1.1((~111, 3110 ~1.1((~1118 111(01.1~11 1), 12, /)1, 3110 /)2.
11118 ~011~~(1~( 1138 3 0~11~( .,0~~( 13~10( 01.1~ 10 111~ 1(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ 3110 18
~0~~0(11)1 1.18~0 111 3.,.,11~3110118 1.1., 10 15 /(~, ~11~(~ 011~-~1.130(3111 0.,~(311011 18
E
3~~~.,1301~.
111~ 3~~(3~~ 01.11.,1.11 ~0113~~ ~311 0~ 101.1110 1(0~
w.
2 (70 2~,,,
~00 = ~,,, 8111 ())( (/(())() (- ~08
())( )~
‫ُﺭ‬
210)0. 210 (4-5)
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~,,,
= (1 + ~08 ~)
10
3110 ~00 ~311 0~ ~3(1~0 1(0~ 2~ ,,,/10 10 0 0)1 ~3()1111~ ~ 1(0~ 0 10 10. 111~ ~3)(1~1.1~
3~~(3~~ 01.11.,1.11~0113~~ 18 ~11,,, = 2~ ,,,/10 3110 111~110(~3112~0 3~~(3~~ 01.11.,1.11
~0113~~
18
0.5(1 + ~08 ~) (4-6)
80

‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ ,,
~0= (.
+)
8
,,0
,.,(
(.. 2,,
0,,,
~0,,,
‫ﻣ‬
0
et
~,1
,,0 ~.
,.,(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0
~,2
~0 0 ,.,(
,,+(1 2,,
rin
~01
~.
,.,(
0
ee ~02
0
,.,(
,,+(1 2,,
~.
gin
0
,.,(
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
).
(.
~0
~0,,,
0
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(4-7)
58~. 4-3 81

~)(301()1~ 4-2
111~ 8~1111~0(1~~(1~( 1(1 ~1~. 4-23. 18 ~0(1(1~~1~0 10 3. 120- ~ 60-1-1~ 8~~~1~. 111~ 103.0
~~((~(11, 1~, ~3.(1 0~ 3.88~111~0 10 0~ ~0(16(1~0~8 3.(10 118 (1~~1~ ~0(11~(1118 (1~~11~101~. 111~
1~((18 (3.60 01111~ 1(3.(1810(111~( 18 ~(111~. (3.) )3,)(~(~88 111~ 1(1~~1 ~~((~(11 1(1 3. ~011(1~(
8~(1~8~ 0~1~(1111(1~ 111~ 113.(1110(11~13.~10( 011(1~~1 ~~((~(11, 1-1~ ~ 018~13.~~111~(1113.~10(, 0~ ~
3.(10 1(1~~1 ~0~~( 13.~10(, ~~. (0) 11 0~13.~ 3.(1~1~ 18 ~ = -../2, ~3.1~1113.1~ ~00 ~0, ~,,,..,,
1-1~, 0~, 3.(10 ~~.
80101100 (3.) 111~ ~3.~~10(111 10( 1(1~111 ~11((~(11 18 8110~(1 1(1 ~1~. 4- 2~ 3.(10 111~ /(1813.(1-
‫ﻣ‬
13.(1~0~8 1(1~~1 ~~((~(11 ~3.(1 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 1(1 3. ~0~(1~( 8~(1~8 3.8
~
/(() = /00 + ~ (00 ~08 /1(1)( + 00 81(1 /1(1)() (4-8)
et
11=1.2....
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
= 0
ri ng
ee
2/~ . 10( /1 = 1, 3, 5, ...
gin
= - -/1-.. 81(1 /1~
‫ﺔ‬ = 0
En
10( /1 = 2, 4, 6, . . .
asy
2/~ ( ...
= /1-..
- 1 + ~08 /1~) 10( /1 = 1, 3, 5,
E
= 0 10( /1 = 2, 4, 6, . . .
w.
81(1~~ /00 = 0, )3,~. (4-8) ~3.(1 0~ ~(111~(1 3.8

~
81(1(/1(1)(
/(() ~ (4-9)
‫ُﺭ‬
0/0 + ~0)
ww
11=1,2....
‫ﺷﺩ‬
/1~
(4-10)
2
111~ (1118~3.1~~ 01111~ /1111113.(1110(11~

~0111~0(1~(1101111~ 1(1~~1 ~~((~(11 18 0~(1~~0 3.8
1 20 /~ /1~
10 = ...,~2 (0~
,-,,, + 02)1/2
0 =- ~08 -2 (4-11)
/1-..
82

(4-12)
‫ﻣ‬
1/2 1/2
1, = ~
~ 2~
1,,
/~ (/( (,)()
) = /~ ( )
1 -
~
(4-13)
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
(4-14 )
g
~~0111 ~~5. (2-50) ~110 (4-10),
rin
~
0~ = (05 ~1 = (05 -
ee 2 (4-15)
0 (1 + (05 ~)
gin
/1 ~
~~ = _ (4-16)
2=
(05
(,,.(,,.
~ ~))1/2
‫ﺔ‬ (0) ~ = ,,./2 ~11011,,,=
(11,~/,,.)(1 + (05~)
En
= 51.57~,
11,,,,, =
sy
)(
120 = 169.83~.
11,,, ~
0~,,.
~
0
(
~~0111~~. (4-5), 11~0=
1~0111~~. (4-6), 11~ = 0.5 ..,1.1,~1101~0111~~. (4-7),
,,. _ ~ +
51112~
2 ))
1/2
= 81 ~
20/0 ,,.
/1 = (05
~ 4= 0.6366/0
Ea
1/2
/, = /0( 1
_
~) = 0.7071/0
w.
2 1/2
1-.(~
= ~ /
(~) - 1
) = 0.4835 0~ 48.35%
‫ُﺭ‬
~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0~ = (05 ~
~1 =
4 -
4 = 0 .7071
/1 ~ .
~~ = - (05 - = 0.6366 (1~~~111~)
/, 2
1-/0(~. 10~ 11~(10(111(111~~ 11(1((1111~1~(5 01 10~ ~011~~(1~( 0~11~110 011 10~ 0~1(1~
(111~1~, ~.
58~. 4-3 83

10~ ~1(~11113((30~~01~01 01 3 510~1~-~035~ 11111~00~~(1~( 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 4-33 ~110

3 01~01)110011~11~~ 1030. 011(10~ 10~ ~05111~~ 0311-~)1~1~, 10)1(1510(5 1) 300 12 3(~
10(~3(0 0135~0~ 300 ~0~0 10~5~ 1~0 10)1(1510(5 3(~ 11(~0 5101111130~01151)131 0)( = ~,
10~ 1030 15 ~000~~1~0 10 10~ 10~111 511~~1)110(011~0 1) 300 12. 011~ 10 10~ 10011~11~~
1030, 10)1(1510(5 1) 300 12 ~111 ~0011011~ 10 ~00011~1 0~)1000 0)( = 10, ~~~0 10011~0
10~ 10~111 ~0113~~ 15 31(~30)1 0~~311~~. 011(10~ 10~ 0~~311~~ 0311-~)1~1~ 0110~ 10~111
‫ﻣ‬
~0113~~, 10)1(1510(5 13 300 14 3(~ 10(~3(0 0135~0~ 300 11(10~ 0110)1(1510(5 13 300 14
~1113~~1)110~ 511~~1)1~0113~~ 3~(055 10)1(1510(5 1) 300 12 35 (~~~(5~ 010~/(10~ ~0113~~.
1) 300 12 ~111 0~ 111(0~0 011 011~ 10 //11€ 0( 11(1(/11(1/~0111111((((1(/011300 10~ 1030 ~11 ~01
et
~111 0~ 1(3051~((~0 1(001 1) 300 12 10 13 300 14. ~1~11(~ 4-30 500~5 10~ (~~1005
01 ~00~~(1~( 0~~(31100 300 ~1~. 4-3~ 500~5 10~ ~3~~10..01510( 10~111 ~0113~~, 0111~111
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
~0113~~, 300 10~111 300 0111~111 ~11((~015.
011(10~ 10~ ~~(100 1(001 ~ 10 10, 10~ 10~111 ~0113~~, 1), 300 10~111 ~11((~01, /, 3(~
ng
~05111~~~ 300 10~ ~0~~( 110~5 1(001 10~ 511~~1)110 10~ 1030. 10~ ~00~~(1~( 15 5310
10 0~ 0~~(31~0 10 ,.€~(///~(1(/011 0100~. 011(10~ 10~ ~~(100 1(001 10 10 10 + ~, 10~
ri
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ En
E asy
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬

111~1.11 ~011(1~~, 11, 15 11~~(111~~ (1110 111~ 111~1.11 ~1.1((~111 15 ~05111~~~ (1110 111~(~ ~111 0~
(~~~(5~ ~0~~( 110~ ~(0(11 111~ 10(10 10 111~ 51.1~~1)1. 111~ ~011~~(1~( 15 0~~((11~0 111
/11~~,.5/011 11100,~. 11115 ~011~~(1~( 15 ~)(1~1151~~1)11.15~0 111 11101.151(1(11 (1~~11~(1110115 1.1~ 10
15 /(~. 0~~~110111~ 011 111~ ~(111.1~ 0~ ~, 111~ (1~~((1~~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~01.110 0~ ~1111~(
~05111~~ 0( 11~~(111~~ (1110 11 ~(0~10~5 1~0-()1.1(10((1111 0~~((111011.
111~ (1~~((1~~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~(111 0~ ~01.1110 ~(0(11
+
2 (10 0
~00 = ~,,,5111().)(0,(().)()
210)0 (4-17)
‫ﻣ‬
2~,,,
- ~05 ~
10
t
(1110 ~00 ~(111 0~ ~(16~0 ~(0(11 2~ ,,,/10 10 - 2~ ,,,/10 0)1 ~(1()1111~ ~ ~(0(11 0 10 10. 111~
.ne
(11(1)(1(111.1(11
(1~~((1~~ 01.11~1.11~011(1~~ 15 ~.1,,, = 2~ ,,,/10 (1110 111~ 110((11(1112~0 (1~~((1~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
01.11~1.11~011(1~~ 15
ng
(4-18)
eri (4-19)
ine
‫ﺔ‬
~)(301().~
~0(
4-3
3 0~13)1 311~1~ 01 ~
111~1~. 4-33.
8010~100
E
(3) 111~ ~3~~10(111

1311~0115 111~111~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~)(~(~55~0
sy
ng
= 71/3, (~~~31 8)(3111~1~ 4-2 10( 01~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111~011~~(1~(
10( 111~111~11((~11115 5110~11 111 ~1~. 4-3~ 3110 111~ 11151311-

1113 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5 35
~
/(1) = /00 + ~ (~~ ~05 /1001 + 0~ 5111/1(01) (4-20)

Ea
11=1.2....
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
4/. .
= - -/171 5111/1~ 10( /1 = 1, 3, 5, . . .
= 0 10( /1 = 2, 4, . . .
58~. 4-4 85

(4-22)
41~
= - ~05 /1~
/170
10~ /1 =
1, 3, 5, . . .
‫ﻣ‬
0 10~ /1 = 2, 4, . . .
=
5111~~ 100 = 0, ~()..(4-20) ~(1110~ ~~111~11 (15
et
=
~
=
~ 1,2,...
0 1~
5111(0)(+ ~~) (4-23)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(1~
1(111-1 -/1~ (
4- 24
)
~~ = =
/)~
rin
(1110~~ 15 ,,,(1111~01111~
111~ 015~1(1~~111~111 (111~1~ 01111~ /111111(1~1110111~ ~11~~~111. 111~ ~1115
/111111(1~1110111~ 111~111 ~11~~~111 15 ee

1 41 20 1~
(4-25)
1 = - ((12
+ /)2)1/2
= ~0 = -
~
0 ~ ~
/170 /170
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
(4-26)
(4-27)
Ea
(4-28)
w.
~~0111 ~~. (2-51) 111~ 11(1~1110111~ 1(1~10~ 15 1011110 (15

‫ُﺭ‬
2 1/2
_
ww
= = 0.4834 0~ 48.24%
1-1~
((1,)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1)
~~0111 ~().5. (2-50) (1110 (4-24), 111~ 015~1(1~~111~1111(1~10~,
0~ = ~05~1 = ~05-~ (4-29)

~~0111 ~()..(2-52) 111~ ~0~~~ 1(1~10~ 15 1011110 (15
11 20
~~ = - ~05 - ~ = - (4-30)
1, 70 ~05 ~
86

(0) ()- = 71/3.

2~~
~00 = ~05 ()- = 54.02 ~ ~~ = 0.5 ~11
71
~,015 = ~ = ~5 = 120 ~
/1 = (2 0 ~) = 0.90032/. ~110 /, = /.
2 1/2
/
‫ﻣ‬
11~ =
(( ~ ) - 1) = 0.4834 0( 48.34%
-71
et
~1 = -()- 0~ = ~05 - ()-
= ~05 = 0.5
3
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
11~ = ~ - ()- . )
(1~~~111~
1,
~05 = 0.45
1-/0(~. 10.~ 1000(1111~01(11 ~0111~00~01 0110~01 ~0((~01 15 (11~(1~5 90.03% 0110
rin
(100 10.~ 0.(1(111001~ 1(1~10( (~111(1105 ~0051(101 (11 48.34%.
ee
~~ 0.(1~~ 5~~0 10 5~~600 4-4 10.(11 510~1~-~0.(15~ 1011 ~00~~(1~(5 (1110~ 001~ 1~0-
gin
()0(10((101 0~~((1600. 111~0 0110.~5~ 1011 ~00~~(1~(5 (1(~ ~000~~1~0 0(1~/( 10 0(1~/(
~2
‫ﺔ‬
(15 50.0~0
10.~
00(11
(1(~
10 ~1~. 4-4(1, 0010. 10.~ 001~01
5~51~111 ~111 ~(0~10~
~00~~(1~(5
10.~ 0~1(1~ (10~1~5 01 ~00~~(1~(5
(1~~((1~~ 001~01
10.(11 00~ ~00~~(1~(
En
~011(1~~ (100 10.~ 10(10 ~0((~01

100(-()0(10((101
(1(~ 00(111(111~ 05~0
~011(1~~5 (1(~ ~001 (100 11002.

0~~((11~5
sy
1 (100 2, (~5~~~11~~1~,
~(10 0~ (~~~(5~0.
0~~((1600
10 0.1~0.-~0~~(
(100
10.~ ~0((~5~00010~
10.~ 0~1(1~ (10~1~5 (1(~ ~001(011~0
(15 (1 (~~1111~( (100 10.~ 010.~( ~00~~(1~( 0~~((11~5
50~0.
(15 (10
15 ~(111~0 (1 0./1(1/ ~0,,1)~,.(~,..
~(1(1(101~-5~~~0 0(1~~5. 11 ~1 (100
10~~(1~(~ 001 0010. ~00~~(1~(5 ~(000~~ 10.~ 5(1111~ (1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~. ~1~0(~
4-40 50.0~5 10.~ 001~01 ~(1~~10(111510( 1~0 ~00~~(1~(5, ~0.~(~ 10.~ 1~0 001~01 ~011(1~~5
Ea
(1(~ 10.~ 5(1111~. ~1~0(~ 4-4~ 50.0~5 10.~ 1)-/ ~0.(1((1~1~(156~5 01 (1 00(11 ~00~~(1~(.
~(0111 ~(). (4-17) 10.~ (1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~5 (1(~
w.
211,,,
11001 = - ~05 ~1 (4-31 )
11
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(4-32)
58~.4-5 87

~~2 2
+ +
~0
.3 -+ .2. .4.
8. 8.
1/01 ~08.~ 1/02

~11/
1~
0 0
‫ﻣ‬
1/
.2 .3. .,.
et
(8.) ()~,~~~1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
1/
ng
,.,1
2,,
ri
10
ee - ~~0
~~1/01
gin
(~) 0~8.~,8.~1
‫ﺔ‬ En
,.,1
E asy
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
88

~2 = 10 - ~1 (4-33)
5111~~ 111~ 11151111111111~01150111~111 ~01111~~5 01111~ 1~0 ~011~~(1~(5 11(~ 0111 01 ~11115~,
111~(~ ~111 0~ 111111151111111111~0115~01111~~ 0111~(~11~~ 11110 11115 ~111 (~51111 111 ~1(~111111111~
~11((~111 0~1~~~11 111~ 1~0 ~011~~(1~(5. 11115 ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111 ~1111101110~ 111(011~11
111~ 10110 11110 15 110((111111~ 11(1111~0 0~ 11 ~/,~/1/(1(/~~ ~/1,,~~( ,~(1~(0, 1-~ 115 5110~11 111 ~1~.
4-411.
111)01 11110 1)02 11(~ 111~ 11151111111111~01150111~111 ~01111~~5 01 ~011~~(1~(5 1 11110 2,
‫ﻣ‬
(~5~~~11~~1~, 111~ ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111 ~1111 0~ 1011110 0~ 1111~~(111111~ 111~ 11151111111111~0115
())(
~01111~~ 0111~(~11~~ 5111(1111~ 1(0(11 = 210 - ~1. 5111~~ 111~ 1~0 0111~111 ~01111~~5
())(
011(111~ 111~ 1111~(~111 10 + ~1 10 210 - ~1 11(~ ~~11111, 111~1( ~0111(1011110115 10 111~
=
et
11151111111111~0115~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111 /~ 15 2~(0.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(4-34 )
rin
ee
111~ ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111 0~~~1105 011 111~ 0~111~ 1111~1~ 11110 0~~0(11~5 (1111)(1(1111(11~11~11
= 0,
gin
())( ())(
~1 = 10,
= ~10, ~ = 0,2,4, . . .,11110 (111111(1111(11111
~1 = ~10, ~ = 1,
3, . . .. 11111~ ~~11~ 10110 ~11((~111 15 1,,, 011~ 01111~ ~011~~(1~(5 111111 ~0111(015 111~
‫ﺔ‬
~0~~(
111~
110~
111 ~115~ 01 0~~(1111011

11(11~ 11110 ~11((1~5
(1111~ ~11((~
011111 ~011~~(1~(5
0~ 111111011~0 ~111~ ~1115~5.

sy
11 ~~11~ ~11((~111 01 (1,,

En
~1111 0~ 0~~(111~0
~11110111 ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111,
111~ 10110 ~11((~111~ 11110 111~ 0111~(
1-10~~~~(, 111~ 0~~(1111011
+ 4 ~ 111/())1-~).
~1111 0( ~11110111 11 ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~111.
0111~ 011~ ~011~~(1~(
~011~~(1~( 15 ~0(11~1~1~1~
~1111 ~1(~111111111~ ~11((~11111115 111~
0~~(111~5
010~~~0
111 11
10110~111~ 110~1111111~~5~
1. 111~ ~1(~111111111~~11((~111 (11111111111115

~0111111110115 ~011011~110110100111 ~011~~(1~(5
Ea
0~~( 111~ ~1101~ ~0111(01 (1111~~, 1110~~~110~111 01111~ 10110.

2. 5111~~ 011~ ~011~~(1~( 111~11~5 0~~(111~5 115 11 (~~1111~( 11110 111~ 0111~( ~011~~(1~(
0~~(111~5 115 1111111~~(1~(, 111~ ~0~~( 110~ 111 ~1111~( 01(~~11011 1111111~ 11(11~ 15 ~055101~.
w.
3. 5111~~ 00111 ~011~~(1~(5 11(~ 111 ~0111111110115 ~011011~11011, 111~ 11(11~ (~5~0115~ 10(
~111111~111~ 1(0(11 011~ ~11110(11111 0~~(1111011 10 11110111~( 15 11151~(.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~)(3111())~ 4-4
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ 51111))~-111135~01131 (011~~(1~, 111~18. 4-43 15 011~,31~0 1,0111 3 120- ~ 60-1-12 51111111)1
3110 111~ 1030 ,~5151311(~ 15 ~ = 10 0. 111~ (1,(111311118111011(1311(~15 ~0 = 40 1111-1~
0~13)1 31181~5 3,~ ~1 = 600 3110 ~2 = 1200. ~31(11131~ 111~11~3)((1,(111311118(11,,~111 3110
111~ 11~3)( (11,,~111 01 (011~~,1~, 1.
)(
80)011011 (1)
= 21/ 60 = 377 ,30/5, ~1 = 600, ~,,, = 0
)(
120 = 169.7~, / =
60 1-12, 3110 ~, = 40 1111-1. ~0, (1)( = 21/ 3110 ~1 = 1//3, ~(). (4-34) 81~~5 111~ 11~3)(
58~. 4-5 89

2~,,, 169.7
/~(111(1)()= ( 1 - ~05 ~1) = )( = 11.25/1..
(1)~~ 377 0.04
111~ ~~(1/( 10(10 ~11((~111,/,, = 169.71/10 = 16.97 /1... 111~ ~~(1/( ~11((~11101 ~011~~(1~( 1
15(16.97 + 11.25) = 28.22/1...
‫ﻣ‬
~0( 111.~11-~0113~~ 3~~11~3110115, 1~0 0( (110(~ ~011~~(1~(5 ~311 0~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~(1~5
10 5113(~ 111~ ~0113~~ 3110 3150 10 1(11~(0~~ 111~ ~0~~( ~3~10(. ~1~0(~ 4-53 5110~5 1~0
et
5~(111~011~~(1~(5 11131 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 1115~(1~5. )33~11 5~~01103()11135 111~ 53(11~ 110(110~(
0~ 10(115, 3110 111~ 10(115 (3110 0~1~~~11 111~ ~(1(113()1 3110 5~~01103()115 ~(,/~, = 2. 1~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~1 3110 ~2 3(~ 111~ 0~13)1 311~1~5 0~ ~011~~(1~( 1 3110 ~011~~(1~( 2, (~5~~~11~~1)1, 111~
(113)(1(110(11 001~01 ~0113~~ 1-7.111115 0013111~0 ~11~11 ~1 = ~2 = 0.
111 1~0-~011~~(1~( 5)151~(115, 011~ ~011~~(1~( 15 0~~(31~0 10 0013111 001~01 ~0113~~
rin
1(0(11 010 1-7.1111/23110 111~ 0111~( ~011~~(1~( 15 0)1~355~0 111(00~111151(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~.
10 0013111 001~01 ~0113~~ 1(0(11 1-7.1111/210 1-7.1111,
011~ ~011~~(1~( 1511111)110(11~0 011 (0~13)1
30~1~, ~1 = 0) 3110 111~ 0~13)1 30~1~ 010111~( ee ~011~~(1~(, ~2, 15 ~3(1~0. ~1~0(~ 4-50
5110~5 111~ 001~01 ~0113~~, 111~01 ~0((~015 10 ~011~~(1~(5, 3110 111~ 111~01 ~0((~011(0(11
111~ 50~~1)1 ~11~11 00111 111~ ~011~~(1~(5 3(~ 0~~(31111~.
~(0(11 )3~. (4-5), 111~ 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~5 011~0 5~(111~011~~(1~(5 3(~
gin
1-7111
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
1-7001 =
10
(1 + ~05 ~1)
(4-35)
Ea
111~ (113)(1(110(11 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 10( ~1 = ~2 = 0 15 1-7.1111

~011~~(1~( 1 15 0~~(31111~~0 ~ ~1 ~ 10 3110 ~2 = 10, 111~11
w.
(4-36)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
3110 111~ 110((113112~0 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 15
1-700
1-7~/= = 0.25 ( 1 + ) (4-37)
~ 0111
~05 ~1
11 00111 ~011~~(1~(5 3(~ 0~~(31111~~ ~1 = 0 3110 0 ~ ~2 ~ 10, 111~11
1-7/1/
1-700 = 1-7001 + 1-7002 = (3 + ~05 ~2) (4-38)
10
90

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
(1110 111~ 1101111(1112~0 (1~~1(1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 15
11()0
( 4-39)
‫ُﺭ‬
11,, = = 0.25(3 + ~05 ~2)
ww
11(/111
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1~111~ 4-6(1 5110~5 1~0 1111/ ~011~~11~15 111(11 (11~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~11~5 (1110 111~ 1111115
1(1110 0~1~~~11 111~ ~11111(11~ (1110 5~~0110(11~ 15 1--/,,/1--/5 = 2. 011~ 10 111~ 1(1~1111(11111~1~
(11~ 110 11~~~11~~1111~ 0100~5, 011~ 01111~ ~011~~11~15 ~(1111101 0~ 0~~(155~0 (1110 00111
~011~~11~15 1111151 0~~1(11~ (11 111~ 5(1111~ 11111~.
111 1~~1111~(111011 11100~, 011~ ~011~~11~115 11111~ (10~(111~~0 (~1 = 0) (1110111~ 0~1(1~
(111~1~ 01 111~ 0111~1 ~011~~11~1, ~2, 15 ~(111~0 110111 0 10 11 10 ~0111101 111~ 0~ 0111~111
58~. 4-6
91

+
~+
,.,(
+ ~0= 1.
~0
,.,(
~.
‫ﻣ‬
~~~,.,(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
.n
ri ng
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ En
E asy
w.
12 - - - - - -
/
‫ُﺭ‬
0
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
92

.,,011(1~~. ~1~1.1(~ 4-60 5110~5

111~ 111()1.11.,,011(1~~, 01.11()1.11 .,,011(1~~5, 111()1.11~1.1((~1115 10
111~ ~011.,,~(1~(5, (1110 111()1.1151.1()()1)1 ~1.1((~111. ~0111()(1(111~ ~1~. 4-60 ~1111 ~1~. 4-20, ~~
~(11111011~~ 111(11111~ 111()1.11~1.1((~1111(0111 111~ 51.1()()1)115 5111111(1(10 111(11015~1111~011.,,~(1~(,
(1110 (15 (1 (~51.111111~ ()0~~( 1(1~10( 0111115 ~011.,,~(1~( 15 1111()(0.,,~0, 01.11111~ ()0~~( 1(1~10(
15 1~55 111(111111(11 01 5~(1~5 5~1111~011.,,~(1~(5.
111 111.,,~(51011 11100~, 011~ ~011.,,~(1~( 15 11.111)1(~1(1(0~0, ~2 = 70, (1110 111~ 0~1(1)1
(111~1~ 01111~ 0111~( ~011.,,~(1~(, ~1, 15 .,,(1(1~0 1(0111 0 10 70 10 ~0111(01111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 01.11()1.11
.,,011(1~~. ~1~1.1(~ 4-60 5110~5 111~ 1)-1 ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 01 5~(1~5 11.111~011.,,~(1~(5.
~(0111 ~(). (4-17), 111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 01.11()1.11 .,,011(1~~5 011~0 11.111~011.,,~(1~(5 (1(~
‫ﻣ‬
t
(4-40)
rin
(1.,,~((1~~ 01.11()1.11.,,011(1~~ 10( ~1 = ~2 = 0 15 ~,/,,, = 4~ ,,,/70.
111~ 111(1)(11111.1111 ee 111 111~
(~~1111~(11101111100~, ~1 = 0 (11100 ~ ~2 ~ 70~111~11
(4-41 )
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~,, = -~00 = 0.5 ( 1 +

~,/,,,
~05 ~2 ) (4-42)
(4-43)
Ea
w.
~00 (4-44 )
~,, = ~ = 0.5 ( ~05 ~1 - 1)
,/,,,
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~,.301()1~ 4-5
10~ 10~0 ~1.1 ~111 (~110 ~11 ~..~..~~~ ..~11.1~ 01 1.) 018~..1~8 11.111~011..~..1~..8 111~1~. 4-6~ 18
~0116111.101.18~110 10~ ..1~~1~ ~0111~111 18 11~~11~101~. 10~ 11.1..118..~60 0110~ 1..~11810..(11~..
18,..,,,/,..,5 = 2. 10~ ~011..~..1~..8 0~~..~1~ 111..~~611~~11011 (1100~ 81.1~0 10~1 ~1 = 0 ~110~2
..~..1~81..0(11 0 10,,.. (~) ~)(~..~88 10~ 111~1.1181.1~~1)1~1.1 ~111111 ~01.1..1~.. 8~..1~8, 0~1~..(11111~
10~ 0~..(110111~ 1~~10.. 01111~1.11 ~1.1 ~111, 11~~ 018~1~~~(11~1111~~10.., 1)~~ ~110 111~1.11~0~~..
1~~10.., ~~. (0) 1110~ 0~1~)1 ~11~1~ 18 ~2 =
,,./2 ~110 10~ ~~~/( 111~1.11..011~~~ 18 ~,,,
162 ~, ~~1~1.11~1~ ~00 ~~, ~,,,,0, 11~, 1)~, ~110 ~~.
58~. 4-6 93

80)01100 (3) 111~ ~3.,,~~0~111 ~0~ 111~111~11~~~11118 8110~11 111 ~1~. 4-60 311() 111~ 11181311-
1311~0118 111~111811~~1~ ~11~~~111~311 0~ ~)(~~~88~() 1113 ~011~1~~ 8~~1~8 38
%
1(() = ~ 0 1~ 8111 (11(.0( + ~~)

/1= 1,2....
~11~~~ ~~ = -11~2/2. 8()11311011 (4.11) ~1.,,~8 111~ ~1118.,,3111~ 0~ 111~ 11111113~1110111~111~111

~11~~~111
(4-45)
‫ﻣ‬
et
(4-46)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
111~ ~1118 111~111 ~11~~~111 18 ~01111() 38
ng
1/2
_ 0.2 (4-47)
1$ = 1~ (1
11)
ri
~~0111 8(). (2-51),
1/2
- _
1-1~=
ee 11(11 ~2)
1 (4-48)
~ 4(1 + ~08 ~2) )
~~0111 8()8. (2-50),
gin
~0
‫ﺔ‬ ~~0111 8(). (2-52),
En
11
1)~ = ~08 ~1 = ~08 - --=
~
~~ = - ~08 - =
1$ 2
0
2
(1 + ~08 ~2)
(11(11 - ~2))1/2
(4-49)
(4-50)
asy
(0) ~1 = 0311()~2
= 11/2. ~~01118(). (4-41),
~00 = (2 ~ 1~2) (1 + ~08~) 103.13 ~

E
w.
~~0111 8(). (4-42), ~~ = 0.5 ~11 311()
2 ~
~~,,,, = (2~ ,,,)2 8111 (.0( ((((.01)
‫ُﺭ‬
2 11 102
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
20 11
11 = /~~ ~08 = 0.6366/~ 311() 1~ = 0.7071/~
4
1-1~=
2
_ 1) 1/2
= 0.4835 0~ 48.35%
~ (~)
94

1)~ = (05 -
~ = 0.7071
4
11 .
~~ = ~(05 ( - ~1) = 0.6366 ( 1(1~~111~)
1-10(€. 111~ ~~(10(111(111(~ 01 5~(1~5 1011 (011~~(1~(5 15 51(1111(1(10 111(1101 5111~1~-

~0(15~ 5~(111(011~~(1~(5.
‫ﻣ‬
10(~~-~11(15~ (011~~(1~(5 ~(0~10~ 01~0~( (1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~, (1110 111 (10011101110~
t
1(~()0~11(~ 0110~ (1~~1~5
011 10~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ 15 01~0~( (0(11~(1(~0 10 10(11 01 5111~1~-
.ne
(1 (~5011, 10~ 1111~611~ (~()01(~(11~1115 10( 5(110010111~ 001 10~
~11(15~ (011~~(1~(5. ~5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~)(-
10(10 (0((~111 15 51(11~1~(. ~0( 111~5~ (~(150115, 10(~~-~0(15~ (011~~(1~(5 (1(~ 05~0
1~1151~~1~ 111 01~0-~0~~( ~(1(1(101~-5~~~0 0(1~~5. 10(~~ 5111~1~-~0(15~ 11(111-~(1~~ (011-
g
~~(1~(5 111 ~1~. 4-1(1 ((111 0~ (01111~(1~0 10 10((11 (1 10(~~-~0(15~ 11(111-~(1~~ (011~~(1~(,
rin
(15 500~11 111 ~1~. 4-7(1.
~0~11 10~(1510( 11 15 11(~0 (11 0)( = -../6 + ~, 10~ ~11(15~ ~011(1~~ 1)011 (1~~~(1(5
(1((055 111~ 10(10 0116110~(1510( 12 15 11(~0 ee (11 0)( = 5-../6 +~. ~0~11 10~(1510( 12 15
11(~0, 10~(1510( 11 15 (~~~(5~ 01(15~0, 0~((105~ 10~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~011(1~~, 1),,6 (= 1)011 -
1)611), 15 11~~(16~~ (1110 11 15 10(11~0 011. 10~ ~0(15~ ~011(1~~ 1)611 (1~~~(1(5 (1((055 10~
10(10 01161 10~(1510( 13 15 11(~0 (11 0)( = 3-../2 +~. ~0~11 111~(1510( 13 15 11(~0, 12
gin
15 10(11~0 011 (1110 1)011(1~~~(1(5 (1((055 10~ 10(10 01111111 1511(~0 (1~(1111 (1110~ 0~~11111111~
(0(1((1(1~(1511(5 0110~ 10(10 (1110 1015 15
10~ 1) - 1
‫ﺔ‬
0111~)(1
(1110 10~
10(10
(~(1~.
(1 011~-()0(10((1111
(0((~111
(1110 ~ ~
5~11-(0(11(1101(11~0
~1~0(~
(011~~(1~(.
10(00~0
-../6,
~0~11
10~
sy
En
4-70 500~5
~1~0(~
10~(1510(
10(10 (0((~111
10~ ~01(1(11~
4-7( 500~5
~0010
10~ 111~01 ~011(1~~5,
11 10( (1 01~01~ 11100(6~~
0~
01115 ~11(15~ ~011(1~~
10(10.
015(0116110005
15 (~~~(5~0.
001~01
~0(
(1110 ~(1(0
10~
~011(1~~,
(1 (~51511~~
10~(1510(
1(~()0~11(~
~((1(6((11
15
01 001~01 (1~~1~ ~011(1~~ 15 3/5. 1015 (011~~(1~( 15 1101 110((11(111~ 05~0 111
5~51~(115, 0~((105~ 10~ 50~~1~ (0((~1115 (0111(1111 0( (0(11~011~1115.
0)(, 111~ (1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ 10( (1
1110~ ~0(15~ ~011(1~~ 15 1),,11 = ~ 1/1 5111
Ea
(0116110005 10(10 (0((~111 15
(4-51 )
w.
(11(1)(1(110(11 (1~~((1~~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ 10(11

~0~(~ 1/1/1 15 10~ ~~(1/( ~0(15~ ~011(1~~. 10~
‫ُﺭ‬ww
0((0(5 (11 0~1(1~ (111~1~, ~ = 0 15

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(4-52)
95
58~. 4-7

9.
~. = ~,.1 ,..,
0
,, ,..2 ~~1/0
10 +
~.
10
‫ﻣ‬
~~1/0
(0
,..3 0
....1
ri ng
ee
1/0
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 0
~0
~~.
En
6
~+..
asy
~~0
~,.1
~~.. ~2..
~.
~1
E
0
w.
6 ~+.. 6
~+.. 2..
(~) ~0, ,,,0~01,1/9
‫ُﺭ‬
~09.0
ww
~)~11..~ 4-7 111(~~-()113.5~ 113.)(-~3.1/~ ~011.,,~((~(.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(4-53)
96

,,.
_3 311,,,
1100 =
210 1,,./6+()(
.
11,,/51110)( (/ (0)( ) = -210 (1+ ~05 ( ) 10
-6 + ~
(4-51(1)
(4-52(1)
‫ﻣ‬
(4-53(1)
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n e
~)(301~1~ 4-6
(1 1/1~~~-11/1(15~ ~-
~ 1/1~~~-11/1(15~ /1(111-~3.,~ ~011.,~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 4-7(1 15 011~~(11~0 1~0111
ng
~01111~~1~0 208-~ 60-1-12 51111111~(1110 1/1~ 10(10 1~5151(111~~ 15 ~ = 1011. /11115 1~~111~~0
10 001(1111 (111(1.,~~(1~~ 011111111.,011(1~~ 01 50% 011/1~ 111(1)(111111111
11055101~ 011111111.,011(1~~,
~(11~111(11~1/1~ ((1) 0~1(1~ (111~1~~~ (0) ~1115(1110 (1.,~~(1~~ 011111111~11~~~1115~(~) (1.,~~(1~~ (1110
10~~ (1110 (1) 11111111110~~~ 1(1~10~, ~~.
1/1~ 11/1(15~ .,011(1~~ 15 11, = 208/~

eri
~1115 1/1~~1510~ ~11~~~1115~ (0) ~~~1111~(111011~111~1~11~~~ (~) 1~(111510~111~~1111112(1110111(1~10~,
= 120.1 ~, 11,,, = 0 11_ = 169 .83 ~,

ine
801011011
11~ = 0.5, (1110 ~ = 10 11. 1/1~ 111(1)(111111111011111111 .,011(1~~ 15
3 ~ 11,,, 169.83
‫ﺔ‬ 11,,,,, =
En
1/1~ (1.,~~(1~~ 011111111.,011(1~~, 1100 = 0.5

g
)(
276
140.45 = 70.23 ~.
= 3 ~
)(
-
276
((1) ~0~ (1 ~~51511.,~ 10(10, 1/1~ 10(10 ~11~~~11115 ~0111111110115/1 ~ ~ 76/6 (1110 6~. (4-
52) ~1.,~5 11~ ~ ~05 (76/6) = 86.6%.
sy
~11/1 (1 ~~51511.,~ 10(10 (1110 50% 011111111,1/1~ 10(10

(1 + ~05 (76/6 + ~)) (1110
= 140.45 ~
~11~~~11115 015~0111111110115. ~~0111 6~. (4-52(1),0.5 = (1/~)

1/1~ 0~1(1~ (111~1~ 15 ~ = 67.70.
110)~ = 70.23/10
(0) 1/1~ (1.,~~(1~~ 011111111~111~~111, 100 = = 7.02~. ~~0111 6~.
Ea
(4-53(1), ~,,,.,, = 94.74 ~ (1110 1/1~ ~111510(10 ~11~~~111, 1,,,.,, = 94.74/10 = 9.47 ~.
(~) 1/1~ 3.,~~(1~~ ~11~~~11101 (1 1/1~~1510~, 1/), = 10)3 = 7.02/3 = 2.34 ~ (1110 1/1~
~1115~11~~~11101 (1 1/1~~1510~, 18., = 1,,,.,/~ = 9.47/~ = 5.47 ~.
w.
)( )(
(0) ~~0111 6~. (2-44) 1/1~ ~~~1111~(111011
~111~1~11~~15 = 70.23 7.02/(94.74
9.47) = 54.95%.
‫ُﺭ‬
(~) 1/1~ ~1115 111111111111~ ~11~~~11115 1/1~ 5(1111~ (15 1/1~ 1/1~~1510~ ~1115 ~11~~~111, (1110 1/1~
ww
~1 = 311), = 3)(
11111111.,011-(111111~~~~(11111~, 120.1)( 5.47
= 1970.84~. ~~01116~.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
)( 7.02/1970.84 = 0.25 0~ 25%.

(2-49), 10~ = 70.23
110~~~, ~0 = 1~,,.,,~ =
(1) 1/1~ 011111111 9.472 )( 10 = 896.81~. 1/1~ 11111111
110~~~ 1(1~10~, ~~ = 896.81/1970.84 = 0.455 (1(1~~111~).
~0(~. 01.1~ 10 111~ 0~1(1)1 (11181~, ~, 111~ 11.1110(1~~111(11~0~()011~111 01111()1.11 1111~

~1.111~11115(1150 0~1(1)1~0 ~11111~5()~~110 111~ 111()1.11
()11(15~ .,,011(18~.
97
58~. 4-7

1,.1
~1 ~2
= ~.
~0
8 ~. ~3
~,.2 1,.3
~~1/.0 (0
0 0,,, ~~90,~
~0~~~1(1/6 1/0
~11/00 ~08~
(0
‫ﻣ‬
1(),,,
02 03 01
~()2 ~()3 ~()
1
et
(8) 8~~~~~1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
00
1/
~3.03 ~1.01 ~2.02
. ~~~. ~3,03
rin
0 001
ee
1
__ ~__ 1/.0 - --
1/00 1/00
.......- ~....--..,.-- .... ------ ,.-
....
--
gin
/
0 001
‫ﺔ‬
~1/0
--
sy
En
1/80 - 1/00 = 1/.0
~/
.-
......
/
......
~~7..
0 6
001
~,..1,~01
Ea
0 001
..
6+(1
~,..2,~02
w.
0 001
~+(1
‫ُﺭ‬
6
~,.3. ~()3
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0
.. 001
~(),,, + ,. ~+(1
2
6
0 001
18 = ~1
0
00/
~+(1 11..
~(~) (1
~81/610~01510~
= 900
..1~~..~ 4-8 1/1(~~-()/135~ 5~1111(011..,~(/~(.
98 ~0,,1~0//80 88~1~~~8~5 ~~0~.4

10..~~-~035~ 5~1111~011~~..1~..5 3..~ 1.15~0 111 11101.151..131 3~~11~3110115 1.1~ 10 10~ 120-/(~
1~~~1, ~0~..~ 011~-~1.130..3111 0~~..311011 15 ..~~1.11..~0. 10~ ~0~~.. 13~10.. 011015 ~011-
~~..1~.. 0~~..~35~5 35 10~ 0~13)1 31181~ 111~..~35~5, 01.11 11 15 0~11~.. 10311 1031 0110..~~-
~035~ 0311-~3~~ ~011~~..1~... ~181.1..~ 4-83 500~5 3 10..~~-~035~ 5~1111~011~~..1~.. ~110
3 01801)111101.1~11~~ 1030 3110 10~ 1030 ~1.1 ~111 035 3 11~8118101~ .-1~~1~ ~0111~111.
~181.1..~ 4-80 500~5 10~ ~3~~10..1115 10.. 111~1.11 ~01138~5, 01.11~1.11 ~01138~, 111~1.11
~1.1 ~111, 3110 10~ ~1.1 ~11110..01.18010)1..1510..5 3110 0100~5. 10~ 1..~~1.1~11~)1 01 01.11~1.11
‫ﻣ‬
~01138~ 15 3/5. 10~ 0~13)1 31181~, (1, ~311 0~ ~3..1~0 1..0111 0 10 01.1..1118 10~ ~~..100
())( ~ 7.../6, ())( (.../6 + (1),
.../6 ~ 10)1..1510.. 11 15 10..~3..0 0135~0. 1111 15 11..~0 31 =
11 3110 1)1 ~01101.1~1 3110 10~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~01138~ 1130 3~~~3..5 3~..055 10~ 1030. ~1
et
())(
= 7.../6,1130513..15 10 0~ 11~8311~~ 3110 10~ 1..~~~0~~11118 0100~ 1)/11~01101.1~15. 10~
1030 ~1.1 ~111 ~01111111.1~5 10 110~ 10..01.1801)/11~ 3110 11 3110 1)1 3..~ 11.1..11~0 011.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1110~..~ ~35
110 1..~~~0~~11118 0100~, 11 ~01.110 ~01111111.1~ 10 ~01101.1~11.11111110)1-
())( + (1 3110 10~ 1..~~~0~~11118 3~11011 ~01.110 0~ 3~~0111-
..1510.. 12 15 11..~0 31 = 5.../6
(1 ~ .../3, ~3~010)1..1510.. ~01101.1~15 10.. 2.../3 3110 10~
~1150~0 10..01.180 11 3110 1)2. 11
rin
1..~~~0~~11118 0100~ 1)/11 00~5 1101 ~01101.1~1.
11 ~~ 0~1111~ 10~ 10..~~ 1111~-11~1.11..31 ~01138~5 35 10110~5~
ee
110~ ~ /115111 (())( _ 2~)
gin
‫ﺔ‬
10~ ~0
En
~5~01101118 1111~-10-1111~~01138~5 3..~

110~ = ~/115111(())( + 2~),
= 0 ( ())(
sy
1100 110~ - 110~ = ~ /11 5111 -

~)
( _ 5~)
Ea
())(
1100 = 110~ - 110~ =0 ~ /11 5111
= =0 ( ())(
w.
1100 110~ - 110~ ~ /11 5111 +

~)
‫ُﺭ‬
~0~..~ ~ /11 15 10~ ~~3/( ~035~ ~01138~ 01 3 ~)1~-~01111~~1~0 501.1..~~.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0.. (1 ~ .../3, 3110 015~01111111.101.15 01.11~1.11 ~01138~~ 10~ 3~~..38~ 01.11~1.11 ~01138~
15 101.1110 1..0111
(4-54)
5€~. 4-8
99

111~ 111(1)(111111111
(1~~((1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 111(11 0~~11(8 (11 (1 0~1(1)1 (10~1~ 01 ~ = 0 18~(/,,1
30 ~ ,,/10 (100 111~ 00(111(1112~0 (1~~((1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 18
~0(
~ ,, = (4-55)
~(/,,, = 0.5(1 + ~08 ~)
‫ﻣ‬
(4-56)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
(4-54(1)
~,, = ~~00 = 0.5 ( 1 + ~08 ~)

ee (4-55(1)
.. (/,,,
gin
1/2
~(~5 1~/~/~~~ 3~~ 8102 (0)(
_ (/(0)())
~)
‫ﺔ‬
~~301()1~ 4-7
sy
En
(2~
0 ~,,,
(4~ ( 10 - ~ +
~
810 2~ ))
1/2
~~~~31 ~)(3111~1~ 4-6 10( 111~ 111~~~-~1135~ 5~1111~01101.1~10~111~1~. 4-83.
80111.100 111~ ~1135~ ~0113~~ 15 ~, = 208/~ 169.83,

= 120.1 ~, 11,,, =
Ea
0 11,
11~ = 0.5, 3110 ~ = 10 0. 111~ 1113)(111111111
0111~1.11~0113~~ 15
3 ~ 11,,, )( 169 83
11,/,,,= = 3 ~ ~
= 280.9 ~
w.
10 10
111~ 3~~~3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~, 1/~0 = 0.5 )(

280.9 = 140.45 ~.
‫ُﺭ‬
(3) ~0~ 0. ~ 10/3 3110 ~~. (4-55) ~1~~5 11~ ~ (1 + ~05 10/3)/2
ww
= 75%. ~1111 3
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~51511~~ 1030 3110 50% 01.11~1.11, 111~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~ 15 015~01111111.101.15. ~~0111 ~~.
(4-55), 0.5 = 0.5(1 + ~05 0.), ~111~11 ~1~~5 111~ 0~13)1 311~1~, 0. = 900.
(/)) 111~ 3~~~3~~ 01.11~1.11~1.1~~~111,/~0 = 1/~0/~ 140.45/10
= = 14.05~. ~~0111
~~. (4-56),
11,1115
= ~ )( 169.83 )( )1/2
(10 - + 0.55111 2 900) = 180.13 ~
(4~ ~
3110 111~~11151030 ~1.1~~~111,
/,1115= 180.13/10
= 18.01 ~.
(~) 111~ 3~~~3~~ ~1.1~~~111 013 111)1~1510~,
/0, = /~0/3 = 14.05/3
= 4.68 ~ 3110 111~
~1115~1.1~(~111
01 3 111)1~1510~,
/8., = /,111,/~ = 18.01 ~ = 10.4~.
100

(0) ~(0111 5().. (2-44) 111~(~~611~311011~111~1~11~~18
)( 14.05
140.45 0( 68.8% 0.688
18.01 =
0)
= 180.13 )(
~1.1((~11118/, = /,,.,,, ~(2/3)

(~) 111~ (1118111~1.111111~ = 14.71~. 111~ 111~1.11.-011-
)( 120.1 )( 14.71 = 5300. ~(0111 5().. (2-49),
3111~~(~ (3611~, ~1 = 3~,/, = 3
10~ = 140.45
)(
14.05/5300= 0.372. )(
~0~~(, ~0 = /~,.,,,~ = 18.012
(1) 111~ 01.11~1.11 10 = 3243.6~. 111~ ~0~~(
13~10( 18 ~~ = 3243.6/5300 = 0.612 (13~~111~).
‫ﻣ‬
1-/0(~. 10.~ ~0~~( 13~10( 18 0~11~( 10.311 10.31 01 10.(~~-~0.38~ 0.311-~3..~ ~011-
..~(1~(8 .
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
10.(~~-~0.38~ ~011..~(1~(8 3(~ ~)(1~1181..~1)1 118~0 111 11101181(131 3~~11~3110118 11~ 10 10.~
g
(~~111(~0. ~1~11(~ 4-% 80.0~8 311111-
120-~~ 1~..~1, ~0.~(~ 1~0-~1130(31110~~(31101118
rin
~011..~(1~( ~1(~1111 ~110.30.1~0.1)1111011~11..~ 1030. 10.~ 10.)1(1810(8 3(~ 11(~0 31 3111111~(..31
3110 10.~ 1111~(111~ (~~111(~(11~111
01 ~/3. 10.~ 1(~~11~11~)1 01 0111~111 (1~~1~ ..0113~~ 18 6./5 0)(
18 1~88 10.311 10.31 0110.(~~-~0.38~ 8~(111- 3110 0.311-~3..~
ee ~011..~(1~(8. ~1
= ~/6 +
~, 10.)1(1810( 1618 31(~30)1 ~011011~1111~ 3110 10.)1(1810( 11 18 111(11~0 011. 011(111~ 1111~(..31
(~/6 + ~) ~ 0)( ~ (~/2 + ~), 10.)1(1810(8 11 3110 16 ~011011~1 300 10.~ 1111~-10-1111~
0)(
..0113~~, 1)~/) (= 1)~,, - 1)/),,) 3~~~3(8 3~(088 10.~ 1030. ~1 = ~/2 + ~, 10.)1(1810(
gin
12 18 11(~0 3110 10.)1(1810( 16 18 (~..~(8~0 0138~0 1(11(11~0131~1)1. 16 18 111(11~0 011 011~
~) ~ 0)( ~ (5~/6 + ~), 10.)1(1810(8
‫ﺔ‬
10 113111(31 ~0(11(11111311011.
11 3110 12 ~011011~1 3110 10.~ 1111~-10-1111~ ..0113~~,
En
10.)1(1810(8 3(~ 1111(110~(~0 38 80.0~11 111 ~1~. 4-93,

45,56,3110
111~111 ~11((~111,
61.
011(111~
1)3.0 3~~~3(8
1111~(..31 (~/2
3~(088 10.~ 1030.
10.~ 11(111~ 8~~11~11~~ 18 12,
+
~1~11(~ 4-90 80.0~810.~ ~3..~10((11810( 111~111..0113~~,0111~111..0113~~,

3110 ~11((~1118
sy
10.(011~0.10.)1(1810(8.
1110.~
23, 34,
1110.~ 1111~-11~111(31 ..0113~~8 3(~ 0~1111~0 38

Ea
1)/),, ~111 8111 (0)(

_ 2~)
w.
1)0,, = ~1118111 (0)( + 2~),

‫ُﺭ‬ ww
10.~ ~0((~8~0110111~ 1111~-10-1111~..0113~~8 3(~

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1) ~/) = 1)~,, - 1)/),, = 0 ~ 111 8111(0)( + ~)
1)/)~ = 1)/),, - 1)~,, = 0 ~ 111

8111 (0)( -
~)
0 8111 0)(+
1)
~~ = 1)~,, - 1)~,, = ~ 111
( ~)
101
58~.4-9

15
= ~.
~0
8 ~. = ~,
,, ~~~~9/1~~
~,,0()01~1/9
~1/0 ~0010
0
‫ﻣ‬
10
12
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
+0
Ea
~,.1
+ ~.
0
..,1
w.
1,.4 ~+0 ~+0

6 + ~.
0
‫ُﺭ‬
..,1
ww
~.= ~,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0
1( ..,1
+0
6 ~+0
10 6
,.
102

1(0((1
111~ 3~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15 1011110
,,,-12+0. ,,,-12+0.
1100 =~
,,. 1,,,-16+0.
1)(10 0(0)0 =
~,,.
1,,,-16+0.
011111 5111
(0)( + ~ 0(0)0
6) (4-57)
111~ ((13)(1((111((13~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 10( 0~13~ 311~1~, ~ 0 15
11,)111
= 3 0 ~ 111/,,..
‫ﻣ‬
3110 111~ 110(((13112~0 3~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15
t
(4-58)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
(4-59)
eri
ine
~)(301()1~ 4-8
~~~~31 ~)(3111~1~ 4-6 10( 10.~ 10.(~~-~0.35~ 11111~011.,,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-93.
= 120.1 ~, ~,,, = ~ ~, = 169.83, ~0

‫ﺔ‬ 80/11110010.~ ~0.35~.,,0113~~,~5 = 208/~
= 0.5,31108. = 10 0. 111~ 1113)(111111111
)( 169.83/,,.
~~. (4-59),
0111~111.,,0113~~,~0,,, = )(3 ~
ng
= 280.9~. 111~3.,,~(3~~ 0111~111.,,0113~~,

sy
E
~00 = 0.5 280.9

~,,,/,,. = 3 ~
600.
(3) ~(0111 ~~. (4-58), 0.5 = ~05 0., 3110 111~0~13~ 311~1~, 0. =
= 140.45~.
(0) 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 0111~111~11((~111,/00 = ~0)8. = 140.45/10 = 14.05~. ~(0111
1/2
3 ~
~,,,,, = ~ )(
169.83 (~
+
~ ~05 (2 )( 600)
) = 159.29~,
Ea
3110 111~(1115~11((~111,/,,,,, = 159.29/10 = 15.93 ~.

(~) 10.~ 3.,,~(3~~ ~11((~11101 3 111~(1510(, /0, = /00/3 = 14.05/3 = 4.68 ~, 3110
/216 = 15.93 /216 = 9.2 ~.
w.
/,,,,,
111~ (1115 ~11((~111 01 3 111~(1510(, /~, =
(0) ~(0111 ~~. (2-44) 111~ (~~1111~311011 ~111~1~11~~ 15
)(
‫ُﺭ‬
140.45 14.05
0( 77.8%
ww
11 = 159.29 )(
15.93 = 0.778
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~) 111~ (1115111~1111111~~11(1~111, /, = /,,,,, ~ = 13 ~ 3110 111~ 111~111.,,011-3111~~(~

)( 120.1 )( 13 = 4683.9~. ~(0111 ~~. (2-49), 10~ = 140.45
(31111~,~1 = 3~,/, = 3
)(
14.05/4683.9 = 0.421. )( 10 = 2537.6~.
(1) 111~ 0111~111~0~~(, ~0 = /~,,,,8. = 15.932 111~ ~0~~(
13~10(, ~~ = 2537.6/4683.9 = 0.542 (13~~111~).
5~((11~011~~(1~(5, 0111
1-10(€. 111~ ~0~~( 13~10( 15 1~55 111311 11131 01111(~~-~1135~
111~11~( 111311 11131 01111(~~-~1135~ 11311-~3~~ ~011~~(1~(5.
103
58~. 4-9

~~301..)~ 4-9
1/1~ 1030 ~11~~~111 01 3 1/1~~~-~/138~ 11111~011~~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 4-93 18 ~0111111110118~11/1 3

11~~11~101~ ~1~~1~ ~0111~111. (3) ~)(~~~88 1/1~ 111~111~11~~~111111~011~1~~ 8~~1~8, 3110 0~1~~-
111111~1/1~ /13~1110111~ 13~10~ 01111~111 ~11~~~111, 1-1~~ 018~13~~111~111 13~10~, 0~~ 3110 1/1~
111~111~0~~~ 13~10~, ~~. (0) 111/1~ 0~13~ 311~1~, ~
= 71/3 3110 1/1~ ~~3/( 111~111~/138~
~0113~~, ~,,, = 169.83~, ~31~11131~ ~~, 1-1~, 0~, 3110 ~~.
80)0~)00 (3) 1/1~ ~3~~10~111 10~ 111~111~11~~~11118 8/10~11 111 ~1~. 4-90 3110 1/1~ 11181311-
1311~0118 111~111~11~~~11101 3 ~/138~ ~311 0~ ~)(~~~88~0 1113 ~011~1~~ 8~~1~8 38
‫ﻣ‬
~
11(() = 1~0 + ~
11=1,2,..
((1~ ~08 /10)( + /)~ 8111 /10)() (4-60)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
41. . /171 .
- - 8111 -3 8111 /1~ 10~ /1 = 1,3,5, ...
gin
/171
10~ /1 = 2, 4, 6, ...
‫ﺔ‬ sy
/)~ =
En
= 0
~ )0(2~
71
11(() 8111/10)( (/( 0)()
41. . /171
=
/171
8111 ~08 /1~ 1,3,5, ...
3
Ea
= 0 10~ /1 = 2, 4, 6, ...
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
11(() ~ 0 1~ 8111 (/10)( + ~~)
ww
11=1,2,..
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(1 .
~
~~ = 1311 - 1 = - /1~ (4-61)
/)
~
(4-62)
104

~
11 = -1.
71
= 0.77971.
111~ 0115 111~111 ~11,,~111,
1/2
(5,,/6+~
1, =
(
2-
271 ),,/6+~
1~ 0(())()
) = 1. ~/~3 = 0.81651.
_ 1)1/2 _ 1)1/2
11~ = ((~)2 = ((~)2 = 0.3108 0, 31.08%
‫ﻣ‬
0~ = ~05 ~1 = ~05 -0.
et
11 3 = 0.95490~
~~ = -~05 -0. = -~050.
1, 71
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~05 600 =
(0) ~0, 0. = 71/3, 1/~ = ~05 (71/3) = 0.5 ~11,11~ = 31.08%, 0~ =
0.5, (1110~~ = 0.478 (1(1~~111~).
,..,0(~. 11..,.,~ ~001()3(~ 10~ ()0..,.,~( 13~10( ..,.,1101031 01 ~~301()1~ 4-8, ..,.,0~(~ 10~
rin
1030 15 ()0(~1)1 (~51511~~, ..,.,~ ~311 11011~~ 1031 10~ 111()01 ()0..,.,~( 13~10( 0~()~1105 011 10~
()0..,.,~( 13~10( 0110~ 1030.
ee
gin
(~()01(~0 3110 10(~~-
3(~
‫ﺔ‬
111 013(1)1 ~3(1301~-5()~~0
()035~
~1~0(~
0031
4-103
~01111~~1~0
~011~~(1~(5
03~~
0(1~~5,
3(~ ~~1~1151~~1)105~0
500..,.,5 10(~~-()035~
10 03~~.
1311~005 ~0113~~ 0111~(~11~~5 0~1..,.,~~1110~
~0((~111110..,.,5 10(00~010~
sy
~011~~(1~(5.
En
~~
10~ 100(-()030(3111
111 3()()11~3110115 0() 10 10~ 2000-~~
0031 ~011~~(1~(5 ..,.,0~(~ 1..,.,0 10(~~-()035~
03~~ 5~~11 111 5~~11011
0()~(311011
001()01 ~0113~~5 01 ~011~~(1~(5,

10~ ~1(~0131111~ ~0((~11115
1~~~1.
~011~~(1~(5
4-5
15
1031
3 ~1(~0131111~
110(01311)1110111~0
00~ 10 10~ 11151311-
1..,.,0 ~011~~(1~(5 3(~ ~0111(011~0

0)1 ~1(~0131111~ (~3~10(, 1.~ 35 500..,.,11111 ~1~. 4-103. 10~
11150~0 3..,.,3)11031110.1 15 10~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 01 ~011~~(1~( 1, 10~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 01 ~011~~(1~(
Ea
2 15 0.2 = 71 - 0.1. ~1~0(~ 4-100 500..,.,5 10~ ..,.,3~~10(015 10( 111()01 ~0113~~5, 001()01
~0113~~5, 3110 10~ ~0113~~ 3~(055 11100~10( 1.~. 10~ 0()~(311011 01 ~3~0 ~011~~(1~( 15
~)(3~11)1 5101113( 10 1031 0110(~~-()035~ 1011 ~011~~(1~(. 00(111~ 10~ 1111~(~31 (71/6 +
w.
1)(1/) 3()()~3(5 3~(055 10~ 001()01 01

0.1) ~ 0)( ~ (71/2 + 0.1), 10~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~0113~~
~011~~(1~( 1 3110 1)/)0 3()()~3(5 3~(055 ~011~~(1~( 2.
‫ُﺭ‬
3(~ 0~1111~0 35
1110~ 1111~-11~01(31 ~0113~~5
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
_
1)/)(/ ~,,, 5111 (0)( 2~)
1)0(/ ~,,, 5111 (0)( + 2~)
105
58~. 4-10

~~~0 2 2
+ +
-~-
.., - + .., - +
..-3 ..-5
2 -~-
(. ~0 ..-2. .6. ..-4.
8 ~8,
8
0 ..,01 ~~~0,
..,02
(0 0
~~,
‫ﻣ‬
~..,0
~..-6 .2
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
a
‫ُﺭ‬ w .E
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(0) ~8..,810~,,,5
..1~11..~ 4-10 1/1(~~-~/135~ 01131 ~011..,~((~(.
106

.,,01138~5
‫ﺭُﺷﺩ‬3(~‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ‬
111~ ~0((~5()000108 110~-10-110~
1),,/1 = 1),,11 - 1)/111 = 0 ~ 111

510 (0)( +
~)
1)/10 1)
/111 - 1)011 0 ~ 111 510 (0)( - ~)
1) 0,, = 1)011- 1),,11= 0 ~ 111

510 ( 0)( +
~)
‫ﻣ‬
1(1)01 300 1)02 3(~ 111~ 0111()111 .,,01138~5 01 ~00.,,~(1~(5 1 300 2, 111~ 105130130~0115
0)( =5 (,,./2 + ~1) 15
.,,01138~ 3~(055 111~ 10011~10( 011(108 101~(.,,31 (,,./6 + ~1) =5
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
(4-63)
ng
eri
ine
(4-64)
‫ﺔ‬
111~ ~1(~11131108
0~~0((1~5
111~ ~00.,,~(1~(5
~11((~010~()~005
((13)(1((111((1
(~51111 01 (1()()1~ .,,01138~ 3~(055

~11~0
~01110 0~ ~001101101151~
E
0)(
(1100108
111~ 10011~10(.
sy
ng
00 0~13~
= 2,,./3 300 ~1 = 0.
3081~
011~ 10 111~ ~1(~11131108 ~11((~01 35 3

11115 3110~5 5((100111 (~.,,~(531 011030
300 0010011~130~~, 1._.
~.,,~0 ~11110111 30~ ~)(1~(0311030,
11115 ~11((~01
~11((~01 011(108 111~ ~11308~ 0.,,~( 1(0((1 00~ ().1130(301 0()~(31100 10 300111~( 300 ()(0-
((1010( 0(1.,,~5.
.,,10~5 1351 0~03((11~ (~5()005~5, ~5()~~1311~ 10( ~1~~1(1~31
Ea
w.
~00.,,~(1~(5 0~()~005 00 0~13~ 3081~ ~, 30015

111~ ()0~~( 13~10( 01 ()1135~-~001(011~0
~00.,,~(1~(5
‫ُﺭ‬
10 8~0~(31 10~, ~5()~~1311~ 31 111~ 10~ 0111()111 .,,01138~ (308~. 111~5~
ww
1((1()(0.,,~ 111~ 10()111

8~0~(31~ 113(((1001~5 1010 111~ 511()()1~. )=10(~~0 ~0((1((1111311005 ~30
‫ﺷﺩ‬
()0~~( 13~10( 300 (~011~~ 111~ 113(((1001~5 1~.,,~15. 111~5~ 10(~~0-~0((1((111131100 1~~11-
~00.,,~(5100. ~1111 111~ 30.,,30~~((1~01 01
01().11~5 3(~ 0~~0((1108 311(3~11.,,~ 10 3~-0~
()0~~( 5~((11~00011~10( 0~.,,1~~5 (~.8., 831~-111(0-011111~(1510(5), 111~ 10(~~0 ~0((1((111-
131100 ~30 0~ 1((1()1~((1~01~010 ()(3~11~315~51~((15. 10 11115 5~~1100 111~ 0351~ 1~~1101().11~5
0110(~~0 ~0((1((111131100 10( 3~-0~ ~00.,,~(1~(5 3(~ 015~1155~0 300 ~30 0~ ~1355111~0 35
10110~5~
1. ~)(110~1100 3081~ ~001(01
107
56~. 4-11

2. 5~111111~1(1~(1) (11181~ ~0111(01
3. ~1115~-~10101110(11)(111011
4. 5111115010(11))1115~-~101011100111(111011
~1811(~ 4-11(1 500~5 (1 511181~-))0(15~ 5~1111~011~~(1~(, ~0~(~ 10~(1510(5

/1 (1110 /2 (1(~
(~))1(1~~0 0~ 5~11~0~5 51 (1110 52. 10~ 5~11~01118 (1~110115 0~ 51 (1110
52 ~(111 0~ ))~(~0(111~0
‫ﻣ‬
0~ 8(11~-111(11-0~~ 10~(1510(5 (0105). 10~ ~0(1((1~1~(1511~5 0~ 0105 (1(~ 511~0 10(11
0105 ~(111 0~ 111(11~0 011 0~ (1))))1~1118 (1 500(1 ))05111~~ ))11)5~ 10 115 8(11~ (15 111 10~ ~(15~
0~ 110(111(1) 10~(1510(5 (1110 111(11~0 0~~ 0~ (1))))1~1118 (1 500(1 11~8(111~~ ))11)5~ 10 115 8(11~.
et
111 (111 ~)(1111~11011 (11181~ ~0111(01, 10~ 5~11~0 51 15 111(11~0 011 (11 0)(
= 0 (111015
111(11~0 0~~ 0~ ~0(~~0 ~0111111111(111011
(11 0)(
= 10 - (3. 10~ 5~11~0 52 15 111(11~0 011 (11
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0)(
= 10 (1110 15 111(11~0 0~~ (11 0)(
= (210 - (3). 10~ 0111))111~011(18~ 15 ~0111(011~0 0~
~(1(~1118 10~ ~)(1111~11011 (11181~, (3. ~1811(~ 4-110 500~5 10~ ~(1~~~0(1115 ~0( 111))111
~011(18~, 0111))111 ~011(18~, 111))111 ~11((~111, (1110 10~ ~11((~11110(0118010~(1510( 5~11(0~5.
rin
10~ ~11110(1111~111(11 ~0111))011~111 0~ 111))111 (11((~111 1~(105 10~ 111))111 ~011(18~, (1110 10~
(15))1(1~~111~111 ~(1~10( ((1110 ))0~~( ~(1(10() 15 )~(101118. 111 50111~ (1))))11~(1110115, 1015
~~(1111(~ 111(1~ 0~ 0~51((10)~ 10 51111111(11~(1 ~(1))(1~111~~ 10(10 (1110 10 (0111))~115(11~
ee ~0( )111~
~0)1(18~ 0(0))5.
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
,.,1
~51
~.
a
0 ,.,1
1(-(3
.E
~52 ~.
~51
~~,.,1
0 1(
w
~0,,, ~.
~0 = ~.
..,0
‫ُﺭ‬
0 ,.,1
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~52
0,,,
108

,.,1
211
~51
‫ﻣ‬
,.,1
0
~53
t
,.,1
e
0
~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~54
~51
0 ,.,1
~52
=
~0 1.
~.
rin
(. ,.,1
0
11-/3 211- /3
/
~1~ ~0 ee ,.,1
-1 0
~~82
)0
-)
gin
~.
~54 ~52
‫ﺔ‬ (8) 0~~~~~1
sy
En
0
(0) ,,,.,,8~810~~5
,.,1
(4-65)
Ea
(100 ~00 ~(10 0~ ~(1(1~0 1(0111 2~ /,/,,. 10 0 0)1 ~(1()110~ ~ 1(0111 0 10 ,,.. 10~ (1115 001~01
~011(1~~ 15 ~1~~0 0)1
w.
(4-66)
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1~0(~ 4-12(1 500~5 (1 510~1~-~0(15~ 101/ ~00~~(1~(, ~0~(~ 10)1(1510(511, 12, 13,
(100 14 (1(~ (~~1(1~~0 0)110(~~0-~011111101(11~0 5~11~0~5 51,52,53, (100 54. 10~ 5~11~0~5
())( ())( ,,.
51 (100 52 (1(~ 10(0~0 00 51111011(10~0051)1 (11 = 0 (100 (1(~ 10(0~0 011 (11 - =
(1(~ 10(0~0 00 (11())( ,,. (100 (1(~ 10(0~0 011 (11 ())(
~. 10~ 5~11~0~5 53 (100 54 = =
2,,. -~. ~0( (101000~11~~ 10(10, 10~ 1(~~~0~~110~ ~(1101110510~~(0~10~0 0)15~11~0~5
5154 0( 5352. 10~ 11(10~ 5~().0~0~~ ~0010 0~ 12, 14, 43, (100 32. ~1~0(~ 4-120
58~. 4-11 109

8110~8 111~ ~3~~10(1118 10( 1111=/1.11
~0113~~, 01.111=/1.11~0113~~, 1111=/1.11~1.1((~111, 3110 111~
~1.1((~111 111(01.1~11 8~11~11~8. 83~11 8~11~11 ~01101.1~18 10( 1800 3110 11118 ~011~~(1~( 18
01=/~(31~0 38 3 8~1111~011~~(1~(. 111~ 1(~~~11~~1111~ 3~6011 18 3~~01111=/11811~0 111(01.1~11
1~0 8~11~11~8 01111~ 83111~ 3(111. 111~ 3~~(32~ 3110 (1118 01.111=/1.11
~01132~ 3(~ ~)(~(~88~0
0~ 8(). (4-65) 3110 8(). (4-66), (~81=/~~6~~1~.
111~ 1=/~(10(111311~~ 01 8~1111- 3110 11.111~011~~(1~(8 ~1111 ~)(611~6011 311~1~ ~0111(01
3(~ 81111113( 10 11131 ~1111 1=/1138~-31121~ ~0111(01, ~)(~~1=/1 111~ 1=/0~~( 13~10( 18 1~30111~.
~11111=/1138~-311~1~ ~0111(01, 111~ 1=/0~~( 13~10( 18 13~~111~.
‫ﻣ‬
et
111~ 8~111111~1(1~31 311~1~ ~0111(01 3110~8 011~-()1.130(3111 01=/~(311011 3110 ~1~. 4-113 8110~8
3 8111~1~-1=/1138~ 8~1111~011~~(1~( ~1111 10(~~0-~01111111.1131~0 8~11~11~8 51 3110 52. 111~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
())( ())( + ~)/2.
8~11~11 51 18 11.1(11~0 011 31 = (10 = ~)/2 3110 18 11.1(11~0 011 31 = (10
111~ 8~11~11 52 18 11.1(11~0 011 31 ())( = (310 - ~)/2 3110 01131
())(
= (310 + ~)/2. 111~
01.111=/1.11~0113~~ 18 ~0111(011~0 0~ ~3(~111~ ~01101.1~11011 311~1~,~. ~1~1.1(~ 4-13 8110~8
rin
111~ ~3~~10(1118 10( 1111=/1.11
~01132~, 01.111=/1.11~0113~~, 1111=/1.11
~1.1((~111, 3110 111~ ~1.1((~111
111(01.1~11 8~11~11~8. 111~ 11.11103111~11131 ~01111=/011~111 011111=/1.11 ~1.1((~111 18 )11 1=/1138~ ~1111
111~ 1111=/1.11
~0113~~ 3110 111~ 0181=/13~~111~11113~10( ee 18 1.11111~. 111~(~10(~, 111~ 1=/0~~( 13~10(
18 11111=/(0~~0.
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
,.,(
Ea
2.. ~3..
~2..
w.
,.,(
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
,.,(
‫ﺷﺩ‬
110

2~,,, . ~
- 10 8111 -
2
(4-67)
3110 ~00 ~311 0~ ~3(1~0 1(0111 2~ ,,,/10 10 0 0~ ~3(~111~ ~ 1(0111 0 10 10. 111~ (1118 001~01
~0113~~ 18 ~1~~11 0~
(4-68)
‫ﻣ‬
t
.ne
~)(301())~ 4-10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
111~ 5111151~-~1135~11111~011~~(1~( 111~115. 4-12315 0~~(31~0 ~11115~(11(11~1(1~31311151~ ~0111(01.
111~ 1030 ~11((~111 ~1111 311 3~~(315~ ~3111~ 01/0, 15 ~011611110115, ~11~(~ 111~ (1~~1~ ~0111~111
15 11~151115101~. (3) ~)(~(~55 111~ 111~111~11((~111 01 ~011~~(1~( 111~011(1~( 5~(1~5, 0~1~((11111~
ng
111~ 113((110111~ 13~10( 01111~111 ~11((~111, 11~~ 015~13~~(11~11113~10(, ))~~ 3110 111~111~0~~(
13~10(, ~~. (0) 11111~ ~011011~11011 311151~ 15 (3 = -../3 3110 111~ ~~3)( 111~111 ~011315~ 15 ~,,,
~(,,.,,, 11~, ))~, 3110 ~~.
eri
= 169.83...,, ~31~11131~ ~~0
80)01100 (3) 111~ ~3~~10((11 10( 111~01 ~11((~11115 5110~11 111 ~115. 4-13 3110 111~ /1151311-
1311~005 111~111~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 111~011(1~( 5~(1~5 35
ine
~
1(() = /~0 + 2
11=1,2,..
((./~ ~05 11())(
+ /)~ 5111 11())() (4-69)
‫ﺔ‬ sy
E ng
= 0
2-,, 4/0. 11(3

.. 1 ( . 11())(..-1( ())() = 1, 3, . . .
1( ) 5111
10( 11
~ = - 1 = - 5111-
Ea
-.. 0 11-.. 2
= 0 10( 11 = 2, 4, . . .
w.
5111~~ /~0 = 0, ~(). (4-69) ~311 0~ ~(111~11 35

~
(4-70)
1(() 2 -0 (11())( + ~~)
‫ُﺭ‬
/~ 5111
ww
,.,= 1,2,..
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(4-71 )
111~ ((115 ~3111~ 01111~ 11111113((110111~ 111~01 ~11((~111 15 151~~11 35
/ =
_1
( (./2 + /)2 ) 1/2 =
2
-5111-
-0 /0 11(3
(4-72 )
~
-0 ~ ~
11-.. 2
111
5€~. 4-11

(4-73)
. .~~
1=1
10
(4-74)
‫ﻣ‬
2 1/2 1/2
((~)
11~ --
12
- 1
) --
( 4(1
10~
- ~08 ~)
- 1
) (4-75)
t
0~ = ~08 ~1 = 1 (4-76)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
2 -0
~~ =
(~)
1$
0~ =
~ 8111~
2
(4-77)
ng
(0) ~= 10/3 (11100~ = 1.0. ~(0111 ~~. (4-67),
)( 16~83)
eri
~00 = (2 8111
~ = 54.06 ~
~(0111 ~~. (4-68),
ine
‫ﺔ‬ En
g
1. = 1.
~_ = 0.57741.
sy
2 1/2
11~ =
((~) 1) = 0.803 0( 80.3%
Ea
~~ = ~= 0.7797 (1(1~~111~)
1.
w.
1-101~. 111~ ~0~~( 1(1~10( 18 1111~(0~~0 81~11111~(1111)1, ~~~11 111~11~( 111311 11131 01
111~ 8111~1~-~1138~ 8~(1~8 11.111~011~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 4-63. 1-(0~~~~(, 111~ 113(1110111~ 13~10(
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
18 111~(~38~0.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11111~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~ 018111~1~-~1138~ 8~1111- 0( 11.111~011~~(1~(818 ~0111(011~0 0)1 ~3()1111~

111~ 0~13)1 311~1~, ~)(1111~11011 311~1~, 0( 8)1111111~1(1~31 311~1~, 111~(~ 18 0111)1 011~ ~1.118~ ~~(
11311-~)1~1~ 111 111~ 111~1.11 ~1.1((~111 01111~ ~011~~(1~(, 3110 38 3 (~81.111 111~ 10~~81-0(0~(
113(1110111~ 18 111~ 1111(0. 11 18 01111~1.111 10 1111~( 01.11 111~ 10~~(-0(0~( 113(1110111~8. 111
~1.118~-~10111-111001.11311011 (~~~) ~0111(01, 111~ ~011~~(1~( 8~11~11~8 3(~ 11.1(11~0 011 3110
0118~~~(3111111~8 01.1(111~ 3 11311-~)1~1~ 3110 111~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ 18 ~0111(011~0 0)1 ~(1()1111~
112

‫ﻣ‬
..,1
3..
e t
..,1
3..
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
..,1
3..
rin
0
ee ..,1 ..1~11..~ 4-14
~0111(01.
.,1115~-~101/1-111001113.11011
gin
111~ ~10111 01 ~1118~8. ~1~11(~ 4-14 8110~8 111~ 111~111 ~0113~~, 0111~111 ~0113~~, 3110
‫ﺔ‬111~111 ~11((~111.
~1118~8 ~01110
0~ 1111~(~0
111~
1~~1111~ 111~ 1111(110~( 01 ~1118~8 ~~(
111~(~38~
0111.
111~ 0111~111 ~0113~~
10~~(-0(0~(
En
113((110111~8
11311-~~~1~.
111~ (113~1111110~ 01111~11~(-0(0~(
3110 111~ ~~(10((11311~~

~311 0~
110~~~~(
~11(1111131~0
111~(~38111~
113((110111~8,
~3(3(11~1~(8 01111~
0( (~011~~0 0~ 8~-
111~ 1111(110~( 01
~111~11 ~01110 ~3811~
~011~~(1~( ~311 0~
asy
0~1~((11111~0 111 1~0 81~~8~ (1) 0~ ~011810~(111~ 0111~ 011~ ~31( 01 ~1118~8 811~111113111011~
())(
~1118~ 813(18 31
())(
= ~1 3110 ~1108 31
())(
= ~1 + 81, 111~ 0111~( ~1118~ 813(18 31 =
10 + ~1 3110 ~1108 31
())(
= (10 + ~1 + 81), 3110 (2) 0~ ~0(110111111~111~ ~11~~18 01 311
())(
= ~,,, 3110 118~1011118 8,,,, 111~3~~(3~~ 0111~111~0113~~
.E
~31(8. 11111111~1118~ 813(18 31

011~ 10 ~ 1111(110~( 01 ~1118~8 18 1011110 1(0(11
w
‫ُﺭ‬
(4-78)
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11111~ 1030 ~11((~111 ~1111 311 3~~(3~~ ~3111~ 01 /~ 18 ~0111111110118 3110 1138 11~~11~101~
(1~~1~, 111~ 111813111311~0118 111~111 ~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 111 3 ~011(1~( 8~(1~8 38
(0,, ~08 11())( + 0,, 811111())() (4-79)

/(() = /00 ~
+ ,,~1.3. .
113
58~. 4-11

‫ﻣ‬
(4-80)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
1(() = ~
,,= 1,3,..
rin
-01,, 510 (110)( + ~,,) (4-81 )
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
111~ ~101115
~~( 11311-~~~1~
01 ~1.115~5 3(~ ~3(1~0
01111~
En
01 ~1.115~5 ~01.110 0~ 0111~(~01.

3 ~3~ 11131 ~~(1310
sy
5301~ ~10111,
113(01001~5
10 ~001(01111~
1115 ~055101~
~01.110 0~
01.11~1.11 ~0113~~.
111~ 013)(1011.101 ~1011101
10 ~11005~
~11011031~0.
111~ ~101115
111~(~ 3(~
11111~(~
3 ~1.115~ 15 70//1.
0111~(~01
3(~
/1 ~1.115~5
111~ ~101115
01 ~1.115~5 10 51.1~11
01~111005
01 ~3(~10~ 111~ ~101115 01 ~1.115~5 300 111~ 01051 ~0010100 00~ 15 111~ 5101.1501031 ~1.115~-
~10111 01001.113600 ($~~~). 10 5101.1501031 ~~~ ~001(01 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 4-15,
Ea
111~ ~1.115~ ~101115 3(~ ~~0~(31~0 0~ ~001~3(10~ 3 1(130~1.113( ~0113~~ 1). 01 301~1111.10~
,,4. 300 1(~()1.1~0~~ ,. ~1111 3 11311-5101.1501031 ~0113~~ 1)~ 01 ~3(1301~ 301~1111.10~ ,,4~ 300
1(~()1.1~0~~ 2/.. 111~ 5101.1501031 ~0113~~, 1)~, 15 10 ~1135~ ~1111111~ 10~1.11 ~1135~ ~0113~~
w.
300 1135 1~1~~ 111~ 51.1~~1~ 1(~()1.1~0~~, ,5. 111~ ~101115 01111~ ~1.115~5 (300 111~ 01.11~1.11
~0113~~) 3(~ ~3(1~0 0~ ~1130~10~ 111~ 301~1111.10~,,4~ 0( 111~ 01001.1131100 100~)(, 1.11(001
‫ُﺭ‬
0 10 1. 111~ 1110(/1-//(/(1011 111(/~~ 15 0~110~0 35
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
,,4~
1.1 = (4-82 )
,,4.
10 3 5101.1501031 ~~~ ~001(01, 111~ 015~13~~01~0113~10( 15 1.1011~300 111~ ~0~~(
13~10( 15 101~(0~~0. 111~ 10~~(-0(0~( 113(01001~5 3(~ ~11011031~0 0( (~01.1~~0. ~0(
~)(301~1~, ~1111101.1( ~1.115~5~~( 11311-~~~1~ 111~ 10~~51-0(0~( 113(010111~ 15 111~ 111111~3110
~111151)( ~1.115~5~~( 11311-~~~1~, 111~10~~51-0(0~( 113(01001~ 15 111~5~~~0111. ~001~1.11~(
~(0~(3015, 11301~0 ~~00-1 3110 ~~00-2, ~111~11 3(~ 1151~0 10 ~~~~1101)( ~, ~30 0~
1.15~0 10 ~~311.131~ 111~ ~~(10(01311~~5 011.10110(01 ~~~ 300 5101.1501031 ~~~ ~001(01,
(~5~~~11~~1~.
114

,.,(
‫ﻣ‬
+ ~.
~52
et
,.,(
0 ,, 2,, 3,,
~6,,,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
,.,(
3,,
rin
0
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
111~ 0~51~0
0100~5.
~~3~
~0((~01
~0~~(
01 ~00~~(1~(
(3110~5 010~~1~~5
0~~1~~5
0~~~00
111051 0~
sy
~1(~0115
En
00 111~ 0~13~
0~51~0~0
(0(
(~~01(~5
111~ 111~(1510(5 300 0100~5 3(~ 5~~~111~0 0~ 111~ 3~~(3~~
~0((~01, 300 ~~3~ 10~~(5~ ~0113~~.
~001(01)
~0((~01,
10 111~ ~35~ 01 ~001(011~0
30~1~.
000~(
0~1~(1111010~
(1115 ~0((~01,
(~~1111~(5,
111~ (3110~5
111~ ~0(51-~35~
111~
01
111~ (3110~5
~00011100
01111~(1510(5
300
300
11115 0~~0(5
~11~0 111~ ~00~~(1~( 0~11~~(5 111~ 1113~11110111 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 11,,,,,.
Ea
111~ 001~01 01 ~00~~(1~(5 ~0013105 113(111001~5 11131 0~~~00 00 111~ ~001(01 (0(
0~13~) 30~1~ 300 111~ ~0(51-~35~ ~00011100 ~(~~3115 000~( 111~ 1111011110111 001~01
~0113~~. 111~ 10~01 300 001~011111~(5 111051 0~ 0~51~0~0 000~( 111~ 1111011110111001~01
w.
~0113~~ ~00011100. 111~ 51~~5 10~01~~0 10 0~51~010~ 111~ ~00~~(1~(5 300 1111~(5 3(~
51111113( 10 11131 01 (~~1111~( ~1(~011 0~51~0 10 5~~1100 2-11.
‫ُﺭ‬
~)(301))1~ 4-11
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ 111~~~-~11(15~ 11111~011,,,~~1~~ 15 0~~~(11~0 1~0111 (1111~~~-~11(15~ 230- ~ 60-112 511~~1~. 111~

10(10 15 111~111~111011~11,,,~(1110 111~ (1,,,~~(1~~ ~11~~~11115 10 = 150 ~ ~111111~~11~101~ ~1~~1~
~0111~111. 11111~ 0~1(1~ (111~1~ 15 ~ = 7//3, 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ~(11111~501111~~1510~5.
80101100 111~ ~(1,,,~10~1115 10~ 111~~1510~ ~11~~~1115 (1~~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 4-90. 11, =
230/~ = 132.79 ~, 11~ = 187.79 ~, (1110 ~ = 7//3. ~~0111 ~().. (4-57), 1100 =
)( 150
3(~/7/) )(
187.79
)(
~05 (7//3) = 155.3~. ~0~~~, ,,0 = 155.3
111~ 0111~111
= 23 ,295 ~. 111~ (1,,,~~(1~~ ~11~~~111111~011~11(1 111~~1510~, 107 = 150/3 = 50 ~. 111~
~1115 ~11~~~111111~011~11 (1111~~1510~, 1~7 = 150 ~ = 86.6~. 111~ ~~(11-. ~11~~~11( 111~011/1,11
58~. 4-12 115

3 111~0810~, /,,, = 150 1-.. 111~ ~~3/( 111~~~8~ ~0113~~ 18 111~ ~~3/( 3~~111110~ 0~ 1111~-10-
1111~ ~0113~~, ~1~ = -0~,,, = -0
)(
187.79 = 325.27~.
~~301))1~ 4-12
1-. 8111~1~-~1138~ ~1111~011~~~1~~ 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 4-16 118~8 0~13~-311~1~ ~0111~01 3110 18
811~~11~0 ~~0~ 3 120-~ 60-1-12 811~~1~. (3) 08~ 111~ ~~11100 0~ ~011~1~~ 8~~1~8 10 0013111
~)(~~~8810118 ~0~ 0111~111 ~0113~~, 111.((), 3110 1030 ~11~~~111, /1.((), 38 3 ~1111~6011 0~ 0~~3~
311~1~,~. 1~ ~ = 70/3, ~ = 10~,
(0) /., = 20 ~1-1, 3110 ~ = 10 11, 0~1~~~111~ 111~
~~8 ~3111~ 0~ 10~~81-0~0~~ 113~~0111~ ~11~~~111111 111~ 1030. (~) 1~ 111 ~3~1 (0), 3 ~111~~
‫ﻣ‬
~3~3~110~ 18 ~01111~~1~0 3~~088 111~ 1030, 0~1~~~111~ 111~ ~3~3~110~ ~3111~ 10 ~~011~~ 111~
10~~81-0~0~~ 113~~0111~ 10 10%.
et
801111100 (3) 111~ ~3~~~0~~ ~0~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 18 8110~11111 ~1~. 4-3~. 111~ ~~~~11~11~~
0~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 18 1~1~~ 11131 0~ 111~ ~3111 811~~1~. 111~ 111813111311~01180111~111 ~0113~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~311 0~ ~)(~~~88~0 1113 ~011~1~~ 8~~1~8 38
~
111.(() = ~00 + ~
~=2,4,..
((10 ~08 11(()( + 00811111(()() (4-83)
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
7, = ~ + 1(11(()/.,)= (~2 + (11(()/.,)2)1/2

~
3110 60 = 1311~1(11(()/.,/~). 01~10111~ 111.(() 0~ ~~. (4-83) 0~ 1030 1~~~0311~~ 7, 3110
81~~11~~111~ 111~ 8111~ 3110 ~08111~ 1~~~8 ~1~~ 111~ 111813111311~01181030 ~11~~~11135
Ea
/1.(() = /00 + ~
11=2,4...
0/0 8111
(11(()( + ~0 - (0) (4-84)
w.
1 ((1~+ 0~)1/2
=
‫ُﺭ‬
/0
0-../~2 + (11(()/.,)2
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(0) 1~ ~ = 70/3, ~ = 10~, /., = 20 ~1-1, ~ = 1011, (()

~30/5, ~,,, = 0 )( 120 = 169.71 ~, 3110~00 = 54.04 ~.
54.04 - 10
/00 = = 4.40 1-.
10
(11 = -0.833, 01 = -0.866, ~1 = 223.90, 81 = 56.450
(12 = 0.433, 02 = -0.173, ~2 = 111.790, 82 = 71.650
(13 = -0.029, 03 = 0.297, ~3 = -5.50, 83 = 77.530
116

+
~0
~1
~0.)~
~0.)(..
‫ﻣ‬
~1~0..~ 4-17 ~~01...31~(11 ~1(~011
10( 113(((10(11~5.
t
11-(() = 4.4 + (1.2 5111(2(1)( + 223.90 - 56.450)
70(~2 +2~~(1)1-)2)1/2
+ 0.35111(6(1)( - 5.50 - 77.530) + . . .)
ng
+ 0.475111(4(1)( + 111.790 - 71.650)
)(
2 169.71 .
( 2(1)(+ 167. 47 0 )
(
= 4.4 + 70(102 + (7.5411)2)1/2 1.25111
+ 0.475111(4(1)( + 40.140) + 0.35111(6(1)( - 80.030) +

. . .)
eri (4-85)
ine
2 )( 169.71
12 = 70(102 + (7.54 )( 2)2)1/2 ( )
0
1.2
= 5.07 ~
‫ﺔ‬ (~) ~1~1.1~~ 4-17
sy
g
50.0~5
~ _-
10
10.~ ~~1.11...~1~111 ~1~~1.11110~ 10.~ 0.3~~0111~5.
~1.1~~~111-01...10~~ ~1.11~,10.~ 0.3~~0111~ ~1.1~~~11110.~01.1~0.10.~ 1030 15 ~1...~11 0~
En
~~2 +
1/(11(1)~)
(11(1)1- - 1/(11(1)~))2~1/2
05111~ 10.~
~0~ 11 = 23110 (1)= 377,
~ 1/(2 )( 377~)
.
Ea
10 = ~102+ (2
)(
7.54 - 1/(2 )( 377~))2~1/2 = 0 1
3110 10.15~1...~5 ~ = - 670 ~~ 0~ 793 ~~. 10.1.15~ = 793 ~~.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ ~ ~~11 11011~~ ~~0111 ~~. (4-85) 10~1 10~ 10~0 ~1.1~(~111 0~(1110111~5 0~~~110 011 10~0
11101.1~1~11~~5. 10~ 111~1.11 ~0~~( ~~~10( 15 ~~1~1.11~1~0 111 ~)(~111~1~ 4-8 ~0( ~ ~1.1(~1~
~51511.,,~ 10~0 ~110 111 10~ ~)(~111~1~ 4-9 ~0( ~ 01801~ 11101.1~11.,,~ 10~0. ~~ ~~11 ~150
,1011~~ 10~1 10~ 111~1.11~0~~( ~~~10( 0~~~1105 011 10~ 10~0 ~0~~( ~~~10(.
111 10~ 0~(1.,,~110115 0~ 01.11~1.11 .,,011~8~5 ~110 10~ ~~(~0(111~11~~ ~(11~(1~ 0~ ~011-
...~(1~(5, ~~ 0~.,,~ ~551.1111~0 10~1 10~ 501.1(~~ 0~5 110 11101.1~1~11~~5 ~110 (~5151~11~~5.
~0(111~11~, 10~ .,,~11.1~5 0~ 1111~ (~5151~11~~5 ~(~ 5111~11 ~110 ~~11 0~ 11~81~~1~0. 10~
~11101.1111 0~ .,,011~8~ 0(0~ 01.1~ 10 501.1(~~ 11101.1~1~11~~5 15 10~ 5~111~ ~5 10~1 0~ (~~11~1~(5
58~. 4-13 117

‫ﻣ‬
et
~1~11~~ 4-18 ~~1~110115111~ 0~1~~~11 111~
0~1~~ ~1181~ ~110 0.,,~(1~~ ~1181~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
300 00~5 001 ~1130~~ 011~ 10 111~ ~11(15~ ~001(01. 8~11(11100 (2-96) ~(10 0~ (1~~11~0 10
ng
~(11~111(11~ 111~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~ 011~ 10 111~ ~0(0(0111(1110~ (~(1~1(10~~ 1.0. 11 (111 111~ 110~
10011~1(10~~5 (1(~ ~~1131, 8~. (2-99) ~1~~5 111~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~ (15 ~.. = 6/1.)00 10( (1
111(~~-~11(15~ 11111 ~00~~(1~(.
111~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~ 15 0010~~~00~0100
ri 0~1(1~ (10~1~, ~1, 1100~( 00((0(110~~((11100.

1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~0(0(0111(11100 (0(
ee
0~~(1(1~) (10~1~, ,.,., ~111 ~(1(~ ~1111111~ 0~1(1~ (10~1~.
~5 111~ 0~1(1~ (10~1~ 15 10~(~(15~0, 111~ 0~~(1(1~ (10~1~ 0~~0(0~5 5(0(111~(. 11115 15 111115-
1((11~0 10 ~1~. 4-18. 111~ ~011-11(0~ 101~~((11 (15 5110~0 0~ ~(05511(11~11~0 (1(~(15 15 ~~11(11
gin
10 1001.0 (100 15 100~~~00~01 01 ~011(1~~5. ~5 111~ ~0(0(0111(1110~ ~0(15~ ~011(1~~ 10-
‫ﺔ‬
~(~(15~5,
10~ 5(1(0~.
10~ (1~~((1~~
(1~~ 10(
10~ 11(0~ (~~111(~0
11 ~.. 15 10~
~011(1~~
(1 0~1(1~ (10~1~
En
(1~~((1~~
(~011~1100
01 ~ 15
10 ~0(0(0111(11~
~011(1~~ 0(0~
011~ 10 ~0(15~-(10~1~
~~(
~~15 5(0(111~(,
~0(0(0111(11100
011110~
~001(01,
..~011-5~~0005,,
011~ 10 0~~(1(1~
111~ (1~~((1~~
(~(0(110
(100 ~~ 15
0111~111 ~011-
asy
(4-86)
=
E
~~ ~€111/ - ~00(~) (4-87)

10~ (1~~((1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ ~110 0~~(1(1~ (10~1~ ,.,. (100 1~0 ~0(0(0111(111005 15
w.
~00(~ + ,.,.) = ~00(~ = 0) - 2~.. - ~~ = ~€111/ - 2~.. - ~~ (4-88)

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
5110511111110~ ~~ 1(0(0 8~. (4-87) 1010 8~. (4-88) ~~ ~(10 ~(11~ 10~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~ 011~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10 0~~(1(1~ (15
(4-89)
10~ 0~~(1(1~ (10~1~, ,.,., ~(10 0~ 0~1~((010~01(0(0 8~. (4-89) 10( ~00~0 ~(1111~5011030
~11((~01, 100~ ~0(0(0111(1110~ 10011~1(10~~, 1.0~ 300 0~1(1~ 30~1~,~. 11 5001110 0~ 001~0
10(11 8~. (4-89) 15 (1~~11~301~ 10 510~1~-~035~ 11111~00~~(1~(.
~~301))1~ 4-13
~ 111(~~-()1135~(1111~011,,,~(1~( 18811()()11~0((001 3 111(~~-()1138~230- ~ 60-1-12 811()()1)1. 111~
1030 ~11((~11118~011611110118 3110 113811~~11~101~..1()()1~. 1( 111~3,,,~..3~~ 1030 ~11..(~111,/00
118

0.11111-1, 0~~~1111111~ ~11~ 0,,,~11(1~ (111~1~
= 150 ~
(1110 ~11~ ~011111111~(1~111~ 111011~~(111~~, 1-0 =
((1) ~ = 100,(0)
~ = 300, (1110(~) ~ = 600.
~11~11
80101100 11,,, = ~
)(
230/~ = 187.79 ~ (111011,/,,,= 310.6~. ~10111~~. (4-57),
1100(~)= 310.6 ~08 ~ (1110
1100(~ + ~) = 310.6 ~08 (~ + ~)
~01 (1 ~111~~-~11(18~~011,,,~1~~1,~~. (4-89) ~(1110~ 111001~1~0~0

611~ = 6/1001-0= 1100(~) - 1100(~+ ~) (4-90)
6 )(
60 )(
150 )(
0.1 )(
10-3 = 310.6(~08 ~ - ~08 (~ + ~))
‫ﻣ‬
((1) ~01 ~ = 100, ~ = 4.660.
(0) ~01 ~ = 300, ~ = 1.940.
et
(~) ~01 ~ = 600, ~ = 1.140. ~-(~
~ ,.,~..~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(~~
rin
10 1018 ~0(1~1~( ...,~ 0(1~~ 8~~0
10(11 (1~~((1~~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ((100 01.11~1.11 ~0...,~() 01
(1~-0~ ~00~~(1~(8 ~(10 0~0~ ~(1(~10~ 10~ ~0001.1~1100
~001(011~0 11(0~ 0110~(1810(8.
0( 10(~~-
1)~~~0010~ 00 10~ 1~~~8 01 81.1~~1~, 10~ ~00~~(1~(8 ~01.110 0~ 810~1~-~0(18~
~(10 0~ 0(111 ,(1~~, 8~(01-, 0( 11.111~00~~(1~(8.
~0(18~. ~0( ~(1~01~~~ 0181.1~~1~, 10~~
ee
10~ 8~1111- (100 11.111~00~~(1~(8 (1(~ 1.18~0 ~)(1~081~~1~ 10 ~((1~11~(11 (1~~11~(111008. ~1-
1001.1~0 8~1111~00~~(1~(8 ~(0~10~ 0~11~( 10~1.11 ~0...,~( 1(1~10( 10(10 10(11 01 11.111~00-
gin
~~(1~(8, 10~8~ ~00~~(1~(8 (1(~ 001~ 81.111(101~ 10( 00~-().1.1(10((101 0~~((11100. ~1.111 ~00-
~~(1~(8 (100 01.1(11 ~00~~(1~(8 (1110..., 1...,0-().1.1(10((101 (100 101.1(-().1.1(10((101 0~~((111008,
‫ﺔ‬
(~8~~~11~~1~.
(100 10~ 1(~().1.1~0~~
10~
(100 10~ ~011(1~~
10(~~0
10(~~-~0(18~
10~1.11 ~0...,~(
~0(0(01.11(111008,
((1110~
sy
En
~00~~(1~(8
01 01.11~1.11 (1~~1~8
1(1~10(,
~(10 0~ 10~(~(18~0
10~ ~0~~(
...,01~0
(1(~ 00((0(111~
18 01~0~(.
18 0~~~00~01
0~ 8~(1~8
1.18~01001~0-~0...,~(
1(1~10( ~(10 0~ 11.1(10~( 1(0~(0~~0

00 10~ 10(10, ~(10 0~ 1(0~(0~~0
~000~~1100 01 ~00~~(1~(8. ~110
(100 ~~(1(110
(1~~11~(111008
10...,~(-
0(0~( 0(1((0001~8 ~(10 0~ (~01.1~~0 0( ~11(010(11~0.
0( 018~001101.101.18 0~~~0010~ 00 10~ 10(10-
10~ 10(10 ~1.1((~01 ~01.110 0~ ~001101.101.18
Ea
11(0~ ~0081(101 (100 0~1(1~ (10~1~. ~0( 10~ (10(11~818 01 ~00~~(1~(8, 10~ (0~1000 01
~01.1(1~( 8~(1~818 1.18~0. 1-10...,~~~(, 010~( 1~~001().1.1~8 (~.~., 1((1081~( 11.10~1100 (1~~(0(1~0
0( 8~~~1(1.1(0 (01.1111~11~(11100 01 8...,11~010~ 11.10~1100) ~(10 0~ 1.18~0 10( 10~ (10(11~818 01
w.
~0...,~( 8...,11~010~ ~1(~1.1118. 10~ 0~1(1~-(10~1~ ~001(01 00~8 001 (111~~110~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~
01.1~ 10 ~0(0(01.11(1110~ 1001.1~1(10~~8, (100 1018 0(0~ 18 10~ 8(1(0~ (18 10(11 01 00((0(11 0100~
‫ُﺭ‬
(~~1111~(8.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1. ~. ~. 5~11, 71/)1,./.5(0,.1)~ 1),.1))~5. ~~~ ~01/(= ~11~~-10.~~18~1~11~~, 1981.

2. ~. ~., 8~0. (1110 5. ~. 001(101(1, ..~,,,(110(1~1011 0~ ~00.~101 8~11~111~8 ~01 ~11~118~01 ~00.~1011~0
0~ 1110~018.,, 1~~~ 7,.(111)0((10115 011 1110./15(,.10/ ~/~((,.0111(5 0110. ~011(,.0/ 1115(,./1/11~11(0(1011,
~01. 1~025, ~0. 3 (~11~1181) 1978, ~~. 247-255.
119

3. ~. 0. ~10~35, ..0~11(111.1(11 0113~~ 3110 /13((110111( (0111(01 ~~~ 1~(/1111().1.1~510( 3-~/135~
5136( 0~8 5)151~(115.,, /~~~ 1,.~115~~(10115 011 /110.~5(,.~ .4~~/1~~(10115, ~01. 1~16, ~0. 4.
(11.11)1) 1980, ~~. 542-546.
4. ~. 1-1. ~35/110, 3110 ~. ~001.101113, ..~1131~515 0110~~~0-~0111111111(11~0 1~(11111().11~5101 (1(-0(
(011 ~(1~(5.,, 15( ~~,.0~~~11 ~0111~,.~11~~011 )10~~,. ~/~~(,.0111~5 ~110..4~~/1~~(10115, 13(1.155~15,
0(100~( 16-18, 1985, ~~. 2.263-2.266.
5. ~. 0. ~10~35, 3110 ~. ~/1063015, ..~11 ~)(3(1 01.11~1.11 (1.1((~111311(1)15150110~31 5136( ~~~
111~(1~(5.,, /~~~ 1,.~115~~(10115011 /110.~(,.~ .4~~/1~~(10115, ~01. 1~119, ~0. 2 (~3((/1-
~~(11) 1983, ~~. 281-295.
‫ﻣ‬
6. ~. 1-1. ~35/110 3110 ~. 1. ~35~000, ..~11(1)1515 01 3-~/135~ 3(-0( (011 ~(1~(5 1.1110~( 1.111031-
311(~0 51.1~~1)1(01101110115.,, /~~~ /110.~(,-~ .4~~/1~~(10115 ~0111~,.~11~~ ~~~0,.0., 1985,
~~. 1190-
1194.
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
4-1. ~/131 15 3 11311.1(310( 1111~(0(11(111.11360117
4-2. ~/131 15 3 (0111(011~0 (~(66~(7
4-3.
4-4.
~/131
~/13115
15 3 (011 ~(1~(7
eri
0~13)1-311~1~ (0111(01 01 (011 ~(1~(57
ine
4-5. ~/13115 3 5~(111(011 ~(1~(7 0(3~ 1~0 5~(111(011 ~(1~( (1((1.1115.
4-6. ~/131 15 3 11.111(011 ~(1~(7 0(3~ 1~0 11.111-(011 ~(1~( (1((1.1115.
4-7. ~/13115 3 01.131 (011 ~(1~(7 0(3~ 1~0 01.131-(011 ~(1~( (1((1.1115.
‫ﺔ‬
4-8.
4-9.
4-10.
4-11.
~/131
~/131 3(~
~(1~(57
~/1)115
~/13115
1/1~ ~0~~(
sy
g
15 1/1~ ~(111(1~1~ 01 ~/135~ (0111(017

1/1~ ~11~(15 01 (~(110 111~ 1/1~ 1(~~~/1~~1111~
En
13(10(
0100~ 111 5111~1~-~/135~ 5~(111(011-
01 5~(111(011 ~(1~(5 0~11~( 1/1311 1/131 0111.111 (011 ~(1~(57

1/1~ (31.15~ 01 (1((1.113611~ (1.1((~111111 01.131 (011 ~(1~(57
4-12. ~/1)115 3 (1((1.113611~ (1.1((~11111101.1(10( (~().1.11(~0 11101.131 (011 ~(1~(57
4-13. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30 31113~~5 3110 01530 31113~~5 01 5~(1~5 (011 ~(1~(57
Ea
4-14. 1-10~ 15 1/1~ 0~13)1311~1~ 01011~ (011 ~(1~( (~131~0 10 1/1~ 0~13)1311~1~ 011/1~ 01/1~( (011 ~(1~(
1113 01.131-(011 ~(1~( 5)151~(117
4-15. ~/13115 1/1~ 111 ~(51011 (1100~ 01 (011 ~(1~(57
w.
4-16. ~/13115 1/1~ (~(611(36011 (1100~ 01 (011 ~(1~(57

4-17. ~/13115 1/1~ 1(~().1.1~11()1011/1~ 10~~51-0(0~( /13((110111( 1111/1(~~-~/135~ 5~(111(011 ~(1~(57
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
4-18. %3115 1/1~ 1(~().1.1~11()1011/1~ 10~~51-0(0~( /13((110111( 1111/1(~~-~/135~ 11.111(011 ~(1~(57

‫ﺷﺩ‬
4-19. ~/13115 1/1~ 1(~().1.1~11()1011/1~ 10~~51-0(0~( /13((110111( 1113 5111~1~-~/135~ 5~(111(011 ~(1~(7
4-20. 1-10~ 3(~ ~31~-11.1(11-0111/1)1(1510(5 11.1(11~0 011 3110 0117
4-21. 1-10~ 15 3 ~/135~-(0111(011/1)1(1510( 11.1(11~0 011 3110 0117
4-22. ~/13115 310((~0 (0(11(111.11360117 ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30 31113~~5 0110((~0 (0(11(111.113601110(
3(-0( (011 ~(1~(57
4-23. ~/13115 ~)(611(6011-311~1~ (0111(01 01 (011 ~(1~(57

4-24. ~/13115 5)1(11(11~1(1(31-311~1~ (0111(01 01 (011 ~(1~(57
4-25. ~/13115 ~1.115~-~101/1-(11001.1136011 (0111(01 01 (011 ~(1~(5 7
120

4-26. ~113115 511111501031 ~1115~-~10111-11100111311011 ~0111(01 01 3 ~011..,~(1~(7
4-27. ~1131 15 111~ 11100111311011 1110~)(7
4-28. 110~ 15 111~ 0111~111 ..,0113~~ 01 3 ~1135~-~0111(01 ~011..,~(1~( ..,3(1~0 7
4-29. 110~ 15 111~ 0111~111 ..,0113~~ 01 3 511111501031 ~~~ ~0111(01 ~011..,~(1~( ..,3(1~07
4-30. ))0~5 111~ ~0111111111311011311~1~ 0~~~110 011 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 01 ~011..,~(1~(57
4-31. ))0~5 111~ ..,0113~~ 0(0~ 011~ 10 ~011111111131111~

111011~1311~~5 0~~~110 011 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 01
~011..,~(1~(57
4-32. ))0~5 111~ 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 01 ~011..,~(1~(5 0~~~110 011 111~ 1030 ~0~~( 13~10(7
4-33. ))0 111~ 0111~111 (1~~1~ ..,0113~~5 01 ~011..,~(1~(5 0~~~110 011 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~7
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
4-1. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11311-~3..,~ ~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-1315 0~~(31~01(0111 3120- ~ 60-112 511~~1~.
11111~ 1030 (~51511..,~ 1030 15 ~ = 10 0 3110 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 15 0. = 70/3, 0~1~(111111~ 111~
(3) ~111~1~11~~~ (()) 10(11113~10(~ (~) (1~~1~ 13~10(~ (~) 1(311510(111~( 111111231101113~10(~ 3110
rin
(~) ~~3(( 111..,~(5~ ..,0113~~ (~1~) 01111~(1510( 11.
4-2. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11311-~3..,~ ~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-1315 0~~(31~01(0111 3 120- ~ 60-112 511~~1~
3110 111~ 1030 (~51511..,~ 1030 15 ~ = 10 0. 11111~ 3..,~(3~~ 0111~111 ..,0113~~ 15 25% 01111~
ee (()) (1115 3110
1113)(111111111
~055101~ 3..,~(3~~ 0111~111 ..,0113~~, ~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~~
3..,~(3~~ 0111~111 ~11((~1115~ (~) 3..,~(3~~ 3110 (1115 111~(1510( ~11((~1115~ 3110 (~) 111~111~0~~(
13~10( .
gin
4-3. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11311-~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-1315 511~~11~0 1(0111 3 120-~ 60-112 511~~1~ 3110
‫ﺔ‬
4-4.
3 1(~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ 15 ~01111~~1~0 3~(055 111~ 1030. 111~ 1030 ~01151515 01 5~(1~5-~011-
11~~1~0 (~5151311~~, ~ = 10 0, 111011~1311~~, 1- = 5 11111, 3110 0311~(~ ..,0113~~, ~ =
~.
En
(3) ~)(~(~55111~ 111513111311~01150111~111..,0113~~ 1113 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5, 3110

111~ (1115 ..,3111~ 01111~ 10~~51-0(0~(
sy
0111~111113(1110111~ ~11((~111.
~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 5~1111~011..,~(1~( 111 ~1~. 4-23 15 0~~(31~0 1(0111 3 120-~ 60-112 511~~1~.
111~ 1030 ~11((~111 ~1111 311 3..,~(3~~ ..,3111~ 01 1. 15 ~0111111110115~1111 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~
20
(()) 0~1~(111111~
~0111~111. 111~ 111(115 (3110 01111~ 1(311510(111~( 15 111111~. 11111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 15 0. = 70/3,
(()) 015~13~~111~11113~10(~ 3110 (~)
~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 113(1110111~ 13~10( 01111~111 ~11((~111~
Ea
111~111~0~~( 13~10(.
5~1111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-23.
4-5. ~~~~31 ~(00.
4-2 10( 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~
4-6. 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 5~1111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-23 15 0~~(31~0 1(0111 3 120- ~ 60-112 511~~1~.
w.
5 11111,
111~ 1030 ~01151515 01 5~(1~5-~01111~~1~0 (~5151311~~, ~ = 10 0, 111011~1311~~, 1- =
3110 0311~(~ ..,0113~~, ~ = 20~. (3) ~)(~(~55 111~ 0111~111 ..,0113~~ 1113 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5,
‫ُﺭ‬
3110 (()) 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (1115 ..,3111~ 01111~ 10~~51-0(0~( 0111~111113(1110111~ ~11((~111.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
4-7. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-4 10( 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-33.
4-8. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-2 10( 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-33.
4-9. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-6 10( 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-33.
4-10. 111~ 01131 ~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-4315 0~~(31~0 1(0111 3 120-~ 60-112 511~~1~ 3110 0~11..,~(5
= 20~.
(1~~1~-1(~~ 3..,~(3~~ ~11((~111 01100 111~ ~1(~11131111~ 1-, = 5 11111,
111011~1311~~,
3110 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~5 3(~ 0.1 = 300 3110 0.2 = 1500. ~31~11131~ 111~~~3(( ~1(~11131111~
~11((~111 3110 111~ ~~3(( ~11((~111 01 ~011..,~(1~( 1.
4-11. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 5~(1~5 5~1111~011..,~(1~( 111~1~. 4-5315 0~~(31~01(0111 3120-~ 60-112 511~~1~
121

~110 10.~ 10~0 ~~5151~11~~, 1(. = 10 0. 1( 10.~ ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111..,011~~~ 15 75% 0( 10.~
111~)(111111111
))055101~ ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111..,011~~~, ~~1~111~1~ 10~ (3) 0~1~~ ~11~1~5 0( ~011..,~~1~~5,
(.,) ~1115~110 ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111 ~11~~~1115, (~) ~..,~~~~~ ~110 ~111510.~~1510~ ~11~~~1115, ~110 (())
111))111))0~~~ (3~10~.
4-12. ,.1. 5111~1~-))0.~5~ 5~~1~5 5~1111~011..,~~1~~111~1~. 4- 5~ 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 ~ 120- ~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~.
10~ 10~0 ~11~~~111~110. ~11 ~..,~~~~~ ..,~111~ 0( 10 15 ~0111111110115~110 10~ ~1))))1~ ~0111~111 15
11~~11~101~. 10~ 111~115~3110 0( 10~ 1~~115(0~111~~ 15 1-1,)1-1, = 2. 1( 0~1~~ ~11~1~5 ~1~ ~1
= 0 ~110 ~2 = 7//3, ~~1~111~1~ 10~ (3) 0.~~1110111~(~~10~ 0( 111))111~11~~~111~(.,) 015()1~~~111~111
(~~10~~ ~110 (~) 111))111))0~~~ (~~10~.
‫ﻣ‬
4-13. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-11 (0~ 10.~ 5111~1~-))0.~5~ 5~~1~5 (1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-6~.
4-14. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-12 (0~ 10.~ 5111~1~-))0.~5~ 5~~1~5 (1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-6~.
t
4-15. 10~ 10.~~~-))0.~5~ 0.~1(-~~..,~ ~011..,~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 4-73 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 ~ 10~~~-))0.~5~
.ne
~ -~01111~~1~0 220- ~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~ ~110 ~ (~~~~0.~~1111~ 0100~ 15 ~01111~~1~0 ~~~055 10.~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
10~0. 10.~ 10~0 ~11~~~111~110. ~11 ~..,~~~~~ ..,~111~0( 1015 ~0111111110115~110 10~ ~1()))1~ ~0111~111
15 11~~11~101~. 1( 10.~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~, ~ = 7//3, ~~1~111~1~ 10.~ (3) 0.~~1110111~(~~10~ 0( 111()111
~11~~~111~ (.,) (15))1~~~111~111 (~~10~~ ~110 (~) 111))111))0~~~ (~~10~.
ng
4-16. 10.~ 10.~~~-))035~ 0~1(-~~..,~ ~011..,~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 4-7~ 15 0))~~31~0 (~0111 ~ 10~~~-))0.~5~
~-~01111~~1~0 220- ~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~ ~110 10~ 10~0 ~~5151~11~~ 15 1(.
= 100. 1( 10~ ~..,~~~~~
0(11))111 ..,011~~~ 15 25% 0( 10.~ 111~)(111111111
eri
))055101~ ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111 ..,011~~~, ~~1~(1)~1~ 10.~
(3) 0~1~~ ~11~1~~ (.,) ~1115~110 ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111 ~11~~~1115~ (~) ~..,~~~~~ ~110 ~1115 10.~~1510~
~11~~~1115~ (()) ~~~11(1~~11011 ~((1~1~11~~~ (~) 1~3115(0~111~~ 1111112~11011(~~10~~ ~110 (1) 111))111
))0~~~ (~~10~.
ine
4-17. 10.~ 10.~~~-))0.~5~ 0.~1(-~~..,~ ~011..,~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 4-7~ 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 ~ 10~~~-))0~5~
~ -~01111~~1~0 220- ~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~ ~110 ~ (~~~~0.~~1111~ 0100~ 15 ~01111~~1~0 ~~~055 10~
‫ﺔ‬
4-18.
10~0. 10.~ 10~0 ~01151515 0( 5~~1~5-~01111~~1~0 ~~5151~11~~, 1(.
10.~ 0(11))111 ~11~~~111.

En
g
5 1111-1,~110 0~11~~~ ..,011~~~, ~ = 20~.
10.~ 10.~~~-))0.~5~ 5~1111~011..,~~1~~111~1~. 4-8~ 15 0))~~~1~0

220-~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~.
sy
= 10 0, 111011~1~11~~, ~ =
(3) ~)())~~55 10.~ 11151~111~11~01150(11))111 ..,011~~~
111~ ~011~1~~ 5~~1~5, ~110 (.,) 0~1~~111111~ 10.~ ~1115..,~111~ 0( 10.~ 10~~51-0~0~~ 0.~~1110111~011
(~0111 ~ 10.~~~-()0.~5~ ~ -~01111~~1~0

10.~ 10~0 ~11~~~111~110. ~11 ~..,~~~~~ ..,~111~ 0( 1015 ~0111111110115~110
11~~11~101~ ~1))))1~ ~0111~111. 10.~ 111~115~~110 0( 10.~ 1~~115(0~111~~ 15 111111~. 1( 10.~ 0~1~~
~11~1~ 15 ~ = 27//3, ~~1~111~1~ 10.~ (3) 0.~~1110111~(~~10~ 0( 111))111~11~~~111~(.,) (15))1~~~111~111
Ea
(~~10~~ ~110 (~) 111))111))0~~~ (~~10~.

4-19. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-16 (0~ 10.~ 10.~~~-))0.35~ 5~1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-8~.
4-20. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-19 1( 10.~ ~..,~~~~~ 0(11))111 ..,011~~~ 15 90% 0( 10.~ 111~)(111111111
))055101~
w.
0(11))111 ..,011~~~.
4-21. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-17 (0~ 10.~ 10~~~-))0.~5~ 5~1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-83.
‫ُﺭ‬
4-22. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-18 (0~ 10.~ 10.~~~-))0.~5~ (1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-93.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
4-23. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-16 (0~ 10.~ 10.~~~-))0.~5~ (1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-9~.
4-24. ~~))~~1 ~~00. 4-17 (0~ 10.~ 10~~~-))0.~5~ (1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-%.
4-25. 10~ 10~~~-))0~5~ 011~1 ~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-10~ 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 ~ 10.~~~-()0~5~ ~ -~011-
11~~1~0 220-~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~ ~110 10~ 10~0 ~~5151~11~~, 1(. 10 11. 10~ ~1~~111~1111~
=
111011~1~11~~, ~~ = 5 1111-1, ~110 10.~ 0~)~~ ~11~1~5 3~~ ~1 = 600 ~110 ~2 = 1200. ~~1~111~1~
10.~ ))~~)( ~1~~111~1111~~11~~~111~110 10.~ ))~~)( ~11~~~1110( ~011..,~~1~~5.
4-26. 10.~ 5111~1~-))0.35~ 5~1111~011..,~~1~~ 111~1~. 4-11~ 15 0))~~~1~0 (~0111 3 120- ~ 60-1-12 5(1))))1~
~110 115~5 ~11 ~)(1111~11011~11~1~ ~0111~01. 10.~ 10~0 ~11~~~111~110. ~11 3..,~~~~~ ..,~111~ 0(
10
15 ~0111111110115 3110 0.~5 11~~11~101~ ~1))))1~ 1(
~0111~111. 10.~ ~)(1111~11011 ~11~1~ 15 (3
= 7//3,
122

(.,) 113(1110111~ 13~10( 01111~111 ~11((~111~ (~) 015-
~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 0111~111 ~~0 3110 ~,01$~
~13~~111~11113~10(~ 3110 ((1) 111~111~0~~( 13~10(.
4-27. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-26 10( 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111~011~~(1~( 111~1~. 4-123.
4-28. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-18 115~111111~1(1~31-311~1~ ~0111(0115 115~0.

4-29. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-18 11 ~)(1111~~6011-311~1~ ~0111(0115 115~0.
4-30. 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 5~1111~011~~(1~( 111~1~. 4-11315 0~~(31~0 ~11113 511111501031~~~ ~0111(01
3110 15 511~~11~0 1(0111 3 120- ~ 60-1-1~ 511~~1~. 111~ 1030 ~11((~111 ~1111 311 3~~(3~~ ~3111~
01/. 15 ~011611110115 ~111111~~11~101~ (1~~1~ ~0111~111. 111~(~ 3(~ 11~~ ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~~~1~
3110 111~ ~1115~5 3(~ ~1 = 7.930,01 = 5.820~ ~2 = 300,02 = 16.250~ ~3 = 52.070,03 =
= 5.820.
3110 ~5 = 166.250,05 ~31~11131~ 111~ (3)
‫ﻣ‬
127.930~ ~4 = 133.750,04 = 16.250~
((1)
(.,) 113(1110111~13~10( 01111~111 ~11((~111~ (~) 015~13~~111~111 13~10(~ 3110
~~0 3110 ~,01$~
111~111~0~~( 13~10(.
t
0.8.
4-31. ~~~~31 ~(00. 4-30 10( 11~~ ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~~~1~ ~1111 ~~1131 ~1115~ ~10111, 1-.1 =
.ne
4-32. /0.. 111(~~-~1135~ 5~1111~011~~(1~( 15 0~~(31~0 1(0111 3 111(~~-~1135~ -~01111~~1~0 220- ~ 60-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1-1~ 511~~1~. 111~ 1030 ~11((~111 15 ~01111111101153110 1135 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 111~ 3~~(3~~
0.5 1111-1.
1030 ~11((~11115 /~0 = 150 /0.. 3110 ~011111111131111~111011~1311~~ ~~( ~1135~ 15 1-,. =
0~1~(111111~ 111~ 0~~(13~ 311~1~ 11 (3) ~ = -../6, 3110(.,) ~ = -../3.
g
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
123

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
5-1 /~~~000~~/0~
111~(1810(8
En
111(11~(10 0~ 111(0~0
sy
00 (100 0~~ ~111110 (1 ~~~ (01~(08~~0008 (0(1~ 0~ 0~~((11~0

(18 ~(181-(1~110~ 8~11~11~810 (~~1(1~~ (0~~11(101~(11 (100 ~1~~1(0(0~~11(101~(11 ~1(~11110(~(1~~(8.
~0( 10~-~0~~( 0~ (1~~11~(111008, ~0~~( 1((1081810/8 ~(10 (1180 0~ 118~0 (18 8~11~11~8. 111~
Ea
81(111~ 8~11~11~8 11(1.,,~ (0(10~ (10.,,(101(1~~8 (~.~., .,,~(~

111~11 8~11~1110~ 8~~~08, 00 (00.,,10~
~(1(18, (100 00 ~001(1~1 00110~~ 11~00 ~10810~).
10 (10011100 10 00((0(11 (1~~11~(111008 (18 81(111~ 8~11~11~8, 111~ 111~(1810( (0( 1((10-
w.
81810() ~1(~11118 ~(10 0~ 0~81~0~0 10 ~(0.,,10~ 11(0~-0~1(1~, 1(11~1110~, 0.,,~(- (100 1100~(-
~11((~01, (100 .,,011(1~~ 0~1~~11008. 111~ 1((108011~~(8 ~0(
0~1~~110~ (0~~11(101~(1), ~)~~_
‫ُﺭ‬
1(1~(11, ~0811100, ~(0)(1(011~, (100 80 00, 81~0(118 ~(10 ~(0.,,10~ 111~ ~(1110~ 0( ~001(01
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
81~0(118 ~0( 111~ 111~(1810(8 (0( 1((1081810(8).

111~ 81(111~ 8~11~11~8 ~(10 0~ ~1(1881~1~0 1010 1~0 1~~~8~ (1) (1~ 8~11~11~8, (100 (2)
0~ 8~11~11~8. 111~ (1~ 8~11~11~8 ~(10 0~ 811001.,,10~0 1010 ((1)
810~1~-~11(18~, (100 (0)
111(~~-~11(18~. 10 111~ ~(18~ 0~ (1~ 8~11~11~8, 111~ 111~(1810(8 (1(~ 110~ 0( 0(1111((1) ~0(0-
(0111(11~0 (100 111~ 8~11~1110~ 8~~~0 18 11(011~0
0~ 111~ ~(~~11~0~~ 0~ 111~ (1~ 811~~)~ (100
111~ 111(0-0~~ 11(0~ 0~ 111~(1810(8. 111~ 0~ 8~11~11~8 (1(~ ~0(~~0 ~0(0(0111(11~0 (100 111~
8~11~1110~ 8~~~0 0~~~008 00 111~ ~0(0(0111(11100 ~1(~1111(~ (100 111~ 111(0-0~~ 11(0~ 0~ ~(181
111~(1810(8 .
124

‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ ,,
~,,,
+ .0
,,0 ~~~1
1~
(8) ~1~~~~1
‫ﻣ‬
,,0(()
0 ~1
,,~
e t
~~1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~-~,,, -----+--
~0
~,0(0 ~-- ~1
rin
~1
,,~
~1 ~91
ee ~(3818 ~~~58
01 ~1
91~1
~~1
.
gin
92 (3818 ~~,5801 ~2
0 ~1
92
1
0
‫ﺔ‬ (~) ~8,,810~015
En
0
(~) ~8,,810~015
~1
asy
...)~(1..~ 5.1 5111~1~-))1188~ 111~(1810( 8~ 8~11~11.

.E
111~ ~1(~1111 013~(3111 01 3 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-~3.,,~ 5~11~1115 5110~11111 ~1~. 5-13, ~11~(~
w
(,)/
111~ 1~0 111~(1510(5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 111 111.,,~(5~ ~3(311~1. 111~(1510( 11 15 11(~0 31 =
(,)/
=
‫ُﺭ‬
0 3110 111~(1510( 12 15 11(~0 31 10. 111~ 0111~111 .,,0113~~ 15 111~ 53111~ 35 111~ 111~111
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.,,0113~~. 111~ 111~(1510(5 3~111~~ 5~11~11~5 3110 3(~ 1111~ ~011111111131~0. 111~ ~3.,,~10(1115
10( 111~ 111~111 .,,0113~~, 0111~111 .,,0113~~, 3110 0111~111 ~11((~111 3(~ 5110~11111 ~1~. 5-10.
~1111 311 111011~11.,,~ 1030, 111~(1510( 11 51101110 0~ 11(~0 ~11~11 111~ ~11((~111 ~355~5
111(011~11111~ 2~(0 ~(055111~ 011(111~ 111~ ~05111.,,~ 11311-~~~1~ 01111~111.,,0113~~ 3110 111~(1510(
12 51101110 0~ 11(~0 ~11~11 111~ ~11((~111 ~355~5 111(011~11 111~ 2~(0 ~(055111~ 011(111~ 111~
10( 11 3110 12 3(~ 5110~11
11~~311.,,~ 11311-~~~1~ 01111~111 .,,0113~~. 111~ 1(1~~~(111~ ~1115~5
111 ~1~. 5-1~. ~ ~~~ 1113~ 0~ 115~0 11151~30 01 ~0 111~0510(5 35 5110~11 111~1~. 5-2.
125
58~. 5-2

1~,
+ +
~0
-.,0
...~0~~ 5.2 $1/181~-()/138~ 1~1~~ 3~

8~1(~/1.
11111~ 111813111311~008 1111~ ~0((~111 18 /(1)
‫ﻣ‬
= /~ 8111 0)1, 111~ ((118 1111~ ~0((~11118
1/2
/5 = ~ (70
/2 811120)10(0)1)
= ~ (5-1)
( 210)0 ~
) -0
et
5111~~ ~3~11 111)1(1810( ~3((1~8 ~0((~111 10( 0111)1 011~-11311 ~)1~1~, 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~0((~111
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
111(00~11 ~3~11111)1(1810( 18
ng
/~
(5-2)
10
3110 111~ ((118 ~0((~111 01 ~3~11 111)1(1810( 18
170
ri 1/2
/.~5 =
ee
/~ 811120)1 0(0)1) /~ (5-3)
(2~ )
111~ ~1(~011 111 ~1~. 5-13 ~311 0~ (1100111~0 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 5-33, ~11~(~ 111~ 1~0
gin
111)1(1810(8 113~~ 3 ~0(11(11011~311100~ 3110 111~ ~31111~ 81~11318113~~ 3 ~0(11(110111~((1111131.
‫ﺔ‬ 111)1(1810( 11 3110 0100~ 1)1 ~01100~1 10( 011~ 11311-~)1~1~ 3110 111)1(1810(
1)2 ~01100~1 10( 111~ 0111~( 11311-~)1~1~.
En
12 3110 0100~
asy
..,
E
~
0
~
w.
02 0, ~
,
~
‫ُﺭ‬
(38(8 ))0,58 01.1
+
ww
+ ,
,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
., 12 0 0
.., ~~..,0 ~
(3818 ))0~58 0112
0
126

0 ..,
1
1
+ + ~
1
,
-------- .
~0
91 (3819 ~~~595 01.,
0
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
~ 0100~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~( 3110 3 10)1(1510( 11 35 500~11 111~1~. 5-43 ~311 ~~(10(111
rin
10~ 53111~ 11.111~11011
35 1031 01 ~1~. 5-13. 10~ ~1.1((~1111001.1~010~ 1030 15 3~ 3110 1031
10(01.1~010)1(1510( 11 15 0~. ~ 1(31151510( ~311 (~~13~~ 10)1(1510( 11. 10~ 1.11111 ~0111-
/)/(//,~((/0~(1/
~(15111~ 0110~ 1(31151510( (0( 10)1(1510() 3110 0(10~~ (~~1111~( 15 ~110~11 35 3
ee
5~/((/1.
gin
‫ﺔ‬10~ ~011~~~1 01 5111~1~-~035~ 3~ 5~11~0111~ ~311 0~ ~)(1~110~0 10 10(~~-~035~
~035~ 5~11~0 35 500~11111 ~1~. 5-53.

10(01.1~0 11 3(~ 500~11 111~1~. 5-50.
sy
En
3~~11-
~3110115. 10(~~ 5111~1~-~035~ 5~11~0~5 111~1~. 5-13 ~311 0~ ~01111~~1~0 1010(111 3 10(~~-
10~ ~31111~ 51~1131510( 10)1(1510(5 3110 10~ ~1.1((~111
10~ 1030 ~01.110 0~ ~01111~~1~0 111~110~( ~)1~ 0(
0~113.
10 (~01.1~~ 10~ 111.11110~( 0110)1(1510(5 3110 ~0515, 10~ ~1(~1.111 ~110 3 0100~ 3110 3
10)1(1510( 51111113( 10 1031 111 ~1~. 5-33 ~311 3150 0~ 1.15~0 10 10(111 3 10(~~-~035~ 5~11~0
Ea
35 500~11 111 ~1~. 5-6. 111 ~35~ 011~0 10)1(1510(5 ~01111~~1~0 111 03~~ 10 03~~, 10~(~
15 10~ ~055101111)110 510~ 10~ ~1.1((~111110~ 111 ~~~()10311-~)1~1~. 131.11~110 3 0100~ 3110
w.
3 10)1(1510(, 10~ ~1.1((~111 110~ ~311 0111)1 0~ 510~~~0 111 ~~~()1 ~)1~1~ 01111~1.11 ~0113~~
3110 10~ (~3~11011 11111~ 0~~0111~5 510~.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~ (~~~(531 0110(~~-~035~ ~0~~( 51.1~~11~0 10 3 1030 ~311 0~ 3~01~~~0 0)1 ~)(1~110111~
10~ 10(~~-~035~ 5~11~0111 ~1~. 5-53 ~1101~0 1110(~ 5111~1~-~035~ 5~11~0~5, 35 500~11
3(~ 11.1(11~0011 0)1
111~1~. 5-7. 0110~( 110(11131 0~~(311011, 10)1(1510(5 17 10(01.1~0 110
(0( 51.1~~(~551011) 3110 10)1(1510(5 11 10(01.1~0 16 3(~ 11.1(11~0011.
~31~ ~1.115~ 11101011111~
1-111~ ./1 1~~05 1~(11111131(1, 1111~ /3 1~~05 1~(11111131/), 3110 1111~ ~ 1~~05 1~(11111131(.
127
58~. 5-4

,.,
/1
11
~~8
‫ﻣ‬
/1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
0
‫ﺔ‬ 92(
(
sy
En
,.,.
,.,.
93
0 ,.,.
Ea
94
0 ,.,.
w.
95
0 ,.,.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
96
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0 ,.,.
~1
11.~0..~5-5 1/1(~~-11/13$~ ./1~(1$.0( 3~

$~11~/1.
128

‫ﻣ‬
111~(1..~ 5-6 111(~~-1111~5~ 0100~ ~(10 111~-
(1510( ~~ 5~11~11.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
(1(~ 11.1(11~0 011 0)1
0110~( ~0(1$~-(~~~($111~ 0~~((111011,10)1(1$10($ 12, 13, 15, (1110 16 (
(1(~ 0~~((111~~. 1-111~ 13 1~~0$ 1~(111111(11
~(11~ ~1.11$~ (1110 10)1(1$10($ 17 10(01.1~0 110
(1 ~0(1$~ (~~~($(11 0110~ ~011(1~~ (1~~11~0 10
(1110 1111~ ~ 1~~0$ 1~(111111(11 /), (~$1.111111~ 111
rin
10~ 10(10. 10 001(1111 ~0(1$~ (~~~($(11, (11110~ 0~~1~~$ 1111.1$10~ 10)1(1$10($. ,6,. ~0111-
0111(111011 0110)1(1$10($ (1110 0100~$ (1$ $00~11 111 ~1~. 5-6 ~(1111101 0~ 1.1$~0~ 010~(~1$~,
~0(1$~-10-~0(1$~ $00(1 ~1(~1.111$ ~01.110 0~~1.1(.
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 8
sy
En
8
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
129
58~. 5-4

+ + +
.2 .2.
-..1 -..0 ~~-..2
‫ﻣ‬
et
g.n
n
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
111~ 51311~ 5~11~11~5 ~311 0~ 05~0 10( 005 1(31151~( 1(0111 011~ 500(~~ 10 3110111~(. 111
3 ~(3~11~31 50~~1)1 5)151~111, 11 15 50111~11111~5 (~().01(~0 10 5~11~11 111~ 1030 1(0111 111~
Ea
110(11131500(~~ 10 311 311~(11311~~ 500(~~ 111~35~ 01 (1) 0113~311301111)101110(11131500(~~,

3110 (2) 0110~(~0113~~ 0( 0~~(~0113~~ ~0110111011 01110(11131 500(~~. ~1~0(~ 5-8 5110~5
3 5111~1~-~1135~ 005 1(31151~( 5~11~11. ~11~11 111)1(1510(5 1) 3110 12 3(~ 0~~(311~~, 111~
w.
1030 15 ~01111~~1~0 10 111~ 110(11131 500(~~~ 3110 10( 1(31151~( 10 311 311~(11311~~ 500(~~,
111)1(1510(5 1~ 3110 1~ 3(~ 0~~(311~~, ~1111~ 1) 3110 12 3(~ 10(11~0 011 0)1 ~31~ 51~1131
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
111111011111~. 111~ ~)(1~1151011 01 5111~1~-~1135~ 005 1(31151~( 10 111(~~-~1135~ 1(31151~( 15

‫ﺷﺩ‬
5110~11 111 ~1~. 5-9.
111 111~ ~35~ 01 0~ 5~11~11~5, 111~ 111~01 ~0113~~ 15 0~ 3110 ~0~~( 1(31151510(5 0(
1351-
5~11~11111~ 111)1(1510(5 ~311 0~ 05~0. 011~~ 3 111)1(1510( 15 10(11~0 011, 11111051 0~ 10(11~0
0110)110(~~0 ~011111101311011 3110 111~ 1~~11111().0~510( 10(~~0 ~011111101311011 3(~ 015~055~0
130

+
~*
~~--
1.
00
~5
5~~~~~
..1~11..~ 5-10 511181~-~01~ 1(31151510( 0~

5~11~/1.
‫ﻣ‬
10 ~03.,1~( 3. ~ 510~1~-.,01~ 1(3051510( 5~11~015 500~010 ~1~. 5-10, ~1103 (~51511~~
1030~ 300 10 ~35~ 0~ 30 1000~11~~ 1030, 3 0100~ (35 500~0 0)10350~0 110~5) 1110510~
~000~~1~0 3~(055 10~ 1030 10 .,(01~~110~ 1(3051510( 00(10~ 5~11~0-0~~. 10~ 510~1~-
e t
.,01~ 5~11~0~5 ~30 3150 0~ ~)(1~00~0 10 005 1(305~~( ~(0111 00~ 500(~~ 10 30010~(.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1~ ~0(~~0 ~01111110131~0 10)1(1510(5 3(~ 05~0, 10~ ~01111110131100 ~1(~011 15 30 10-
1~~(31 .,3(1 0~ 10~ 5~11~0 300 3 1)1.,1~310~ 5~11~0 ~0(01~0-()0~~( 3()()11~311005 15 500~0
10 ~1~. 5-11. 1~ 10)1(1510( 13 15 ~1(~0, 10~ ~3()3~110( ~ 15 ~03(~~0 10(00~010~ 50()()1)1,
1., 300 13. ~(0111 ~~5. (3-2) 300 (3-3), 10~ ~03(~10~ ~0((~01 300 10~ ~3()3~110(
rin
~0113~~ 3(~ ~)(()(~55~0 35
(5-4)
ee
gin
(5-5)
‫ﺔ‬
~0~(~ 0.)
~~1~( 11111~( = (0
15 ~03(~~0
=
1/~ 1.,~.
~
10 2~5.
= ~,
En
10~ ~03(~10~
1~ 10)1(1510( 1115 ~0000~110~
~0((~01 0~~0111~5 2~(0 300 10~ ~3()3~110(
10 50()()1)1 ()0~~(
12 15 ~1(~0 10 5~11~0 11 0~1. ~1(10~ 12 ~305~5 3 (~500301 ()015~ 01 ~0((~01 10(00~0
sy
1010~ 1030, 10)1(1510(
~3()3~110( ~, 1000~10( 1.,, 300 10)1(1510( 12. ~5 10~ (~500301 ~0((~0110~(~35~5, 10~
~0((~0110(00~010)1(1510( 11 (~00~~5. ~0~0 10~ (~500301 ~0((~01 (15~5 10 10~ 1030
~0((~01, / /-, 10~ ~0((~01 0~ 10)1(1510( 11 ~3115 10 2~(0 300 10)1(1510( 11 15 10(0~0 0~1.
Ea
w.
+
‫ُﺭ‬ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..1~11..~ 5-11 511181~-(101~ 1/1~(1510( 0~

5~11~/1.
131
58~. 5-6

+ +
,,0
‫ﻣ‬
10~ ~3~3~110( 015~03(~~5 10(011~0 10~ 1030 (~5151311~~, ~~. ~ 1(~~~0~~1111~ 0100~,
/),-,-,, 3~(055 10~ 1030 15 11~~~553()1 10( 311 111011~11~~ 1030. 10~ ~3~3~110( 1111151 0~
et
015~03(~~0 ~0111~1~1~1)1 111 ~~~()1 5~11~0111~ 3~11011~ 3110 3 11~~311~~ ~0113~~ 011 10~
~3~3~110( ~311 0~ ~(~~~111~0 0)1 ~01111~~1111~ 3 (~51510( 3110 3 0100~ 35 500~11 111 ~1~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
5-11 0)1 0350~0 1111~5.
10~ 0~ 5~11~0~5 ~311 0~ 3~~11~0 10( 10~ ~0111(01 01 ~0~~( 110~ 111 ,,,~()1
01~0
ng
~0113~~ 3110 01~0 ~11((~111 3~~11~3110115 (~.~., 11151011 (~3~10() (1) 3110 10~5~ ~311 3150
0~ 115~0 35 1351-3~1111~ ~11((~111 0(~3~~( (2). 11151~30 011(31151510(5, ~31~-111(11-011
10)1(1510(5 (0105) ~311 0~ 115~0. ~ 010 15 111(11~0 011 0)110~ 3~~11~311011 013 500(1
ri
~05111,,,~ ~1115~ 10 115 ~31~ 51111113( 10 10~ 110(1113110)1(1510(5~ 00~~~~(, 3 010 ~311 0~
111(11~0 011 0)1 3~~1)1111~ 3 500(1 11~~311~~ ~1115~ 10 115 ~31~ 3110 11 00~5 1101 (~().111(~
311)1 ~0111111111311011 ~1(~1111()1. ~
ee
5111~1~-~01~ 010 5~11~0 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 5-12.
gin
‫ﺔ‬
10~
~0111(01
(~.~.,
51311~ 5~11~0~5
01 3~ 3110 0~ ~0~~(.
~0111(01
~1~~1(0111~~03111~31
~311 0~ 115~0 35 50110-5131~
En
01 111010(
(~13)15.
10305,
~0(
55~5
1(311510(111~(5,
3~ 3~~11~3110115,
(~13)15 (55~5),
11110 111311)1 3~~11~3110115
(~5151311~~
10)1(1510(5
~01~0
0~31111~,
0( 1~1~~5
3(~
~1~.)
115~0 10( 10~
111 11101151(131 ~0111(01
~311 0~ 115~0~
10 (~~13~~
asy
3110 10( 0~ 3~~11~3110115, 1(31151510(5 3(~ 115~0. 10~ 55~5 3(~ 110(111311)1 150131~0
~1~~1(1~311)1 0~1~~~11 10~ ~0111(01 ~1(~1111 3110 10~ 1030 ~1(~1111 0)1 (~~0 (~13)1, 1(3115-
10(111~(, 0( 0~10~011~1~(.
~1~11(~ 5-13 500~5 1~0 0351~ ~1(~11115 10( 0~ 55~5, 011~ ~110 (~~0 (~13)11501311011
E
3110 10~ 010~( ~110 311 0~10~011~1~(. ~110011~0 10~ 5111~1~-~035~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 5-13
w.
~311 0~ 115~0 10 0~~(31~ 35 311 55~, 10~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 5-2 ~110 3 1~1~~ 15 110(111311)1
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
+ +
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.~ ~1,0
--1 ~1
,, , -.1
-- - , ~5
~
3 ---
~
~
(..,
(8) 0~(000~~~8~
)
,
~
~
(~) 888~ ~8,8~ ~50~8(~0,,
..1~0..~ 5-13 0~ 50110-5(3(~ ~~)3~5.
132

‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬+
+
~~~. 1-
0~
5~~~~~
‫ﻣ‬
+
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬
1.15~0 10(
1~1~~.
0()10~01.1()1~(.
3~ ()0~~(,
~1~1.1(~ 5-14
1110~
0~~31.15~
sy
E
500~5
ng
01 10~
55~5
3()()11~311011
~110
(~~1.11(~111~111
(~~0
(~~1.11(~111~1115
(~13~,
01 0111~ 011~ ~31111~ ~1(~1.111 10(
3 1(311510(111~(
0~1113110 10~(1510(5
1501311011,3110311
10( 01~0
()0~~(
3
1~..,~15, 10~ ~1(~1.111111 ~1~. 5-13 ~311 3150 0~ 1.15~0 10 0()~(31~ 35 311 55~ ~..,~11 1001.1~0
10~ ~0111()1~)(11~ 0110~ ~31111~ ~1(~1.111 ~01.110 111~(~35~.
Ea
w.
10~ 50110-5131~ 5~11~0~5 3(~ 3..,311301~ ~0111111~(~1311~ ~110 1111111~0 ..,0113~~ 3110 ~1.1((~111
...,. 1111 15 11~~~553(~ 10 0~51~11
(31111~5 (311~111~ 1(0111 1 ~ 10 50 ~ 3110 1.1() 10 440
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
55~5 10 111~~1 5()~~111~ (~~1.11(~111~1115, 10~ 0~51~11 15 51111()1~ 3110 (~~1.11(~5 0~1~(111111111~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
()(0-
10~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~1.1((~111 (31111~5 01 ()0~~( 5~1111~01101.1~10( 0~..,1~~5. 10~ 0~51~11
~~01.1(~5 ~311 0~ 1111.151(31~0 0~ ~)(3111()1~5.
~)(801())~ 5-1
~ 8111~1~-~1138~ 3~ 8~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~1.1(311011111~1~. 5-13 18 1.18~0 0~1~~~11 3 120- ~ 60-

)(~ 31 3 ~0~~( 13~10( 010.88
112 81.1~~1~ 3110 311 11101.1~11~~1030. 111~ 1030 ~0~~( 18 5
13~~111~. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~0113~~ 3110 ~1.1((~111 (31111~8 01111~(1810(8~ 3110 (0) 11(111~
311~1~8 01111~(1810(8.
133
5€~. 5-8

80101100 /10 = 5000 ~, ~11 = 0.88, 3110~$ = 120~.
)(
(3) 111~ ~~3/( 1030 ~1.1~~~111,
1,,,
= -0 5000/(120 )( 0.88) = 66.96~. 11~0(11
~().. (5-2) 111~3~~~3~~ ~1.1~~~111,13~= 66.96/10
= 21.31 ~ 3110 1~0(11~().. (5-3) 111~~(118
~1.1~~~111,1,1115= 66.96/2 = 33.48~. 10.~ ~~(1~ 111~~~$~ ~0110.~~,~1~ )(
120
=~ =
169.7 ~.
(0) ~08 6 = 0.88 0~ 6 1111.18111~ 11~111~311~1~ 0111 18 ~1 = 28.3603110
= 28.360.
10~ 111~~1810~ 12, ~2 = 1800 + 28.360
= 208.360.
~1(301))1~ 5-2
‫ﻣ‬
~ 111~~~-~1138~ 3~ 8~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~1.1~311011111111~. 5-53 18 1.18~0 0~1~~~11 3 111~~~-~1138~
440-~ 60-1-12 81.1~~1~ 3110 3 111~~~-~1138~ ~~~-~01111~~1~0 1030. 111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 18 20
/(~ 31 3 ~0~~~ 13~10~ 01 0. 707 13~~111~. 0~1~~(11111~ 111~ ~0113~~ 3110 ~1.1~~~111~31111~8
et
01111~~1810~8.
80101100 /10 = 20,000~, ~11 = 0.707, ~/.. = 440~, 3110~$ = 440/~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
= 254.03~.
111~ 1111~ ~1.1~~~111 18 ~31~1.1131~0 1~0(11 111~ ~0~~~ 38
20,000
1$ =
0.707 = 37.119 ~
)(
~ 440 )(
rin
111~ ~~3/( ~1.1~~~111
013 111~11810~,1,,, )(
= -0 37.119 = 52.494~. 111~ 3~~~3~~ ~1.1~~~111
01 3 111~~1810~,13~ = 52.494/10
= 16. 71~. 111~ ~(118~1.1~~~111
01 3 111~~1810~,1,,,.,, =
52.474/2 = 26.247~.
ee
111~ ~~3/( 111~~~8~~0113~~ 013 111~~1810~,~1~ = -0 )( 440 =
762.1 ~.
gin
‫ﺔ‬
$0110-81(11~ (1~ (100 0~ 8~11~11~8 11(1~~ (1 011~0~( 01 (10~(101(1~~8 0~~( ~00~~01100(11
En
~1~~1(0~~~11(101~(11 8~11~11~8 (100 (~1(1)18. ~1111 111~ 0~~~10~~~018
(1~~11~(111008 10 1001181(1(11~001(01.
sy
01 ~0~~( 8~~1-
~00011~10( 0~~1~~8 (100 101~~((11~0 ~1(~11118, 81(111~8~11~11~8 ~(10 1100 (1 ~10~ ((10~~ 01
$1(111~ 8~11~11~8 ~(10 0~ 101~(1(1~~0 ~1111 01~11(110(
~0~~111~( ~001(01 8)181~~8.
Ea
w.
1. ~. 11. ~~3~~, ..0~1311~0 0~81~11 013 13-/(~, 13-/(~ 0~ 80110 8131~ 11.1~11-0118~11~11.,, 1~~~
‫ُﺭ‬
1110-/-/5(,)1.4~~//~0(/0115 ~011/~,~11~~ 8.~~0,0-, 1985,
~~. 1221-1226.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
2. ~. 11. 03~8011, 1,. ~. 1,3118111~, 3110 8. 13. 0~~311, ..~ 1381 0~ ~1.1~~~1110~~3/(~~.,,
1~~~
1,01150~(/0115 011 1110-/-/5(,)1.4~~//~0(/0115, ~01. 1~21, ~0. 5, 1985,
~~. 1176-1181.
5-1. ~113118 3 81311~ 8~11~117

5-2. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 0111~~~11~~8 0~1~~~11 3~ 3110 0~ 8~11~11~87
134

5-3. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30..,31113~~5 01 51311~ 5~11~11~5 0..,~~ 111~~113111~310~ ~1~~1~0111~~113111~31
5~11~11~57
5-4. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30..,31113~~5 3110 01530..,31113~~5 01111..,~~5~-~3~311~1111~~1510~ 3~ 5~11~11~5 7
5-5. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30..,31113~~5 3110 01530..,31113~~5 011~1,4.~ 3~ 5~11~11~57
5-6. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30..,31113~~5 3110 01530..,31113~~5 01 0100~ 3110 111~~1510~ 3~ 5~11~11~5 7
5-7. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30..,31113~~5 3110 01530..,31113~~5 01000~~ ~~~1111~~3110 111~0510~ 3~ 5~11~11~57
5-8. ~1131 3~~ 111~ ~11~~15 011030 111011~1311~~ 011 111~ ~31111~ ~~~111~~111~111501 3~ 5~11~11~57
5-9. ~113115 111~ ~~111~1~1~ 01 0~~~311011 01 55~57
5-10. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 111~111005 01150131111~ 111~ ~0111~01 ~1~~11111~0111 111~ 1030 ~1~~111101 55~57
‫ﻣ‬
5-11. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 13~10~5 111..,01..,~0 111111~ 0~51~11 01 0~ 5~11~11~57
5-12. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 13~10~5 111..,01..,~0 111111~ 0~51~11 01 3~ 5~11~11~57
t
5-13. ~11311~~~ 01 ~011111111131101115 ~~~111~~0 10~ 0~ 5~11~11~57
.ne
5-14. ~11311~~~ 01 ~011111111131101115 ~~~111~~0 10~ 3~ 5~11~11~57
5-1. ,4.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1-12 1113111511~~1~ 3110 311 111011~11..,~1030.
01 0. 90 13~~111~.
ee
rin
g
5111~1~-~1135~ 3~ 5~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~11~311011111 ~1~. 5-13 15 115~0 0~1~~~11
111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 15 /(~ 31 3 ~0~~~
0~1~~111111~ 111~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~11~~~111~31111~5 01111~ 111~~1510~5.
3 120-~
13~10~
60-
gin
5-2. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ 11~111~311~1~5 01111~~1510~5 11 3110 12 111~~00. 5-1.
‫ﺔ‬
5-3.
5-4.
,4. 5111~1~-~1135~ 3~ 5~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~11~311011 111~1~. 5-33 15 115~0 0~1~~~11
1-12 1113111511~~1~ 3110 311 111011~11..,~1030.
01 0. 90 13~~111~.
En
111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 15 /(~

0~1~~111111~ 111~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~11~~~111~31111~5 01 0100~5
,4. 5111~1~-~1135~ 3~ 5~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~11~311011 111~1~. 5-43
1-12 1113111511~~1~ 3110 311 111011~11..,~1030.
sy
111~ 1030 ~0~~~

15 115~0 0~1~~~11
15 15 /(~
3 120- ~ 60-
31 3 ~0~~~ 13~10~
3110 111~~1510~5.
3 120- ~ 60-
31 3 ~0~~~ 13~10~
010.9013~~111~. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~11~~~111~31111~5 01111~ 111~~1510~ 3110 0100~5
111111~ 0~10~~ ~~~1111~~.
5-5. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ 11~111~311~1~5 01111~~1510~5 11 111~~00. 5-4.
Ea
5-6. ,4. 111~~~-~1135~ 3~ 5~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~11~311011111~1~. 5-53 15 115~0 0~1~~~11 3 111~~~-~1135~
440-~ 60-1-12 511~~1~ 3110 3 111~~~-~1135~ ~~~-~01111~~1~0 1030. 111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 20
/(~ 31 3 ~0~~~ 13~10~ 010.86 13~~111~. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~11~~~111~31111~5 01
w.
111~~1510~5.
5-7. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ 11~111~311~1~5 01111~~1510~5 111~~00. 5-6.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
5-8. ~~~~31 ~~00. 5-6 10~ 3 0~113-~01111~~1~0 1030.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
5-9. ,4. 111~~~-~1135~ 3~ 5~11~11 ~1111 ~01111~11~311011111~1~. 5-61135 3 111~~~-~1135~ 440-~ 60-1-12
111~1113110 3 111~~~-~1135~ ~~~-~01111~~1~0 1030. 111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 20 /(~ 31 3 ~0~~~
13~10~ 01 0.86 13~~111~. 0~1~~111111~ 111~ ..,0113~~ 3110 ~11~~~111 ~31111~5 01 0100~5 3110
111~~1510~5.
..,0113~~,
5-10. ,4. 111~~1510~ 0~ 5~11~11111 ~1~. 5-111135 31030 ~~5151311~~, ~~ = 5 0~ 0~ 511~~1~
(7 40 ,.,..~. 0~1~~111111~ 111~
~5 = 220 ~~ 111011~1311~~, 1. = 40 ,.,..1-1~
3110 ~3~3~11311~~, =
(3) ~~3/( ~11~~~111111~011~11111~~1510~ 13, 3110 (~) 11111~~~~111~~0 10 ~~011~~ 111~ ~11~~~11101
111~~1510~ 11 1~0111 111~ 51~30~-5131~ ..,3111~ 10 2~~0.
135

5-11. ~0( ~(00. 5-10, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ 11(11~ (~().111(~0 10( 111~ ~(1~(1~110( 10 015~11(1(~~ 1(0(11 21/,
10 2~(0 (111~( 111~ 11011~ 01111~(1510( 12.
5-12. ~ 111~(1510( 0~ 8~11~11111 ~1~. 5-1111(18 (110(10 (~8151(111~~,
~1- = 0.5 .0~ 511~~1~ .,,011(1~~,
1/, = 220 ~ ~ 111011~1(111~~,1.
= 40 ~1-1~ 3.110 ~3.~3.~113.11~~, ~ = 80 ~)=0. 11111~ ~~11~111~
0~~((11~0 (11 (11(~().11~11~~ 0160 1-12, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (3) ~~(1/(, ((115, (1110 (1.,,~((1~~ ~11((~1115
01111~(1510(8 11, 12, (1110 13~ (1110 (/)) ((118 ~11((~111 ((1611~ 01 ~(1~(1~110(.
5-13. ~0( ~(00. 5-12, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ 6(11~ (~().111(~0 10( 111~ ~(1~(1~110( 10 015~11(1(~~ 1(0(11 21/,
10 2~(0 (111~( 111~ 11(111~ 01111~(1810( 12.
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
136

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~~ 03.,,~ 5~~11111~03~1~( 510(110)1(1510(5 ~311 0~ 0~~(31~0 35 5~11~0~5. 11(10)1(1510(

5~11~0 15 ~01111~~1~0 0~1~~~11 3~ 511~~1)1 3110 1030, 10~ ~0~~( 110~ ~311 0~ ~0111(011~0
0)1 .,,3()11118 10~ (((15 .,,3111~ 01 3~ .,,01138~ 3~~11~0 10 10~ 1030~ 3110 1015 1)1~~ 01 ~0~~(
~1(~111115 ~110~11 35 311 (1~ 110/((115€~011(,.0//€,.. 10~ ((1051 ~0((1((1011 3~~11~3110115 01 3~
Ea
1(311510(((1~( 13~ ~031181118, 11801

.,,01138~ ~0111(011~(5 3(~~ 11101151(1310~311118, 011-1030
((1010(5, 3110 3~ ((13811~1 ~0111(015.
~0111(015, 5~~~0 ~0111(01 01 ~01)1~035~ 111011~11011
~0( ~0~~( 1(31151~(, 1~0 1)1~~5 01 ~0111(01 3(~ 110(((1311)1115~0~
w.
1. 011-011 ~0111(01
‫ُﺭ‬
2. ~035~-31181~ ~0111(01
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111 011-011 ~0111(01, 10)1(1510( 5~11~0~5 ~01111~~110~ 1030 10 10~ 3~ 5011(~~ 10( 3
1~~ ~)1~1~5 01111~111 .,,01138~ 3110 10~11 015~01111~~11110( 311010~( 1~~ ~)1~1~5. 111 ~035~
~0111(01, 10)1(1510( 5~11~0~5 ~01111~~110~ 1030 10 3~ 5011(~~ 10( 3 ~0(11011 01 ~3~0 ~)1~1~
01111~111 .,,01138~.
10~ 3~ .,,01138~ ~0111(011~(5 ~311 0~ ~1355111~0 11110 1~0 1)1~~5~ (1) 511181~-~035~
~0111(011~(5 3110 (2) 10(~~-~035~ ~0111(011~(5. ~3~0 1)1~~ ~311 0~ 511001.,,10~0 11110 (3)
~0111(01 3110 (0) 0101(~~1101131 0( 11111-~3.,,~ ~0111(01. 10~(~
1111101(~~1101131 0( 0311-~3.,,~
137

(1(~ ~(1(101.18 ~001181.1((111008 0~ 111(~~-~11(18~ ~001(011~(8
0~~~00108 00 111~ ~000~~11008
0~ 111)1(1810( 8~11~11~8.
510~~ 111~ 10~1.11 ~011(18~ 18 (1~, 111)1(1810(8 (1(~ 110~ ~0((1((11.11(11~0~ (100 ~11(18~-~001(01
111)1(1810(8, ~111~11 (1(~ (~1(111~~1)110~)(~~081~~ (100 810~~~ 111(101(181-8~11(11111~ 111)1~1810~8,
(1(~ 00(((1(111)1 1.18~0. ~0( (1~~11~(111008 1.1~ 10 400 1-12, 1~ 1~1~~8 (1(~ (1~(111(101~ 10
((1~~1111~ ~011(18~ (100 ~1.1((~01 ((111088 0~ (1 ~(1(11~1.11(1( (1~~11~(11100, 1~11-.~8 (1(~ ((10(~
~0((1((1001)11.18~0.
01.1~ 10 110~ 0( 0(111.1~(11 ~0((1((11.11(11100, 111~(~ 18 00 0~~0 0~ ~)(1((1 ~0((1((11.11(11100
‫ﻣ‬
~1(~1.111()1 (100 111~ ~1(~1.1118 ~0( (1~ ~011(18~ ~001(011~(8 (1(~ ~~()1 81((1~1~. 01.1~ 10 111~
0(111.1(~ 0~ 01.11~1.11 ~(1~~~0(((18, 111~ (10(11)1818 ~0( 111~ 0~(1~(111008 0~ ~)(~11~11 ~)(~(~881008
~0( 111~ ~~(~0(((1(10~~ ~(1((1((1~1~(8 0~ ~1(~1.1118 (1(~ 001 81((1~1~, ~8~~~1(111)1 ~0( ~11(18~-
t
(1081~-~001(011~0 ~00~~(1~(8 ~1111 ~1. 10(108. ~0( 111~ 8(1~~ 0~ 81((1~11~11)1, (~81811~~
.ne
10(108 (1(~ ~00810~(~0 10 11118 ~11(1~1~( 10 ~0((1~(1(~ 111~ ~~(~0(((1(10~~8 0~ ~(1(101.18 ~00-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~181.1((111008.
ng
111~
10(10
~(10~1~1~
~001(011~(
~0(
0~ 00-0~~
(18 8110~0 10 ~18.
(1 11((1~ (/1~ 111~ 8~11~1118
~001(01
eri
6-1(1.
~(10 0~
111~
11.1(0~0
~)(~1(110~0
111)1(1810(
~1111 (1
81081~-~11(18~
8~11~11 ~000~~18
0~~ 0)1 (1 8(11~ ~1.118~ 10111011108
~1.111-~(1~~
111~ (1~ 81.1~~1)110
~0( 11((1~ (0.
ine
111~ 00-11((1~, (/1, 1.181.1(111)1
~0081818 0~ (10 101~8((11 01.1((10~( 0~ ~)1~1~8. 111~ 111)1(1810(8
(1(~ 11.1(0~0 00 (11 111~ 2~(0-~011(18~ ~(0881088 0~ (1~ 10~1.11 ~011(18~. 111~ 8(11~ ~1.118~8
~0( 111)1(1810(8
‫ﺔ‬
10 ~18. 6-10.
10~(11(1 (100
0~ ((1010(8).
0)1 8~11~11108
sy
11 (100
11118 1)1~~ 0~ ~001(0118
01.1~ 10 2~(0
(1~11008
12 (100 111~ ~(1~~~0(((18
En
g
111811111~(((1(1111((1~
(1~~11~0
~011(18~
(1(~ (~01.1~~0.
~0081(101
8~11~11108
(~.8.,
~0( 10~1.11 (100 01.11~1.11 ~011(18~8
10 (1~~11~(111008, ~111~1111(1~~
1001.181(1(1111~(11108
0~ 111)1(1810(8,
(100
111~ 11(1(((1001~8
8~~~0
(1(~ 8110~0
(1111811 ((1~~11(101~(11
~001(01
8~0~((11~0
~0( (1 8101.18010(1110~1.11~011(18~, 1)$

= ~ 111810 0)( = -0 ~$ 810 0)(. 1~ 111~ 10~1.11
~011(18~ 18 ~000~~1~0 10 10(10 ~0( 11 ~)1~1~8 (100 18 018~000~~1~0 ~0( 111 ~)1~1~8, 111~ (((18
Ea
01.11~1.11 (0( 10(10) ~011(18~ ~(10 0~ ~01.100 ~(0((1
102-.. )1/2
w.
~0 = (210(1111+ 111) 2~~ 8102 0)( €/(0)()

(6-1)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
11).
$ =11~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
$
111+11
~11~(~ /( = 11/(111 + 11) (100 /( 18 ~(111~0 111~ €//1/)19~/~. ~$ 18 111~ (((18 ~11(18~ ~011(18~.
111~ ~1(~1.111 ~00~181.1((111008 ~0( 00-0~~ ~001(01 (1(~ 81((111(1(
10 11108~ 0~ ~11(18~ ~001(01
(100 111~ ~~(~0(((1(10~~ (10(11)1818 18 (1180 81((111(1(. ~0( 111~8~ (~(18008, 111~ ~11(18~-~001(01
1~~1101~1.1~8 (1(~ 0(1)1 018~1.188~0 (100 (10(11)12~0 10 11118 ~11(1~1~(.
~1(801~.~ 6-1
1-. 3~ ~01138~ ~0111(011~( 111 ~18. 6-13 038 3 (~81811~~ 1030 0(

~ = 10 0 3110 10~ (1118
111~(11 ~01138~ 18 ~$
= 120 ~, 60 1-12. 10~ 10)1(1810(8 8~11~0 18 011 (0( /1 = 25 ~)1~1~8
138

,..,
‫ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬1/.
‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ‬
~. ~..
+ ,..2 0
~0
1,. 1. ~~..
0
‫ﻣ‬
9,
1
0
t
1.0 ~~92(0(118 ~~158
e
01,..2
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~~0
g.n
0.8
0.6 (~) ~(11/810~015
0.4
rin
0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

(~) ~0~8~ 1(1~10~
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 300
~0~~~
18 0~~ ~0~ /11. =
801111100 ~
~3~10~, ~~~
75 ~~~1~5.
300
En
(~)
= 10 0, ~5 = 120 ,, ~,,, = -0
= 25/100 = 0.25.
3...~~3~~
0~1~~11110~
300
111~ (3) ~11150111~111 ...0113~~,
~1115 ~11~~~01
)(
0~ 111~~1510~5.
~0~
120 = 169.7 ,,300 /( = 11/(11+ /11.)

(0) 10~111
asy
(3) ~~0111 ~~. (6-1), 111~ ~1115 ...3111~ 0~ 0111~111 ...0113~~ 15
(25 ,
. 1(
~ 0 = ~ 5,,.,.. = ~ 5~/11.+11
11
/ = 120 ~100 = 60
.E
300 111~ ~1115 1030 ~11~~~0115 10 = ~)~ = 60/10 = 6.0 /1...

(0) 111~ 1030 ~0~~~ 15 110 = 1~~ = 62 )( 10 = 360~. 510~~ 111~10~111~11~~~01
w
15 111~ 53111~ 35 111~ 1030 ~11~~~01, 111~ 10~111 ...011-3111~~~~5 15

‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~=~=~=~
,/1.. /11.+ 11 (6-2)
= ~0.25 = ~~~
= 0.5 (13~~10~)
16.97 /1... 111~
139
58~. 6-2

/1 ~
_ 1,,./1 /(1,,.
1~ = 1,,. 81110)/ ()(0)/) =
210 ( 111 + /1) 10 -
10(111 + /1) 10
((6- 3)
16.97 )(
= 0.25 = 1.35 ~
10
/~
‫ﻣ‬
1/2
(~ 1,,.~
18 = ( /1
210(111+ /1) )0
1~ 811120)/ ()(0)/)
) =
1,,.
2 ~ 111 + /1
= 2 (6-4)
et
16~97 )( ~0.25 = 4.24 ~
=
1-/0/~. 111~ ~0~~( 13~10( 300 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ ~3()1 ~1111111~ 5().1.13(~ (001 01111~
01.11)1 ~)1~1~. 111~ ~0~~( 13~10( 15 ~00( 31111~ 10~ ~311.1~ 01 01.11)1111~ ~)1~1~, /(, 300 15
5110~0 10 ~1~. 6-1~.
rin
ee
111~ ~(10~1~1~ 01 ~1135~ ~001(01 ~30 0~ ~)(~1310~0 ~1111 (~1~(~0~~ 10 ~1~. 6-23. 111~
~0~~( 110~ 10 111~ 1030 15 ~001(011~0 0)1 0~13)110~ 111~ 11(10~ 30~1~ 01 111)1(1510( 11.
gin
~1~1.1(~ 6-20 1111.151(31~5111~ ~31~ ~1.115~5 01111)1(1510( 11 300 111~ ~3~~10((115 10( 111~
‫ﺔ‬
10~1.11 300 01.11~1.11~0113~~5.
~0(11~00~01.
01.1~ 10 111~ ~(~5~0~~ 010100~ ()1, 111~ ~001(01 (30~~ 15
11(1111~0300 111~ ~11~~11~~ ((115 01.11~1.11~0113~~ ~30 001)1 0~ ~3(1~0 0~1~~~0 70.7 300
100%.
En
111~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~ 300 10~1.11 ~1.1((~01 3(~ 35)1(11(11~1(1~31300 ~001310 3 0~

11111~(~ 15 30 10~1.111(30510((11~(, 11 (113)1 0~ 5311.1(31~0. 1015 ~1(~1.11115
3 510~1~-~035~ 0311-~3~~ ~001(011~( 300 15 51.111301~ 001)1 10( 10~-~0~~(
10305, 51.1~1135 0~360~ 300 11~060~.
sy
(~5156~~
810~~ 10~ ~0~~( 110~ 15 ~001(011~0 01.1(10~ 10~
~0516~~ 0311-~)1~1~ 01 10~1.11 ~0113~~, 1015 1)1~~ 01 ~001(011~( 15 3150 ~00~0 35 3
/111/0-/,~~(/011(1/ ~011(,0//~,.
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬

0)( 15 111~ 111~111 ~011~8~ ~110 111~ 0~1~)1 ~1181~ 01
111)$ = ~,,,,51110)( = 0 ~$ 5111
111)1(1510( 11 15 0)( = ~, 111~ (1115 0111~111 ~011~8~ 15 1011110 1(0111
,~
110 ~ 211~8.0, .,, 0(.,,) + )~. 211~5.0, .,, .1(.,,)1
(2~ ()~ 1
(2~ ()~ (1 - = 2.,,) .1(.,,) + )~. (1 - = 2.,,,) .1(.,,) 11,~ (6-5)
511122~))1/2
~$ (270 - ~ +
‫ﻣ‬
(2~
111~ ~~~(~8~ ~~111~ 01 0111~111 ~011~8~ 15
et
0)( ~(0)/) + )~,, 0 0)( ~(0)/)
~ 00 =
2~ ()~
0 ~$ 5111 ~$ 5111
) (6-6)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0~$
= - 270 (~05 ~ - 1)
rin
11 ~ 15 ~~(1~0 1(0111 0 10 70, ~ 0 ~~(1~5 1(0111 ~$ 10 ~/0 ~110 ~ 00 ~~(1~0 1(0111 0 10
-0 ~/70.
~,.301))1~ 6-2
ee 10 0. 311()
~ 5111~1~-~0.35~3~ .,,0113~~ ~0111(011~(111111~.6-230.35 3 (~5156.,,~ 103() 01 ~ =
= 70/2.
10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~ 15 ~5 = 120 ,, 60 1-12. 10.~ ()~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~(1510( 1) 15 ~
gin
(/)) 111~111~0~~( 13~10(, ~11~ 311()
0~1~(111111~10.~ ((1) (1115.,,3111~010111~111 .,,0113~~, ~0~
(~) 3.,,~(3~~ 111~111~11((~111.
‫ﺔ‬ 80101100 ~ = 10 0., ~5 = 120 ,, ~ = 70/2, 311()~,,, = 0
En
(3) 11(01118().. (6-5), 10.~ (1115.,,3111~0110.~ 0111~111.,,0113~~,
,
)(
120 = 169.7 ,.
~0 = 120
~ = 103.92
sy
(/)) 10.~ (1115 103() ~11((~111,

103.92
Ea
~0
/0 = = = 10 .392 ~
~ 10
w.
)(
110 = /~~ = 10.3922 10 = 1079.94 ~
103() ~11((~111, 10.~ 111~111 .,,011-3111~~(~ (31111~
5111~~ 10.~ 111~111 ~11((~11115 10.~ 53111~ 35 10.~
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
15
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(6-7)
141
58~. 6-3

(~) ~(0111 .6(). (6-6), 111~ 3 ~(3~~ 0111~111 0113~~,
)( 0
~00 = - 120 - = - 27 ~
210
3110 111~ 3 ~(3~~ 111~111~11((~111,
/0
_
-
~00 _ 27
-2.7 ~
-
~ 10
‫ﻣ‬
,.,,0(~.
111~ 0~~311 ~ 81~0 0~ 10 81~01~1~8 11131 111~ 10~111 ~11((~01 ()11(10~ 111~
~08111 ~ 1131~-~~~1~ 18 1~88 11130 11131 ()11(10~ 111~ 0~~311 ~ 1131~-~~~1~. 1~ 111~(~ 18 30
10~111 1(308~0((0~(, 111~ 1(308~0((0~( ~0(~ (03~ 0~ 83111(31~(). 111~ 1101()1(~~110031
et
~001(0118 001 00((0311~ 118~() 10 ~(3~11~~.
6-4 5,~(2~~-~..,.45~ 8,(),~~~~,0~.4~ ~0~~~0~~~~5 ~,~..,~
~~5,5~,~~ ~0.4()5
rin
111~ ~(001~(0 0~ ()~ 10~111 ~11((~01 ~30 0~ ~(~ ~01~() 0~ 11810~ 01()1(~~110031 (0( ~1111-
~3 ~) ~001(01, 30() 3 810~1~-~1138~ ~1111-~3 ~ ~001(011~( ~1111 3 (~81811 ~ 103() 18 8110~0
10 ~1~. 6-33. 011(10~ 111~ ~08111 ~ 1131~-~~~1~ 0~ 10~111 0113~~, 111~ ~0~~( ~0~ 18
ee
~001(011~() 0~ 3(~10~ 111~ ()~13~ 30~1~ 0~ 111~(1810( 11 ~ 30() 111~(1810( 12 ~001(018 111~
~0~~( ~0~ ()11(10~ 111~ 0~~311 ~ 1131~-~~~1~ 0~ 10~111 0113~~. 111~ ~1(10~ ~1118~8 0~
gin
11 30() 12 3(~ ~~~11800 3~3(1. 111~ ~3 ~~0((08 ~0( 111~10~111 0113~~, 0111~111 0113~~,
30() ~3110~ 81~0318 ~0( 11 30()
12 3(~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-30.
‫ﺔ‬ 1~ 1)5 = 0
115 810
())(
1) 30() 12 3(~ ~~1131 (11 = (12

sy
En
18 111~ 10~111
110 =
(2~
0113~~ 30() 111~ ()~13~ 30~1~8 0~ 111~(1810(8
= (1, 111~ ((08 0111~111 0113~~ ~30 0~ ~0110() ~(0(0
1,.,, 211~ 8102 ())( (/( ())()

)
1/2
)1/2
1,.,,(1 - 2())() (/(())()
(~~~ ~08 (6-8)
Ea
1/2
1
17
.,
5102 ( -
(10-(1+-
810 2(1
))
w.
13~ 3(~10~ (1 ~(0(0 0 10 10, 110 ~30 0~ 3(1~() ~(0(0 115 10 0.

10 ~1~. 6-33, 111~ ~3110~ ~1(~11118 ~0( 111~(1810(8 11 30()
‫ُﺭ‬
12 (01181 0~ 180131~(). 11
ww
18 ~088101~ 10 113 ~ 3 ~0(0(000 ~31110()~ ~0( 11 30() 12 0~ 3()()10~ 1~0 ()10()~8 38 8110~0
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10 ~1~. 6-4. 111~(1810( 11 30() ()10()~ /)) ~00()11~1 10~~111~( ()11(10~ 111~ ~08111 ~ 1131~-
~~~1~~ 30() 111~(1810( 12 30() ()10()~ /)2 ~00()11~1 ()11(10~ 111~ 0~~311 ~ 1131~-~~~1~. $10~~
11118 ~1(~1111 ~30 113 ~ 3 ~0(0(000 1~((01031 ~0( ~3110~ 81~0318 0~ 1) 30()
12, 001~ 00~
180131100 ~1(~111118 (~~111(~(), 0111 31111~ ~)(~~08~ 0~ 1~0 ~0~~( ()10()~8. 011~ 10 1~0
~0~~( ()~ 1~~8 ~00()11~110~ 31111~ 83(0~ 11(0~, 111~ ~00()11~1100 1088~8 0~ ()~ 1~~8 ~0111()
10~(~38~ 30() ~~~1~1~0~~ ~0111() 0~ (~()11~~().
~ 810~1~-~1138~ ~1111-~3 ~ ~001(011~( ~30 3180 0~ 1(0~1~(0~01~() ~111100~ 111~(1810(
30() ~011( ()10()~8 38 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-53. 111~ ~011( ()10()~8 3~1 38 3 0(1()~~ (~~11~1~(.
111~ 0113~~ 3~(088 111~(1810( 11, 30() 118 ~11((~01, 3(~ 31~3~8 1101()1(~~110031. ~1111
142

~0
~,,,
‫ﻣ‬
0.)(
+ +
t
~~0 91
e
(38(8 ~()~580111
~0 ~8 . 0.)(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0
(38(8 ~()15801 12
92
-11 +~----+- 0.)(
0
(0) ,,..,8~810~(115
rin
3 (~51511~~ 103~, 111~ 111~(1510(
ee
~1.1((~111 ~01.11~ 131110 2~(0 ~1.1~ 10 11311.1(31 ~01111111.11311011
111 ~~~(~ 11311-~~~1~, 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-50. 1-10~~~~(, 11111~(~ 15 3 13(~~ 111~1.1~1311~~
gin
111 111~ ~1(~1.111, 111~(1510( 111113~ 1101 0~ 11.1(11~~ 011111 ~~~(~ 11311-~~~1~ 01111111.11 ~0113~~,
‫ﺔ‬
311~ 11115 1113~ (~51.111111 3 1055 01 ~0111(01.
11111~ 311~ 111~ ~111~1~11~~
1(31151510()
~~~1~~
~,.301()1~
15 3150
3~1 35 3 0/(//,.~~(/0~(1/
~1111 3 (~1311~~1~
6-3
sy
En
10~
(~~1.1~~~.
8~/(~/1,
011-5131~
111(~~
111~
~111~1115
~011~1.1~11011 1055.
110~~(
0(1~~~
~~~1~~5
~0111111~(~1311~
(~~1111~(
~011~1.1~1 31111~
311~ 111~(1510(
3~311301~
53111~
35 3 5111~1~
(0(
~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11.111-~3...~ 3~ ...0113~~ ~0111(011~( 111 ~1~. 6-33 0.35 3 (~5156...~ 1030 01
~ = 10 0, 3110 10.~ 111~1.11...0113~~ 15 1/, = 120 ,, 60 1-1~. 10.~ 0~13~ 311~1~5 0110.~(1510(5
1) 3110 12 3(~ ~~1.131= ~1 = = ~ = ,,,/2. 0~1~(01111~ 10.~ (3) (111501.11~1.11
...0113~~,
Ea
~2
~0~ (0) 111~1.11~0~~( 13~10(, ~~~ (~) 3...~(3~~ ~1.1((~111 0110.~(1510(5, 1/1.~ 3110 (0)
. (1115
~1.1((~111 0110.~(1510(5, 1,,..
w.
02 01
‫ُﺭ‬ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
+ +
15 ~0
12 ~0 8
~5 11
143
58~. 6-4

--5
0)(
0,
+ 211
03
.,
+ 15 (, +
~04 02 ~0 8
~,
-
‫ﻣ‬
--$ --0 8 0)(
0
9, (33(8 ~~,58
0/,,
t
0)(
.ne
0
(3) ~,~~~,( (0) ....,3__8/0~~5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
80.0~100 8. = 10 0, ~$ = 120~,
ng
= -../2, (1110~,,, =
0. )(
((1) ~~0111 ~(). (6-8), 111~~11150111~111...011(1~~,

~ 120 = 169.7~.
eri ~0 =
120
~ = 84.85 ~
ine
(0) 111~ ~1115...(1111~0110(10 ~11~~~111,/0 = ~)8.
)( = 84.85/10 = 8.485 ,4. (1110111~
10(10 ~0~~~, /10 = /~ = 8.4852 10 = 719.95~. 5111~~111~111~111~11~~~11115~11~
5(1111~ (15 111~ 10(10 ~11~~~111, 111~ 111~111 ...011-3111~~~~ ~(11111~,
‫ﺔ‬ 111~ 111~1.11~0~~~
sy
En
g
~,4. = ~/$ = ~/0 = 120 )( 8.485

1(1~10~,
~~ = ~
~,4. =
= 1018.2 ~
~0
~$
= (( ~
-..
-..
_ 0. + 5111 20.
2 ))
1/2
(6-9)
719.95 _
-- ~ -- 0 70 (1 . )
~ 1018.2 - . 7 (1~~111~
Ea
(,,
1
/,,,, = ~$ 51110)( (/(0)()
w.
~
2-..8.)~
~~$
‫ُﺭ‬
(~05 0. + 1)
ww
= (6-10)
2-..8.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~)( 120
= )( 2.7,4.
2-.. 10 =
(0) 111~ ~1115...3111~ 01111~ 111~~1510~ ~11~~~111,
)1/2
/~ = (2~8.2~,, 2~~ 511120)( (/(0)()
2~2 (,, 1/2
( 4-..~2)~
(1 - ~05 20)() (/( 0)()
)
144

_ 51022~)
)1/2
(6-11 )
= ~,~ (~( ~ ~ +
=~=6~
2
)( 10
‫ﻣ‬
5~~1100 6-4 0~(115 ~110 10~ 510~1~-~0(15~ ~001(011~(5 ~110 (~51511~~ 10(105. 10 ~((1~11~~,
111051 10(105 (1(~ 10011~11~~ 10 (1 ~~(1(110 ~)(1~01. ~ 11111-~(1~~ ~001(011~( ~110 (10 ~1-
10(10 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 6-6(1. 1.~1 115 (15511111~ 10(11 10~(1510( 11 15 11(~0 011(10~ 10~
et
~05111~~ 0(111-~~~1~ (100 ~(1((1~5 10~ 10(10 ~11((~01. 011~ 10 10011~1(10~~ 10 10~ ~1(~1111,
10~ ~11((~01 0110~(1510( 11 111(1~ 0011(111 10 2~(0 (11 0)( = 10, ~0~0 10~ 10~111 ~011(1~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
51(1(15 10 0~ 0~~(111~~. 10~(1510( 11 ~111 ~0011011~ 10 ~00011~1110111115 ~11((~0111 1(1115
0. (100 0~~~005
10 2~(0 (110)( =~. 10~ ~00011~1100 (10~1~ 0110~(1510( 11150 = ~ -
rin
ee
gin
91
,1 11
0
+
‫ﺔ‬ ~5
1.
sy
,2 12
En
~0
~0
8
92
0
~~1
,,
0
Ea
(11) ~~~~~~1
91
w.
0 ,.,1
2,, 2,,+ 0
(~) 92
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
,.,1
0
‫ﺷﺩ‬
91
~~~~,.,1
0 2,,
0
(0) 92
,.,1
0 ,,+0
58~. 6-5 145

00 111~ 0~1~)1 ~081~, ~, ~00 111~ ~0~~( 1~~10( ~081~ 0110~0, 6. 111~ ~~.,,~10(015 10(
111~ 111)1(1510( ~1.1((~01, 8~1108 ~1.115~5, ~00 10~1.11 .,,011~8~ ~(~ 5110~0 10 ~18. 6-60.
1111. = 0 ~. 510 ())(15 111~ 1051~01~0~01.15 10~1.11 .,,011~8~ ~00 111~ 0~1~)1 ~081~
0(111)1(1510( 11 15 ~, 111)1(1510( ~1.1((~0111 ~~0 0~ 101.100 1(001
1- + ~11 = 0 ~. 510 ())( (6-12)

~~
111~ 5011.11100 01 ~(). (6-12) 15 01111~ 10(01
‫ﻣ‬
0~.
=- - 6) + ..41€-(~/1.)(
(())(
11 510 (6-13)
7.
t
.ne
~11~(~ 10~0 101~~0~0~~, 7. = (~2 + (())1-)2)1/2 ~00 10~0 ~081~, 6 = 1~0-1 (())1-/~).
~1 ())(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
111~ ~0051~01 ..41 ~~0 0~ 0~1~(0110~0 1(001 111~ 10111~1 ~00011100~
= ~, 11
= 0. ~(001 ~(). (6-10) ..41 15 101.100 ~5
ng
0~.
..41 = -- 510 (~ - 6)€(~/1.)(000)) (6-14)
7.
. 0~..
11 = -
eri
81.1051111.1110001..411(001 ~(). (6-14) 10 ~(). (6-13) )11~105
.
(510 (())( - 6) - 510 (~ - 6)€(~/1.)(()(/0)~()) (6-15)
ine
7.
111~ ~081~ ~, ~11~0 ~1.1((~01 11 1~115 10 ~~(0 ~00 111)1(1510( 11 15 11.1(0~0 011, ~~0 0~
101.100 1(001 111~ ~00011100~ 11(())(
‫ﺔ‬ En
111~ ~081~ ~, ~111~1115 ~150 ~00~0

g
510 (~ - 6) =
= ~) = 0 10 ~(). (6-15) ~00 1581.,,~0 0)1111~(~1~1100
510 (~
~5 ~0 €~(111~(1011011/5/€, ~~0 0~ 0~1~(0110~0
-
111151(~05~~00~0~~1 ~()1.1~1100 ~00 11 (~()1.11(~5 ~0 11~(~11.,,~ 01~11100 015011.11100.

6)€(~/1.)(()(-(3)/0)
(6-16)
1(001
00~~
~ 15 ~00~0, 111~ ~0001.1~1100 ~081~ (8) 0(111)1(1510(
sy
11 ~~0 0~ 101.100 1(001
(6-17)
Ea
w.
(6-18)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(6-19)
146

3110 111~ (1115 01.11..,1.11~1.1((~111 ~311 111~11 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 0)1 ~01110111111~ 111~ (1115 ~1.1((~111
01 ~3~11 111)1(1510( 35
10 = (1~ + 1~)1/2= ~ 18. (6-20)
111~ 3~~(3~~ ~311.1~ 01111)1(1510( ~1.1((~111 ~311 3150 0~ 101.1110 1(0111 ~(). (6-15) 35
1 ~
1)(
= 11 (/( ())0
210 1 0.
(6-21)
_~
= 2 102 10.
11 ~ 5
(5111 (())( - 6) - 5111(~ -
6)~(8./~)(0./(0-()) (/(())0
‫ﻣ‬
111~ ~31111~ 51~11315 01111)1(1510(5 ~01.110 0~ 5110(1 ..,1.115~5 10( 3 ~0111(011~( ~1111
et
(~51511~~ 10305. 1-10~~~~(, 51.1~11 5110(1 ..,1.115~5 3(~ 1101 51.111301~ 10( 11101.1~11~~ 10305.
11115 ~311 0~ ~)(..,13111~0 ~1111 (~1~(~11~~ 10 ~1~. 6-60. ~11~11 111)1(1510( 12 15 11(~0 31
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
+
g.n
())(
= 10 ~, 111)1(1510( 11 15 51111 ~01101.1~1111~ 01.1~ 10 1030 11101.1~1311~~.
())(
13)1111~ 11111~
~ + 8,
111~ ~1.1((~111 01111)1(1510( 11 13115 10 2~(0 3110 11 15 11.1(11~0 011 31 = ~=
111~ ~31~ ..,1.115~ 01111)1(1510( 12 1135 31(~30)1 ~~35~0 3110 ~0115~()1.1~1111)1, 12 ~1111101 0~
11.1(11~0 011. ~5 3 (~51.111, 0(11)1111)1(1510( 11 ~111 0..,~(31~, ~31.15111~ (5)1111111~1(1~31 ~3~~-
rin
10(1115 01 01.11..,1.11 ~0113~~ 3110 ~1.1((~111. 11115 01111~1.111)1 ~311 0~ (~501~~0 0)1 1.15111~
~01111111.101.15~31~ 51~11315 ~1111 3 01.1(311011 01 (10 - ~) 35 5110~11111 ~1~. 6-6~. ~5 50011
35 111~ ~1.1((~111 01 11 13115 10 2~(0, 111)1(1510( 12 (~1111 ~31~ ..,1.115~5 35 5110~11 111
~1~. 6-6~) ~01.110 0~ 11.1(11~0 011. 1-10~~~~(,
ee 3 ~01111111.101.15 ~31~ ..,1.115~ 111~(~35~5 111~
5~11~11111~ 1055 01111)1(1510(5 3110 (~()1.11(~5 313(~~( 150131111~ 1(311510(111~( 10( 111~ ~31111~
gin
~1(~1.111. 111 ..,(3~11~~, 3 1(3111 01 ..,1.115~5 ~1111 5110(1 01.1(3110115 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-60
3(~ 110(111311)11.15~0 10 0~~(~0111~ 111~5~ ..,(001~1115.
‫ﺔ‬ ~()1.1311011 (6-15)
11111~ 0~13)1 311~1~,
~1.1((~111 ~01.110
1-/0(~5
sy
11101~31~5 11131111~ 1030

~, 15 1~55 111311 111~ 1030
En
0~ 015~01111111.101.15 3110 1101151111.1501031.

~0113~~
311~1~, 6.
(3110 ~1.1((~111) ~111 0~ 51111.1501031
11 ~ 15 ~(~31~( 111311 6, 111~ 1030
1. 11 ~ = 6, 1(0111~(). (6-16),
5111(~ - 6) = 5111(~ - ~) = 0
(6-22)
Ea
(6-23)
w.
2. 5111~~ 111~ ~01101.1~11011 311~1~, 8 ~3111101 ~)(~~~0 10, 111~ 0~13)1 311~1~, ~, 1113)1
1101 0~ 1~55 111311 6 3110 111~ ~0111(01 (311~~ 01 0~13)1 311~1~ 15
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
(6-24)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
3. 11 ~ =5 6 3110 111~ ~31~ ..,1.115~5 01111)1(1510(5 3(~ 011011~ 01.1(311011, 111~ 1030
~1.1((~111 ~01.110 1101 ~11311~~ ~1111 ~, 3110 (0111111)1(1510(5 ~01.110 ~01101.1~1. 111)1(1510(
())( + 6.
11 ~01.110 11.1(11 011 31
())(
= 6 3110 111)16510( 12 ~01.110 11.1(11011 31
10 =
~,.301())~ 6-4
111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-~3~~ ~0111(011~( 111 111~. 6-63 51.1~~11~5 311 ~1.. 1030. 111~ 111~1.11
((115 ~0113~~ 15 1/, = 120 , 31 60 1-12. 111~ 1030 15 51.1~1111131 1.. = 6.5 011-1 3110 ~ =
2.5 0. 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~5 01111~(1510(5 3(~ ~().1.131=~1 = ~2 = 70/2. 1)~1~((11111~111~(3)
147
58~. 6-5

~0/1011~60/1 3/1~1~ 01 1/1~~1810~ 11, /)~ (0) ~~8 011111111~0113~~, ~0~ (~) ~~8 111~~1810~
~11~~~/11, /~~ (0) ~~8 011111111~11~~~/11, /0~ (~) 111~ 3~~~3~~ ~11~~~/11013 111~~1810~, /,,~ 3/10
(1) 1/111111110~~~ 13~10~, ~~.
801111100~ = 2.5 0., 1.-= 6.5 ~1-1,1 = 60 1-12,(.0 = 270 )( 60 = 377 ~30/8, ~, =
120~, ~ = 900,3/106 = 13/1-1 ((.00~) = 44.430.
(3) 111~ ~)(11/1~60/1 3/1~1~ ~3/1 0~ 0~1~1~1/1~0 1~0~ 111~ 8011160/1 01 ~(). (6-16) 3/10
3/1 11~1311~~ 8011160/1 ~1~108 (3 = 220.350. 111~ ~0/1011~60/1 3/1~1~ 18 /) = (3 - ~ =
220.43 - 90 = 130.430.
~0113~~ 18 ~0 = 68.09~.
‫ﻣ‬
(0) ~~0~ ~(). (6-18), 111~1~8 011111111
(~) ~11~~~1~311/11~~1360/1 01 ~(). (6-19) 0~1~~~/1 1/1~ 11~118 (.0(
= ~ 10 (3 ~1~~8
111~1~8 111~118101~11~1~/1138 /~ = 15.07 ,.,.,,.
)(
et
(0) ~~0~ ~(). (6.20), /0 = ~ 15.07 = 21.3,.,.,,.
(~) ~11~~~1~311/11~~1360/1 01 ~(). (6-21) ~1~108 111~3~~13~~ 111~~18101~1111~/1138
/,, = 8.23 ,.,.,,.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
(1) 111~ 011111111110~~1,~0 = 21.32 )( 2.5
= 1134.2~, 3/101/1~ 1/111111
~011-3~11~1~
136/1~, ~,.,.,, = 120 )( 21.3 = 2556 ~~ 111~~~101~,
ng
~0 1134.200 .
~~ = ~,.,.,, = = 0.444 (13~~1/1~)
2556
ri
1-/0(~. 111~ 5~11~11111~ (1~11011 01 111)1(1510(5
ee 111.(1/(~5 111~ ~(),11(1110115 10( ~11((~1115
110111111~(1(. ~ 1111111.~(1~(11111.~11100 01501111101110( 111~ 111)1(1510( ~011011~11011 (111~1~ (1110
~11((~1115 15 111.0(~ ~111~1~111 111(111~1(1551~(111~~11111(),11~5. ~ ~0111.))111~( ))(0~((1111. 11(1111.~0
~~00-3 15 115~0 10 501~~ 11115 ~)((1111.))1~ (1110 111~ ))(0~((1111. 15 1151~0 111 ~))))~1101)( ~.
gin
$1110~1115 (1(~ ~11~011((1~~0 10 ~~(11)1111~ (~511115 0111115 ~)((1111.))1~ (1110 10 (1))))(~~1(11~ 111~
(1 1111111.~(1~(11 5011111011, ~5))~~1(111)1 111 501~111~ 110111111~(1( ~(),11(1110115 01
‫ﺔ‬
115~111111~55 01
111)1(1510( ~1(~11115.
En
asy
111~ ~1(~1111 01(1~((1111. 01 (1 111(~~-))11(15~ 11(111-~(1~~ (0( 1111101(~~11011(11) ~0111(011~( 15

5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-7 ~1111 (1 ~)1~-~01111~~1~0 (~51511~~ 10(10. 111~ ~11((~111 110~ 10 111~
10(10 15 ~0111(011~0 0)1111)1(1510(5 11, 13, (1110 (1110 111~ 0100~5 ))(0~10~ 111~ (~111(11
15~
E
,.,
w.
~~~. 8
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~,~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0
/)
- ..00
-
,/
,0
148

‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ ~0( 10.~ ~1.1((~0110
~1.1((~01 ~(110.. 10.~ 11(10~ 5~()1.1~0~~ 0110.)1(1510(5 15 11, 13, 15.
110~ 10.(01.1~0.10.~ ~0~~( ~001(011~(, (111~(151 00~ 10.)1(1510( (01.151 ~0001.1~1. 11 (11110.~
0~~1~~5 ~~(~ 0100~5, 10.(~~ 0100~5 ~01.110 ~0001.1~1 (11 10.~ 5(1(0~ 11(0~ (100 10.~ ~00-
(0(1)1 (~~(11110.(11 (1 10.)1(1510( ~111
01.1~1100 (10~1~ 01 ~(1~0. 0100~ ~01.110 0~ 1800. ~~
~0001.1~111115 (1000~ ~011(1~~ 15 0.1~0.~( 10.(10 10.(11 01115 ~(110.00~ (100 1115 11(~0. 00~~
(1 10.)1(1510( 51(1(15 ~0001.1~110~, 11 ~01.110 0~ 11.1(0~0 011 001)1 ~0.~0 115 ~1.1((~011(1115 10
~~(0.
11 ~5 15 10.~ ((05 ~(111.1~ 0110~1.11 ~0.(15~ ~011(1~~ (100 ~~ 0~110~ 10.~ 1051(101(10~01.15
10~1.11 ~0.(15~ ~011(1~~5 (15
‫ﻣ‬
1)/1.1-/= ~ ~5 510
0)(
~
_ 2~)
t
1)81-/ = ~5 510 (0)(
e
(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1)
~1-/ = ~ ~5 510
0)( _ 4~)
10.~0 10.~ 10~1.11 110~ ~011(1~~5 (1(~
rin
1)/1.8 = 0) ~5 510 (0)( + ~)
= 0)
ee
1)8~ ~5 510 (0)( - ~)
gin
1)
= 0) ~5 510 ( 0)( _7
)
‫ﺔ‬ 10.~ ~(1~~10((05
~011(1~~5 (1(~ 50.0~010
1~0 0( 10.(~~ 0~~1~~5
(1(~ (1) 1~0 10.)1(1510(5
En
~1~. 6-810(
~(10 ~0001.1~1
(100 00~
~/1.
10( 10~1.11 ~011(1~~5, ~0001.1~1100

~ = 600 (100 ~ =
0100~,
(11 10.~ 5(1(0~
(2) 00~
~
(10~1~5
1500.
11(0~ (100 10.~ ~055101~
10.)1(1510( (100 00~
01 0~~1~~5,
~0( 0 ~
0100~,
~ ~
(100
~0(0010(111005
(100 (3)
01.11~1.11
600, ~110.~(
00~
asy
10.)1(1510( (100 1~0 0100~5. 1110.(~~ 0~~1~~5 ~0001.1~1, (1 00((0(1110.(~~-~0.(15~ 0~~((11100

0~~1.1(5 (15 50.0~0 10 ~1~. 6-% (100 10.~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ 01 (1 ~0.(15~ 15 10.~ 5(1(0~ (15 10.~
10~1.11 ~0.(15~ ~011(1~~, 10( ~)((1(0~1~,
.E
(6-25)
w
00 10.~ 010.~( 0.(100, 111~0 0~~1~~5 ~0001.1~1 (1110.~ 5(1(0~ 11(0~, 10.~ ~1.1((~01110~5 001)1
10.(01.1~0.1~0 110~5 (100 10.~ 10.1(0 110~ ~(10 0~ ~00510~(~0 0~~0 ~1(~1.111~0. 10.~ 110~-
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
10-110~ ~011(1~~ ~01.110 (1~~~(1( (1~(055 1~0 1~((010(115 01 10.~ 10(10 (15 50.0~0 10 ~1~.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
6-90 (100 10.~ 01.11~1.11 ~0.(15~ ~011(1~~ ~01.110 0~ 00~-0.(1110110.~ 110~ ~011(1~~ (~.~., ~110.
1~((010(11 ~ 0~10~ 0~~0 ~1(~1.111~0),
1),,11 =
1)/1.8
2 =
0 ~
2
~5 .
510
( 0)( +
10
(5 ) (6-26)
10.~ ~(1~~10((0 10( (10 01.11~1.11 ~0.(15~ ~011(1~~ (~.~., 1),,11) ~(10 0~ 0((1~0 01(~~11)1
1(0(0 10.~ 10~1.11 ~0.(15~ (100 110~ ~011(1~~5 0)1 00110~ 10.(111),,11 ~01.110 ~0((~5~000 10 1)/1.1-/
1110.(~~ 0~~1~~5 ~0001.1~1, 10 1)/1.8/2 (0( 1)/1.~/2) 111~0 0~~1~~5 ~0001.1~1, (100 10 ~~(0 11
149
58~. 6-6

‫ﻣ‬
~1
et
9,
~1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
93
~1
95
~1
rin
02
~1
~
04
~
~1
~ 1
, /
ee
~1
~~ ~ ~~~~~1 ~1 ~~~~~3~3~~~~~
,
gin
( ~2,21212~4~4~4~4~6~6~
~ ~,,~~. ~ .
~.0 ~.
.
1 ~.0
~.,, .
' 0.5~,,9
‫ﺔ‬ /
__
sy
En
~
~~~,
~ ~
~,,~
~1 0
,.
0.5~,,8
(0) ~0~,.
= 1500
Ea
1~(11110(11(1 15 0~~0 ~1(~1111~0. ~0( 600 ~ (1 ~ 1200, (11 (10~ 11111~001~ 00~ 10~(1510(
w.
15 ~00011~110~ (100 10~ (~111(0 ~(110 15 50(1(~0 0~ 00~ 0( 1~0 0100~5. ~0( 1200 ~ (1
~ 2100, 001~ 00~ 10~(1510( (100 00~ 0100~ ~00011~1 (1110~ 5(1111~11111~.
‫ُﺭ‬
~
ww
10~ ~)(110~1100 (10~1~, ~, 01 (1 10~(1510( ~(10 0~ 0~1(1~~0 0~~000 1800 (~.~.,

‫ﺷﺩ‬
0111 15 2100). 1015 15 011~ 10 10~ 1(1~1 10(11 (10 0111~111 ~0(15~ ~011(1~~ 111(1~0~~~00
00 10~ 10~111110~-10-110~ ~011(1~~. ~0~0 1).48 0~~0111~5 2~(0 (110)( = 1500, 10~ ~11((~01
0110~(1510( 11 ~(10 ~0011011~ 10 110~ 1101111)~.4 0~~0111~5 2~(0 (11 0)( = 2100 (100 (1
0~1(1~ (10~1~ 01 (1
= 2100 ~1~~5 2~(0 0111~111~011(1~~ ((100 ~0~~().
10~ ~(1110~ ~1115~5 0110~(1510(5 5001110 0~ ~00110110115, (100 10( ~)((1111~1~, 10~
~1115~ 0111 5001110 ~00 (11 0)( 2100, 10 ~((1~11~~, 10~ ~(11~ ~1115~5~005151 011~0
=
~(1(15. 10~ 11(51 ~1115~ 0111 51(1(15 (10~~0~(~ 0~1~~~0 0 (100 1500 (100 ~005 (11 0)(
=
= 1500, (11~(1~5 ~005 (11 0)( = 2100.
1500, 10~ 5~~000 ~1115~, ~01~0 ~(10 51(1(1 (11 0)(
1015 (1110~5 111~ ~11((~01 10 110~ 10(011~0 10~(1510( 11 011(10~ 10~ ~~(100 1500 ~ 0)(
150

.1 ~. .1 ~.
,. 8 ,. 8
1,~ ~,~
11 1
06 ~~06
8 ~8
‫ﻣ‬
1~
02 10
~(8).0~99 (~) .....,0 ~011~~~1~119~9~~~95
~011~~~1~119~9~~~95
et
..1~11..~ 6-9 ~~~-~000~~1~0
(~51511~~ 1030.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(6-27)
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
(6-28)
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(6-29)
151
58~. 6-6

/1.
~1
/1.
06
8
~~0 .00 06
~02 8
‫ﻣ‬
.0
~(8) (~) ~.....0~0,,~~~1~,,9 ~9~~~98
~~~99
~0,,~~~1~,,9 ~9~~~98
ng
~ =0
ri
ee (6-30)
gin
‫ﺔ‬
()~~~0()
~00()11~1,
10 111~ ~(18~ 0( ()~11(1-~000~~1~()
8(1111~ (18 111~ 110~-10-110~
00
En
111~ 0111110~( 0( ()~~1~~8

111~ 110~ (10() ~11(18~ ~11((~018
~011(1~~.
10(1(),
110~~~~(,
111~ 0111~111 ~11(18~ ~011(1~~ ~0111() 0~ 111~
~00()11~110~
~0111()
111~ 110~ ~11((~01 0(
111~ 10(1() ~0111()
(11 111~ 8(1111~ 11111~. 1( 111(~~ ()~~1~~8
(0110~ 111~ 00(111(11 (~1(111008111~ 0( (1
asy
111(~~-~11(18~ 8)181~111, (18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-10(1. 1( 111~ ~11((~0110 ~11(18~ (1 18 10/0 = /,,,
810 ())(, 111~ 110~ ~11((~01 ~111 0~ 10 = 10/0 - 1~0 = 0 /,,, 810 (())(
- ~/6). 1( 1~0
()~~1~~8 ~00()11~1 (11 111~ 8(1111~ 11111~, 00~ 1~(11110(11 0( 10(1() ~(10 0~ ~0081()~(~()
0~~0-
~1(~1111~() (18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-100 (10()
1~0 = 1/0~ = -10/0/2. 111~ 110~ ~11((~01 0( 10(1()
E
~0111() 0~ 10 = 10/0 - 1~0 = (3/,,,/2) 810 ())(

= 1.5/,,, 810 ())(.
w.
111~ ~0~~( ()~~1~~8 ~(10 0~ ~000~~1~() 10~~111~( (18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-11. 11118
(1(((10~~111~01, ~111~11 ~~(111118 (188~11101)1 (18 (1 ~0111~(1~1 11011, 18 ~088101~ 0(1)1 1( 111~
0~111((11 0( 10(1() 18 (1~~~88101~.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~301()1~ 6-5
1/1~ 1/1(~~-~/1(18~ 1111101(~~11011(11~0111(011~( 111~1~. 6-7 811~~11~8 (1 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 (~8186~~
10(10 0( ~ = 100 (11101/1~ 1111~-10-1111~ 111~111~011(1~~ 18 208 ~, 60 1-12. 1/1~ 0~1(1~ 18
~ = ~/3. 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ ((1) (1118 0111~111 ~/1(18~ ~011(1~~, ~0~ (0) 111~111~0~~( ((1~10(,
~~~ (1110 (~) ~)(~(~8810118 (0( 1/1~ 11181(1111(111~01180111~111 ~011(1~~ 0( ~/1(18~ (1.
8010(100 ~1. = 208 ~, ~5 = ~1./~ = 208/~ = 120~, ~ = ~/3, (1110~ = 100.

((1) ~(0111 (6-28) 1/1~ (1118 0111~111 ~/1(18~ ~011(1~~ 18 ~0 =
110.86~.
(0) 1/1~ (1118 ~/1(18~ ~11((~111 0( 1/1~ 10(10, /. = 110.86/10 = 11.086 ~ (1110 1/1~
152

‫ﻣ‬
..1~0..~ 6-11 ~)1~(111111...~ 11((11118~(11~111
01111(~~-))11115~ 011101(~(1101111) (0111(0))~(.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
)( )(
~0 = 3/~~ = 3 11.0862 10 = 3686.98 ~
510.~~ 10.~ )030 18 ~00.0.~~1~0 10. ..,.,,.,,~, 10.~ ~0.35~ ~0..(~0.118 ~()03) 10 10.~ 110.~ ~0 ~0.1, /1-
rin
= /~ = 11.086~. 10.~ 10.~01 ...011-30.1~~(~ ..3110.~,
, ~ = 3~/1- = 3 )( 120 )( 11.086 = 3990.96 ,~
ee
~0 3686.98 ( ) .
~~ = ,~ =
3990.96 = 0.924 13~~10.~
gin
0
‫ﺔ‬ 810. (1)1
(~) 1110.~ 10.~01 ~0.38~ ...0113~~ 18 (3)(~0. 35 10.~ ..~1~(~0.~~ 30.0 18 1)~,,., =
sy
= 169.7510.
(1)1, 10.~ 10.5130.130.~008 10.~01110.~ .,,0113~~5 3..~
En
1)~8 = 2080810. ((1)1+

~) = 294.2810. ((1)1+ ~)
120
1)8~ = 294.2810.((1)1-~)
_ 7~)
Ea
1)~~ = 294.2 510.((1)1
10.~ 10.8130.130.~008 001~01 ~0.35~ .,,0113~~, 1)~~, ..,.,,0.1~0.0~~~0.05 00. 10.~ 0.00.10~( 01 ~00.-
w.
00~110.~ 0~.,,1~~8, ~30. 0~ 0~1~..0.110.~0 1..00.1 ~1~. 6-83 38 10110..,.,,8~
~0.. 0 ~ (1)1~ 7(/3~ 1)~~ = 0

‫ُﺭ‬
1).~ = 1)~,,., = 169.7510.(1)1
ww
~0.. 7(/3 ~ (1)1~ 47(/6~

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0.. 47(/6 ~ (1)1~ 7(~ 1)~~ = 1)~~/2 = -1)~~/2 = 147.1810. ((1)1 - 77(/6 -7()
1) (1)1
~0( 7( ~ (1)1~ 37(/2~ = 1)~,,., = 169.7 810.
~~
~0.. 37(/2 ~ (1)1~ 57(/3~ 1)~~ = 1)~8/2 = 147.1810. ((1)1 + 7(/6)

1) (1)1
~0( 57(/3 ~ (1)1~ 27(~ ~~ = 1)~,,., = 169.7 810.
(1.
58~. 6-6 153

‫ﻣ‬
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
111~ 1111101(~~11011(11 ~0111(011~(8,
eri
~111~11 ~0111(1111 0~ 111()111~11((~111 (1110 111~11~( 11(1(1110111~
~0111~111 011~ 10 111~ (18~111111~1(1~(11 11(1111(~ 01111~ 0111()111 ..,011(1~~ ~(1..,~10(111, (1(~ 1101
ine
110(111(111~ 118~0 111 (1~ 111010( 0(1..,~8~ (1 111(~~-()11(18~ 0101(~~11011(11 ~0111(0118 ~01111110111~
118~0. 111~ ~1(~1111 01(1~((1111 01 (1 111(~~-()11(18~ 11111-~(1..,~ (0( 0101(~~11011(11) ~0111(011~(
18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 6-12 ~1111 (1 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 (~81811..,~ 10(10. 111~ 0()~((111011 0111118
‫ﺔ‬
~0111(011~( 18 8111111(1(10 111(11 01 (111(111-~(1..,~
()(111118 ()(0..,10~0
En
g
0~ 111~(1810(8
01111~(1810(8 18 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.
11~~ 0~1111~ 111~ 11181(1111(111~0118
sy
7)~~
12,
~0111(011~(,
14, (1110 1611181~(10
111()111()11(18~ ..,011(1~~8 (18
= -0~5 8111~(
~)(~~()1111(11111~
010100~8.
(~111(11 ~11((~111
111~ 11(111~ 8~(),11~11~~
7)8~ = -0~5 8111 ( ~(

_
2~)
Ea
7)~~ = -0~5 8111 ( ~(

_
4~)
w.
111~ 11181(1111(111~0118 111()111 1111~ ..,011(1~~8 (1(~

‫ُﺭ‬
(
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
7)~8 = ~ ~5 8111
~( +
~)
7)
8~ =~ ~5 8111 ~( ( -
~)
_
7)~~ = ~ ~5 8111 (~( 7~)
111~ ~(1..,~10(1118 10( 111~ 111()111 ..,011(1~~8, ~011011~11011 (111~1~8 01111~(1810(8, (1110
154

(1(~ 800~0
10 ~1~. 6-13 10( ~ = 600 (100 ~ = 1200. ~0( 0 ~
001~01 ~0(18~ 011(1~~8
~ ~ 600, 10000~01(11~1)1 0~10(~ 10~ 11(10~ 0111, 1~0 10)1(1810(8 ~0000~1. 00~~ 11 18
11(~0, 10(~~ 10)1(1810(8 ~0000~1. 1-.. 10)1(1810( 10(08 011 ~0~0 118 ~0((~01 (111~00~18 10
(~ ~(8~. 10~ ~000111008 (111~(0(11~ 0~1~~~0 1~0 (100 10(~~ ~0000~110~ 10)1(1810(8.
~0( 600 ~ ~ ~ 900, 001)11~0 10)1(1810(8 ~0000~1 (11 (10)11100~. ~0( 900 ~ ~ ~
1500, (111000~0 1~0 10)1(1810(8 ~0000~1 (11 (10)1 1100~, 10~(~ (1(~ ~~(1008 ~0~0 00
10)1(1810(8 (1(~ 00. ~0( ~ ~ 1500, 10~(~ 18 00 ~~(100 10( 1~0 ~0000~110~ 10)1(1810(8
(100 10~ 001~01 011(1~~ 0~~000~8 ~~(0 (11 ~ =
1500. 10~ ((10~~ 01 0~1(1)1(10~1~18
(6-31 )
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
rin
ee
gin
0
92
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
0 ~
94
~ ~
0 ~
~~~ ~
Ea
96 ~
~ ~~
0 ~
5~ 5 616~ 111 ~2~2~ 3 ~3 4~ 4 ~ 5
~ 6 ~
61 6 1 1 ~ 2 ~ 2 ~3~3~ 4 ~ 4 ~515
~
w.
~
1 ~ 1~~~~~1~~~1
~ 1 ~ ~ 1
~ 0.5,,,...8~,0.5,,,...~ ~ 1
‫ُﺭ‬
~
~
ww
~
~ ~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ ~ ~
~
0
-~
(1
155
58~. 6-7

..,0113~~ 0~~~008 00 111~ (30~~ 01 0~13)1 30~1~8. 111~ (018 0111~111~0113~~ 10( 3 ~)1~-
~000~~1~0 1030 ~30 0~ 101100 38 10110~8. ~0( 0 ~ ~ ~ 600~
12,, )1/2
110 = ~~,, 0(0)()
(2~
,,/3 (,,/2 +,,,
8102 0)/ 810 2 0)/
~ 115 12.
1210,,,(1 3
(/(0)/) + ),,/2 (/( 0)()
4
2,,/3
‫ﻣ‬
8102 0)/ ,,/2 +,,,
+
1,,/3+ ,,, 3
(/(0)/) +
1,,/2 -81024 0)/ (/(0)/) (6-32)
(,,
t
8102 0)/ 111/2
(/(0)/)
.ne
+ )2,,/3+,,, 3
~1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~ 115
_ + 81082~)
11/2
(~ (~ ~
ng
eri (6-33)
ine
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
g
(6-34)
111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~8 01 3 111(~~-~1138~ 0101(~~110031 ~001(011~( ~30 0~ ~000~~1~0

Ea
10~~111~( 38 8110~0 10 ~1~. 6-14. 1-1118 3((30~~01~0118 3180 /(00~0 38 //~ ~011(,0/ 300
3110~8 388~(101)1 01 311111)1(1810(8 38 00~ 11011.
w.
~,.301)))~ 6-6
~~()~(11 8)((1111()1~ 6-5 101 1/1~ 1/11~~-()/1(15~ 01011~~6011(11 ~01111011~1 111~1~. 6-12.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
80)0~100 111- = 208 ~, 115= 111-/0 = 208/0

‫ﺷﺩ‬
= 120~,
((1) ~10111 (6-32) 1/1~ 11115001()111 ()/1(15~ ..,011(1~~ 15 110
~ = 10/3, (1110~ = 100.
= 100.9~.
(0) 1/1~ 11115()/1(15~ ~1111~111011/1~ 10(1015/0
()0~~1 15
= 100.9/10 = 10.09 ~ (1110 1/1~ 0111()111
110 = 3/~~ )( 10.092 )(

= 3 10 = 3054.24 ~
5111~~ 1/1~ 10(10 15 ~01111~~1~0 111~)1~, 1/1~ ()/1(15~ ~1111~11115 ~~11(1110 1/1~ 1111~~1111~111,
10.09~. 1/1~ 111()111..,011-(1111()~1~, /1-
= /0 =
~~ )( )(
= 3115/1- = 3 120 10.09 = 3632.4 ~~
156

,.,
+
‫ﻣ‬
...~11..~ 6-14 ~((1111~~111~11( (0( (/1(~~-
+ ()/1115~ 0101(~~(1011111 (1~ ~011((01.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
~0 3054.24
( . )
~~ =
,/1...= 3632.4 = 0.84 13.~~111~
rin
(~) 1110.~ 111~1.11 ~0.3.5~ ~0113.~~ 1513./(~11 3.510.~ (~1~(~11~~ 3.11(151)-41-1 = 12005111
0)( 169.75111 0)(, 10.~ 111513.1113.11~01.15111~1.111111~ ~0113.~~5 3.(~
=
1)-48 = 2080 5111 (0)( +

ee ~) = 294.2 5111 0)( + ( ~)
1)8~ = 294.25111(0)( -~)
gin
_ 7~)
‫ﺔ‬ 10.~ 111513.1113.11~01.15
01.1~1111~0~~1~~5,
~0( 0 ~ 0)( ~ 70/3~

1)~-4 = 294.2 5111(0)(
En
01.11~1.11~0.3.5~ ~0113.~~, 1)00, ~0.1~0. 0~~~1105

~3.11 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 1(0111 ~1~. 6-133. 3.5 10110~5~
sy
1)00 = 0
011 10.~ 111.11110~(01 ~011-
~0( 70/3 ~ 0)( ~ 270/3~ 1)00 = (0)( + 70/6)

1)-48/2 = 147.15111
(0)(
~0( 270/3 ~ 0)( ~ 70~ 1)00 = 1)-4~2 = -1)~-4/2 = -147.15111 - 770/6 - 70)
Ea
~0( 70 ~ 0)( ~ 470/3~ 1)00 = 0

~0( 470/3 ~ 0)( ~ 570/3~ 1)00 = (0)( + 70/6)
1)-48/2 = 147.15111
(0)(
~0( 570/3 ~ 0)( ~ 270~ 1)00 = 1)-4~/2 = 147.15111 - 770/6 - 70)
w.
1-10(€. 111~ ~0~~( 13~10(, ~111~11 0~~~1105 011 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~, (1, 15 111 ~~11~(31
‫ُﺭ‬
~00( ~0(11~3(~0 10 11131 01111~ 11311-~3~~ ~0111(011~(.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
6-8 ,.~~~~-~~~5~ 8~0~~~~,.~0~~(. 0~(. ,.~-~0~~~~,.~0

~0~,.~0(.(.~~5
11111~ 1~((11111315 01 3 111(~~-~1135~ 5~51~(11 3(~ 3~~~55101~, 111~ ~0111(01 ~1~(11~1115 (0(
~0~~( 0~~1~~5) 3110 1030 (113~ 0~ ~01111~~1~0 111 0~113 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-15. 5111~~
111~ ~1135~ ~1.1((~111111 3 110((1131111(~~-~1135~ 5~51~(11 15 0111~ 1/~ 01111~ 1111~ ~1.1((~111,
5€~. 6-8 157

,~ ~8
,..
+ +
~~..,,6,8
..,0,6,
‫ﻣ‬
0
10
.)~~
t
~~0
..1~11..~ 6-15 1)~1(3-00/1/1~0(~0 (11(~~-
.ne
() +
~1135~00/1((011~(.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
111~ ~1.1((~01 ((1110~5 01111)1(1510(5 ~01.110 0~ 1~55 111(10 111(11 11 111)1(1510(5 (0( ~001(01
ng
~1~01~015) ~~(~ ~1(1~~0 10 111~ 110~.
1-~11.15 (1551.101~ 111(11111~ 1051(101(10~01.15 110~-10-110~ ~011(1~~5 (1(~~
1)/1./3
1)/3~
eri
= 1)0/) = ~~55100.)(
= 1)/)~ = ~~5510 ( 0.)(_ 2~)

ine
1)
~/1. =
1)
~0 = ~ ~5 510 (0.)(_ 4~)
‫ﺔ‬ 111~
5110~0
10~1.11 110~ ~011(1~~5,
~0(
10 ~1~.
sy
6-16
(~51511~~
En
g
10( ~
10(105,
2 70
~11(15~ (100
= 1200
110~ ~1.1((~015,
(100 (~5156~~
111~ (015 01.11~1.11 ~11(15~ ~011(1~~
1/2
10(10.
(100 111)1(1510( ~(1110~
~(10 0~ 0~1~(0110~0
1/2
51~0(115 (1(~
1(001
2
~0 = 1)~/) (/( 0.)() 2 ~~ 510 0.)( (/( 0.)()
( 2~ 1,. ) =
( 2701,.70 )
Ea
(6-35)
1/2
_~ 510 2~)
= ~5
(~ ( 70 +
)
w.
2
111~ 01(1)(1011.101 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~01.110 0~ 001(110~0 ~11~0 ~ = 0 (100 111~~001(01 ((10~~
‫ُﺭ‬
01 0~1(1)1 (10~1~ 15
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(6-36)
(6-37)
158

‫ﻣ‬
0
92
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
0
rin
96
0
~.~
0
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 0
0
sy
En
~.
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..1~11..~ 6-16 ~3,,,~~0(1115 ~0( 0~113-~011-
11~~1~0 ~0111(011~(.
159
58~. 6-8

1.
1.
8
1. ..1~11..~ 6-17 1/1(~~-~/135~ (/1(~~-(/1~(15-

(0(5 ~011((011~(.
‫ﻣ‬
111(1)1 0~ 015~0060110115. 10~ (1115 ~(1111~ 01 110~ (100 ~0(15~ ~11((~015 10( 10~ 10(10
~1(~11115 ~(10 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 0)1 011111~(1~(11 501111100 0( ~011(1~( (10(11)1515. 111,, 15 10~
t
(1115 ~(1111~ 0110~ 1110 0(1(111001~ ~0111~00~01 01 (1 ~0(15~
.ne
~11((~01, 10~ (1115 ~(1111~ 01
~0(15~ ~11((~01 ~(10 0~ 101100 1(0111
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1(1,, = (1~ + 1~ + 1~ + 1~ + 1~ + 1~1+ . . .)1/2 (6-38)
ng
1)11~ 10 10~ 0~11(1 ~000~~600, 10~ 1(1~1~0 0(1(111001~ ~0111~00~015 (1.~., 1005~ 010(0~(
11 = 3111, ~0~(~ 11115 (10 000 101~~~() 0110~ ~0(15~ ~11((~015 ~01110 110~ (1(01100 10~
0~11(1 (100 ~01110 001 (1~~~(1( 10 10~ 110~. 1015 15 011~ 10 10~ 1(1~1 10(11 10~ 2~(0-
0~~0111~5 eri
5~()11~0~~ 0(1(111001~5 (1(~ 10 ~0(15~ 10 (11110(~~ ~0(15~5 0110(10. 10~ (1115110~ ~11((~01
ine
(6-39)
~5 (1 (~51111, 10~ (1115 ~(1111~ 01110~ ~11((~01 ~01110 00110110~ 10~ 00(111(11 (~1(11100501~
~0
‫ﺔ‬
01 (1 10(~~-~0(15~
(111~(0(16~~
(1510(5
5)151~111 511~0 10(11
En
g
10(111 01 0~11(1-~000~~1~0
(100 51111~1111~5 10~ ~001(01
sy
~1(~1111()115
~001(011~(5
500~0
~01~0
10 ~1~.
(~()111(~5
6-17. 1015
001)110(~~
(6-40)
(1(((10~~111~01
10)1-
15 (1150 /(00~0 (15 (1 ~0/)18011-~01111~~(~(/, ~011(,.0//~,..

~)(301)))~ 6-7
Ea
10.~ 10.(~~-~0.38~ 0101(~~601131 0~113-~01111~~1~0 ~0111(011~( 111 ~1~. 6-15 0.38 3 (~8186~~
1030 01 ~ = 10 0. 1110.~ 1111~-10-1111~~0113~~ 18 ~$
= 208 ~, 601-12, 3110 10.~ 0~13)1
311~1~ 0. = 27//3, 0~1~(01111~ 10.~ (3) (018 01.11~1.11~0.38~ ~0113~~, ~0~ (0) ~)(~(~5510115 10(
w.
111513111311~01.15~1.1((~1115 1., 1.0, 3110 10.~ (~) (018 01.11~1.11~0.35~ ~1.1((~111, /.0, 3110 (015 1111~
~1.1((~111, /.~ (0) 111~1.11~0~~( 13~10(, ..~~ 3110 (~) (015 ~1.1((~111 013 10.)1(1810(,
/~.
‫ُﺭ‬
80)1.11100
ww
~1. = ~$ = 208 ~, 0. = 27//3, ~ = 100, 3110 ~~3~ ~311.1~ 01 ~0.35~~1.1((~111,

‫ﺷﺩ‬
/,,, = -0 )(
208/10 = 29.4 ~.
(3) ~(001 8().. (6-35), ~0 = 92 ~.
(0) ~551.101111~ 1.0 35 10.~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0.380( 3110 1.0 = /,,, 5111 (,)(, 10.~ 111513111311~01.15
~1.1((~1115 3(~~
~0( 0 ~ (,)( -( 7//3~ 1.0 = 0
10. = /,,, 5111((,)( - 47//3)

1. = 1.0 - 10. = - /,,, 5111((,)( - 47//3)
~0( 7//3 -( (,)( -( 27//3~ 1.0 = 10. = 1. = 0
160

/06 = 1,,, 5111 ())(
/,.0 = 0
())(
/0 = /00 - /00 = 1,,, 5111
/00 = 0
(())(
/00 = 1,,, 5111 - 4-../3)
/0 = /06 - /00 = -1,,, 5111 (())( - 4-../3)
())( ~
~0( 4-../3 ~ 5-../3~ /00 = /00 = /0 = 0
())(
/06 = 1,,, 5111
())(
~0( 5-../3 ~ ~ 2-..~
/00 = 0
‫ﻣ‬
())(
/0 = /00 - /00 = 1,,, 5111
(~) 111~ ((115 ~(1111~5 01 /06 (1110 /0 (1(~ 0~1~((11111~0 0~ 1111(11~(1~(111111~~((111011115111~
et
(1(~
(1 ~0(1111111~( 11(0~((1(11 11(1(11~0 ~~00-4, ...,111~1115 ~1~~11 111~1111~11(1)( ~. 51110~1115
~11~011((1~~0 10 ~~(11~ 111~ (~511115.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~ 13.18
11.. = 10 = 13.18~
106
=
9.32
= 1.1414 ~ 0
(0) 111~ 011111111110...,~(,
rin
)( 9.322 )( 10
110 = 31~0~ = 3 = 2605.9
ee
, ~ = 3~/)1.. = 3 )( 208 )( 9.32 = 5815.7
gin
110 2605.900 ) .
0.448 (1(1~~111~
‫ﺔ‬ sy
~~ = ,~ =
En
1~ = ~
5815.7 =
(~) 111~ 111~(1510( ~11((~111 ~(1110~ 0~1~((11111~01(0(11111~
~ = ~
9.32
= 6.59 ~
1111(15~~11((~111,
1-/0(~. ~0 = 1~0~ = 9.32

)(
10 = 93.2 ~, ~11~(~(15 ~(). (6-35) ~1~~5 92 ~.
111~ 0111~(~0~~ 15 00~ 10 (000010~ 01110 111~ 00(0~(1~(11 501111100.
Ea
w.
011((10510((0~(5.
111~(1510(5 ~(10 0~ 05~0 (15 51(111~ 5~11~11~5 10( 00-10(10 1(1~ ~11(10~10~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
111~ 51(111~ 1(1~ ~11(10~~(5 11(1~~ 111~ (10~(101(1~~ 01 ~~(~ 1(151 5~11~1110~ (1~1100. 111~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~11(111~~0~~( ~(10 0~
~001(011~0 10 ~0~~ ~111110(10 ~000111005 (100 15 5(000111. 111~
~1(~1111 01(1~((1(0 01 (1 510~1~-~11(15~ 1((10510((0~( 1(1~ ~11(10~~( 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 6-18.
~111100~11 (11((10510((0~( (0(1~ 11(1~~ (00111~1~ 5~~000(1(~ ~10010~5, 001~ 1~0 5~~000(1(~
~10010~5 (1(~ 5110~0, 10( 111~ 5(1~~ 01 51(0~11~11~.

~(1(0(1(~ 1051(101(10~005
111~ 10(0 ((1110 0110~011((10510((0~( (1(~ 511~11111(1111111~
~011(1~~ 15
161
58~. 6-9

,0 +
8
‫ﻣ‬
.,0
.,,1~11..~ 6-18 5111~1~-))/135~ 1(3115~0(111~(
t
(3)) ~/1311~~(.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
111~ 5~~0003()1105130130~0115 ~0113~~5 3(~
ng
(1)(
1))
= -0 11) 510
eri
1)2
~ 13~ ~1130~~( 15 (0051 ~0(0(0001)1115~010(

= -0 112 510 (1)(
(~51511~~ 11~3110~ 10305. ~11~0 001)1

ine
111)1(1510(5 13 300 14 3(~ 311~(031~1)111(~0 ~1111 3 0~13)1 30~1~ 01 (1 = 0, 111~1030
~0113~~ 15 11~10 31 3 (~011~~0 1~~~1 01110 =
111. 1111111 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15 (~()111(~0,
001)1111)1(1510(5 11 300 12 3(~ 311~(031~1)111(~0 ~1111 3 0~13)1 30~1~ 01 (1
‫ﺔ‬ En
g
11111~0113~~ 15 110 = 111 300 112.

111~ ~3110~ ~1115~5 01111)1(1510(5 ~30 0~ ~001(011~0 10 ~3()1 111~ 1030 ~0113~~.
((05 ~3111~ 011030 ~0113~~, 110, ~30 0~ ~3(1~0 ~111110 111(~~ ~055101~ (30~~5~
sy
0 ~ 110 ~ ~1
= 0 300 111~
111~
Ea
w.
~0.,1,.0) ,.~.,9~
1
= 0 $ 110 $ 111. 10 ~3()1111~ 1030 ~0113~~ ~111110 11115(30~~,
111)1(1510(5 1) 30012 3(~ 111(0~0 011. 111)1(1510(5
‫ُﺭ‬
13 300 14 ~30 0~~(31~ 35 3 510~1~-
ww
~1135~ ~0113~~ ~001(011~(. 111~ 105130130~0115 1030 ~0113~~ 1)0 300 ~11((~01
‫ﺷﺩ‬
/0 3(~
5110~0 10 ~1~. 6-19~ 10( 3 (~51511~~ 1030. 111~ ((05 1030 ~0113~~ ~111~11 ~30 0~
0~1~((010~0 1(0(0 ~(). 6-8) 1030 15
)/2
1 510 2(1
110 = 11)
(~ (70 - (1
+
~ )) (6-41)
~0.,1,.0) ,.~.,9~ 2= 0 $ 110 $ (111 + 1(2). 111)1(1510(5 13 300 14 3(~ 111(0~0

011. 111)1(1510(5 1) 300 12 0~~(31~ 35 3 510~1~-~1135~ ~0113~~ ~001(011~(. ~1~11(~
162

(01
‫ﻣ‬
(~)
~0
-..(2~1
e t
(01
0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~. .
~~0 ~0= ~.,18
-..(2~1 + ~2)
rin
~(0)
~~~0
(01
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
..1~11..~ 6-19 ~3.,,~(0(1115 (0( 1(305-

(0(111~( 13(1 ~/1308~(.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(6-42)
())(
~001,.0~ ,.3098
3= ~1 ~ ~0 ~ (~1 + ~2). 10)1(1810( 13 18 111(0~0 00 (11
0 (100 10~ 8~~000(1()1 ~011(1~~, 1)1, (1()()~(1(8 (1~(088 10~ 10(10. 1110)1(1810( 11 18
111(0~0 00 (11 ())( =
~, 10)1(1810( 13 18 (~~~(8~ 01(18~0 011~ 10 8~~000(1()1 ~011(1~~ 1)2,
())(
(100 13 18 111(0~0 011. 10~ ~011(1~~ (1()()~(1(10~ (1~(088 10~ 10(10 18 (1)1 + 1)2). ~1
5€1~. 6-9 163

= 70, 11 15 5~11-~01111111.1131~0 3110 1415 11.1(11~0 011. 111~ 5~~01103()1 ~0113~~ 1)1 3~~~3(5
3~(055 111~ 1030 1.11111112 15 11(~0 31 0)( ~11~11 12 15 11.1(11~0011 31 0)(
70 +~. = = 70
+ ~, 14 15 11.1(11~0 011 01.1~ 10 (~~~(5~ ~0113~~ 1)2 3110 111~ 1030 ~0113~~ 15 (1)1 + 1)2).
~1 0)( = 270, 1215 5~11-(01111111.1131~0, 1315 11.1(11~0 011 323111 3110 10~ ()1~1~ 15 (~~~31~0.
111~ 111513111311~01.15 1030 ~0113~~ 1)0 3110 ~1.1((~111 /0 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-19~ 10( 3
(~51511~~ 1030.
~ 13~ ~11311~~( ~1111 11115 1)1~~ 01 ~0111(01 15 3150 ~110~11 35 3 5)111~/1,0110/15 ((1/1
~/1(1118~,. 111.15~5 1~0-51~~ ~0111(01. ~ ~3(1 015~~01103()1 ~0113~~ 1)215 51.1~~(1111~05~0
‫ﻣ‬
011 3 51111.1501031 ~01132~ 1)1. ~5 3 (~51.111 10~ 113(1110111~ ~0111~1115 3(~ 1~55 11131 ~01~11
~01.110 0~ 0013111~0 0)1 3 110(11131 ~035~ 0~13)1 35 015~1.155~0 300~~ 10( ~0111(01 (311~~
2. 111~ (1115 1030 ~0113~~ ~311 0~ 101.1110 1(0111
et
~0= (2~102701)6(/(0)())1/2
(1,. 2~~511120)((/(0)1) 11/2
= + 1,.702(~1 + ~2)2511120)((/(0)()) (6-43)
12~
rin
( _ 1/2
_ (~1 ~2)2
= (~~ ~
511122~)
ee +
~ (70 ~ + 511122~)
)
~1111 ~1. 10305, 111~ ~31111~ ~1(~1.111 01 3 5)111~11(01101.15 13~ ~11311~~( (~().1.11(~5 3
~3(~11.11 0~51~11. 1,~1 1.15 3551.1111~ 11131 (0)1(1510(511 3110 12 3(~ 11.1(11~0 011, ~1111~
gin
(11)1(1510(5 133110 14 3(~ 11.1(11~0 011 01.1(111~ 111~ 311~(1131~ 11311-~)1~1~. 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~111
~01.110 111~11 0~
‫ﺔ‬
~11~(~
10~
7,
En
= (~2 + (0)1.)2)1/231106 = 1311-1(0)0~).

111513111311~01.15 1030
sy
/0 =
0~1
~
~1.1((~111 /0 15 5110~11111
5111 (0)( - 6)
~1~. 6-203. 1111 15 111~11 11.1(11~0

011 31 0)( = ~, ~0~(~ ~ ~ 6, 10~ 5~~0110 ~1110111~ 011(311510(111~( ~01.110 0~ 5110(1
~1(~1.111~0 0~~31.15~ (0)1(1510( 14 15 51111 ~01101.1~1111~ 3110 ~3(()1111~ ~1.1((~111 01.1~ 10 10~
Ea
11101.1~11~~ 1030. 111~(~10(~, 10~ ~0111(01 ~1(~1.111 5001.110 0~ 0~51~11~0 50 1031 11 15 1101
11.1(11~0 011 1.11111114 11.1(115 011 3110 /0 ~ 0. 51111113(1)1,
12 51101.110 1101 0~ 11.1(11~0 011
1.11111113 11.1(115 011 3110 /0 ~ 0. 111~ ~3~~10(1115 011030 ~0113~~ 1)0 3110 1030 ~1.1((~111
w.
/0 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 6-200 10( ~ ~ 6.
~~301())~ 6-8
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
10~ ~1(~1.111111 ~1~. 6-18 18 ~0111(011~0 38 3 8)111~0(01101.18 13() ~0311~~(. 10~ ()(1013()1
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.,,0113~~ 18 240 ~, 60 1-12. 10~ 8~~01103()1 .,,0113~~8 3(~ 111 120 ~ 3110 112
= = 120~.
1110~ 1030 (~8181311~~ 18 8. = 10 0 3110 10~ (1118 1030 .,,0113~~ 18 180 ~, 0~1~(111111~ 10~
(3) 0~13)1 311~1~ 0(10)1(1810(8 11 3110 12~ (0) (018 ~1.1((~111 0(10)1(1810(8 1, 3110 12~ (~)
(018 ~1.1((~111 0(10)1(1810(8 13 3110 14~ 3110 (0) 111()1.11()0~~( 13~10(, ~~.
80)1.11100 110 = 180~, 11,, = 240~, 111 = 120~, 112 = 120~, 31108. = 100.
(3) 10~ (~()1.11(~0 .,,3111~ 010~13)1 311~1~ ~ 10( 110 = 180 ~ ~~11 0~ 101.11101(0111 ~4.
(6-43) 1111~0 ~3)18 (1) ()101 110 3~311181 ~ 3110 11110 10~ (~()1.11(~0 .,,311.1~01 ~, 0( (2) 1.18~
31111~(311.,,~ 01~1000 018011.111011. ~ ~0111()1.11~( ()(0~(30118 1.18~0 10 801.,,~ ~(). (6-43) 10(
~ 0)111~(311011 3110 1018 ~1.,,~8 ~
= 980.
164

‫ﻣ‬
...(1.(~1 + ~2)
1.
et
~1.
(0)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
111~ 0115 ~1.111~111 01111~1151015
ee
rin
g.n
0=(3-8
11 (1110 12 ~(111 0~
~
101.1110 110111
gin
1/2
(~
(--
2(171 + 172)2511120)((/(0)1)
=
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
/81
2708. ),,
171 +
08.
10.91-...
172
(~ ( _
70
70 ~ +
51112~
2 ))
1/2
)
(6-44)
(~) 111~ 11115 ~1.111~111 011111~151015 13 (1110 14 15 101.1110 110111
)1/2
5(1120)( (/(0)()
Ea
/83 = (2~8.2
(217~
)1/2
511122~) (6-45)
= ~8. -
(~(~
w.
= 6.51-...
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
(0) 111~ 11115 ~1.111~111 01 (1 5~~0110 5~~0110(11~ ~1110111~ 15/2 = 0/81 = 15.4 1-....
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ 11115 ~1.111~111 01 111~ 11151 5~~011031~ ~1110111~, ~111~11 15 111~ 101(11 11115 ~1.111~111 01
111~1151015 11, 12, 13, (1110 14, 15
/1 = ((0/81)2 + (0/83)2)1/2 = 17.941-...

111~ ~011-(1111~~1~1(11111~01 ~11111(11~01 5~~0110(11~, ~ 1 = 171/1 + ~2/2 = 4000.8. 111~
10(10 ~0~~1, ,,0 = ~6/ 8. = 3240 ~, (1110111~~0~~1 1(1~101,
,,0 3240 . )
~~ = 0.8 098 (1(1~~111~
~1 = 4000.8 =
58~. 6-9 165

111~ 3~ .,,0113~~ ~0111(011~(5 ))(0.,,1()~ 3 .,,3(1301~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~, 0111111~ 1(~()11~11~)1 01

0111))111 .,,0113~~ 15 11)(~() 311() 111 3()()111011 111~ 113(1110111~ ~0111~11115 111~11, ~5))~~1311)1 31
3 10~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ (311~~. ~ .,,3(1301~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 31 .,,3(1301~ 1(~()11~11~)1 ~311
0~ 0013111~() 1(0(11 1~0-513~~ ~011.,,~(510115~ 11)(~() 3~ 10 .,,3(1301~ ()~ (~.~., ~0111(011~()
(~~1111~(5) 311() .,,3(1301~ ()~ 10 .,,3(1301~ 3~ 31 .,,3(1301~ 1(~()11~11~)1 (~.~., 111.,,~(1~(5,
~111~11 3(~ ()15~1155~() 111 ~113))1~( 8). 1-10~~.,,~(, ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~(5 ~311 ~11(1111131~ 111~
‫ﻣ‬
11~~() 01 011~ 0( (110(~ 1111~((11~()131~ ~011.,,~(1~(5. ~ ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~( 15 3 ()1(~~1-
1(~()11~11~)1 ~11311~~( 11131 ~011.,,~(15 3~ ))0~~( 31 011~ 1(~()11~11~)110 3~ ))0~~( 31 3110111~(
1(~()11~11~)1 0)1 3~-3~ ~011.,,~(51011, ~11110111 311 1111~((11~()131~ ~011.,,~(51011 1111~.
et
111~ (113)0(11)1 01 ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~(5 3(~ 113111(311)1 ~0(11(1111131~() 311() 111~ (113)(1(1111(11
0111))1111(~()11~11~)115 11(1111~() 10 3 .,,3111~ 1113115 0111)1 31(3~11011 01111~ 5011(~~ 1(~()11~11~)1.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~5 3 (~51111111~ (113)0( 3))))11~3110115 01 ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~(5 3(~ 10~ 5))~~(), 3~ (11010( ()(1.,,~5
111 111~ (311~~ 11)) 10 15 000 ~~ ~11111(~()11~11~1~5 1(0(11 0 10 20 1-12. ~~ ()(1.,,~5 3(~
()15~1155~() 111 ~113))1~( 11.
rin
~1111 111~ ()~.,,~10))(11~111 01 ))0~~( ~011.,,~(51011 1~~11111()11~5 311() (110()~(11 ~0111(01
(11~1110()5, 111.,,~(1~(-1~() 3~ (11010( ()(1.,,~5 3(~ 13~111~ 0.,,~( ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~(-1~() ()(1.,,~5.
1-10~~.,,~(, (~~~111 3().,,311~~(11~1115 111 1351-5~11~11111~
ee ))0~~( ()~.,,1~~5 311() (111~(0))(0~-
~550(5 ))~((1111 5)111111~512111~ 311() 1(11))1~(11~111111~ 3().,,311~~() ~011.,,~(51011 51(31~~1~5 10(
10(~~()-~0(11(1111131~() ()1(~~1-1(~()11~11~)1 ~11311~~(5 (~0~~5) 10 0))11(1112~ 111~ ~111~1~11~)1
311() (~()11~~ 111~ 113((110111~ ~0111~1115 (1,2). 111~ 5~11~11111~ 11111~110115 01 ~~0 ~~5 ~311
gin
0~ ))(0~(3(11(11~() 10 ~0(110111~ 111~ 5~11~11111~ 11111~110115 013~-()~ 311() ()~-3~ ~011.,,~(1~(5.
‫ﺔ‬
011~ 10 111~ 113111(~ 01 ()~(1.,,3110115
~011.,,~(1~(5 ~1111101
sy
En
0~ ()15~1155~()
111.,,01.,,~() 111 ~~0~~5,
111(111~(.
10(~~()-~0(11(1111131~() ~)1~10-
111~ ))(111~1))1~ 01 0))~(311011 01 5111~1~-))1135~/5111~1~-))1135~ ~)1~10~011.,,~(1~(5 ~311 0~ ~)(-

))13111~() ~1111 111~ 11~1)) 01 ~1~. 6-213. 111~ 1~0 5111~1~-))1135~ ~0111(011~() ~011.,,~(1~(5
3(~ 0))~(31~() 35 0(1()~~ (~~1111~(5. 1-10~~.,,~(, 111~1( ()~13)1 311~1~5 3(~ 511~11 11131 111~
Ea
0111))111 .,,0113~~ 01011~ ~011.,,~(1~( 15 ~()1131311() 0))))0511~ 10 11131 01111~ 0111~( ~011.,,~(1~(.
11 ~011.,,~(1~( ~ 15 0))~(31111~ 31011~, 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 15 ))05111.,,~ 311() 11
~011.,,~(1~( 1-/ 15 0))~(31111~, 111~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 15 11~~311.,,~. ~1~11(~ 6-210 5110~5 111~
w.
~3.,,~10((115 10( 111~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 311() ~31111~ 51~11315 01 ))05111.,,~ 311() 11~~311.,,~ ~011-
.,,~(1~(5, ~1111111~ ))05111.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~( 011 10( 11(11~ 10/2 311() 111~ 11~~311.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~( 011
‫ُﺭ‬
10( 11(11~ 10/2. 111~ 1(~()11~11~)1 01111~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~
ww
15/0 = 1/10.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11 0./1 15 111~ ()~13)1 311~1~ 01 ))05111.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~(, 111~ ()~13)1 311~1~ 01 11~~311.,,~
~011.,,~(1~( 15 0.,,
= 10 - 0./1. 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 0111))111 .,,0113~~ 01111~ ))05111.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~(
15 ~()1131 311() 0))))0511~ 11131 01111~ 11~~311.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~(.
(6-46)
51(11113( 10 ()1131 ~011.,,~(1~(5 111 5~~110115 4-5 311() 4-10, 111~ 111513111311~0115 .,,3111~5
011~0 0111))111 .,,0113~~5 (113)11101 0~ ~()1131. 11/5 ))055101~ 10( 13(~~ 113((110111~ ~11((~1115
10 ~1(~11131~ ~1111111 111~ ~011.,,~(1~(5.
111~ ~1(~11131111~ ~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~11(1111131~() 0)1 511))))(~55111~ 111~ ~31~ ))1115~5 10
166

~-()0,,1/9/19~
+ ~. ~-()0,,1/9/19~ ~0
~------1 ~-------1
1 ~+ 1
~0
~~~~~~~~~~1
~~.,,
~~. .3
1
~~~1
1/01 1/02 ~,.1.
1
~~~1
‫ﻣ‬
__-1 ~- - - - - -~
(~) ~~~~()~1
t
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 0
sy
En
10~ ~00~~(1~( 001 0~11~~(10~ 1030 ~11((~01. /1...510~1~-~035~ ~00~~(1~( ~110 ~~01~(-
13~ 1(30510((0~( 35 500~0 10 ~1~. 6-22 035 30 101~(~(011~ (~3~10(, ~01~0 (031013105
3 ~0060110115 ~11((~01110~ 300 3150 11(0115 10~ ~1(~1113110~ ~11((~01.
Ea
w.
+
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0 ~
1
~
~99~1~1/9
~ ~0,,1/9/19~
~1~(1..~ 6-22 ~~(10(011~~(1~( ~11111111~(-
~
_ _ _ .-.1 ~(0()11
(~~(10(.
58~. 6-10 167

~~301)))~ 6-9
111.~ 111~01 ~0113~~ 10 111.~ ~)1~10~011~~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 6-213 18 120 ,, 60 1-12. 111.~ 1030
~~8181311~~ 18 5 0 3110 111.~103011100~1311~~ 18 1- = 40 1111-1. 111.~1~~().0~11~)101111.~
001~01
~0113~~ 18 20 1-12. 11111.~ ~011~~~1~~8 3~~ 0~~~31~0 38 8~1111~011~~~1~~8 80~0. 10.31 0 ~ ~
~ ,,,. 3110 111.~0~13)1 311~1~ 18~,, 2,,,./3, 0~1~~111111~ 111.~(3) ~1118~310~ 01001~01 ~0113~~,
=
110, (0) ~1118~0~~~111 01 ~3~11. 111.)1~1810~,1~~ 3110 (~) 111~01 ~0~~~ 13~10~, ~~.
80)01100 115= 120 ,,1. = 601-12, /0 = 201-12, 8. = 5 0, 1- = 40 1111-1,

~,, = 2,,,./3,
‫ﻣ‬
(()0 2,,,. )( 20 = 125.66 ~30/8, (110)(~
= = (()01-= 5.027 0.
(3) ~0~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ,,,., ~().. (6-8) ~1~~8 111.~~1118001~01 ~0113~~
1/2
et
110 = 115
( ~
1
( ,,,.
- ~ +
81112~
~ )) (6-47)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
= 53 ,
())) 2 = (8.2 + ((()01-)2)1/2
= 7.09031109 = 1311-1((()008.) = 45.20. 111.~~1118
1030 ~0~~~111,10 = 11)2 = 53/7.09 = 7.48~. 111.~~1118~0~~~111111.~00~11.
~3~11.~011~~~1~~,
rin
1,, = 1,., = 10/0 = 5.29 ~ 3110 10~ ~1118~0~~~11110~00~11. ~3~0 111.~)11810~,
1~ = 1,,/
0 = 3.74 ~.
(~) 111.~~1118111~01~0~~~111,15 = 10 = 7.48 ~, 10~ ~011-3111~~~~~31111~ , ~
= 11515
897.6 ,~, (111010~ 001~01 ~0~~~, ~0 = 11010 ~08 9 = 279.65~.
=
8), 10~ 111~01..,0~~~ 13~10~,
ee ~~0111 ~().. (6-
110 9 )1,2
gin
~~ = + 811122~)
= ~~8 = ~08 9 (~(,,,. - ~
~~5
(6-48)
‫ﺔ‬ En
=
_279.65 3 2 (
. )
897.6 = 0. 1 13~~111~
1-/01~. 8((03600 (6-48) 00~8 00110~100~ 111~113(111001~~001~01 00 111~001~01
~0113~~ 300 ~1..,,~8111~3~~~0)(111131~..,,310~01 ~0~~~ 13~10~. 111~ 3~1031 ..,,310~~111
sy
0~ 1~88 11130 11131~1..,,~00)1 8((. (6-48). 8((036008 (6-47) 300 (6-48) 3~~ 3180..,,3110
10~ ~~8186..,,~ 10308.
Ea
w.
111~ ~1~~011 013~~3111 01 3 111~~~-~1138~/810~1~-~1138~ ~)1~10~00..,,~~1~~ 18 8110~0 10 1=01~.

6-233. 111~ 1~0 3~-0~ ~00..,,~~1~~8 3~~ 111~~~-~1138~ ~001~011~0 ~~~1111~~8. 111~ 8)10-
‫ُﺭ‬
111~818 01 001~01 ~3..,,~10~111 10~ 30 001~01 1~~((0~0~)1 01 12 1-12 18 8110~0 10 1=01~.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
6-230. 111~ ~08111..,,~ ~00..,,~~1~~ 0~~~31~8 10~ 11311111~ ~~~100 01 001~01 1~~((0~0~)1
300 111~ 0~~36..,,~ ~00..,,~~1~~ 0~~~31~8 10~ 111~ 0111~~ 11311-~~~100. 111~ 30(1)18180111118
~)1~10~00..,,~~1~~ 18 81111113~ 10 11131 01 810~1~-~1138~/810~1~-~1138~ ~)1~10~00..,,~~1~~8.
111~ ~001~01 01 3~ 111010~8 ~~((01~~8 3 111~~~-~1138~ ..,,0113~~ 31 ..,,3~1301~ 1~~((0~0~)1.
111~ ~)1~10~00..,,~~1~~ 10 1=01~. 6-233 ~30 0~ ~)(1~00~0 10 ~~0..,,10~
111~~~-~1138~ 001~01
0)1113..,,10~ 81)( 111~~~-~1138~ ~00..,,~~1~~8 38 8110~0 10 1=01~. 6-243. 83~11 ~1138~ ~0081818
01 81)( 111)1~1810~8 38 8110~0 10 1=01~. 6-240, 300 3 10131 0118 111)1~1810~8 3~~ ~~((01~~0.
11 81),. 1011-~3..,,~ 111~~~-~1138~ ~~~611~~8 3~~ 08~0, 36 111)1~1810~8 ~0010 0~ ~~((01~~0.
168

+
~0
‫ﻣ‬
1. = 60~2
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0
rin
-.,0
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
0
0
En
asy
w .E
~~ ~30 0011~~ 1(001 ~1~8. 6-210 30(1 6-230 11131 111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 18 001 ~0(~1~
8100801(131, 30(1 38 3 (~8011 111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ ~0013108 113(01001~8. 8()031100
‫ُﺭ‬
(6-48) 8110~8 11131111~ 10~01 ~0~~( 13~10( (1~~~0(18 00 111~ (1~13~ 30~1~ 01111~(1810(8
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
30(118 ~00(, ~8~~~1311~ 31111~ 10~ 001~01 ~0113~~ (30~~.

111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 01 ~~~10~00~~(1~(8 18 0381~311~ 013(1~ 0~ 01 8~~01~018 01
10~01 ~0113~~( 8) 30(1 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~310~ 01 3 8~~01~01 (1~~~0(18 00 111~ (1~13~ 30~1~
10( 11131 8~~01~01. 11111~ (1~13~ 30~1~8 01 8~~01~018 ~~(~ ~3(1~(110 80~11 3 ~3~ 11131
111~ 3~~(3~~ ~310~8 01 8~~01~018 ~0((~8~00(1 38 ~108~1~ 38 ~088101~ 10 111~ ~3(136008
01 (1~81(~(1 8100801(131 001~01 ~0113~~, 111~ 113(01001~8 00 111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ ~30 0~
011010112~(1. 510~~ 111~ 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 01 3 8~~01~0118 3 ~0810~ 100~600 01
169
58~. 6-10

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
~6()~~8.~
(8.) ~~6018.~~~
rin
8 ee
gin
,.., ,..,.
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
0~1(1)1 (10~1~, 10~ 0~1(1)1 (10~1~5 ~0( 5~~(0~015 ~(10 0~ ~~0~((11~0 0)1 ~0(0~(1(10~ (1
~0510~
51~0(11 (11 5011(~~ ~(~()11~0~)1 (1)~ = -0 ~5 ~05 0)5/) ~110 (10 10~(11 510115010(11 0111~111
~011(1~~ (11 10~ 0111~111 ~(~()11~0~)1 (1).
= -0 ~. 510 0)0/). ~1~11(~ 6-25 500~5 10~
w.
~~0~((11100 0~ ~(1110~ 51~0(115 ~0( 10~ 10)1(1510(5 0~ 10~ ~)1~10~00~~(1~( 10 ~1~. 6-23(1.
10~ (0(1)(1(011(0 (1~~((1~~ ~011(1~~ 0~ (1 5~~(0~01 (~01~00~~11(5 ~0( 0.,, = 0) 5001110
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
0~ ~()11(1110 10~ ~~(1~ ~(1111~ 0~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~, ~0( ~)((1(0~1~,

‫ﺷﺩ‬
2-0~5
~,, = = -0 ~0 (6-49)
~
(100 ~(). (6-49) ~1~~5 10~ ((05 ~(1111~ 0~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ (15
-0~5
~0=- (6-50)
~
170

~.
_2-,(21/.
..
‫ﻣ‬
0
et
~2
~~00~8~0~ 00
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0
~~00~8~0~00
0
9,,92
rin
0
93.94
0
91..92.
0
ee
93.,94.
0
gin
~0
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
~1(301~1~ 6-10
~~11~31 ~)(301111~ 6-9 1~ 111~ 0~13~ 31181~8 0~ 111~ ~~~10~011~~~1~~ 8~~ 8~11~~81~0 0~ ~0111-
w.
()8~1118 8 ~08111~ 8181181 81 111~ 8011~~~ ~~~~11~11~~ ~1111 8 811111801081 8181131 81 111~ 0111()111
~~~~11~11~~ 88 8110~11111 ~18. 6-25.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
80101100 ~$ ~~ = 271/3,
= 120 ~, /$ = 60 1-12,/0 = 20 1-12,~ = 5 0, ~ = 40 1111-1,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(00 = 271 )( 20 = 125.66 ~80/8, 8110)(1- = (00~ = 5.027 0.

(8) ~~0111 ~~. (6-50), 111~~1118~8111~0~ 111~011111111
~01188~,
0~$ )(
~0 =- = 0.6366~$= 0.6366 120 = 76.39 ~
71
5~~. 6-10 171

1030 (11~~~111,10 = ~).2 = 76.39/7 = 10.77.4.. 111~ ~~5 (11~~~111111~011~11~,1(11
(011..,~~1~~, 1,, = 1,., = //)0 = 7.62.4., 3110 111~~~5 (11~~~111111~011~0~3(11111)1~1510~,
1~ = 1,,/0 = 5.39.4..
(() 111~ ~~5 111~111(11~~~111, /.- = /() = 10.77 ,4., 111~ ,,011-(1111~~~~ ~(11111~, ~,4. =
~,1, = 1292.4 ~.4., 3110 111~ 0(11))111 ))0.,.,~~,
~0 = ~010 (05 6 = 0.6366~)0 (05 6 = 580.25 ~.
‫ﻣ‬
~~ = 0.6366 (05 9
(6-51 )
580.25 . )
= 1292.4 = 0. 44 9 ( 13~~111~
et
~0(~. ~~1.131100 (6-51) 50.0~5 10.31 10.~ 10~1.11 ~0~~( ~3~10( 15 100~~~110~01 0~
0~13)1 30~1~, ~ 300 0~~~005 0(1)1 00 10.~ 1030 30~1~ 8. )31.11~0( 00((1131 ~0.35~ 311~1~
~001(01, 10.~ 111~1.11~0~~( ~3~10( 15 0~~~00~111 00 0010. 0~13)1 30~1~, ~, 3110 1030
311~1~, 8. 1~ ~~ ~0(11~3(~ ~~. (6-48) ~110. ~~. (6-51), 10.~(~ 15 3 ~(111~31 ,,311.1~ 0~
0~13)1 30~1~ ~0 ~0.1~0. 15 ~1,,~0 0)1
rin
1/2
1
(~ ( 10 -ee ~~ +
510 2~~
~ )) = 0.6366 (6-52)
~0( ~ ~ ~0 10.~ 00((1131 0~13)1-311~1~ ~0111(01 ~01.110 ~)(0.1011 3 0~11~( ~0~~( ~3~10(
300 10.~ 5011.111000~ ~~. (6-52) )11~105~~ = 98.590.
gin
‫ﺔ‬
10.~
10.~
(31111~5 0~ ~0~~(
0~~1.1(5 ~0.~0
10~111 300
En
0~,,1~~5
10.~ ~00,,~(1~(
(111.1510~ 0~51~0~0
0~11,,~(5
~0( 10.~ ~0(51-~35~ ~0110111011,
10.~ (113)(1(111.1(11((115 ,,3111~ 0~ 0111~1.11 ,,0113~~
0111~111 ~111~(5 (111151 3150 0~ 0~51~0~0
sy
~0( ~0(51-~35~ ~0001110115.

.,.,0.1~0.
110.
10.~
0111~111 0~ 3 ~0~~( ~0111(011~( ~01113105 0.3((11001~5, 300 10.~ 0~13)130~1~ ~0( 10.~ .,.,0(51-
~35~ ~011011100 0~ 3 ~3(11~1113( ~1(~1111 3((30~~(11~0150.01110 0~ 0~1~((1110~0. 10.~ 51~~5
Ea
10,,01,,~0 10 0~51~010~ 10.~ ~0~~( ~1(~11115 300 ~111~(5 3(~ 51(11113( 10 10.31 0~ 1~~11~1~1
~11~1111 0~51~0 10 5~~11011 2-11.
~,.301~1~ 6-11
w.
.4. 5111~1~-))1135~11111-.,.,3..,~ 3( ..,0113~~ (0111~011~~ 111~1~. 6-33 (0111~015 ))0.,.,~~ 110.,., 110~
3 230- ~ 60-1-12 3( 50111(~ 11110 3 1~5156,,~ 1030. 111~ ~3)(1~11~ 0~811~0 0(11))111 ))0.,.,~~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
18 10 /(~. ~31(11131~ 111~ (3) ~3)(1~11~ ~~8 (11~~~111 ~3611~ 01111)1~1510~8,

1~1-4~ (0)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~3)(1~11~ 3..,~~3~~ (11~~~111 ~3611~ 01111)1~1510~5, (() ))~3/( (11~~~111 01111)1~1810~8, 1/,~
1/11-4~
3110 (0) ))~3/( ,,3111~ 01111)1~1810~ ..,0113~~, ~,,.
801111100 ~0 = 10,000~, ~5 = 230 ~, 3110 ~,,, = 0 )(

230 = 325.3~. 111~
~3)(1~11~ ))0.,.,~1 .,.,1110~ 0~11..,~~~0 .,.,11~11111~0~13)1 311~1~18 ~ = 0. ~~0~ ~().. (6-8),
10~ ~~8 ..,3111~010(11))111 ..,0113~~ ~0 = ~5 = 230~, ~0 = ~6/8. = 2302/8.
= 10,000,
3110 1030 ~~8181311(~ 18 8. = 5.2911.
(3) 111~ ~3)(1~11~ ~~8 ..,3111~011030 (11~~~111,
101-4= ~)8. = 230/5.29 = 43.48
.4. 3110 111~~3)(1~11~ ~~8 ..,3111~01111)1~1810~(11~~~111,
1~1-4= 101-4/0 = 30.75.4..
172

(11) ~10111 8().. (6-10), 1/1~ 111(1)(11111.1111(1,,,~1(18~ ~1.111~111 011/1~1151015,
)(
0 230
/,,.,,.,,,=
70
)(
5.29 = 19.57 ~
(~) 1/1~ ~~(1~ ~1.111~11101111~1151015, /,, = 1(~,/~ = 325.3/5.29 = 61.5 ~.
(0) 111~ ~~(1~ 111~115101 ,,,011(18~, 1(,, = 1(~, = 325.3 ~.
~)(301()1~ 6-12
(1 ~1., 10(10 (1110 1/1~
~ 511181~-~11(15~ 11.111-~(1,,,~~01111011~1 111~18. 6-6(1 ~01111015 ~0~~1 10
501.11~~ ,,,011(18~ 15 120 ~, 60 112. ((1) 05~ 1/1~ 111~11100 01 ~01.111~1 5~11~5 10 0111(1111
‫ﻣ‬
~)(~1~5510115 101 01.11~1.11,,,011(18~ 1)0(() (1110 10(10 ~1.111~111/0(1) (15 (111.111~11011010~1(1~ (11181~
~. (11) 0~1~1111111~ 111~ 0~1(1~ (11181~101111~ 111(1)(11111.1111
(111101.1111
0110~~51-010~111(111110111~
~1.111~111111111~ 10(10. (~) 11 ~ = 50,1., = 1011111, (1110 ~ = 70/2, 0~1~1111111~ 111~ .1115
t
,,,(111.1~01111110 11(111110111~~1.111~111. (0) 11 (1 ~(1~(1~1101 15 ~01111~~1~0 (1~1055 111~ 10(10 (~18.
.ne
6-26), ~(11~1.11(11~111~ ,,,(111.1~01 ~(1~(1~11(111~~10 1~01.1~~ 1/1~ 111110 11(111110111~~1.111~1111111/1~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
10(10 10 10% 01111~ 10(10 ~1.111~111.
80101100 ((1) 111~ ~(1,,,~10101 101 111~ 01.11~1.11,,,011(18~ 15 5110~11 111 ~18. 6-611. 111~ 111-
g
51(1111(111~01.15
01.11~1.11,,,011(18~ ~(11111~ ~)(~1~55~0 111~01.111~1 5~11~5 (15
rin
~ ~
1)0(() = 1(00 + ~ (/,, ~05 /1())( + ~ 00 5111

/1())( (6-53)
~=1.2 ~=1,2...
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ =
01(,
70
sy
En
( ~05(/1 + 1)~
/1+1
- ~05(/1 + 1)70 ~05 (/1 - 1)~ - ~05 (/1 - 1)701
/1-1 ~
101/1=3,5,... (6-54)
=0 101/1=2,4,...
(,,
~ 01(55111())(5111/1())((/(())1)
Ea
00 = 70)~
01(5 + 1)~ _ 5111(/1 - 1)~ 1

= ( 5111(/1
101/1 = 3, 5, ... (6-55)
w.
70 /1+1 /1-1 ~
=0 101/1 = 2,4, ...
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
+ +
0,/0
..1~11..~ 6-26 5111~1~-..,/135~ (1.111~0110,/~1(~1

~1(/1 ~/.., 1030.
58~. 6-11 173

(6-56)
(6-57)
‫ﻣ‬
7, = 8. + 1(/1001,)= (8.2 + (/1001,)2)1/2
~
t
311() 6~ = ~311~1 (/10008.). 01~1()111~ 110(() 111 ~~. (6-53) 0)1103() 1111~~()311~~ 7, 311()
.ne
51111~111)1111~
~0.~ 5111~ 311() ~05111~ ~~(1115 ~1~~ ~0.~ 103() ~1.1((~11~ 35
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~
/0(() = ~ 0
11=2,4,...
1~ 5111 (/100( - 6~ + ~~) (6-58)
ng
1 ((1~ + 6~)1/2
eri
1~ =
0
(0) 111~ ~0.1(() 0.3(1110111~ 15 ~0.~ 10~~5~-0(()~(
(8.2 + (/1001,)2)1/2
0.3(1110111~. 10.~ ~31~1.1136011 01 ~/11(()
ine
0.3(1110111~ 10( ~3(101.15 ~311.1~5 01 ()~13)1 311~1~ 50.0~5 ~0.3~ 1~ 0~~0111~5 (113)(11111.111110( ~ =
~/2.
(~) ~0( ~ = ~/2, 1, = 1011111,8. = 50, 00 = 2~ )(
60 = 377 (3()/5 311() ~$ =
‫ﺔ‬ 120 ~,
sy
En
g
/0(() = (16.065111 (00( - 32.480 - 370) + 4.375111 (300( + 900
+ 0.9235111(500(- 900 - 75.140) + 0.675111(700(+ 900 - 79.270)

+ 0.3155111 (900( - 900 - 81.620) + . . .)
- 66.150)
4.37
Ea
13 = = 3.09 ~
0
(~) ~1~1.1(~ 6-27 50.0~5 ~0.~ ~~1.11~31~11~ ~1(~1.11~10( 0.3(1110111~ ~1.1((~11~. 05111~ ~0.~
w.
~1.1((~11~-()1~1()~( (1.11~, ~0.~ 0.3(1110111~ ~1.1((~11~ ~0.(01.1~0. 103() 15 ~1~~11 0)1
~ _- (8.2
‫ُﺭ‬
%0
ww
1~ + (/1001, - %0)2)1/2
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~..~ 6-27 ~().111~31~111 (1..(1111 ~0.. 03..-

1110111( (11 ~111.
174

~/1~~~ %0 = 1/(1/0)0. ~0~ 1/ = 3 (11100) = 377,
/~ %0
1,, = (52 + (3 )(
3.77 - %0)2)1/2= 0.1
~/11~/1 ~1~108 %0 = -1.362 0~ 1.134. 5111~~%0 ~(11111010~ 11~~(16~~, %0 = 1.134 =
1/(3 )( 377~) 0~ ~ = 779.85 /-1-~.
‫ﻣ‬
10 10~ 0.~(1~(16.008 01 0111.,111 ~011(1~~8, ~~ 0(1~~ (18811((1~0. 10(11 10~ 8011(~~ 0(18 00
100.11~1(10~~. 10~ ~11~~1 01 (10)1 5011(~~ 100.11~1(10~~ ~01110. 0~ 10 0.~1(1)110~ 111(0-011
et
0(10)1(1810(8. 10)1(1810(8 ~01110. 001 111(0 011 (11 10~ 2~(0 ~(08810~ 0110.,111 ~011(1~~
(18 800~010 ~1~. 6-280, (100. ~(11~ .,1118~8 01800(1 0.11((11100 ((1(1)1 001 0~ 81111(101~. 10~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0(1(((1001~ ~001~018 00 10~ 0111.,111 ~011(1~~ ~01110. (1180 10~(~(18~.
~~ 0(1~~ 8~~0 10 5~~1100 6-5 10(1110~ 10(10. 100.11~1(10~~ .,1(1)18 (1 81~0111~(101 .,(1(1
(1 .,1118~0.
00 10~ .,~.-10(((1(10~~ 01.,0~~( ~001(011~(8. ~110011~010~ 0111.,111 ~011(1~~ 15
rin
~(1~~10(((1, 10~ 10(10.100.11~1(10~~ 1(1~8 10 ((1(1101(110 (1 ~00110110118 ~11((~01110~ (18 800~0
10 ~1~8. 6-60 (100. 6-280. ~~ ~(10 (1180 0011~~ 1(0((1 ~~8. (6-48) (100. (6-52) 10(1110~
10.,111 .,0~~( 1(1~10( 01 .,0~~( ~00~~(1~( ee 0.~.,~00.8 00 10~ 10(10. .,0~~( 1(1~10(. 1)11~
10 10~ 8~11~010~ ~0(1((1~1~(1811~8 0(10)1(1810(8, (10)1 100.11~1(10~~ 10 10~ ~1(~1111 ((1(1~~8
10~ (10(11)1818 ((10(~ ~0((1.,1~)(.
gin
(8)
‫ﺔ‬ ~.
sy
En
Ea
(0)
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
...1~0..~ 6-28 ~((~(15 0( 1030 111011(1311(~

011 1030 (11((~111 3110 ~0113~~.
58~. 6-12 175

10~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~001(011~( ~30 1.15~ 00-011 ~001(01 0( ~035~-30~1~ ~001(01. 10~ 00-
011 ~001(0115 010(~ 51.111301~ 10( 5)151~015 113~10~ 3 111~111101~ ~0051301. 1)1.1~ 10 111~
0~ ~001~00~01 00 10~ 01.11~1.11 011.10101(~~110031 ~001(011~(5, 0101(~~110031 ~001(011~(5
3(~ 00(01311)11.15~0 10 1001.151(131 3~~11~311005. 01.1~ 10 10~ 5~11~010~ ~03(3~1~(1511~5
01 10)1(1510(5, 30 1001.1~11~~ 1030 013/(~5 111~ 5011.111005 01 ~().1.1311005 0~5~(1010~ 111~
~~(10(0130~~ 01 ~001(011~(5 010(~ ~001~1~)( 300 30 11~(311~~ 01~11100 01 5011.11100 15
‫ﻣ‬
010(~ ~00~~01~01. 111~ 10~1.11 ~0~~( 13~10( 01 ~001(011~(5, ~111~11 ~3(1~5 ~1111 0~13)1
30~1~, 15 ~~0~(311)1 ~00(, ~5~~~1(11)1 31111~ 10~ 01.11~1.11 (30~~. 111~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~00-
1(011~(5 ~30 0~ 1.15~0 35 1(30510(01~( 51311~ 13~ ~1130~~(5.
t
111~ ~0113~~ ~001(011~(5 ~(0~10~ 30 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ 31 3 11)(~0 1(~().1.1~0~)1. 1~0
.ne
~1135~-~001(011~0 (~~1111~(5 ~000~~1~0 35 01.131 ~00~~(1~(5 ~30 0~ 0~~(31~0 35 01(~~1-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1(~().1.1~0~)1 ~1130~~(5 /(00~0 35 ~)1~/0~017~~,(~,5. ~1111 111~ 0~~~10~01~01 01 1351-
5~11~1110~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~5, 111~ 10(~~0 ~001011.1131100 01 ~)1~10~00~~(1~(5 15 ~055101~~
ng
110~~~~(, 11 (~().1.11(~5 5)10111~51210~ 111~ 5~11~1110~ 11.10~11005 10( ~0~~( 0~~1~~5 (1,2).
eri
ine
1. ~. 0. ~10~(15, 8. 1. 1(11(111, (1110 ~. 1-1. ~(151110, --80111~ 1111~(0.,,~0 10(~~0 ~0111111111(11~0
~)1~10~011.,,~(1~( 51(1.1~111(~5.,, / ~~~ 1,.(1115(1(//0115011 /1101-/.5/,.)1
.4~~//((1//011.~, ~ 01. 1~ 121,
~0. 5 (8~~1~1110~(-0~100~() 1985, ~~. 1242-1253.
2.
‫ﺔ‬ .4~~//((1//0115,
sy
~~~
En
g
~. ~~11111(1, --~ 11~~ 5111~~(1.,,~ 1115111~~(1.,,~ 0111 ~011.,,~(510111~~11111().11~~11111111(11~5

~1~111~1115.,, ~,.0((~~0/1185 ~0/1)~,.(011 7, 1980, ~~. .83-1-.83-13.
3. 1,. 0)111~1, (1110 8. ~. ~~11)1, 5/(1//( ~0/1)~,. ~,.~~~~11()1
~ 0(/(~ ~11~)1-1111~(5~1~11~~, 1976.
(~(1~6.,,~
~/1(1118~5-1/1~0,.)1, ~~,.10,.~/(111(~, (1110
4. 8. ~. ~~11)1, 1/1)1,./5/0,.-~/1(15~ ~011/,.0//~0 ~0111/~,./~,.5 (1110 ~)1(/0(0111/~,./~,.5. ~~~ ~0(/(=

~11~)1-1111~(5~1~11~~, 1971.
5. --1.8.8.8 51(1110(1(0 0~1111111011(1110 (~().111(~111~111510( 111)1(1510( (1~ ~0~~( ~0111(011~(5,,, /~~~
Ea
5/(1110(1,.0, ~0. 428-1981, 1981.

w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
6-1. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ (10.,,(1111(1~~5(1110 015(10.,,(1111(1~~5 01 011-011 ~0111(017

6-2. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ (10.,,(1111(1~~5(1110 015(10.,,(1111(1~~5 01 ~11(15~-(111~1~ ~0111(017
6-3. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ ~11~~15 01/0(10 111011~1(111~~011 111~ ~~(10(111(111~~ 01 (1~ .,,011(1~~ ~0111(011~(57
6-4. ~11(11 15 111~ ~)(611~11011 (111~1~7
6-5. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ (10.,,(1111(1~~5(1110 015(10.,,(1111(1~~5 011111101(~~11011(11 ~0111(011~(57
6-6. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ (10.,,(1111(1~~5(1110 015(10.,,(1111(1~~5 01 0101(~~6011(11 ~0111(011~(57
6-7. ~11(1115 (1 6~ ~0111(01 (1(((111~~111~1117
6-8. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 51~~5 111.,,01.,,~0 111 0~1~(111111111~111~ 0111~111 .,,011(1~~ ~(1.,,~10(1115 01111(~~-
~11(15~ 1111101(~~6011(11 ~0111(011~(5 7
176

6-9. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 51~~5 111,,,01,,,~0 111 0~1~~~111111~ 111~ 0111~111 ,,,0113~~ ~3,,,~10~~5 01111~~~-
~1135~ 0101~~(601131 (0111~011~~57

6-10. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 01 0~113-(01111~(1~0 (0111~011~~5 7
6-11. ~113115 111~(0111~01 ~311~~ 01111~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 10~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 1111101~~(601131 (0111~011~~5 7
6-12. ~113115 111~ (0111~01 ~311~~ 01111~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 10~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 0101~~(601131 (0111~011~~57
6-13. ~113115111~ (0111~01 ~311~~ 01111~ 0~13)1311~1~ 10~ 111~~~-~1135~ 1111101~~(601131 (0111~011~~57
6-14. ~113115 111~ (0111~01 ~311~~ 01111~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 10~ 111~~~-~1135~ 0101~~(601131 (0111~011~~57
6-15. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 011~311510~~~~ 13~ (11311~~~57
6-16. ~1131 3~~ 111~ ~~111005 10~ 0111~111 ,,,0113~~ (0111~01 011~311510~~~~ 13~ (11311~~~57
‫ﻣ‬
6-17. ~1131 15 3 5)111(11~011011513~ (11311~~~7
6-18. ~1131 15 3 ()1(10(011,,,~~1~~7
et
6-19. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 01 ()1(10(011,,,~~1~~57
3( ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~57
6-20. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 01
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
6-21. ~113115 111~ ~~111(1~1~ 01 0~~~36011 01 ()1(10(011,,,~~1~~57
6-22. ~1131 3~~ 111~ ~11~(15 011030 111011(1311(~ 011 111~ ~~~10~~311(~ 01 ()1(10(011,,,~~1~~5 7
6-23. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 111~~~ ~055101~ 3~~311~~~~1115 10~ 3 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-~3,,,~ 3( ,,,0113~~
rin
(0111~011~~7
6-24. ~1131 3~~ 111~ 30,,,31113~~5 01 511111501031 113~~0111( ~~011(6011 1~(11111~11~5 10~ ()1(10(011-
,,,~~1~~5 7
6-25. ~1131
103057
ee
3~~ 111~ ~31~ 51~1131 ~~~111~~~~1115 01111)1~1510~5 10~ ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~5 ~1111 ~~
6-26. ~1131 3~~ 111~ ~11~(15 01 5011~(~ 3110 1030 111011(1311(~57

gin
0~,,,1(~5 10~ 3( ,,,0113~~
6-27. ~1131 3~~ 111~ (0110160115 10~ 111~ ~0~51-(35~ 0~51~11 01 ~0~~~
‫ﺔ‬
6-28.
(0111~011~~57
~1131
1~011~~57
sy
3~~ 111~ (0110160115

En
10~ 111~ ~0~51-(35~ 0~51~11 011030 1111~~5 10~

3( ,,,0113~~ (011-
Ea
6-1. 111~ 3( ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~ 111~1~. 6-13 15 115~0 10~ 11~31111~ 3 ~~5156,,,~ 1030 01 ~ = 5 0
3110 111~ 111~111 ,,,0113~~ 15 11, = 120~, 60 1-12. 111~ 111)1~1510~ 5~11(1115 011 10~ /1 = 125
110~ ()))
w.
()1(1~5 3110 15 01110~ 111 = 75 ()1(1~5. 0~1~~~111~ 111~ (3) ~~5 0111~111 ,,,0113~~,
111~111~0~~~ 13(10~, ~~ ~ 3110 (~) 3,,,~~3~~ 3110 ~~5 (11~~~111 01111)1~1510~5.
‫ُﺭ‬
6-2. 111~ 3( ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~ 111~1~. 6-13 115~5 011-011 (0111~0110~ 11~3611~ 3 ~~5156,,,~ 1030
ww
01 ~ = 4 0 3110 111~ 111~111,,,0113~~ 15 11, = 208 ~, 60 1-12. 11111~ 0~51~~0 0111~111 ~0~~~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
())) 111~111~0~~~ 13(10~, ~~.

15 ~0 = 3 /(~, 0~1~~~111~ 111~ (3) (111)1 ()1(1~, /(~ 3110
6-3. 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11311-~3,,,~ 3( ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~ 111~1~. 6-23 1135 3 ~~51511,,,~ 1030 01 ~
120 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 01111)1~1510~ 11
= 5 0 3110 111~ 111~111,,,0113~~ 15 11, =
111~ (3) ~~5 0111~111 ,,,0113~~, 110~ ())) 111~111 ~0~~~ 13(10~, ~~~
15 ~ = 71/3. 0~1~~~111~
3110 (~) 3,,,~~3~~ 111~111(11~~~111.
6-4. 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11311-~3,,,~ 3( ,,,0113~~ (0111~011~~ 111~1~. 6-23 1135 3 ~~5156,,,~ 1030 01 ~
208 ~, 60 1-12. 11111~ 0~51~~0 0111))111 ~0~~~ 15
= 5 0 3110 111~ 111~111,,,0113~~ 15 11, = ())) 111~111~0~~(
~0 = 2 /(~, (31(11131~ 111~ (3) 0~13)1 311~1~, ~~ 3110 13(10~, ~~.
177

6-5. 111~ 8111~1~-()1138~ ~11-~3~~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-33 1138 3 ..~8186~~ 1030 0( ~
= 5 11 3110 111~ 111()111~0113~~ 18 ~5 = 120 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~8 0( 111~..1810..8
11 3110 12 3..~ ~~1131~(11 = (12 = (1
= 270/3. 0~1~..111111~111~(3) ..11180111()111~0113~~,
(())) 111~111 ~0~~.. 13~10.., ~~ ~ (~) 3~~..3~~ ~11 ~111 01111~..1510..5, ((() ..1115
~0~ 1.. ~ 3110
~11 ~111 0( 111~0510..8, 18..
6-6. 111~ 8111~1~-()1138~ ~11-~3~~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-33 1138 3 ..~8186~~ 1030 0( ~
= 1.5 11 3110 111~ 111~111~0113~~ 18 ~5 = 120 ~, 60 1-12. 1( 111~ 0~81..~0 0111()111 ()0~~..
18 ~0 = 7.5 /(~, 0~1~..111111~ 111~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~8 0( 111~..1810..8 11 3110 12~ ())) ..11180111()111
~0113~~, ~0~ (~) 111()111()0~~.. (3~10.., ~~~ ((() 3~~..3~~ ~11 ~111 0( 111~..1810..8, /..~ 3110 (~)
‫ﻣ‬
..1118~11 ~111 0( 111~..1810..8, /8..
6-7. 111~ 1030 0( 311 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111..011~..18 ..~8186~~, ~1111 ~
= 1.5 11. 111~ 111()111~0113~~
et
18 ~5 = 120 ~, 60 1-12. ~101111~ ()0~~.. (3~10.. 3~311181111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ (0.. 8111~1~-()1138~
1131(-~3~~ 3110 (1111-~3~~ ~0111..011~..8.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
6-8. 111~ 8111~1~-()1138~ (1111-~3~~ ~0111..011~.. 111 ~1~. 6-63 811()()11~8 311 ~1. 1030. 111~ 111()111
~0113~~ 18 ~5 = 120 ~ 31 60 1-12. 111~ 1030 18 811~11111311. = 5 1111-13110 ~
= 5 11.
111~ 0~13~ 311~1~8 0( 111~..1810.. 11 3110 111~..1510.. 12 3..~ ~~1131, ~11~..~ (1
= 70/3. 0~1~..111111~
111~ (3) ~011011~6011 311~1~ 0( 111~..1810.. 11, 8~ ())) ..11180111()111~0113~~, ~0~ (~) ..1118111~..1810..
rin
~11 ~111, /8.~ ((() ..1118 0111()111 ~11 ~111, /0~ (~) 3~~..3~~ ~11 ~111 0( 3 111~..1810.., /,.,~ 3110 (0
111()111()0~~.. (3~10.., ~~.
6-9. 111~ 8111~1~-()1138~ ~11-~3~~ ~0111..011~.. 111 ~1~. 6-63
ee 811()()11~8 311 ~1. 1030. 111~ 111()111
~0113~~ 18 ~5 = 120 ~ 31 60 1-12. ~101111~ ()0~~.. (3~10.., ~~, 3~311181111~0~13~ 311~1~,
(1, (0.. (3) 1. = 5 1111-1
3110~ = 5 11, 3110())) ~ = 5 11 31101. = 0.
6-10. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 1111101..~~601131 ~0111..011~..111 ~1~. 6-7 811()()11~8 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 ..~8186~~
gin
1030 ~1111 ~ = 5 11 3110 111~ 1111~-10-1111~ 111()111~0113~~ 18 208 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 0~13~
= ~0~ ())) 111()111()0~~..~
‫ﺔ‬
6-11.
311~1~ 18 (1 70/6. 0~1~..111111~ 111~ (3) ..11180111()111()1138~ ~0113~~,
3110 (~) ~)(~..~8810118 (0.. 111~ 111813111311~01180111()111 ~0113~~ 0( ()1138~ (1.
En
111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 1111101..~~601131 ~0111..011~..111 ~1~. 6-7 811()()11~8 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~0

1030 ~1111 ~ = 2.5 11 3110 111~ 1111~-10-1111~111()111~0113~~ 18 208 ~, 60 1-12. 1( 111~ 0~81..~0
0111()111 ()0~~.. 18 ~0 = 12 /(~, ~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~, (1~ ())) ..11180111()111 ()1138~
~0113~~, ~0~ 3110 (~) 111()111~0~~.. (3~10.., ~~.
sy
..~8186~~
6-12. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 1111101..~~601131 ~0111..011~..111 ~1~. 6-7 811~~11~8 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 ..~8186~~
1030 ~1111 ~
= 5 11 3110 111~ 1111~-10-1111~ 111()111~0113~~ 18 208 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 0~13~
Ea
311~1~ 18 (1 = 270/3. 0~1~..111111~ 111~ (3) ..11180111()111 ()1138~ ~0113~~, ~0~ ())) 111~111()0~~..
(3~10.., ~~~ 3110 (~) ~)(()..~8810118 (0.. 111~ 111813111311~01180111()111 ~0113~~ 0(
~1138~ (1.
6-13. ~~()~31 ~..00. 6-10 (0.. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 0101..~~601131 ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-12.
w.
6-14. ~~()~31 ~..00. 6-11 (0.. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 0101..~~601131 ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-12.
6-15. ~~()~31 ~..00. 6-12 (0.. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 0101..~~601131 ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-12.
‫ُﺭ‬
6-16. 111~ 111..~~-()1138~ 0101..~~601131 ~0111..011~..111 ~1~. 6-12 811()()11~8 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~01030 0(
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ =5 11 3110 1. = 10 1111-1. 111~ 1111~-10-1111~ 111~111~0113~~ 18 208 ~, 60 1-12. 111~

0~13~ 311~1~ 18 (1 = 70/2. ~101 111~ 1111~~11 ~111 (0.. 111~ 6..81 ~~~1~ 3(1~.. 111~ ~0111..011~..
18 8~11~11~0 011.
6-17. ~ 111..~~-()1138~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111..011~.. 811()()11~8 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 ..~8186~~ 1030 0( ~ = 5
11 3110 111~ 1111~-10-1111~ 111()111~0113~~ 18 ~5 = 208 ~ 31 60 1-12. ~101111~ ()0~~.. (3~10..,
~~, 3~311181111~ 0~13~ 311~1~, (1, (0.. 111~ (3) 1131(-~3~~ ~0111..011~.. 111 ~1~. 6-7, 3110 ()))
(1111-~3~~ ~0111..011~.. 111~1~. 6-12.
6-18. ~ 111..~~-()1138~ 0101..~~11011310~113-~01111~~1~0 ~0111..011~..111 ~1~. 6-151138 3 ..~8186~~ 1030
0( ~ = 5 11. 1( 111~ 1111~-10-1111~ ~0113~~ 18 ~5 =
208 ~, 60 1-12 3110 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ (1
= 70/3, 0~1~..111111~ 111~ (3) ..11180111()111 ()1138~ ~0113~~, ~0~ ())) ~)(()..~8810118 (0.. 1118131113-
178

11~0115 ~11((~1115 /0, /00, 3110 /00~ (~) ((115 011111111111135~~11((~111, /00, 3110 ((115 0111111111111~
~11((~111, /0~ (()) 11111111110~~( 13~10(, ~~~ 3110 (~) ((115 ~11((~111 01111~(1510(5, /~.
6-19. 111~ ~1(~1111 111 ~1~. 6-18 15 ~0111(011~0 35 3 5~11~11(0110115 1311 ~11311~~(. 111~ 11(1(113(~
~0113~~ 15 208 ...,, 60 1-12. 111~ 5~~01103(~ ~0113~~5 3(~ ~1 =
120..., 3110 ~2 = 88 ...,.
...,, 0~1~((11111~ 111~
11111~ 1030 (~5151311~~ 15 8. = 5 0 3110 111~ ((115 1030 ~0113~~ 15 180
(8) 0~13~ 311~1~5 01111~(1510(5 11 3110 12~ (/)) ((115 ~11((~111 01111~(1510(5 1, 3110 12~ (~)
((115 ~11((~111 01111~(1510(5 13 3110 14~ 3110 (()) 11111111110~~( 13~10(, ~~.
6-20. 111~ 11111111 ~0113~~ 10 111~ 5111~1~-111135~/5111~1~-111135~~~~10~011~~(1~( 111~1~. 6-213 15 120

...,, 60 1-12. 111~ 1030 (~5151311~~ 15 2.5 0 3110 1030 111011~1311~~ 15 1- = 40 (111-1. 111~
270/4,
‫ﻣ‬
1(~().11~11~~ 01 011111111 ~0113~~ 15 20 1-12. 11111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 01111~(1510(5 15 0.,, =
0~1~((11111~ 111~ (8) ((115 011111111 ~0113~~~ (/)) ((115 ~11((~111 01 ~3~11111~(1510(~ 3110 (~) 11111111
110~~( 13~10(, ~~.
et
6-21. ~~11~31 ~(00. 6-20 111- = 0.
6-22. ~0( ~(00. 6-20, 11101111~ 110~~( 13~10( 3~311151111~ 0~13~ 311~1~, 0..
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
6-23. ~~11~31 ~(00. 6-20 10( 111~ 111(~~-111135~/5111~1~-111135~ ~~~10~011~~(1~( 111~1~. 6-233, 1- =
0.
6-24. ~~~~31 ~(00. 6-20 11111~ 0~13~ 311~1~53(~ ~~11~(31~0 0~ ~0(11113(111~3 ~05111~51~113131
5011(~~ 1(~().11~11~~~1111 3 51111150103151~113131 0111111111(~().11~11~~35 5110~11 111 ~1~.
rin
6~25.
6-25. ~0( ~(00. 6-24, 11101111~ 111~111110~~( 13~10( 3~311151111~ 0~13~ 311~1~.
6-26. 111~ 5111~1~-111135~11111-~3~~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111(011~( 111~1~. 6-53 ~0111(015 111~ 110~~( 1(0(11
3208
,
60-1-12 3~ 5011(~~ 11110 3 (~51511~~ 1030.
ee 111~ (113)(1(1111(110~51(~0 011111111110~~(
(/)) (113)(1(1111(11
15 10 ~~. ~31~11131~ 111~ (8) (113)(1(1111(11((115 ~11((~111 (31111~ 01111~(1510(~
gin
3~~(3~~ ~11((~111 (31111~ 01111~(1510(~ 3110 (~) 111~ ~~3/( 111~(1510( ~0113~~.
6-27. 111~ 111(~~-~1135~ 11111-~3~~ 3~ ~0113~~ ~0111(011~( 111 ~1~. 6-12 15 115~0 10 ~0111(01 111~
‫ﺔ‬
6-28.
110~~( 1(0(11 3 2300
(31111~ 01111~(1510(5,
, 60-1-12 3~ 5011(~~ 11110 3 0~113-~01111~~1~0 (~51511~~ 1030.
(113)(1(1111(110~51(~0 011111111110~~( 15 100 /(~.
En
/ /0.1~(/)) (113)(1(1111(113~~(3~~
(~) 111~ 11~3~ ~3111~ 01111~(1510( ~0113~~, ~,,.
111~
~31~11131~ 111~ (8) (113)(1(1111(11((115 ~11((~111
~11((~111 (31111~ 01111~(1510(5,
111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-~3~~ ~0111(011~( 111 ~1~. 6-63 ~0111(015 110~~( 10 3 8.1- 1030 3110
sy
/,.,./0.1~3110
111~ 5011(~~ ~0113~~ 15 208 ...,, 60 1-12. 111~ 1030 15 8. = 5 0 3110 1- = 10 (111-1. (8)
0~1~((11111~ 111~ ((115 ~3111~ 011111(0 113((110111~ ~11((~111. (/)) 11 3 ~3113~110( 15 ~01111~~1~0
3~(055111~ 1030, ~31~11131~ 111~ ~3111~ 01 ~3~3~11311~~ 10 (~011~~ 111~1111(0113((110111~ ~11((~111
Ea
111111~ 1030 10 5% 01111~ 1030 ~11((~111, 0. = 70/3.

w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
179

‫ﻣ‬
7
et
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ee
rin
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
10 111(10)1100051(1(11 (1~~11~(111005, 1115 (~~01(~0 10 ~00~~(1 (1 ~1)(~0-~011(1~~ 0~ 500(~~

1010 (1 ~(1(1(101~-~011(1~~ 0~ 500(~~. ~ 0~ ~110~~~( ~00~~(15 01(~~11)1 ~(0111 0~ 10 0~
(100 15 (1150 ~00~0 (15 (1 ()~-(0-()~ ~011~€,(€,. ~ ~110~~~( ~(10 0~ ~00510~(~0 (15 0~
Ea
~~01~(11~01 10 (10 (1~ 1((105~0(111~( ~1111 (1 ~0011000051)1 ~(1(1(101~ 10(05 ((1110. 1.-1~~ (1
1((105~0(111~(, 11 ~0010 0~ 05~0 10 51~~-00~0 0( 51~~-0~ (1 0~ ~011(1~~ 500(~~.
~110~~~(5 (1(~ ~10~1)1 05~0 ~0( 1((1~1100 111010( ~001(0110 ~1~~1(1~ (10101110011~5,
w.
1(011~)1 ~(1(5, 111(1(10~ 1101515, ~0(~11~11(0~~5, (100 11110~ 11(101~(5. 111~)1 ~(0~10~ 511100111
(1~~~1~((11100 ~001(01, 111~11 ~~~1~1~0~)1, (100 ~(151 0)10(11111~ (~5~005~. ~110~~~(5 ~(10
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
0~ 05~0 10 (~~~0~((111~~ 0((1~10~ 0~ 0~ 111010(5 10 (~10(0 ~0~(~)1 0(1~~ 1010 111~ 50~~1)1,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(100 11115 ~~(110(~ (~50115 10 ~0~(~)1 5(1~10~5 ~0( 1((105~0(1(11100 5)151~1115 ~1111 ~(~~0~01
510~5. ~110~~~(5 (1(~ (1150 05~0 10 0~ ~011(1~~ (~~01(110(5.
111~ ~(10~1~1~ 0~ 0~~((11100 ~(10 0~ ~)(~1(110~0 0)1 ~1~. 7-1(1. ~11~0 5~11~11 5~ 15
~105~0 ~0( (1 11111~(1, 111~ 10~01 ~011(1~~ 175 (1~~~(1(5 (1~(055 111~ 10(10. 1~ 111~ 5~11~11
(~111(1105 0~~ ~0( (1 11111~(2, 111~ ~011(1~~ (1~(055 111~ 10(10 15 2~(0. 111~ ~(1~~~0(1115 ~0(
180

~0
~~~~~00~~6~ ~1
~0
_11_ ..
0
+ 0
51/-/ +
~ .
~5 ~0 -
-11--12
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
10.~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ (100 10(10 ~1.1((~01 (1(~ (1150 50.0~0 10 ~1~. 7-10. 10.~ ~0.0~~~(
(1 (1) ~0~~( .1311, (2) ~0~~( ~05~)31, (3)
5~11~0. ~(10 0~ 1111~1~111~01~0 0)11.15105
010, 0( (4) 10(~~0-~01111111.11(11~0 10.)1(1510(. 10.~ ~((1~11~(11 0~~1~~5 0.(1~~ (1 11011~
~011(1~~ 0(0~ ((10~10~ 1(0111 0.5 10 2 ~, (100 10( 10.~ 5(1~~ 01 51111~11~11)1 10.~ ~011(1~~
rin
(1(~ 0~~1~~1~0.
0(0~5 0110.~5~ ~0~~( 5~1111~0001.1~10( 0~~1~~5
10.~ (1~~((1~~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ 15 ~1~~0 0)1
~ = -
1 /1
1) () 0(
ee= -1
(1
~5 =
.((
). 1 ~ = /(~
5 5
(7-1)
0
1 10
gin
‫ﺔ‬
~551.111110~ (1 10551~55
sy
En
~0.0~~~(, 10.~ 10~1.11 ~0~~( 10 10.~ ~0.0~~~( 15 10.~ 5(1111~ (15 10.~
01.11~1.11 ~0~~( (100 15 ~1~~0 0)1

/(, /(,1)2
1 ,.~
Ea
1
~./ = - 1)0/ 0( = -10 1 ---20( = ,,, (7-3)
10 1 ~ ~
w.
10.~ ~11~~11~~ 10~1.11 (~5151(10~~ 5~~0 0)110.~ 501.1(~~ 15
~. / = ~5
= ~ = ~ (7-4)
‫ُﺭ‬
/(
ww
10 /(~/~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10.~(~10(~,
10.~ 01.11)1 ~)1~1~, /(, ~(10 0~ ~(1(1~01(0111010 1 0)1 ~(1()110~ (1, 1, 0( 1.
10.~ 01.11~1.11~011(1~~ ~0 ~(10 0~ ~(1(1~0 1(0111 0 10 ~5 0)1 ~001(01110~ /( (100 10.~ ~0~~(
110~ ~(10 0~ ~001(011~0.
1. ~0118((111(-1,.~()/,/~11~)1 0/7~,.(1(/011. 10.~ ~0.0~~10~ 1(~()1.1~0~)1, 1 (0( ~0.0~~10~

~~(100 7), 15 ~~~1 ~0051(101 (100 10.~ 00-11111~, (1, 15 ~(1(1~0. 10.~ ~1010. 0110.~ ~1.115~
15 ~(1(1~0 (100 10.15 1)1~~ 01 ~001(01 15 ~00~0 (15 /7/,//8~-~/0(/1-~00/,//(1(/011 (~~~)
~001(01.
58~. 7-2 181

2. ~(1,.1(10/~-/,.~~11-~11~)1 0/1~,.(1((011. 10~ ~00~~111~ 1(~()11~11~)7, /, 18 ~30~0. ~110~(

011-11(11~, (1, 0( 011-11(11~, (2, 18 ~~~1 ~011813111. 1018 18 ~311~0 /,.~~11-~11~)11110(/11-/(1(1011.
10~ 1(~()11~11~)7 038 10 0~ ~3(1~0 0~~( 3 ~10~ (311~~ 10 0013111 10~ 111110111~111 ~0113~~
(311~~. 1018 1)7~~ 01 ~0111(01 ~01110 ~~11~(31~ 113((110111~8 311111~(~01~1301~ 1(~()11~11~1~8
3110 10~ 1111~( 0~81~11 ~01110 0~ 01111~1111.
~~3111))1~ 7-1
111~ 0~ ~110~~~( 10 ~1~. 7-1(111(18 (1 (~8186~~ 10(10 01 ~ = 100 (100 111~ 10~111 ~011(1~~
18 ~$ = 220~. ~11~0 111~~110~~~( 8~11~/1 (~111(110800, 118...011(1~~0(0~ 18 1)0~ 2 ~
‫ﻣ‬
=
(100 111~ ~110~~10~ 1(~()11~0~)118
/ = 1 /(1-12. 11111~ (111)1~)1~1~18 50%, 0~1~(11110~ 111~
((1) (1...~((1~~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~, ~0~ (0) (1118 0111~111...011(1~~, ~0~ (~) ~110~~~( ~111~1~0~)1~ (0)
et
~11~~6...~ 10~111 (~8181(10~~ 01111~ ~110~~~(, ~,~ (100 (~) (1118 ...(1111~01111~ 11100(1111~01(11
~0111~00~01 01 0111~11111(1(1110111~~011(1~~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
801111100 ~$ = 220 ~, /( = 0.5, ~ = 100, (100 1)0~
= 2 ~.
((1) ~(011113(). (7-1), ~0 = 0.5 )( (220 - 2)
(0) ~(011113(). (7-2), ~0 = ~ )( (220 - 2) 109~.
=
ng
= 154.15~.
(~) 111~ 0111~111 ~0~~( ~(1110~ 1011110 1(0111
/,, /,,
~ ~ 01 = ~ (~$ - 1)0~)2 (~$ - 1)0~)2
ri
~0 = 0 1 = /(
10 1 ~ 10 1 ~ ~ (7-5)
)( (2201~
ee 2)2
= 0.5 = 2376.2 ~
gin
111~ 10~111 ~0~~( 10 111~ ~110~~~( ~(10 0~ 1011110 1(0111
/,, /,,
~ ~
‫ﺔ‬ 111~ ~110~~~(
~ =
.10
= 0.5
En
~111~1~0~)118
1
~.$/10 =
)( 220)(
10 1
220-2
10
~$(~$ - 1)0~)
~
= 2398 ~
0 1 = /(
~$(~$ - 1)0~)
~ (7-6)
asy
~0 2376.2
. 0
~, = 2398 = 99 09~
(0) ~(011113(). (7-4), ~, = 10/0.5 = 200.
E
(~) 111~ 0111~111...011(1~~ (18 8/10~0111 ~1~. 7-10 ~(10 0~ ~)(~(~88~0111 (1 ~011(1~( 8~(1~8
(18
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
111~ 11100(1111~111(11 ~0111~00~111 (10( /1 1) 010111~111...011(1~~ 11(1(1110111~ ~(111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0

=
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1(0111 13(). (7-7) (18
~$
1)1(1)
= (8111 2-../( ~08 2-../1 + (1 - ~08 2-../() 810 2-../1)
-..
(7-8)
220 )( 2 . )(
= 8111 (2-.. 10001) = 140.068111 (6283.21)
-..
(100 118 (1118 ...(1111~18 ~1 = 140.06/0 = 99.04 ~.
/0/01~. 111~ ~111~1~11~)1~(11~111(16011, ~111~11111~1110~8 111~ ~00011~6011 1088 011/1~ ~110~~~(,

00~8 11011(1/(~ 1010 (1~~011111111~8~11~11111~1088 011~ 10 111(11-011(100 111(0-01101111~ ~110~~~(.
182

0
+ 5~ +
~0 0,,,
‫ﻣ‬
~ ~110~~~.. ~1111 30 ~/..., 1030 18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 7-2. 111~ 0~~..31100 01111~ ~110~~~..
et
~30 0~ 01~10~0 1010 1~0 0100~8. 011..10~ 0100~ 1, 111~ ~110~~~.. 18 8~11~11~0 00 300
111~ ~11 ~01 110~8 1..001 111~ 811~~1)1 10 111~ 1030. 011..10~ 0100~ 2, 111~ ~110~~~.. 18
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
8~11~11~0 011 300 111~ 1030 ~11 ~01 ~0011011~8 10 110~ 111..011~111..~~~11~~110~ 0100~
1),,,. 111~ ~().111~31~01 ~1..~1111810.. 111~8~ 0100~8 3..~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 7-33. 111~ 1030
~11 ~01 300 0111~111 ~0113~~ ~3~~10..018 3..~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 7-30.
111~ 1030 ~11 ~01 10.. 0100~ 1 ~30 0~ 101100 1..001
rin
0-/1 (7-9)
~5 = ~/1 + /..., + ~
ee ~
111~ 80111110001 ~().. (7-9) ~11111011131~11 ~01 /1(1 = 0) = /1 ~1~~8111~1030 ~11 ~01
38
gin
(7-10)
‫ﺔ‬
11118 0100~ 18 ~3110 0 $ 1 $ /1 (=
0~~001~8
sy
En
/(1)~ 300 31111~ ~00 0111118 0100~, 111~ 1030 ~11 ~01
(7 -11)
~0
Ea
(..
1/.
~-.1- 4 .2 .
+
w.
~0 ,..
-1 ~.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~
~
0,,, ~1
_~,.._~_(1-~),..-~
~
~ ~
0 ,..
~009 2
(8) ~~(.8~~8190. ~(~~(.8~.5
183
58~. 7-3

(7-12)
~110111111(11 ~1.1((~11112(( = 0) = 12 (1110 (~0~1111111~ 10~ 11(11~ 0(1~111 (1110~ 0~~11111111~

01 (1100~ 2, ~~ 0(1~~
(7-13)
‫ﻣ‬
1015 (1100~ 15 ~(1110 10( 0 ~ ( ~ (= (1
(2 - /()1). ,4.1 10~ ~110 011015 (1100~, 10~
10(10 ~1.1((~111 0~~0(11~5
t
.ne
(7 -14)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
,4.1 10~ ~110 01 (1100~ 2, 10~ ~00~~~( 15 11.1(11~0 011 (1~(1111 111 10~ 11~)(1
~~~1~ (111~( 11(11~,
1 = 1/1 = () + (2.
ng
0110~( 51~(10~-51(11~ ~01101110115, 1)
= 13. 10~ ~~(1~-10-~~(1~ 10(10 (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111
~(1110~ 0~1~((11111~01(0(11~~5. (7-10), (7-11), (7-13), (1110(7-14). ~(0(11 ~~5. (7-10)
(1110(7-11), 12 15 ~1~~110~
12 = 1) ~-/(18./1- eri +
~5 - €
~
(1
_ ~-/(18./1-)
(7-15)
ine
~(0(11 8~5. (7-13) (1110(7-14), 13 15 ~1~~110~
10~
‫ﺔ‬ ~~(1~-10-~~(1~
sy
En
g
(1~~1~ ~1.1((~11115
/11 = 12 - 1)
(7-16)
~01~0 (111~( 51(11~1111~(1110115 0~~0(11~5
_ ~-()-/()18./1-
~ 1 - ~-/(18./1-
/11 = ~ 1
+ ~-18./1-
_ ~-18./1- (7-17)
Ea
10~ ~0110111011 10( (11(1)(1(111.1(11 (1~~1~,

w.
(/(/11)
(//( = 0 (7-18)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~1~~5 ~-/(18./1- - ~-(1-/()18./1-

= 00( -/( - /() 0( /( = 0.5.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
= -(1 10~ (11(1)(1(111.1(11

~~(1~-10-~~(1~ (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111((11/( = 0.5) 15
~5 ~
/11~3~ = 1(1110 (7-19)
~ 411.,
~0( 411., ~ ~ ~, 1(1110 6
= 6 (1110 10~ (11(1)(1(111.1(11(1~~1~ ~1.1((~111 ~(111 0~ (1~~(0)(1(11(11~0
10
(7-20)
184

1-/0(~. ~().036005 (7-9) 10 (7-20) 3(~ .,,3110 001~ 10( ~001100005 ~0(~01 110~.
~0( 3 13(~~ 011-11(0~, ~3(11~013(1~ 3110~ 1(~().0~0~~ 300 10~ 001~01 .,,0113~~, 111~ 1030
~0((~01 (03~ 0~ 015~001100005. 111~ 1030 ~0((~01 ~0010 0~ ~00600005 11 1) ~ ~ ~
1 0( 1-/ ~~~. 10 ~35~ 01 015~001100005 1030 ~0((~01, /1 = 0 300 ~().. (7-10)
0~~0(0~5
115 - ~ _ ~-(8./1--)
11(0 = (1
~
300 ~().. (7-13) 15.,,3110 10( 0 ~
( ~ (2 50~1111131 12(( = (2) 0.
‫ﻣ‬
~)(301()1~ 7-2
~ ~110~~~( 181~~0111~ 311 ~1- 1030 38 8110~11 111~1~. 7-2 ~11111/5 = 220 ~, ~ = 5 0, 1-
t
= 7.5011-1,/ = 1/(1-12, 3110 ~ = 0~. ~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 1111111011101111813111311~01181030
e
~11(~111, /1~ (/)) ~~3/( 111813111311~01181030 ~11((~111, /2~ (~) 013)(10111111 ~~3/(-10-~~3/( 1030
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(~) (018 1030 ~11((~111, /0~ (1)
(1~~1~ ~11((~111~ (0) 3.,,~(3~~ .,,3111~ 011030 ~11((~111, /0~
~11~~6.,,~ 111~111(~8181311~~ 8~~11 0~ 111~ 8011(~~, ~,~ 3110 (~) (1118 ~110~~~( ~11((~111, /,,.
801111100 1/5 = 220 ~, ~ = 5 0, 1- = 7.5 1111-1, ~ = 0 ~, /( = 0.5, 3110/ = 1000
rin
1-12. ~(0111~().. (7-15), /2 = 0.7165/1 + 12.4733110 1(0111~().. (7-16), /1 = 0.7165/2
+ 0.
(3) 501.,,111~ 111~8~ 1~0 ~().113110118 ~1~108 /1 = 18.37 ~.
(0) /2 = 25.63 ~.
(~) /1/ = /2 - /1 = 25.63 - 18.37 = 7.26~.
ee
~(0111 ~().. (7-19), /1/,, = 7.26
~ 3110 ~().. (7-20) ~1.,,~8111~3~~(0)(111131~1~.,,3111~,/1/,, = 7.33 ~.
gin
(0) 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11118, 3~~(0)(10131~1~,
‫ﺔ‬ 1030
(~) ~881101111~
~11((~111 ~311 0~
sy
/ 022
En
11131111~
~)(~(~88~0
/2 + /1
1030
38
=
~11((~111
25.63 + 18.37
(18~81111~3(1~
= 22 ~
1(0111 /110 /2, 111~ 111813111311~0118

Ea
w.
(7-21)
‫ُﺭ‬ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
)(
/5 = /(/0 = 0.5 22 = 11 ~
3110 111~111~111(~8181311~~,~, = 1///5 = 220/11 = 200.

(~) 111~ (1118~110~~~( ~11((~111~311 0~ 10111101(001
(7-22)
58~. 7-3 185

~1(801())~ 7-3
111~ ~110~~~( 1(1 ~1~. 7-2 11(1$(1 10(10 (~$1$1(1(1~~, ~
= 0.25 0, 1(1~111~011(1~~, ~, = 550
~, (1(10 0(111~()1 ~011(1~~, ~
= 0~. 111~ (1~~((1~~ 10(10 ~11((~(11, /0 = 200~, (1(10 ~110~~1(1~
1(~~11~(1~)1, ./ = 250 1-1~. 0$~ 111.~ 3...~(3~~ 0111~111 ...01132~ 10 ~31~11131() 111.()1030 1(1-
011~1(1(1~~, ~, ~111~11 ~01110 1111111111~11131(111111111
10(10 (1~~1~ ~11((~(1110 10% 01/0.
80)111100 ~5 = 550 ~, ~ = 0.25 0, ~ = 0~, / = 2501-(2, .,. = 1// = 0.004 $, (1(10

)(
/1/ = 200 0.1 = 20~. 111~ 3~~((1~~ 0111~111~011(1~~, ~0 = /(~5 = ~/0. 111~ ~011(1~~
(1~(0$$ 111~ 1(1011~10( 1$ ~1~~(1 0)1
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
(1(10 1111$ ~1~~$ /(
= 0.5 (1(10
rin
ee
)(
/1/ ~ = 20 ~ = 550(1 - 0.5)0.5
)(
0.004
gin
~
‫ﺔ‬ ~11.0()()~(
0()~(31101118
~311 0~
811.0~11111 ~1~.
sy
En
11$~0 10 81~() 11() 3 0~ ...0113~~

7-43. ~11~11 $~11~11 8~
3110 311 3((311~~111~111
18 ~108~010(
10( 81~()-11()
11111~ (1, 111.~ 111011~10(
~11((~111 (18~8 3110 ~11~(~)118 810(~0 111 111.~ 111011~10(. 11111.~ 8~11~11. 1$ 0()~11~0 10( 11111~
(2, 111.~ ~11~(~)1 810(~0 111 111~ 111011~10( 18 1(31181~((~0 10 1030 111(011~11 0100~ 1)1 3110
Ea
111.~ 111011~10( ~11((~11113118. ~8811111111~ 3 ~0111111110118 ~11((~111110~, 111~ ~3...~10(111 10(

111~ 111011~10( ~11((~11118 8110~11 111 ~1~. 7-40.
~11~11 111~ ~11.0()()~( 18 111(11~0 011, 111.~ ...0113~~ 3~(088 111~ 111011~10( 18
w.
0/
7)~ = 1.,-
0(
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
3110 111.1$~1...~$ 111~ ()~3)(-10-()~3)( (1()()1~ ~11((~111111 111~ 111011~10( 38
~1 = -~51., (1 (7-23)
111.~ 111813111311~0118 0111()111 ...0113~~ 18
~1
7)0 = ~5 + 1.,
~ = ~5 ( ~)
1 +
(1
= ~5
1
~1
_ /( (7-24)
11 3 13(~~ ~3()3~110(, ~ ~, 18 ~01111~~1~0 3~(088 111.~ 1030 38 811.0~11 0)1 03811.~0 1111~$
186

(.. 0,
~~0~~6~
~1~.
1~
(8) 5(6~-~~ 8~~81196/11611(
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
10 ~1~. 7-43, 10~ 0111~111~0113~~ ~1110~ ~00110110118 300110 ~01110 0~~0111~ 10~ 3~~(3~~
‫ﺔ‬
~3111~ ~0.
~0~0 /( =
~~ ~30 0011~~ 1(0111 ~~. (7-24) 103110~ ~0113~~ 3~(088 10~ 1030 ~30 0~
En
81~~~~0 11~ 0~ ~3(~10~ 10~ 0111~ ~~~1~, /(, 300 10~ 111101111111110111~111 ~0113~~ 18 ~5
0. 1-10~~~~(, 10~ ~00~~~( ~300010~ 8~11~0~0 00 ~001101101181~811~01031
/( = 1. ~0( ~3111~8 01 /( 1~0010~ 10 11011~, 10~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 0~~0111~8 ~~(~ 13(~~
300 18 ~~(~ 8~08111~~ 10 ~030~~8 10 /(, 38 800~0 10 ~1~. 7-4~.
sy
1018 ~(10~1~1~ ~30 0~ 3~~11~0 10 1(3081~( ~0~(~~ 1(0111 00~ ~0113~~ 8011(~~ 10
30010~( 38 800~0 10 ~1~. 7-53. 10~ ~~111~31~01 ~1(~1111810( 10~ 11100~8 010~~(31100
Ea
3(~ 800~0 10 ~1~. 7-50 300 10~ ~11((~01 ~3~~10(1118 10 ~1~. 7-5~. 10~ 10011~10(
~11((~01 10( 11100~ 118 ~1~~0 0~
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(7-25)
~0~(~ 11 18 10~ 1011131 ~11((~0110( 11100~ 1. 1)11(10~ 11100~ 1, 10~ ~11((~011111181 (18~
300 10~ 0~~~883(~ ~00011100,
~11 (7-26)
-~ 0 0(
~(
58~. 7-4 187

‫ﻣ‬
et
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
+ ~
~+ ,1 ~
~ ,
-.~. ~~- -11-~-12-~
n
1 ~
0 /(,.. ,..
~0~9 2
(~) ~~~~1/8(9.,10~~0~/15
e eri (0) ~~~~9.,11(,/81/910~~5
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
(7-27)
Ea
~11~(~ 12 15 1011131 (0((~01 10( 1110()~ 2. ~0( 3 51301~ 5)151~111, 111~ (0((~01 111051 1311
30() 111~ (00()11100 15
w.
0( (7-28)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
11111~ (011()11100 01 ~(). (7-28) 15 001 5311511~(), 111~ 10()0(10( (0((~01 ~001() (001100~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10 (15~ 30() 30 0051301~ 511031100 ~001() 0((0(. 111~(~10(~, 111~ (000111005 10( 11~(-
111155101~1101~011315 01111~ 1~0 ~0113~~5 3(~
(7-29)
~()0311011 (7-29) 1001(31~5 11131111~ 500((~ ~0113~~ ~5 111051 0~ 1~55 11130 111~ ~0113~~
€ 1011~(111111(3051~( 01110~~( 1(0111 (11)(~() (0( ~3(1301~) 500((~ 10 (11)(~0 0( ~0113~~.
10 ~1~(1(1( 0(3/(10~ 01 0( 111010(5, ~11~(~ 111~ 111010(5 011~(31~ 35 0( ~~0~(310(5, 111~
(1101111~( 11~(111115 1(3051~( 01110~~( 10 3 11)(~0 0( 500((~ 0( 3 (11~05131.
188

111~ ~0~~( 5~1111~011011~10( 0~~1~~5 (~~111(~ 3 111111111111111

11111~ 10 111(11 011 3110 111(11 011.
111~(~10(~, 111~ 0111~ ~~~1~, /(, ~311 0111~ 0~ ~0111(011~0 0~1~~~11 3 111111111111111
~3111~
/((111113110 3 1113)(111111111~3111~ /((113)(, 111~(~0~ 1111111111~111~ 111111111111111

3110 1113)(111111111~3111~
01 0111~111 ~0113~~. 111~ 5~11~11111~ 1(~~11~11~~ 01111~ ~110~~~( 15 3150 1111111~0. 11
~01110 0~ 11011~~0 1(0111 ~~. (7-20) 11131111~ 1030 (1~~1~ ~11((~111 0~~~1105111~~(5~1~ 011
111~ ~110~~111~ 1(~~11~11~~. 111~ 1(~~11~11~~ 51101110 0~ 35 111~11 35 ~055101~ 10 (~011~~
111~ 1030 (1~~1~ ~11((~111 3110 10 111111111112~111~ 512~ 01 311~ 30011101131 5~(1~5 111011~10(
‫ﻣ‬
111 111~ 1030 ~1(~1111.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
111~ 0~ ~110~~~(5 ~311 0~ 115~0 35 5~11~11111~-11100~ (~~111310(5 10 ~011~~(1 3 0~ ~0113~~,
110(111311~ 1111(~~11131~0, 10 3 (~~11131~0 0~ 0111~111 ~0113~~. 111~ (~~11131101115 110(111311~
3~111~~~0 0~ ~1115~-~1011111100111311011 31 3 11)(~0 1(~~11~11~~ 3110 111~ 5~11~11111~ 0~~1~~
rin
15 110(111311~ 3 ~0~~( 13110( ~0$~~1. 111~ ~1~111~1115 015~11~11111~-11100~ (~~111310(5
3(~ 5110~11111 ~1~. 7-6. ~~ ~31111011~~ 1(0111 ~1~. 7-1011131111~ 0111~111010~ ~110~~~(5
~1111 (~51511~~ 1030 15 015~0111111110115 3110 ~011131115 113(1110111~5.
ee 111~ (1~~1~ ~0111~11115
110(111311~ (~011~~0 0~ 311 1-~ 1111~(.
gin
+
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
0
Ea
$~11~11111~ (~~111310(5 3(~ ~0111111~(~1311~ 3~311301~ 35 1111~~(31~0 ~1(~11115. 111~

0~51~11~( ~311 5~1~~1 111~ 5~11~11111~ 1(~~11~11~~ 0~ ~11005111~ 111~ ~3111~5 01 ~ 3110 ~ 01
w.
1(~~11~11~~ 05~111310(. ~5 3 (111~ 01111111110, 10 1113)(111112~ ~111~1~11~~, 111~ 111111111111111

05~111310( ~~(100 51101110 0~ 300111 100 11111~5 1011~~( 111311 111~ 1(31151510( 5~11~11111~
‫ُﺭ‬
11111~~ 10( ~)(3111~1~, 113 1(31151510( 1135 3 5~11~11111~ 11111~ 010.5 (..1-5,111~ 05~111310( ~~(100
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~01110 0~ 50 (..1-5,~111~11 ~1~~5 111~ 1113)(11111111105~111310( 1(~~11~11~~ 01 20 /(1-12. 11115

15 011~ 10 111~ 5~11~11111~ 1055 111111~ 1(31151510(. 111~ 1(31151510( 5~11~11111~ 1055 111~(~35~5
~1111111~ 5~11~11111~ 1(~~11~11~~ 3110 111~ ~111~1~11~~ 0~~(~35~5. 111 300111011, 111~ ~0(~
1055 01 111011~10(5 11111115 111~ 111~11-1(~~11~11~~ 0~~(311011. 111~(~ 3(~ 1011( 0351~ 10-
~010~1~5 01 5~11~11111~ (~~111310(5~
1. 1311~/( (~~111310(5
2. 130051 (~~111310(5
189
58~. 7-6

3. 1311~/(-00081 ..~~111310..8
4. ~11/( ..~~111310..8
10 3 1311~/( ..~~111310.., 111~ 3~~..3~~ 0111~111~0113~~ ~~, 18 1~88 11130 111~ 10~111 ~0113~~,
~5-11~0~~ 111~ 03(0~ ..011~/(,,, 3 ~~..)1 ~0~1113.. ..~~111310... 111~ ~1..~1111013~..3(0 0~ 3
011~/( ..~~111310.. 11810~ 3 ~0~~.. 131118 8110~0 10 ~1~. 7-73, 300 1111818 11/(~ 3 81~~-
00~0 ~110~~~... 111~ ~1..~11110~~..31100 ~30 0~ 01~10~0 1010 1~0 (000~8. ~00~ 1
‫ﻣ‬
0~~108 ~11~0 1..3081810.. ~1 18 8~11~11~0 00 31 / = 0. 111~ 10~111~11 ~01, ~111~11..18~8,
00~8 111..011~111111~.. 10011~10.. 1., 1111~.. ~3~3~110.. ~, 300 1030 ..~81810..~. ~00~ 2
et
0~~108 ~11~0 1..3081810.. ~1 18 8~11~11~0 0~1 31/ = /1. 111~ 1..~~~11~~110~ 0100~ 0,.,
~00011~18 011~ 10 ~0~..~)1 810..~0 10 111~ 10011~10.. 300 111~ 10011~10.. ~11 ~01 ~0011011~8
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
10 00~ 111..011~111., ~, 1030, 300 0100~ 0,,,. 111~ 10011~10.. ~11 ~01 ~3115001111..3081810..
~1 18 8~11~11~0 00 3~310 10 111~ 0~)(1 ~)1~1~. 111~ ~~111~31~01 ~1..~11118 ~0.. 111~ (000~8
ng
0~ 0~~..311011 3..~ 8110~1110 ~1~. 7-70. 111~ ~3~~~0..(08 ~0.. 111~ ~0113~~8 3110 ~11 ~1118
3..~ 8110~0111 ~1~. 7-7~ ~0.. 3 ~0111111110118 ~11 ~11100~ 111111~ 111011~10.. 1.. 0~~~110111~
011 111~ 8~11~1110~ ~..~~11~11~)1, 1111~..111011~130~~, 3110 ~3~3~1130~~, 111~ 111011~10.. ~11 ~111
ri
~01110 0~ 018~00110110118.
111~ ~0113~~ 3~..088 111~ 111011~10.., 1., 18, 10 ~~11~..31,
ee
gin
0..
‫ﺔ‬ En
~5 - ~~=1.
12 - 11
/1
1.
/11
/1
(7-30)
asy
/11 1.
/1 = (7-31)
~5 -
E
w.
(7-32)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
/111.
/2 = - (7-33)
~~
~11~..~ /1118 111~ ~~3/(-10-~~3/( ..1~~1~ ~11 ~111 01111~ 111011~10.., 1.. ~~1131111~ 111~ ~3111~
01 /11111 ~~8. (7-30) 300 (7-32) ~1~~8
(~5 - ~~)/1 ~~/2

/11 = =
1. 1.
190

~.. ~. 01
+ + +
0,,,
~.
‫ﻣ‬
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~.
rin
ee
gin
+
‫ﺔ‬ ~.
1. =1~
En
asy
1
w .E
0,,, 0 ~,.. ,..

‫ُﺭ‬
10
ww
~.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~009 2 0
(~) ~~~~.,,8~90. ~~~~~..5
58~. 7-6 191

(7-34)
~5511111111~ (110551~55 1((11151510( 5~11~11, ~515 = ~(11(1 = /(~51(1 (1110 111~ (1~~((1~~ 111~111
~11((~111 ,
15 = /(1,, (7-35)
10~ 5~11~0111~ ~~(100 1 ~311 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 35
‫ﻣ‬
1 /11 1-- /11
1 = - = 11 + 12 = + - 1-- = /11 1--~5 (7-36)
/ ~5 - ~0 ~0 ~0(~5 - ~0)
(7-37)
ng
(7-38)
ri
ee
gin
11 ~~ 35511111~ 1031111~ 1030 (1~~1~ ~11((~111, /1/0, 15 ~~()1 5111311 3110 11~~11~101~, /1/1- = ..
‫ﺔ‬
/1/00
10~
10~ (1~~((1~~ ~3~3~110(
En
~3~(1~110( ~0113~~ 15 ~)(~(~55~0

~11((~111,
35
~01~0
10 =
110~5
/11
4
10( 11/2 + 12/2 = 1/2, 15
asy
1)~ = /~ 0.1 + 1)0 (1 = 0)

~1
3110 111~~~3~-10-~~3~ (1~~1~ ~0113~~ 0110~ ~(1~3~110( 15
E
1 (1/2 /11 /11 1 /11

w.
/1~~ = - (1 = 0) = ~)0 40.1 = (7-39)

8~ = 8/~
1)~ 1)~
‫ُﺭ‬
51105111111111~ 111~ ~3111~ 01 /111(0111 ~(). (7-37) 0( (7-38) 111 ~(). (7-39) )11~105
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0(~5 - ~0)
/1 ~ ~ = (7-40)
81--~/2~5
(7-41)
192

~111~1~0~)1. 10~ 01/ 01 0110~ 1030 ~0((~0115 11(011~0 0)11000~10( 1.,. 1-10~~~~(, 10~
10~01 ~0((~01 15 015~001100005 3110 3 5(0001010~ 10~011111~( 15 00((0311)1 (~~01(~0.
11 ~(0~10~5 00~ ~013(11)1 01 001~01 ~0113~~ 300 00101(~~110031 001~01 ~0((~01. 11
(~~01(~5 3 ~(01~~11011 ~1(~011 10 ~35~ 01 ~055101~ 500(1 ~1(~011 0110~ 0100~ ~310.
~)(301()1~ 7-4
-..,,. 10~ 1~()1111~0
10~ 011~)( (~~111310( 111~1~. 7-73 035 311 111))01~0113~~ 011/5 = 12
-..,, 3110 10~ ))~3)(-10-))~3)( 0111))111~0113~~ 15 20 01-..,,.
3~~13~~ 0111))111~0113~~ 15 1/0 = 5
10~ 5~11~0111~11~()0~11~~15 25 )(112. 1110~ ))~3)(-10-))~3)( (1))))1~ ~1111~11101111011~10115
110111~010 0.8 ,6., 0~1~1111111~10~ (3) 0111~ ~~~1~, /(~ (0) 1111~1111011~1311~~,/...,~3110 (~)
‫ﻣ‬
1111~1~3))3~1101, ~.
5-..,,.
801..-1100 1/5 = 12 -..,,, ~1/~ = 20111-..,,, ~1 = 0.8,6.,, = 25 )(112, 3110 1/0 =
/(1/~ 3110 /( 1/)1/, 5/12 0.4167.
et
(3) ~1001 ~(). (7-34), 1/~ = = = =
(0) ~1001 ~(). (7-37),
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
5(12 - 5)
/..., = )( )( 145.84 ~11
0.8 25,000 12
(~) ~(001 ~(). (7-39),
rin
~ = )( 20 )( ~~~3 )( 25,000 = 200 ~~
8
7-6.2 80051 ~99~~810..5

ee
.
gin
111 3 00051 (~~01310(, 10~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 15 ~(~31~( 10311 10~ 111~01 ~0113~~- 0~0~~
‫ﺔ‬10~ 113(0~ --00051.,,
7-83,3110101515
11110 1~0 (000~5.
111~01 ~0((~111,
~00~
~ 00051 (~~01310( 05111~ 3 ~0~~( ~05~~115
51(0113( 10 3 51~~-0~ ~00~~~(.
~01~0
En
1 0~~1115 ~0~11 1(31151510( (21 15 5~11~0~0

(15~5, 110~5
0~~1115 ~0~11 1(31151510( (21 15 5~11~0~0 01131
10(00~0
sy
10~ 1(31151510( ~0010 00~ 110~ 10(00~0

(
10(00~0
500~0 111~1~.
10~ ~1(~0110~~(311011 ~30 0~ 01~10~0
011 31
11100~10(
(
= 0. 10~
= (1. 10~ ~0((~111 ~01~0 ~35 110~10~

1.,, ~, 1030, 3110 0100~ 1),,,.
1., 3110 1(31151510(
10~
(21. ~00~ 2
11100~10( ~0((~11113115 0111111(31151510( (21 15 10(11~0 011 3~3111 11110~ 11~)(1 ~)1~1~. 10~
~11~1~)1 510(~0 1111000~10( 1., 15 1(31151~((~0 10 10~ 1030. 10~ ~~01,,,31~111 ~1(~0115 10(
Ea
10~ (000~5 01 0~~(311011 3(~ 500~11 111~1~. 7-80. 10~ ~3~~10((05 10( ,,,0113~~5 3110
~0((~1115 3(~ 500~0 111~1~. 7-8~ 10( ~0111100005 1030 ~0((~111.
~550(010~ 103110~ 11100~10( ~0((~111 (15~5 110~3(1)11(0(0 11 10 12 11111(0~ (1,
w.
(7-42)
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
/).1 1.,
(7-43)
1/.,
3110 10~ 1000~10( ~0((~111 13115 1111~3(1)11(0(0 12 10 11 111 11(0~ (2,
(7 -44)
56~. 7-6 193

... ,. .~. ,~ .1 0....
+ ~+ + +
.0. ,0 .0. ,.
~. ~0
~~0 ~~0.~.
(3
(8) ~1,~0.~
9.89,8~
‫ﻣ‬
~0
~. - ---
t
.ne
0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~$,....
,2
ng
~.,
eri ~2
,1
ine
~~.~.
-. ~0
.0
,2-,. ----
+1 ~.
‫ﺔ‬....~
~0081
0....
En
g
0
~~~,.
~.
~0
-/-
/
_ -=--/1.~0-
~,
--- -
~.1
sy
+ ~+
.0
0
~~.
~~~~1
.1
Ea
(0
~,
,.
0
~0082
w.
(~) -=~0.~818.,~ ~.~~0.(5 (~) 11/8~810,~5

‫ُﺭ‬
...1~0..~7.8
ww
130051 (~8013(0(.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0..
~11-
(2
= 11 11.
(7-45)
-
~11~..~ ~115 111~ ()~11/(-10-()~11/( ..1()()1~ ~0 ~111 0111100~10.. 1-. ~..0111 ~~5. (7-42) 11110
(7-44),
194

$110811111110~ (1 = /(1 (100 (2 = (1 - /()1 ~1~108 111~(1~~((1~~ 0111.,111~011(1~~,
~$
~,, = (7-46)
1 - /(
/() (100 111~ (1~~((1~~ 10.,111
~88110110~ (1 10881~88 1((1081810(, ~$/$ = ~,,/,, = ~$/,,/(1 -
~11((~01 18
(7-47)
‫ﻣ‬
111~ 8~11~1110~
.,~(100 1 ~(100~ 1011001(001
1
=- = (1 + (2 = -6./1, + 6./1, (7-48)
t
1
/ ~$~,, - ~$
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
(100 11118 ~1~~8 111~ .,~(1~-10-.,~(1~ (1.,.,1~ ~11((~01,
~$(~,, - ~$)
(7-49)
g
6./ =
//..,~,,
rin (7-50)
ee
( (1. 111~
~11~0 111~ 1((1081810( 18 00, 111~ ~(1.,(1~110( 811.,.,11~8 111~ 10(10 ~11((~0110( =
gin
(1~~((1~~ ~(1.,(1~110( ~11((~01 18 /~ /,, (100 111~ .,~(1~-10-.,~(1~ (1.,.,1~ ~011(1~~ 01 111~
‫ﺔ‬
~(1.,(1~110( 18
sy
En
(7-51)
(7-52)
Ea
(7-53)
w.
(1 1((10810(01~(. 011~
~ 00081 (~~111(110( ~(10 81~., 11., 111~ 0111.,111 ~011(1~~ ~11110111
‫ُﺭ‬ww
10 810~1~ 1((1081810(, 1111(18 111~11 ~111~1~0~~. 111~ 10.,111 ~11((~0115 ~00110110118. 1-10~-
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~~(, (1 111~11 .,~(1~ ~11((~01 11(18 10 110~ 111(011~11111~ .,0~~( 1((1081810(. 111~ 0111.,111
/( (100 11 011~111 0~ 01111~1111 10
~011(1~~ 18 ~~(~ 8~08111~~ 10 ~11(10~~8 10 111~ 0111~ ~~~1~
81(101112~ 111~ (~~111(110(. $10~~ 111~ 1((1081810( 18 10 8111101 ~1111 111~ 10(10 ~1(~1111, 11
011~111 (1180 0~ 01111~1111 10 .,(01~~1 111~ 0111.,111 ~1(~1111 10 ~(18~ 01 8110(1 ~1(~1111. 111~
(1 1(1~10( 01
(1~~((1~~ 0111.,111 ~11((~01 18 1~88 111(10 111~ (1~~((1~~ 10011~10( ~11((~01 0~
(1 -
/(), (100 (1 0111~11111~11~( (018 ~11((~01 ~01110 110~ 111(011~11111~ 1111~( ~(1.,(1~110(,
(~8111110~ 10 111~ 118~ 01 (1 1(1(~~( 1111~( ~(1.,(1~110( (100 (1 1(1(~~( 10011~10( 111(10 11108~ 01
(1 011~~ (~~111(110(.
195
58~. 7-6

~,.3111~1~ 7-5
~ 011~)( (~~111~10( 111~1~. 7-8~ 11~5 ~11111~111 ,,,011~~~ 01175

= 5~. 111~ ~,,,~(~~~ 0111~111
,,,011~~~, ~. = 15 ~ ~110 111~ ~,,,~(~~~ 10~0 ~11((~111, /. = 0.5~. 111~ 5~11~11111~1(~().11~11~~
1525 )(1-12. 11 ~ =
150 /.11-1 ~110 ~ = 220 /.1~, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (~) 0111~ (~(1~. /(~ (0)
(1~~1~ ~11((~111 01111011~10(, /1/~ (~) ~~~)( ~11((~111 01111011~10(, /2~ ~110 (0) (1~~1~ ,,,011~~~
011111~( ~~~~~110(, 17~.
80101100 ~5 = 5 ~, 17. = 15~, 1= 25 )(1-12, ~ = 150 /.11-1,~110 ~ = 220 /.1~.

(~) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-46), 15 = 5/(1 - /() 0( /(
= 2/3 = 0.6667 = 66.67%.
‫ﻣ‬
(0) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-49),
)(
5 (15 - 5)
/1~ = )( )( 10-6 )( = 0 .89 ~
25,000
et
150 15
(~) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-47), /5 = 0.5/(1
- 0.667) = 1.5 ~ ~110 ~~~)( 11100~101 ~11((~111,
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
/1/ 0.89
/ 2 = /5 + 1.5 +
2 = 2 = 1.945 ~
(0) ~(0(11 ~().. (7-53),
n
0.5 )( 0.6667
e /1~0 =
eri
2,5000 )( 220)( 10 - 6 = 60.61 (11~
gin
~ 011~)( - 00051 (~~111(110( 11(0,,,10~5 (111 011111111 ,,,011(1~~ ~01~0 (11(1)1 0~

‫ﺔ‬
~(~(11~(
01(110(
111(11110~ 11111111,,,011(1~~-0~11~~
1101(1(11)1 15 011110511~ 10 10(11 0110~
15 5110~11
111~ ~1(~011
sy
En
(111 1/11/~,(1/1/5 0, 1/)/0(1~/(

111 ~1~.
,~/5/1/(1(0,.
7-9(1.
10~ 11(1(11~ ..011~)(-00051,,~
011~((111011 ~(111 0~ 01,,,10~0

11111111,,,011(1~~.
10~
1015
~1(~1111 (1(((111~~(11~111 01 (1 00~)(-00051
11110 1~0 (1100~5. 00(111~

1~55 10(111 0(
10~ 01111101 ,,,011(1~~
(~~111(110( 15 (1150 )(110~11 (15
(1100~
(~~_
1, 1((111-
51510( ()1 15 10(11~0 011 (1110 0100~ 1),,, 15 (~,,,~(5~0 01(15~0. 111~ 11111111~0((~111, ~111~11
(15~5, 110~5 111(00~1111100~10( 1- (1110 1((11151510( ()1. 011(111~ (1100~ 2, 1(31151510( ()1
Ea
15 5~11~11~0 011 (1110 111~ ~11((~111, ~111~0 ~(15 110~111~ 111(00~011100~10( 1-, ~01110 110~
110~ 111(00~111-, ~, 1),,,, (1110 111~ 10(10. 111~ ~11~(~)1 510(~0 111 11100~10(
1- ~0010 0~
1((11151~((~0 10 10~ 10(10 3110 111~ 111011~10( ~0((~111 ~01110
1311 11111111(31151510( ())
15
w.
5~11~11~0 011 (1~3111 111 111~ 11~)(1 ~)1~1~. 10~ ~()111,,,31~111 ~1(~0115 10( 111~ (1100~5 3(~
5110~11 111 ~1~. 7-90. 111~ ~3,,,~10((115 10( 51~(0)1-51(11~ ,,,0113~~5 3110 ~11((~1115 0110~
‫ُﺭ‬
00~)(-00051 (~~01310( (1(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 7-9~ 10( ~01111110005 10(10 ~0((~111.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~550(11111~ 11131 111~ 11100~10( ~0((~111 (15~5 1111~3(1)11(0(11

11 10 12 111 11(11~ (1,
(7-54)
(7-55)
196

+
‫ﻣ‬
0 ~,.. ,..
et
-~5 - - - --
~~-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
- - -
~~~~,..
,..
~1
rin
~2 - - - - -
- - - -
ee ~1 -- ---
.
0 ~,.. ,..
+ ~5
~0
gin
~5 ~2- ~.
-- - -
‫ﺔ‬1
~0~91
0,,,
sy
En
0
~.
~0
,..
~0
Ea
~.
0
~0~9 2
(0) ~~~~~8~90( ~~~~~1(5
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
6./
1/,, = -1-- (7-56)
(2
0(
6./ 1-
(2 -- 1/,,
(7-57)
197
58~. 7-6

~11~..~ /1115 111~ .,~(1~-10-.,~(1~ ..1.,.,1~ ~11 ~01 0110011~10.. 1-. ~..0111 ~~5. (7-54) (100
(7-56),
5110511111110~ (1 = /(7 (100 (2

= (1 - /() 7, 111~(1~~..(1~~0111.,111~011(1~~ 15
_ 115/(
11,, = (7-58)
‫ﻣ‬
1 - /(
~551111110~ (1 10551~55 ~1..~1111, 11/5 = 11,,1,,
= 1151,,/(/(1 /() (100 111~ (1~~..(1~~ 10()111
et
~11 ~01, 15, 15 ..~1(11~0 10 111~ (1~~..(1~~ 0111()111 ~11 ~01, 1,,,
0~
(7-59)
111~ 5~11~1110~ ()~..100, 7, ~(10 0~ 101100 1..0111
rin
1 /11 1- /11 1- /11 1-(11,, 1(5)
7 = - = (1 + (2 = - - - = -
(7-60)
1 115 11,, 11511,,
(100 11115 ~1~~5 111~ ()~(1~-10-()~(1~ ..1()()1~ ~11 ~01,
ee
11511,,
/11 = (7-61)
gin
11-(11,, - 1(5)
‫ﺔ‬
~11~0 1..(1051510..
sy
En
(21 15 00, 111~ 1111~.. ~(1()(1~110.. 511()()11~5 111~ 10(10 ~11 ~0110.. (
(7-62)
= (1-
111~ (1~~..(1~~ 015~11(1..~10~ ~11 ~01 01111~ ~(1()(1~110.. 15 10 = 1,, (100 111~()~(1~-10-()~(1~
..1()()1~ ~011(1~~ 01111~ ~(1()(1~110.. 15
Ea
(7-63)
w.
~~11(11100 (7-58) ~1~~5 (1 = 11)(11,, - 1(5)1) (100 ~~. (7-63) 0~~0111~5

1,,11,,
‫ُﺭ‬
/1110 -- (7-64)
ww
(11,, - 1(5)1~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(7-65)
~ 011~~ - 00051 ..~~111(110.. ()..0~10~5 0111()111 ~011(1~~ ()01(1..11~ ..~~~..5(11 ~11110111 (1

1..(10510..111~.._ 1111(15111~11 ~16~1~0~~. 000~.. (11(11111 ~00011100 01111~ 1..(1051510.., 111~
(///(/( 01111~ 1(11111~11 ~01 ~01110 0~ 11/1- (100 15 1111111~0 0~ 111~ 10011~10.. 1-. 0111()111
198

500(1-~1(~011 ()(01~~11011 ~00100~ ~(15)110 1(11()1~(11~111. 1-10~~~~(, 10~ 111()01 ~0((~111
15 015~01111110005 (1110 (1110 (1 0180 ()~(1~ ~0((~111 -00~5 10(00801((11151510( (21.
~)(301()1~ 7-6
-.,,. 10~ 0111~
111~ 011~~ - 00081 (~~111310( 111~1~. 7-93 038 311 111~111~0113~~ 01 ~5 = 12
~~~1~, /(
= 0.25 3110 10~ 8~11~0111~ 1(~().11~11~~ 18 25 ~1-12. 10~ 111011~1311~~, 1- = 150
,..,..1-13110 1111~( ~3~3~11311~~, ~ = 220 ,..,..~. 10~ 3~~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111, /0 = 1.25 /1...
0~1~(111111~ 10~ (3) 3~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~, ~0~ (0) ~~3~-10-~~3~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ (1~~1~,
~ ~,,~ (~) ~~3~-10-~~3~ (1~~1~ ~11((~111 01 111011~10(, ~1~ 3110 (0) ~~3~ ~11((~111 01 10~
1(31181810(, 1,,.
‫ﻣ‬
50111~100 ~5 = 12 -.,,, /( = 0.25, 10 = 1.25 /1.., ./ = 25 ~1-12, 1- = 150 ,..,..1-1,3110
~ = 220 ,..,..~.
)( 0.25/(1 - 0.25)
(3) ~(0111 ~().. (7-58), ~0 = -12 = -4-.,,.
et
(0) ~(0111 ~().. (7-65), 10~ ~~3~-10-~~3~ 0111~111(1~~1~ ~0113~~ 18
)( 0.25
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1.25
~~,, = )( )( 10-6 = 56.8111-.,,
25,000 220
(~) ~(0111 ~().. (7-62), 10~ ~~3~-10-~~3~ 111011~10((1~~1~ 18
rin
)(
12 0.25
~1 =
25,000 )( 150 )( 10-6 = 0.8/1..
)( 0.25/(1 - 0.25)
(0) ~(0111 ~().. (7-59),15
= 1.25 = 0.4167 /1... 5111~~1518 10~
ee
3~~(3~~ 01 011(311011/(1, 111~~~3~-10-~~3~ ~11((~1110110~ 1(31181810(,
~1 0.4167 0.8
1,, = ~
gin
.
/( + 2 = 0.25 + 2 = 2 067 /1..
‫ﺔ‬
10~
7-10(1.
~1(~011 (1(((1118~(11~111 0110~
51(1111(1( 10 10~ 00~~-00051
sy
En
~0~ (~801(110(
(~801(110(,
051118
10~ ~0~
(1 ()0~~(
(~8111(110(
131115
()(0~10~5
500~11 111 ~18.
(111001()01
~011(18~ ~01~015 1~55 10(111 0( 8(~(11~( 10(111 10~ 111()01 ~011(18~ (1110 10~ 001()01 ~011(18~
()01(1(11)115 (1150 0()()0511~ 10 10(11 0110~ 111()01 ~011(18~. 1115 11(1(11~0 (111~( 115 111~~1110(
Ea
(1). ~0~11 10~ 111()01 ~011(18~ 15 10(11~0 011 (1110 1((11151510( (21 15 5~11~0~0 011, 0100~
1)/71 15 10(~(1(0 01(15~0 (1110 ~(1()(1~110( ~1 15 ~0(1(8~0 10(00801.,1, 1)/71, (1110 10~ 111()111
50()()1)1, ~5.
w.
10~ ~1(~011 0()~((111011 ~(111 0~ 01~10~0 11110 1~0 (1100~5. ~00~ 1 0~81115 ~0~11
(
1((11151510( (21 15 10(11~0 011 (11 = 0. 10~ ~0((~111 10(0080111011~10( 1.,1 (15~5. ~1
‫ُﺭ‬
10~ 5(1(11~ 11(11~, 10~ ~011(18~ 01 ~(1()(1~110( ~1 (~~~(5~ 01(15~5 0100~ 1)/71 (1110 10(115 11
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
011. 10~ ~(1()(1~110( ~1 015~0(1(8~5 115 ~11..,(8)110 10~ ~1(~011 10((11~0 0)1 ~1, ~2, 10~
( 10~
10(10, (1110 1.,2. ~00~ 2 0~81115 ~0.,.11 1(.11151510( (21 15 10(11~0 011 (11 = (1.
~(1()(1~110( ~1 15 ~0(1(8~0 1(0(11 10~ 111()11150()()1)1 (1110 10~ ~11~(8)1 510(~0 11110~ 11100~10(
1.,2151((11151~((~01010~ 10(10. 10~ 0100~ 1)/71 (11101((11151510( (21 ()(0~10~ (15)111~0(011005
5~11~01118 (1~11011. 10~ ~().01~(11~111 ~1(~0115 10( 10~ (1100~5 (1(~ 500~11 111 ~18. 7-100
(1110 10~ ~(1~~10((115 10( 51~(10)1-51(11~ ~011(18~5 (1110 ~0((~1115 (1(~ 500~11 111 ~18. 7 -10~
10( ~01111110005 10(10 ~0((~111.
56~. 7-6 199

~1 ~01
(..2
~~1+
+,0.-1
0,,,
8 ~~,,,
~, ,.)
‫ﻣ‬
t
- - - - - -
.ne
~6
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
0 ...
ng
eri ~~12
~
0
.
~~1
- - - ~1 -
---~-
...
- 1- ~ 11~1
ine
1--
~~11
0 ~... ...
~ 1_
‫ﺔ‬ (..1 ~~1
sy
~01
En
g
~1
+ ~,
- ~11~2
..,~,,,
1~.
~0
Ea
~0081
0
w.
0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~.
0
(~) (0~~~..,8~80( ~~,~~~(5
..1~(1~~ 7-10 01/( (~8(11~10(.
200

‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ 10
~551111110~ 11131 111~ ~1111~01 0110011~101 ~1 115~5 110~3(1)1110111 1 /~11 10 11-12
11111~ (1-
(7-66)
01
_ 6.11~1
(7-67)
(1
~5
‫ﻣ‬
300 011~ 10 111~ ~1131~~0 ~3113~1101 ~1, 111~ ~1111~01 0110011~101 ~1 13115 110~3(1)1110111
11~12 10 11-11 10 11111~ (2,
t
(7-68)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e
g.n
01
(7-69)
rin
6.11 =
~)1
=
ee (~5 - ~~1)(2
~1 ~1
gin
5110511111110~ (1 = /(7300 (2 = (1 -
/()7, 111~ 3~~13~~ ~0113~~ 01 ~3113~1101 ~1 15
‫ﺔ‬
~551111110~
11111~ (1,
11131 111~ ~1111~01
En
~ 01
011111~1
=
~,(1
10011~101
1
-
~2
2/()
/(
115~5 110~3(1)1
(7-70)
110111 11-21 10 11-22 10

asy
(7 -71)
.E
01
6.12 ~2
(1 = (7-72)
w
~01 - ~~
‫ُﺭ‬
300 111~ ~1111~01 0110011~101 ~2 13115 110~3(1)1110111 11-22 10 11-21 10 11111~(2,
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
6.12 (7-73)
~= -~ ~2- (2
~~01 (2 = --
6.12~2 (7-74)
58~. 7-6 201

~..0111 8()8. (7-71) 3110 (7-73),
(~01 - ~(1)(1 ~(1(2

6./2 =
1.,2 1.,2
5~()8111~1111~ (1 = /(73110 (2 = (1 - /()7, 111~ 3~~..3~~ ~0113~~ 01 ~3()~~110..

~1 18
_ _ ~(1(1- 2/()
~01 - /( (7-75)
‫ﻣ‬
8()~31111~ 8(). (7-70) 10 8(). (7-75), ~~ ~31111110 111~ 3~~..3~~ 0~1()~1 ~0113~~ 38
/(~5
et
~ (1 = -
1
_ /( (7-76)
~88~111111~ 3 10881~88 ~1..~~11, ~.15 = ~(1/(1 = ~5/(1/(/(1 - /() 3110 111~3~~..3~~ 111()~1
~~ ~111,
rin
/ 51_/(
= (7-77 )
111~ 8~11~11111~()~..100 7 ~311 ()~ 10~110 1..0111 8()8.

ee (7-67) 3110 (7-69)=
7 = - =
1
(1 + (2
6./11.,1 6./1 1.,1 _ 6./1 1.,1(2~5 - ~01)
= - + - (7 -78)
/ ~5 ~5 - ~01 ~5(~5 - ~01)
gin
~111~11 ~1~~8 111~ ()~3~-10-()~3~ ..1()()1~ ~~ ~111 011110~~10.. 1.,1 38

‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
6./1 = ~5(~5 - ~01)

/1.1(2~5 - ~01)
(7-79)
~5/(
6./1 = (7-80)
/1.1
Ea
111~ 8~11~11111~ ()~..100 7 ~311 3180 ()~ 10~110 1..0111 8()8. (7-72) 3110 (7-74)=
1
7 = = (1 + (2 = 6./21.2 6./2 1.2 _ 6./2 1.2(2~(1- ~01)
w.
- (7-81)
1 ~01 - ~(1 ~(1
-
~(1(~01 - ~(1)
3110 11118 ~1~~8 111~ ()~3~-10-()~3~ ..1()()1~ ~~
‫ُﺭ‬
~111 011110~~10.. 1.2 38
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~(1(~01 - ~5)
6./2 = (7-82)
/1.2(2~(1 - ~01)
~(1(1 - /() /(~5

= (7-83)
/1.2 /1.2
~11~11 1..31181810.. (21 18 011, 111~ ~11~..~~ 1..31181~.. ~3()3~110.. ~1 18 ~113..~~0 ()~ 111~ 111()~1
~~ ~11110.. (
= (2. 111~ 3~~..3~~ ~113..~111~ ~~ ~11110.. ~1 18 /01 = /5 3110 111~ ()~3~-
202

10-~~(1~ ..1~~1~ ~011(1~~ 0~ 111~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~1 18
1 (12 1 (12 / (
~ ~~1 = /~1 0( = ~1)0
/5 = (7-84)
~1)0 ~~
~()1.1(111011(7-76) ~1~~8 (2 = ~)((~5 - ~,,)() (1110~(). (7-84) 0~~0111~8
(7-85)
‫ﻣ‬
_ /.(1 - /()
~ ~~1 (7-86)
/~1
e t
1~ ,,.~ (1881.1111~ 111(11 111~ 10(10 ~1.1 ~111 ..1~~1~, ~10, 18 11~~11~101~, ~11-2 ~1~2. 111~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(1~~..(1~~ ~11(1..~111~ ~1.1 ~111 0~ ~2, ,,.111~11 ~0,,.8 ~0.. 11111~ 1/2, 18 /~2 ~/2/4 (1110 111~
~~(1~-10-~~(1~ ..1~~1~ ~011(1~~ 0~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~2 18
1 (1/2 1 (1/2 ~/2 ~/2

~~~2 = /~2 0( = ~2)0 4 = 8/~2 (7-87)
rin
~2)0
_ ~,,(1 - /() _ /(~5

ee
~~~2 = - (7-88)
8~21-2~ 8~21-2~
gin
111~ 01~ ..~~1.11(110.. 18 0(18~0 011 111~ ~(1~(1~111~~ ~11~..~)11..(1118~~.. (1110 (18 (1 ..~81.111,
1-1
‫ﺔ‬
111~ 111~1.11~1.1 ~11118 ~01111111.101.18.
~~6~1~11~)1.
(1110 1-2.
~11~111..(11181810..
~8 (1
111~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~..0~10~8
18 (1180 111~11.
..~81.111 (1 111~11
111~ ~1..~1.11111(18 10,,. 8,,.11~11111~ 1088~8
(211811.1..11~0 011, 1111(1810 ~(1 )1111~ ~1.1 ~1118 0~ 11101.1~10..8
En
~~(1~ ~1.1 ~111 ~0,,.8

111~ ~11~..~)11..(1118~~..,
sy
111..01.1~111..(11181810.. (21. 5111~~

111~ ..1~~1~ ~1.1 ~111 0~ 111~ ~(1~(1~110.. ~1
(1110 11(18 111~11
~~301())~ 7-7
111~ 111~11( ~01(3~~ 01 3 ~6)( ~011~~~(~~ 111 ~1~. 7-103, 1/, = 12~. 111~ 011(~ ~~~1~,
Ea
/( 150
= 0.25 3110 (11~ 5~1(~11111~ 1~~()11~11~~ 15 25 )(1-12. 111~ 111(~~ 111011~(311~~, 1-2 =
/-11-13110 111(~~ ~3~3~1(311~~ 15 ~2 220 =
/-1~. 111~ ~11~~~~ (~31151~~ ~3~3~1(311~~ 15 ~1 =
200 /-1~ 3110 111011~(311~~ 1-1 = 200 /-11-1. 111~ 3~~~3~~ 1030 ~11~~~11( 15 1~ = 1.12 ~.
w.
0~(~~~111~ (11~ (3) 3~~~3~~ 011(~11( ~01(3~~, 1/~~ (0) 3~~~3~~ 111~11(~11~~~11(, 1,~ (~) ~~3)(-
(0-~~3)( ~1~~1~ ~11~~~11(01111011~(0~ 1-1, ~11 ~ (0) ~~3)( -(0-~~3)( ~1~~1~ ~01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0~
~1, ~1/01~ (~) ~~3)(-(0-~~3)( ~1~~1~ ~11~~~11( 01111011~(0~ 1-2. ~12~ (1) ~~3)(-(0-~~3)( ~1~~1~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0~ ~2, ~ 1/02~ 3110 (~) ~~3)( ~11~~~11( 01 (11~ (~311515(0~, 1,,.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
80)11000 1/, = 12 ~, /( = 0.25, 1~ = 1.25 ~, / = 25 )(1-12,1-1 = 180 /-11-1,~1 = 200

/-1~, 1-2 = 150 /-11-1, 3110 ~2 = 220 /-1~.
(3) ~~0~ ~(). (7-76), 1/~ = -0.25 )( 12/(1
- 0.25) = -4~.
(0) ~~0~ ~(). (7-77), 1, = 1.25 )( 0.25/(1 - 0.25) = 0.42 ~.
(~) ~~0~ ~(). (7-80), ~11 = 12 )( 0.25/(25,000 )( )( 10-6)
180 = 0.67 ~.
)( )( 10-6)
(0) ~~0~ ~(). (7-86), ~1/01= 0.42(1 - 0.25)/(25,000 200 = 63~~.
(~) ~~0~ ~(). (7-83), ~12 = 0.25 )( 12/(25,000 )( )( 10-6)
150 = 0.8 ~.
(1) ~~0~ ~(). (7-87), ~1/02 = 0.8/(8 )(
25,000 )(
220 )( 10-6) = 18.18 ~~.
58~. 7-6 203

(7-89)
~0~ 3 10551~55 ~1~~1.111,/1.2~0,,. = 1/0/0 3110 1/1~ 3..~~3~~ ..311.1~ 011/1~ ~1.1~~~11111111101.1~10~
1-2 15
/0
/1,-2 =
1 - 2/( (7-90)
‫ﻣ‬
1.25
1 - 2 )(
0.25 = 2.5 ~
et
/1/, /1/2 0.67 0.8
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
/,, = /$ + + + = 0.42 + + 2.5 + = 3.655 ~
2 /1.2
2 2 2
rin
111~5~ 101.1( (~~1.11310(5 1.15~ 001)100~ 1(3051510(, ~(0~10)110~ 001)100~ 513~~ ~00,,,~~5100,
300 (~()1.11(~ 1001.1~10(5 0( ~3~3~110(5 10( ~0~(~)11(3051~(. 01.1~ 10 10~ ~1.1((~01-1130-
0110~ 1/(01131100 01 3 510~1~ 1(3051510(,
ee 111~ 01.11~1.11 ~0~~( 01111~5~ (~~1.11310~5 15 5(0311,
1)1~1~311)11~05 01 ~3115. ,4.1111~11~( ~1.1((~01, 111~ 512~ 0110~5~ ~0(0~00~015 10~(~35~5,
gin
~110 10~(~35~0 ~0(0~00~011055~5, 300 111~ ~111~1~0~)1 0~~~35~5. 10 30011100, 111~~~
15 00 150/31100 0~1~~~0 111~ 10~1.11 300 01.11~1.11 ,,,0113~~, ~111~11 15 3 01~01)1 0~51~301~
‫ﺔ‬~(11~(100
~11~(~
3 1(30510((0~(
3(~
10 (0051
3 0~ ,,,0113~~
015~1.155~0
300
3~~11~311005.
15 ~00,,,~(1~0
En
111~0 ~00,,,~(1~0
10 5~~1100
sy
9-4.
~0( 111~0 ~0~~(,
10 3~ 0)1 30 10,,,~(1~(.
10 0~ 0)1 (~~1111~(5.
(01.1111513~~ ~00,,,~~51005
111~ 3~ 01.11~1.1115 150131~0
3(~
111~ (01.1111513~~ ~00,,,~(51005

1.15~0,
0)1
Ea
,4. 10)1(1510( ~110~~~( ~1(~1.111, ~111~111.15~5 3135111.1(0-011111)1(1510( 35 3 5~11~0, (~()1.11(~5

~0(0(01.1131100 ~1(~1.111()1 10 11.1(0 11 011. 10~(~ 3(~ ,,,3(101.15 1~~1101()1.1~5 0)1 ~111~11 3
111)1(1510( ~30 0~ 11.1(0~0 011 300 111~5~ 3(~ 0~5~(10~0 10 0~131110 ~03~1~( 3. 01.1~10~
w.
111~ ~3(1)1 513~~ 011351-11.1(0-011111)1~1510(5, 3 01.1(00~( 01 ~110~~~( ~1(~1.1115 03,,,~ 0~~0

~1.1011511~0. 111~ ,,,3(101.15 ~1(~1.1115 3(~ 111~ 01.11~0(0~ 01 (0~~110~ ~~(1310 ~(11~(13~ (1)
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
(~01.1~1100 01 (0101(01.1(0 00-11(0~ 1/(011, (2) 01~0 1(~()1.1~0~)1 01 0~~((11100, 300 (3)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~..,,,,
+
0,,,
204

(~11(101~ 0~~((111011. 1-10~~~~(, ~110 10~ 0~~~10~111~111 0~ (111~(11(111~~ 5~11~0111~ 0~-
~1~~5 (~.~, ~0~~( 1((11151510(5, (105), 10~ (1~~11~(1110115 0~ 10)1(1510( ~00~~~( ~1(~11115
(1(~ 1111111~0 10 01~0 ~0~~( 1~~~15 (1110 ~5~~~1(111)1, 10 1((1~11011 111010( ~0111(01. 50111~
0~ 10~ ~00~~~( ~1(~11115 115~0 0)11((1~11011 ~()111~111~111111(11111~(1~111(~(5 (1(~ 015~1155~0 111
1015 5~~11011.
10~ 1111~1115~-~0111111111(11~0 ~00~~~( 15 (1 ~~()1 ~0111111011 ~1(~1111 ~110 1~0 10)1(1510(5 (15
‫ﻣ‬
500~11 111 ~1~. 7-11 (111015 (1150 ~110~11 (15 (1 ~/(1551~(1/ ~110/1/1€,.. ~110~ 0~~11111111~ 0~
10~ 0~~((111011, 10)1(1510( 12 15 ~1(~0 (1110 1015 ~(1115~5 10~ ~0111111111(111011 ~(1~(1~110( ~ 10
~0(1(~~ 10(011~0 10~ 10(10 10 ~011(1~~ 110 ~01~0 5001110 0~ 10~ 511~~1)1 ~011(1~~, 115, 111
et
10~ ~1(51 ~)1~1~. 10~ ~1(11~.-4 0~~0111~5 ~05111~~ ~110 (~5~~~110 ~1(11~ 13. 10~ ~1(~1111
0~~(311011 ~(111 0~ 01~10~0 11110 ~1~~ 11100~5, (1110 10~ ~()111~(11~111 ~1(~11115 11110~( 51~(10)1-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
51(11~ ~01101110115 (1(~ 500~11 111 ~1~. 7-12.
~00~ 1 0~~1115 ~0~11 11 15 ~1(~0. 10~ 10(10 15 ~01111~~1~0 10 10~ 511~~1)1. 10~
~0111111111(111011 ~(1~(1~110( ~ (~~~(5~5 115 ~0(1(~~ 10(011~0 10~ (~5011(1111 (~~~(5111~ ~1(~1111
rin
~0(111~0 0)1 11, 1)1, (1110 1-,.,,. 10~ (~5011(1111 ~11((~11115 ~1~~11 0)1
.
1_ =
.7
~ 0
)~
ee -
1-,.,,
.
5111
()),.,,1 (7 -91)
10~ ~~(1~ ~(1111~ 0~ (~5011(1111 (~~~(5(11 ~11((~111 15

gin
~) ~
‫ﺔ‬
10~ ~(1~(1~110(~011(1~~ 15 ~011110~(0111
sy
En
/,
1)0(1) =
=
110 ~05 ()),.,,1

(7-92)
(7-93)
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
...
+ ~~...+..
0
1/. - 01
_ ~ ~008
4
0~
58~.7-7 205

~0~..~ (1),., = 1/ /1.,.,~. ~(1~.. 6111~(= (. = 70 /1.,.,~, 10~ ~3~3~110..~0113~~ 18
..~~~..8~0 10 - 11~. 1018 18 80111~6111~8 ~311~0 ~0111111/1.((1(1011
7~(1(/111~55.
~00~ 2 0~~108 ~0~0 10~ ~01111111113600 10)7..1810.. 1218 (1..~0. ~ ..~~~..8~ ~0113~~
18 3~~11~0 3~..088 10~ 111310 10)7..1810.. 11 300 11 18 111(0~0 0~~. 111~ ~3~3~110( ~
018~03..~~8 10..011~010~ 1030 (..0111 - 11~ 10 2~..0 300 1018 018~03..~10~ 11111~,~01~018
3180 ~311~0 10~ ~17~/1.1((07 (1))(11/(10/~) (/1.711-0// (1111~,18 ~1~~0 0)7
( 11~~
1/ =- (7-94)
‫ﻣ‬
/,.,
~0~..~ /,., 18 10~ ~~3~ 1030 ~11 ~01. 10~ ~1..~1111111..0-0(( 6111~, (1/, 1111181 0~ ~..~31~..
et
1030 10~ 111..0-0(( 6111~ 0( 10~ 10)7..1810.., (0((. (1/ ~3..1~8 ~110 10~ 1030 ~11 ~01 300
11111810~ 0~81~0~0 (0.. 10~ ~0..81-~38~ ~0001600, ~01~0 0~~11..8 3110~ (113)(111111111~3111~
0( 1030 ~11 ~01 300
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
10~ 11110111111111~3111~ 0( ~3~3~110..
g.n
~0113~~.
10~ 6111~ ..~()111..~0 (0.. 10~ ~3~3~110.. 10 ..~~03..8~ 03~~ 10 10~ 811~~1)7 ~0113~~ 18
~311~0 10~ 7~~/1(1781118 (1111~ 300 18 ~1~~0 0)7
rin
( 11.~
~ =- (7 -95)
/,.,
10118 10~ 1013111111~ 0~~~883..)7 (0.. 10~ ~3~3~110.. 10 018~03..~~ 300 ..~~03..~~ 18 ~311~0
10~ ~0111111/1.((1(1011 (1111~, ~01~018
ee
(7-96)
gin
1018 11100~ ~008 31 ( = ((/ ~0~0 10~ ~01111111113600 ~3~3~110.. ~ ..~~03..~~8 10 11. 300
‫ﺔ‬
10~ (..~~~0~~110~
~00~
0100~ /),., 813..18 ~00011~60~.
3 0~~108 ~0~0 10~ (..~~~0~~110~
En
0100~ /),., 813..18 ~00011~60~ 300 10~

1030 ~11 ~01 0~~3)78. 10~ ~0~..~)7 810..~0 10 10~ 8011..~~ 10011~130~~ 1.. (~1118 30)7 81..3)7
10011~130~~ 10 10~ ~1..~1111)18 1..3081~ ~0 1010 10~ ~3~3~110.. 300 10~ ~11 ~0118
sy
1.(0 = /,., ~08 (1).( (7 -97)

300 10~ 108130130~0118 ~3~3~110.. ~0113~~ 18
a
.E
.0(/) 11, + /~ 510 .../ (7-98)

~~
~
w
~0~..~ (1). (
= 1/70~. = (. = 0.5
~(1~..11111~ ~, 10~ 0~~..~03..~10~ ~11 ~01
0~~0111~8 2~..0 300 10~ ~3~3~110.. 18 ..~~03..~~0 10
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(7-99)
~0~..~ ~ 11 300 11.., 3..~ 10~ 0~~..~0113~~ 300 ~~3~ ~0113~~ 0( ~011111111131100 ~3~3~110..,
..~8~~~11~~1)7. ~()1131100 (7-98) ~1~~8 10~ 0~~..~03..~10~ ~0113~~ 38
/1..
~11=/ ,.,~ ~. (7-100)
~00~ 4 0~~108 ~0~0 10~ 0~~..~03..~10~ 18 ~0111~1~1~ 300 10~ 1030 ~11 ~01 ~00-
11011~8 10 0~~3)7. 11 18 1111~0..1301 10 001~ 1031 1018 11100~ ~)(1818 011~ 10 0100~ /)1,
206

0~~31.15~ 11 3110~5 111~ (~500301 05~11131100 10 ~001101.1~ 111(01.1~11 111~ ~1(~1.111 10((0~0
0)1 /)111, /)1, ~, 300 111~ 51.1~~1)1. 11115 ~1111.100~(~113(~~ 111~ ~0(0(01.1131100 ~3~3~11310(
~ 300 111~ 1.100~(~113(~10~ ~1.1((~01 111(01.1~11 111~ ~3~3~110( 15 ~1~~0 0)1
((/) = - ~ 11
) (1., ~ 1.~)
810 00~/ (7-101)
111~ ~0(0(01.1131100 ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ 15
(,),,() (7-102)
1)0(() = ~.., - /1~(1 - ~05
‫ﻣ‬
(
~11~(~ (,),, = 1/~ /~(/..,5 + /..,,,,). ~11~( 11(0~ = (,, = ~ /~(/..,5 + /..,,,,), 111~1.10-
0~(~113(~10~ ~1.1((~01 0~~0(0~5 ~~(0 300 111~ 0100~ /)1 510~5 ~0001.1~110~. )3,()1.131100
t
(7-102) ~1~~5 111~ 3~311301~ ~0(0(01.1131100 ~0113~~ 01111~ ~3~3~110( 35
e
(7-103)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
11111~(~ 15 00 0~~(~113(~~, 111~(~ ~111 001 0~ (0)11.100~(~113(~~.
~00~ 5 0~~105 ~11~0 111~~0(0(01.1131100 ~(0~~5515 ~0(0~1~1~ 300 111~1030 ~1.1((~01
rin
~001101.1~5 10 0~~3)1111(01.1~11 0100~ /),,,. 11115 (000~ ~005 ~11~0 111~ (0310 111)1(1510(
15 (~11(~0 31111~ 0~~10010~ 010~)(1 ~)1~1~. 111~ 0111~(~01 ~3~~10((05 10( 111~ ~1.1((~015
300 ~0113~~5 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 7-13.
111~ 3~~(3~~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~ 01111~ ~110~~~( 15
ee
~0 =~ (~5/(1 + ((/ (~0 + ~5)) (7-104)
gin
~
‫ﺔ‬
11 ~01.110 0~ 0011~~01(0(0
(1510(
11115 11(0/15 111~ (0101(01.1(0
11 (01.151 0~ 00 10(
)3,(). (7-104)
En
3 (0101(01.1(0
11131 ~~~0
01.11~1.11 ~0113~~
11(0~ 01
31 /( = 0, 111~ 01.11~1.11~0113~~
01111~
(_
=
~110~~~(.
~ / /..,,,,~ 10
1-10~~~~(,
3110~
0~~0(0~5
111~
(7-105)
111~ 111)1-
~113(~~
asy
(~~~(531 01111~ ~3~3~110( 300 (_ 15 11)(~0 10( 3 ~3(11~1.113( ~1(~1.111 0~51~0. 111~(~10(~,
111~ (0101(01.1(0 01.11)1 ~)1~1~ 300 (0101(01.1(0 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ 3(~ 3150 5~1.
(_
= /(10101 = ~ //..,,,,~ (7-106)
.E
(7-107)
w
111~ (0101(01.1(0 3~~(3~~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~,

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
=
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0(1010) /(1010 ~5 + 0.5((/(~0 + ~5)1 (7-108)

= 1(~5(_ + 0.5((/(~0 + ~5))
111~ (0101(01.1(0 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~, ~0(1010), ~30 0~ ~3(1~0 0)1 ~001(01110~ 111~ ~110~-
~10~ 1(~()1.1~0~)1. ~0((0311)1, ~0(1010) 15 11)(~0 0)1111~ 0~51~0 (~()1.11(~(0~01 10 3 ~~(-
(0155101~ ~311.1~.
111~ (03)(1(01.1(0 ~311.1~ 01111~ 01.11)1~)1~1~ 15 3150 11(011~0 10 3110~ 111~ ~0(0(01.1131100
~3~3~110( 10 015~113(~~ 300 (~~113(~~. 111~ (03)(1(01.1(0 ~311.1~ 0111115 01.11)1 ~)1~1~ 15
58~. 7-7 207

~8.()8.~~10~ ~0~~9,,1
~,.,,
‫ﻣ‬
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
g
Ea
..1~11..~ 7-13 ~3.,~(0~~5 (0~ 1~))1115~-

0 ~0~~11131~0 ~(10))))~~.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
(7-109)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~ 1113)(11111.1111 01.11~1.11 ..0113~~,
~0(,,.,~)()= /(,,.,~)(
~5 + 0.5(,1(~0 + ~5)1 (7-110)
~0 10~3110)1(1510( ~00~~~( 5001.110 03..~ 00 111111100 10~ (1) 1111011111.1111
00-11111~,
(2) 1113)(11111.111100-11111~, (3) 1113)(11111.111101.11~1.11 ..0113~~, 300 (4) 111(1)(11111.1111
~00~~10~
~(~()1.1~0~)1. 10~ 11.1(0-0~~ 11111~,(,,, 5001.110 0~ 100~~~00~01 0~ 10~ 1030 ~1.1((~01. ~1
208

0180~( 1(~()1.1~11()1, 10~ 1030 (111111~ (1.1((~1115 3110 10~ 51.111111)1
03((110111( (1.1((~111 0~(0(11~
5(11311~(. 111 300111011, 10~ 512~ 0110~ 111111.111111~( 15 (~01.1(~0.
1015 (001111~( (1((1.11115 ~~()1 51(11111~ 3110 (~()1.11(~5 1~0 10)1(1510(5 3110 011~ 0100~.
1-10~~~~(, 10~ (113111 10)1(1510( 1) 035 10 (3(()110~ (~50113111 (~~~(531 (1.1((~111, 10~(~0)1
111((~351118 115 11~3/( (1.1((~111 (311118 3110 11(11111118 10~ (1111111.1(1101.11111.11~01138~. 10~
015(03(81118 3110 (03(81118 11(11~ 01 (0(11(111.11311011 (3113(110( 3(~ 0~11~110~111 011 10~ 1030
(1.1((~111 3110 101511(1111510~ 0180-1(~()1.1~11()1011~(311011, ~511~(1311)131310~ 1030 (1.1((~111.
1015 (001111~( (3111101 0~ 1~51~0 ~11001.11 (01111~(11118 10~ 1030. 1015 (1((1.111 035 (11311)1
01530~311138~5. 1-10~~~~(, 1111011115 01.1110~ 11(001~(115 0110)1(1510( (0(11(111.11311011.
‫ﻣ‬
~)(301()1~ 7-8
~11 111011~11,,,~1030 ~0111(011~0 0)/ 10.~ ~0.01111~( 111~1~. 7-11 (~()111(~5 311 3,,,~(3~~ ~11((~111
t
01 1~ = 425 ~ ~110. 11~3)( ~11((~111 01 /,,, = 450~. 10.~ 111111115(111111)/,,,0113~~ 15
e
~, = 220 ~. 10.~ ~0.01111111~1(~()11~11~)/ 15 / = 400 112 3110 10.~ 111(11-01111111~ 0110.~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1113111 10.)/11510115 (0(1 = 18 ~5. 1110.~ 11~3)( ~1111~11110.1011~0. 10.~ 1113111 10.)/11510115 1111111~0
10 180% 01/,,, 3110 10.~ 50111~~ 111011~1311~~ (111~1110111~ 10.~ 51(3)/ 111011~1311~~) 15 11~~11~101~
(~5 0), 0~1~101111~ 10.~ (3) ~0111111111311011 ~3113~11311~~, ~~ (0) 111011~1311~~, ~,~ ~ 3110 (~)
=
1111111111111113110 (13)(10111111 011111111 ,,,0113~~.
rin
80101100 10 = 425 ~, /,,, = 450 ~, ~, = ~5 = 220 ~, / = 400 112, (01( = 18 ~5, 3110
1--, = 0.
(3) ~10111 ~()5. (7-99), (7-100), 3110 (7-103), 10.~ 0,,,~1,,,0113~~ 15 ~~ = 0 3110
ee
~, = ~~ = ~, = 220~. ~10111 ~(). (7-94), 10.~ 111111-0111~()1111~01~111
~1,,,~5
~,.~
= (4 ~ (0((
~
gin
)(
‫ﺔ‬ 3110 ~ ~ (450 18/220)
En
~0.1~0. ~1,,,~5111011~1311~~,~~, = 14.94 ~11.

sy
= 36.8 ~~.
(0) ~1001 ~(). (7-92), 10.~ 11~3)( 1~50113111~011~111
1,, = 1.8 )( 450 - 450 = 220

1-~1~ = 40 ~~.
/40
~1--,,,
)( 40)/450
(~) ~1001 ~(). (7-94), 015~0.31~111~1101~, (. = (220 = 19.56 ~5, 110111
~(). (7-95), 1~~0.31~111~1101~, (, )(
= (220 40)/450 = 19.56 ~5, 3110 110111~(). (7-96),
)( 2
Ea
1013111111~,(,/ = 19.56 = 39.12 ~5. ~1001 ~(). (7-106), 1~501131111~,,,~153111111~,

(, )( 40) )( 10-6)1/2
= ,,-((14.94 = 76.8 ~5
w.
~10111 ~(). (7-107), 0(11)/ ~)/~1~, /(,,,.0 = (,/ = 0.0307.

10.~ 11111110111111 ~10111~(). (7-108),
10.~ 01111111111111 011111111 ,,,0113~~,
‫ُﺭ‬
)( 220 + 0.5 )(
39.12 )(
10-6 )(
~0(,,,.0) = 0.0307
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
)( )(
2 220 400 = 6.75 + 3.44 = 10.19 ~
8111~~ 10.~1~ 15 110 0,,,~1~0.31~111~, 10.~1~ ~111 0~ 110 0,,,~1~0.31~111~ 11~1100, 3110 10.~ 0,,,~1-
~0.31~111~ 3110 11110~1~0.31~111~ 1101~, (~ = (5 = 0. ~10111 ~(). (7-109), 10.~ (13)(11111101 0(11)/
~)/~1~, /(,,,0. = 1 - ((,/ + (~ + (5)/ = 0.984, 311011001 ~(). (7-110), 10.~ (13)(10111111011111111
,,,0113~~,
)( )( )( 10-6 )(
~0(,,,3.) = 0.984 220 + 0.5 39.12
)( )(
2 220 400 = 216.48 + 3.44 = 219.92 ~
58~. 7-7 209

111~ 5011..~~ 111011~1311~~ ()13)15 3 5181116~3111 ..01~ 011 111~ 0()~..311011 01111~ ~110()()~..,
3110 11115 111011~1311~~ 51101110 0~ 35 5111311 35 ()055101~ 10 1111111 111~ 1..31151~111 ..,01138~
~1111111 311 3~~~()1301~ 1~..,~1. 11 15 ~..,10~111 1..001 ~().. (7-100) 11131 111~ ~00101111311011
~3()3~110.. 15 0..,~..~113..8~0 011~ 10 111~ 5011..~~ 111011~1311~~
1-.0 3110 111~ 5~011~011011~10..
0~..,1~~5 ~01110 0~ 51101~~1~0 10 11115 ~3()3~110.. ..,01138~. 11111~ 011111011101 ..,3111~ 01111~
5011..~~ 111011~1311~~ ~3111101 0~ 8113..3111~~0, 311 111()111 1111~.. 15 ..~().111..~0. 111 ()..3~11~31
‫ﻣ‬
5)151~015, 111~ 51..3)1111011~1311~~ 31~3)15 ~)(1515 3110 115 ..,3111~ 0~()~1105 011 111~ 1)1()~ 01
~1..1118 3110 111~ 13)10111 01111~ ~001()011~1115. 111~..~10..~, 1-$111 ~().. (7-100) 1135 3111111~
..,3111~ 3110 111~ ~3()3~110.. 8~15 0..,~..~113..8~0.
t
011~ 10 111011~1311~~ 1-$ 3110 0100~ 1)1 111 ~18. 7-11, 111~ ~3()3~110.. 3150 8~15
.ne
(1110~..~113..8~0 3110 11115 (13)1 ~3(15~ ~00101111311011 ()..001~01 01111~ ~110()()~... ~().11311011
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(7 -20) 11101~31~5 11131111~ 1030 ..1()()1~ ~11 ~11115 311111..,~..5~ 11111~11011 011030 111011~1311~~
3110 ~110()()1118 1..~().11~11~)1. 1-1~11~~ 111~ ()~31( 1030 ~11 ~111 15 0~()~110~111 011 111~ 1030
ng
111011~1311~~. 111~..~10..~, 111~ ()~..10..01311~~5 01111~ ~110()()~.. 3..~ 3150 1111111~11~~0 0)1
111~ 1030 111011~1311~~. ~ 501001111118 ~1101(~ 15 110..01(11)1 115~0 111 5~..1~5 ~1111 111~ 1030
10 110111 111~ 1030 ..1()()1~ ~11 ~111.
~)(801()1~ 7-9
eri
1( 111~ 5(1~~1)1111 .6)(3111~1~ 7-81135 3111110(1~1311~~ 0(
1.. = 4 /-11-1,0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~~3/(
ine
~3~3~110( ~01138~, ~~~ (0) 3~311301~ 111(11-0(( 11111~, 1,,~ 3110 (~) 10131 ~011111111131101111111~,
1(/.
801111100 1. = 425 ..4..,1,,, = 450 ..4.., ~. = 220 ~, 1 = 4001-12, 10((

‫ﺔ‬ /-11-1,3110 ~ = 40 /-1~.
g
(3) ~(0111.6(). (7-100), 0~~(~01138~, ~~

En
= 450
)(
= 18 /-15, 1.. = 4
~4/40 = 142.3~.
(7-99), ~~3/( ~3~3~110(, ~~ = 220 + 142.3 = 362.3 ~ 3110 ((0111 .6(). (7-103), 3~311301~
~0111111111311011 ~01138~, ~0 = 220 - 142.3 = 77.7.
(0) ~(0111 .6(). (7-94), 3~311301~ 111(11-0((11111~,1,,
sy
= (77.7
)(
~(0111.6().
40)/450 = 6.9/-15.
(~) ~(0111 .6(). (7-95), (~~113(8111811111~,10 = (220 )( 40)/450
= 19.56/-153110 ((0111
.6(). (7-96), ~0111111111311011 11111~,1(/ 6.0 + 19.56
= = 26.46 /-15.
Ea
1-/01~. 111~ 111(11-0(( (~()111(~111~1110( 111~ 1113111111)1(1510(15 19 /-15, ~11~(~35 111~

3~311301~ 111(11-0((11111~150111)16.9 /-15. 111~(~(0(~, 3 ~0111111111311011(31111(~~01110 0~~11(.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11115 ()..001~01 0111110~..~113..81118 ~311 0~ ..~01~01~0 0)1..~()13~1118 0100~ 1)1 ~1111111)1..1510..

13, 35 5110~11 111 ~18. 7-14. 111~ 3..,311301~ 111..11-0111101~, (~, ~00101111311011 1101~, (€/,
3110 111~ 0..,~ ,01138~ 0~()~110 011 111~ ()~31( ..,3111~ 01111~ 1030 ~11 ~111 ..3111~.. 111311 111~
3..,~..38~ ..,3111~. 111 3 8000 ~110()()~.., 111~ ~00101111311011 1101~, (€/, 51101110 10~(11)1 0~
1110~()~110~111 01111~ 1030 ~11 ~111. (€/ ~01110 0~ 0130~ 1~55 0~()~110~111 011 111~ 1030
~11 ~111 0)1 3001118 311 31111()3..311~1 0100~ 1)1 3~..055 111~ 013111 111)1..1510.. 35 5110~11 111
~18. 7-14 0)103511~0 1111~5. ~ 0100111~0 ..,~..51011 01111~ ~1..~111115 5110~11111 ~18. 7-15,
~11~..~ 111~ ~113..8~ ..~..,~..531 01111~ ~3()3~110.. 15 0011~ 1110~()~110~1111)1 01 013111 111)1..1510..
210

~~--~
0, /
/ '
1 ~
+ +
,,. .1
~0 0
- 8 .2
0,,,
..)~0..~ 7-14 1)11~015~-~0)11)110131~(/ 111(~~
111~(1510(5 ~110~~~(.
‫ﻣ‬
11 0)1 11(111~ 111)1(1510( 13. 111~(~ (1(~ ~01.1( ~055101~ (110~~5 (111~ 111~1( ~().1.11~(11~111
t
~1(~1.1115 (1(~ 5110~11111 ~1~. 7-16.
.ne
~0~~ 1 0~~1115 ~11~11 111~ (11(1111111)1(1510( 11 15 ~1(~~ (111~ 111~ 10(1~ 15 ~01111~~1~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
10 111~ 51.1~~1)1. 111)1(1510( 13 (11(1)1 0~ ~1(~~ (11 111~ 5(1(11~ 11(11~ (15 11 10 (~~~(5~ 111~
~11(1(~~ 011 ~(1~(1~110(~. 1~ 11115 ~11(1(~~ (~~~(5(1115 ~011~ 111~~~~11~~1111)1, 111~ (111111(111.1(11
g
01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~01.11~ 1101 0~ 11(1111~~ ~1.1~ 10 111~ (~5011(1111 (~~~(5(11 (15 111 111~ ~(15~ 0~
rin
~1(1551~(11 ~110~~~( 111 ~1~. 7-11.
~0~~ 2 0~~1115 ~11~11 ~0(11(111.11(111011 111)1(1510( 12 15 11(~~ (111~ ~(1~(1~110( ~ ~15-
~11(1(~~5 (111~ (~~11(1(~~5 111(01.1~11 111~ 10(1~ (11 (1 ((11~ ~~1~((11111~~
ee 0)1111~ 10(1~ ~1.1((~111.
~0~~ 3 0~~1115 ~11~11 111~ ~(1~(1~110( 15 (~~11(1(~~~ 10 111~ 51.1~~1)1 ~011(1~~ (111~ 111~
~(~~~11~~1111~ ~10~~ /),., 51(1(15 ~011~1.1~1111~. 01.1(111~ 11115 (110~~ 111~ ~(1~(1~110( 0~~(-
~11(1(~~5 ~1.1~ 10 111~ ~11~(~)1 510(~~ 111111~ 501.1(~~ 111~1.1~1(111~~, 1.5, (111~ 111~ 10(1~ ~1.1((~111
gin
~~~(1)15 111(01.1~11 /),.,. 11115 (110~~ ~11~5 ~11~11 111~ 0~~(~11(1(~111~ ~1.1((~111 (~~1.1~~5 10
‫ﺔ‬ 2~(0.
~10~~
(7 -103)
~0~~
(1~~11~(101~.
/),.,
~11111~
4 0~~1115
111~
En
~11~11 111~ 111)1(1510(

~01111111.1~5 10 ~011~1.1~1 (111~ 111~ 10(1~ ~1.1((~111 ~~~(1)15.
~().1.1(1110115 ~0( 111~ ~1(1551~(11 ~110~~~(
(1(~ ~(111~ ~0(
sy
11115 ~110~~~(,
(1~(111(101~ ~0(11(111.11(111011 ~011(1~~
12 510~5
(111~ (110~~
~)(~~~1
~011~1.1~1111~.
13().5. (7-101),
4 0~ 111~ ~1(1551~(11 ~110~~~(
111~ ~(~~~11~~1111~
(7-102), (111~
15 1101
~~ = ~.., = ~5 + ~~ (7-111)
Ea
111~ (~5011(1111 (~~~(5(1115 111~~~~11~~111 0~ 111~ (11(1111111)1(1510( (111~ 111~ (111111(111.1(11

011-11(11~ 0~ 111~ ~110~~~( 15 1101 11(1111~~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~0(11(111.11(111011 11(11~ 15 ~~-
~~11~~111 011 111~ 10(1~ (111~ 111~ 111~11-~(~().1.1~11~)1 0~~((111011 15 11(1111~~. 111~ ~110~~~(
w.
~1(~1.111 ~(1111101 0~ 1~51~~ ~111101.11 ~01111~~1111~ 111~ 10(1~.

‫ُﺭ‬ ww
.,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
+ (.,. ~,.1 + ~8
+
.3 ~0 0
- 0,,,
~~. ~0 0,/0 0
~(.,,,, ..)~0..~ 7-15 1)11~015~-~0)11)110131~(/
.2 ~110~~~( 111110(/~~~0(/~01 ~113(~~ (~...~(-
531.
56~. 7-7 211

~.
,.,0081
~
+ ~- ~,,,
‫ﻣ‬
~.
0,,,
~.
et
1
g.n
~
0~~1311011
~1/5. 7-18.
10 10~ 1030.
~00~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1~50113111 ~1115~ ~00~~~1
011, 10~ ~3~3~110115
10~
~031/5~0
~311 0~ 01~10~0
~3~~1011115
1015
e
1 0~/51115 ~0~11
11100~
15 500~11
10 3 ~0113/5~
11110 11~~ 11100~5
eri
n
111 ~1/5. 7-17.
~0 101011/501-,,,,
101 ~1111~1115 3110 ~0113/5~5

1113111 10)1115101 1)
15 ~3110 101 ( /(1. =
~5
3110 10~ ~~111~31~111
15 111~0
50011 35 10~ 511~~1)115
1)1,
31~ 500~11
3110 10~
3110 1030.
~11~11115 31~ 500~11
111 ~1/5. 7-19.
5~11~0~0
10~
511~~1)1 15 ~01111~~1~0
~11~1111
111
gin
~00~ 2 0~/51115 ~0~11 ~0111111111311011 10)1115101 12 15 111~0. 10~ ~0111111111311011

‫ﺔ‬ ~3~3~11011~~~15~5
0)1
sy
En
115 ~031/5~ 101011/50 ~, 1-,,,, 3110 12. 10~ 1~~~(53) ~1111~11115 /51~~11
(7-112)
Ea
(7-113)
~0~1~ (0,,, = 1~ 1-,,,~. ~11~111111~,( = (, = 10~ 1-,,,~, 10~ ~3~3~1101 ~0113/5~151~~~15~0
10 - ~0. 110~~~~1, 10~ 1~5011311105~1)1311011~011111111~5
101011/50 0100~ 1)1. 10~
w.
~~3)( 1~50113111 ~1111~111, /,,, 1111151 0~ /51~31~1 10311 )030 ~1111~111 /,,, 3110 10~ ~11~1111 15
1101(113)))1 0~51/511~0 101 3 13110 011,,//,,, 1.5.
=
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.1 ~.
+ ~,.1 +
0,
~~0
~0,,, (0
+ - ~,,, 0 -.,0
~0
~.2
212

).
= ~.,, (... ,1
., ~.,,
(... 8
~,., ~+ ,.,
~0
0 0
....)
....) 1~.
~1~. ,3
~0091 ~0092
(...+ (...,, 0,
~. ~.,,
+1-=7~ ~1
‫ﻣ‬
,.,
+1 ~~. ~. 0
....)
et
~0093 ~0094
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(... + (...,, 8 01
~.,, ~.,,
+~.~
~0.,, ~,.,
0 0
rin
~. 0.,, ....) ....)
~0095 ee ~0096
..1~0~~ 7-18 ~()01~31~111~1~~0115

(0~ ~0(/~5.
gin
~00~ 3 0~~1118 ~0.~11 12 18 8~1~-~011111101(11~0 (1110 10.~ ~(1~(1~110( 018~0.(1(~~8 00~
10 (~8011(1111 08~111(16011 10.(00~0. 0100~ /)1. 10.18 11100~ ~1108 ~0.~11 10.~ ~(1~(1~110(
‫ﺔ‬
~0((~111 (18~8 10 10.~ 1~~~1 0~ 1,,.,.
~(0111 0 10 1,,., (1110 10.(11 10.~ ~0((~111
11111~ 00((16011 ~0( 10.18 11100~
sy
En
18
~880111111~
0~ 10.~(1810(
10.(1110.~ ~(1~(1~110( ~0((~111
11 ~(1118 ~(0111 1,,., 10 0 111 6111~ (.0 10.~
(18~8 1111~(1(1~
(7-114)
Ea
(.1,,., _ 17
.,
1.-,,.,1~
~1 = ~0 - - 0 - (7-115)
2~ 2~~0
w.
~00~ 4 0~~1118 ~0.~11 10.~ ~0((~111 10.(00~0. 11 ~(1118 10 2~(0. 10.~ ~(1~(1~110(
~0116110~8 10 018~0.(1(~~ 10.(00~0. 10.~ 10(10 (11 (1 ((11~ 0~1~(111111~0 0~ 10.~ ~~(1~ 10(10
‫ُﺭ‬
~0((~111. 10.~ (1~(111(101~ 10(11-0~~ 6111~,
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
( ~1~
~ =- (7-116)
1,,.,
10.~ 6111~ (~~01(~0 ~0( 10.~ ~(1~(1~110( 10 (~~0.(1(~~ 10 10.~ 80~~1~ ~011(1~~,
( ~5~
0 =- (7-117)
1,,.,
58~. 7-7 213

‫ﻣ‬
0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
/ / /
/
~1 / / /
rin
~0 - - - - - - / ~~
1
~-~.-~~~~~.
1 1. /
/
ee
----- /
/
gin
0
‫ﺔ‬ ~00~
En
5 0~~108 ~11~0 111~ 1..~~~11~~110~ 0100~ /),,, 81(1..18 ~000~~110~

10(10 ~~ ~01 0~~(1~8 111..0~~11 /),,,.
sy
(100 111~
111~ ~0~..~~ 810..~0 10 ~00101~1(11100 100~~1(10~~
1.,,,, (100 80~..~~ 100~~1(10~~ 1.,. 18 1..(1081~ ~0 10 ~(1~(1~110..~. ~11~.. 1101~, (. =
~~(1.,. + 1.,,,,)~, 111~ 0.,,~..~11(1..~10~ ~~ ~01 0~~001~8 2~..0 (100 111~ ~(1~(1~110.. 18 ..~-
~11(1..~~0 10
Ea
(7-118)
w.
1. )1-. 1-, (7-119)

‫ُﺭ‬
~~ ~
ww
~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~00~ 6 0~~108 ~11~0 111~0.,,~..~11(1..~10~ 18 ~001~1~1~. 0100~ /)1 1~..08 011. 111~
10(10 ~~ ~01 ~00110~~8 10 0~~(1~ ~0111111~ 01(110 111~..1810.. 18 ..~11..~0 10 111~ 0~)(1 ~~~1~.
10 111~ 81~(10~-81(11~ ~00011100 11~ = 11..,. 111~ (1.,,~..(1~~ 0~1~~1 .,,011(1~~ 18 ~1.,,~0 0~
1
110 = (11./(1 + 11.((. + (..,) + 0.5(,/(111 + 11.))
1- (7-120)
= 11./( + 1(((. + (..,)11.+ 0.5((/(111 + 11.))
214

(7-121)
1)11~ 10 ~0111111111(11100 0~ (1 (~500(101 .,1115~, 111~ (~~~(5~ 0.1/0.( 0( 111~(1510( 11 15
1111111~0 0~ 10011~10( 1-,,,, (100 11115 15 (1150 ~00~0 (15 50/( ~0111111/,/,((1(1011. 111~ (~500(101
(~~~(5(1115 100~.,~00~01 0( 111~(1510( 11. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ 10011~1(10~~, 1-,,,, 0~~(~11(1(~~5
~(1.,(1~110( ~ 300 11115 ~01110 10~(~(15~ 111~ ~011(1~~ ((1110~5 0( 111~ ~0111.,00~015. ~(1~(
111~(1510( 12 15 (1(~0, 111~ ~(1.,(1~110( 11(15 10 (~~~(5~ 115 ~11(1(~~ 0~(0(~ 111(010~ 0((
111~(1510( 11. 111~(~ 15 (10 1011~(~01 0~1(1~ 10 ~011111111131100 300 11115 1/111115 111~ 11110-
‫ﻣ‬
11111111100-11111~ 0( 111~ ~110.,.,~(. 111~ ~0111111111(11100 11111~ 15 0~.,~00~01 00 111~ 10(10.
~~301.,)~ 7-10
et
~11 11101.1~11.,,~1030 11131 15 ~0111(011~0 0)1111~ ~110~~~( 111~18. 7-17 (~()1.11(~5 311 3.,,~(38~
~1.1((~111, 1. = 425 ~ ~11113 ~~3.. ~1.1((~111, 1,,, = 450~. 111~ 51.1~~1)1.,,01138~, ~5 = 220...,,,.
111~ ~110~~1118 ~(~()1.1~11~)1, ,. = 400 112, ~01111111.1131101111101.1~1311~~, 1-,,, = 8 ~11, 3110
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~01111111.11311011~3~3~11311~~, ~ = 40 ~~. 1~ 111~ 501.1(~~ 11101.1~1311~~(111~11.101118111~ 51(3)1
11101.1~1311~~)151-5 = 4 ~11, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~~3.. (~50113111 ~1.1((~111, 1,,~ (0) ~~3.. 1030
.,,01138~, ~~~ (~) 11.1(11-0~ 11111~, (~~ 3110 (0) 11111111111.1111
3110 1113)(11111.1111
01.11~1.11.,,01138~.
rin
80)01100 111~ (~.,,~(51118 11111~,(~ = ~~ = 56.2 ~5. ~(0111 ~(). (7-119), 0.,,~(-
.,,01138~, ~~ = 450 ~(8 + 4)/40 246.5...,,, 3110 ~(0111~(). (7-118), ~~3.. ~3~3~110(
=
.,,01138~, ~0 = ~~ = 220 + 246.5 ...,,,.
= 466.5 ee
(3) ~(0111 ~(). (7-112),1,, = 466.5 ~40/8 = 1043.1 ~.
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (7-114), (~ = 8 )( 450/466.5 = 7.72 ~5 3110 ~(0111~(). (7-115), 111~
~~3.. 1030 .,,01138~,
gin
)( )(
8 450 450 ...,,,
‫ﺔ‬ 57.2
~1 = 466.5
En
-
2
)(
40
)(
466.5
11111~,(~ = 423.1 )( 40/450 = 37.6 ~5.
(~) ~(0111 ~(). (7-116), 111~11.1(11-0~~
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (7-117), (0 = 220 )( 40/450 = 19.6 ~5 3110 (4 = 37.6 + 19.6
~5. ~(0111 ~().
sy
(7-121), 111~ 1113)(11111.1111

01.11)1~)1~1~,
= 423.1
)( )( 10~6
=
/(,,,.. = 1 - (57.2 + 7.72 + 56.2) 400 = 0.952

~0( /( = /(,,,.., ~(). (7-120) 81.,,~5 111~ 1113)(11111.1111
01.11~1.11.,,01138~,
Ea
~0(,,,..) = 220 )( 0.952 + 400((56.2 + 7.72) )(

220 + 0.5 )(
57.2
= 209.4 + 12.98 = 223.4...,,,

)( )( 10~6
(423.1 + 220))
w.
111~ 11111111111.1111
01.11~1.11 .,,01138~ (~0( /( = 0), ~0(,,,10) 12.98...,,,.
=
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ 111310 (~().111(~111~01 (0( 111~ 0~51~0 0( ~01111111.11(11100 ~1(~1.111 15 10 .,(0~10~ (10
(10~().11(11~ 111(0-0(( 11111~ 10 5~11~11111~ 111(110 111~(1510( 0((. 111~ (10(11~5~5 0( 111~ 11100~
~().11(111005 (0( 111~ ~1(1551~(11 ~110.,.,~( 10 5~~1100 7-7.1 (100 (~500(101 .,1115~ ~110.,.,~( 10
5~~1100 7-7.4 5110~ 111(11111~ 111(0-0(( 11111~ 0~.,~005 00 111~ ~0113~~ 0( ~011111111131100
~(1.,(1~110( ~0.
1115 11111~11 51111.,1~( 10 0~51~0 111~ ~0111111111(11100 ~1(~11111( 111~ 5011(~~ 10011~1(10~~
58~. 7-8 215

~3.11 0~ 11~~1~~1~0 0( 111~ 103.0 ~1.1((~111 18 1101 111~11. 131.11 111 111~ ~3.8~ 01111~11~( 103.0
~1.1((~111, 81(3.)111101.1~13.11~~8, ~111~11 3.(~ 3.1~3.)18 ~(~8~111 111 ~(3.~11~3.1 8)181~1118, ~13.)1 3.
81~11111~3.111 ~3.(1111 111~ 0~81~11 01111~ ~01111111.113.11011~1(~1.111 0~~3.1.18~ 111~ ~11~(~)1 810(~0
111 111~ ~1(~1.111 11101.1~13.11~~ 111~(~3.8~8 3.8 111~ 8().1.13.(~ 0~ 111~ ~~3.~ 103.0 (1.1((~111. 111~
801.1(~~ 11101.1~13.11~~ 1113.)(~8 111~ 0~81~11 ~((1.13.110118 110111111~3.( 3.110 3.11 11~(3.11..,~ 111~11100
01 8011.111011 18 (~((1.11(~0 10 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~01111111.113.11011~0111~011~1118. 111~ ..,0113.~~
81(~88~8 011 111~ ~0~~( 0~..,1~~8 0~~~110 011 111~ 801.1(~~ 11101.1~13.11~~ 3.110 103.0 ~1.1((~111.
111~(~ 3.(~ 110 11)(~0 (1.11~8 10( 111~ 0~81~11 01 3. ~110~~~( ~1(~1.111 3.110 111~ 0~81~11
‫ﻣ‬
..,3.(1~8 ~1111 111~ 1)1~~8 01 ~1(~1.1118 1.18~0. 111~ 0~81~11~( 113.8 3. ~10~ (3.11~~ 01 ~1101~~
3.110 111~ ..,3.11.1~8 01 1.,,,,~ ~0111~011~1118 3.(~ 111111.1~11~~0 0)1 111~ 0~81~11~(,8 ~1101~~ 01
111)1(1810(8, ~~3.)( (~80113.111 (~..,~(83.1 ~1.1((~111, 3.110 ~~3.)( 3.110~3.01~ ..,0113.~~ 01111~ ~1(~1.111.
et
111~ ..,0113.~~ 3.110 ~1.1((~111 (3.1111~8 01 111~ 1.,,,,~ ~0111~011~1118 3.110 0~..,1~~8 ~1..,~ 111~
11111111111.1111
11111118, 01.11111~ 3.~11.13.1 8~1~~11011 01 ~0111~011~1118 3.110 0~..,1~~8 18 1~11 10 111~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0~81~11~( 03.8~0 011 111~ ~011810~(3.110118 01 ~(1~~, 3...,3.113.01111)1, 3.110 83.1~1)11113.(~111. 111
~~11~(3.1, 111~ 10110~111~ 81~~8 3.(~ 111..,01..,~0 111 111~ 0~81~11~
1. 10~11111)1111~ 11100~8 01 0~~(3.11011 10( 111~ ~110~~~( ~1(~1.111.
rin
2. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~((1.11..,3.1~111 ~1(~1.1118 10( 111~ 11100~8.
3. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~1.1((~1118 3.110 ..,0113.~~8 10( 111~ 11100~8 3.110 111~1( ~3...,~10(1118.
4. 5..,3.11.13.1~ 111~ ..,3.11.1~8 01 ~01111111.113.11011~0111~011~1118 1.,,,,~ 1113.1 ~01.110 83.1181)1
111~ 0~81~11 11111118.
ee
5. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ..,0113.~~ 3.110 ~1.1((~111 (3.1111~ (~((1.11(~111~1118 01 3.11 ~0111~011~1118
gin
3.110 0~..,1~~8.
~ ~ ~3.11 11011~~ 1(0111 5((. (7-7) 1113.1 111~ 01.11~1.11 ..,0113.~~ ~01113.1118 113.(1110111~8.
~11
‫ﺔ‬ 01.11~1.11 1111~( 01 ~,
(~01.1~~
01 5)(3.111~1~8
~
111~ 01.11~1.11 113.(1110111~8.
~1.1((~111 (1~~1~
2-15
~110~~~(
En
3.110 4-12.
1.,~, 1., 1)1~~ 1113.)1 0~
~1111 3. 111~111)1 11101.1~11..,~ 103.0

18 11~~11~101~
sy
(~1 0). 11111~

~01111~~1~0
18 8110~11
3...,~(3.~~
10 111~ 01.11~1.11 111 0(0~(
111~ 1~~11111((1.1~8 10( 1111~( 0~81~11 3.(~ 81111113.( 10 1113.1
111 ~1~.
103.0 ~1.1((~11118
7-203.. 111~
10
103.0
1~, 111~ ~~3.)(
=
103.0 ~1.1((~11118 1,,, = 1~ + ~1 = 1~. 111~ 111~1.11
~1.1((~111,~111~111801 ~1.118~08113.~~
3.8 8110~11111 ~1~. 7-200, ~01113.1118 113.(1110111~8 3.110 ~3.11 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 111 ~01.1(1~( 8~(1~8
Ea
3.8
w.
(7-122)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0
+ ~. ~.
0,,,
0 /(, ,
(0) ~~0~~6~ ~()~~60(
216

0,,,
111~ 111003111~0131 ~0111~00~01 (11
‫ﻣ‬
1010 111~ 511~~1)115 /1)~~0 0)1
(7-123)
et
10 ~13~11~~, 30 10~111 1111~1 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 7-21 15 001111(11)1 ~000~~1~0 10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1111~10111111~ ~110~~~1 ~~0~131~01131111001~5110111111~ 511~~1)150111~~. 111~ ~().111~31~01
~11~1111101111~ ~110~~~1-~~0~131~0 1131111001~ ~1111~015 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 7-22, 300 111~
11115 ~3111~ 01111~ 11111 1131111001~ ~0111~00~01 10 111~ 511~~1)115 ~31~11131~0 35
rin
1 1
/,,5 = /,,0 = (7-124)
1 + (21171/)21.,~~~ 1 + (11///())2/,,0
~
~11~1~ / 15 111~ ~110~~10~ 11~().11~0~)1 300/0
ee
(= 1/(271 1.,~~~)) 15 111~ 1111~1 1~500301
11~().11~0~)1. 11 (///0) / / 1, 111~ 111111131111001~~1111~0110 111~ 511~~1)1 0~~0111~5
2
gin
/,,5 = /,,(.
/0
11/() (7-125)
~
‫ﺔ‬ 111~11 ~110~~10~
11~().11~0~1~5
300
51~0315.
11115 1113)1 ~3115~
11111~ 50111~~
11~().11~0~)1
sy
En
01 ~110~~~1-~~0~131~0
101~11~1~0~~
1~011~~5 111~ 512~5
1131111001~5
~1001~1115
1135 50111~ 10011~130~~5,

01 10~111 1111~1 ~1~111~015.
10 111~ 511~~1)1110~
~1111 111~ ~001101
1.,5, 300 111~ ~110~~~1

31~ 3150 10~1~35~0,
300
)3111 111~
~01111111101~311011
5~11~11 35 111 ~1~.

7-13 15 11110~0 00, 3 ~~11310 3111011111 01 ~11~1~)1 ~01110 0~ 5101~0 111 111~ 50111~~
10011~130~~. 11 30 311~111~1 15 11130~ 10 11110 011 111~ ~110~~~1 5~11~11, 111~ ~0~~1
Ea
5~1111~00011~101 0~~1~~5 1111~1110~ 031113~~0 011~ 10 111~ 111011~~0 ~0113~~ 1~51111111~ 110111
11115 5101~0 ~11~1~)1. 111~ 1.,~ 10~111 1111~1 ~10~10~5 3 10~-1111~~0311~~ 50111~~ 101 111~
w.
~110~~~1 3~1100.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..1~0..~ 7-22 10()01.,,31~0( ~1(~01( (0( 03(-

(0001~ ~0((~0(5.
~,.301()1~ 7-11
1( 15 ~~()1.11~~0 (0 0~51~11 (/1~ 1~~1.115~-~0~~1.1(3(~0 (0
~/10~~~~ 111(/1~ ~1~~1.11(01 ~1~. 7-14
0~~~3(~ 1~0~ 3 51.1~~1~ ~01(3~~ 0111, 15/,,, = 440 ~.
= 220 ~ 3110 (/1~ ~~3/( 1030 ~1.1~~~11(
$8~. 7-8 217

~~~~80. ./1~0~9/1 (2
440 ----------
~
‫ﻣ‬
0
352
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
0
‫ﺔ‬ 10.~ 111111111111111
sy
En
011(()11( ~01((1~~ 50.01110 0~ 1~55 (0.(111 5% 0111,, (0.~ ()~(1/( (~5011(111( (11((~11(
50.01110 0~ 111111(~0 (0 80% 01 /,,,, (0.~ (11(11-01111111~ (~()111(~111~11( 15 (~ = 25 /1-5, (1110 (0.~
5011((~ 111011(((111(~ 15 1-, = 4 /1-1-1. ))~(~(111111~ (0.~ ((1) ~(1111~5 011-,,,~ (0111()011~11(5~ (0)
111(1)(111111111(1110~(101~ (0.0()()111~ 1(~()11~11()1~ (1110 (() ((11111~5 01 (0111()011~11(5 (1110 0~~1(~5.
Ea
80111(100 11, = 220 ~, /,,, = 440 ~, (~ = 25 /1-5, 1-, = 4 /1-1-1, (1110 110(01.0) = 0.05 )(
220 = 11 ~. 10.~ ~(1~~10(1115 10( (0.~ ~(1(10115 (11((~11(5 (1110 ((1()(1(1(0( ~01((1~~ (1(~ 50.0~11
111~1~. 7-23.
w.
((1) ~(0111 ~()5. (7-94), (7-99), (1110 (7-100), (0.~ (11(11-011 (1111~ 15
‫ُﺭ‬
110~ 1-, ~ 11,~
ww
= ( 11 +,,,/ = / ,,, + .~ ~1...,,---

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~/= ,,, ' ~ ~ ) / ,,,

0(
5110511(111111~ ~(1111~5,0.25~2 - 29~ + 625 = 0 (1110~ = 87.4 /1-~ 0(

(0.~ 1111111~(1((11
28.6 /1-~. ~0.005~ (0.~ 10~~5( ~(1111~,~ = 28.6 /1-~, (11101~( ~ = 30 /1-~.
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (7-100), (0.~ 0~~(~01((1~~ 15 ~11
= 440 ~4/30 = 160~, (11101(0111
~(). (7-99), (0.~ ((1()(1(1(0( ~01((1~~, 110 = 11~ = 220 + 160 ~(0111 ~().
= 380~.
218

1,, = 380
~ -
0
~,,,
= 0.8
1.,~1 ~,,, = 35 11~ 111~0 111~~~..,~~810~11~~, (, = ...~35

)(
)(
440 = 352
30 = 101.8 8. ~~0~ ~()..

)( 30/440 = 25.9 8, ~~0~ ~().. (7-95), (0 )(
~,,, = 34.96 11
(7-94), 111~111~0-0~~6~~, (~ = 380 = 220

30/440 = 15 8, ((00 ~~0~ ~().. (7-96), 111~~0~~111((1100 11~~, (~ = 25.9 + 15 = 40.9
8. 111~ ~110111110~~~~().11~0~~~((0 0~ 0~1~~~10~0 ~~0~ 111~ ~00011100 0~ ~1111~11~
..,011((~~ 10 8((68~~ ~().. (7-108)=
‫ﻣ‬
11 = /(220 )(
101.8 + 0.5 )(
40.9 (380 + 220)) )( 10-6 0~ / = 317112
111~ ~(()(1~11~ ~1101111111~~~~().11~0~~ 18/ = 317 112~1~1/ = 300 112.
(~) ~111118 81((~~, ~~ 11((..,~ ((11111~ 11((~6~111((~8 10 0~1~~~10~ 111~ ~((1111~8.
t
.n e
11~ 111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~111, 1.~ = 440 ~.
)( 440 = 792 ~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
111~ 11~((/(~11~~~01,1,, = 440 + 0.8
111~ ~(()(1~11~ ~~8 ~11~~~01 011~ 10 111~ 10((0, 1,1 = 440 ~.
ng
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111011~ 10 ~~800((01 ~~..,~~8((1,
)( 440 ~(,//2 )(
300/2 = 43.5 ~
1,2 = 0.8 = 0.352 ~101.8
eri
111~ ~~~~6..,~ ~~8 ~11~~~111,1, 5 = (4402 + 43.5)1/2 = 442.14 ~.
12= 111~ 11~((/(~11~~~111,1,, = 440 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111,1, 5 = 440 ~
= 0.44 ~300 )( 40.9 = 48.7 ~.
)( )( )( 10-6
ine
111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~111, 1.~ = 1,,(~/ = 440 40.9 300 = 5.4 ~.
)( 440 = 352 ~.
13~ 111~ 11~((/(~11~~~111,1,, = 0.8
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111, 1, , = 1,, ~ = 0.352 ~101.8
)(
300 = 43.5 ~.
‫ﺔ‬ (7=
111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~111,
1.~ = 21,,/(,/...
En
g
= 2
111~ ..,((111~ 0~ ~((11((~11((11~~, (7 = 30
111~ 11~((/(-10-11~((/( ..,011((~~, ~~~ = 2
sy
111~ 11~((/( ~11~~~111, 1,, = 440 ~.

~.
)(
)( 352 )( 300 )( 101.8
380 =
760..,,.
)( 10-6/...
= 6.84 ~
1, , = (48.72 + 43.52)1/2 = 65 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111,
~,,,~ 111~ 11~((/( ~11~~~111, 1,, = 352~.
Ea
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111, 1, , = 43.5 ~.

1),,,~ 111~ ((..,~~((~~ ~11~~~01, 1.~ = 440 ~.
111~ ~~8 ~11~~~111, 1, 5 = 440~.
w.
111~ 11~((/( ~11~~~111, 1,, = 440~.

/+./0(~. 011~ 10 ~~8011((111 ~~..,~~8((1 111~011~11 111~ ~((111 111~~1810~, 118 ~11~~~111
‫ُﺭ‬
~((611~8 ((110 1088~8 ((~~ 111~~~((8~0. 111~ ~((111 111~~1510~ ~01110 0~ ((..,010~0 111 111~
ww
~~..,~~8((111~0~~88 ((8 111~1~. 7-15. 1~ ~$ ..,((~1~8 0~1~~~11 ~,( 0) ((110 ~$( ) ((110 1.,,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..,((~1~8 0~1~~~0 ~$( 0) ((110 ~$( ), 111~11 ~$( 0) ((110 ~$( 0) 81101110 0~ 118~0 10
~((1~111((1~111~..,((111~80~ ~,,, ((110 (7. ~$( ) ((110 ~$( ) 81101110 0~ 118~0 10 0~1~~~111~
111~ ~((611~8 0~ ~0~11011~1118 ((00 0~..,1~~8.
~)(301~1~ 7-12
11/8 ~~().111~~0 10 0~81~11111~ ~~800((01111118~ ~1101111~~~1~~1111111~1~. 7-17 10 011~~((1~ ~~0~

(( ..,, ((00 (( 11~((/( 10((0 ~11~~~111, 1,,,
81111111~..,011((~~ 0~ ~$ = 220 = 440~. 111~ 11~((/(
~~8011((111 ~11~~~01 81101110 0~ 11~110 10 150% 0~ 1,,, ~ 111~ 111~11-0~~ 6~~ ~~().111~~~~111,
219
58~. 7-8

(4
= 25 /1-8, 3110 1/1~ 5011~~~ 111011~1311~~, 1-,. = 4 /1-1-1. 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ (3) .,,3111~8 011-~~
~0111~011~1118~ (0) 0.,,~~~/13~~~0 .,,0113~~, ~ ~~ 3110 (~) 3.,,311301~ ~0111111111311011 .,,0113~~,
~0.
)(
= 440 ~, 1,, = 1.5 440 = 660 ~, 1-$ = 4 /1-1-1,(/ = 25 /1-5, 3110
~~0111 ~()5. (7-115) 3110 (7-116), 1/1~ 111~11-01111111~
18 ~1.,,~1135
‫ﻣ‬
~~0111 ~(). (7-112), 1/1~ ~~3/( ~~80113111 ~11~~~111, 1,,
= ~0 /01-~. ~~0111 ~()5. (7-118)
3110 (7-119), 1/1~ ~3~3~110~ .,,0113~~,
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
~1110 1/1~ .,,3111~8 011-~ 3110 ~ 1/131 ~01110 831151)11/1~ ~01101110115 01 (43110 1,,. ~1111~~311.,,~
111~1/100 01 8011111011 )11~108=
ng
(3) 1-~ = 25.29 /1-1-1,~ = 18.17 /1-~.
(0) ~~ = 558.67~.
(~) ~0 = 220 + 558.67 = 778.68 ~, 3110~(). (7-115) ~1.,,~5~,
= 605.63 ~.
3110~, = 513.33 ~.
~~3111())~ 7-13
eri
~0(~. ~0~ 1-$ = 0, 1-,~ = 21.43 /1-1-1,~ = 21.43 /1-~,~~
= 440~, ~0 = 660~,
ine
~ /11~/11)1 111011~11.,,~ 1030 18 ~0111~011~0 0)1 3 ~/10~~~~. 1/1~ 3.,,~~3~~ 1030 ~11~~~111 15
1. = 100 ~ 3110 1/1~ 1030 ~1~~1~ ~11~~~111~311 0~ ~011810~~~0 11~~11~101~ (~1
= 0). ~
‫ﺔ‬ 51111~1~ 1-~ 111~1111111~~~11/11-_ = 0.3 1111-13110 ~_
~1118.,,3)11~ 011/1~
80)11~1011
/0 =
sy
~0~ 1.
1/(270 /~_1-_)
En
g
= 136.98
= 4500 /1-~ 15 115~0. )11/1~ ~/10~~~~
15 0~~~31~0 31 3 1~~()11~11~)101350 1-12 3110 3 0(11)1 ~)1~1~ 010.5, 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ 1113)(111111111
1111103111~11131~0111~011~111 01 ~/10~~~~-~~11~~31~0
= 100~, / = 3501-12, /(
= 0.50, ~_ = 4500 /1-~,31101-_ = 0.31111-1,
1-12. ~()11311011 (7-123)
/13~1110111~~11~~~111.
~311 0~ ~~111~11 35
1,0(() ,,4, 8111270/( + 13, ~05 270/(

=
Ea
~/1~~~,,4, = (1/70) 8111270/( 3110 13, = (1/70) (1 - ~08 270/(). 1/1~ ~~3/( 1113~1111110~01
1/118 ~11~~~11115 ~31~11131~0 1~0111
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1.
1,0 = - ( 1 - ~08 270/() ,/2 = 45.02 ~
70
3110 1/118 0~~0111~8 1113)(111111111 31 /(
= 0.5. 1/1~ 1111103111~11131 ~0111~011~111 01 ~/10~~~~-
~~11~~31~0 /13~1110111~~11~~~111111 1/1~ 811~~1)1 ~311 0~ ~31~11131~0 1~0111 ~(). (7-124) 3110 15
~1.,,~11 0)1
11$ =
1 45.02 _
1 + (///0)21,0 = 1 + (350/136.98)2 - 5 .98 ~
220

(~~~(531 01
11101.1~1311~~5, ~01~0 3(~ 1.15~0 10 ~(~31~ (~50113111 05~111311011 10( ~0113~~
~0(11(111.11311011 ~3~3~110( 3110 11.1(11111~ 01110~(1510(5, 3~1 35 ~11~(~~ 510(3~~ ~1~(11~1115
‫ﻣ‬
111 5~11~0~0-(1100~ (~~1.11310(5 3110 35 1111~( ~1~(11~1115 10 5(110010 01.1110~ ~1.1((~111 03(-
(110111~5. ~~ ~311 11011~~ 1(0(11 8()5. (13-17) 3110 (13-18) 111 ~~~~11(1)( 13 1031 10~
(113~11~11~ 1055 111~(~35~5 ~110 10~ 5()1.13(~ 011(~()1.1~11~~. 011 10~ 010~( 03110, 01~0~(
et
1(~()1.1~11~~ (~01.1~~5 10~ 512~ 0111101.1~10(5 10( 10~ 53(11~ ~311.1~ 01 (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111 3110
1111~(111~ (~()1.11(~(11~111. 10~ 0~51~11 01 0~-0~ ~011~~(1~(5 (~()1.11(~5 3 ~0(11~(0(1115~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
3(11011~ 5~11~0111~ 1(~()1.1~11~~, 11101.1~10( 512~5, 3110 5~11~0111~ 1055~5.
rin
0( 51~~ 00~11 3 11)(~0 0~
~ 0~ ~00~~~( ~311 0~ 1.15~0 35 3 0~ 1(311510((11~( 10 51~~ 1.1~
~0113~~. 10~ ~00~~~( ~311 3150 0~ 1.15~0 10( 5~11~0111~-(1100~ ~0113~~ (~~1.11310(5 3110
10( 1(31151~((111~ ~11~(~~ 0~1~~~111~0
ee
0~ 501.1(~~5. 1-10~~~~(, 03((110111~5 3(~ ~~11~(31~0
111 10~ 111~1.11 3110 1030 510~ 0110~ ~00~~~( 3110 10~5~ 03((110111~5 ~311 0~ (~01.1~~0 0~
gin
111~1.11 3110 01.11~1.11 1111~(5. ~ ~00~~~( ~311 0~~(31~ 011 ~110~( ~011513111 1(~()1.1~11~~ 0(
~3(1301~ 1(~()1.1~11~~. ~ ~3(1301~-1(~()1.1~11~~ ~00~~~( ~~11~(31~5 03((110111~5 01 ~3(1301~
‫ﺔ‬
1(~()1.1~11~1~5
110((11311~
10~ ~00~~111~
10 11.1(1101110~
011-11(11~ 3(~
3110
1.15~0. 10
3 1111~( 0~51~11
(~01.1~~
En
10~
1(~()1.1~11~~ 5001.110 0~ 01~0.
(113111 10~(1510(,
11(1111~0.
sy
0~~0(11~5
512~5 011111~(5
01111~1.111. ~
10~(1510(
3110 35 3 (~51.11110~
3110 10 10~~(
~00~~~(5
~00~~111~
11)(~0-1(~()1.1~11~~
10~ 1030 (1~~1~
(~()1.11(~ ~)(1(3
~00~~~(
~1.1((~111,
~1(~1.111(~
1(~()1.1~11~~ 3110 (111111(111.1(11
15
Ea
~011.,,~(51011.,,
w.
1. 5. ~~/(, (1110 ~. 0. ~1001~0(00/(, ..~0.,,(111~~5 111 5~11~11~0 11100~ ~0~~(

/~~~ 1..,.(1,,5(1~(/0,,5 0,, /,,(//-/5(,/(1/ ~/~~(,0,,/~5, ~01. 1~30, ~0. 1, 1983, ~~. 10-29.
(1 1600-~ 0( 1((1~11011 511~-
‫ُﺭ‬
2. ~. ~. 8(1110, (1110 0. ~. ~~11~111(1115, ..~110~~~( ~0111(01 011
ww
~1~.,, /~~.4, ~)/0~,,,(1(/~5 (1,,(/ ~/~~(,0,,/~5 0,, (/7~ ~(1//~(1)/5, ~01. 5, ~0. 12, 1968, ~~.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
473-478.
3. ~. ~011.,,1011, ..05~ 01 ~0~~( 5~1111~011011~10(5 10 ~0111(01 10~0111011.,,~ 1((1~11011 111010(5 111
111~ ~(~11~11 ~(111011(11 ~(111~(1~5.,, ~,0~~~(//,,85, /~~, ~01. 55, ~0. 3 (~11~1151) 1967.
~(111~(11.,, ~(1//~(1)/
4. ~~51111~110115~ ~1~(1(1~, ..~110~~~(510( 5110 ~(11110111~1(010110~ 8~~1
0(12~((~ /,,(~,,,(1(/0,,(1/, ~01. 129, ~0. 8, 1973, ~~.. 309-310.
5. 1. 1511001, 5. 12(1~(1, 1(. ~(1)1111(1, 1. 0~(1~(1, (11101. 1((111(1, ..~~~1~ 0~.,,~10~~0 111~(1510(
221

~/10~~~~ ~()111~111~111(0~ ~1~~10~ ~311~3~8.,, 18,8,8, 1,.011$0~(10115 011 111(/~(,.)1 011(/ 0~11~,.0/
~/1/1/1~0(10115,
~01. 1~9, ~0. 3, 1973.
6. 1. 00111/11~~~, 1. 0~~/501~~, 3110 1-1. 1-1010/511~, ..1/1~~1810~ ~/10~~~~8 111~1~~1~1~ 1~3~110118.,,
~~~~ ~~1//~~, ~0. 2, 1970, ~11. 46-47.
7. ~. 1-1. ~38/110, ..~ 1/1~~1810~ ~/10~~~~ ~11/1 111111111111111 11111118011 ~0113/5~ ~011(~01 0( 0~
0~1~~8.,, 111(~,.110(10110/ 10/,/,.110/
0/ ~/~~(,.0111~5, ~01. 53, ~0. 1, 1982, ~~. 71-81.
8. ~. ~. 5~~~~115, 3110 0. ~. 8100111, ~0(/~,.11 1)~-(0-1)~ 5~1(~/11110(/~ 110~~,. ~0111/~,.(~,.
0,.~/,/1(5. ~~~ ~0~)(= ~311 ~08(~3110 ~~111/1010 ~0111~311~, 111~., 1983.
‫ﻣ‬
9. ~~(~~ ~000, 5~1(~/11118 110~~,. ~0111/~,.(~,.5. ~~~ ~0~)(= ~311 ~08(~3110 ~~111/1010 ~0111-
~311~, 111~., 1981.
10. 5. 01)(, ..511~~~~ 0( 8~11~/1~0 11100~ ~0~~~ 811~~11~8,,, 1~8, 111(~,.110(10110/ ~011/~,.~11~~ 011
110~~,. ~/~~(,.0111~5 011(/ ~0,.100/~ 5/1~~(/ 1),./1/~5, 1,0110011, 1985, ~~. 83-94.
et
11. 5.~. ~/1111, 0. ~. ~/1~11, 3110 ~. ~. 1,~~, ..0~61111236011 0( (/1~
~11~~/5~ 8(0~3/5~ 111011~(0~8
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(0~ 0~ 10 0~ ~011~~~1~~8.,, 18,~8, 1,.01150~(10115 011 ~~,.05/10~~ 011(/ ~/~~(,.0111~ 5)15(~1115, ~ 01.
~~519, ~0. 2, 1983, ~~. 203-214.
12. ~. ~/183111, ~. 1,. 1(11810111, 3110 ~. ~. ~11)3, ..~1~~0~~0~~880~ ~0111~01 0(
3 ~11~~~11(8011~~~
0~-0~ ~011~~~(~~.,, 18,~~ 1,.01150~(10115 011 111(/~(,.)1 ~/1/1/1~0(10115, ~01. 1~19, ~0. 5, 1983,
rin
~~. 690-698.
ee
gin
7-1. ~/13( 18 111~311( 0~ 3 0~ ~/10~~~~ 0~ 0~-0~ ~011~~~(~~7

‫ﺔ‬
7-2. ~/13( 18 (/1~ ~~111~1~1~ 0( 0~~~36011 0( 3 8(~~-00~11 ~/10~~~~7
7-3. ~/131 15 1/1~ ~~111~1~1~ 0( 0~~~36011 0( 3 8(~~-11~ ~/10~~~~7
En
7-4. ~/13( 18 ~1118~-~10(/1-1110011136011 ~0111~01 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7

7-5. ~/131 18 (~~()11~11~~-1110011136011 ~0111~01 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
7-6. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~8 0( 3 ~3~1301~-(~~()11~11~~ ~/10~~~~7
sy
7-7. ~/131 18 1/1~ ~((~~1 0( 1030 111011~1311~~ 011 1/1~ 1030 ~1~~1~ ~11~~~1117
7-8. ~/131 15 1/1~ ~((~~1 0( ~/10~~111/5 (~~()11~11~~ 011 1/1~ 1030 ~1~~1~ ~11~~~1117
Ea
7-9. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ ~01181~311118 (0~ 1~3118(~~ 0( ~11~~/5~ 0~1~~~11 1~0 0~ ~0113/5~ 8011~~~8 7
7-10. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ ~~~(0~111311~~ ~3~3111~1~~8 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
7-11. ~/13118 3 8~11~/1111/5-11100~ ~~/5111310~7
w.
7-12. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ (011~ 0381~ 1~~~8 0( 8~11~/1111/5-11100~ ~~/5111310~87

7-13. ~/13( 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~8 0( 3 011~)( ~~/5111310~7
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
7-14. ~/131 3~~ (/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01530~311(3/5~5 0( 3 00081 ~~/5111310~7

‫ﺷﺩ‬
7-15. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~80( 3 011~)(- 00081 ~~/5111310~7
7-16. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01530~31113/5~5 0( 3 ~11)( ~~/5111310~7
7-17. ~/131 18 1/1~ ~11~~08~ 0( 1/1~ ~011111111136011 ~1~~111( 0( 3 ~/10~~~~7
7-18. ~/131 18 1/1~ 01((~~~11~~ 0~1~~~11 1/1~ ~1~~1111111~11-0(( 6111~ 3110 1/1~ 111~11-0(( 11111~0( 3
1/1~~1810~7
7-19. ~/1~ 00~5 1/1~ ~0111111111(16011~3~3~1(0~ /5~1 0~~~~/13~/5~07
7-20. ~/1~ 0111~111 ~0113/5~ 0( (/1~ ~13881~31 ~/10~~~~
18 1/1~ 111111111111111 1111111~07
7-21. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30~31113/5~8 3110 01830~31113/5~8 0( (/1~ ~13581~31 ~/10~~~~7
222

7-22. ~031 3(~ 10~ ~11~~15 01 5011(~~ 111011~1311~~7

(~,,,~(531 0~ 1110~~~110~111 0110~ 111311110~(1510(7
7-23. ~0~ 5001110 10~ (~50113111
7-24. ~0~ 5001110 10~ ~~3/( (~50113111 ~11((~111 0110~ (~50113111 ~1115~ ~00~~~( 0~ ~(~31~( 10311
10~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~1117
7-25. ~031 3(~ 10~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 01 3 (~50113111 ~1.115~ ~00~~~(7
7-26. ~1 ~031 0111~ ~~~1~ 00~5
10~ 1030 (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111 0~~0111~ 1113)(1111111117
11~(311,,,~ 111~1000 015011160117
7-27. ~0~ 1113~ 10~ 0~51~11 01 ~011111111136011~1(~11115 (~()111(~ 311
7-28. ~031 3(~ 10~ ~~11~(31 51~~5 10( 10~ 0~51~11 01 ~00~~~( ~1(~111157
3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111115~0 11110~ 0~51~11
7-29. ~0~ 15 10~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~111 (310~( 10311 10~
‫ﻣ‬
0110~(1510( ~00~~~(5 7
7.30. ~031 3(~ 10~ ~11~~15 01 ~00~~111~ 1(~()11~11~~ 011 1111~( 512~57
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
(~5156,,,~ 1030, ~ == 20 0 3110 111~111,,,0113~~, ~5 =
7.1. 10~ 0~ ~00~~~( 111~1~. 7-13 035 3
rin
1.5 ~ 3110 ~00~~111~
220 ~. ~0~11 10~ ~00~~~( (~11131115 011, 115 ,,,0113~~ 0(0~, ~00 =
1(~()1.1~11~~, 1 = 10 /(1-12. 1110~ 0111~ ~~~1~ 15 80%, 0~1~(111111~10~ (8) 3,,,~(3~~ 0111~111
,,,0113~~, ~0~ (()) (1115 01.11~111 ,,,0113~~, ~0~ (~) ~00~~~( ~111~1~11~~~ (.1) ~11~~6,,,~ 111~111
(~5151311~~, ~,~ 3110 (~) (1115 ,,,3111~ 0110~
01.11~111,,,0113~~.
ee 1111103111~11131~0111~011~111 0103(1110111~5 011 10~
220 ~, ~ = 10 0,
7.2. ~ ~00~~~( 15 1~~0111~311 ~1- 1030 35 500~11 111~1~. 7-2 ~110 ~5 =
gin
5/(1-12, 3110 ~ = 20 ~. ~31~11131~ 10~ (8) 111111111111111 111513111311~0115
1- = 15.5 1111-1,1 =
(()) ~~3/( 111513111311~01151030 ~11((~111, /2~ (~) 1113)(111111111 ~~3/(-10-~~3/(
1030 ~11((~111, /1~
‫ﺔ‬
7-3.
(1~~1~ ~11((~111 111 10~ 1030~ (.1) 3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111, /0
10~ ~00~~~(
En
111~1~. 7-2 035 1030 (~5151311~~, ~

3110 0311~(~ ,,,0113~~, ~ = 10~.
=
(~) (1115 1030 ~11((~111, /0~ (1)
~11~~11,,,~ 111~111(~5151311~~, ~,~ 3110 (~) (1115 ,,,3111~ 01 ~00~~~( ~11((~111, /~.
0.2 0, 111~111,,,0113~~, ~5 = 220 ~,
10~ 3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111, /0 = 200 ~, 3110 10~
~00~~111~ 1(~()11~11~~, 1 = 200 1-12 (7 = 5 1115). 05~ 10~ 3,,,~(3~~ 01.11~1.11
sy
,,,0113~~ 10
~31~11131~ 10~ ,,,3111~ 011030 111011~1311~~, 1-, ~01~0 ~01110 111111110~ 1113)(111111111
1030 (1~~1~
~11((~111 10 5% 01 /0.
Ea
7-4. 10~ 0~ ~00~~~( 500~11 111~1~. 7-53 15 115~0 10 ~0111(01 ~0~~( 110~ 1(0111 3 0~ ,,,0113~~,
~, = 110 ~ 10 3 0311~(~ ,,,0113~~, ~ = 220 ~. 10~ ~0~~( 1(31151~((~0 10 10~ 0311~(~
15 30 /(~. 10~ ~11((~111 (1~~1~ 0110~ 111011~10( 15 11~~11~101~. 1)~1~(111111~ 10~ (8) 0111~
~~~1~, /(~ (()) ~11~~6,,,~ 1030 (~5151311~~, ~.~~ 3110 (~) 3,,,~(3~~ 111~111~11((~111, /5.
w.
7-5. ~0( ~(00. 7-4, ~10110~ 111513111311~0115111011~10( ~11((~111 3110 ~1.1((~11110(011~010~ 0311~(~
/(
~ 11111011~10( 1- 035 3 111111~,,,3111~ 011- = 7.51111-1,1 = 2501-12, 3110 = 0.5.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
7-6. ~11 ~1- 1030 35 500~11111 ~1~. 7-2 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 ~00~~~(. 111030 (~5151311~~, ~ =
‫ﺷﺩ‬
20 1111-1,511~~1~ ,,,0113~~, ~5 = 600, 0311~(~ ,,,0113~~, ~ = 150

0.25 0, 111011~1311~~, 1- =
~, 3110 ~00~~111~ 1(~()11~11~~, 1 = 250 1-12, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ 111111111111111 3110 1113)(1111111111030
~1.1((~111, 10~ ~~3/(-10-~~3/( 1030 (1~~1~ ~11((~111, 3110

3,,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~111 10( /( = 0.1
10 0.9 ~110 3 51~~ 010.1.
7-7. 1)~1~(111111~10~ 1113)(111111111
~~3/(-10-~~3/( (1~~1~ ~11((~11101 ~(00. 7-6 0~ 115111~8()5.
(7-19) 3110 (7-20), 3110 ~0111~3(~ 10~ (~511115.
15~. 10~ (~()111(~0 3,,,~(3~~
7-8. 10~ 011~/( (~~111310( 111~1~. 7-73035 311111~111 ,,,0113~~, ~5 =
0111~1.11
,,,0113~~, ~0 = 5 ~ 3110 10~ ~~3/(-10-~~3/( 0111~111(1~~1~ ,,,0113~~ 15 10 111~.10~
223

5~1(~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)115 20 /(1-12. 10~ ~~3/(-(0-~~3/( (1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0( 15 11(111(~0
(0 0.5 ~. 0~1~((11111~ (0~ (3) 011()1 ~)1~1~, /(~ (.,) 1111~( 111011~1311~~, ~~ 3110 (~) 111(~(
~3~3~1(0(, ~.
7-9. 10~ 00051 (~81113(0( 111~18. 7-83035 311 111~11(~011(1~~, ~$ = 6 ,. 111~ (1~~~32~ 0111))111
~01(3~~, ~. = 15 , 3110 3~~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11(,
1. = 0.5 ~. 10~ 5~11~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)1
1520/(1-12. 111- = 250 ~1-1 3110 ~
= 440 ~~, 0~(~((11111~ (0~ (3) 011()1 ~)1~1~, /(~ (.,) (1~~1~
( ~11((~11( 01111011~(0(, /11~ (~) ~~3/( ~11((~11( 01111011~(0(,
12~ 3110 (()) (1~~1~ .,,01(3~~ 01111(~(
(~3~3~1~~( ,./1~0.
7-10. 10~ 011~/(-0005( (~~1113(0( 111 ~1~. 7-93 035 311 111~111.,,0113~~, ~,
= 12 ~. 10~ 011()1
‫ﻣ‬
~)1~1~, /( = 0.6 3110 (0~ 5~1(~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)115 25 /(1-12. 10~ 111011~1311~~, ~
= 250 ~1-1
3110111(~( ~3~3~11311~~, ~
= 220 ~~. 10~ 3.,,~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11(, 1. = 1.5~. 0~(~((11111~
(0~ (3) 3.,,~(3~~ 011(~11( .,,01(3~~,
~.~ (/)) ~~3/(-(0-~~3/( 011(~11( (1~~1~ .,,01(3~~. /1 ~0~ (~)
et
~~3/(-10-~~3/( (1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0(, /11~ 3110 (()) ~~3/( ~11((~11( 01 (0~ ((311515(0(,
1,,.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
7-11. 10~ ~11/( (~~1113(0( 111~1~. 7-103 035 311111~11( .,,01(3~~, ~,
= 15~. 10~ 011()1 ~)1~1~, /(
= 0.4 3110 (0~ 5~1(~0111~ 1(~()11~11~)115 25 /(1-12. 10~ 111(~( 111011~(311~~, ~2 = 350 ~1-1
3110 111(~( ~3~3~1(311~~, ~2 = 220 ~~. 10~ ~11~(~)1 ((31151~( ~3~3~1(311~~, ~1 =
400 ~~
3110 111011~(311~~, ~1 = 250 ~1-1. 10~ 3~~(3~~ 1030 ~11((~11(,
rin
/. = 1.25 ~. 0~(~((11111~
(0~ (3) 3.,,~(3~~ 011(~11( .,,01(3~~,
~.~ (.,) 3.,,~(3~~ 111~11( ~11((~111, 1,~ (~) ~~3/(-10-~~3/(
(1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0( ~1, /111~ (()) ~~3/(-10-~~3/( (1~~1~ .,,01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0( ~1,
/1~01, (~) ~~3/(-(0-~~3/( (1~~1~ ~11((~11( 01111011~(0( 1-2, /112~ (() ~~3/(-(0-~~3/( (1~~1~
ee
.,,01(3~~ 01 ~3~3~1(0( ~2, /1 ~02~ 3110 (~) ~~3/( ~11((~11( 01 (0~ ((31151510(, 1,,.
7-12. ~11111011~(1.,,~ 1030 15 ~011((011~0 0)13111(11~1115~ ~0(11(1111(36011 ~00~~~( 111~18. 7-11 3110
gin
~~3/( 1030 ~11((~11(, 1,,,
= 450 ~ 3( 3 511~~1)1.,,01(38~ 01220 ~. 10~ ~00~~1118 1(~()11~11~)1,
/ = 275 1-12, ~0(11(1111136011 ~3~3~1(0(, ~ = 60 ~~, 3110 (~.,,~(5111~ 111011~(311~~, ~,,,
= 20
‫ﺔ‬
7-13.
7-14.
~1-1. 10~ 5011(~~ 111011~(311~~, ~$
(111111(1111(11
~~~~3( ~(00.
En
7-12
~11111011~(1.,,~ 1030 15 ~011((011~0
= 350 ~ 3( 3 511~~1)1 .,,01(38~,
sy
= 8 ~1-1. 0~(~((11111~ (11~ ~1(~111( (11(11-011 6(11~ 3110

3110 (113)(1(1111(11011(~11( .,,01(3~~ 11(111(5.
10( (0~ ~35~ ~0~11 (0~ 5011(~~ 111011~(311~~ 15 11~~11~101~ (~,
0)1 (11~ ~110~~~(
~,
111~1~. 7-15 3110 ~~3/(
= 750 ~. 111~ ~110~~111~ 1(~()11~11~)1, /

= 0).
1030 ~11((~11(, 1,,,
= 250 1-12,
~0(11(1111(36011 ~3~3~1(311~~, ~ 15 ~~, 3110 ~0(11(1111(36011 111011~(311~~, ~,~
= = 70 ~1-1.
11 (0~ 5011(~~ 111011~(311~~, 1-, = 10 ~1-1, 0~1~((11111~ (0~ (11(11-0116(11~, (~~ (111111(1111(11
3110
(113)(1(1111(11011(~111 ~0113~~~ 3110 011(~11( .,,01(3~~ 10( 3 011()1 ~)1~1~ 01/(
Ea
= 0.5.
7-15. ~~~~3( ~(00. 7-1210( (11~ (~50113111 ~1115~ ~00~~~( ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 7-1711 ~0(11(1111136011
~3~3~1(311~~, ~
= 30 ~~ 3110 ~0(11(1111136011 111011~1311~~, 1-,,, = 35 ~1-1.
7-16. 0~51~11 (0~ .,,3111~5 01 ~0(11(1111(36011 ~0(11~011~1115 ~,,, 3110 ~ (0 ~(0.,,10~ 3 (11(11-011 6(11~,
w.
(~ = 20 ~5 10( (0~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 7-11. 111~ 5~~~111~360115 10( (0~ ~1(~1111 3(~ ~,
= 600
~, 1,,, = 350~, 3110 1-, = 6 ~1-1. 10~ ~~3/( ~11((~11110(011~0
11 15 110( 10 ~)(~~~0 21,~.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
7-17. ~~~~3( ~(00. 7-1610( 10~ ~00~~~~ ~1(~111( 111~1~. 7-141110~ ~~3/( ~11((~111 010100~ 1)1
‫ﺷﺩ‬
15 11(111(~0 (0 21,,,. 0~1~((11111~ ~ 3110 1-1.

7-18. ~~~~3( ~(00. 7-16 10( (11~ ~110~~~( ~1~~1111111 ~1~. 7-15 1110~ ~~3/( (~5011311( (~.,,~(531
~11((~11115 11(1111~0 10 1,,,.
7-19. ~~~~31 ~(00. 7-1610( (0~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 7-171110~ (~50113111 (~.,,~(531 ~11((~111111(011~0
12 15 11(1111~0 10 21,,,.
7-20. 0~51~11 10~ .,,3111~ 0110~ ~0(11(1111136011 ~3~3~110( ~ 10 ~(0~10~ 3 111(11-011-6(11~ (~()111~~-
(11~111 01 (~
= 20 ~5 10( 10~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. ~7-20 11~,
= 600 ~, 1,,, = 350 ~, 3110 1-,
= 8 ~1-1.
224

,.1 ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬
+
~,,,
0,,,
~,.,
~5 0
,.5 ,.3
‫ﻣ‬
(1 ~00~~~1 (15 500~11111 ~1~. 7-20. 10~ (1~~1(1~~
7-21. /1..01~01~ 111011~11~~ 10(10 15 ~01111011~0 0~
et
10(10 ~1111~111 15 250 /1.., ~01~0 0(15 11~~11~101~ 11~~1~ ~1111~111. /1.. 51111~1~ ~~ 111~1111111~1
~110 ~_ = 0.41111-1 (1110 ~_ = 5000 ~~ 15 115~0. 1110~ ~00~~~115 0~~1(11~0 (1111~(),11~11~~,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
/ = 250 1-12, 0~1~1111111~ 10~ 101(11 ~00~~~1 ~~11~1(11~0 0(111110111~ ~1111~111 111 10~ 511~~1~
101 /( = 0.5. (11//1/.. ~011510~1 11~ 10 10~ 5~~~1110 0(111110111~.)
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
225

‫ﻣ‬
8
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
,
~.
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
0~-10-(1~ ~011~~..1~..5
sy
En
(1..~ )(110~11 (15 //1~~,.(~,.5. 10~ ~011~11011 0~ (111111~~..1~..15 10 ~0(111~~

(1 0~ 111()01 ~011(1~~ 10 (1 5)1(11(11~1..1~(11 (1~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ 0~ 0~51..~0 (11(1~111100~ (1110
~..~()0~11~)1. 10~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ ~0010 0~ ~1)(~0 0.. ~(1..1(101~ (11 (1 ~1)(~0 0.. ~(1..1(101~
a
~..~()0~11~)1. ~ ~(1..1(101~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ ~(111 0~ 001(1111~0 0)1 ~(1..)1111~ 10~ 111()01 0~
.E
~011(1~~ (1110 (11(11111(1111111~10~ ~(1111 0~ 10~ 111~~..1~.. ~01151(1111. 011 10~ 010~.. 0(1110, 1~
10~ 0~ 111()01 ~011(1~~ 15 ~1)(~0 (1110 11 15 1101 ~0111..011(101~, (1 ~(1..1(101~ 001()01 ~011(1~~
~(111 0~ 001(1111~0 0)1 ~(1..)1111~ 10~ ~(1111 0~ 10~ 111~~..1~.., ~01~0 15 110..(11(111)1 (1~~0(11()1150~0
w
0)1 ()015~-~1010-(110001(111011 (~~~) ~0111..01 ~110111 10~ 111~~..1~... 10~ //1~~,.(~,.

/50//1
‫ُﺭ‬
(11(1)1 0~ 0~~111~0 (15 10~ ..(1110 0~ 10~ (1~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ 10 0~ 111()01 ~011(1~~.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ ~(1~~~0..(115 0~ 10~(11111~~..1~..5 500010 0~ 511105010(11. 1-10~-

~~~.., 10~ ~(1~~~0..(115 0~ ()..(1~11~(11 111~~..1~..5 (1..~
11011511105010(11 (1110 ~0111(1111 ~~..1(1111
0(1..(110111~5. ~0.. 10~- (1110 (11~010(11-()0~~.. (1()()11~(1110115, 5()0(1..~-~(1~~ 0.. ()0(151-5()0(1..~-
~(1~~ ~011(1~~5 (11(1)1 0~ (1~~~()1(101~~ (1110 ~0.. 01~0-()0~~.. (1()()11~(1110115, 10~ 01510..1~0
511105010(11 ~(1~~~0..(115 (1..~ ..~()01..~0. ~110 10~ (1~(111(101111)1 0~ 01~0-5()~~0 ()0~~..
5~(111~01100~10.. 0~~1~~5, 10~ 0(1..(110111~ ~0111~1115 0~ 001()01 ~011(1~~ ~(111 0~ (111111(1112~0
0.. ..~00~~0 51~111~1~(11111)10)1 5~11~0111~ 1~~0111()0~5.
111~~..1~..5 (1..~ ~10~1)1 05~0 111 1110051..1(11 (1()()11~(1110115 (~.~., ~(1..1(101~-5()~~0 (1~
(11010.. 0..1~~5, 11100~11011 0~(11111~, 51(11100)1 ()0~~.. 50()()11~5, 0111111~ 0()1101~ ()0~~..
226

5(1~~11~5). 111~ 111~(111113)1 0~ 3 0311~()1, ~(1~1 ~~11, 5013( ~~11, 0( 0111~( 0~ 50(1(~~.
111~ 1)1~1~31 5111~1~-~1135~ 0(11~(115 3(~ (1) 120 ~ 31 60 1-12, (2) 220 ~ 31 50 1-12, 3110
(3) 115 ~ 31 400 1-12. ~0( 111~11-~0~~( 111(~~-~1135~ 5)151~1115, 1)1~1~31 0(11~(115 3(~
(1) 220/380 ~ 31 50 1-12,(2) 120/208 ~ 31 60 1-12,3110(3) 115/200 ~ 31 400 1-12.
111~~(1~(5 ~311 0~ 0(0301)1 ~1355111~0 11110 1~0 1)1~~5~ (1) 5111~1~-~1135~ 111~~(1~(5,
3110 (2) 111(~~-~1135~ 111~~(1~(5. ~3~111)1~~ ~311 0~ 511001~10~0 11110 ~0(1( ~31~~0(1~5,
0~~~110111~ 011 111~ 1)1~~ 0~ 111)1(1510( ~01111111113110115~ (3) ~1115~ ~10111 11100(11311011
(~~~) 111~~(1~(, (0) (~50113111111~~(1~(, (~) 3(1)(1113()1 ~011111111131~0 111~~(1~(, 0( (0)
~0111~1~111~1113()1 ~0111111(1131~0 111~~(1~(. ~11 111~~(1~( 15 ~311~0 3 110/((18~-/~(/ 11111~,.(~,.
‫ﻣ‬
(~~1) 1~ 111~ 111~(11 ~0113~~ (~11131115 ~011513111, 3 (/11,.~11(-/~(/ 11111~,.(~,. (~~1) 1~ 111~ 111~(11
~(1((~11115 111311113111~0 ~011513111, 3110 3 11(1,.1(10/~ (/( /111/(~(/ 11111~,.(~,.1~ 111~ 111~(11 ~0113~~
15 ~0111(011301~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
111~ ~(111~1~1~ 0~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 111~~(1~(5 ~311 0~ ~)(~13111~0 ~1111 ~1~. 8-13. 111~ 111-
rin
~~(1~( ~1(~(111 ~01151515 0~ 1~0 ~110~~~(5. ~11~11 0111)11(31151510( (21 15 111(11~0 011 ~0(
3 11111~ 10/2, 111~ 111513111311~0(15 ~0113~~ 3~(055 111~ 1030 1)0 15 ~5/2. 1~ 1(31151510( (22
0111)115 1(1(11~0 011 ~0( 3 11111~ 10/2, - ~.12 3~~~3(5
ee 3~(055 111~ 1030. 111~ 10~1~ ~1(~(111
5110(110 0~ 0~51~11~0 5(1~1111131 (21 3110 (22 3(~ 11011(1(11~0 011 31111~ 53111~ 11111~. ~1~(1(~
8-10 5110~5 111~ ~3~~~0(1115 ~0( 111~ 0111~(11 ~0113~~ 3110 1(31151510( ~(1((~1115 ~1111 3
(~51511~~ 1030. 11115111~~(1~( (~()111(~5 3111(~~-~1(~0 0~ 5011(~~, 3110 ~11~11 31(31151510(
gin
= ~0
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~
2
0
~80
_~ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~2
2
~
2
Ea
~
2
w.
0
~
2
‫ُﺭ‬
(~) ~81/910,,.,,5 ~~~~ ,95~5~.1/9 ~080
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
58~. 8-2 227

15 011, 115 .-~~~.-5~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~5 1051~(10 01 ~,/2. 11115 10~~.-1~.- 15 /(00~0 35 (1 ))(111-
6,10-/5€ (11))€,(€,.
111~ .-015 01.11~1.11~011(1~~ ~(10 0~ 101.100 1.-001
(8-1)
‫ﻣ‬
2~, .
11 ~
~
1,3,5,..
0- 510 11())(
1170
(8-2)
= 2, 4, ...
et
0 10.- 11
~11~.-~ ()) = 27010 15 111~ 1.-~((1.1~0~~ 01 01.11~1.11~011(1~~ 10 .-(10/5. ~0.- 11 1, ~((.
(8-2) ~1~~5 111~ .-015 ~(111.1~0111.100(101~01(11 ~001~00~015 35
2~5
~1 = = 0.45~5 (8-3)
~ 70
rin
~0.- 30 1001.1~11~~
10(10, 111~ 10(10 ~1.1 ~01 ~(10001 ~11(10~~ 10101~01(11~1~ ~1111111~
01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~. 11 (21 15 11.1.-0~0 011 (11 ( = 10/2,
ee 111~ 10(10 ~1.1 ~01 ~01.110 ~001101.1~
10 110~ 111.-01.1~111)2, 10(10, (100 111~ 10~~.- 11(11101111~ 0~ 501.1.-~~ 1.10111111~ ~1.1 ~011(1115
10 2~.-0. $10111(1.-1~, ~11~0 (22 15 11.1.-0~0 011 (11 ( = 10, 111~ 10(10 ~1.1 ~01110~5 111.-01.1~11
1)1, 10(10, (100 111~ 1.1~~~.- 11(111 01111~ 0~ 501.1.-~~. ~11~0 0100~ 1)1 0.- 1)2 ~0001.1~15,
gin
~0~.-~~ 15 1~0 0(1~/( 10 111~ 0~ 501.1.-~~ (100 111~ 0100~ 15 /(00~0 (15 31€€0-6(1~/( 0-100-€.
‫ﺔ‬
~1~1.1.-~ 8-1~
1001.1~11~~
(0001.1(15
01.1(1100
111~
~~.-100
5110~5
10(105.
001~
En
111~ 1030
11 ~(10 0~
10.- 10/2 (0.-
01 (1 1.-(1051510.-
1.-(1051510.-5
sy
((10 0~
~1.1 ~01
0011~~0
900).
~01.110
.-~~1(1(~0
(100
0~~~0010~
0~ 0105
~0001.1~1100
~(1.-~ 1.-001
00
101~.-~(115 01 0~~1~~5
111(11 10.- ~1.1.-~1~ 1001.1~11~~
111~ 10(10 ~0~~.-
90 10 1800.
0.- 10.-~~0-(001011.11(11~0 111~.-1510.-5.

10305,
1(1(10.-,
10.- ~1.1.-~1~
(1 1.-(1051510.-
111~ (00-
11 (011 15 111~ 11.1.-0-0111101~ 01 (1 111~.-1510.-, 111~.-~ 011.151 0~ (1 01101011.101 0~1(1~ 1101~ 01

(011 0~1~~~0 111~ 01.11~010~ 111~.-1510.- (10011.-10~ 01111~ 0~)(110(00110~ 111~.-1510.-. 0111~.--
~15~, (15110.-1-(1.-(1.111 (00011100 ~01.110 .-~51.111111.-01.1~11111~ 1~0 111~.-1510.-5. 111~.-~10.-~,
Ea
111~ (13)(1011.101 (0001.1(1100 1101~ 01 (1 111~.-1510.- ~01.110 0~ 10/2 - (011. 10 ~.-(1~11(~,

~~~0 111~ 1.-(1051510.-5 .-~((1.11.-~ (1 (~.-1(110 11.1.-0-00 (100 11.1.-0-0111101~. ~0.- 51.1((~5511.11
0~~.-(11100 0110~~.-1~.-5, 111~ 10~1~ ~1.-(1.111 51101.110 13/(~ 111~5~ 1010 (1((01.101.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ 01.11~1.11 01 ~.-(1~11((1110~~.-1~.-5 (001(110 (~.-1(110 11(1.-01001(5 (100 111~ ((1.1(1111~ 01 (10
10~~.-1~.- 15 00.-01(111~ ~~(111.1(11~0 10 1~.-015 01111~ 10110~10~ ~~.-10.-01(10(~ ~(1.-(101~1~.-5.
~8..~00.~ 18~10.., ~~. 111~ 11(1.-01001( 1(1(10.- (0111111 11(1.-01001(), ~111(11 15 (1

01~(151.1.-~011001~101.1(1111(1.-01001~ (001.-101.11100, 15 0~110~0 (15
(8-4)
228

~0~(~ ~1 15 10~ (1115 ~(111.1~ 0110~ 11.1110(1111~111(11~0111~011~111 (1110 ~/1 15 10~ (1115 ~(111.1~
0110~ /1100(1(1110111~ ~0111~011~111.
1013~ ~3~010.,.~ ().510~.0.,, 1~(). 10~ 101(110(1(1110111~

01510(11011,~01~015
(1 111~(151.1(~ 01 ~105~11~55 111 50(1~~ 0~1~~~11 (1 ~(1~~10(111 (1110 115 11.1110(1111~111(11~0111-
~011~111, 15 0~1111~0 (15

~
1/2
11-10 =
~1
1
( /1~~,
~~
) (8-5)
‫ﻣ‬
().510~1.0., 13~10~, ()~. 10~ 11-10 ~1~~5 10~ 101(110(1(1110111~
~0111~111,01.1111
00~5 110111101~(11~ 10~ 1~~~1 01 ~(1~00(1(1110111~ ~0111~011~111. 11 (1 1111~( 15 1.15~0 (1110~
et
01.11~1.11 01111~~(1~(5, 10~ 01~0~(-0(0~( 0(1(1110111~5 ~01.110 0~ (111~111.1(11~0 1110(~ ~11~~-
11~~1)/. 10~(~10(~, /(110~1~0~~ 01 0010 10~ 1(~().1.1~11~)/ (1110 111(1~11111.10~ 01 ~(1~0 0(1(-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1110111~ 15 1111~0(1(1111. 10~ 01510(11011 1(1~10( 11101~(11~5 10~ (111101.1111010(1(1110111~ 015-
10(11011 10(11 (~111(11115 111 (1 ~(1(11~1.11(1( ~(1~~10(111 (111~( 10~ 0(1(1110111~5 0110(11 ~(1~~10(111
0(1~~ 0~~11 51.10)~~1~0 10 (1 5~~0110-0(0~( (111~111.1(111011(1.~., 01~10~0 0)/ (12). 101.15 0~
rin
15 (1 111~(151.1(~ 01 ~11~~11~~11~55 111 (~01.1~111~ 1.111~(1111~0 0(1(1110111~5 ~11001.11 0(1~111~ 10
5~~~11)/ 10~ ~(111.1~5 01 (1 5~~0110-0(0~( 10(10 1111~( (1110 15 0~1111~0 (15
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ (.,0~951-0~()9~
sy
1110111~ ~0111~011~111 ~005~

En
~3~010.,.~, (.,0~.
1(~().1.1~11~)/ 15 ~105~51
10~ 10~~51-0(0~(
10 10~
0(1(1110111~ 15 10(11 0(1(-
11.1110(1111~111(11011~, (1110 115
(1111~1111.10~ 15 ~(~(11~( 10(111 0( ~().1.1(1110 3% 0110~ 11.1110(1111~111(11~0111~011~111.
Ea
~)(3111()1~ 8-1
~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ 11(111-0(10~~ 111~~..1~.. 111~1~. 8-1(1 11(15(1 ..~51511.,,~ 10(10 01 ~ = 2.4 11 (1110
111~ 0~ 111~1.11.,,011(1~~ 15 ~$ = 48~. 0~1~..111111~ 111~ ((1) ..1115 01.11~1.11.,,011(1~~ (11 111~
w.
11.1110(1111~111(111..~().1.1~11~~,
~1~ (0) 01.11~1.11~0~~.., ~0~ (~) (1.,,~..(1~~ (1110 ~~(1/( ~1.1 ~1115 01
~(1~111.(11151510.~ (0) ~~(1/( .~.,,~.5~ 010~/(111~ .,,011(1~~ 0( ~(1~111.(11151510., ~8~ (~) 101(11
11(1.1110111~01510.11011, 11-10 ~ (1) 01510.11011 1(1~10., 0 ~~ (1110 (~) 11(1.1110111~1(1~10.. (1110
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
01510.11011 1(1~10. 0( 111~ 10~~51-0.0~.. 11(1.1110111~.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
8011.1~100~, = 48 ~ (1110~ = 2.411.

((1) ~.0111~().. (8-3), ~1 = 0.45 )( 48 = 21.6~.
(0) ~.0111 ~().. (8-1), ~0 = ~)2 = 48/2 = 24~. 111~ 01.11~1.11
~0~~., ~0 =
~~~ = 242/2.4 = 240 ~.
(~) 111~ ~~(1/( 1.(11151510. ~1.1..~111, /,, = 24/2.4 = 10~. 5111~~ ~(1~11 1.(11151510.
)(
~01101.1~1510. (1 50% 01.11~~~~1~, 111~(1.,,~.(1~~~1.1..~11101 ~(1~111.(11151510.15/() = 0.5
10 = 5 ~.
)( 24 = 48 ~.
(0) 111~~~(1/(.~.,,~.5~ 010~/(111~.,,011(1~~,~8 = 2
58~. 8-3 229

~~0111~(). (8-5),11-11) = 0.217611./(0.4511.) = 48.34%.

(1) ~~0111 ~(). (8-2),
~ 2 1/2 2 2 2 1/2
11
( ~~~, ( ))
11~
= (
11
(~) (1-) (/ )
+
11
+
11
+...
) = 0.0171211.
‫ﻣ‬
~~0111~(). (8-6), 1)~ = 0.0171211)(0.4511.) = 3.804%.
(8) 111~ 10~~81-0~(/~~ 113~111001( 18 111~ 1111~(/, 113
et
= 11/3. ~~0111 8(). (8-4), 1-1~3
~(). (8-7), 1)~3 = (11/32)/111 = 1/27 = 3.704%.
= 113/111= 1/3 = 33.33%, 30(/ 1~0111
~11~0
3~~~3(8
111~ ~01138~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~ 81081~-~1138~0(108~ 10~~(1~( 18 8110~0 10 ~18. 8-23.
1(3081810(8
3~(088
3~(088
~01138~ 18 8110~0 10 ~18. 8-20.
(21 300
111~ 1030.
111~ 1030
(22 3(~
111(3081810(8
111(0~0
ee
18 (~~~(8~0 rin
g.n
00
(23 300
300
(24 3(~
18 - 115.
11 ~0081818 011011( ~110~~~(8.
81111111130~01181~,
111(0~0
111~ 10~111 ~01138~
00
111~ ~3~~10(111
31111~ 83111~ 11111~,
10( 111~ 0111~111
115
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~
2
0
0/80
1/.
Ea
0
~0
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0
~ ~ ~
~ 1 ~
01 02 ~01 02 ~ 03 04 ~03 04 (
011 011 011 011
230

111~ (1118 001~01 ~01138~ ~30 0~ 1000~ 1(0111
1/2
1012
2
~0 = - 1
10 0 ( ~25 0,1
) = ~0 . (8-8)
~()031100 (8-2) ~30 0~ ~)(1~0~~~ 10 ~)(~(~88 111~ 108130130~008 001~01 ~01138~ 10 3

~00(1~( 8~(1~8 38
1)
0 = ~
~
4~5.
-1170 810 11(,)1 (8-9)
11=1,3,5...
30~ 10( 11 = 1, ~(). (8-9) 81~~8 111~ (1118 ~310~ 01100~3111~0131 ~0111~00~01 38
‫ﻣ‬
4~ (
~1 = = 0. 90~5 8-10)
~ 70
t
~11~0 ~10~~8 1)1 30~ 1)2 ~00~0~1, 111~ ~0~(8)1181~~ 03~~ 10 111~ ~~ 800(~~ 311~
e
111~)13(~ ~00~0 38 /~~0,0(1~/( 0,,00,~$. ~180(~ 8-1~ 8110~8111~ ~3~~10(11101103~ ~0((~01
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
10( 111~0~11~~ 103~8.
~~301~1~ 8-2
~~11~31 6)(3(11111~ 8-110( 3 8111~1~-110.38~ 0(10~~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 8-23.
rin
80101100 ~5 = 48 ..., 3110~ = 2.4 0.
)( 48 = 43.2...,.
(3) ~(0(11 6(). (8-10), ~1 = 0.90
(0) ~(0(11 6(). (8-8), ~0 = ~5 = 48...,. 10.~ 01.11111.11
110~~(, ,,0 = ~~/~ =
ee
482/2.4 = 960~.
(~) 10.~ 11~3/( 1(31181810( ~1.1((~111,/,, = 48/2.4 = 20 /1... 5111~~ ~3~0.1(31181810(
~01101.1~1810( 3 50% 01.11)1~)1~1~, 10.~ 3~~(3~~ ~1.1((~11101 ~3~0. 1(31181810( 18 //) = 0.5
gin
)(
20 = 10 /1...
(0) 10.~ 11~3/( (~~~(8~ 010~/(111~~0113~~, ~1/ = 48...,.
‫ﺔ‬ (~) ~(0(11 6(). (8-10), ~1 = 0.9~5
~(0(11 6(). (8-5),11-10

(~~,7
En
~~)
1/2
= (~6 -
~~)1/2 = 0.4352~5
= 0.4352~/(0.9~5) = 48.34%.
asy
(1) (~~)1/2 = 0.03424~5

(~~~7.
.E
~(0(11 6(). (8-6),011 = 0.03424~/(0.9~5) = 3.804%.

~1/3. ~(0(11 6(). (8-4), 1-1113
(~) 10.~ 10~~81-0(0~( 0.3((110111~ 18 10.~ 10.1(0, ~3 =
= ~3/~1 = 1/3 = 33.33% 31101(0(11 6(). (8-7),0113 = (~3/32)/~1 = 1/27 = 3.704%.
w
1-/01~. 111~ ~~3~ (~~~(8~ 010~~1118 ~01138~ 01 ~3~111(31181810( 311~ 111~ ()03111)1
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
01001~01 ~01138~ 10( 11311-0(1~8~ 311~ 1011-0(1~8~ 10~~(1~(8 3(~ 111~ 83111~. 110~~~~(,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10( 1011-0(1~8~ 10~~(1~(8 ~1111 (~81811~~ 103~8, 111~ 001~01 ~0~~( 18 100( 11111~8 111811~(
30~ 111~ 1011~3111~0131 ~0111~00~01 18 1~1~~ 11130 11131 0111311-0(1~8~ 111~~(1~(8.
~~301~1~ 8-3
100, 1. = 31.5 (111-1, 3110
10.~ 0(10~~ 111~~(1~( 111111~. 8-230.38 311 ~1.~ 1030 ~110. ~ =
~ = 112 ,...11. 10.~ 111~~(1~( 1(~()1.1~11~)1, 10 = 60 1-12 3110 0~ 111111.11 ~0113~~, ~5 = 220
...,. (3) 6)(11(~88 10.~ 111813111311~01.181030 ~1.1((~1111111101.1(1~( 8~(1~8. ~31~1.1131~ 10.~ (0)
((118 1030 ~1.1((~1113110.~ 11.11103(11~111311(~()1.1~11~)1,/1 ~ (~) 0.3((110111~ 13~10( 011030 ~1.1((~111,
231
58~. 8-4

1-1~~ (0) ..,0~~( 3050(0~0 0)11/1~ 1030, ~0~ (~) 3~~(3~~ ~11((~111 0( 0~ 511..,..,1)1~/, 3110 (()
(1115 3110 ..,~3)( ~11((~111 0( ~3~/1 1(31151510(. (~) 0(3~ 1/1~ ~3~~(0(111 0( (111103111~11131
1030 ~11((~111 3110 5/10~ 1/1~ ~011011~11011 1111~(~315 0( 1(31151510(5 3110 0100~5. ~31~11131~
1/1~ ~011011~11011 11111~0( 1/1~ (/1) 1(31151510(5, 3110 (1) 0100~5.
801111100 ~, = 220 ~, 10 = 60 1-12, 8. = 10 0, ~ = 31.5 1111-1,~ = 112 ~~, 3110

)(
(11
= 270 60 = 377 (30/5. 1/1~ 111011~11~~ (~3~1311~~ (0( 1/1~ /11/1 /13(1110111~ ~0113~~ 15
)(/_ )( )( )(
= 2/170 60 31.5 10-3
= /11.87/10
‫ﻣ‬
1/1~ ~3..,3~111~~ (~3~1311~~ (0( 1/1~ /11/1 /13(1110111~ ~0113~~ 15
106 -123.68
)(~
= - )(
60 )(
112 =
..,....
et
2/170 /1
1/1~ 1111..,~0311~~ (0( 1/1~ /11/1 /13(1110111~ ~0113~~ 15
2~ = (102 + (11.87/1 - 23.6//1)2)1/2
3110 1/1~ ..,0~~( (3~10( 311~1~ (0( 1/1~ /11/1 /13(1110111~ ~0113~~ 15
rin
_ 2.346
6 ,, -- 1311 -1
11.87/1 -
10
23.6//1 _
- 1311 -1
(.1 187 /1
/1 )
(3) ~(0111 ~((. (8-9), 1/1~ 111513111311~0115
0111..,111~0113~~ ~311 0~ ~)(..,(~55~0 35
ee )( 377/) + 56.02 5111(5 )(
1)0(/) = 280.1 5111(377/) + 93.4 5111(3 377/)
)( 377/) + 31.125111 (9 )(
gin
+ 40.025111 (7 377/) + . . .
‫ﺔ‬ 01~10111~ 1/1~ 0111..,111~0113~~ 0)11/1~ 1030 1111..,~0311~~ 3110 ~011510~(111~ 1/1~ 3..,..,(0..,(131~
0~13)1 011~ 10 1/1~ ..,0~~( (3~10( 311~1~5, ~~ ~311 0013111 1/1~ 111513111311~01151030 ~11((~111
35
sy
En
10(/) = 18.15111 (377/ + 49.720)
+ 5111 (5
)(
377/ 79.630)
+ 3.175111 (3
)(
377/
)(
- 70.170)
82.850)
- + 0.5 5111 (7 377/ -
)( . . .
+ 0.3 5111 (9 377/ - 84.520) +
Ea
(0) 1/1~ (1115 1030 ~11((~111 31 (111103111~11131((~((11~11~)1, 12.8,.1,..

/1 = 18.1/--/2 =
(~) ~011510~(111~ 11.., 10 1/1~ 111111/1/13(1110111~, 1/1~ ..,~3)( 1030 ~11((~111,
/,~ = (18.12 + 3.172 + 1.02 + 0.52 + 0.32)1/2 = 18.41,.1,.

w.
1/1~ /13(1110111~ (3~10( 0( 1030 ~11((~111,

‫ُﺭ‬
2
_1 1/2
ww
(/~
~,,.~~1)1/2 =
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1-1~ =
(( 118~~1) ~
= 18.59%
(0) 1/1~ (11151030 ~11((~111, /0 = 18.41/--/2

)( = 13.02 ,.1,., 3110 1/1~ 1030 ()0~~(.
~0 = 13.022 10 = 1695~.
(~) 1/1~ 3~~(3~~ 511..,..,1)1
~11((~111,/,
= 1695/220 = 7.7,.1,..
(() 1/1~ ..,~3)( 1(31151510(~11((~111,/,,
= 18.41,.1,.. 1/1~ (1115~11((~1110( ~3~/11(311-
51510(,/,, = /,,/--/2 = /,,/2 = 18.41/2
= 9.2,.1,..
(~) 1/1~ ~3~~(0(111 (0( (111103111~111311030 ~11((~111, 11(/), 15 5/10~11 111~1~. 8.3.
(/1) ~(0111 ~1~. 8-33, 1/1~ ~011011~11011 11111~0( ~3~/11(31151510( 15 1011110 ((0111 /()
180 - 49.72 = 130.280 0( /0 = 130.28 )(
70/(180 )(
377) = 6031 ~5.
232

~(() ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬
25
21.14
20
15
~~008(1160(8~ ~~~~60(
/1
/~1(()
10 / ~
-..
/
5 -.. / ~
....
/ ~ (
0
~
‫ﻣ‬
-5
/1 16.667 (115
(/
1- ·
(~ = 2.638
1
(115
-10
t
.n e
-15
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
... ...
-20 .100
ng
-25
eri ,,.
ine
)(
((/
= (180 - 130.28) 180 )( 377 = 2302 ~5
1-/0(~. 10 ~31~0131~ 10~ ~)(3~1 ~310~8 0110~ ~~3/( ~0((~01, 10~ ~0000~600 601~
‫ﺔ‬
011(3081810(8 300 0100~8, 10~ 108130130~008
800~0 10 ~1~. 8-3. 10~ ~0000~1100
10(( = (0) = 0, 300 3 ~101 0110(()
(0 = 5694 ~8, 300 (~ = 2638 ~8.
sy
En
g
1030 ~0((~0110(()
601~ 01 3 1(3081810( 01081 83681~ 10~ ~00011100
0~ 3 ~001~01~( ~(0~(301 ~1~~8 1(1 = 21.14 ~,
800010 0~ ~1011~0 38
Ea
10(~~-~038~ 10~~(1~(8 3(~ 00(01311~ 08~010( 01~0-~0~~( 3~~11~36008. 10(~~ 810~1~-

~038~ 0311 (0( 1011)-0(10~~ 10~~(1~(8 ~30 0~ ~000~~1~0 10 ~3(311~1 38 800~0 10 ~1~.
w.
8-43 10 10(01 10~ ~0011~0(31100 01 3 10(~~-~038~ 10~~(1~(. 10~ ~3110~ 81~0318 01

0( 0~13~~0 0~ 1200 ~110 (~8~~~110 ~3~0
810~1~-~038~ 10~~(1~(8 800010 0~ 30~30~~0
‫ُﺭ‬
010~( 10 0(0~( 10 001310 10(~~-~038~ 03130~~0 (1000301~0131) ~0113~~8. 10~ 1(308-
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10(01~( ~(1013(~ ~10010~8 01081 0~ 180131~0 1(001 ~3~0 010~(, ~011~ 10~ 8~~0003(~
~10010~8 013~ 0~ ~000~~1~010 ~~~ 0( 0~113. 10~ 1(30810(01~( 8~~0003(~ 18 00(01311~
~000~~1~0 10 ~~~ 10 ~11011031~ 1(1~1~0 03(01001~8 (~ = 3, 6, 9, . . .) 3~~~3(10~ 00
10~ 001~01 ~0113~~8 300 10~ ~1(~011 3((30~~01~01 18 800~0 10 ~1~. 8-40. 1018 3(-
(30~~01~01 (~~01(~8 10(~~ 810~1~-~038~ 1(30810(01~(8, 121(3081810(8 (0( 10~(1810(8),
300 12 0100~8. 1110~ 001~01 ~0113~~8 01 810~1~-~038~ 10~~(1~(8 3(~ 001 ~~(1~~11~
03130~~0 10 013~01100~8 300 ~038~8, 10~ 10(~~-~038~ 001~01 ~0113~~8 ~111 0~ 00-
031(10~~0.
5€~. 8-5 233

+
-,,.
( 8
~(1,,,808~ ~~1,~
1
..... 0
8
(
‫ﻣ‬
~(1,,,8~8~
2
,,,6~
~1
...
~/
et
8
~~(1,,,8~8~ ~1,~
3
~1
rin
(8) 5~,,8~81,~
ee 05 05.
...
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 2
~~1
sy
En
~8
8
02 02.
8
.
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~) 8,~~~,1 (1~89~8~
20..~ 8-4 1/1~~~-))/1~5~ 111,,,~~1~~ (0~~~0 0)11/1~~~ 5111~1~-))/1~5~ 111,,,~~(~~5.
~ 111(~~-~1138~ 0111~111 ~30 0~ 001310~0 1(0111 3 ~0011~11(31100 01 81)( 1(3081810(8

300 81)( 0100~8 38 8110~0 10 )=01~. 8-53. ~11~0 1(3081810( (21 18 8~11~11~0 00, 1~(1111031
(1 18 ~000~~1~0 10 111~ ~08111~~ 1~(1111031 01111~ 0~ 10~111 ~0113~~. ~11~0 1(3081810(
(24 18 8~11~11~0 00, 1~(1111031 (1 18 0(011~11110 111~ 0~~311~~ 1~(1111031 01111~ 0~ 8011(~~.
111~(~ 3(~ 81)( 11100~8 010~~(31100 10 3 ~)1~1~ 300 111~ 011(31100 01 ~3~1111100~ 18 600.
234

01 03 05
~0 ~0
8 0
~04
06 02
(8) ~~~~()~(
‫ﻣ‬
0
et
92
0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
93
0
94
0
rin
95
0
96
0
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~ 1((1051510(5 (1(~ 01.1(00~(~0 10 10~ 5~()1.1~0~~ 0~ ~(1110~ 10~ 1((1051510(5 (~.~., 123,
234, 345, 456, 561, 612) (100 ~(1~0 1((1051510( ~0001.1~15 ~0( 1800. 10~ ~(1110~ 51~0(115
500~010 ~1~. 8-50 (1(~ 501~1~0 ~(0(0 ~(1~0 010~( 0~ 60010 001(110 10(~~-~0(15~ 0(11(10~~0
(~1.100(1(0~01(11) ~011(1~~5.
10~ 10(10 (0(1~ 0~ ~000~~1~0 10 ~~~ 0( 0~11(1 (15 500~0 10 ~1~. 8-6. ~0( (1 0~11(1-
~000~~1~0 10(10, 10~ ~0(15~ ~1.1((~015 ~(10 0~ 001(110~0 01(~~11~ ~(0(0 10~ 110~-10-110~
~011(1~~5. 00~~ 10~ ~0(15~ ~1.1((~015 (1(~ ~00~0, 10~ 110~ ~1.1((~015 ~(10 0~ 0~1~((010~0.
~0( (1 ~~~-~000~~1~0 10(10, 10~ 110~-10-0~1.11((11 ~011(1~~5 (01.1510~ 0~1~((010~0 10 ~100
58~. 8-5 235

~~
(8) 08~18-~0008~180
‫ﻣ‬
111~ 1111~(0( ~1135~) ~11((~1115. 111~(~ 3(~ 111(~~ (1100~5 01 0~~(311011 1113 11311-~)1~1~
3110 111~ ~()111.,,31~1116(~11115 3(~ 5110~11 111~18. 8-73.
et
011(1118 (1100~ 1 10( 0 ~ ())( ~ -../3,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
~ 3~
~~~ ~ + =
2 2
ng
17, 2175
/1
~~~3~
ri
/1~ 175
1)0/1 ee1)0/1 = 2 3
- 2175
1)0/1 -/1~
3
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 8
~0081
8
8
En
0
+
~5
~2
0
~0082
8
~8
8
0
~3
~5
8
~0083
8
~8
0
asy
(8) ~(1~~1/8~801 ~~~~~~15
1/.0
2~.13- --
~5
E
0
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
236

‫ﻣ‬
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ee
rin
g.n
gin
‫ﺔ‬
10~ 110~-10-0~01((11 ...011(1~~5 (1(~ 500~0
En
10 ~1~. 8-70. 10~ 1051(101(10~005 110~-10-

110~ ...011(1~~, 1)~6, 10 ~1~. 8-50 ~(10 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 10 (1 ~00(1~( 5~(1~5, (~~0~01~10~ 10(11
/)~6 15 50111~0 0)1 70/6 (100 10~ ~...~0 0(1((0001~5 (1(~ ~~(0,
~ 4115 ~70.
(
())( 70
) (8-11 )
asy
510 ~ + -
1)
~6 = ,,6
/1~1,3,5,...
-~70 ~05 -6 6
1(0(0 ~~. (8-11) 0)1 ~0(15~ 5011110~ 1)~6 0)11200 (100 2400,
1)6~ (100 1)~~ ~(10 0~ 10000
(~5~~~11...~1)1 ,
.E
~
4115
~05
~70
6
510 ~
(
())(
-
~
2 ) (8-12)
w
/1~1,3,5,... ~70
_ )
‫ُﺭ‬
4115 ~70
510 ~(())( (8-13)
~ 770
ww
1)~~ = ~05
‫ﺷﺩ‬
/1~1,3,5,... ~70 6 6
~~ ~(10 0011~~ 1(0(0 ~~5. (8-11), (8-12), (100 (8-13) 10(11 10~ 1(1~1~0 0(1((0001~5
(~ = 3, 9, 15, . . .) ~0010 0~ ~~(0 10 10~ 110~-10-110~ ...011(1~~5.
1(0(0
10~ 110~-10-110~ ((05 ...011(1~~ ~(10 0~ 10000
(8-14)
237
58~. 8-5

~0(,,
= 1, 111~ (1115 ~3111~ 01111003111~0131 ~0111~00~01 ~30 0~ 101100 1(0111 111~ ~~3~
1113~011110~ 10 8(). (8-11) ~
4 ~5 ~05 300
111.1 = = 0.7797115 (8-15)
070
111~ (1115 ~3111~ 01110~-10-0~111(31 ~0113~~5 ~30 0~ 101100 1(0111 111~ ~1135~ ~0113~~,
~ 1. 0 ~5
~/1 = = = 0.4714~5 (8-16)
0 ~
‫ﻣ‬
~1111 (~51511~~ 10305, 111~ 0100~5 3~(055 111~ 1(3051510(5 113~~ 00 1110~11005. 11
111~ 1030 15 10011~11~~, 111~ ~11((~01 10 ~3~11 3(111 01111~ 10~~(1~( ~01110 0~ 0~13~~0 10
et
115~0113~~ 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 8-8. ~11~0 1(3051510(
~4 10 ~1~. 8-53 15 011, 111~001~
~310 10( 111~ 0~~311~~ 110~ ~11((~01 1,, 15 111(011~11 /)1- 1-1~0~~ 111~ 1030 1~(1111031 (1 15
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
~000~~1~0 10 111~ 0~ 5011(~~ 111(011~11 /)1 110111111~ 1030 ~11((~01 (~~~(5~5 115 ~013(11~
311 = 11. 011(10~ 10~ ~~(10010( 0 ~ 1~ 1), 1(3051510(
~1 ~111001 ~00011~1. 51111113(1~,
ng
1(3051510( ~4 ~111 001~ 513(1 10 ~00011~1 31 1 = 12. 111~ 1(3051510(5 (0( 111~(1510(5)
11111510~ ~001101101151~ ~31~0, 510~~ 111~ ~00011~1100 11111~011(3051510(5 300 0100~5
0~~~005 00 111~ 1030 ~0~~( 13~10(.
ri
2~ ,)3
ee
~,)3
gin
‫ﺔ‬ En
asy
...~11..~ 8-8 111~~~-~1135~ 1/1,,,~~(~~ ~1(11

~1- 1030_
~~301.,1~ 8-4
E
111~ 111(~~-~1135~ 10~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 8-53 1135 3 ~)1~-~01111~~1~~ (~51511,,,~ 103~ 01 ~ = 10
0. 111~ 10~~(1~( 1(~()1.1~11~)11510 = 60 112 311~ 111~ ~~ 111~1.11,,,0113~~ 15 ~5 = 220 ~.
w.
(3) ~)(~(~55 111~ 111513111311~01.151111~-10-1111~ ,,,0113~~, 11./)(1), 311~ 1111~~1.1((~111, 1.(1), 1113
~01.1(1~( 5~(1~5. 0~1~(111.111~ 111~ (0) (111.51111~,,,0113~~,
~1.~ (~) ~111.5~1135~ ,,,0113~~, ~,,~
‫ُﺭ‬
(~) (111.5110~ ,,,0113~~ 31111~ 11.10~3111.~01311(~()1.1~11~)1, ~ 1.1~ (~) (111.5~1135~ ,,,0113~~ 31 111~
ww
11.111~3111.~111311(~()1.1~11~)1,
~,,1~ (1) 10131113(111.0111~ ~1510(11011, 1110~ (~) ~1510(110013~10(,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0~~ (11) 113(111.0111~13~10( 311~ ~1510(11011 13~10( 01111~ 10~~51-0(~~( 113(111.0111~~(1) 103~
~0~~(, /10~ 0) 3,,,~(3~~ 1(31151510~ ~1.1((~111, /0~ 311~ (/() ~111.51(31151510~ ~1.1~(~111, /8..
8011.111011 ~5 = 220~, ~ 0) )(
= 100,10 = 60 112, 311~ = 2,. 60 = 377 (3~/5.
(3) 111~ 11151311130~01.15 1111~-10-1111~ ,,,0113~~ 11./)(1) ~311 0~ ~~111~11 35
11./)(1) = 242.58 5111(3771 + 300) - 48.52 51115(3771 + 300)
- 34.66 51117(3771 + 300) + 22.05 511111(3771 + 300)
+ 18.66 511113(3771 + 300) - 14.27 511117(3771 + 300) +
238

10~ ~0(15~ ~011(1~~ 15 1)~~(() = 1/~,,(()/~

~110 (1 0~1(1~ 01 300, (1110 01~10111~ 10~ ~0(15~
~011(1~~ 0~ 10~ 10(10 1~5151(111~~ (~ = 10 0) ~1~~5 10~ 11151(1111(111~0115(01 ~0(15~) ~1111~111
(15
1~(() = 14 5111 (377() - 2.801 51115(377()
- 2.0 51117(377() + 1.273 511111(3770

+ 1.0775111 13(377() - 0.8245111 17(377() +
(0) ~10111~~. (8-14), 1/1-= 0.8165 )( 220 = 179.63~.
(~) ~10111~~. (8-16), 1/,, = 0.4714 )( 220 = 103.7~.
(0) ~10111~~. (8-15), 1//.1 = 0.7797 )( 220 = 171.53~.
‫ﻣ‬
(~) 1/,,1 = 1/1-1/~ = 99.03 ~.
(1) ~10111 ~~. (8-14), 1/1-1 = 0.77971/~
1/2
t
= (1/~ - 1/~)1/2 = 0.242361/~
e
1/~)
(~5~11
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~10111~~. (8-5),11-10 = 0.242361//(0.77971/~) = 31.08%.
(~) (~~)1/2 = 0.006681/~

~~~5~11,
rin
~10111~~. (8-6), 0~ = 0.006681//(0.77971/~) = 0.857%.
(0) 10~ 10~~51-010~1 0(111110111~1510~ 11110, 1/1-5 = 1/1-1/5. ~10111 ~~. (8-4), 1-1~5
(1) ~01 ~~~-~01111~~1~0

ee
= 1/1-5/1/1-1= 1/5 = 20%, (1110110111~~. (8-7), 0~5 = (1/1-5/52)/1/1-1= 1/125 = 0.8%.
10(105, 10~ 1111~~1111~111 15 10~ 5(1111~(15 10~ ~0(15~ ~1111~111
(1110 10~ 111151111~~(111~111, 11- = 1/,,/10 = 103.7/10 = 10.37~. 10~ 10(10 ~0~~1,
gin
)( )(
110 = 31/,,1,, = 3 103.9 10.37 = 3226.4 ~
‫ﺔ‬ ()) 10~ (1~~1(1~~ 5(1~~1~ ~(111~111, 1~ = 110/220 = 3226.4/220
(1~~1(1~~ 11(111515101 ~(111~111, 10 = 14.67/3
En
= 4.89 ~.
= 14.67 ~ (1110 10~
(/() 8111~~ 10~ 1111~~(111~11115 50(11~0 0~ 1~011(1115151015, 10~ 11115~(11(1~ 01 (111(111515101

~(111~11115 18, = 11-/0 = 10.37/0 = 7.33 ~.
asy
.E
10 10(10~ 10005111(11 (1~~11~(111005, 11 15 011~0 1~()011~0 10 ~001101111~ 001~01 ~011(1~~

0110~~11~15 (1) 10 ~0~~ ~1111 111~ ~(111(111005 01 0~ 10~01 ~011(1~~, (2) 101 ~011(1~~
w
1~~01(11100 0110~~11~15, (100 (3) 101 111~ ~0051(101 ~0115/11~()0~0~~ ~001101 1~()011~-
10~01. 111~1~ (11~ ~(111005 1~~1101()0~5 10 ~(11~ 111~ 10~~11~1 ~(110. 111~ 10051 ~111~1~01
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
10~11100 01 ~001101110~ 111~ ~(110 ((100 001~0. ~011(1~~) 15 10 10~01~01(11~ ~015~-~10111-

‫ﺷﺩ‬
100001(11100 (~~~) ~001101 ~111110 111~ 10~~(~~15. 111~ ~01010001~ 05~0 1~~1101()0~5
(11~~
1. 510~1~-~015~-~10111100001(11100
2. ~0111~1~-~015~-~10111100001(11100
3. 51005010(11 ~015~-~10111100001(11100
4. ~00111~0 51005010(11~015~-~10111100001(11100
5. ~11(15~-015~1(1~~10~01 ~001101
58~. 8-6 239

6
()8~~16~ 519(18~
~6/6~6(1~6
,,,,
519(18~
~0
~,.,1
~1
~1
~~~~~~~~91
‫ﻣ‬
~- 0 _~ 8816 5~9(18~
/0~1~8(15~510~
01
~0 ,.,1
1(_0 1( 1(
~+~ 21(
t
94 2
2 2 2 2
.ne
8816 5~9(18~/0~ 04 ,.,1
0 1(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
-,,0 21(
~5
_0_
ng
0 1(_0 1(
~+~
1(
31( 21(
2 2 2 2 2 2
-~5
eri
ine
8-9
‫ﺔ‬
10 510~1~-11015~-~10111111000131100
111~ ~10111
0(10~~
5110~5
(~1~(~0~~
01111~
111~ ~~0~(31100
10~~(1~(5.
51~031
sy
111~
En
g
11015~ 15 ~3(1~0
01 31111111100~,
01 ~3110~
~3110~
~.,
~001(01,
10 ~001(01
51~0315
51~0315
3(~
111~(~ 15 001)1 00~
300
111~ 10~~(1~(
~~0~(31~0
~1111 3 1(130~013(
0011101
~3((1~(
~0113~~
11015~ 11~( 11311-~)1~1~ 300
0011101
0)1 ~0111113(10~
~3~~
~0113~~.
01 510~1~-111135~
3 (~~130~013(
01 31111111100~,
~1~0(~
1011-
~~.
111~ 1(~()0~0~)1 01111~ ~3((1~( ~3~~ 0~1~(11110~5 111~ 10003111~01311(~()0~0~)1 010011101
~0113~~. 13)1 ~3()110~ ~. 1(0111 0 10 ~0 111~ 111.115~~10111, 0, ~30 0~ ~3(1~0 1(0111 0 10
1800. 111~ (3110 01 ~. 10 ~~ 15 111~ ~001(01 ~3(1301~ 300 0~110~0 35 111~ 11100,/1/(1(/011
Ea
/110,~~. 111~ 111000131100 100~)(,
(8-17)
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(70+8)/2 1/2
2
~0 = (- 1 ~~ 0,(0)0
)
(8-18)
270 (70-8)/2
111~ ~00(1~( 5~(1~5 01 0011101 ~0113~~ )11~105
4 ~5 . 110 .
- 510 - 510 110)( (8-19)
1170 2
~ ~01111101~( 11(0~(3111 03111~0 ~~0(1-5 15 0~~~1011~0 10 ~~31031~ 111~ 11~(10(111-
30~~ 01 510~1~-111.115~ 111001.1131100 10( 510~1~-111135~ 1011-0(10~~ 10~~(1~(5 300 111~ 11(0-
240

‫ﻣ‬
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ~1~(1..~ 8-10 11~(111001~ ()(0(11~ 0( 510~1~-
()(115~-~1011111100(11~1100 .
rin
~(3111 15 1151~0 10 ~()()~001)( ~. ~1~11(~ 8-10 500~5 10~ 03(111001~ ()(0111~ ~110 10~
,,,3(131100 011110011131100 100~)(,~. 10~ 0011110301 03(111001~ 15 10~ 101(0, 300 10~
01510(1100 13~10( 10~(~35~5 51~0111~3011~ 31 3 10~ 0111()111,,,0113~~.
ee
gin
10~ 03(111001~ ~001~01 ~30 0~ (~011~~0 0~ 11510~ 5~,,,~(31 ()1115~5 10 ~3~0 0311-~~~1~ 01
‫ﺔ‬
0111()111,,,0113~~. 10~ ~~0~(31100 01 ~3110~ 51~031510( 111(010~ 00 300 011011(3051510(5
15 500~0
~3,,,~.
10 ~1~. 8-113 0~ ~0111()3(10~ 3 (~1~(~0~~ 51~031 ~110 3 1(130~1113( ~3((1~(
En
10~ 1(~~1.1~0~~ 01 (~1~(~0~~ 51~031 5~15 10~ 0111()1111(~~11~0~~, /0, 300 10~
~3((1~( 1(~~11~0~~, /0 0~1~(11110~5 10~ 0111110~( 01 ()1115~5 ()~( 0311-~~~1~,~.
1110011131100 100~)( ~001(015 10~ 0111()111 ,,,0113~~.
10~
1015 1~()~ 01111001.1131100 15 3150
asy
~00~0 35 1111/./0,.,11~11/5~-~/.0.(/1. 11100.11/(1(/.011(0~~~). 10~ 01.11110~( 01 ()1115~5 ()~(

0311-~~~1~ 15 101100 1(0111
(8-20)
.E
,,,3(1~5 10~ ()1115~ ~1010 1(0111 0 10

10~ ,,,3(131100 011110011131100 100~)( ~ 1(0111 0 10 1
w
-../~ 300 10~ 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ 1(0111 0 10 115. 10~ 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ 10( 510~1~-()035~
‫ُﺭ‬
0(10~~ 10,,,~(1~(5 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 8-110.
ww
110 15 10~ ~1010 01 ~3~0 ()1115~, 10~ (1115 0111()111 ,,,0113~~ ~30 0~ 101100 1(0111
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(.,,/,,+0)/2 1/2
2~ ~0
11 = - 1120.((0() = 115 - (8- 21 )
~
()
_
( 2-.. ~(.,,/,, 8)/2
5
) -..
10~ ~~0~(31 10(111 01 3 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5 10( 10~ 105130130~0115 01.11()111 ,,,0113~~ 15
1)0(() = ~
,,~ 1.3.5...
(..4,, ~05 11(0( + 3,, 510 11(0() (8-22)
58~. 8-6 241

‫ﻣ‬
et
,,0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ee
rin
g.n
gin
10~ ~0~~~1~1~1118 .4,, 11110 13,, 111 8(). (8-22) ~1111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 0)1 ~011810~(111~ 11 ()111(
‫ﺔ‬
0~ ()1.118~8 81.1~0 1011110~
011~ 0~ 10~ 811111~ ~1010
1~ 10~ ()08111~~
10, 10~ ~01.1(1~(
En
()08111~~
~~~~~18 0~ 1111()1.118~8 ~11110~ ~01110111~0
~0~~~1~1~1118
sy
8111(18
()1.118~ 0~ 01.1(1111011 5 8111(18 111 ().)(
111 ().)(
=
10~~10~(
()1.118~ 0~ 11110 ()111( 8111(18 111 ().)(
10 +~.
~0( 11 ()111( 0~ ()1.118~8 11(~

10 0011111110~
= ~,,,
=
~~~~~11~~
~ 11110 10~ 11~~1111~~
1018 18 800~11 111~1~. 8-110. 10~
01.11()1.11~01111~~.
11110 ~1108 111 ().)( = ~,,, +
()(~+8
2~ 2~
1_
(1,, = ---2 ~08 11().)(€1(().)0 ---2 (811111(~,,, + 5) - 811111~,,,)
10 = 1110
Ea
(8-23)
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
4 ~5 . 115. 5
= -1110 8111 -
2 8111 11 ~
( ,,, 2) +- (8-24)
(8-25)
13,, (8-26)
242

~0/=(%)
1.0 ~5 5.0
~=5
0.8 4.0
0.6 3.0
‫ﻣ‬
0.4 2.0
0.2 ~5 1.0
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
0 0
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 ~1~11..~ 8-12 113(010111~ ()(0111~ 01 01111()()1~-
ng
()111$~-~10111 01001113()011.
eri
~ ~0111~01~( ~(0~((1111 11(1111~0 ~~00-5 18 08~0 10 ~~(110(11~ 111~ ~~(10(111(111~~
011110111~1~ ~018~ 1110001(111011, (10.0 111~ ~(0~((1111 18 1181~0 111 ~~~~0.(1)(~. ~1~0(~
8-12 8110~8 111~ 11(1(1110111~ ~(0111~ (1~(111181111~ ~(1(1(111011 011110001(111011 1110~)( 10( 11~~
ine
~018~8 ~~( 11(111-~)1~1~. 111~ 0(0~( 0111(1(1110111~8 18 111~ 8(1111~ (18 111(11 01 8111~1~-~018~
1110001(111011. 111~ 01810(11011 1(1~10( 18 (~00~~0 81~11111~(11111)1 ~0111~(1(~0 10 111(11 01
8111~1~-~018~ 1110001(111011. 1-10~~~~(, 00~ 10 111~ 1(1(~~( 1101110~( 018~11~11111~ 011 (10.0
0~
‫ﺔ‬
011 ~(0~~88~8
~(~(18~.
10~~(,
1-10~~~~(,
1111~(~0
~11111(1(~~(
001.
001
01 ~0~~( 1((11181810(8
~(110~8
111~ (1111~11100~8
80~11111~11~(-0(0~(
sy
E ng
01 ~,
(0(
01 80111~
11(1(1110111~8 ~(000~~
111)1(1810(8),
111~ (1111~11100~8
111~11~(-0(0~(
111~ 8~11~11111~
0110~~(-0(0~(
1088~8
11(1(1110111~8 ~0010
11~~11~101~ (1~~1~ 0(
~0010
11(1(1110111~8 ~0010
111~(~(18~.
~(10. ~(1811)1 0~
111-
Ea
11181~(10 01111(11111(111110.~ 111~ ~10111 01 (111 ~018~8 111~ 8(1111~ (18 111 111~ ~(18~ 011110111~1~-
~018~ 1110001(111011, 111~ ~10111 01 ~(1~11 ~018~ 18 ~(1(1~0 111 ~(0~0(1100. 10 111~ (1111~11100~
w.
01 (1 8111~ ~(1~~ ~~(110(11~0 (11 111~ ~~111~( 01111~ 8(1111~ ~018~. 111~ 01810(11011 1(1~10(
(1110 10~~(-0(0~( 11(1(1110111~8 (1(~ (~00~~0 81~11111~(11111)1. 111~ ~(11111~ 81~0.(118 (18 8110~11
(1
‫ُﺭ‬
111 ~1~. 8-13(1 (1(~ ~~11~((11~0 0)1 ~0111~(1(111~ (1 811108010(11 (~1~(~11~~ 81~11(11 ~1111
ww
1(1(111~01(1( ~(1((1~( ~(1~~ 011(~().0~0.~)1,

‫ﺷﺩ‬
/0. 11118 1)1~~ 01 1110001(11100. 18 ~01111110(11)1

08~0 111 1110081(1(11 (1~~11~(11100.8 (1110 (100(~~1(11~0 (18 5~~~. 111~ 1(~().0~11~)1 01 (~1-
~(~0.~~ 81~0.(11, /0 0~1~(111111~8 111~ 111~~(1~( 001~01 1(~().0~11~)1, /0, (1110 118 ~~(1~ (1111-
~11100~, .4~, ~0111(018 111~ 1110001(111011 10.0~)(, ~, (1110 (1118 001~01 ~011(1~~, ~0. 111~
1101110~( 01 ~018~8 ~~( 11(111-~)1~1~ 0~~~1108 011 111~ ~(1((1~( 1(~().0~11~)1. ~1111111 111~
~01181((11111111(111~0 1((11181810(8 01111~ 8(1111~ (1(111 (()1 (1110 ()4) ~(10.0.01 ~00.00~1 (11111~
8(1111~ 11111~, 111~ 11181(10.1(111~008 001~01 ~011(1~~ 18 8110~11 10. ~1~. 8-13(1. 111~ 8(1111~
~(11111~ 81~11(118 ~(111 0~ ~~11~((11~0 0)1 08111~ 011101(~~11011(11 1(1(111~01(1( ~(1((1~( ~(1~~ (18
8110~0. 111 ~1~. 8-130.
58~. 8-6 243

~616~8(1~8
5~9(18.~
2,,
‫ﻣ‬
91
et
(0(
0 2,,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
9_
(0(
0
~0
-,,.
rin
(0(
0 2,,
- -,,.
ee (8.)
gin
,,,0
‫ﺔ‬ ,,,,
0
sy
En
~-~
- ,,,0
(0(
(0)
a
.E
1/1~ (1115 01.11))1.11~01138~ ~311 0~ ~3(1~0 1(0111 0 10 115 0)1 ~3()11118 1/1~ 111001.11311011
w
1110~)( 1-.11(0111 0 10 1. 11 ~311 0~ 005~(~~0 1/1311/1~ 3(~3 01 ~3~/1 ))1.115~ ~0((~5))01105

3))))(0)(111131~1)110 1/1~ 3(~3 1.1110~( 1/1~ 5111~ ~3~~ 0~1~~~11 1/1~ (0)3~~11111110))011115 01
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
011 ))~(1005 011 1/1~ 8311118 51811315. 11 0~ 15 1/1~ ~101/1 011111/1 ))1.115~, ~().. (8-21) ~311
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0~ ~)(1~110~0 10 11110 1/1~ (1115 01.11))1.11~01138~

1/2
110 = 115
(~,,,~ 1
0~
70 ) (8-27)
~().1.13110115 (8-25) 3110 (8-26) ~311 3150 0~ 3))))11~0 10 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ ~01.1(1~( ~0~111~1~1115
01 01.11))1.11~01138~ 35
11,, = ~
~~1
2115
1170
(511111(0.~ + 0~) - 5111110.,,,) (8-28)
244

(8-29)
~ ~0111~111~1 ~10~1(1111 0.(1111~0 ~~0(1-6 15 0~~~10~~0 10 0~1~111110.~ 10~ ~1010

01 ~1115~5 (10.0 10 ~~(1111(11~ 10~ 0(1111100.1~ ~10111~ 01 510.115010(11 11100111(11100.. 10~
0(1111100.1~ ~10111~ 15 500~0. 10. ~1~. 8-14 10111~~ ~1115~5 ~~10(111-~)1~1~. 10~ 0151011100.
1(1~10115 51~0.111~(10.11)11~011~~0 ~0111~(11~0 10 10(11 0111111111~1~-~1115~ 1110011)(11100.. 1015
1)1~~ 01 1110011)(11100. ~1111110.(11~5 (111 0(1111100.1~5 1~55 10(10. 01 ~((11(11 10 2~ - 1. ~01
~ = 5, 10~ 10~~51-010~1 0(1111100.1~ 15 0.10.10.
‫ﻣ‬
0~(%)
~ 1.0
~.
0.8
e t
~=5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
0.8
g.n
0.6
0.6
rin
0.4
0.4
~11 =~13
----------------
-
0.2
ee 0.2
-- - _ ~9=~15
-- --
gin
0 0
1.0 0.8 0.6
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
0.4 0.2 0 ~1~(1..~ 8-14 1-13..111001~ ()..0(11~ 0( 51(1)-

501031 ~1)15~-~10(/1-111001)13(100.
~1~111~ 8-13 10.01~(11~5 10(1110~ ~10105 01 ~1115~5 10(11 (11~ 0.~(11~1 10~ ~~(1)( 0110~ 510.~
~(1~~ 00 0.01 ~0(10.~~ 51~0.111~(10.11)1 ~110 10~ ~(111(11100. 011110011)(11100. 10.0~)(. 1015 15
Ea
011~ 10 10~ ~0(11(1~1~11511~5 01 (1 510.~ ~(1~~, (10.0 10~ 5~~~ 1~~00.1((11~ ~(10. 0~ 11100111~0
50 10(11 10~ ~(1111~1 ~(1~~ 15 (1~~11~0 011110.~ 10~ 11151 (10.0 )(151 600 10.1~1~(1)5 ~~1 0(111-
~)1~1~ (~.~., 010 600 (10.0120010 1800). 10151)1~~ 0111100111(11100.15 )(0.0~0. (15 ~5~~~
w.
(10.0 500~0. 10. ~1~. 8-15. 10~ 1110.0(1111~0.1(11 ~0111~00.~0.11510.~1~(15~0 (10.01150(1111100.1~

~0(113~1~11511~5 (11~ 1111~10~~0. 111~011~~5 10~ 0.111110~1 015~11~010.~ 01 ~0~~1 0~~1~~5
‫ُﺭ‬
(10.0 3150 1~011~~5 5~11~010.~ 1055~5.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ ~0111~111~1 ~10~1(1111 0.(1111~0 ~~0(1-7, ~01~015 )151~0 10. ~~~~0.01)( ~, 0~1~1-

11110.~5 10~ ~1115~ ~10105 (10.0 ~~(1111(11~5 10~ ~~110111130.~~ 0111100111~0 5~~~. 10~
0.111110~1 01 ~11)5~5, (), 10. 10~ 600 ~~1100 15 110(1113)))11~131~0 10 10~ 11~((11~11~)113110,
~(1111~11)(111)110. 101~~-~0(15~ 10.~~11~15, 0)1
(8-30)
58~. 8-6 245

‫ﻣ‬
91
et
,.,(
0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
94
,.,(
0
rin
ee
gin
~ 0113~~ ~0111(01 ~311 0~ 0013111~0 0)1115111~ 11111111~1~ 111~~(1~(5 3110 511111111111~111~ 0111~111
‫ﺔ‬
~0113~~5 0~ 11101~101131 111~~(1~(5.
~311 0~ ~~(~~1~~0
015~13~~111~111 ~(0011~~5
(0( 015~13~~111~111)
35 111~ 5111110~ 1~0
311~1~ 0~
En
311 0111~111 ~0113~~
111~ (1115 0111~111 ~0113~~,

sy
~
~(0011~~5
~ 5111~1~-~1135~
1131~-0(10~~
35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-16~,
~1111-0(10~~
111~~(1~(5111
~11~(~35
311 0111~111 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-16~.
~1~.
111~~(1~(
8-13. ~
111 ~1~. 8-23
1800 ~1135~
3 0~13)1
(8-31)
Ea
w.
~ 2~5.
- 5111110)(
/1 ~ 1,3,5,.. 1170
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ 111513111311~0115 0111~111 ~0113~~,
2~5
~
/1~1,3,5,... 1170
(5111 110)( - 5111 11(0)( - ~)) (8-32)
5111~~ 5111~ - 5111 13 = 2 5111((~ + 13)/2) ~05 ((~ - 13)/2), ~~, (8-32) ~3110~
246

~.0
~(8.) 2
0 ,.,1
~00 1800
~2
,.,1
(0) 0 1800
~.~
~.
(~)
,.,1
‫ﻣ‬
0
1800 3600
~00
(~)
~(11
t
2 3600
e
0 ,.,1
1800
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(8)
rin
ee
gin
~
~
4 ~, 11~
(
‫ﺔ‬ 111~ (1115 ~3111~ 01111~
1)~0 =
sy
En
11~1.3.5
1111103111~11131
~1
1110
5111
0111~111
= -0
4~5
2
~0113~~
10
.
5111
~05 11
~
2
15
())(
-
2)
(8-33)
(8-34)
~().1136011 (8-34) 11101~31~511131111~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ ~311 0~ ~3(1~0 0)1 ~3()1111~ 111~ 0~13)1
Ea
311~1~. 11115 1)1~~ 01 ~0111(01 15 ~5~~~1(11)1115~111110( 111~11-~0~~( 3~~11~360115, (~-

().111(111~ 3 13(~~ 11111110~( 011(31151510(5 (0( 111)1(1510(5) 111 ~3(311~1.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
~ 111(~~-~1135~ 111~~(1~( (113)1 0~ ~011510~(~0 35 111(~~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 111~~(1~(5 3110 111~

‫ﺷﺩ‬
0111~111 01 ~3~11 5111~1~-~1135~ 111~~(1~( 15 511111~0 0)11200. 111~ ~0113~~ ~0111(011~~11-

111().11~5 015~1155~0 111 5~~11011 8-6 3(~ 3~~11~301~ 10 111(~~-~1135~ 111~~(1~(5. ~5 311
~)(3111~1~, 01~ ~~11~(3110115 01 ~31111~ 51~11315 ~1111 511111501031 ~1115~-~101111110011136011
3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-17. 111~(~ 3(~ 111(~~ 511111501031 (~1~(~11~~ ~3~~5 ~3~11 511111~0
0)1 1200. 111~ ~3((1~( ~3~~ 15 ~0111~3(~0 ~1111111~ (~1~(~11~~ 51~1131 ~0((~5~0110111~
10 3 ~1135~ 10 ~~11~(31~ 111~ ~31111~ 51~11315 10( 11131 ~1135~. 111~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15
3150 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-17.
58~. 8-7 247

(0(
91
(0/
‫ﻣ‬
(0/
.,,.0
et
~5
(0/
~,.3(1)))1~ 8-5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ee
rin
g.n
~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-0(10~~ 111,,,~((~( ~0111(015 (11~ ~0,,,,,~( 1113 (~51511,,,~ 1030. 111~ 110(1111131
gin
,,,31(1~ 01111~111 0~ ,,,01(3~~ 15 11, 220 ~ 3110 3 1111110(11)~(115~-,,,,,10(11 (1100111311011 ,,,,,1111
=
11,,,~ ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~)1~1~ 15 115~0. ~0( 111~ (~().(11(~0 ~0111(01, 111~ ,,,,,1011101 ~3~11 ~1115~
‫ﺔ‬ 15300.
~055101~
50(1(~~.
(3) 0~1~((11111~ 111~ ((115 ,,,0113~~ 01111~ 1030.
En
(0) 11111~ 0~ 511~~1)1111~(~35~5 0)1

10%, 0~1~((11111~ 111~~(115~ ,,,,,1011110 (11311113111111~53(11~ 1030 ~0,,,,,~(.
~1115~ ,,,,,10111 15 350, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (111111(11(1(11
80111(100 (3) 11, = 220 ~, /1 = 5, 3110 8 = 300.

sy
(~) 11111~ (113)(1(1111(11

3110,,,,,301~ 11(111101111~ 0~ 111~(11
~(0(11 ~().. (8-21), 110 = 220

)(
~5 30/180 = 200.8 ~.
)(
(0) 11, = 1.1 220 = 242~. 05111~~().. (8-21),242 ~513/180 = 200.83110
11115~1,,,~5111~(~().111(~0,,,3111~01 ~1115~,,,,,/0111,8 = 24.750.
Ea
(~) 10 (11311113111111~ 0111~111 ,,,0113~~ 01200.8 ~055101~ ~1115~ ,,,,,/0111

31111~ (113)(1(1111(11
018 = 350, 111~111~111,,,0113~~ ~311 0~ 10111101(0(11 200.8 = 11,~5 )(
35/180, 3110 11115
)11~105 111~ (111111(1111(11
3110,,,,,301~ 111~111,,,0113~~, 11, = 203.64 ~.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~().11(111011 (8-33) 11101~(1(~8 01(11 111~ 11111 11(1(1110111~ ~(111 0~ ~1111110(11~0 0)1 (1 ~(0~~(
~1101~~ 01 018~1(1~~111~01 (10~1~, ~, 11
. 11~
8102 0
(8-35)
11
248

~0
--(11
0
.. 2..
2
- ~5 - _11-
(12 ~
- 1
‫ﻣ‬
11- (11
t
.ne
~=
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(1110 01~ 111110 11(111110111~~111 /)~ ~11111111(11~0 1~ 360/3 = 1200. ~ ~(1110~ 1111~(1111~0
11(111110111~5 (11 111~ 0111~111 0~ 5111~1~-~11(15~ 111~~11~15 ~(111 /)~ ~11111111(11~0 /))1111110011~111~
(1 ~(111 0~ 5)1111111~111~(111)1~1(1~~0 ~011(1~~ 110(~/1~5 (15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-18.
ng
111~ ~01111~1 5~11~5 0~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ ~(111 /)~ ~)(~1~55~0 (15
~
1)0 =
eri
,,~ 1,3.5,..
~,, 5111 11())( (8-36)
ine
4~, (,,,.511111())((/(())1) _ (,,,2511111())((/(())() (70/2511111())((/(())()
~,,= +
~ ( )0 )0.1 )0.2 )
‫ﺔ‬ =
4~~ 1 - 2~0511~1
111~ 111/10 (1110 ~1~11111(111110111~5 ~01110

~1~~5 111~ 11~~~55(11)1~~11(111011510 /)~ 501~~0,
sy
En
g
11
+ 2~0511~2
/)~ ~11111111(11~0 1~ ~3 = ~5 = 0 (1110~~. (8-37)

(8-37)
1 - 2~053~1 + 2~053~2 =0 ~2 = ~~05-1(~053~1 - 0.5) (8-38)

1- + 2~055~2 = 0 + 0.5)
Ea
2~055~1 ~1 = ~~05-1(~055~2 (8-39)

~~11(11/0115 (8-38) (1110 (8-39) ~(111 /)~ 501~~0 11~1(111~~1)1 /))111111/(111)1 (15511111111~111(11 ~1
= 0 (1110 1~~~(11111~ 111~ ~(11~111(1110115 ~01 ~1 (1110 ~2. 111~ 1~5111115 ~1 = 23.620 (1110
w.
~2 = 33.30.
111~ 111001~1~0 5111115010(11 ~1115~-~10111-11100111(11/011 1~~11111~11~5 ~(111 /)~ (1~~11~0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
10 ~~11~1(11~ 111~ 1101~11~5 ~111~11 ~01110 ~11111111(11~~~11(1111 11(111110111~5 ~~~~~11~~1)1111 111~

‫ﺷﺩ‬
0111~111 ~011(1~~, (15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-19. ~~11(11/011 (8-37) ~(111 /)~ ~)(1~110~0 10 111
1101~11~5 ~~1 ~11(111~1-~(1~~~
(8-40)
111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~5 0~ 1~0 01 11101~ 111~~11~15 111(1)1 /)~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~11~5
1111011~11 (1 11(1115~01111~1 10 1~011~~ 01 ~11111111(11~ ~~11(1111 1111~(1111~0 11(111110111~5. 111~
(111(111~~111~111 ~01 ~0111/)111111~ 1~0 111~~11~1 0111~111 ~011(1~~5 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-20(1.
58~. 8-8 249

~0
‫ﻣ‬
111~ ~3~~10(1115 10( 111~ 0111~111 01 ~3(11 111~~(1~( 3110 111~ (~511113111 0111~111 ~0113~~
3(~ 5110~11 111~1~. 8-200. 111~ 5~(0110 111~~(1~( 15 ~1135~ 511111~0 0)1 -../3.
et
~(0111 8~. (8-9), 111~ 0111~111 0111(51111~~(1~( (311 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 35
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1)0) = ./1) 5111 0)( + ./13 5111 30)( + ./15 5111 50)( +
5111(~ 111~ 0111~111 015~(0110 111~~(1~(, 1)02, 15 0~13)1~0 0)1 -../3,
rin
1)02 = ./1) 5111(0)( - + ./1351113 (0)( - + ./1551115( 0)( + . .
~) ~) ~)
= + = 0 (./1) 5111(0)( - + ./1551115(0)( + ~) + . . .)

1)0 1)0) 1)02
ee ~)
111~(~10(~, 3 ~1135~ 511111111~01 -../3 3110 (01110111111~ ~0113~~5 0)11(311510(111~( (01111~(-
gin
11011 ~01110 ~1111111131~1111(0 (3110 311 1(1~1~11) 113(1110111(5. 11 51101110 0~ 1101~0 11131
‫ﺔ‬
111~ (~511113111 1111103111~11131(0111~011~111 15 0/2
0111~111 ~0113~~5 3110 111~ ~11~(11~~ 0111~1111135 0~~11 (~011(~0
En
111~ 113(1110111( ~111111113110111~(11111~11~5,~111(113(~

sy
...,.
~01
(= 0.866) 01 11131 10(
0)1 (1 - 0.866 =
11101~101131
) 13.4%.
0111)151111301~ 10( 11)(~0 0111~111
,.,1
0 ,, 2,,
Ea
- ...,.
+
. . ~02
~01 ~~...,.
w.
0 ,, ,, 2,,
3
‫ُﺭ‬
- ...,.
ww
~0
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0
. . ...,.
1-
~~0
...,.
,.,1
(8) 8~~~()~1 (~) ~8~810~,,,5
..1~0..~ 8- 20 0( 113..1110111~5 0~ 1..3115(0(111~..

~11111111311011 ~01111~~11011.
250 ~~..,8(18(5 ~~8~.

8

.,,01138~, 111(.~35~ 111~ 0.0~. 01 113.(110111(5 3110 .~01.1(~ 111~ 512~5 01 01.11~1.11 1111~..
1-/0~~.,,~., 11115 30.,,311138~ 51101.110 0~ ~~1811~0 38311151 111~ 111(.~35~0 5~11(111118 1055~5
01 ~0~~. 0~.,,1(~5 3110 111(.~35~0 1.011 (0. (113811~11( 1055~5) 111 111~ 1.311510.(11~. 01.1~
10 111811~. 113.(110111( 1.~().1.1~11(1~5.
~)(301))1~ 8-6
~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-~3.,,~ 111.,,~(1~( 115~5 11111111~1~1101~11~5 3110 15 (~~111(~0 10 ~1111111131~

~3.,,~. 1)~-
111~ 111111, 5~.,,~11111, ~1~.,,~11111, 3110 111111~~11111113(1110111~5 1(0111 111~ 0111~111
1~(111111~111~ 11111110~( 011101~11~5 3110 111~1( 311~1~5.
‫ﻣ‬
80101100 ~0( ~1111111131101101111~ 111111, 5~.,,~11111, ~1~.,,~11111, 3110 111111~~11111113(1110111~5,
.45 = .47 = .4,, = .4,3 = 0. ~011( 1101~11~5~~( ~113(1~1-~3.,,~ ~01110 0~ (~~111(~0.
~~11311011(8-40) ~1.,,~5111~10110~111~5~1 01110111111~3(~~11311011510 501.,,~ 10( 111~311~1~5.
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
- 2 ~05 11(1, + 2 ~05 11(12 - 2 ~0511(13 + 2 ~05 11(14 = 0
rin
1 - 2 ~05 13(1, + 2 ~05 13(12 - 2 ~05 13(13 + 2 ~05 13(14
= 0
= 32.870
(1,
= 10.550 (12
= 16.090
ee (13
= 30.910 (14
1-/0(~. 1115 1101 31~3)15 11~(~553.)110 ~11(1111131~ 111~ 1111.0113.(110111( (3110 1.1~1~11),
gin
~111(11 3.~ 1101110.(11311)1 ~.~5~111111 111.~~-~1135~ (01111~(110115. 111~.~101~, 111 111.~~-
‫ﺔ‬
~1135~ 111.,,~.1~.5,
(110111(5 01 01.11~1.11 .,,01138~5,
11 15 ~.~1~.301~
En
50 11131111~
10 ~11(1111131~ 111~ 111111, 5~.,,~11111, 3110 ~1~.,,~11111113.-
10~~51-0.0~. 113.(110111( 15 111~ 1111.1~~11111.
asy
111~ 5~(1~5 (~50113111111.,,~.1~(5 3.~ 035~0 011 .~50113111 (1.1..~111 05(111311011. 111~ (0(11-
0~.,,1(~ 3.~ ~13(~0 111 5~.1~5 ~1111 111~ 1030 10
(111.11311118 (0(11~011~1115 3110 5~11(111118
10.(11 311 1.1110~.03(11~~0 (1.(1.111. 111~ (1.1.(~111111.01.1811111~ 5~11(111118 0~.,,1(~5 13115 10
.E
2~.0 01.1~ 10 111~ 11311.1.31 (113(3(1~.1511(5 01111~ (1.(1.111. 11111~ 5~11(111118 ~1~(11~111 15
3 111)1.1510., 11 15 5310 10 0~ 5~11-(0(11(111.1131~0. 11115 1)1~~ 01111.,,~.1~. ~.001.1(~5 311
3~~(0)(1(1131~1)1 51111.1501031 ~3.,,~10.(11 31 3 111811 01.11~1.11 1.~().1.1~11()1, (31181118 1.0(11 200
w
1-/210 100 ~1-12, 311015 (0(11(110111)11.15~0 111 .~1311.,,~1)111)(~0 01.11~1.11 3~~11(3110115 (~.8.,
‫ُﺭ‬
11101.1(1101111~311118, 50113. 1.3115(11111~., 111.10.~5(~1111181111118, 0. 1.111.350111( 8~11~.310(5).
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
01.1~ 10 111~ 111811 5~11(111118 1.~().1.1~11()1, 111~ 512~5 01 (0(11(111.11311118 (0(11~011~1115 3.~
5(11311.
111~(~ 3.~ .,,3(101.15 (0111181.1.3110115 01 5~.1~5 111.,,~.1~.5, 0~~~1101118 011 111~ (011-
11~(110115 01111~ 5~11(111118 0~.,,1(~5 3110 1030. 111~ 5~.1~5 111.,,~.1~.5 (113)1 0~ (1355111~0
11110 1~0 (31~80.1~5~
1. 5~.1~5 .~50113111 111.,,~.1~.5 ~11111.111101.~(1101131 5~11(11~5

2. 5~..~5 .~50113111 111.,,~.1~.5 ~1111 0101.~(1101131 5~11(11~5
58~. 8-9 251

8-9.1 5~,..~5 ~~50(18(11 ~(1~~,-1~,.5 ~.1... ~(1.~.,.~~1.0(18~
5~.1~...~5
~1/511(~ 8-213 5110~5 111~ ~1(~1111 013/5(3111 01 3 51111~1~ 5~(1~5 111.,,~(1~( 051118 1~0 0111-
01(~~1101131 111~(1510( 5~11~11~5. ~11~11 111~(1510( 11 15 11(~0, 3 (~50113111 ()1115~ 01
~11((~111 110~5 111(00~11 111~ 1030 3110 111~ ~11((~111 13115 10 2~(0 31 (
=()/11 3110 1) 15
5~11-~01111110131~0. ~1(111~ 01111~(1510( 12 ~3115~5 3 (~.,,~(5~ (~50113111 ~11((~111111(011~11
111~ 1030 3110 1215 3150 5~11-~011111111131~0. 111~ ~1(~1111 0()~(311011 ~311 0~ 01.,,10~0 11110
‫ﻣ‬
111(~~ 11100~5 3110 111~ ~().111.,,31~111 ~1(~11115 3(~ 5110~11111 ~1~. 8-210. 111~ ~31111~ 51~11315
10( 111~(1510(5 3110 111~ ~3.,,~10(1115 10( 111~ 1030 ~11((~111 3110 ~3()3610( .,,0113~~ 3(~
5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-21~.
t
111~ 5~(1~5 (~50113111 ~1(~111110(111~0
.ne
0~ 1-, ~, 3110 1030 (35511111~0 (~51511.,,~) 1111151
0~ 11110~(03111()~0.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(8-41 )
ng
110~5
~0~~ 1.
111(011~11 11 3110 111~ 1030.
0~5~(10~0 0~ eri
11115 11100~ 0~~1115 ~11~11 11 15 11(~0
111~ 111513111311~005
3110 3 (~50113111
1030 ~11((~111 10(
()1115~ 01 ~0((~111
11115 11100~ 15
ine
(8-42)
‫ﺔ‬
~111111111131~01101110115 11 (( = 0) = 0 31101701((
En
g
0110~(03111()~0, 111~ 501111101101 8().. (8-42) ~1~105
~11~(~ ())~ 15 111~ (~50113111 1(~().11~11~~ 3110

sy
11(0 = ~1€-(~/21-
= 0) =
5111 ())~(
- 170. 5111~~ 111~ ~1(~111115
(8-43)
1/2
())~
= (1-1~
_ (8-44)
4~2)
Ea
111~ ~011513111, ~1, 111 8().. (8-43) ~311 0~ ~.,,311131~0 1(0111 111~ 11111131 ~0110111011~
w.
= 175())~1-170 = ~1
~~/(~0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(8-45)
(8-46)
252

+ 1,
~0
‫ﻣ‬
t
~
.ne
+ ~1 ~ -
11 ~0 ~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
+
~5
~
ng
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬ sy
E ng
Ea
w.
(() 0~~0111~8 1113)(11111.1111~311 0~ 101.1110 1(0111 111~

111~ 11111~ (,,, ~11~11 111~ ~1.1((~111 /1
~0110111011
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0 0( 0
(8-47)
58~. 8-9 253

(8-48)
1(0)~-,,,, (~ 510 ()).(
= - (115 + + ()). ~05 ()).1)/()),- + ~,
1015 0100~ 15 ~11110~0( 0 ~ ( ~ (1,,, = -.,/()). 1100 ~005 ~0~0 /1 (() 0~~001~5 2~(0 111(1,,,.
~1 10~ ~00 0~ 1015 0100~,
‫ﻣ‬
/1 (( = (1,,,) = 0
~0~9 2. 00(10~ 1015 0100~, 10)1(1510(5 11 1100 12 11(~ 0~~. 1015 0100~ 15
ng
~11110 ~0( 0 ~ ( ~ (2,,,.
~0~9 3.
ri
1015 0100~ 0~~105 ~0~0 12 15 5~11~0~0 00 1100 11(~~~(5~ (~5001101
ee
~0((~01 ~0~5 10(00~0 10~ 10110. 10~ 10110 ~0((~01 ~110 0~ ~0000 ~(001
0-/3 . 1 .
~ 1 /3 0-( +
((
gin
/..., + ~/3 + 1)03 = 0) = 0 (8-50)
0-(
‫ﺔ‬
~110 10111111~000111005
50101100 0~ ~(). (8-50) ~1~~5
En
/3 (( = 0) = 0 11001)03(( = 0) = - 1102
(8-51 )
asy
1 (,
1)03(1)= /3(1) - 1101
~ )0
E
(8-52)
1101~-,,,, (~ 510 ()).( + ()). ~05 ()).1)/()),-
=
w.
1015 0100~ 15 ~11110 ~0( 0 ~ ( ~ (3,,, = -.,/()). 1100 ~005 ~0~0 /3(1) 0~~001~5 2~(0. ~1
10~ ~00 0~ 1015 0100~,
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1100 10 10~ 51~(10)1 51111~,
1)03 (( = (3,,,) (8-53)

~()01111005 (8-49) 1100 (8-53) )11~10
(8-54)
254

(8-55)
(8-56)
13,()1.131100 (8-56) 1001~31~8 11131 1.100~( 81~30~-8131~ ~000111008, 111~ ~~3/( ~311.1~ 01
~08111~~ ~1.1((~01 300 01 0~~311~~ ~1.1((~01111(01.1~11111~ 1030 18 111~ 83111~.
111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01 11(/) 1111.1810~ 2~(0 300 11 1111.1810~ 11.1(0~0 011 0~10(~ 12 18
11(~0. 0111~(~18~, 3 8110(1-~1(~1.111 ~00011100 ~111 (~81.111 111(01.1~11111~ 111~(1810(8 300
‫ﻣ‬
0~ 81.1~~1~. 111~(~10(~, 111~ 3~311301~ 011-11111~ (2111(= ((/), /(00~0 38 111~ 0,~(10, 2011~,
1111.1810~ ~(~31~( 11130 111~ 11.1(0-01111111~ 01111~(1810(8, (0((.
et
(8-57)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~11~(~ (00 18 111~ 1(~()1.1~0~~ 01 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ 10 (30/8. 13,()1.131100 (8-57) 1001~31~8
11131 111~ 1113)(11111.1111~088101~ 01.11~1.11 1(~()1.1~0~~ 18 1111111~0 10
rin
1
/. ~- /.
0 11111,, = (8-58)
2((0(( + 70/(0_)
111~
110~
(~800301 10~~(1~( ~1(~1.111 10 ~1~.
1(0111 111~ 0~ 81.1~~1~ 18 018~001101.101.18.
ee
8-213 18 ~~(~
111~
81111~1~.
0~ 81.1~~1~ ~111 113~~
1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~0~~(
3 111~11 ~~3/(
~1.1((~01 300 ~01.110 ~001310 113(111001~8. ~11 1111~(0~~111~111 01111~ 0381~ 10~~(1~( 111
gin
~1~. 8-213 ~311 0~ 11130~ 1111101.1~10(8 3(~ ~108~1~ ~01.1~1~0, 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 8-22.
3110 ~1.1((~111 11(/) 0~~108 10 (18~, 111~ ~0113~~ 3~(088 /..,1 ~111 0~
‫ﺔ‬
~11~11
~08111~~
~0113~~
11 18 11(~0
~1111 ~013(11~
01 ~ 10 (~~~(8~
11(111~ 01 011~ 111~(1810(
10 2~(0.
111~
sy
0(3~03~/(
38 8110~11.
En
0138111~
~111 11.1(0 011111~
01111~11
111~
12~ 3110
1001.1~~0
12 ~111 0~
0111~(,
~0113~~ 011 /..,2 ~111110~
11.1(11~0 011.
~~~11 0~10(~
~1.118~0 ~1.1((~111 1(0111 111~ 0~ 81.1~~1~ 18 0~~(~0111~

111~ 1030
111~
300 10 111~
(~81.111 18 11131
~1.1((~111 (~3~11~8
111 3
11311-0(10~~ ~01111~1.1(311011 38 8110~11111 ~1~. 8-23, ~11~(~ /..,1 = /..,2 3110 ~1 = ~2. 111~
~0~~( 18 0(3~111(0111111~ 0~ 801.1(~~ 01.1(111~ 0011111311-~~~1~8 0101.11~1.11 ~0113~~. 011~-
Ea
+
,.1 +
w.
+
+
1..1
8
‫ُﺭ‬
-.,. -.,.
ww
+ +
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1..2
8
,.2
..1~0..~ 8-22 5~(1~5 (~5011~111 ..1~0..~ 8-23 11~11-0(10~~

111.,,~(1~(~1111 ~00))1~0 11100~10(5. 5~(1~5 (~5011~111111.,,~(1~(.
255
58~. 8-9

..1211..~ 8-24 101111-0~108~ 5~~1~5 ~~5011311(

111.,,~~(~~.
‫ﻣ‬
11311 01111~ 1030 ~11((~11118 811~~11~0 0)1 ~3~3~110( ~1 0( ~2 3110 111~ 0111~(-11311 0)1111~
t
0~ 8011(~~.
.ne
~ 11111-0(10~~ 111~~(1~(, ~111~11 3110~8 111~11~( 0111~111 ~0~~(, 18 8110~11 111 ~1~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
8-24. ~11~11 11 3110 12 3(~ 11(~0, 3 ~08111~~ (~80113111 ~11((~111 110~8 111(011~11 111~
1030~ 3110 ~11~11 13 3110 14 3(~ 11(~0, 3 11~~311~~ 1030 ~11((~111 110~8. 111~ 811~~1)1
ng
~11((~111 18 ~0111111110118.
111~ (~801131111(~()11~11~)1 3110 3~311301~ 0~30-2011~ 0~~~110 011 111~ 1030 3110 10(
11118 (~38011, (~80113111111~~(1~(8 3(~ 111081 81111301~ 10( 11)(~0-1030 3~~11~3110118. 111~
111~~(1~( 1030
~1(3111())~ 8-7
(0( (~81810( ~)
eri
~01110 3180 0~ ~01111~~1~0
/...,1 = /...,2
111 ~3(311~1
=
~1111111~ ~3~3~110(.
ine
10.~ 5~11~5 1~5011(1111111.,,~(1~1111 ~1~. 8-220.(15 /..., = 50 ~1-1,~ = 6 ~~, (1110
~ = 2 0. 10.~ 0( 111()111.,,011(1~~ 15 ~5 = 220 ~ (1110 10.~ 11~()11~11(~ 01 0111()111 .,,011(1~~
15/0 = 7 /(1-12. 10.~ 111111-01111111~ 0110.~1151015 15 1011 = 10 ~5. ()~1~1111111~ 10.~ ((1)
(1.,,(111(101~(01 (11(1111) 111111-01111111~, 1. ~ (0) 111(1)(111111111
()~1111155101~ 11~()11~11(~, ,,,.. ~ (() /
‫ﺔ‬ ()~(1/(-10-()~(1/(
11151(1111(111~0115
g
((1()(1(1101 .,,011(1~~,
~~~~ (1110 (0) ()~(1/( 10(10 (1111~111, /,,. (~) 5/(~1(0. 10.~
10(10 (1111~111, /0(1)~ ((1()(1(1101 .,,011(1~~, 1)0(1)~ (1110 0( 511()()1~ (1111~111 /,(1).
En
~(11(111(11~ 1/1~ (1) 1111510(10 (1111~111, /0~ (~) 0111()111()0~~1, /10~ (/1) (1.,,~1(1~~ 511()()1~ (1111~111,
/,~ (1110 (1) (1.,,~1(1~~, ()~(1/(, (1110 11115(1111~111 011/1~1151015.
80)0(100 ~, = 220 ~, ~ = 6 ~~, /...,= 50 ~1-1,~ = 20, /0 = 7/(1-12, 1011= 10 ~5,

sy
(1110(00 = 210 )( 7000 = 43,982 1(10/5. ~10111~(). (8-44),

1/2 )( 1/2
( ) (
Ea
1 ~2 1012 22 1012
(0~ =
/...,~ - 4/...,2 = 50)( 6
-
4
)( 502 ) = 54,1601(10/5
10.~ 1~5011(111111~()11~11(~ 15/~ = (0~/210 = 8619.8 1(10/5, 1~ = 1//~ = 116 ~5. ~10111~().
w.
(8-46), ~ = 2/(2 )( 50 )( 10~6) = 20,000.

((1) ~10111 ~(). (8-57),
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
10 10
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1. = -
43,982 54,160 = 13.42 ~5
(0) ~10111 ~(). (8-58), 1/1~ 111(1)(111111111
()055101~ 11~()11~11(~ 15
1
/,,,.. = 10~6 + 10/54,160) = 73521-12
2(10 )(
(() ~10111 ~(). (8-54),
~ ~ =~,~0.70/00,
_ 220
~20,,./54.16 100.4 ~
1 - 1
256

~10111 6~. (8-56), 1101 = 220 + 100.4 = 320.4 1.1. 111~ ~~3~-~0-~~3~ ~3~3~1~01 ..01~3~~
15 11~~ = 100.4 + 320.4 = 420.81.1.

(0) ~10111 6~. (8-47), ~11~~~3~ 1030 ~1111~11~, ~111~1115 ~11~53111~ 35 ~11~~~3~ 511~~1)1
~1111~11~, 0~~1115 3~
_ (0, _ ~ 54.16 _
(,,, - 1- ~311-1 ~311-1 - 22.47 (.1.5
(0, 0. - 54,160 20
3110 6~. (8-45) ~1..~5 ~11~~~3~ 1030 ~1111~11~35

320.4
/ 1( (
~-002~22.475111
( 54 , 160)( 22.47)( 10-6 ) = 70.82~
‫ﻣ‬
= ~,) =1 ,,0.05416
(
= )(
50
(~) 111~ 5~~~~11~5 101 /((), 1)0(1), 3110 /,(() 31~ 5110~11111 ~1~. 8-25.
t
(1) 111~ 11115 1030 ~1111~11~15 1011110 110111 6~5. (8-45) 3110 (8-51) 0)1 3 1111111~11~31
e
111~~1100 3110 ~11~ 1~5111~ 15
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1/2
(,,/2
10 = ~
~
2/0)0 /6(1) (/(
) = 44.1 ~
)(
(~) 1/1~ 011~~11~~0~~1, ~ 0 = 44.12 2 = 3889 ~.
rin
(11) 1/1~ 3..~13~~ 511~~1)1~1111~11~,1, = 3889/220 = 17 .68 ~.
(1) 111~ 3..~13~~ ~/1)1115~01 ~1111~11~,
ee
gin
111~ ~~3~ ~/1)1115~01 ~1111~11~, 1~... = 1,, = 70.82 ~, 3110 ~11~ 11115 ~11)1115~01 ~1111~11~, 1~ =
1)0 = 44.1/0 = 31.18~.

‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
140
Ea
70.82
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
-----------------
257
58~. 8-9

~
2
~0
‫ﻣ‬
(0)
et
~~301)))~ 8-8
10~ 0(111-0(10~~ (~8011(1111111~~(1~( 111~1~. 8-23 18 0))~((11~0 (11 (1 1(~().11~11~~,
10 = 7 /(1-12.
11 ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 3 /1-~, ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 50 /1-1-1,~ = 2 0, (1110~$ = 220 ~,
0~1~((11111~ 10~ ((1) ))~(1/( 811))))1~ ~11((~111~ (0) (1~~((1~~ 10~(1810( ~11((~111, 1/1.~ (1110 (~) ((118
rin
10~(1810( ~11((~111, 1~.
80)11~10)1~, = 220~, ~ = 3 /1-~,~ = 50 /1-1-1,~ = 2 0, (111010= 7 /(1-12. ~1~11(~

8-26(1 800.,.,8 10~ ~().111~(11~111~1(~1111.,.,0~11 10~(1810( 11 18 ~011011~1111~ (1110
12 18 011. 10~
ee
~(1))(1~110(8 ~1 (1110 ~2 .,.,01110111111(111~0~ ~0(1(~~0 10 ~01 (= ~, + ~0) (1110 ~0 (~8))~~11~~1~,
.,.,11010~ ))01(1(111~8 (18 800.,.,11, 11110~( 81~(10~-81(11~ ~01101110118. 5111~~ ~1 = ~2. 10~ 10(10
~11((~111 .,.,01110 0~ 80(1(~0 ~().11(111~0~ ~1 (1110 10~ 0~ 811))))1~ (18 800.,.,11 111 ~1~. 8-260.
gin
~011810~(111~ 10~ 100)) 10((11~0 0~ ~2, 0~ 8011(~~, ~, (1110 10(10, 10~ 11181(1111(111~0118
‫ﺔ‬ 10(10 ~11((~111 ~(1110~ 0~8~(10~0
En
~
()/0
~
.,.,110111111(11~01101110118 /0 (/
(1(0(11 ~1~. 8-260) 0~
+ ~/0
.
+
2~2
1
= 0) = 0 (11101)02(/ = 0) =
. ()/
1 /0 + 1)02 (/ = 0) -
- ~0.
~, = 0
~0(
(8-59)
(11111110~(0(1(11))~0
=
sy
~0110111011 (1110 ~1 ~2 = ~, ~().. (8-45) 18 (1))))11~(101~~
(8-60)
Ea
w.
(8-61 )
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1
1)02(0 /()(/) ()/ - ~,
=
2~2 1()
(8-62 )
= - (~$ + ~0)€-~( (0- 8111()),/ + ()),. ~08 ()),0/()),. + ~,
((1) 5111~~ 10~ (~8011(11111(~().11~11~~ 1810~ 8(1(11~ (1810(1101 ~)((1(11))1~ 8-7, 10~ (~811118
01 ~)((1(11))1~ 8-7 (1(~ ~(1110, ))(0~10~0 10(11 10~ ~().111~(11~111~(1))(1~11(111~~18 ~0 = ~1 + ~2
= 6 /1-~. ~(0(11 ~)((1(11))1~ 8-7, ~0 = 100.4 ~, /,,,

= 22.47/1-8, (111010 = 44.1~. ~(0(11
~().. (8-60), 10~ ))~(1/( 10(10 ~11((~11118 1,,
= 70.82~. 10~ ))~(1/( 811))))1~ ~11((~111, .,.,01~0
18 0(1110110~ ))~(1/( 10(10 ~11((~111, 18 1~, = 70.82/2
= 35.41 ~.
258

(0) 10~ (1~~((1~~ 10)1(1510( ~1.1((~111, /~ = 17.68~.
(~) 10~ (111510)1(1510(
~1.1((~111,
/8. = /0~ = 31.18~.
1-/0(~. ~0( 111~ 8(101~ ~0~~( 0111~111 (100 (~800(101 ~(~().11~0~)1, 111~ ~(1~(1~11(10~~8
0~ ~1 (100 ~2 10 ~1~. 8-23 81101110 0~ 11(11~ 111(1110 ~1~8. 8-21(1 (100 8-22. 111~ ~~(1~
811~~1)1 ~11((~01 0~~001~8 11(11~. 111~ (10(11)1818 0~ ~1111-0(10~~ 8~(1~8 10~~(1~(8 18 810111(1(
10 111(11 0~ 111~ 0(181~ 8~(1~8 10~~(1~( 10 ~1~. 8-21(1.
‫ﻣ‬
~0( 111~ (~800(10110~~(1~(8 ~1111110101(~~1100(11 8~11~11~8, 111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~8 11(1~~ 10
0~ 111(0~0 00 10 ~~~()111(11~-~)1~1~ 0~ 0111~111 ,~011(1~~. 11118 1101118 111~ 10~~(1~( ~(~-
().11~0~)1 (100 111~ (10101101 0~ ~0~(~)11((108~~( ~(001111~ 8011(~~ 10111~ 10(10. 10 (10011100,
e t
111~ 111)1(1810(8 (1(~ 8110)~~1~0 10 111~11 ~~(1~ (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
111~ ~~(~0(01(10~~ 0~ 8~(1~8 10~~(1~(8 ~(10 0~ 81~01~1~(1011)1 101~(0~~0 0)1 ~00-
0~~110~ (10 (1011~(1((111~1 0100~ (1~(088 (1 111)1(1810( (18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 8-27(1. ~11~0
111)1(1810( 11 18 ~1(~0, (1 (~800(101 ~1118~ 0~ ~11((~01 50~8 (100 11 18 8~1~-~00101111(11~0
(11 ( = (1. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ (~800(101 08~111(11100 ~0011011~8 111(011~11 0100~ /)1 110111111~
rin
~11((~01 ~(1118 (1~(110 10 2~(0 (11111~ ~00 0~ (1 ~)1~1~. 111~ ~(1~~~0(018 ~0( ~11((~018 (100
~(1~(1~110( ~011(1~~ (1(~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 8-270.
111~ (~~~(8~ ~011(115~ 0~ 111~ 111)1(1810( 18 110111~0 10 111~ ~0(~(1(0
ee ~011(115~ 0(0~ 0~
(1 0100~, 1)1~1~(111)11~. 1~ 111~ ~00011~1100 1101~ 0~ 111~ 0100~ 1815(~(11~( 111(11111~ 111(0-
0~~ 1101~ 0~ 111~ 111)1(1810(, 111~(~ 18 00 0~~0 0~ (1 0~(10 200~ (100 111~ 0111~111 ~(~().11~0~)1,
gin
/0, 18 111~ 8(101~ (18 111~ (~800(101 ~(~()11~0~)1, /0
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
(8-63)
~0 .1 01
. ~00
-1
~~~0
Ea
~~+
1
w.
01 ~01
~~~0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~5
0
~-~,-*-~
~~~(10-.0=~
10 .
(8) 8~~~~~1 (()) ~8.,610~~5
58~. 8-9 259

~0
+
01 .1
~1
1...
~-,,.
~0
., ~~~.
~2 02 .1
~~~~()-- 0~ 0~ 0~ 0~
‫ﻣ‬
(8) ~~~~~~1 (0) ~8~810~(115
t
.ne
01111111~ 01 3 10)1(1810(, 10~ 1113)(11111.1111111~~(1~( 1(~()1.1~11~)118 ~1~~11 0)1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1
/,,,3.~ = -2( (8-64)
ng
011
3110/0 8001.110 0~ 1~88 10311 /,,,3.~.

10~ 0100~ /)1 8001.110 0~ ~01111~~1~0 38 ~108~ 38 ~088101~ 10 10~ 10)1(1810( 3110
10~ ~01111~~1111~ 1~308
100~ 10(111~0 0)1 11 3110 /)1.
10)1(1810( 11 18 31(~30)110~,
~8 10~ (~~~(8~
8001.110
~0113~~
0~
eri11111111111.1111
01.1(111~ 10~ (~~0~~()1
10 (~01.1~~
11111~ 01
1)1~1~311)1 1 ~, (11)111101.1~1311~~ 111 10~ 0100~ ~310 ~01.110
(11)1 81(3)1 11101.1~1311~~ 111 10~
ine
(~01.1~~ 10~ 11~1 (~~~(8~ ~0113~~ 3~(088 10~ 1~(111111318 0111, 3110 10)1(1810( 11 1113)11101
11.1(11011. 10 0~~(~0111~ 1018 ~(001~111, 3 ,.~1/~,.5~ (0110,/1((/11/5 (/7)1,./5(0,. (~~1) 18 110(-
‫ﺔ‬
111(11)1 1.18~0.
1381-(~~0~~()1
111~~(1~(8 .
~3~~10(111
10~
3(~ 800~11111
10(
sy
~
0100~
~1~.
10~
~~1
~1(~1.111 013~(3111
1030
8-280.
g
18 11130~
11110 3 8111~1~ 8111~011 ~01~
En
10~
0)1 1111~~(311011
10( 10~ 0311-0(10~~
11.111-0(10~~
01 311 (8)1111111~1(1~31
3110 ~~18
~~(81011
~1.1((~111 3110 10~ ~01101.1~11011 1111~(~318
~01111~1.1(31101118
3(~
18 800~11111
10~3110(
800~11111
0110~
~1~.
10)1(1810(
8~(1~8
8-283
~0~~(
~1~. 8-29.
3110 3
(~80113111
3110 10~
0~~1~~8
10~
111~~(1~(8 ~311 0~ 0~~(31~0 111 1~0 0111~(~11111100~8~ 110110~~(13~~111~ 3110 0~~(13~~111~.
111 3 110110~~(13~~111~ 11100~, 10~ 11(111~ 013 10)1(1810( 18 0~13)1~0 1.11111110~ 1381 ~1.1((~111
Ea
08~11131101110(01.1~0 3 0100~ 038 0~~11 ~0111~1~1~0 38111 ~1~. 8-280. 111 311 0~~(13~~111~
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
03 .3 01 0
~~+
-,,. ~8 1
~1...
02 04 -17~~~~~ 0~ 0~
0~ 0~
260

+
0,
..1~0..~ 8.30 1-131(-0..10~~ 1..31181810..12~0
..~80113111 111~~..1~...
‫ﻣ‬
11100~, (1 10)1(1510( 15 11(~0, ~011~ 10~ ~0((~111 111 10~ 0100~ 0110~ 010~( ~(1(1 15 51111
~01100~1111~, (15 500~11 111 ~1~. 8-290. ~11000~0 0~~(1(1~~111~ 0~~((111011 (~00~~5 10~
001~011(~~0~11~)1, 10~ 001~01 ~0~~( 15 111~(~(15~0.
et
10~ 111(1)(111101111(~~0~11~)1 01 (~5011(1111 111~~(1~(5 (1(~ 1111111~0 00~ 10 10~ 10(11-
0( ~011111101(111011 (~~01(~111~1115 01 10)1(1510(5, 1)1~1~(111)1 12 10 20 /-1-5, ~0~(~(15
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
011
1((11151510(5, ~01~0 (~~01(~ 0(11)1 (1 1111~(05~~0110 0( 1~55, ~(111 (~~1(1~~ 10~ 10)1(1510(5.
10~ 111~~(1~( ~(111 0~~((11~ (1110~ (~5011(11111(~~0~11~)1. ~ 1((11151510(12~0 0(111-0(10~~

111~~(1~( 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 8-30 ~110 (1 1((111510(111~(-~01111~~1~0 10(10. 1((11151510( (22
rin
~(111 0~ 10(11~0 011 (1111105111151(1111(111~0051)1 (111~( 1((11151510( (21 15 10(11~0 011.
~)(301()1~ 8-9
111~ ..~5011311( 111~~((~( 111 ~1~. 8-273 1135 ~ = 2 ~~, /.., = 20 ~1-(, ~ = 0, 3110 ~,
220~. 111~ (11(11-0116111~ 01 (11~ (11)1(15(0(, 1011= 12 ~5.
ee 111~ 011(~11( 1(~()11~11~)1, 10 =
20 /(1-(2. ))~(~(111111~ (11~ (3) ~~3/( 511~~1)1 ~11((~11(, 1~,~ (0) 3~~(3~~ (11)1(15(0( ~11((~11(,
gin
1/1.~(~) (1115 (11)1(15(0( ~11((~11(, 1~~ (0) ~~3/(-(0-~~3/( ~3~3~1(0( ~01(3~~, ~~~~ (~) 1113)(111111111
~~(111155101~ 011(~11( 1(~()11~11~)1, 1,, ~ 3110 (1) 3~~(3~~ 511~~1)1 ~11((~11(, 15.
‫ﺔ‬ 80111(100 ~11~11 (11)1(15(0( 11 15 (11(11~0 011, (11~ ~11((~11( 15 0~5~(10~0
En
/..,
0./0
0.1
1
+ ~.( /0 0.1 +
~1(111111(131 ~0110160115 /0 (( = 0) = 0, 1)0(( = 0) = ~0 = 0.

sy
1)0 (( = 0) = ~5
0)1
501~111~10( (11~ ~11((~11(

(8-65 )
~1~~5
Ea
(8-66 )
w.
(8-67)
‫ُﺭ‬
~11~(~ (1), = 1/~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
106 158,114
(1), = = 158,114 (30/5 1, = = 25,165 1-(2
~ ~
1 1 1, _ 39.74 _
1, = = = 2 19.87 ~5
1, 25,165 = 39.74 ~5
(1
2
58~. 8-9 261

((1)1,, = 11~/1)~ = 220 /20/2 = 695.7 ~.
(0) 1-4 = /01,, 1,, 81119 (/9 = 1,,/)(70/7) = 695.7 )(

20,000/(70 )(
25,165)
176 ~.
)(
(~) 1,, = 1,, //0(/2 = 695.7 /20,000 19.87 )(
10-6/2 = 310.1 ~.
(0) 1/1~ ~~(1~-10-~~(1~ ~(1~(1~110(~011(1/5~,11~~ = 110, - 110 = 440 ,.
(~) ~(0(11~(). (8-64), /,,,.. = 106/(2 )( 12) = 41.67 ~1-1~.
(1) 5111~~1/1~(~ 18 110 ~0~~( 1088 1111/1~ ~1(~1.111,1~ = 0.
~,.3(1))1~ 8-10
‫ﻣ‬
1/1~ /1(111-0(10/5~ (~8011(1111111~~(1~( 111~1/5. 8-28(118 0~~((11~0 (11 (11(~()1.1~11~~ 01/0 = 3.5
~1-1~. 11~, = ~2 = ~ = 3 /1-~, 1-, = 1-2 = 1- = 50 /1-1-1,~ = 2 0, (111011$= 220
et
,, 0~1~((11111~ 1/1~ ((1) ~~(1~ 81.1~~1~ ~1.1((~111,
1~5~ (0) (1~~((1/5~ 1/1~(1810( ~1.1((~111, 1-4~ (~)
((118 1/1~(1810( ~1.1((~111, 1,,~ (0) ((118 10(10 ~1.1((~111, 10~ (1110 (~) (1~~((1/5~ 81.1~~1~ ~1.1((~111, 1~.
8010~100 11~= 220 ,, ~. = ~, + ~2 = 6 /1-~,1- = 50 /1-1-1,
~ = 20, (1110/0= 3500
1-1~.1/1~ (111(11~818011/118 111~~(1~( 18 81(1111(1(10 1/1(11 01111~~(1~( 111~1/5. 8-23. 11181~(10
011~0 ~1.1((~111 ~1.118~8, 1/1~(~ (1(~ 100( ~1.118~8 111 (1 11.111~~~1~ 011/1~ 01.11~1.11~011(1/5~ ~11/1
rin
011~ ~1.118~1/1(01.1/5/1~(1~/1010~~1~~8 1,,1),, 12, (11101)2. ~()1.1(111011(8-60) 18 (1~~11~(101~.
01.1(111/5 1/1~ ~08111~~ /1(111-~~~1~, 1/1~ ~1.1((~111110~81/1(01.1/5/1 1, ~ (1110 01.1(111/51/1~ 11~/5311~~
/1(111-~~~1~ 1/1~ ~1.1((~111 110~8 1/1(01.1/5/1 1),. 111 (1 110110~~(1(1~ ~0111(01, 1/1~(~ (1(~ 1~0
(~8011(1111 ~~~1~8 01.1(111/51/1~ ~1111(~ ~~(100 0101.11~1.111(~()1.1~11~~, /0. ~(0(11 ~(). (8-61),
ee
0)7 = 54,160 ((10/8 /7 = 5~~60 = 8619.9 1-1~
gin
1 (, 116
‫ﺔ‬ 1/1~ 011-~~(100
sy
En
0110(10
17 =
10 =
8619.9
1
3500 = 285.72/1-8
~1.1((~111,
= 116 /1-8 = - 2 = 58 /1-8
(,) 10
- 17 = 142.87 58 = 84.87 /1-8
=
2 -
Ea
5111~~ (,) 18 /5(~(11~( 1/1(111~~(0, 1/1~ 111~~(1~( ~01.110 0~~((11~ 111 1/1~ 011-0~~(1(1)) (1100~.
~(0(11 ~(). (8-54), 110= 100.4 , (1110110,= 220 + 100.4 = 320.4 ,.
((1) ~(0(11 ~(). (8-47),
w.
(,,, - ~
_ 1(111
_, 54,160 _
- 22.47 /1-8
‫ُﺭ‬
54 , 160 20 ,000
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(1110 1/1~ ))~(1~ 10(10 ~1.1((~111 0~~0(11~8 1,, = 10 (( = (,,,) = 70.82 ~.

(0) ~ 1/1~(1810( ~01101.1~18 1(0(11 (1 11(11~ 01 (,. 1/1~ (1~~((1/5~ 1/1~(1810( ~1.1((~111 ~(111
0~ 101.11101(0(11
262

(/()1/2
/~ = ~/01~1 16(() = 22.05 ~
(0) 10~ 0115 10(10 ~11((~111,/0 = 2/~ = 2 )( 22.05 = 44.1 ~.

(~) 110 = 44.12 )( 2 = 3889 ~ (1110 10~ (1~~((1~~ 511))))1)1~11((~111, /5 = 3889/220
17.68 ~.
1-/0(~. ~1111 0101(~~1101131 5~11~11~5, 111~ ~1.1((~111 (31111~5 01111~ 0~~1~~5 3(~ (~-
01.1~~0. ~0( 111~ 53111~ 01.11.,1.11 .,0~~(, 111~ 3~~(38~ 0~~1~~ ~1.1((~11115 11311 3110 111~ (1115
‫ﻣ‬
~1.1((~11115 1/0 011113110( 311 111~~(1~( ~11111.111101(~~1101131 5~11~11~5.
~,.301()1~ 8-11
et
10~ ~1111-0(10~~ (~5011(1111 111~~(1~( 111 1~. 8-29(1 15 0))~((11~0 (11 (1 ~(~()11~11~)1, /0 = 3.5
/(112. 1~~ = 6 ~ , 1- = 50 ~11, ~ = 20, (111011$= 220~, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ ((1) ))~(1/(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
511))))1)1~11((~111, /~5~ (0) (1~~((1~~ (0)1(1510( ~11((~111, /.4 ~ (~) (1115 (0)1(1510( ~11((~111, / ~ ~ (0)
(1115 10(10 ~11((~111, /0~ (1110 (~) (1~~((1~~ 511))))1)1~11((~111, /$.
801111100 11$ = 220~, ~ = 6 ~ , 1- = 50 ~11, ~ = 20, (1110/0 = 3500/(112. (0111
rin
13(). (8-61), (0~ = 54,160 ((10/5 (1110/~ = 54,160/(210) = 8619.9 112. 0. = 20,000, 1~
= 1/8619.9 = 116 ~5, (1 = 116/2 = 58 ~5, (111010 = 1/3500 = 285.72 ~5. 10~ 0~~-
))~(100 0~ 10(10 ~11((~11115(~ = 10/2 - 1~ = 142.87 - 58 = 84.87 ~5 (111010~ 111~~(1~(
~01110 0))~((11~ 11110~ 11011-0~~(1(1))11100~.
ee
~0~8 1. 1015 11100~ 0~~1115 ~0~11 11 (1110 12 (1(~ ~1(~0. ~ (~5011(1111 ~11((~111 (10~5
gin
10(011~0 11, 12, 10(10, (1110 511))))1)1. 10~ 11151(1111(111~0115
~11((~111 15 0~5~(10~0 0)1
‫ﺔ‬
~110111111(11 ~01101110115 10 ((
~1~~5
sy
(/10 . 1
1- (/( + ~10 + (3110
En
((
(/( + 1)~ ((
= 0) = 0, 1)~1 = 0) =
= 0) = 11$
- 11~ (1110 10~ 5011111011 ~0( 10~ ~11((~111
(8-68)
(8-69)
Ea
1)~(() 11~)~-~( (0. 5111(0~( + (0~ ~05 (0~() +

= - (11, + 11$
10)1(1510(5 11 (1110 12 (1(~ 111(11~0 0~~ (11 (1 = 10/(00 ~0~11 11(() 0~~0111~5 2~(0.
11~1 = 1)~ (( = (1) = 11~)~-~~/00, + (8-70)

w.
(11$ + 11$
‫ُﺭ‬
~0~8 2. 1015 11100~ 0~~1115 ~0~11 13 (1110 14 (1(~ ~1(~0. ~ (~~~(5~ (~5011(1111 ~11((~111
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(10~5 10(011~0 13, 14, 10(10, (1110 511))))1)1. 10~ 11151(1111(111~0115

10(10 ~11((~111 15 0~5~(10~0 0)1
(/10 . 1 . (/( + 1) ((
1- (/( + ~10 + (31 10 ~ = 0) = - 11$
(8-71 )
58~. 8-9 263

1)0(0 = (115 + 11,.1)~-~( (~ 8111 ().),( + ().), ~08 ().),0/().), 11, (8- 72)
-
111~(1810(8 13 311() 14 3(~ 111(11~() 01131 (1 = -../().),, ~11~11 /()(0 0~~0111~8 2~(0.
11, = -1)0 (1 = (1) = (11, + 1(01)~-~.,,/~,+ 11, (8-73)

501.,,111~ 10( 11, 311() 11,1 1(0111 ~~8. (8-70) 311() (8-73) ~1.,,~8
(8-74)
‫ﻣ‬
~11~(~ ~-../().),. ~0(
= = = = 20,000-../54,160 = 1.1601, ~~. (8-74) ~1.,,~8 11, = 11,1 = 420.9
~.
(3) ~(0111 ~~. (8-47),
et
_~
1,,, - 1311 -1
54,160 _ 22.47 ,..,8.
-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
54 , 160 20 , 000
g.n
~(0111 ~~. (8-68), 111~~~3/( 103() ~11((~111,/,, = /() (( = (,,,) = 141.64~.
(0) ~ 111~(1810(~011()11~181(0111
3 11111~01 (1. 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 111~(1810(~11((~111~3110~ 101111()
1(0111~~. (8-68)~
rin
ee
(~) 111~ (1118111~(1810(~11((~111~311 0~ 101111()1(0111~~. (8-68) ~
gin
0(~1/2
/~ = (/01~1 /6(() = 44.1 ~
‫ﺔ‬ (()) 111~ (1118103() ~11((~11118/0 = 2/~ = 2 )( 44.1
70.71 ~.
1-101~. ~0(
En
10~
sy
83111~ ~1(~011
= 88.2 ~.
(~) ~0 = 88.22 )( 2 = 15,556 ~ 311()111~3.,,~(3~~ 811~~1~~11((~111,/, = 15,556/220
))3(3111~1~(8, 10~ 001))01 ))0~~( 18 100( 11111~8, 3110

=
10~ 0~.,,1~~ ~0((~1118 3(~ 1~1~~, 103110( 3 0311-0(10~~ 111.,,~(1~(.

a
.E
~11000~01(31181810(8 0( 0108 ~311 0~ ~(11))10.,,~-1 38 8~11~0111~ 0~.,,1~~8 10( 111.,,~(1~(8,

w
10~)1 3(~ 08~0 (110811)111110~-))0~~( 3))))11~3110115 ~0( 01~0-.,,0113~~ 311001~0-~0((~111

3))))11~3110118, 1118 11~~~883()110 ~01111~~110~111 110 8~(1~8 3110/0( ))3(311~1 ~011101113110118~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
3110 1018 (~80118 111 311111~(~38~0 ~0(11))1~)(11)1 0110~ ~1(~011. ~381-8~11~0111~ 10)1(1810(8,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~01~0 3(~ 3~311301~ 11101~0 ~0113~~ 3110 ~0((~111 (31111~8, 3(~ 1110(~ 8011301~ 10( 01~0-
))0~~( 3))))11~3110118. 110~~~~(, 10)1(1810(8 (~()01(~ ~)(1(3 ~011111101311011 ~1(~0118 10(
10(11-011 3110 10~ ~3(1008 1~~0111()0~8 10( 10)1(1810( ~011111101311011 3(~ 018~088~0 111
~03))1~( 3. ~110~ ~3(11~( 813~~ 01 ))0~~( ~1~~1(0111~8, 111(11)110)1(1810( ~011111101311011
~1(~0118 10( 111~~(1~(8 ~~(~ 0~~~10))~0. 1~0 1)1))~8 01 ~011111101311011 ~1(~0118 ~0111-
(110111)1 08~0 111 111.,,~(1~( 3))))11~3110118 3(~~
1. ~0)(1113()1 ~01111110131~0 111~~(1~(8

2. ~0(11))1~111~1113()1 ~01111110131~0 111.,,~(1~(8
264

.4.. 510~1~-~1135~ 11111-0(10~~ 111~(1510( 10,,,~(1~( 11510~ (11)(1113(~ ~001011113600 15 5110~0

10 ~1~. 8-313. 111~ ~001011.113600 ~1(~111115 5113(~0 0~ 1~0 111~(1510(5. 1-~1115 3551101~
11131111~(1510( 1) 15 ~00011~60~ 300 511~~11~5 111~ 105130130~0115 1030 ~11((~01, 1,//~ 300
111~ ~3()3~110( ~,,, 15 ~113(~~0 10 110 ~1111 ~013(11~ 35 5110~0. 111~ ~3,,,~10(015 10( 111~
~3~3~110( ,,,0113~~ 300 ~11((~01 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 8-310. 111~ ~001011113600 ~(0~~55
01 3 111~(1510( ~30 0~ 01,,,10~0 1010 1011( 0100~5.
‫ﻣ‬
~0~9 1. 11115 0100~ 0~~105 ~11~0 111~(1510( 1)1 11(~0 10 111(0 011111~(1510( /).
~1(10~ 01 1)) ~3115~5 3 (~500301 ~11((~01 110~
111(011~11111~ ~3~3~110( 300 10(~~5 111~
~11((~01 01 1) 10 1311. 11115 ~30 0~ ~00510~(~0 35 3 (~,,,~(5~ ~11((~01 111(011~11 111~
t
~1(~111110(01~0 0~ 1..,,,, ~,,,, 1),300 1)). 11115 0100~ ~005 ~11~0 111~ 10(~3(0 ~11((~01
.n e
(
01/) 13115 10 2~(0 300 111~ ~3~3~110( ~11((~01 (15~5 10 111~ 1030 ~11((~01, 1,,, 31 = (1.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ng
+
0~1* ,11 ,1 01 03 ,3 0~3
~~5
+-~
~8~
~~~(..,,, ~0
+ -
0,,,
~,,,
eri 8~
~--1
ine
~0~4*
~~04 02 0~2
‫ﺔ‬ ~,,,
~0(1)
sy
En
g
(8) 0~~~~~1
Ea
1~ 12
~
~0(1) ~
+-.,0 - -1. - - - ~
1-
w.
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
‫ُﺭ‬
0
ww
~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~
~
~006 2
..- +
~~~
~ 1 ~
~006 3 ~006 4
(~) .,.,8~610~015
58~. 8-10 265

05~111311011 ~011111111~5 111(011~11 1-,,,, ~,,,, 1)1, 3110 111. 11115 11100~ ~1105 ~11~11 111~
(
~3~3~110( ~11((~111 13115 03~~ 10 111~ 1030 ~11((~111 31 = (2 3110 0100~ /)1 510~5
~011011~1111~.
~0~8 3. 11115 11100~ 513(15 ~11~11 1)1 510~5 ~011011~1111~. 111~ ~3~3~110( 015-
~113(~~5 3110 (~~113(~~5 111(011~11 111~ 1030 31 311 3~~(0)(111131~1)1 ~011513111 ~11((~111 01
1,,,. 11115 11100~ ~1105 ~11~11 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ 0~~0111~5 ~()113110 111~ 0~ 511~~1)1
(
~0113~~ 31 = (3 3110 1~1105 10 0~~(~113(~~ 011~ 10 111~ ~11~(~)1 510(~0 111 111011~10( 1-,,,.
‫ﻣ‬
~0~8 4. 11115 11100~ 0~~1115 ~11~111)41510(~3(0 0135~0 3110 111~ ~11~(~)1510(~0
111 111011~10( 1-,,, 15 1(31151~((~0 10 111~ ~3~3~110(, ~3115111~ 11 10 0~ 0~~(~113(~~0 ~1111
et
(~5~~~1 10 511~~1)1 ~0113~~, ~5. 11115 11100~ ~1105 ~11~11 111~ ~3~3~110( ~11((~111 13115
3~3111 10 2~(0 3110 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ 15 (~~~(5~0 10 11131 01 0(1~11131 ~013(11)1. 111~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~3~3~110( 15 110~ (~30)110 111(11 01114 11 144 15 11(~0.
11115 111~~(1~( 15 ~01111110111)1 ~110~11 35 111~ /04(/04~,,(1)1 /11~~,(~,. 111~ ~1(~1111
0~~(31101115 51111113( 1011131111 ~1~. 3-13. ~()113110115 (3-25) 10 (3-31) 10( 111~ 3~311301~
rin
111(11-01111111~ 3110 111~ 0~51~11 ~01101110115 3(~ 3~~11~301~ 10( 11115111~~(1~( ~1(~1111. ~(0111
~(). (3-25), 111~ 3~311301~ 111(11-01111111~ 0( (~~~(5~ 0135 11111~ 15
(,, = ~1-,,,~,,,
ee (10 - 2 5111-1~) (8-75)
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
(8-76)
(8-77)
111 311 111~~(1~(, 111~ 1030 ~11((~111 ~3(1~5 35 3 11111~11011 0111111~ 3110 111~ ~0111-
111111311011 ~1(~1111 51101110 0~ 0~51~11~0 10( 111~ ~~3~ 1030 ~11((~111. 111~ ~3~3~110(
Ea
~0113~~, ~111~110~~~1105 011111~ 1030 ~11((~111 31111~ 111513111 01 ~0111111111311011, 111~(~35~5

111~ ~0113~~ 3110 ~11((~111 (31111~5 010~~1~~5 3110 ~0111~011~1115. 8)1 ~01111~~1111~ 0100~5,
111~ ~)(~~55 ~11~(~)1 ~311 0~ (~111(11~0 10 111~ 0~ 5011(~~ 35 5110~11111 ~1~. 8-313 0)103511~0
w.
1111~5. ~ ~3(1 01111~ ~11~(~)1 ~01110 0~ 01551~31~0111 (~51510( ~, ~111~111113)10~ (~~13~~0

0)1 3 1~~003~~ ~1110111~.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~ 113~~ 5~~11 111 ~1~. 8-22 11131111~0 111011~10(5 3(~ 11~1111)1 ~011~1~0, 11(111~ 01 011~
111)1(1510( 111(115 011 3110111~( 111)1(1510( 111 111~ 53111~ 3(111. 11115 1)1~~ 01 ~0111111111311011
15 ~110~11 35 (0,,,/1/~,,,~11((1,)1 (0,,,,,,~((1(/011. 11115 ~(111~1~1~ ~311 0~ ~)(1~110~0 1010(~~0
~011111111131~0 111~~(1~( ~1(~11115 3110 ~1~. 8-323 5110~5 011~ 3(111 01 3 5111~1~-~1135~ 11111-
0(10~~ 111~~(1~(. 11115 ~1(~111115 3150 ~110~11 35 3 /04(/04~,,(1)1-13~(//0,(/ 111~~(1~(. 111~
~1(~1111 0~~(311011 ~311 0~ 01~10~0 11110 111(~~ 11100~5 3110 111~ ~()111~31~111 ~1(~11115 10(
11100~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 8-320. 111~ ~3~~10(1115 10( ~0113~~5 3110 ~11((~1115 3(~
266

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
500~0 10 ~1~. 8-32~ 1.100~( 10~ (1551.1(0~1100 10(11 10~ 10(10 ~1.1((~01 (~(0(1105 ~0051(101
01.1(10~ 10~ ~0(0(01.11(11100 ~~(100.
~0~9 1. 1015 (000~ 0~~105 ~0~0 12 15 11(~0 10 11.1(0 01111. 10~ ~().1.11~(11~01
~1(~1.11115 500~0 10 ~1~. 8-320. ~1 10~ 51(1(1 011015 (000~, ~(1~(1~110( ~2 15 ~0(1(~~0
10 ~,. ~1 15 500(1~0 0)1 11 (100 0(15 00 ~011(1~~. 10~ ~011(1~~ (1~(055 1-2 15 1)~2 =
~5 (1110 10~ ~1.1((~0110(01.1~01-2 1001.1~~5 (1 ~011(1~~ 011) ~1 = ~5 (1~(055 1-1. ~ (~~~(5~
~011(1~~ 011) (1/( = ~., - 1)
~1 -
1)
~2 = - ~5 15 (1~~11~0 (1~(055 11 (1110 10~ 10(~(1(0
58~. 8-10 267

~1.1((~111 01111810(~~0 10 2~(0. 10~ ~1.1((~11110( 11100~ 1, 1111181111111111~01.181)10~~0111~8
2~(0 11110 12 (18~8 10 10~ 1~~~1 0110~ 11181111111111~01.1810110 ~1.1((~111, 12 = 1/1,.
~881.1111111~ 10111 ~1 = ~2 = ~,,, 111100)1 ~0111()1~1111~10~ 100() 11(01.1110~1, ~2,
11110 10~ 0~ 801.1(~~, 10~ ~11()11~110( ~1.1((~1118 11(~ 0~8~(10~0 0)1
(8-78)
‫ﻣ‬
(8-79)
et
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(8-80)
n
~881.1111111~ 10111 1-1 = 1-2 = 1-,,, 11110 ~0111()1~1111~ 10~ 100() 10(111~0 0)11-2, 12, 11110 ~2
~1~~8 e
1-,,,
0,11 1 .
eri
0,( + ~,,, .1 1~2
0,( - 1)~2
((
= 0) = 0 (8-81 )
gin
~110111111111 ~01101110118 11 (( = 0) = 1,,, 111101)~2 (( = 0) = 11$. 10~ 8011.11101101 8()..
‫ﺔ‬
(8-81) ~110111111111 ~01101110118 )11~108
sy
En
(8-82)
0)= (8-83)
Ea
w.
(8-84)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~ (~~~(8~ ~01111~~ 11~(088 11 18
~/2~ ,,,
1)0/((1) = 115 - 21)~2 = 115 - 2115 ~08 0)( + 41,,, 8111 0)( (8-85)
10~ 11~11111101~ (0( ~1(~1.111) 11.1(11-01111111~ ~1111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 1(0111 10~ ~0110111011 1)0/(
((
= ((/)
= 0111 8().. (8-85), ~111~01111~( 81111()1111~1111011
~1~~8
((/ = /2(1-/1,~,,,) (~08-1 +1 ~2)1/2 - 11111~1~) (8-86)

2(1
268

(8-87)
10~ ~1(~01110(0-01111111~ 18 0~()~00~01 00 10~ 1030 ~0((~011,,, 300 ~111 0~ 1113)(11110111

~0~0 1,,, = 0. 111~ 1113)(11110111 ~(110~ 01 1~ 18
(8-88)
‫ﻣ‬
1018 11100~ ~008 ~0~0 10~ ~01138~ 00 ~3()3~110( ~2 0~~0111~8 ~~(0 (100 1)~2(1) 1~008
10 ~0(1(8~ 10 0()()0811~ 01(~~1100, 300 10~ 11111~00(31100 10( 1018 11100~ ~30 0~ 10000
t
1(0111 111~ ~00011100 1)~2 (1 = 11,,,) = 1)~2 (1 = 11,,,) = 0, ~01~018 3180 10~ ~00011100
e
10( ()~3~ 10)1(1810( ~0((~01. ~(0111 ~(). (8-84),
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
11.= /,. - 21. ) 27. .,0 ,.,/,. ~ 0
rin (8-89)
ee
111~ 111)1(1810( ~0((~01 /1 (1) 0~~0111~8 1113)(11110111 31 1 = 1,,,
gin
11118 11100~,
‫ﺔ‬ ~0~9 2.
31~01 ~1(~011 18 800~0
En
1018 11100~ 0~8108 ~11~0 0100~ /)2 81(1(18 ~0000~1108.

10 ~18. 8-320.
sy
111~ ~()01~-
10~ ~0~(8)1 810(~0 10 1000~10( 1-2 18 1081 10
10~ ~1(~011 10(111~0 0)1 12, /)2, 300 1-2. 10~ 1030 ~0((~111 1~(1) (= 1,,,) 3180 110~8
(8-90)
10(0080 0100~ /)2. 11 ~.118 10~ 10(~3(0 ~01138~ 0(0() 010100~ /)2 3110 10)1(1810( 12,
10~ 111813111311~008 ~0((~11111100~ 2, /2(1), 18 81~~0 0)1
Ea
0.12
1-,,, + ~.1 = 0 (8-91 )
0.1
w.
~11011111131 ~0110111011 12 (1 = 0) = 1/1300 10~ 80101101101 ~(). (8-91) 18

‫ُﺭ‬
~.1
ww
12(1) = 1/1 - -1 (8-92)

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1-,,,
1018 11100~ ~1108 ~0~11 /2(1) 13118 10 ~~(0 300 10)1(1810( 12 18 10(11~0 011 00~ 10 8~11-
~011111101311011. 10~ 00(311011 011018 11100~ 18 3()()(0)(111131~1)1
(8-93)
$8~. 8-10 269

15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 8-320. 0100~ 1)2 ~001101.1~5 10 ~3(()1 111~ 1030 ~1.1((~01 1.10111111~
1030 ~1.1((~0113115 10 2~(0. 111~ (~~~(5~ ~0113~~ 10( 12 15 ~(0~10~0 0)1111~ 10(~3(0
~0113~~ 0(0~ 01 0100~ 1)2.
~)(301()1~ 8-12
10~ 8111~1~-11038~ (0111111~111~1113()1111,,,~(1~( 111~1~. 8-3230381.-1 = 1.-2 = 1.-,,, = 30 ~1-1,

~,,, = 50 ~~, 3110 10~ 11~3/( 1030 (1.1((~11118 /,,, = 175~. 10~ 0( 111111.11 ,,,0113~~ 18 11,
= 220 ~ 3110 10~ 111,,,~(1~( 1(~()1.1~11()118 /() = 60 1-12. 10~ ,,,0113~~ 0(011 0110~ (1((1.111
‫ﻣ‬
10(111~0 0)110)1(1810( 12 3110 0100~ /)2 18, 31111(0)(111131~1)1, 11,1 = 2 ~. 0~1~(111111~ 10~
(1((1.11111.1(11-01111111~, (,1(,,,,.~) 11/,,, = 0~ (()
(3) (1((1.11111.1(11-01111111~, (4~ (0) (113)(11111.1111
10~ 11~3/( (1.1((~111 0110)1(1810(8, /,,~ (0) 01.1(311011 01 (01111111.1131101111(0(~88, (, = (1,,, +
et
(2,,,~ 3110 (~) ~11~(~)1131111~011111101.1(10( 1.-2 3110~ ~110 0111100~ 1.
50111~100 11, = 220 ~, 1.-,,,= 30 ~1-1, ~,,, = 50 ~~, 3110/,,, = 175~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(3) ~(0111 ~(). (8-87), ~ = (175/220) ~2 )(
30/50 = 0.8714. ~(0111 ~(). (8-86),
)( )(
(4
= ~2 30 50 ((08 -1 1311-1 (0.8714) = 25.6 ~8
2(1 + 0~87142)1/2- ~
rin
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (8-88), (4(,,,..) = (70/3) ~2 )( 30 )( 50 = 57.36 ~8.
(() ~(0111 ~(). (8-89), 10~ 11111~10( 10~ 11~3/( (1.1((~11118
(,,,
ee )( )( 501311-1 1
= (1,,, = ~2 30 = 46.78 ~5
0.8714
gin
106
(0
= ~2 18,257 (30/5
)(
30 )(
50 =
‫ﺔ‬ ~(0111 ~()5.
/,, = 2
(8-82)
sy
)(
En
3110 (8-90),
175 (05 (1.8257

10~ 11~3/( 10)1(1810( (1.1((~11118
)(
0.4678) + 220
~
/2 )( 50
30
5111(1.8257 )( 0.4678)
- 175 = 357.76 ~
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (8-93), (2,,, )(
= 175 30/2 = 2625 ~5 3110 10~ (01111111.1131101111111~
Ea
15
(0 = (1,,, + (2,,, = 46.78 + 2625 = 2671.78 ~8

w.
(~) ~1 10~ ~110 0111100~ 1, 10~ ~11~(~)1 510(~0 11111101.1(10( 1.-2 15
)( )( )(
~ = 0.51.-,,,/~ = 0.5 30 106 357.762 = 1.921
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1-/0(~. 11 ~3/(~5 3 (~1311~~1)1100~ 11(11~ 10 01551~31~ 111~ ~0~(~)1 300 (~01.1~~5 111~
~111~1~0~)1 300 01.11~1.111(~~1.1~0~)1 01111~ 10~~(1~(. 01.1~ 10 11115 ~0~(~)1 01551~31100 10
111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~5, 111~(~ ~01.110 0~ 111~((1131 ~(001~(11. 11115 1(3~~~0 ~0~(~)1 ~30 0~
(~11.1(0~0 10 111~ 501.1(~~ 0)1 ~000~~110~ 3 1~~003~/( 1(30510((11~( 300 0100~5 35 5110~0
10 ~1~. 8-33.
~)(301()1~ 8-13
1110~ 11.1(118(3110 011~~003(/( 1(311510(111~( 111~1~. 8-33 15 1-1/1-12 = (1 = 0.1, 0~1~(111111~

10~ (3) 01.1(31101101 (01111111.1131101111(0(~88, (0 = (1,,, + (2,,,~ (0) ~11~(~)11(31111~011111101.1(10(
1.-2 3110~ ~110 0111100~ 1 ~ 3110 (() 11~3/( 10)1(1810( (1.1((~111.
270

.,,1~0..~ 8-33 ~0(11()1~(11~(1(3(~ ~0(11(110(3-

(10(1 ~1(111~~003~(( ~1(101(185.
‫ﻣ‬
801..1100 11, = 220~, 1-1 = 1-2 = 1-,,, = 30 ~1-1,~ = 50 ~~, ~110/,,, = 175~. ~(0(11
8(). (8-87),
t
.ne
175 /2)( 30
~ = = 0.8714
220~ 50
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
106
= 18,257 (~0/5
(0
ng
= ~2 )(
30 )(
50
(~) 10.~ ~0(11(11..1~60111111~(,,,~1 ~~11 0~ 01,,,10~0 11110 1~0 (1100~5. 10.~ ~()111,,,~1~111
eri
~1(~111110( (1100~ 115 50.0~11 111~1~. 8-34~, ~0.1~0. 15 10.~ 5~(11~ ~5 10.~1111 ~1~. 8-32~. 11
111 ~110 112 ~(~ 10.~ ~(1(11~(~ ~110 5~~0110~(~ ,,,011~~~ 0110.~ 1~~00~~/( ((~11510((11~(, (~-
5~~~6,,,~1~, 1)2 ~110 1)11 ~01110 ~011011~1 11
ine
0(
(8-94)
‫ﺔ‬ ng
10.~ 011(~11011 01 (1100~ 1 ~~11 0~ 1011110 1(0(11 8().

E
(8-84)=
(8-95)
/
sy
1-,,,
111.2 (( = (1,0) = 11, ~05 (0(1,,, - 2/,,, 5111 (0 (1,,, - (/11,
~ 2~,0
Ea
(
(/ 1
1,,, = ~ ,,,,,, 1 - 1
511
(1 + ~2)1/2
+ ~21-,,,~,,, 1~11-1-
~
(8-96 )
w.
= 50.91 ~5
‫ُﺭ‬
10.15 (1100~ ~1105 ~0.~11 1)2 ~110 1)11 ~011011~15. ~110.~ ~110 01 (1100~ 1, 8(). (8-82) ~1,,,~5
ww
10.~ ~11((~111 11110.~(1510( 12

‫ﺷﺩ‬
=
(8-97)
~(0(11 8()5. (8-82) ~110 (8-97),
)( )( 0.5091) )( 0.5091)
/1 = 2 175 ~05 (1.8257 + 220 )2)( 5111(1.8257
~~
- 175 = 356.24 ~
58~. 8-10 271

+ +
~1
+
- ~~1
~01
+
~~2
- - ~2 ~2 ~2
.2
‫ﻣ‬
ng
. 46.78
ri
~~02
ee
~5
gin
0
‫ﺔ‬ -
(1 + 3.)~5
3.~5
~01
~5
En
asy
0
-1
/101
E
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
(8-98)
ww
-0.1
)(
220 = -22...,,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~5 - ~02 = (1 + (1)~5 (8-99)

)(
1.1 220 = 242...,,
~00~ 2 0~~1115 ~11~11 /)2 3110 /)11 ~011011~1 3110 111~ ...0113~~ 01111011~10~ ~2 15
~13~~~0 10 - (1~5. 111~ ~~111...31~111 ~1~~111115 5110~11 111~1~. 8-340.
0/2
~ ,,, = -(17) 2
= -(1~. ~ (8-100)
0(
272

(8-101)
(8-102)
)( )( 356.24_
= 30 10-6 485.79 ~5
‫ﻣ‬
)( -
0.1 220
et
(,. = (1,,, + (2,~ = 50.91 + 485.79 = 536.7 ~5
(0) ~11/1~ ~110 0111100~ 1, 1/1~ ~11~,~~ 510,~0 1111110(1(10, 1.~ 15
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
)( )( )(
~ = 0.51.,,,1~= 0.5 30 10-6 356.242 = 1.9041
(() ~,0111 ~~. (8-89), (,,,
= 46.78 ~5, 3110 1,0111~~. (8-98), 1~ = 357.76 ~.
rin
1-/0(~. 111~ 1,3~~~0 ~11~(~)118 (~10(11~0 10 111~ 80~~1)1. 111~ (01111110131101111111~
(311 0~ (~00(~0 0)110~~(111~ 111~10(118 (3110 (1~11118~0010 111((~38~ 111~~0113~~ (31111~8
011~~003(/( 0100~8. ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
111 111~ ~(~~1008
(0((~111
~11~(~38
001~01
18 10((~0
~111111100(11~~
8~(110118
10308,
10 110(1031~
111 3 (0((~111-800((~
(0((~111
111~ 111~~(1~(8
En
111~ ~0~~(
18 111311113111~0 (011813111
sy
1(0111 ~08111~~
111~~(1~(,
8~11(11~8
3(~ 1~0 1(0111 3 ~0113~~
10 11~~311~~,
~1111 3 1(~~~11~~1111~
111~ 111~01 0~113~~8
1((~8~~(11~~ 011030
3110 ~1(~
800((~
0100~8
38 3 (0((~111
~~(83.
011 111~ 111~~(1~(

3(~
3110 111~ 1030
800((~.
10 (0~~
(~().01(~0,
111~
3110 111~
001~01 ~0113~~ 18 10((~0 10 (11311~~. 111~ (1((011 013~(3111 01 3 8111~1~-~1138~ 1(311818-
10(12~0 111~~(1~( 18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 8-353. 5111(~ 111~(~ 111081 0~ 3 (01111110008 (0((~111
Ea
110~ 1(0111 111~ 800((~, 1~0 8~11(11~8 111081 31~3)18 (01100(1-011~ 1(0111 111~ 0~~~( 3110
011~ 1(0111111~ 10~~( 8~11(11~8. 111~ (01100(11011 8~().0~11(~ 1812,23,34,3110 41. 111~
001~01 (0((~111 ~3~~10(111 18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 8-350. 111~ 0100~8 111 8~(1~8 ~1111 111~
w.
1(31181810(8 3(~ (~().01(~0 10 010(/( 111~ (~~~(8~ ~0113~~8 011 111~ 1(31181810(8.
~1111 3 (0((~111-800((~ 111~~(1~(, 111~ (011111101311011 (1((0118 10( 111)1(1810(8 (~().01(~
‫ُﺭ‬
0(11)1 (3~3(110(8 3110 3(~ 81111~1~(, 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 8-35(. ~~1 08 3880111~ 11131 11
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
3110 12 3(~ (01100(1111~ 3110 (3~3(110(8 ~1 3110 ~2 3(~ (113(~~0 ~1111 ~013(11)1 38 8110~11.
~1(111~ 01111)1(1810(8 13 3110 14 (~~~(8~ 0138~8 111)1(1810(8 11 3110 12. 11 3110 12 3(~
10(11~0 011. 111~ (0((~111 110~ 110~8 111(00~11 13~11)1, 1030, 3110 1)2~214. 111~
(3~3(110(8 ~1 3110 ~2 3(~ 018(113(~~0 3110 (~(113(~~0 31 3 (011813111 (31~ 0~1~(111111~0
0)11030 (0((~111, /,,, = //.,.. ~11~11 111~ (0((~111111(00~11 ~1 3110 ~2 13118 10 2~(0, 111~
1030 (0((~111 ~111 0~ 1(31181~((~0 1(0111 0100~ 1)1 10 1)3 3110 1)2 10 1)4. 1)1 3110 1)2
~111 0~ 1011~0 011 ~11~11 111~ 1030 (0((~111 18 (0111~1~1~1)1 (~~~(8~0. 111~ (3~3(110( 18
110~ (~30)110 10(11 01113 3110 14 11111)1(1810(8 11 3110 12 3(~ 11(~0 111 111~ 11~)(111311-
$8~. 8-11 273

, ~
~
~ +
0
~
~
~ .,,.
~
~
~
‫ﻣ‬
~
~ .,,8~~8~~8 ~~ .,,0~1898 ~
~ ___ _ _ _ __ 1
et
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~0
n
0
2..
- ~~ - - - - - - - - - - - - -
e eri
(~) ~08~ ~()~~8/11
gin
~-- --,
‫ﺔ‬ ~~~~~/
/
~+
En
~~- .,,.
~,-,
~01
~~04
sy
/
~~,-4
Ea
~~~~---....,,
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
~)1~1~. 10~ ~00101111(11100 1101~ ~111 (/~~~0(/ 00 10~ 10(1(/ ~11 ~01 (10(/ 10(1(/ ,,,011(18~.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~ (/10(/~5 10 ~18. 8-35~ 1501(11~ 10~ ~(1~(1~110._5 ~._001 10~ 10(1(/ ,,,011(18~.
~1811.-~ 8-36(1 500~5 10~ ~1._~1111 (/1(18.-(101 0~ (1 10._~~-~0(15~ ~11 ~01-5011._~~ 10-
,,,~._1~._. 10~ ~(1,,,~~0._015 ~0._ 8(11108 5180(115 (10(/ 110~ ~11 ~015 ~0._ (1 ~)1~-~000~~1~(/
10(1(/ (1._~ 500~0 10 ~18. 8-360. ~1 (10)11051(101, 001)11~0 111)1._1510._5 ~00(/11~1 (11 10~
5(101~ 1101~.
10~ ~11 ~01-5011(~~ 10,,,~(1~( (~51) 15 (1 (/11(110~ (1 ,,,011(18~-5011(~~ 10,,,~(1~( (~51).
10~ 110~-10-110~ ,,,011(18~ 0~ (1 ~5115 510111(1( 10 50(1~~ 10 10~ 110~ ~11((~01 0~ (1 ~51.
10~ (1(/,,,(101(18~5 0~ 10~ ~51 (1(~~ (1) 510~~ 10~ 10~111 (/~ ~11(._~01 15 ~001(011~(/ (10(/
110111~(/, 011511(108 0~ 5~11~0108 (/~,,,1~~5, 0( (1 500(1 ~1(~1111, ~0111(/ 001 0~ 5~(10115
274

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
(8) ()(~~~~(
91
rin
(0(
0 11
92 ee (0(
0
211
93
(0(
gin
0
94
‫ﺔ‬ 0
95
0
96
sy
En
(0(
(0(
(0(
0
~~(.
Ea
0 (0(
w.
~~0
(0(
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~0
(0(
(0) ~8..810~015
~1~11..~8-36 1/1(~~-()/1(15~ ~11((~11( 5011(~~ (((11151510( 111..~(1~(.
58~. 8-11 275

~(001~/115~ (2) 111.~ ~~(1/( ~1.1((~111 01 ~0~~( 0~~1~~5 15 11/1111~0~ (3) 111.~ ~0/11/111.11311011
~1(~1.1115 10( 111.~(1510(5 (1(~ 51/11~1~(~ 3110 (4) 11 11.35 111.~ 301111~ 10 11.(11101~ (~(1~11~~ 0(
(~~~11~((111~~ 10(10 ~1111.01.111(~~~11.~~1111~ 0100~5.
~ ~51 (~~1.11(~5 (1 (~1(111~~1)11(1(8~ (~3~10( 10 ~)(11.1011 ~1.1((~111-501.1(~~ ~11.(1((1~1~(-
1511~5 (1110 311 ~)(1((1 ~011~~(1~( 51(1~~ 10 ~0111(01111.~ ~1.1((~111. 111.~ 0)111(1/111~ (~5~0115~
15 510~~(. 01.1~ 10 ~1.1((~1111((11151~( 1(0/11 011~ ~31( 015~11~11.~5 10 (1110111.~(, (111 01.11~1.11
1111~( 15 (~~1.11(~0 10 51.1~~(~55 111.~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ 5~1/(~5.
‫ﻣ‬
t
111.~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ 01 (111 111~~(1~( ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0 0~ ~(1()1111~ 111.~ /11001.11(111011
.ne
1110~)( (0( ~1.115~ ~10111.5) (1110 /11311113111111~ 111.~ 0~ 111~1.11~011(1~~ ~01151(1111 ~ 01.11 111 111.15
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1)1~~ 01 ~0113~~ ~0111(01, (1 ((111~~ 01 11.(1(/110111~5 ~01.110 0~ ~(~5~111 011 111.~ 01.11~1.11
~011(1~~. 111.~ ~1.115~ ~10111.5 ~(111 0~ /1131111(1111~0 11)(~0 10 ~11/11111(11~ 0( (~01.1~~ ~~(1(1111
g
11.(1(/110111~5 (1110 111.~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0 0)1 ~3(~111~
111.~ 1~~~1 01 0~ 111~1.11
(15 511.0~11111 ~18. 8-37 15 /(110~11 35 (1 1,/0,/0/)1€ 0~ 1/11/(
rin
~0113~~. 51.1~11.311 3((311~~/11~111
/111,/€,(€,. 111.15 (1(((1118~/11~111 (~~1.11(~5 311 (100111011(11 ~011~~(1~( 51(18~~ (1110 1111 15 (1
~11.0~~~(, 111.~ ~0~~( ~(1111101 0~ 1~0 03~/( 10 111.~ 0~ 501.1(~~.
ee
+
gin
0
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
0,,,
().
~8~(8~~8 (1~ ..,0~1898
..1~0..~ 8-37 ~ 3.1301~ 0~ 110/( 10.,,~.1~..

Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
111.~ 0~1~(/11111(111011 01 ~01138~ (1110 ~1.1((~111 (31111~5 01 ~0~~( 0~~1~~5 111 111~~(1~(
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1(~1.1115 0~~~1105 011111.~ 1)1~~5 01111~~(1~(5, 10(10, (1110 /11~111.005 01 ~01138~ 3110/~1.1((~111
~0111(01. 111.~ 0~51811 (~~1.11(~5 (1) 0~(1~1118 111.~ ~)(~(~5510115 10( 111.~ 11151(1111(111~01.15
10(10 ~1.1((~111, (1110 (2) ~10111118 111.~ ~1.1((~111 ~(1~~10(/115 10( ~(1~11. 0~~1~~ (1110 ~0/11~0-
11~111. 011~~ 111.~ ~1.1((~111 ~(1~~10(/11 15 /(110~11,
111.~ 1~~11.111~1.1~5 10( ~(11~1.11(111118111.~
((1111185 01 ~0~~( 0~~1~~5 (1110 ~0/11/111.11(111011 ~0/11~011~1115 (1(~ 51/11113( 10 111.(111115~~110115
3-4 (1110 7-8. 111.~ ~~(111.1(111011 01 ~011(1~~ ((1111185 (~().1.11(~5 ~513011511.1118 111.~ (~~~(5~
~01138~5 01 ~3~11. 0~~1~~.
10 (~01.1~~ 111.~ 01.11~1.11 11.3(/110111~5, 01.11~1.11 1111~(5 (1(~ 11~~~55(1()1. ~1~1.1(~ 8-38
511.0~5 111.~ ~0/11/110111)11.15~0 01.11~1.111111~(5. ~ ~-1111~( 15 ~~(~ 51/11~1~, 01.11 11 0((1~5
276

‫ﻣ‬
1110(~ (~(1~11~~ 110~~(. ~11 1.,~-11111~0 1111~( (15 111 ~1~. 8-380 ~(111 ~11111111(11~ 0111~ 011~
1(~().11~11~~. ~ 11(011~(1~ 0~51~11~0 ~1.,~ 1111~( (15 111 ~1~ 8-38~ 15 1110(~ ~11~~11~~ 111
et
(~011~111~ 11(1(1110111~5 01 ~10~ 0(1110~10111 (1110 0((1~5 1~55 (~(1~11~~ 110~~(.
~)(301()1~ 8-14
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
10~ 5111~1~-.,1135~ (11)(1113(~-~011111111131~0 11111-/)(10~~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 8-313 511.,.,11~5 3
1030018. = 100, 1.- = 31.5 011-1,3110~ = 112 /1-~. 10~ 0~ 111.,111
~0113~~15 ~. =
220 ~ 3110 10~ 111~~(1~( 1(~().11~11~~ 1510 = 60 1-12. 10~ 111(11-0111101~ 0110~(1510(5, (0((
rin
= 25 /1-5. 10~ 0111.,111 .,,0113~~ 035 1~0 1101~0~5 511~111031 101(0 3110 11110 03(010111~5
3(~ ~110111131~0. ))~1~(01111~ 111~ (3) ~)(.,(~55101110( 10~ 1030 ~11((~111, 10(() ~ (/)) 0.,111111101
.,,3111~5 01 ~001111111311011~3.,3~110( ~,,, 3110111011~10( 1.-,,, 10 111111111112~
ee 10~ ~11~(~~~ 3110 (~)
.,~3/( ~11((~1115 0110~(1510(5 11 3110 0100~ /)1.
801011011 10~ 0111.,111.,,0113~~ ~3.,,~10(11115 500~11111 ~1~. 8-18. ~5 = 220 ~,10 = 60

1.- = 31.51111-1, 3110 ~ = 112 /1-~. 1.,~1 (4 = (0(( = 25 /1-5(1100) 2,,.
gin
1-12, 8. = 100, =
)(
60 = 377 (30/5.
‫ﺔ‬ 10~
10~ 111011~11.,,~(~3~1311~~ 10( 10~ 1110 03(1110111~ .,,0113~~ 15
)(~
= 1211,,.
En
)(
60
)( 31.5)(
~3.,3~111.,,~ (~3~1311~~ 10( 10~ 1110 03(1110111~ .,,0113~~ 15

sy
10-3 = 111.8711 0
10~ 1111.,~0311~~ 10( 10~ 1110 03(1110111~ .,,0113~~ 15

Ea
1/2
_
2~ = (102 + (11.8711 2~6) 2)
w.
3110 10~ .,0~~( 13~10( 311~1~ 10( 111~ 1110 03(1110111~ .,,0113~~ 15
_ -1 11.8711- 23.6/11_- -1 1.1 8711 _ 2.346

( )
‫ُﺭ‬
()~
- 1311 1311
ww
10 11
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(3) ~().11311011(8-37) ~1.,,~510~ ~0~111~1~111501 3 ~011(1~( 5~(1~5,
4 ~5 1 - 2 ~05 110.1 + 2 ~05 110.2

..4~,,.=-
11
~0( 0.1 = 23.62031100.2 = 33.30, 10~ 101(0 311011110 03(1110111~5 ~01110 /)~ 3/)5~111. ~(0111
~().. (8-36) 111~ 111513111311~01150111.,01 .,,0113~~ ~311 /)~ ~)(.,(~55~0 35
1)0(()
)( 377() + 85.1 5111(9 )( 377()
= 235.1 5111377( + 69.4 5111(7 +
58~. 8-13 277

01~10111~ 10.~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 0~ 10.~ 1030 1111~~0311~~ 3110 ~011510~1111~ 10.~ 3~~10~1131~
0~13~ 011~ 10 10.~ ~0~~1 13~101 311~1~5 ~1~~ 10.~ 1030 ~1111~111 35
(,(/) = 15.195111 (377( + 49.740) + 0.865111 (7 )( 377( - 82.850)

)( 377( + 0.665111 (11 )( 377( - 85.550) + . . .
+ 1.095111 (9 - 84.520)
(0) ~~~1~~1111~ 10.~ 0.311110111~5,10.~ ~~3/( 1030 ~1111~111,1,~ = 1/. = 15.19~.
~~11360115 (3-30) 3110 (3-31) ~1~~ 10.~ 0~611111111~3111~501 ~,~ 3110 ~,,,.
0. 398()10 0.398)( 25 )( 10-6
‫ﻣ‬
~,,,= = ~0
1,, 15.19
_ 0.8917(),, _ 0.8917 )( 25 )(
10-6 )(
15.19
et
~,,, - -
~0 ~0
~10111 ~~. (8-77),
~0 =~, + 1,,~ = 220 + 15.19

)~=
rin
501~111~101 ~,,, 3110 ~,,, ~1~105 ~,,, = 0.52 ~~, ~,,, = 431.7 ~1-1, 3110 ~0 = 662.6~.
(~) 10.~ ~~3/( 10.~115101~1111~111,1,, = 15.19~, 3110 10.~ ~~3/( 1~50113111~1111~111,
-
ee ~,,,
-
0.52
1~~ = ~0 -~,,, = 662.6 -431.7 = 22.77 ~
~ ~
gin
~10111 ~1~. 8-310 10.~ ~~3/( 0100~ ~1111~111 011~ 10 1~50113111 05~111311011 15
‫ﺔ‬ 0100~
10.011~0. 10.~5~ 1~0
0100~,
En
/)
10.~ ~~3/(
sy
~1111~111, 113111~1~, 15.19

1 ~111 ~311~
1~~ = 22.77
0010.10.~
-
111011~6~~
15.19 = 7.58~.
1030
~0111~011~1115 ~01110 0~1~1111111~ 10.~ 11115 3110 3~~13~~

0100~
~1111~111 3110
~1111~11111110.15 ~)(3111~1~ 50.01110 0~ 10.~ 53111~ 35 10.31 0110.~115101

~.
1~50113111 ~1111~111.
~1111~1115 0110.~
~1-
~)(301())~ 8-15
Ea
111 ~)(301~1~ 8-14, 311 0111~111 ~-1111~1 15 115~0 10 ~110111131~ 5~~~1110. 3110 0.1~0.~1-010~1
0.311110111~5. 0~1~101111~ 10.~ ~3111~ 011111~1 ~3~3~1101, ~~.
80)11(1011 (00 = 270/ = 270 )( 60 = 377 130/5. 10.~ 1110. 3110 0.1~0.~1-010~1 0.31010111~5
w.
~01110 0~ 1~011~~0 51~11111~31111~1110.~ 1111~1 1111~~0311~~ 15 11111~0.501311~110.311 10.31 0110.~

1030, 31103 1360 011~10 15 110101311~ 30~~1131~,
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
2~ = 10%~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0.~1~ 10.~ 1111~11111~~0311~~15 %~ = 1/(37711~~) 3110 10.~ 1030 1111~~0311~~15
_ 2~.6)1/2
2~ = (102 + (11.8711
10.~ ~3111~011111~1 ~3~3~11311~~ ~~ ~311 0~ 1011110110111

2 1/2
_
(
102 +
( 11.8711
23.6
11 )) ~
= 37711~_
~01 10.~ 5~~~1110.0.31010111~,11 = 7 3110 ~_ = 47.3 ~~.
278

1001.1~10(5 (1(~ 1.15~0 10 10)1(1510( ~0(0(01.11(11100 ~1(~1.1115 (100 10( (~500(101 05~111(11100
10 (~500(101 10~~(1~(5. 10~ (~500(101 1(~().1.1~0~)1 15 1.151.1(111)1~~()1 ~~()1 01~0. 10~
(0(1~0~11~ 1055 15 0~~~00~01 00 10~ 1(~().1.1~0~)1 (100 10~5~ 1001.1~10(5 5001.110 0~ 0~51~0~0
~110 (0(1~0~11~ ~0(~5 01 ~~()1 01~0 ~~((0~(101111)1 10 (~01.1~~ 10~ ~0(~ 1055~5. 10~
01.11~1.11 0110~~(1~(5 (1(~ 00((0(111)11501(11~0 1(0(0 10~ 10(10 0)1 (10 01.11~1.111((10510((0~(.
10~ 10~~(1~( 01.11~1.11~011(1~~ 00((0(111)1 ~001(110 0(1((0001~5 (100 10~ 1((10510((0~( 1055~5
(1(~ 10~(~(15~0. ~ 1((10510((0~(, ~01~015 0~51~0~0 10 0~~((11~ (11 ~1.1(~1)1 5101.15010(11
‫ﻣ‬
~011(1~~5, ~01.110 0~ 51.101~~1~0 10 01~0~( 1055~5 (100 11 5001.110 0~ 0~((11~0 ~0~0 11 15
0~10~ 0~~((11~0 1(0(0 10~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~5 0110~~(1~(5. 10~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ 5001.110
0(1~~ 00 0~ ~0(0~00~01~ 010~(~15~, 10~ ~0(~ (0(1)1 0~ 5(111.1((11~0.
t
ng
10~~(1~(5 ~(10 ~(0~10~ 510~1~-~0(15~ (100 10(~~-~0(15~ (1~ ~011(1~~5 1(0(0 (1 11)(~0 0(
~(1(1(101~ 0~ ~011(1~~. 10~(~ (1(~ ~(1(101.15~011(1~~ ~001(011~~001().1.1~5 (100 10~)1 ~(001.1~~
(1((10~~ 010(1((0001~5 00 10~ 01.11~1.11~011(1~~. 10~ 5101.15010(11~1.115~-~1010 (0001.11(11100
(5~~~)
~001~~ 0110~
10(11~0 .
15 (00(~ ~11~~11~~ 10 (~01.1~10~ 10~ 10~~(-0(0~(
5~11~010~ ~(111~(05 10( ~0~~(
eri
0(1((0001~5. ~110 (1 ~(0~~(
0~~1~~5, ~~(1(110 0(1((0001~5 ~(10 0~ ~11(0-
ine
10~ (~500(101 10~~(1~(5 (1(~ 00((0(111)11.15~0 10 01~0-1(~().1.1~0~)1 (1~~11~(111005 (~-
().1.11(10~ 11)(~0 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~. 10~ (0(1)(1(01.1(0 (~500(1011(~().1.1~0~)115 11(011~0 0)110~
‫ﺔ‬
11.1(0-01111(0~
10~ ~0~~(
10~~(1~(5
0110)1(1510(5
1((1051510(5
(1(~ 11(011~0
sy
g
(0(
(100 0105,
En
1((1051510(5).
10 01~0 ~0~~(.
10~
1)1.1~ 1010~
(1~~11~(111005
0~~~10~(0~01011(151-5~11~0-
0110(~~0-~0(0(01.11(11~0 10)1(1510(
Ea
1. .8. 0. .8~010(0, (1110 ~. (3. 1-1011, ,,,//1(//1/~ 0/ //11/~,(~, 0,(/1/(5. ~~~ ~0(~~ 10011 ~11~)1
8.. 50118, 111~., 1964.
2. 1-1. 5. ~(11~1, (1110 ~. (3. 1-1011, ..(3~11~((111~~0 1~~0111~11~8 01 0(1(1110111~ ~11111111(111011 (1110.,,011-
,
w.
(18~ ~0111(0111110)1(/810( ~011.,,~(1~(.,, / ~~~ 7,(//15(/((/0/15 0/1 //10-/15((/ ~/1/1//((/(/0/15. 01. 1~9,
~0. 3, 1973, ~~. 310-317 (1110 ,01. 1~-10, ~0. 5, 1974, ~~. 666-673.
3. 1. 00111501 (11101-1. 0~11811, ..~ 110.,,~1 ~~~ 1~~0111~11~ 10( 10(~~-~0(18~ 111.,,~(1~(/~011.,,~(1~(.,,
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
//1(~,/1(/(/0/1(// ,,0~~, ~/~((,0/1/(5 ~0/1/~,~/1(~, 1983, ~~. 384-395.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
4. ~. ~. 5~01~~01, ..~0.,,~110~01081~5 (111~(11(16.,,~8 10 10~ 0~81811 01 (1 0(1(1110111~-1(~~ (111/11)1/

0~ 1111~(1(1~~.,, ,,0~~, ~/~((,0/1/( 5/1~(/(///5( ~0/1/~,~/1(~, 1983, ~~. 206-216.
5. ~. ~. 5~0~(1(~, ..~11 1111~(0.,,~0 111~1000 01 (~8011(1111 ~11((~111 ~1.118~ 11100111(16011 10( ~0~~(
~011.,,~(1~(8.,, /~~~ 7,(//15(/((/0/15 0/1 //10-/15(,/(// ~/~((,0/1/(5 (//10- ~0/1(,0/ //15(,/1/11~/1((/(/0/1,
,01. 1~023, ~0. 2, 1976, ~~. 133-141.
6. 1. ,111118,~. 5~0~~1~~(, (11101. 1,. 51~111~(, ..~~.,,~(8~ ~011011~611810)1(1810(810( 0180 ~0~~(
8~(1~8 (~8011(1111 ~1(~11118.,, /~~~ //10-/15(,)1 ~/1/1//((/(/0/15 50(/~()1 ~0/1/~,~/1(~ ~~(0,0-, 1985,
~~. 715-722.
279

7. 0. ~. 01~(111, ..0~81~11 ~011810~~(1110118 10~ ~~~)1111~111~~~11~11~)1 ~~8011(111111100~ 0~/0~ ~011-
~~~1~~8.,, /~~~ //1~/4.5(,)1./1/1/1/1~0(10/15 50~/~1)1 ~0/1/~,~/1~~ ~~~0,~, 1986, ~~. 640-647.
..~ ~~11~~(111~~0 (1~~~0(1~1110~ 111~ 81~(10)1 81(11~ (111(11)1818
8. ~. 1(. 5. 811(11 (1110 5. 8. 0~~(111,
01 ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~5.,, /~~~ //1(//4.5(,)1 ./1/1/1/1((1(10/15 50(1~1)1 ~0/1/~,~/1(~ ~~(0,(/, 1986,
~~. 664-671.
9. ~. 0. 210~(18, 1. ~(111~(111(1111(111,
(1110 ~. 51~1(1110~1~, ..~ 1011~-().11(10~(1111~11~~~111~~~-
111(11~0 ~011~~~1~~ ~1111 (1 111~111~~().11~11~)11111~.,, /~~~ 1,0/150~(/0/15 0/1 //1~~(,)1 ./1/1/1/1-
~0(10/15, 01. 1~18, ~0. 5, 1982, ~~. 499-505.
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
8-1. ~11(1118 (111 111~~~1~~7
8-2. ~11(1118 111~ ~011~1~1~ 01 0~~~(111011 01 (111 111~~~1~~7
8-3. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ 1)1~~8 01111~~~1~~87
rin
8-4. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ 0111~~~11~~8 /)~1~~~11 11(111-/)~10~~ (1110 11111-/)~10~~ 111~~~1~~87
8-5. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ ~~~10~111(111~~ ~(1~(1111~1~~8 01111~~~1~~87
8-6. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ ~11~~08~8 011~~0/)(1~~ 0100~8 111 111~~~1~~87

ee
8-7. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (1~~(111~111~1118 10~ 0/)1(1111111~ 111~~~-~11(18~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~87
8-8. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ 111~111008 10~ ~011(1~~ ~0111~01 ~1111111 111~ 111~~~1~~87
gin
8-9. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 018~1(1~~111~111-(111~1~ ~0111~017
‫ﺔ‬
8-10.
8-11.
8-12.
8-13.
8-14.
~11(11
~11(11
~11(1118
~11(11
~11(1118
(1~~ 111~ 1~~11111~11~8
(1~~ 111~ ~11~~18

En
111~ ~~111~1~1~
18 111~ 0~(10
111~ ~11~~1
sy
~011~
018~~1~8
01111)1~1810~
10~ 11(1~1110111~ ~~011~1101187
01 ~11111111(11111~ 10~~~-0~0~~
~~8011(1111111~~~1~~87
01 (1 ~~8011(1111 111~~~1~~7
111~11-011 6111~ 011 111~~~1~~

11(1~1110111~87
1~~~11~11~)17
8-15. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~~8011(1111 111~~~1~~8 ~1111 /)101~~~6011(11
8~11~11~8 7
Ea
8-16. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~8 ~11111111101~~~11011(11

8~11~11~8 7
8-17. ~11(1118 111~ 11~~~88(1~)1 ~011016011 10~ 8~~1~8 ~~8011(1111 08~111(1110117

w.
8-18. ~11(1118 111~ ~11~~08~ 01 ~011~1~0 111011~10~8 111 11(111-/)~10~~ ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~87
8-19. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~~~~~8~-~011011~611~ 111)1~1810~8 111 ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~87

‫ُﺭ‬
8-20. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 015(10~(1111(1~~8 011~(11181810~1~~0 111~~~1~~8 ~0111~(1~~0 10
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111)1~1810~ 111~~~1~~8 7
8-21. ~11(11 18 0~~~1(1~ ~0111~01 01 ~~8011(1111111~~~1~~87
8-22. ~11(1118 110110~~~1(1~ ~0111~01 01111~~~1~~87
8-23. ~11(1118 111~ ~~111~1~1~ 01 (111)(111(1~)1 ~0111111111(11~0 111~~~1~~87
8-24. ~11(11 18 111~ ~~111~1~1~ 01 ~0111~11111~111(1~)1 ~0111111111(11~0 111~~~1~~87
8-25. ~11(1118111~ ~11~~08~ 011~~0/)(1~~ 1~(111810~111~~ 111~0111~1~111~111(1~)1 ~0111111111(11~0111~~~1~~87
8-26. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~11~~~111-8011~~~ 111~~~1~~87
8-27. ~11(11 (1~~ 111~ 111(11110111~~~11~~8 /)~1~~~11 ~011(1~~-8011~~~ (1110 ~11~~~111-8011~~~ 111~~~1~~8 7
280

8-28. ~0.31 3~~ 10.~ 111311130,,.31113~~5 3110 01530,,.31113~~5 01 ,,.3~1301~ 0~ 1111/(111,,.~~1~~57
8-29. ~0.31 3~~ 10.~ ~~350115 10~ 300111~ 3 1111~~ 011 10.~ 111,,.~~1~~01.11~1.117
8-30. ~0.31 3~~ 10.~ 0111~~~11~~5 0~1~~~11 3~ 3110 0~ 611~~57
8-1. ~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 0.311-0~10~~ 111,,.~~1~~ 111~1~. 8-130.35 3 ~~51511,,.~ 1030 01 ~ = 1003110

10.~ 0~ 111~1.11,,.0113~~ 15 11$ = 220 ~. 0~1~~111111~ 10.~ (3) ~1115 01.11~1.11,,.0113~~ 31 10.~
‫ﻣ‬
111~(~) 01.11~1.11~0~~~, ~0~ (~) 3,,.~~3~~, ~1115, 3110 ~~3/( ~1.1~~~1115
11.11103111~111311~~().1.1~11~~,
01 ~3~0.1~31151510~~ ((() ~~3/( 011-5131~ ,,.0113~~ 01 ~3~0.1~31151510~, 118~ (~) 10131113~1110111~
01510~11011, 1110 ~ (1) 01510~11011 13~10~, 0~~ 3110 (~) 113~1110111~13~10~ 3110 01510~11011
t
13~10~ 01111~ 10~~51-0~0~~ 0.3~1110111~.
e
8-2. ~~~~31 ~~00. 8-110~ 111~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~1~~111~1~. 8-23.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
8-3. 111~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 8-23 1135 311 ~1-~ 1030 ~1111 ~ = 5 0, 1- = 10 1111-1,
3110 ~ = 26 ~~. 111~ 111,,.~~1~~ 1~~().1.1~11~~,10 = 400 1-12, 3110 111~ 0~ 111~1.11,,.0113~~,
11$ = 220~. (3) ~)(~~~55 111~ 111513111311~01.151030 ~1.1~~~1111113 ~01.1~1~~ 5~~1~5. ~31~1.113(~
(11~ (~) ~11151030 ~1.1~~~11(3( (11~ 11.11103111~111311~~().1.1~11~~,/1~ (~) 113~1110111~13~(0~ 01111~
rin
1030 ~1.1~~~11(,1-1~~ ((() 3,,.~~3~~ 51.1~~1~ ~1.1~~~11(/$~ 3110 (~) 3,,.~~3~~, ~1115,3110 ~~3/( ~1.1~~~11(5
01 ~3~11 (~311515(0~.
8-4. ~~~~3( ~~00. 8-3 10~ 10 = 60 1-12, ~ = 40, 1- = 251111-1, 3110 ~ = 10 ~~.
8-5. ~~~~31 ~~00. 8-3 10~ 10 = 60 1-12, ~
ee = 5 0, 3110 1- = 20 1111-1.
8-6. 111~ (11~~~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 8-53 0.35 3 ~~~-~01111~~(~0 ~~515(1,,.~ 1030
gin
01 ~ = 5 0. 111~ 111,,.~~1~~1~~().1.1~11~~1510 = 400 1-12 3110 (0.~ 0~ 111~1.1(,,.01(3~~ 15 11$ =
220 ~. ~)(~~~55 (0.~ 111513111311~01.15~0.35~ ,,.0113~~5 3110 ~0.35~ ~1.1~~~11(5 111 3 ~01.1~1~~
‫ﺔ‬
8-7.
8-8.
8-9.
8-10.
5~~1~5 .
~~~~3(
~~~~3(
~~~~31
~~00.
~~00.
~~00.
8-6 10~ (11~ 1111~-(0-1111~ ,,.01(3~~5
En
8-6 10~ 3 0~1(3-~01111~~1~0

8-7 10~ 3 0~1(3-~01111~~(~0
111~ (11~~~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~(~~ 111~1~. 8-53
sy
1030.
1030.
3110 1111~~1.1~~~11(5.
1135 3 ~~~-~01111~~1~0 1030 3110 ~3~11

~1135~ ~011515(5 01 ~ = 5 0, 1- = 10 1111-1,3110 ~ = 25 ~~. 111~ 111,,.~~(~~1~~().1.1~11~~ 15
10 = 601-12 3110 (11~ 0~ 111~1.1(,,.01(3~~, 11$ = 220 ~. 0~1~~111111~ (11~ ~1115, 3,,.~~3~~, 3110
Ea
~~3/( ~1.1~~~11(501 (11~ 1~311515(0~5.

8-11. 111~ 01.1(~1.1(,,.0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~(~~ 15 ~011(~011~0 0~ ~1.115~-~10(11
111001.11311011~1(11 011~ ~1.115~~~~ 0.311-~~~1~. 0~(~~111111~ 111~ ~~().1.11~~0~1.115~~10(11 50 (113(
w.
(11~ 11.11103111~11131~0111~011~11( 15 70% 01 0~ 111~1.1(,,.01(3~~.
8-12. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~(~~ 1.15~53 1.111110~111

~~~ ~1(11 (~0 ~1.115~5~~~ 11311-~~~1~
‫ُﺭ‬
10~ ,,.01(3~~ ~011(~01. ~10( 111~ 015(0~(1011 13~10~, 11.11103111~11(31~0111~011~11(, 3110 10~~~-
ww
0~0~~ 113~1110111~53~31115( 111001.113110111110~)(.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
8-13. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~(~~, ~111~11 1.15~5 3 1.111110~111

~~~ ~1(11 (~0 ~1.115~5 ~~~
11311-~~~1~, 1135 3 1030 01 ~ = 50,1- = 151111-1, 3110 ~ = 25 ~~. 111~ 0~ 111~1.1(,,.01(3~~
15 11, = 220 ~. ~)(~~~55 (11~ 1115(311(311~01.151030 ~1.1~~~11(1,,(1) 1113 ~01.1~1~~ 5~~1~5 1.1 =
0.8,10 = 60 1-12.
8-14. ~ 5111~1~-~1135~ 11.111-0~10~~ 111,,.~~(~~ 1.15~5 3 1.111110~111 ~~~ ~1(11 5~,,.~(1 ~1.115~5 ~~~ 11311-
~~~1~ 10~ ,,.0113~~ ~0(1(~01. ~10( (11~ 015(0~(10(1 13~(0~, 11.11103111~(1(31 ~0111~0(1~(1(, 3(10
10~~~-0~0~~ 113~1110(11~5 3~31115( (11~ 111001.113(1011 1110~)(.
281

8-15. ~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11111-0~10~~ 111~~~1~~ 115~5 311 5~~~ ~110. 5~~~11 ~1115~5 ~~~ 0.311-~~~1~ 10~
~0113~~ ~0111~01. ~10110.~ 01510~11011 13~10~, 1111103111~11131~0111~011~111, 3110 10~~1-010~1
0.311110111~5 3~311151 10.~ 11100111311011 1110~)(.
8-16. 1(~~~31 ~~00. 8-15 101111~ 11100111~0 5~~~ ~11111~0 ~1115~5 ~~~ ~11311~1-~~~1~.
8.17. ~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11111-0110~~ 111~~11~1 115~5 3 11111101111~~~ ~110. 11~~ ~1115~5 ~~1 0.311-
~~~1~. 1)~1~1111111~ 10.~ ~1115~ ~1010. 1110.~ 11115 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15 80% 0110~ 0~ 111~111
~0113~~.
8-18. ~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11111-0110~~ 111~~11~1115~5 015~13~~111~111-311~1~ ~011110110 ~31~ 10.~ 0111~111
‫ﻣ‬
~0113~~ 3110 0.35 011~ ~1115~ ~~1 0.311-~~~1~, 35 50.0~11111 ~1~. 8-16~. 1)~1~1111111~ 10.~ 0~13~
(01 015~13~~111~111) 311~1~ 1110.~ 1111103111~11131~0111~011~111 01 0111~111 ~0113~~ 15 70% 01
0~ 111~111~0113~~.
et
8-19. ~ 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11111-0110~~ 111~~11~1115~5 11111111~1~1101~0~5 3110 1115 ~~~1111~0 10 ~1111111131~
10110, 11110, 5~~~1110., 3110 ~1~~~1110. 0.311110111~5 110111 10.~ 0111~111 ~3~~101111. 1)~1~1111111~
10.~ 11111110~1011101~0.~5 3110 111~1~ 311~1~5.
8-20. 1(~~~31 ~~00. 8-19 10 ~1111111131~10.110, 11110., 5~~~1110., 3110 1111110.0.311110111~5.
8-21. 10.~ 0351~ 5~11~5 1~50113111111~~11~~ 111~1~. 8-213 0.35 ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 25 ~~1, ~ = 2
rin
~~, 3110 ~ = 5 0. 10.~ 0~ 111~111~0113~~, ~, = 220 ~ 3110 10.~ 0111~11111~~11~11~~, /,, =
6.5 /(1-(2. 10.~ 111111-01111111~0110.~1151015, (0(( = 15 ~5. 1)~1~~111111~ 10.~ (3) 3~,111301~ (01
~~1111155101~ 1~~~11~11~~, 1003~~ (~) ~~3/(-10-~~3/(
~11~1111) 111111-01111111~, (~~ (11) (113)(111111111
~3~3~110~ ~0113~~, ~~~~ 3110 (().) ~~3/( )030 ~1111~111, 1,,. (~) 5/(~1~0. 10.~ 111513111311~0115
ee
1030 ~1111~111 /0 (()~ ~3~3~1101 ~0113~~ 1),.(()~ 3110 0~ 511~~1~ ~11~1~1111,.(0. ~31~11131~ 10~
(1) 111151030 ~1111~111, 10~ (~) 0111~111 ~0~~1, 110~ (11) 3~~13~~ 511~~1~ ~1111~111, 1,~ 3110 (1)
gin
3~~13~~, ~~3/(, 3110 ~1115~11~~~11150110.~ 10~1151015.
8-22. 10~ 0311-0~10~~ ~~50113111 111~~11~1 111 ~1~. 8-23 115~5 110110~~113~~111~ ~()1111()1. 10~ 111-
‫ﺔ‬
8-23.
~~11~111~~11~11~~
~
10~
En
15~) = 8.5/(1-(2. 11 ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 2 ~~, ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 40 ~1-(,
= 2 0, 3110 ~5 = 220 ~. 1)~1~1111111~ 10~ (3) ~~3/(

10~115101 ~1111~111, 1/1~ 3110 (~) 1111510~~1510~ ~11~1~111, 1,,.
1~50113111 111~~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 8-273 035 ~ = 2 ~~, ~ = 30 ~1-(, ~ = 0, 3110 ~, =
220 ~. 10~ 111111-01111111~ 0110~115101,
sy
511~~1~ ~11~1~111~ (11) 3~~13~~
(0(( = 12 ~5. 10~ 0111~111 11~~11~11~~. /,, = 15

/(1-(2. 1)~1~1111111~ (3) ~~3/( 511~~1~ ~11~1~111, 1~, ~ (11) 3~~13~~ 10~115101 ~1111~111, 1/1 ~ (~)
11115 10.~115101 ~1111~111, 1,,~ (().) ~~3/(-10-~~3/( ~3~3~110~ ~0113~~. ~,~ (~) (113)(111111111
~~1-
111155101~0111~11111~~11~11~~, 1003~~3110 (1) 3~~13~~ 511~~1~ ~11~~~111, 1,.
Ea
8-24. 10.~ 0311-0110~~ 1~50113111111~~11~~ 111~1~. 8-283 15 0~~131~0 3111~~11~11~~,~) = 3.5 /(1-(2
11110~ 110110~~113~ 11100~. 11 ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 2 ~~, ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 20 ~1-(. ~ = 1.5
0, 3110 ~5 = 220~, 0~1~1111111~ 10~ (3) ~~3/( 511~~1~ ~111~~111, 1~5~ (11) 3~~13~~ 10~115101
w.
~1111~111, 1/1~ (~) 11115 10~~1510~ ~1111~111, 1,,~ (().) 11115 1030 ~1111~111, 10~ 3110 (~) 3~~13~~
511~~1~ ~11~~~111, 15.
‫ُﺭ‬
8-25. 1(~~~31 ~~00. 8-24 ~110. 311 0~~113~~111~ ~0111101 50 1031 10~ 111111~ 01 11 3110 12 31~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
30~311~~0 0~ 50% 0110~ 1~5011311111~~11~11~~.

8-26. 10~ 11111-0110~~ ~~50113111111~~11~1 111~1~. 8-293 15 0~~131~0 31 3 11~~11~11~~ 011~) = 3.5
/(1-(2.11~ = 2 ~~, ~ = 20 ~1-(, ~ = 1.50, 3110~, = 220~, 0~1~1111111~
10~ (3) ~~3/(
511~~1~ ~1111~111, 15~ (11) 3~~13~~ 10~115101 ~1111~111, 1/1~ (~) ~111510~115101 ~1111~111, 1,, ~ (().)
~11151030 ~1111~111, /0~ 3110 (~) 3~~13~~ 511~~1~ ~1111~111, 15.
8-27. 10~ 5111~1~-~035~ 11111-0110~~ 311)(11131~-~011111111131~0111~~11~1111 ~1~. 8-313 035 3 1030 01
~ = 5 0, ~ = 10 1111-(, 3110 ~ = 25 ~~. 10~ 111~1110~ ~0113~~ 15 ~, = 220 ~ 3110 10.~
111~~~1~~ 1~~~11~11~~ 15~) = 60 1-(2. 1~ = 18 ~5. 1)~1~~111111~ 10~ 0~1111111111~3111~5 01
~0111111111311011 ~0111~011~1115 ~,,, 3110 ~,,,.
282

8-28. ~~~~31 ~(00. 8-27 11111~ ~~3/( (~50113111 ~11((~111 01111~ ~0111111111311011~1(~111115 1111111~0
10 1~0 11111~5111~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~111.
8-29. ~ 511181~-~1135~ 11111-0(108~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~18. 8-323, ~111~11 115~5 ~0111~1~111~1113(~ ~0111-
111111311011,1135 1.1 = 1.2 = 1.,,, = 40 ~1-1 3110 ~,,, = 60 ~~. 111~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~111 15
/,,, = 200 ~. 111~ 0~ 111~111~01138~, ~5 = 220 ~ 3110 111~ 111~~(1~( 1(~().11~11~~, 10 = 60
1-12. 111~ ~01138~ 0(0~ 01111~ ~1(~1111 10(111~0 0~ 111~(1510( 12 3110 0100~ /)2 15, 3~~(0)(-
111131~1~, ~,, = 2~. ))~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~1(~1111111(11-01111111~, (~~ (/)) (113)(111111111
3~311301~
(()) 011(311011 01 ~0111-
111(11-01111111~, (~(,,...~) 11 /,,, = 0~ (~) ~~3/( ~11((~111 01111~(1510(5~
111111311011~(0~~55, (~ = (1,,, + (2,,,~ 3110 (~) ~11~(8~ 1(3~~~0 111111011~10( 1.2 31111~ ~110 01
11100~ 1.
‫ﻣ‬
8-30. 111~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~(00. 8-29 1135 3 1~~003~/( 1(311510(111~( 35 5110~11 111 ~18. 8-33. 111~
111(115(3110 01111~ 1~~003~/( ~11101118515 /+.///+./2 = (1 = 0.1. ))~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 011(311011
01 ~0111111111311011~(0~~55, (~ = (1,,, + (2,,, ~ (/)) ~11~(8~ 1(3~~~0 111111011~10( 1.2 31 111~ ~110
t
.n e
0111100~ 1 ~ 3110 (~) ~~3/( 111~(1510( ~11((~111.
(1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
8-31. ~~~~31 ~(00. 8-3011 = 1.0.
(1
8-32. ~~~~31 ~(00. 8-3011 = 0.01.
ng
8-33. ~ 511181~-~1135~ (11)(1113(~-~011111111131~0 11111-0(108~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~18. 8-313 511~~11~5 3 1030
018. = 5 0, 1. = 15 1111-1,3110 ~ = 30 ~~. 111~ 0~ 111~111~01138~ 15 ~5 = 220 ~ 3110
01111~(1510(5 15 (011= 20 ~5.
111~ 111~~(1~( 1(~().11~11~~ 151,, = 400 1-12. 111~ 111(11-01111111~
eri
111~ 0111~111 ~01138~ 1135 1~0 1101~11~5 511~11111311111(0 3110 111111113(1110111~53(~ ~1111111131~0.
))~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~)(~(~551011 10( 111~ 111513111311~01151030 ~11((~111, /0(()~ (/)) 0~1111111111
~3111~5 01 ~0111111111311011~3~3~110( ~,,, 3110 111011~10( 1.,,, 10 111111111112~
111~ ~11~(8~~ 3110 (~)
3~~(38~, (1115, 3110 ~~3/( ~11((~1115 01111~(1510( 11 3110 0100~ /)1.
ine
8-34. 11/11 ~(00. 8-33, 3 11111~0 1.~ 1111~( 15 115~0 10 ~1111111131~111~ 5~~~11111113(1110111~ 1(0111 111~
0111~111 ~01138~, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 51111301~ ~3111~5 011111~( ~0111~011~1115.
‫ﺔ‬
8-35. 111~ 511181~-~1135~ (11)(1113(~-~011111111131~0 11111-0(108~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~18. 8-313 511~~11~5 3
1030018.
g
= 20, 1. = 251111-1, 3110 ~ = 40 ~~. 111~ 0~ 111~111~01138~ 15 ~, = 220 ~

3110 111~ 111~~(1~( 1(~().11~11~~, 1,) = 60 1-12. 111~ 111(11-01111111~ 01111~(1510(5, (011 = 15 ~5.
En
111~ 0111~111 ~01138~ 1135 111(~~ 1101~11~5 511~1111131111~ 1111(0, 111111,3110 5~~~11111113(1110111~5
3(~ ~1111111131~0. ))~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) ~)(~(~55101110( 111~ 111513111311~01151030 ~11((~111, /0(0~
3110 (/)) ~3111~5 01 ~0111111111311011~3~3~110( ~,,, 3110 111011~10( 1.,,, 11111~ ~~3/( (~50113111
sy
~11((~11115 1111111~010 2.5 11111~5111~ ~~3/( 1030 ~11((~111.

8-36. 11/11 ~(00. 8-35, 311 0111~111 ~-1111~( 15 115~0 10 ~1111111131~111111113110 111811~(-0(0~( 113(-
Ea
1110111~5, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~3111~ 011111~( ~3~3~110(, ~_.

w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
283

‫ﻣ‬
9
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
~0~~(
En
5~~~11~5, ~111~11 3(~ ~5~0 ~)(1~051~~1~ 10 100~51(131 3~~11~311005,

sy
3(~ 011~0
(~()~1(~0 10 (0~~1 311 0( (0051 01111~ 10110~10~ 5~~~111~311005~
1. 150131100 0~1~~~0 111~ 50~(~~ 300 1030

a
2. 1-11~11~0~~( 0~11511~ 10( (~0~~1100 01 512~ 300 ~~1~111

.E
3. ~0111(011~0 01(~~1100 01 ~0~~( 110~

4. 1-11~11~011~~(5100 ~111~1~11~~
w
5. 10~~1 300 0~1~~1 ~3~~10((05 ~1111 310~ 10131113((0001~ 01510(1100 10( 5(0311
1111~(5
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
6. ~001(011~0 ~0~~( 13~10( 11111~ 50~(~~ 15 30 3~ ~0113~~

‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ 510~1~-513~~ 3~-0~ 0( 3~-3~ 0( 0~-0~ 0( 0~-3~ ~00~~(1~(5 015~~55~0 10

~113~1~(5 4, 6, 7, 300 8, (~5~~~11~~1~, 00 001 (0~~1 (0051 01111~5~ 5~~~111~311005, 300
(0~111513~~ ~011~~(51005 (1(~ 00((0(111~ (~()~1(~0. 111~(~ 3(~ ~3(10~5 ~055101~ ~011-
~~(5100 10~010~1~5, 0~~~0010~ 00 111~ ~~((0155101~ ~0(0~1~)(11~ 300 111~ 0~51~0 (~-
()~1(~(0~015. 001~ 111~ 0351~ 10~010~1~5 3(~ 015~~55~0 10 11115~113~1~(. 0~~~0010~
011 111~ 1~~~ 01 0~1~~1 ~011(1~~5, 111~ ~0~~( 5~~~11~5 ~30 0~ ~(11~~0(12~0 1010 1~0
1~~~5 ~
1. 0~ ~0~~( 5~~~11~5
2. ~~ ~0~~( 5~~~11~5
284

111~ (1~-0~ ~00~~(1~(8 10 ~11(1~1~( 4 ~(10 ~(0~10~ 111~ 1801(11100 /)~1~~~0 111~ 10~1.11
(100 01.11~1.11111(01.1~11
(1010~1.111((10810((0~(, /)1.11111~11(1((0001~ ~001~018 (1(~ 111~11. 111~
8~11~11~0-(000~ (~~1.11(110(810 5~~1100 7-6 00 001 ~(0~10~ 111~ 0~~~88(1(~ 1801(11100 (100
111~ 01.11~1.11~0~~( 18 10~. 111~ ~0(0(000 ~((1~11~~ 18 10 1.18~1~0-81(1~~ ~00~~(81008,
0~-(1~ (100 (1~-0~. 10 ~(18~ 01 (1~ 10~1.11, 11 18 111(~~-81(1~~ ~00~~(81008, (1~-0~, 0~-
(1~, (100 (1~-0~. 111~ 1801(11100 18 ~(0~10~0 /)~ (10 101~(81(1~~ 1((10810((0~(. 111~ 0~-
(1~ ~00~~(8100 ~(10 /)~ (1~~0(0~11811~0 /)~ ~~~ 0( (~800(101 08~111(11100. 13(18~0 00
‫ﻣ‬
111~ 1~~~ 01 ~00~~(8100 1~~1101()1.1~8(100 111~ 01(~~1100 01 ~0~~( ~001(01, 111~ 0~ ~0~~(
81.1~~11~8 ~(10 /)~ 81.1/)01~10~0 1010 111(~~ 1~~~8~
1. 5~11~11~0-(000~ ~0~~( 81.1~~11~8
t
2. ~~800(101 ~0~~( 81.1~~11~8
e
3. 13101(~~1100(11 ~0~~( 81.1~~11~8
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
111~(~ (1(~ 101.1( ~0(0(000 ~0011~1.1((111008 ~1111111~ 8~11~11~0-(000~ 0( ~~~ 0~~((11100
rin
01111~ 10~~(1~( (0( 0~-(1~ ~00~~(1~() 81(1~~~ 11~/)(1~~, ~1.1811-~1.111, 11(111-/)(10~~, (100 11.111-
/)(10~~. 111~ 01.11~1.11 01111~ 10~~(1~(, ~111~11 18 ~(1(1~0 /)~ (1 ~~~ 1~~1101()1.1~, 18
~00~~(1~0 10 (1 0~ ~011(1~~ /)~ (1 0100~ (~~1111~(. 510~~ 111~ 10~~(1~( ~(10 0~~((11~ (11
(1 ~~(~ 111~111(~()1.1~0~~, 111~ (1~~1~8 00
ee
111~ 0~ 01.11~1.11 ~011(1~~ ~(10 /)~ 1111~(~0 01.11 ~1111
8(0(1111111~(8.
gin
111~ ~1(~1.111 10~010~~ 10( 111~ //)10(1~/( ~00~~(1~( 18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 9-1(1. ~11~0
.
1((1081810( (21 18 11.1(0~0 00, 111~ 81.1~~1~ ~011(1~~ (1~~~(1(8 (1~(088 111~ 1((10810((0~( ~(1(0(1(~
‫ﺔ‬(100 (1 ~0((~8~00010~
01 0~~0811~
10((0~(
1115
50%,
(1~1100.
~01(1(11~
18 111~ (1~~((1~~
111~ ~~(1~
111~
1((1081810(
sy
~011(1~~
18 1001.1~~0
En
(0101(01.1(0
10~1.11 ~1.1((~01
181001.1~~010
~1.1((~0118
0~~0-~1(~1.111
111~ 8~~000(1(~.
10 111~ ~(1(0(1(~
~1111 0~~11~1/)1~
1,, = 1//( = 215.
/)~ 111~ 8~~000(1(~
~011(1~~ 01111~
(1~~1~
~11~0
(100
(2118011,
1((1081810( 18 ~00
111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~

111~ 10~1.11 ~1.1((~0118 ~1.118(1110~
(1 ~011(1~~
01.1~ 10 111~ 1((108-

= 2~5.
18 /( =
(100 018~001101.101.18. ~111101.11 0100~ 1)2, (1 0~ ~1.1((~01110~8 111(01.1~11111~ 1((10510((0~(.
~11~0 (2118 011, 0100~ 1)2 (100 ~(1~(1~110( ~1 (~8~1111~ 1((10810((0~( ~0(~. ~1 018~11(1(~~8
Ea
111(01.1~11 ~1, ~11~0 1)218 011 (100 (10 ~0~(~~ 18 1081 10 ~~~(~ ~~~1~. 11118 ~1(~1.111 18
~~(~ 81(0~1~ (100 18 (~81(1~1~0 10 (1~~11~(111008 /)~10~ 500 ~. 11118 18 (1 10(~(1(0
~00~~(1~( (100 11 (~()1.11(~8 (1 ~011(1~~ ~001(011~~0/)(1~~ 100~.
w.
111~ 1((10810((0~( ~0(~ ~(10 (1180 /)~ (~8~1 /)~ 11(1~10~ (1 (~8~1 ~10010~ (18 8110~0
10 ~1~. 9-1/), ~11~(~ 111~ ~0~(~~ 810(~~ 10 111~ 1((10810((0~( ~0(~ 18 (~11.1(0~0 10 111~
‫ُﺭ‬
81.1~~1~ (100 111~ ~111~1~0~~ 18 10~(~(18~0. 111~ 0~~0-~1(~1.111 ~011(1~~ 01111~ 1((1081810(
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10 ~1~. 9-1/) 18
(9-1)
~11~(~ 1-/,, (100 1-/. (1(~ 111~ 01.1(0/)~( 01 11.1(08 00 111~ ~(1(0(1(~ (100 (~8~1 ~10010~8,
(~8~~~11~~1~. 111~ (~8~111.1(08 ((1110 18 (~1(11~0 10 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ (18
1 - /(
-- (9-2)
/(
58~. 9-2 285

0~-3~
5/398 3~-0~
+ ). 5/398 0,
~~~~. ~0 02
~,
0, . .. +
~1 ~, ~.
‫ﻣ‬
).
(.,
// ..1~ + ~+~ ~0
~.
t
.ne
~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ng
(3) ~(~03~~ ~0,,1/8~8~ (0) ~(~03~~ ~0,,1/8~8~ .,.,,~01
~858/ .,.,,~,,0~,,9
0,
0~-3~
. . 3~-0~
~~~.
1
~2
~0
eri
1~0
+
0~-3~
0,
0~-3~
·
~.
0,
~0
ine
~.
. )
~2
1~.
~. ~2 ~~.
1
~.
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
g
02
1 ~, ~.
Ea
~0
+
. +
~. ~05
~0
w.
~2
1
. --
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
~.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~2
1 1
286

~0( 3 (01)1 ~)1~1~ 01 /(

= 0.8,
1-/,,/1-/_ = 0.8/0.2 = 4 3110 111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 ~0113~~
0~~0(11~5 1100 = 115(1 + 4) = 5115. 111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 ~0113~~ 01111~ 1(31151510( 15
(110~11 111~11~( 11131 111~ 50~~1)1 ~0113~~.
111~ ~0511-~011 ~01111~0(311011 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 9-1~. ~11~11 (21 15 10(11~0 011,
11., 3~~~3(5 3~(055 011~-11311 01111~ ~(1(113()1. ~11~11 (22 15 10(11~0 011, 11., 15 3~~11~0
3~(055 111~ 0111~( 11311 01111~ 1(311510((11~(. 111~ ~0113~~ 01 3 ~(1(113()1 ~1110111~ 5~111~5
1(0(11 - 11, 10 115. 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~0((~111 111(00~11 111~ 1(311510((11~( 5110010 10~(11)1 0~
2~(0. 111~ 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 15
(9-3)
‫ﻣ‬
1(31151510(5 (21 3110 (22 0~~(31~ ~1111 3 50% (01)1 ~)1~1~. 111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 ~0113~~,
t
1100 = 2115, 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~0((~111 01 3 1(31151510(, /,.,, = //2, 3110 111~ ~~3/( 1(31151510(
.ne
~0((~111, /,, = /,. 5111~~ 111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 1(31151510( ~0113~~ 15 1~1~~ 111~ 50~~1)1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~0113~~, 11115~01111~0(311011 15 5011301~ 10( 10~-~0113~~ 3~~11~3110115.
111~ 11311-0(10~~ ~1(~01115 5110~11 111~1~. 9-10. ~11~11 (21 15011, 11/2 3~~~3(5
ng
3~(055 111~ 1(311510((11~( ~(1(113()1. ~11~11 (2215011, 3 (~~~(5~ ~0113~~ 0111/2 3~~~3(5
3~(055 111~ 1(311510((11~( ~(1(113()1. 111~ ~(1(113()1 ~0113~~ 5~111~5 1(0(11 - 11/2 10 11,/2.
111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 1(31151510( ~0113~~ 15 1100 = 115 3110 111~ ~~3/( 1(31151510( ~0((~111 15
/,, = 2/,. 111~ 3~~(3~~ 1(31151510( ~0((~11115 /,.,, = /5. 111111~11-~0113~~ 3~~11~3110115,
111~ 11311-0(10~~ ~1(~011 15 ~(~1~(301~ 10 111~ ~0511-~011 ~1(~011.
~0113~~ 3~~11~3110115, 111~ ~0511-~011 ~1(~011 15 ~(~1~(301~
~11~(~35 10( 10~-
eri 00~ 10 10~ 1(31151510( ~0(-
ine
(~1115. 111~ 3~~(3~~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 15
_ 1-/5
17 17 5 17
0 .0.-5 (9-4)
‫ﺔ‬
10(11~0
~0113~~
111~ 1011-0(10~~
011, 115 3~~~3(5
15 (~~~(5~0 10
sy
E
110=.-2-
ng
3((311~~(11~111
111~ ~(1(113()1.
- 115. 111~
1-/,,
.-1=0111=
15 5110~11
~11~11
3~~(3~~
111 ~1~.
(23 3110 (24 3(~
001~01
9-1~.
~0113~~
~11~11
10(11~0
15
(21 3110 (22 3(~
011, 111~ ~(1(113()1
1-/5
110 = 112 = 111 = 0111 = 0115 (9-5)
1-/,,
Ea
111~ 0~~11-~1(~011 1(31151510( ~0113~~ 15 1100 = 115 3110 111~ ~~3/( 1(31151510( ~0((~111 15
/,, = /5. 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~0((~111 01 3 1(31151510( 15 0(11)1 /,.,, = /,/2. 01 311111~~01111~-
w.
0(3110115, 11115~1(~011 0~~(31~5 ~1111 111~ (111111(110(11

~0113~~ 3110 ~0((~111 51(~55 01111~
1(31151510(5, 3110 1115 ~~()1 ~0~013( 10( 111~11-~0~~( 3~~11~3110115 300~~ 750 ~.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~,.301()1~ 9-1
111~ 3,,,~(3~~ (0( 0~) 01.11~1.11,,,0113~~ 01111~ ~1.1811-~1.111~1(~1.111111~1~. 9-1~ 18110 = 24 ~

31 3 (~81811,,,~ 1030 01 ~ = 0.8 11. 111~ 011-8131~ ,,,0113~~ 0(0~8 011(31181810(8 3110 0100~8
3(~ 11, = 1.2 ~ 3110 114 = 0. 7 ~, (~8~~~11,,,~1~. 111~ 11.1(118(3110 01111~ 1(311810(111~( 18
(1
= /./5//./,, = 0.25. ))~1~(111111~111~(3) 3,,,~(3~~ 111~1.11 ~1.1((~111,/5~ (0) ~111~1~11~~,11~
(~) 3,,,~(3~~ 1(31181810( ~1.1((~111, /,,., ~ (0) ~~3/( 1(31181810( ~1.1((~111, /,,~ (~) (1118 1(31181810(
~1.1((~111, /~~ 3110 (1) 0~~11-~1(~1.111 1(31181810( ,,,0113~~, 1100. ~~~1~~1 111~ 1088~8 111 111~
1(311810(111~(, 3110 111~ (1~~1~ ~1.1((~111 01111~ 1030 3110 111~1.1181.1~~1~ 18 11~~11~101~.
5€~. 9-2 287

80)01100 (1 = 1-/)1-/,,= 0.25 1100/0 = ~)8. = 24/0.8 = 30.4...
(11)111~ 0111~01 ~0~~(, ~0 = ~0/0 = 24 )( 30
= 720~. 111~ 5~~00011(~ .,,01111~~,
~2 = ~0 + ~0 = 24 + 0.5 = 24.5~. 111~ ~(1(011(~ .,,0)111~~,~1 = ~2/(1 = 24.5/0.25
= 98~. 111~ 10~111.,,011118~,~5 = ~1 + ~/ = 98 + 1.2, 11110111~111~111~0~~1,
~, = ~5/, = 1.2/,. + 1.2/,. + ~,//0 + ~0
5110511111110~ /,. = /)2 ~1.,,~5
)(
/,(99.2 - 1.2) = 0.5 30 + 720
‫ﻣ‬
735
1, = 7.44.4..
98.0 =
et
(0)~, = ~5/, = 100 )( 7.44 = 744~. 111~~111~1~0~~,11 = 720/744 = 96.7%.
(~) /,. = //2 = 7.44/2 = 3.72.4...
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
(0)/,, = /5 = 7.44.4...
(~) /~ = --/1( /,, = ~ )( 7.44
)( = 10.52.4...
(1) ~00 = 2~5 = 2
ng
100 = 200 ~.
11111~ .,,(111111100 01111~

ri
0~ 01.11~1.11 .,,01111~~ 15 001 ~10~, 1~5001101 ~1.115~ 10.,,~11~15 ~110
0~ 1.15~0. 111~ 10.,,~11~1 11~().1.1~0~)1,
ee
~111~11 ~01.110 0~ 111~ 51110~ (15 111~ 1~500(101 11~-
().1.1~0~)1, 15 .,,~1)1111~11, 1100 111~ 10.,,~11~1 01.11~1.11 .,,011(1~~ 15 11110051 5101.15010111. 01.1~
gin
10 1~5001101 05~111111100, 111~ 11(10510110~1 ~01~ 15 (11~11)15 1~5~1 (100 111~1~ 111~ 00 0~
51111.11(11100 ~1001~105. 111~ 11(111-0110~~ (10011.111-0110~~ ~0011~1.111111005 01111~ 1~500(101
‫ﺔ‬ 10.,,~11~15
1~01.1~~0
~,.3(0())~
(11~ 5110~0 10 ~1~.
01.1~ 10 111~1110.,,~11~1
9-2
En
9-2. 111~ 512~5 01111~

11~().1.1~0~)1.
11110510110~1 1100 01.11~1.111111~1 (11~
111~ 11.,,~(11~~ 011(~11( .,,01(11~~ 01111~ 111111-0(10~~ ~1(~111( 10 ~1~. 9-211 15 ~0 = 24 ~ 11( 11
asy
(~51511.,,~ 10110 018. 111~ 10.,,~((~( 0~~(11(~5 11( (11~ (~50011011(~~11~0~~.

= 0.8 0.. 111~
+
+
E
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0
288

~1(~1111 ~(1((1111~1~(5 (1(~ ~1 = ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬

~2 = ~ = 1 ~~, ~ = 20 ~1-( (11101(. = 0. 111~0~ 111~111
(1(~
~011(1~~ 15 ~, = 100~. 111~ 011-51(11~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~5 011((11151510(5 (1110 0100~5
(/ 0.25. 1)~1~(111111~111~
11~~11~101~. 111~ 111(115((160 01111~ 1((111510(111~( 15 = 1-15/1-1,,=
((1) (1~~((1~~ 111~111~11((~111, /,~ (0) (1~~((1~~ 1((11151510( ~11((~111, //1 ~ (~) ~~(1)( 1((11151510(
~11((~111, /,,~ (0) (11151((11151510( ~11((~111, /~~ (1110 (~) 0~~11-~1(~11111((11151510( ~011(1~~, ~00.
~~~1~~1 111~ 1055~5 111 111~ 1((111510(111~(, (1110 111~ ~11~~1 01 111~ 10(10 011 111~ (~5011(1111
1(~(),11~11~)115 11~~11~101~.
50111~100 111~ (~5011(1111 0.), = 106/~

1(~(),11~11~)1 = 158,113.8 ((10/5 0( 1, =
25,164.61-(2, (/ = 1-1/1-1,,= 0.25, (1110/0 = ~0/1(. = 24/0.8 = 30 ~.
)(
((1) 111~ 0111~111~0~~(, 130 = ~0/0 = 24 30 = 720~. ~(01116(),. (2-59), 111~
‫ﻣ‬
(1115 5~~0110(1()1 ~011(1~~, ~2 = 10~ )(2 0) = 1.1107~0 = 26.66~. 111~ (1~~((1~~ 111~111
~11((~111, /5 = 720/100 = 7.2 ~.
(0) 111~ (1~~((1~~ 1((11151510( ~11((~111, //1 = /5 = 7.2~.
et
(~) ~0( (1 5111115010(11~1115~ 01 ~11((~111 111(011~11111~ 1((11151510(, //1 = /,,(10 (1110 111~
~~(1)( 1((11151510( ~11((~111, /,, = 7.210 = 22.62 ~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(0) ~1111 (1 5111115010(11~1115~ 01 ~11((~111 ~1111 1800 ~011011~11011, 111~ (1115 1((11151510(
~11((~111,/~ = /,,(2 = 11.31 ~.
(~) ~00 = ~5 = 100~.
rin
111 80111~ 3~~11~3110118, 80~11 35 0311~()1 ~113(~111~ 3110 015~113(~111~, 11 15 0~51(301~ 10
ee
113~~ 0101(~~1101131 ~0~~( 50~ ~3~(01111)1. ~ 0101(~~1101131 ~0~~( 80~~1)115 5110~11
111~1~. 9-3. 111~ 01(~~11011 01111~ ~0~~( 50~ ~111 0~~~110 011 111~ ~310~5 01 ~0, ~5,
gin
3110 10(115 (3110 (0 = 1-/)1-/,,). ~0( ~0~~( 50~ 1(0(11 111~ 500(~~ 10 111~ 1030, 111~
111~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 111111~ 111~~(81011 (1100~ 11
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~0 ~ 0~5 (9-6)
111~ 0101(~~1101131 ~011~~(1~(5 3110~8 111~ 11100~11~~ ~0((~11110 50~ 111 ~1111~( 01(~~11011
3110 111~ ~0((~111 50~ 0~~0(11~5 ~01111110005.
Ea
8~-~~
51899
+ +
()1. ()3.
w.
03.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
1/0
‫ﺷﺩ‬
()4. ()2.
5€~. 9-2 289

0~-8~
~. 51896
01 03
+
1,/. .1~,
~.
~~04 1
02
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
rin
ee
gin
111~ 3~ ~0~~( 51.1~~11~5 3(~ ~0111111001~ 1.15~0 35 513000~ 501.1(~~5 10( ~(111~3110305 300
‫ﺔ‬
10 3~~11~311005
51.1~~11~5 3(~
(30~~111~01
10~~(1~(,
10~~(1~(.
01 30
300
~11~0
~11~(~
3150
51311~
/(00~
En
0~5
00(11131 3~ 51.1~~11~5 3(~
35 1.10101~((1.1~1101~
5~51~111 15 5110~0
5~11~11. 10
111~ 111310 51.1~~1~ 15 00,
sy
~35~
~0~~(
10 ~1~.
01 ~0~~(
001 3~311301~.
51.1~~1~ (0~5)
9-4,
111~
~111~11 ~0051515
13111.1(~, 111~ 0311~(~
111~ 10~~(1~( 0~~(31~5
513000~
5~51~1115.
~0~~(
~0
01 3 0311~(~,
51.1~~11~5
35 3 (~~1111~(
3(-
111~
300
~113(~~5 111~ 0311~(~. 10 11115 3((30~~111~01 111~ 10~~(1~( 1135 10 0~~(31~ 31 111~ 11.10-
03111~0131 01.11~1.11 1(~().1.1~0~~. ~005~().1.1~011~, 111~ 111~11-1(~().1.1~0~~ ~3~301111~ 01111~
Ea
10~~(1~( 15 0011.111112~0 10 (~01.1~10~ 111~ 512~ 01111~ 1(30510(111~(. 51111113( 10 111~ 0~

~0~~( 51.1~~11~5, 111~ 3~ ~0~~( 51.1~~11~5 ~30 0~ ~31~~0(12~0 1010 111(~~ 1~~~5~
w.
1. 5~11~11~0-11100~ 3~ ~0~~( 51.1~~11~5

2. ~~500301 3~ ~0~~( 51.1~~11~5
‫ُﺭ‬
3. )3101(~~110031 3~ ~0~~( 51.1~~11~5
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ 512~ 01111~ 1(30510(111~( 10 ~1~. 9-4 ~30 0~ (~01.1~~0 0~ 111~ 30011100 01 3 111~11-
1(~().1.1~0~~ 0~ 110/( 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 9-5. 111~(~ 3(~ 1~0 10~~(1~(5. 111~ 10~1.11-510~
10~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 ~1111 ~~~ 31 3 ~~(~ 111~111(~().1.1~0~~ 10 (~01.1~~ 111~ 512~ 01 111~
1(30510(111~( 300 111~ 0~ 1111~( 31111~ 10~1.1101111~ 01.11~1.11-510~10~~(1~(. 111~ 01.11~1.11-
510~ 10~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 31 111~ 01.11~1.111(~().1.1~/1~~.
290

(1~-(1~
~~9~-/~8~()80~~ ~~0~ (1~
/....
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
rin
(1 (~5011(1111111~~(1~( (15 511.0~11
111.~ 111~01-51(1~~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 9-5 ~(111 0~ (~~1(1~~0 0~
111 ~1~. 9-6. 111.~ 001~01-510~ 111~~(1~( 0~~((11~5 ~1111. ~~~ (11111.~ 001~01 ~(~()0~11~~.
(1~-(1~
~~9~-/~8~()80~~ ~~0~
ee
gin
+
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
(1 ~~~10~011~~(1~(
111.~ 0100~ (~~11~1~( (1110 111.~ 001~01 111~~(1~( ~(111 0~ ~0((10111~0 0~
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
~1111. 0101(~~11011(11 5~11~11.~5 (15 511.0~11 111 ~1~. 9-7. 111.~ ~~~10~011~~(1~( ~011~~(15 111.~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11.1~11.-~(~()0~11~~ (1~ 10 (1 10~-~(~()0~11~~ (1~. 111.~ ~0~~( 00~ ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0 111
~1111.~( 01(~~11011.
~,,.301))1~ 9-3
111~ 10(10 (~8181(111~~ 01111~ (1~ ~0~~( 811~~11~8 111~1~. 9-5 18 ~ = 2.5 0. 111~ 0~ 0111~111
~011(1~~ 18 ~$ = 100..,,,. 111~ 111~111111~~(1~( 0~~((11~8 (11 (1 1(~(),11~11~~ 01 20 /(1-12 ~1111
011~ ~1118~ ~~( 11(111-~~~1~. 111~ 011-81(11~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~8 011((11181810( 8~11~11~8 (1110 0100~8
58~. 9-3 291

+ 0,
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 111(118(3110 0( 111~ 1(3118(0((11~( 18 0
= 1-1/1-1,,= 0.5. 111~ 0111~111
111,,,~(1~( 0~~(31~8 ~1111 311 11111(0((11 ~~~ 0( (011( ~1118~8 ~~( 1131(-~)1~1~. 111~ ~10111 0(
rin
~3~11 ~1118~ 18 0 = 180. 0~1~((11111~ 111~ ((118 1030 ~11((~111. 111~ (1~~1~ ,,,0113~~ 011 111~
0111~111 0( 111~ (~~11(1~( 18 11~~11~101~. ~~~1~~1 111~ 1088~8 111 111~ 1(3118(0((11~(, 3110 111~
~((~~1 0( 111~ 1030 011 111~ (~80113111 ((~~11~11~)118 11~~11~101~.
ee
80)111100 111~ ((118 0111~111 ,,,0113~~ 0( 111~ 111~111111,,,~(1~( 18 1/1 = 1/, = 100 ~. 111~
((118 1(3118(0((11~( 8~~01103()1 ,,,0113~~, 1/2 )(
= 01/1 = 0.5 100 = 50~. 111~ 0~ ,,,0113~~
gin
0( 111~ (~~11(1~(, ~0 = 1/2 0 = 180, ~~. (8-18) ~1,,,~8
= 50~. ~1111111~ ~1118~~10111 0(
111~ ((1181030 ,,,0113~~, 1/1.- = 1/0 /~0/70) )(
= 50 /4 18/180 = 31.6~. 111~ ((1181030
‫ﺔ‬ ~11((~111, 11.- = 1/1.-/~ = 31.6/2.5
sy
En
= 12.64~.
11111~ /0))111 18 30 3~ 8011(~~, 30 10))111-813~~ (~~1111~( 18 (~~111(~0 38 80.0~0 10 ~1~.

9-8 300 111~(~ 3(~ 1011( ~00,,,~(81008~ 3~-0~-3~-0~-3~. 111~ (~~1111~( 300 10,,,~(1~(
))31( ~30 0~ (~))13~~0 0)1 3 ~00,,,~(1~( ~1111 0101(~~110031 3~ 8~11~11~8 38 80.0~0 10 ~1~.
Ea
9-9. 111~ 8~11~1110~ 1110~11008 0111118 ~00,,,~(1~( ~30 0~ 8)10111~812~0 10 ~001010~ 10.~
1110~1008 01111~ (~~1111~( 300 10,,,~(1~(. 10.18 ~00,,,~(1~(, ~111~11 ~00,,,~(18 3~-3~ 01-
w.
0~-8~ 8~-0~ 0~-8~

$1899 $1899 (... $1899
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
,..,,. ~2 +
87
1
,..,,~ ~.
~,1 ~0
,..,,.
292

‫ﻣ‬
t
rin
(~~11)1, 15 ~(111~0 111~ 10(~~0 ~00101111(11~0 ~)1~10~00~~(1~( (3). 111~ (1~-0~-(1~-0~-(1~
~00~~(51005 10 ~1~. 9-8 ~(10 0~ ~~(10(01~0 0)1 1~0 10(~~0-~00101111(11~0 ~)1~10~00-
~~(1~(5 (15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 9-9. ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
11111~(~
01(1~0~11210~
10 111~ 00(01(11
~0 1010
1~0
15 (10)1 0~ 1010(11(10~~,
~11((~01.
11(1(0 5(1111((11100.
~~(01~(101111)1
En
0~~((1110~
(~~1005
sy
~010~(11
(~~100
111~ 1((10510(01~(
~0(~
11115 ~(001~01
10 111~ ~0(~,
(100 1100~(
~0(~ 01(1)1 5(1111((11~, (~5111110~
51101110 ~)(111011 (1 ~~()1111~11 (~1(111~~ ~~(01~(101111)1
0~ 1010(11(10~~ ~000111005,
01 5(1111((11100 ~(10 0~ 011010112~0
10~ (100 111~11 ~~(01~(101111)1.
0)1 11(1~10~
~0 (11( ~(1~ 01(1)1
10 (1 111~11
11 51101110 001
0~ 105~(1~0 (15 5110~0 10 (1 10(010 10 ~1~. 9-10(1, ~11~(~ 111~ 100~( ~(1(1 11(15 111~11
~~(01~(101111)1 (100 111~ 0111~( ~(1(1 11(15 (~1(111~~1)1 10~ ~~(01~(101111)1. 1.) 00~( 00(01(11
0~~((11100 111~ 1111)( 110~5 111(011~11111~ 100~( ~(1(1. 10 ~(15~ 015(1111((11100, 111~ 1111)( 11(15
Ea
10 110~ 111(011~11 111~ 0111~( (~~100, ~111~11 11(15 (1 10~~( ~~(01~(101111)1 011~ 10 111~ (11(
~(1~, (100 111~ ~0(~ 00~5 001 ~0 1010 11(1(0 5(1111((11100. 1~0 10(0105 ~1111 111~11 (100
w.
10~ ~~(01~(101111)1 ~(10 0~ ~001010~0 (15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 9-100.

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(2)/
~8~~8198~ ..)~11..~ 9-10 ~0(~5 ~1(/1 (~0 ()~(/11~3011-
(8) 8~(19~6 (0~0~0 1(~ (~~10(15.
58~. 9-5 293

100051(1(11 ~0~~( 50~~11~5 (1(~ 011~0 1)1~~5~ 0~ 50~~11~5 (100 (1~ 50~~11~5. 10 (1 510~1~-
51(1~~ ~00 ~(5100, 111~ 1501(1110~ 1((10510(111~( 113510 0~~(31~ 31111~ 001~011(~()0~0~)1.
10 (~00~~ 111~ 512~ 01111~ 1((10510(111~( (100 111~~1 111~ 100051(1(11 5~~~111~(111005, 11101-
1151(1~~ ~00 ~(51005 (1(~ 00(111(111)1 (~()01(~0. 111~(~ (1(~ (1(1005 ~0~~( 50~~1)1 10-
~010~1~5, 0~~~0010~ 00 111~ 001~01 ~0~~( (~()01(~111~01 (100 (1~~~~1(1~1~ ~0111~1~)(11)1.
~00 ~(1~(5 ~1111 ~101(~~110031 5~11~11~5, ~111~11 (1110~ 111~ ~001(01 01 ~0~~( 110~ 10
‫ﻣ‬
~1111~( 01(~~11005, (~()01(~ 5)10111~51210~ 111~ 5~11~1110~ 100~11005 10 0~1(110 111~ 0~51(~0
001~01 ~(1 ~10(1115.
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
1. ~. 13. 1-1031~/(, /)~5/8/10/ 50//()-5(0(~ ,,0~~,. 5~~~//~5. ~~~ ~ 0(/(~ ~30 ~051(300 ~~10/1010
~0111~(0)1, 10~., 1981.
2. 5. ~30135, 300~. 0. 210~35, ..~ 00~~1510~ ~3~~ 103(-0( (00~~(1~( ~11/1 /11~/11(~()11~0()1
1985, ~~. 430-438.

3. 1(. ~. 1-130030, 1. 1((15/1030, 300 ~. ~3)3~0~31030,
eri
1(30510(111~( 150131100.,, / ~~~ 1,.0/150~(/0/15 0/1 //1()~5(,./0/ ~/~~(,.0/1/~5, ~01. 11332, ~0. 4,
..0( 10 0( (00~~(1~(5 ~11/1 /11~/1

ine
1(~()11~0()1 3( 110/(.,, /~~~ 1,.0/150~(/0/15 0/1 //1()~5(,.)1 .4~~//~0(/0/15, ~01. 1~22, ~0. 2,
1986, ~~. 244-254.
4. ~. 0. 210~35, 5. 1. 1(/130, 300 ~. 1-1. ~35/110, ..~0(1)1515 300 0~51~0 01 ()1(10(00~~(1~(
‫ﺔ‬
51(11(111(~5~11/1 1111~(0~~0 1(3051~( (/13(3(1~(1511(5.,,
En
g
~/~~(,.0/1/~5, ~01. 11333, ~0. 3, 1986, ~~. 271-280.

/ ~~~ 1,.0/150~(/0/15 0/1 //1()~5(,./0/
5. 13. 0. ~~1(/111130, ~. 0. 210~35, 300 ~. ~. 51~1300~1(, ..~ 00~~1 01131~(31 ~0~~( (00-
~~(5100 5(/1~111~10( ~3(1301~ 1(~()11~0()1 51311( ~0~~( 511~~11~5.,, /~~~
//1()~5(,.)1.4~~//~0(/0/15,~01. 1~21, ~0. 5, 1985, ~~. 1226-1233.
sy
1,.0/150~(/0/15 0/1
6. 1. 1. ~11~1, ..~/135~-1110011131~0 (~500301 ~0~~( (00~~(5100 1~(/101()11~5 10( /11~/11(~()11~0()1

110/( 10~~(1~(5.,, /~~~ //1()~5(,.)1 .4~~//~0(/0/15 50~/~()1 ~0/1/~,.~/1~~ 8.~~0,.(), 1985, ~~. 1163-
1172.
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
9-1. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 00(11131 5~~(111(311005 01 ~0~~( 511~~11~5,,

‫ﺷﺩ‬
9-2. ~/131 1/1~ 1)1~~5 01 ~0~~( 511~~11~5 10 ~~0~(31,,

9-3. ~3111~ 1/1(~~ 1)1~~5 01 0( ~0~~( 511~~11~5.
9-4. ~3111~ 1/1(~~ 1)1~~5 01 3( ~0~~( 511~~11~5.
9-5. ~/131 1/1~ 30~3013~~5 300 01530~3013~~5 01 510~1~-513~~ (00~~(5100,,
9-6. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30~3013~~5 300 01530~3013~~5 015~11(/1~0-11100~ ~0~~( 511~~11~5,,
9-7. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30~3013~~5 300 01530~3013~~5 01 (~500301 ~0~~( 511~~11~5,,
9-8. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30~3013~~5 300 01530~3013~~5 01 0101(~(110031 ~0~~( 511~~11~5,,
9-9. ~/131 3(~ 1/1~ 30~3013~~5 300 01530~3013~~5 0111)103(/( (00~~(1~(5,,
294

9-10. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~31113~~5

3110 01530~31113~~5 01 ~(1511-~(111 ~011~~(1~(57
9-11. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5
0111311-0(10~~ ~011~~(1~(57
9-12. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~3(10(15 ~01111~(1(3110115 01 (~50113111 0~ ~0,,.,~( 5(1~~11~57
9-13. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 01111~11-1(~()(1~11~)11111/( ~0,,.,~( 5(1~~11~57
9-14. ~1131 15 111~ ~~11~(31 3((311~~(11~111 01 0~5 5)151~(1157
9-15. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~(115 01111~ 1(311510((11~( ~0(~7
‫ﻣ‬
,
9-1. 111~ 0~ 0(11~(11 ~0113~~ 01111~ ~(1511-~1111 ~1(~(111111 ~1~. 9-1~, 110 = 24 31 3 (~5156~~
t
1030 01 ~ = 0.4 0. 111~ 011-5131~ ~0113~~ 0(0~5 011(31151510(5 3110 0100~5 3(~ 11, = 1.2
.n e
, ,, (~5~~~11~~1)1. 111~ 111(115 (3110 01111~ 1(311510((11~(, (1 = ,..,/,..,,, =
3110 11,, = 0.7
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
0.5. 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (3) 3~~(3~~ 111~(11~(1((~111, /,~ (/)) ~111~1~11~)1,11~(~) 3~~(3~~ 1(31151510(
~11((~111, /~~ (()) ~~3/( 1(31151510( ~11((~111, /,,~ (~) ((115 1(31151510( ~11((~111, /8~ 3110 (() 0~~11-
ng
~1(~(111 1(31151510( ~0113~~, 1100. ~~~1~~1 111~ 1055~5 111 111~ 1(311510((11~(, 3110 111~ (1~~1~
~11((~111 01111~ 1030 3110 111~(11 5(1~~1)115 11~~11~101~.
9-2. ~~~~31 ~(00. 9-110( 111~ ~1(~(111111 ~1~. 9-10, 10( /( = 0.5.
9-3.
9-4.
9-5.
~~~~31
~~~~31
~(00.
~(00.
9-110(
9-110(
111~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 9-10.
111~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 9-1~.
eri
111~ 0~ 0111~(11 ~0113~~ 01111~ 11311-0(10~~ ~1(~(111 111 ~1~. 9-23, 110 = 24
,
31 3 1030
ine
(~5151311~~01 ~ = 0.8 0. 111~ 111~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 31111~ (~501131111(~()11~11~)1. 111~ ~1(~1111
, ,
~3(3(11~1~(5 3(~ ~1 = ~2 = ~ = 2 ~, 1- = 5 11, 3110 ~ = 0. 111~ 0~ 111~(11~0113~~,
11, = 50 ,. 111~ 011-5131~ ~0113~~ 0(0~5 011(31151510(5 3110 0100~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~
‫ﺔ‬
9-6.
111111~ 1(311510((11~(,
~~~~31 ~(00.
g
1(1(115 (360 01111~ 1(311510((11~(, (1 = ,..,/,..,,, = 0.5. 0~1~((11111~ 111~ (3) 3~~(3~~
~11((~111, /,~ (/)) 3~~(3~~ 1(31151510( ~11((~111, /~ ~ (~) ~~3/( 1(31151510( ~(1((~111, /,,~
En
1(31151510( ~11((~111, /8~ 3110 (~) 0~~11-~1(~11111(31151510( ~0113~~,

3110 111~ ~11~~1 01111~ 1030 011 111~ (~501131111(~()(1~11~)115
9-5 10( 111~ 11111-0(10~~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 9-20.
sy
111~111
(()) ((115
1100. ~~~1~~1111~ 1055~5

11~~11~101~.
9-7. 111~ 1030 (~5151311~~ 01111~ 3~ ~0,,.,~( 5(1~~11~0 111~1~. 9-4 15 ~ = 1.5 0. 111~ 0~ 111~(11
~0113~~ 15 11, = 24 ,. 111~ 111~(11111~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 31 3 1(~()11~11~)1 01400 112 ,,.,1111311
01 ~1~111 ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~)1~1~ 3110 111~ ,,.,10111 01 ~3~11 ~1115~ 15 0 = 200.
Ea
(111/10((11 ~~~
111~ 011-5131~ ~0113~~ 0(0~5 011(31151510( 5,,.,11~11~5 3110 0100~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 1(1(115
,..,/,..,,,
(3110 01111~ 1(311510((11~(, (1 = = 4. 0~1~((11111~ 111~((115 1030 ~(1((~111. ~~~1~~1
111~ 1055~5 111111~ 1(311510((11~(, 3110 111~ ~11~~1 01111~ 1030 011 111~ (~50113111 1(~()(1~11~)1 15
w.
11~~11~101~.
9-8. 111~ 1030 (~5151311~~ 01111~ 3~ ~0,,.,~( 511~~11~5 111~1~. 9-5 15 ~ = 1.5 0. 111~ 0~ 111~111
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~0113~~, 11, = 24 ,. 111~ 111~(11 111~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 31 3 1(~()(1~11~)1 01 20 /(112 ,,.,1111 3

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(111/10((11 ~~~ 0110(1( ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~)1~1~ 3110 111~ ,,.,10111 01 ~3~11 ~1115~ 15 0, = 400.
111~ 011-5131~ ~0113~~ 0(0~5 011(31151510( 5,,.,11~11~5 3110 0100~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 111(115
(360 01111~ 1(311510((11~(, (1 = ,..,/,..,,, = 0.5. 111~ 0111~(11111~~(1~( 0~~(31~5 ,,.,11111111110((11
~~~ 01 ~1~111 ~1115~5 ~~( 11311-~)1~1~ 3110 111~ ,,.,1011101 ~3~11 ~(115~ 15 00 = 200. 0~1~((11111~
111~ ((115 1030 ~(1((~111. 111~ (1~~1~ ~0113~~ 011 111~ 0111~111 01111~ (~~611~( 15 11~~11~101~.
~~~1~~1 111~ 1055~5 111 111~ 1(311510((11~(, 3110 111~ ~11~~1 01 111~ 1030 011 111~ (~50113111
1(~()(1~11~)115 11~~11~101~.
295

‫ﻣ‬
10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
01(~~1 ~1.1((~111 (0~)
sy
En
(11010(8 113~~ ~3(1301~ ~113(3~1~(1811~8 3110 3(~ 1.18~0 ~)(1~1181~~1)1

111 ~3(1301~-8~~~0 0(1~~8. 0~ (11010(8 ~311 ~(0~10~ 3 111~11 813(1111~ 10(().1.1~ 3110 11 18
3180 ~088101~ 10 0013111 8~~~0 ~0111(01 0~~( 3 ~10~ (311~~. 111~ (11~111008 01 8~~~0
Ea
~0111(01 3(~ 110((11311)1 81(11~1~( 3110 1~88 ~)(~~1181~~ 111311 11131 01 3~ 0(1~~8. 0~ (11010(8
~13)1 3 81~11111~3111 (01~ 111 (1100~(11 11101.181(131 0(1~~8. 130111 8~(1~8 3110 8~~3(31~1)1
~)(~11~0 0~ (11010(8 3(~ 110((11311)1 1.18~0 111 ~3(1301~-8~~~0 0(1~~8~ 110~~~~(, 8~(1~8
w.
(11010(8 3(~ 1(30111011311)1 ~(11~10)1~0 10( 1(3~11011 3~~11~3110118. 01.1~ 10 111~ ~0(11(111.1-
1310(8, 0~ (11010(8 3(~ 1101 81.111301~ 10( ~~()1111~11-8~~~0 3~~11~3110118 3110 (~().1.11(~ (110(~
‫ُﺭ‬
(1131111~11311~~ 111311 00 3~ (11010(8.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0111(011~0 (~~1111~(8 ~(0~10~ 3 ~3(1301~ 0~ 01.11~1.11 ~0113~~ 1(0(11 3 11)(~0 3~

~0113~~, ~11~(~38 ~110~~~(8 ~311 ~(0~10~ 3 ~3(1301~ 0~ ~0113~~ 1(0(11 (11)(~0 0~ ~0113~~.
01.1~ 10 111~1( (01111)110 81.1~~1)13 ~01111111.101.181)1~3(1301~ 0~ ~0113~~, ~0111(011~0 (~~1111~(8
3110 0~ ~110~~~(8 (1130~ 3 (~~011.111011 111 (1100~(11 11101.181(131 ~0111(01 ~().1.11~(11~111 3110
~3(1301~-8~~~0 0(1~~8, ~1111 ~0~~( 1~~~18 (311~111~ 1(0(11 1(3~1101131 110(8~~0~~( 10
8~~~(31 (11~~3~3118. 0~ 0(1~~8 ~311 0~ ~1388111~0, 111 ~~11~(31, 11110 111(~~ 1)1~~8~
1. 5111~1~-~1138~ 0(1~~8
2. 111(~~-~1138~ 0(1~~8
3. ~110~~~( 0(1~~8
296

+ +
,.~
---) -- ~1~0..~ 10-1 ~~01.,,31~11( ~1(~01( 01 5~))3-
8 (3(~1~ ~)(~1(~0 0~ 1110(0(5.
‫ﻣ‬
t
.ne
111~ ~(),1.11.,,111~01 ~1(~1.111 10( 11 8~~11(111~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ (0010( 18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 10-1.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~11~0 11 8~~11(111~1~ ~)(~11~0 (0010( 18 ~)(~11~0 0~ 11 11~10 ~1.1((~01 011/1100 110 11((01111.1(~
~1.1((~01 011,, 110~8 10 111~ 11((01111.1(~ ~1(~1.111, 111~ (0010( 0~.,,~10~8 11 011~~ ~(011100 11
g
10((),1.1~ 10 0111110~~ 111~ 10110 10((),1.1~ 111 11 ~11(11~1.1111( 8~~~0. 111~ 11~10 ~1.1((~01, 1/, 01
11 8~~11(111~1~ ~)(~11~0 (0010( 18 100~~~00~01 01111~ 11((01111.1(~ ~1.1((~01, 1,,, 1100 110~
rin
~11110~~ 10 111~ 11((01111.1(~ ~1.1((~0111118 00 ~11~~110 111~ 11~10 ~1.1((~01. 111~ 11~10 ~1.1((~01
18 00((01111~ (01.1~111~88 111110 111~ 11((01111.1(~ ~1.1((~01.
111~ ~(),1.11111008 0~8~(1010~ 111~ ~1111(11~1~(1811~8 0111 8~~11(111~1~ ~)(~11~0 (0010( ~110
0~ 0~1~((010~0 1(0(0 ~1~. 10-1.
ee
111~ 10811101110~01.18 11~10 ~1.1((~01, 1/, 18 0~8~(10~0 118
0-1/
gin
1)/ = ~/1/ + 1./ 0-(
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
111~ (0010( 011~~ ~(01, ~111~1118 11180 ~00~0 118 8~~~0- 1/0/((18~, 18 ~)(~(~88~0 118
1(,,/1)1/
~
/1 =
Ea
111~ 10((),1.1~ 0~.,,~10~~0 0~ 111~ (0010( 18
1()
= 1(,1/1,,
w.
111~ 0~.,,~10~~0 10((),1.1~ (01.181 0~ ~(),1.111110 111~ 10110 10((),1.1~~

‫ُﺭ‬
0-(1)
ww
1()
= 1~ + 8(1)
+ 11-
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~11~(~ (1) (0010( 8~~~0, (110/8

8 = .,,18~01.181(1~1100 ~00811101, ~ .(0/(110/8
1(,, = .,,01111~~ ~00811101, ~/ ~-(110/8
1(, = 1(,, = 10((),1.1~ ~00811101
1.,, = 11((01111.1(~ ~1(~1.111 1001.1~1110~~, 1-1
1./ = 11~10 ~1(~1.1111001.1~1110~~, 1-1

~,, 11((01111.1(~ ~1(~1.111 (~8181110~~, ,0
58~. 10-2 297

~, = ~1~10~1(~1111(~8181311~~,11
11- = 103010(~11~, ~.111
0110~( 81~(0)1-8131~ ~01101110118, 111~ 11111~ 0~(1~311~~8111111~8~ ~~113110118 3(~ 2~(0 3110
111~ 81~(0)1-8131~ 3~~(3~~ ~113111111~8 3(~
17, = ~,1, (10~1)
~8 = /(,,0)1, (10-2)
‫ﻣ‬
17/2 ~/21/2 + ~8
~,,1/2 + /(,,0)1, (10-3)
et
111 = /(/,1/2 (10-4)
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
= 130) + 11- (10-5)
n
(10-6)
111~ (~13110118111~
38 111(1811~(/2(1(/011
0~1~~~11
011~ 10 1113~11~11~ 83111(311011.
e 111~ ~1~10 ~11((~111,
~/7(1,.(1~(~,./5(/~
eri
111~ (~13110118111~,
0~ 111~ 111010(.
1,, 3110 111~ 03~~
~111~1118 8110~11111 ~1~.
~(0111 ~~.
~111~, ~8,
(10-3),
18 110111111~3(
10-2,
111~ 8~~~0
18 ~110~11
0~ 3
8~~3(31~1)1 ~)(~11~0 111010( ~311 0~ ~011110 ~(0111
gin
17/2 - ~/21/2 17/2 - ~,,1/2

‫ﺔ‬ ~~
~0111(011111~
~1~10 ~11((~111,
En
~311 11011~~ ~(0111 ~~.

111~ 3(1113111(~
1,, ~110~11
sy
0)
~0113~~,
38 //~/0.
=
(10-7)
/(,,1,
11131111~
17/2, ~110~11
~011(,.0/~ 0( (3)
/(,, 17,/~,
111010( 8~~~0
38 110/((18~ ~011(,.0/~
10(~11~ 0~1113110,
~311 0~
(2)
~3(1~0
~0111(011111~
~111~11 ~0((~8~01108
(10-7)
0)1 (1)
111~
10 311 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111, 1/2, ~0( 3 11)(~0 ~1~10 ~11((~111, 1,. 111~ 8~~~0, ~111~11 ~0((~-
8~01108 10 111~ (31~0 3(1113111(~ ~0113~~, (31~0 ~1~10 ~11((~111 3110 (31~0 3(1113111(~ ~11(-
(~111, 18 ~110~11 38 111~ 0(1$~ $/1~~0..
Ea
111 ~(3~6~~, ~0( 3 8~~~0 1~88 111311 111~ 038~ 8~~~0, 111~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 3110
~1~10 ~11((~1118 3(~ 111311113111~0 ~01181311110 111~~1111~ 10(~11~ 0~1113110, 3110 111~ 3(1113111(~
w.
~0113~~, 17/2, 18 ~3(1~0 10 ~0111(01111~ 8~~~0. ~0( 8~~~0 111~11~( 111311 111~ 038~ 8~~~0,
111~ 3(1113111(~ ~0113~~ 18 111311113111~0 31111~ (31~0 ~3111~ 3110 111~ ~1~10 ~11((~11118 ~3(1~0
10 ~0111(01 111~ 8~~~0, 111~ ~0~~( 0~~~10~~0 0)1111~ 111010( 10(~11~ (=)(
‫ُﺭ‬
8~~~0)
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
)/1211..~ 10-2 ~3~11~(123(1011 (03..3(((..15-

,, (1(,
298

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ .0~~~8..~
/
0 5~88~. ,.,
,6.~,.,,8~~~8
‫ﻣ‬
~ ~~~~8,,~. ~.
~1 - - - - - - - - - - -+-
~.....-....-
(
-.....
t
~ --
--
.ne
~ ~~8~~ ~~~~8,,~. ~1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~
0
-()0,,5~8,,~- ~.
~0~~~8
g
rin
(~11131115 ~011513111. ~1~11(~ 10-3 5110~5111~ ee ~113(3~1~(1511~5 0~ 10(()11~, ~0~~(, 3(1113111(~
~11((~111, 3110 ~1~10 ~11((~111 3~311151111~ 5~~~0.
111~ 11~10 0~ 3 0~ 111010( 1113)1 0~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~(1~5 ~1111111~ 3(1113111(~ ~1(~1111
35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 10-4, 3110 11115 1)1~~ 0~ 111010( 15 ~311~0 3 5€,./€5 1110(0,.. 111~ ~1~10
gin
~1(~1111 15 0~51~11~0 10 ~3(()1111~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111. 111~ 51~(0)1-5131~ 3~~(3~~ ()11311-
‫ﺔ‬1111~5 3(~
sy
En
(10-8)
(10-9)
(10-10)
(10-11)
Ea
130) + 11-
111~ 5~~~0 0~ 3 5~(1~5 111010( ~311 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 ~(0111 ~(). (10-9) ~
w.
+
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1~11..~ 10-4 ~()(11.,,3)~,,( (1~((11( 0( 0( 5~-

~1~5 1110(0~5.
58~. 10-2 299

1- - - - - - - - - -~0~8~. ~0
/
/
/
/
/
/
--7--~
/ 1 _
/
//
~ ~- -
/
/
1
~
-~. .
0 8~880.,.,
. ~-80~518~1_/
‫ﻣ‬
~--80~518~1 ..1~11..~ 10-5 ~113(3~(~(15(1~5 01 0~ 5~(1~5
10~(1(18 ~0~8~ 1110(0(5.
et
~0 - ~010
(0 (10-12)
= 1()0
111~ 8()~~0 ~30 0~ ~311~0 0)1 ~001101110~ 111~ (1) 311031111~ ~0113~~, ~0, 01 (2) 311031111~
~1111~01, ~111~11 18 3 10~38111~ 01111~ 101~11~ 0~10300. ~~1131100 (10-10) 1001~31~8
11131 3 8~11~8 100101 ~30 ()10~10~ 3 111~11101~11~, ~8()~~1311)1 31 8131110~~ 300 101 11118
rin
1~3800, 8~11~8 1001018 31~ ~0101(001)1118~0 10 113~1100 3()()11~311008.
~01 3 8()~~0 11() 10 111~ 038~ 8()~~0, 111~ 311031111~ ~0113~~ 18 ~311~0 300 111~
101~11~ 18 103101310~0 ~0081301. ee 00~~ 111~ 131~0 311031111~ ~0113~~ 18 3()()11~0, 111~
8()~~0-101~11~ 1~1311008111() 10110~8 111~ 03111131 ~11313~1~11811~ 01111~ 100101 300 111~
()0~~1 (= 101~11~ )(
8()~~0) 1~103108 ~0081301. ~8 111~ 101~11~ 0~10300 18 1~011~~0,
111~ 8()~~0 10~1~38~8. ~1 3 ~~1)111~111 1030, 111~ 8()~~0 ~01110 0~ ~~1)1111~11 300 11 18
gin
001 30~18301~ 10 1110 3 0~ 8~11~8 100101 00 00-1030. ~1~111~ 10-5 8110~8 111~ ~1131-
‫ﺔ‬ 3~1~11811~8
~,.301())~ 10-1
01 0~ 8~11~8 1001018.
En
~ 15-11~ 220- ~ 2000-1~111 8~~3131~))1 ~,.~11~0 0~ 1110101 ~01111018 3 1030 1~~1111111~3 101~11~
0111.- = 45 ~.111 31 3 8~~~0 011200 1~111. 111~ 11~10 ~11~11111~8181311~~ 18 8.1 = 147 11,
111~ 3111131111~ ~11~11111~8181311~~ 18 8.~ = 0.25 11, 3110 111~ ,,,0113~~ ~011813111 01111~ 1110101
sy
18 /(~ = 0.7032 ~/~-130/8. 111~ 11~10 ,,,0113~~ 18 ~1 = 220~. 111~ ,,,18~0118111~11011

3110 110-1030 1088~8 31~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 3111131111~ ~1111~1111113)10~ 38811111~0 ~0111111110118
Ea
3110 11~~1~ 11~~. 1)~1~1111111~ 111~ (3) 03~/( ~1111, ~8~ (0) 1~~1111~0 3111131111~ ,,,0113~~, ~~~
3110 (~) 131~0 3111131111~ ~1111~11101111~ 1110101.
80)01100 8.1 = 147 11, 8.~ = 0.25 11, /(~ = /(( = 0.7032 ~/~-130/8, ~1 = 220 ~,
w.
1,) = 11.-= 45 ~.111, (.0 = 12007(/30 = 125.66130/8,3110/1 = 220/147 = 1.497 ~.

(3) ~101118~. (10-4), /~ = 45/(0.7032 )( 1.497) = 42.75~. ~10111 8~. (10-2),
)( 125.66 )( 1.497 = 132.28~.
‫ُﺭ‬
~8 = 0.7032
ww
(0) ~101118~. (10-3), ~~ = 0.25 )( 42.75 + 132.28 = 142.97~.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~) 5111~~111~ 18~~03110 746 ~, /...00 = 15 )( 746/220 = 50.87 ~.
11111~ 311031111~ ~11~1111 01 3 0~ 100101 18 ~000~~1~0 10 111~ 0111()111 01 3 810~1~-()1138~

~0011011~0 1~~1111~1, 111~ 311031111~ ~0113~~ ~30 0~ ~311~0 0)1 ~(1)110~ 111~ 0~13)1 30~1~
01111~ ~00~~11~1, ~0. 111~ 101~~0-~0101011131~0 3~-0~ ~00~~11~18 ~30 3180 0~ 118~0
10 110()10~~ 111~ ()0~~1 13~101 300 10 1~011~~ 111~ 113110001~8. 111~ 0381~ ~11~1111
300

+
+
8~~918-()~358
~~~, 8~~9~8-()
3~
5~()()~~ 3~ 5~()
~81
~,
‫ﻣ‬
e t
(18(~~111~111 ~0( (1 511181~-~11(15~ ~011~~(1~(-~~0 5~~(1((11~1)1 ~)(~11~0 111010( 15 5110~11 111
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~18. 10-6. ~1 (1 10~ 0~1(1)1 (11181~, 111~ (1(111(1111(~ ~11((~111111(1)1 0~ 015~011611110115, (1110
11115 ~01110 111~(~(15~ 111~ 1055~5 111111~ 111010(. ~ 5111001111118111011~10(, 1.,,,,, 15110(111(111)1
~01111~~1~0 111 5~(1~5 ~1111 111~ (1(111(1111(~ ~1(~1111 10 (~011~~ 111~ (1~~1~ ~11((~111 10 (111
rin
(1~~~~1(101~ 111(181111110~. ~ ~011~~(1~( 15 (1150 (1~~11~0 111 111~ 11~10 ~1(~1111 10 ~0111(01
1/1~ ~1~10 ~11((~111 0)1 ~(1()11118 1/1~ 0~1(1)1 (11181~, 0./. 0~~~1101118 011 1/1~ 1)1~~ 0~ 511181~-
~/1(15~ ~011~~(1~(5, 511181~-~/1(15~ 0(1~~5 111(1)10~ 511001~10~0 11110~
1. 511181~-~/1(15~ 11(11~-~(1~~-~011~~(1~(
ee 0(1~~5
2. 511181~-~/1(15~ 5~1111~011~~(1~( 0(1~~5
gin
3. 511181~-~11(15~ ~1111-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~5
4. 511181~-~11(15~ 011(11-~011~~(1~( 0(1~~5
~
‫ﺔ‬ 511181~-~/1(15~
(1(111(1111(~ ~11((~11115
11(11~-~(1~~
En
~011~~(1~(
(11~(1)15 015~011611110115
~~~05 (1 0~ 111010( (15 5/10~11 111 ~18. 10-7(1.
11111~55 (1 ~~()11(1(8~
1/1~
111011~10( 15 ~01111~~1~0
asy
111 1/1~ (1(111(1111(~ ~1(~1111. ~ ~(~~~/1~~11118 0100~ 15 (11~(1)15 (~~111(~0 ~0( (1 0~ 111010(
10(10 (1110 11 15 (1 011~-~11(10((1111 0(1~~, (15 5/10~11 111 ~18. 10-70. 1/1~ (1~~11~(160115 0~
1/115 0(1~~ (1(~ 1111111~0 10 111~ ~-~~ ~0~~( 1~~~1. ~1811(~ 10-7~ 5/10~5 1/1~ ~(1~~~0(1115
~0( (1 1118/11)1111011~6~~ 10(10. 111~ ~011~~(1~( 111 1/1~ 11~10 ~1(~1111 5/101110 0~ (1 5~1111-
.E
~011~~(1~(. ~ 11(11~-~(1~~ ~011~~(1~( 111 1/1~ ~1~10 ~1(~1111 ~01110 111~(~(15~ 1/1~ 111(1811~11~
1055~5 0~ 111~ 111010( 011~ 10 /118/1 (1~~1~ ~0111~111 011 1/1~ ~1~10 ~)(~11(111011 ~11((~111.
w
~11/1 (1 511181~-~11(15~ /1(11~-~(1~~ ~011~~(1~( 111 1/1~ (1(111(1111(~ ~1(~1111, ~~. (4-1)
‫ُﺭ‬
81~~5 1/1~ (1~~((18~ (1(111(1111(~ ~011(18~ (15
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
17,, = ~~ (1 + ~05 0.,,) (10-13)
~/1~(~ 17,,, 15 1/1~ ~~(1~ ~011(18~ 0~ 111~ (1~ 511~~1)1. ~11/1 (1 5~1111~011~~(1~( 111 1/1~ ~1~10
~1(~1111, ~~. (4-5) 81~~5 111~ (1~~((18~ ~1~10 ~011(18~ (15
(10-14)
$8~. 10-3 301

+
~.
~.
,,5
0
~5
,.
‫ﻣ‬
0 ,,.
~0
et
~.
,,.
rin
~ 5111~1~-~0(15~ 5~1111~011~~(1~(
ee 1~~05 10~ (1(111(110(~ ~1(~011 (15 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-8(1.
1115 (1 011~-~0(10((1111 0(1~~ (15 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-8/) (1110 15 1111111~0 10 (1~~11~(1110115 0~
gin
10 15 ~~. 10~ ~011~~(1~( 11110~ 11~10 ~1(~011 500010 (1150 /)~ (1 5~1111~011~~(1~(. 10~
~0((~111 ~(1~~10(1115 10( (1 01~01)111100~11~~ 10(10 (1(~ 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-8~.
‫ﺔ‬ ~110
(1~~((1~~
(1 5111~1~-~0(15~
(1(111(110(~ .,,011(1~~
sy
En
5~1111~011~~(1~(
(15
111 10~ (1(111(110(~ ~1(~011, ~~. (4-5) ~1~~5 10~
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~
0~~.
(~) 0~8(1~811(
302

~110 (1 5~1111~00~~(1~(
10 10~ 11~10 ~1(~011, ~~. (4-5) ~1~~5 10~ (1~~((1~~ 11~10 ~011(1~~
(15
11,,,
11/ = (1 + ~05 ~/) (10-16)
70
10~ (1(111(110(~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~(1(1~0 0~ (1 510~1~-~0(15~ 1011-~(1~~ ~00~~(1~( (15 500~0 10

~1~. 10-9(1. 11 15 (1 1~0-~0(10((101 0(1~~ (15 500~0 10 ~1~. 10-90 (100 15 1111111~010
‫ﻣ‬
(1~~11~(111005 0~ 10 15 ~~. 00(10~ (~~~0~((1110010( (~~~(510~ 10~ 01(~~1100 01 ~0~~(
110~, 10~ 0(1~~ ~11110110~ 111010( 15 (~~~(5~0 0~ (~~~(510~ 10~ 11~10 ~,.~11(11100. 10~
~00~~(1~( 10 10~ 11~10 ~1(~011 500010 0~ (111.111-~(1~~ ~00~~(1~( 10 (~~~(5~ 10~ ~01(1(11~
e t
0111~10 ~0((~01. 10~ ~0((~01 ~(1~~10(1115 10( (1 01~01~ 1001.1~11~~ 10(10 (1(~ 500~0 10
~1~. 10-9~ 10( ~0~~(10~ (1~1100. ~ 9.5-~~ 40-~ 510~1~-~0(15~ 11.111-~00~~(1~( 0(1~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
15 500~0 10 ~1~. 10-10, ~0~(~ 10~ ~0~~( 51(1~~ 15 00 10~ 0(1~~ 0110~ ~(10~1 (100 10~
~001(01 51~0(115 (1(~ 1111~1~111~01~0 0~ (10(110~ ~1~~1(001~5.
~110 (1 510~1~-~0(15~ 1011-~(1~~ ~00~~(1~( 10 10~ (1(111(111.1(~~1(~1.111,~~. (4-17)
rin
~1~~5 10~ (1~~((1~~ (1(111(111.1(~~011(1~~ (15
2..,,,
110 = - ~05 ~0 (10-17)
70
ee
~110 (1 510~1~-~0(15~ 1011-~00~~(1~( 10 10~ 11~10 ~1(~011, ~~. (4-17) ~1~~5 10~ 11~10
gin
~011(1~~ (15
‫ﺔ‬ 11/ =
En
211,1.
-
70
~05 ~/ (10-18)
asy
+
.E
~.
~.
w
0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~.
0
0. ,,
- ~.
0 ~.
(0) 0~30~3~1 (~)~31/8/0~,.,,5
5€~. 10-3 303

..1~(1..~ 10-10 ~ 9.5-/(~ 3.113.10~-03.5~0

5111~1~-~/13.5~ 1(111-~3..,~ 0(1.,~. (8.~~~0-
()/./~~() 0)1 ~~~171/55/0/1 01 8~/./5/1 ~/~~(~/~(1/
‫ﻣ‬
~(1~/1//1~5 ~(()., ~/18/(1/1())
et
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1~0 $10~1~-()03$~ ~1111-~3~~ ~00~~(1~($ 3(~ ~000~~1~0 35 500~010 ~1~. 10-11. ~110~(
~00~~(1~( 1 0()~(31~5 10 511()()1)1 3 ()05111~~ 3(1113111(~ ~0113~~, ~~, 0( ~00~~(1~( 2
0()~(31~$ 10 511()()1)13 0~~311~~ 3(1113111(~ ~0113~~, - ~~. 1115 3 ~011(-()1130(301 0(1~~
300 ()~(11111$ ~011( 11100~5 0~ 0()~(31100~ ~0(~3(0 ()0~~(10~, ~0(~3(0 0(3~10~ ((~~~0-
n
~(31100), (~~~(5~ ()0~~(10~, 300 (~~~(5~ 0(3~10~ ((~~~0~(31100). 11 15 1111111~010
3()()11~311005 11() 10 15 ~~.
300 (~~~(5~ (~~~0~(311005. 10~ ~1~10 ~00~~(1~(
(~~~(510~ 10~ 01(~~1100 0~ ~1~10 ~11((~01.
e eri
10~ ()013(11)1 0~ ~1~10 ~11((~0115 (~~~(5~0
5001110 0~ 3 ~1111-~3~~ 00~ 10 3110~
011(10~ ~0(~3(0
1~ ~00~~(1~( 10()~(31~5 ~110 3 0~13)130~1~ 0~ (1~1, ~(). (4-31) ~1~~510~ 3(1113111(~

gin
~0113~~ 35
‫ﺔ‬
1~ ~00~~(1~(
~0113~~ 35
sy
En
2 0()~(31~5 ~110 3 0~13)1 30~1~ 0~ (1~2, ~(). (4-32) ~1~~5 10~ 3(1113111(~
(10-19)
(10-20)
Ea
~0~(~ (1~2 = 70 - (1~1. ~110 3 ~1111~00~~(1~( 10 10~ ~1~10 ~1(~1111, ~(). (4-17) ~1~~5
10~ ~1~10 ~0113~~ 35
w.
(10-21)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
304

~,.301()1~ 10-2
111~ 5~~~0 01 3 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 01010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5111~1~-~1135~ 5~011~011~~(1~(
111 ~1~. 10-83. 111~ 11~10 ~11((~111, ~111~1115 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5~011~011~~(1~(, 15 5~1
10 111~ (13)(1011101 ~055101~ ~3111~. 111~ 3~ 511~~1~ ~0113~~ 10 111~ 3(013111(~ 3110 11~10
~011~~(1~(5 15 011~-~1135~, 208 ~, 601-12. 111~ 3(013111(~ (~5151311~~ 15 ~. = 0.25 0, 111~
11~10 (~5151311~~ 15 ~/ = 1470, 3110 111~ 01010( ~0113~~ ~01151311115 ~~ = 0.7032 ~/,6,.-
(30/5. 111~ 1030 10(().11~ 15 1~ = 45 ~.01 31 1000 (~01. 111~ ~15~0115 1(1~11011 3110 110-
1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 111011~1311~~5 01 111~ 3(013111(~ 3110 11~10 ~1(~11115 3(~
511111~1~111~11011~1110 013~~ 111~ 3(013111(~ 3110 11~10 ~11((~1115 ~01111111101153110 (1~~1~-1(~~.
0~1~(01111~ 111~ (3) 11~10 ~11((~111, 1/~ (0) 0~13~ 311~1~ 01111~ ~011~~(1~( 111111~ 3(013111(~
‫ﻣ‬
~1(~1111, (1.~ 3110 (~) 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 01111~ 3(013111(~ ~1(~1111 ~011~~(1~(, ~~.
)( 208 = 294.16~, ~. = 0.25 0, ~/ = 1470, 1,)
801111100 115= 208 ~, 11,,,= -0
0.7032 ~/,6,.-(30/5, 3110(0 = 100070/30 = 104.72 (30/5.
t
= 1~ = 45 ~.01, ~~ =
.ne
(3) ~(001 ~().. (10-16), 111~ (13)(101110111~10 ~0113~~ (3110 ~11((~111) 15 0013111~0 10(
3 0~13~ 311~1~ 01 (1/ = 0 3110
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
211,,, 2)( 294.16
11/ = - = 187.27 ~
g
70 70
rin
187.27
1/ = ~ = = 1. 27 4 ~
..
~/ ee 147
(0) ~(001 ~().. (10-4),

gin
1. = 4~ 50.23,6,.
~)/ = 0.7032 1.274 =
‫ﺔ‬ ~(001
~(001
~().. (10-2),
~().. (10-3),
93.82
sy
En
~8 = ~~(01/
111~ 3(013111(~
+ 1.~.
= 0.7032
= 93.82
~0113~~
+ 50.23
)(
15
104.72
)(
)(
1.274
0.25 = 93.82
= 93.82 ~
+ 12.56 = 106.38 ~
11. =
)( (1 + ~05 (1.) 3110 11115~1~~5111~ 0~13~
~(001 ~().. (10-15), 11. = 106.38 = (294.16/70)
311~1~ 35 (1. = 82.20.
Ea
(~) 11111~ 3(013111(~ ~11((~11115 ~011513111 3110 (1~~1~-1(~~, 111~ 0111~111 ~0~~( 15 ~0
)(
= 11.1. = 106.38 50.23 = 5343.5~. 11111~ 1055~5 111111~ 3(013111(~ ~011~~(1~( 3(~
11~~1~~1~0, 111~ ~0~~( 1(001111~ 511~~1~ 15~. = ~0 = 5343.5~. 111~ (015111~111~11((~111
w.
.
01111~ 3(013111(~ ~011~~(1~( 35 5110~11 111~1~. 10-8~ 15
1/2 1/2
( 2
) (~ )
70
‫ُﺭ‬
(1.
2701~, 1~ ()6
ww
153 = = 1.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(1801~082.2)1/2
= 50.23 = 37.03,6,.
)(
3110 111~ 111~111~011-301~~(~ (31111~, ~1 = 11/5. = 208 37.03 = 7702.24. 111~ 111()111
~0~~( 13~10(,
$8~. 10-3 305

~)(301()1~ 10-3
10.~ 5~~~0 01 3 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5111~1~-~0.35~ 1111)-~3,,,~

~011,,,~(1~( 111 ~1~. 10-93. 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1111 15 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 11111~011,,,~(1~( 3110
10.~ 11~10 (1.1((~11115 5~110 10.~ 1113)(11111.1111
~055101~ ,,,311.1~. 10.~ 3( 51.1~~1)1,,,0113~~ 10 10.~
3(1113111(~ 3110 11~10 ~011,,,~(1~(5 15 011~-~0.35~, 440 ~, 60 1-(2. 10.~ 3(1113111(~ (~5151311~~
15 8.0 = 0.25 .0, 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1111 (~5151311~~ 15 8., = 175 .0, 3110 10.~ 111010( ,,,0113~~
~01151311115 /(,. = 1.4 ~/~-(30/5. 10.~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 ~0((~5~0110111~ 10 10.~ 1030
0~1113110 15 1~ = 45~. 10.~ ,,,15~0115 1(1~11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 10.~
111011~1311~~50110.~ 3(1113111(~ 3110 11~10 ~1(~11115 3(~ 511111~1~11110 1113/(~ 10.~ 3(1113111(~ 3110
‫ﻣ‬
11~10 ~11((~1115 ~01111111101153110 (1~~1~-1(~~. 1110.~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~ 3(1113111(~ ~011,,,~(1~(
15 ~~ = 600 3110 10.~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~11115 /,, = 45 ~, 0~1~(111111~10.~ (3) 10(()11~ 0~,,,~10~~0
0)110.~ 111010(, 1(/~ (0) 5~~~0, (11~3110 (~) 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 0110.~ 0(1,,,~, ~~.
et
)(
80111~100 1/5 = 440~, 1/,,, = ~ 440 = 622.25 ~, 8.~ = 0.25.0,8., = 175.0, ~0
g.n
= 600, 3110 /(,. = 1.4 ~/~-(30/5.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(3) ~(0111 8(). (10-16), 10.~ 1113)(111111111
11~10 ,,,0113~~ (3110 ~11((~111) ~01110 0~ 00-
13111~0 10( 3 0~13~ 311~1~ 01 ~, = 0 3110
21/,,, 2 )( 622.25
n
1/, = = = 396.14 ~
70 70
e
1, =
eri
1/, 396.14
8., = 175 = 2.26 ~
gin
~(0111 8(). (10-4), 10.~ 0~,,,~10~~0 10(()11~ 15
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
1(/
~(0111 8().
70
= 1~
(10-17),
21/,,,
1/0 = -
0
~05 60 =
2)(
= /(,)/~ = 1.4
)(
2.26
10.~ 3(1113111(~ ,,,0113~~ 15
622 . 25
70
)(
45
~05 600 =
142.4
198.07
~.111
)(
= 1/0 - 1~0 = 198.07 - 45 0.25 186.82 ~
Ea
~/(
~ (0111 8(). (10-2), 10.~ 5~~~0 15

~ 186.82
w.
(11
= /(,),2 = 1. 4 )( 226
.
= 59.05 (30/5 0( 564 (~111
‫ُﺭ‬
(~) ~5511111111~ 10551~55 ~011,,,~(1~(5, 10.~ 10131111~111 ~0~~( 1(0111 10.~ 511~~1)115
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
/1, = 11010+ 1/,1, = 198.07 )( 45 + 396.14 )( 2.26 = 9808.4 ~
10.~ 111~111~11((~111 0110.~ 3(1113111(~ ~011,,,~(1~( 10( 3 0.1~0.1)1111011~11,,,~ 1030 15 50.0~11 111
~1~. 10-90 3110 115 (1115 ,,,3111~ 15 150 = 10 = 45~. 10.~ (1115 ,,,3111~ 0110.~ 111~111~11((~111
0111~10 ~011,,,~(1~( 15 15, = 1, = 2.26~. 10.~ ~11~~11,,,~ (1115 511~~1)1 ~11((~111 ~311 0~ 101.1110
1(0111
306

‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ )(
~110 10~ 111~01 ,,,011-~111~~1~ 1~1111~, ~1 = ~,/, = 440 45.06 = 19,826.4. 10~ 111~01
~0~~1 1~~101,
.,~ = ~, = 9808.4 0.495 (1~~~111~)

.
~1 19,826.4
~,.3111()1~ 10-4
1110~ ~01~111~ 0110~ 1110101 1.1~~)( ~1111111 ~,.~111~1~ 10-3 15 1~,,,~15~0 1.1~ 1~,,,~15111~ (0~
~01~11(~ 01 (0~ 11~10 ~011~11(, 0~(~1111111~ (0~ (~) 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 01 (0~ 11~10 ~11~011 ~011,,,~11~1,
~6 (1.1) 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 01 (0~ ~1111~(01~ ~11~011 ~011,,,~11~1, ~,,, 10 111~111(~11110~ ~1111~(01~
~011~111 ~01151~11( ~1 (0~ 5~111~ ,,,~10~ 01/,, = 45 ~~ ~110 (~) ~0~~11~0 1.1~~)( (0 (0~ 50~~1~
‫ﻣ‬
00~ 10 1~~~11~1~(1,,,~ 1.11~)(111~0110~ 1110101.
801011011 (~) ~10111 ~(). (10-18), 10~ ~01~111~ 01 (0~ 11~10 ~011~11( ~0010 1.1~ 1~,,,~15~0
t
11
.ne
2~,,, 2 )( 622.25
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~( = - ~05 ~/ = ~05 ~/ = -396.14 ~
70 70
g
~110 1015 ~1,,,~5 10~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ ~5 ~( = 1800.
(1.1) ~10111 ~~1( (1.1) 01 ~)(~111~1~ 10-3, 10~ 1.1~~)( ~1111~((0~ 11111~01 ~01~11(~ 1~,,,~15~1
rin
158.8 = 186.82 ~ ~110 ~11~1 ~01~11(~ 1~,,,~15~1 8.8 = -186.82~. ~10111 ~(). (10-3),
)(
~,, = 8.,, + /)(, = -186.82
ee + 45 0.25 = -175.57 ~
~10111 ~(). (10-17),
2~,,, 2 )( 622.25
~,, = - ~05 ~,, = - 175.57 ~
gin
70 ~05 ~,, = 70
‫ﺔ‬ ~110 (015 ~1~105 10~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 01 (0~ ~1111~101~ ~011,,,~11~1 ~5 ~,, =
1-10(€.
31111.1101~
111~ 0~13~
(~) 10~ ~0~~1 1~0 1.1~~)(10 (0~ 50~~1~, ~,, = ~),,
111~ 5~~~0
~011~111
En
15 10
311~1~ 01111~
sy
3110 03~/(
0~
~1111 01111~
111311113111~0
311113101~
~011513111
~011,,,~11~11135
1110101 ~111 0~~1~35~
31 1(1
10 0~ 1~00~~0.
= 175.57
116.380.
)(
= 45 ~ 001111~ 1~~~11~136011,
11115 ~0010
45 = 7900. 7 ~.
~111111111~. 11111~
1~((011~
3 ~105~0-100~ ~011110110 111311113111 111~ 311113101~ ~011~111 ~011513111 3110 10 (0)051111~
0~13~ 311~1~ ~01161100051~.
Ea
w.
111~ 311113101~ ~11~01115 ~01111~~1~0 10 111~ 001~111 013 1111~~-~1135~ ~01111011~0 1~~1111~1
‫ُﺭ‬
01 3 101~~0-~011111111131~0 1111~~-~1135~ 3~-0~ ~011,,,~11~1. 1111~~-~1135~ 011,,,~5 31~
ww
1~,,,~1. 111~ 11~~1~ 11~-

‫ﺷﺩ‬
05~0 101 111~11-~0~~1 3~~11~360115 11~ 10 111~~3~3115 ~0~~1

((11~11~~ 01111~ 3111131111~ ,,,0113~~ 15 111~11~1 111311 11131 01 5111~1~-~1135~ 011,,,~5 3110 11
1~((1111~5 1~55 111011~1311~~ 111 111~ 3111131111~ ~11~011 10 1~011~~ 111~ 3111131111~ 11~~1~
~1111~111. 111~ 3111131111~ ~1111~111 15 1110511~ ~0111111110115, 3110 111~1~101~ 111~ 1110101
~~1101111311~~ 15 0~11~1 ~0111~31~0 10 11131 01 5111~1~-~1135~ 011,,,~5. 511111131 10 111~
5111~1~-~1135~ 011,,,~5, 1111~~-~1135~ 011,,,~5 1113~ 3150 0~ 511001,,,10~0 11110~
1. 1111~~-~1135~ 11311-~3,,,~-~011,,,~11~1 011,,,~5
58~. 10-4 307

2. 10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~.. 0..1~~8
3. 10...~~-()0.~8~ ~1111-~00~~..1~.. 0..1~~8
4. 10...~~-()0.~8~ 011~1-~00~~..1~.. 0..1~~8
~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ 0.~1~-~~~~ ~00~~..1~..-~~0 0~ 01010.. 0..1~~ 18 ~ 1~0-~11~0..~01 0..1~~ ~00

~01110 0~ 118~0 10 ~()()11~~11008 11() 10 ~ 40-~~ ()0~~.. 1~~~1. 10.~ ~1~10 ~00~~..1~..
~01110 0~ ~ 810~1~-()0.~8~ 0.. 10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~... 10.18 0..1~~ 18 001 00..01~11)1
‫ﻣ‬
118~0 10 1001181..1~1 ~()()11~~11008 0~~~118~ 10.~ ~~ 811()()1)1~001~108 0~ ~001()00~018.
~110. ~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ 0.~1~-~~~~ ~00~~..1~.. 10 10.~ ~..01~111..~ ~1..~1111, ~~. (4-51)
et
~1~~8 10.~ ~..01~111..~ ~011~~~ ~8
301/,,,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
1/,, = ~08 ~,, ~0.. 0 ~ ~,, ~ 10 (10-22)
210
ng
~0.~..~ 1/,,, 18 10.~ ()~~~ ~011~~~ 0~ ~ )1-~000~~1~0 10...~~-()0.~8~ ~~ 811()()1)1. ~110. ~
10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~.. 10 10.~ ~1~10 ~1..~1111,~~. (4-54) ~1~~8 10.~ ~1~10 ~011~~~ ~8
301/,,,
ri
1/, = (1 + ~08 ~,) (10-23)
210
ee
gin
~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~..-~~0 0..1~~ 18 ~ 00~-~11~0..~01 0..1~~ ~00 18 110111~0 10

‫ﺔ‬
~()()11~~11008 11() 10 115 ~~.
10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~...
~110.
En
10.~ ~1~10 ~00~~..1~.. 80.01110 ~180 0~ ~ 810~1~-()0.~8~ 0..
~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~..
10.~ ~..01~111..~ ~011~~~ ~8
10 10.~ ~..01~111..~ ~1..~1111, ~~. (4-54) ~1~~8
asy
301/,,,
1/,, = (1 + ~08 ~,,) (10-24)
210
~110. ~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ 8~011~00~~..1~.. 10 10.~ ~1~10 ~1..~1111, ~~. (4-54) ~1~~8 10.~ ~1~10
E
~011~~~ ~8
w.
(10-25)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ 10...~~-()0.~8~ ~1111-~~~~ ~00~~..1~.. 0..1~~ 18 ~ 1~0-~11~0..~01 0..1~~ ~00 18 110111~0 10

~()()11~~11008 11() 10 1500 ~~. 1)11..10~ ..~~~0~..~1100 ~0.. ..~~~..810~ 10.~ 01..~~1100 0~
()0~~.. 00~, 10.~ 0~~~ ~01~ 0~ 10.~ 01010.. 18 ..~~~..8~0 0)1 ..~~~..810~ 10.~ 11~10 ~)(~11~1100.
10.~ ~00~~..1~.. 10 10.~ ~1~10 ~1..~111180.01110 0~ ~ 810~1~- 0.. 10...~~-()0.~8~ ~1111~00~~..1~..
10 ..~~~..8~ 10.~ ()01~..11)1 0~ ~1~10 ~11 ~01. ~ 68-~~ 170-~ 011~..0()..0~~880..-0~8~0
10...~~-()0.~8~ ~1111-~00~~..1~.. 0~ 0..1~~ 18 80.0~0 10 ~1~. 10-12, ~0.~..~ 10.~ ()0~~.. 8~011-
~00011~10.. 81~~~8 ~..~ ~110.~ 0~~~ 0~ 10.~ ()~0~1.
308

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
1/1~0..~ 10-12 ~ 68-/(~ 011~(0))(0~~550(-
ee 035~0 111(~~-))1135~
~70(./~~~(./
(011 ~011,,,~(1~(.
0)1 ~~7/1115510/1 0/ 137~,,
(~~-
~/~~-
(71~(1/ /.1(1~,,1/1~5 1-((./., ~/18/(1/1(./)
gin
~1111 (1 111(~~-111135~ 1011-~3.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~( 111 111~ 3((11310(~ ~1(~011, ~~. (4-57)
‫ﺔ‬
81.,,~5 111~ 3((11(110(~
~1111
sy
3 111(~~-111135~
.,,01138~
~~
En
=
35
30~111
1011 ~011.,,~(1~(
10
~05 ~~ 10( 0 ~
111 111~ 11~10 ~1(~011,

~~ ~
~~.
10
(4-57) 81.,,~5
(10-26)
111~ 11~10
.,,01138~ 35
Ea
(10-27)
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
1~0 111(~~-111135~ 1011-~3.,,~ ~011.,,~(1~(5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 35 111 ~18. 10-143. ~1111~(
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~011.,,~(1~( 1 011~(31~5 10 5011111)1 3 1105111.,,~ 3((11310(~ .,,011(18~, ~~, 0( ~011.,,~(1~( 2

0(1.,,~
011~(31~5 10 5011111)1 3 11~8311.,,~ 3((11310(~ .,,01138~, - ~~. 1115 3 100(-~030(3111
3110 15 11(1111~0 10 3111111~3110115 011 10 1500 /(~. 111~ 11013(11)1 01 11~10 ~0((~111 15
(~.,,~(5~0 00(111810(~3(0 3110 (~.,,~(5~ (~8~11~(3110115. 51(11113( 10 511181~-111135~ 0(1.,,~5,
111~ 11~10 ~011.,,~(1~( 5110010 0~ 1011-~3.,,~ 10 3110~ (~.,,~(51118 111~ 01(~~11011 01 11~10
~0((~111.
~ 12-11015~ 3~-0~ ~011.,,~(1~( 10( 3 360-/(~ (11010( 10( 0(1.,,1118 3 ~~(11~111 /(1111 15
5110~11111 ~18. 10-13, ~11~(~ 111~ ~0111(01 ~1~~1(0111~5 3(~ (1100111~0 011111~ ~001~1~ 000(
5€~. 10-4 309

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee ..)~11..~ 10-13 ~ 360-~~ 12-()11)5~ 3.(-0(
(011.,,~(1~( ~0( 0( 0(1.,,~5. (~~/1,0011(..~0 0))
/1~,/11/5.~/0/1 01 8,115/1 ~/~(.(,/~(// /(1(/(/1//1~5
gin
1.-(0., ~/115/(//10)
‫ﺔ‬
3110 1/1~ ~1115~ 011~~
~001111~
0~13)1 311~1~ 01 ~01,
sy
003105
En
13115 31~ 111011111~0 311/1~

~()..
31~ 111011111~0 011 1/1~ 110111 011/1~
(4-57)
30~/,1
10~
~1~~5
01 ~3~/1
1/1~ 3~~13~~
513~/(. 11 ~011~~11~1
3111131111~ ~0113~~
1/1)1115101 513~/(5.
1 0~~131~5
35
1/1~
~11/1 3
~(/ = ~05 ~01 (10-28)

10
11 ~011~~11~1
Ea
2 0~~131~5 ~11/1 3 0~13)1 311~1~ 01 ~02, ~().. (4-57) ~1~~5 1/1~ 3~~13~~
3111131111~ ~0113~~ 35
w.
(10-29)
‫ُﺭ‬
~11/1 3 1/11~~-~/135~ 11111 ~011~~11~1 111 1/1~ 11~10 ~11~1111, ~().. (4-57) ~1~~5 1/1~ 3~~13~~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11~10 ~0113~~ 35
(10-30)
~,.3(11))1~ 10-5
1/1~ 5~~~0 01 3 20-11~ 300- ~ 1800-1~111 5~~3131~1)1 ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010, 15 (0111,011~0 ())1 3
(/11~~-~/135~ 11111-(011,,,~11~1 011,,,~. 111~ 11~10 (1111~11115 3150 (01111011~0 0)1 3 1111~~-~/135~
11111-(011,,,~11~1 3110 15 5~1 10 1/1~ (113)(111111111 ~055101~ ,,,3111~. 1/1~ 3( (11))111 15 3 1/11~~-
310

))1135~ ~ -(01111~(1~0 ‫ ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬111~

208- ~ 60-1-12 511))))1~. 3.1113111.~ .~5151311(~ 15 /(, = 0.25 1~,
111~ 11~10 .~5151311(~ 15 8./ = 245 11, 3110 111~111010. .,,0113~~ (01151311115/(,. = 1.2 ~//1..-
.30/5. 111~ 3.1113111.~ 3110 11~10 (11..~1115 (311 0~ 35511111~0 10 0~ (01111111101153110 .1))))1~-
1.~~. 111~ .,,15(01151.1(110111511~~11~101~. 1)~1~.111111~ 111~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~ 01.111~ 3.1113111.~
(011.,,~.1~., ~,,, 11111~ 111010. 511))))11~5 111~ .31~0 ))0~~. 31 111~ .31~0 5))~~0 ~ (0) 110-1030
5))~~0 11111~ 0~13~ 311~1~5 3.~ 111~ 53111~ 35111 ))3.1 (3) 3110 111~ 3.1113111.~ (11..~111 31 110-
103015 10% 01111~ .31~0 .,,3111~~ 3110 (() 5))~~0 .~~111311011.
80101100 8.,, = 0.25 0, 8., = 245 11, /(,, = 1.2 ~/ /1 30/5, 1//. = 208 ~, 3110 (0 =
180010/30 = 188.5 .30/5. 111~ ))1135~ .,,0113~~ 15 1/,, = 1/~/0 = 208/0 = 120 ~ 3110
1/,,, = 120 )( 0 = 169.7~. 5111(~ 1 (1))15 ~()1131 10 746 ~, 111~ .31~0 3.1113111.~
‫ﻣ‬
)(
(11..~11115 1,,,.0., = 20 746/300 = 49.73 /1..~ 3110 10.1113)(111111111))055101~ 11~10 (11..~111,
~/ = 0. ~.0111 8(). (10-27),
169.7
et
1// = 3 0 )(
- = 280.7 ~
10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~. 280.7
1/ = = = 1.146/1..
8./ 245
(3) 1,, = 1,3.00 = 49.73 /1.. 3110
rin
)( )(
~~ = /(,1~ = 1.2 1.146 188.5 = 259.2 ~
)(
1/,, = 259.2 + /,,8.,, = 259.2 + 49.73 ee 0.25 = 271.63 ~
~.0111 8(). (10-26),
301/,,, 30 )(
169.7
gin
1/,, = 271.63 (05 ~,, = (05 ~,,
‫ﺔ‬ 3110 11115~1.,,~5 111~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 35 ~,, = 14.590.
(0) 1,, = 10% 0149.73
~.0111 8().
sy
En
= 4.973/1.. 3110
~. = 1/,, - 8.,,1,, = 271.63 - 0.25

(10-2), 111~ 110-1030 5))~~0 15
)(
4.973 270.39 ~
(00
= ~~, / = 1.2)(270.391.146 = 196.62.30/5 196.62 )( 30
10 = 1877.58 .))111.
Ea
(() 111~ 5))~~0 .~~111311011 15 0~1111~0 35
110-1030 5))~~0 - 11111-1030 5))~~0 _ 1877.58 1800

= 0.043 0. 4.3%
w.
11111-1030 5))~~0 1800
~)(3111()1~ 10-6
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
111~ 5))~~0 01 3 20-(1)) 300- ~ 900-.))111 5~))3.31~1~ ~)((11~0 0( 111010. 15 (0111.011~0 0~ 3

‫ﺷﺩ‬
111.~~-))1135~ 11111(011.,,~.1~.. 111~ 11~10 (1.(1111 15 3150 (0111.011~0 0~ 3 111.~~-))1135~ 11111

(011.,,~.1~.. 111~ 3( 111))11110 111~ 3.1113111.~ 3110 11~10 (011.,,~.1~.5 15 111.~~-))1135~, ~-
(01111~(1~0, 208 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 3.1113111.~ .~5151311(~ 15 8.,,
= 0.25 11. 111~ 11~10 (1.(1111
.~5151311(~ 15 8., = 14511, 3110 111~111010..,,0113~~ (01151311115/(,. = 1.2 ~//1 30/5. 111~
.,,15(0115 1.1(11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 (311 0~ (011510~.~0 11~~11~101~. 111~ 3.1113111.~ 3110
11~10 (11..~1115 3.~ (01111111101153110 .1))))1~-1.~~. (3) 11111~ 11~10 (011.,,~.1~. 15 0))~.31~0
31111~ 1113)(111111111
11~10 (11..~111 3110 111~ 0~.,,~10))~0 10.()11~ 15 1,) = 116 ~.111 31 900 .))111,
58~. 10-4 311

0~1~1111111~ 111~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 0( 111~ ~1111~1111~ ~011~~11~1, ~~. (0) 1( 111~(1~10 ~11~1111
~011~~11~1 15 5~1 (01 111~ 111~)(111111111
(1~10 ~1111~111, 111~ 0~~~10()~0 101~11~ 15 1./ = 116
~.111, ~110 111~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 0( 111~ ~1111~1111~ ~011~~11~1 15 ~0 = 0, 0~1~1111111~ 111~5()~~0
0( 111~ 1110101. (~) ~01111~ 5~111~ 10~0 0~111~110 ~5111 ()~11 (0), 0~1~1111111~ 111~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~
0( 111~ (1~10 ~011~~11~11( 111~ 5()~~0 11~5 10 0~ 111~1~~5~0 10 1800 1()111.
8010(100 ~0 = 0.25 0, ~1 = 145 0, /(~ = 1.2 ~/~-1~0/5, ~110 ~1~ = 208~. 111~
()11~5~~011~~~ 15 ~,, = 208/~ )(
= 120 ~ ~110 ~,,, = 0 120 = 169.7 ~.
(~) 1,/ = 116 ~.111 ~110 0.) = 90070/30 = 94.25 1~0/5. ~01111~)(111111111
(1~10 ~1111~111,
‫ﻣ‬
~1 = 0. ~10111 ~~. (10-27),
)( )(
3 ~ 169.7
~1= =280.7~
70
et
280.7
11 = = 1.936 ~
145
~10111 ~~. (10-4),
1,/ 116
rin
10 = .-- = .)( = 49.93 ~
~11 1 2 1.9 36
)( )(
~8 = /()~ = 1.2
ee 1.936 94.25 = 218.96 ~
)(
~0 = ~8 + 1~0 = 218.96 + 49.93 0.25 = 231.44 ~
gin
~10111 ~~. (10-26),
)( )(
3 ~ 169.7
‫ﺔ‬ ~110 111~ 0~1~~
En
~11~1~ 15 ~0
(0) ~0 = 0 ~110
sy
~0 = 231.44=
= 34.460.
3
)(
~
)(
169.7
70
~05 ~0
~0 = = 280.7 ~
70
)(
= 280.7 49.93 0.25 = 268.22 ~
Ea
~8 -
268.22
w.
0.)
= 1.2 )( = 115.36 1~0/5 01 1101.61()111
1.936
‫ُﺭ‬
(~) 0.) = 180070/30 = 188.5 1~0/5
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
)( )(
~8 = 268.22 ~ = 1.2 188.5 11 01 11 = 1.186 ~
)(
~1 = 1.186 145 = 171.97 ~
~10111 ~~. (10-27),

)( )(
3 ~ 169.7
~1 = 171.97 = ~05 ~1
70
312

~/10~~~.. 0..1~~5 3..~ ~10~1~ 115~0 10 1..3~1100 3~~11~311005 311 0~~.. 1/1~ ~0..10. ~ 0~
~/10~~~.. 15 ~000~~1~0 0~1~~~0 3 11)(~0-~0113~~ 0~ 5011..~~ 300 3 0~ 111010.. 10 ~3..~
1/1~ 3..1113111..~~0113~~. 10 30011100 10 3..1113111..~~0113~~ ~001..01, 3 0~ ~/10~~~.. ~30
~..0~10~ ..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3/(10~ 01 1/1~ 111010..5 300 ~30 ..~111..0 ~0~..~~ 03~/( 10 1/1~
511~~1~. 1/115 ~0~..~~-53~10~ 1~3111..~ 15 ~3..11~1113..1~ 311..3~11~~ 10 1..305~0..131100 5~5-
1~1115 ~11/1 1..~~11~01 510~5 (~.~., 111355 ..3~10 1..30511 (~~1)). ~/10~~~.. 0..1~~5 3..~
3150 115~0 10 0311~..~ ~1~~1..1~ ~~/11~1~5 ()3~~5).
‫ﻣ‬
111/1~ 511~~1~ 15 000..~~~~11~~ 011..10~ 1/1~ ..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3/(10~, 1/1~ 110~ ~0113~~
~01110 10~..~35~ 300 ..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3/(10~ 1113~ 001 0~ ~055101~. 10 1/115 ~35~, 30
311~..0311~~ 10..111 01 0..3/(10~ 15 0~~~553..~ (~.~., ../1~051311~ 0..3/(10~). 1/1~ ~055101~
et
~001..0111100~5 01 3 0~ ~/10~~~.. 0..1~~ 3..~~
1. ~0~~.. (3~~~1~..31100) ~001..01
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
2. ~~~~0~..311~~ 0..3/(~ ~001..01
3. ~/1~051311~ 0..3/(~ ~001..01
4. ~0111010~0 ..~~~0~..311~~ 300 ../1~051311~ 0..3/(~ ~001..01
rin
ee
1/1~ ~/10~~~.. 15 115~0 10 ~001..011/1~ 3..1113111..~ ~0113~~ 01 3 0~ 111010... 1/1~ ~1..~1111
3 30~~111~01 013 ~/10~~~..-1~0 0~ 5~..1~5 111010..15 5/10~010 ~1~. 10-143. 1/1~ ~/10~~~..
5~11~/1 ~01110 0~ 3 1..3051510.. 0.. 10..~~0-~011111111131~0 1/1~..1510.. ~/10~~~.., 35 015~1155~0
gin
10 5~~1100 7-7. 1/115 15 3 00~-~1130..301 0..1~~, 35 5/10~0 10 ~1~. 10-140. 1/1~
‫ﺔ‬
~3~~10..1115 10.. 1/1~ 3..1113111..~~0113~~, 1030 ~11 ~01, 300 10~111 ~11 ~01 3..~ 5/10~0 10
~1~. 10-14~,
+
3551111110~3 /11~/11~ 10011~11~~ 1030.
sy
En
~.
~.
Ea
~5 0,,, ~. 0
~5
~.
w.
0
~..-
~.
‫ُﺭ‬
~5
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0 ..-
~ ~0~
~5
0~~. 0
(0) 0~8(1~811(
58~. 10-5 313

111~ 3~~(3~~ 3(111310(~ ~0113~~ 15
~0 = /(~, ( 10-31)
(10-32)
~11~(~ /0 15 111~ 3~~(3~~ 3(111310(~ ~0((~01 01111~ 111010( 300 11 15 (11=11=11~-1(~~. ~5-
5011110~ 3 10551~55 ~1101=11=1~(,
111~ 101=1011=10~~( 15 ~/ = ~0 = /(~,1,. 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~310~
01111~ 101=101~0((~01 15
‫ﻣ‬
1, = /(/0 (10-33)
et
111~ ~()01~31~01 101=101 01111~ ~1101=11=1~( 0(1~~ 15
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(10-34)
13~ ~3(~10~ 111~ 001~ ~~~1~, /(, 111~ 1=10~~( 110~ 10 111~ 111010( (300 51=1~~0) ~30 0~
~001(011~0. ~0( 3 11011~ 3(111310(~ ~1(~0111000~130~~, ~(). (7-19) ~30 0~ 31=11=111~0
10
n
1100 111~ 1113)(11110111
1=1~3/(-10-1=1~3/((11=11=11~
~0((~01 35
e eri ( 10-35)
gin
~)(301()1~ 10-7
‫ﺔ‬ 10~ 0( 5~(1~5 111010( 15 ~0~~(~0
~ 0( 5011((~.
= 0.03 11. 10~
En
10~
0~ (1 0( (00~~~( ((15 500~11111 ~1~. 10-14(1) 1(0111 (1 600-
(1(111(1111(~(~5151(111(~ 15 ~~ = 0.02 11 (1110 10~ 11~10 (~5151311(~ 15 ~/
0(1()( ~1111 (01151(1111 0110~ 111010( 15 1(,
(1~~(3~~ 3(1113111(~ (11((~11115 1~ = 250
= 15.27 111~/ ((10/5. 10~
10~ (1(111(1111(~(11((~11115 (0111111110115(1110 0(15
11~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 1110~ 0111~ (~(1~ 0110~ (00~~~( 15 60%, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ (3) 111~111
sy
~0~~( 1(0111 10~ 5011((~~ (0) ~().111~(11~111111~111

(~5151(111(~ 0110~ (00~~~( 0(1,,,~ ~ (() 111010(
5~~~0~ (1110 (0) 0~,,,~10~~0 10(().11~.
Ea
80/01100 11, = 600~, 10 = 250 , 3110 /( = 0.6. 10~ 101(11 (1(111(1111(~(1((1111 (~5151(111(~
15~,~ = ~~ + ~/ = 0.02 + 0.03 = 0.05 11.
((1) ~(0111 6().. (10-32),
w.
~, = /(11,1~ = 0.6 )( 600 )( 250 = 90 )(~

‫ُﺭ‬
)(
(0) ~(0111 6().. (10-34), ~04 = 600/(250 0.6) = 411.
ww
(() ~(0111 6().. (10-31), 11~ )( 0(1()( ~111115

‫ﺷﺩ‬
= 0.6 600 = 360~. 10~

)(
~8 = 11~ - ~)~, = 360 - 0.05 250 = 347.5 ~
~(0111 6().. (10-8), 10~ 111010( 5~~~0 15
347.5 30
(1)
= 0.01527 )( 250 = 91.03 ((10/5 91.03 )( -,,. = 869.3 (~111
(0) ~(0111 6().. (10-10),
)( )(
1,1 = 0.01527 250 250 = 954.38 ~.111
314

(11 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~, 111~ 111010.. (1(15 (15 (1 ~~11~..(110.. (1110 111~ )(111~11( ~11~..~~ 01
111~ 111010.. (111010(10 15 ..~111..11~0 0(1()( 10 111~ 511()()1~. 111~ ()..111(1()1~ 01 ~11~..~~ 1..(11151~..
1..0111 011~ 0( 5011..(~ 10 (1110111~.. 01111~11~.. ~011(1~~ 15 015(1155~0 111 5~(11011 7-4, (1110
11115 ((111 0~ (1()()11~0 111 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~ 01 0( 111010..5.
111~ (1()()11((111011 01 0( (110()()~..5 111 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~ ((111 0~ ~)(()1(1111~0 ~1111
(1 5~..1~5 111010.. 15 ..01(11111~ 011~ 10
~1~. 10-15(1. 1.,~1115 (15511111~ 111(11111~ (1..111(1111..~ 01
111~ 111~..11(1 01 111~ 111010.. ((1110 10(10) ~ (1110 111 ((15~ 01 (1 1..(1115()0..1(111011 5~51~111, 111~
‫ﻣ‬
)(111~11( ~11~..~~ 01111~ ~~111(1~ 0.. 1..(1111 ~01110 ..01(11~ 111~ (1..111(1111..~ 511(111. 111~11 11111~
1..(11151510.. 15 5~11(11~0 011, 111~ (1..111(1111..~ (11 ~111 ~111 ..15~ 011~ 10 111~ 5110..1-(1..(1111111~
01111~ 111010.. 1~..111111(115. 11111~ (110()()~.. 15 111..11~0 011, 0100~ 1)/11 ~01110 0~ 111..11~0
et
011 (1110 111~ ~11~..~~ 510..~0 111 111~ (1..111(1111..~ (1..(1111111011(1(111(~5 ~01110 0~ 1..(11151~ ~0
10 111~ 511()()1~, ()..0~10~0 111(11 111~ 511()()1~ 15 ..~(~()11~~. 11 15 (111 011~-((11(10..(1111 0..1~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(1110 0()~..(11~5111111~ 5~(0110 ((11(10..(1111 (15 5110~11111 ~1~. 10-150. ~1~11..~ 10-15( 5110~5
111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 (11 ~111 ~(1~~10..1115 (15511111111~111(11111~ (1..111(1111..~(11 ~11115 (0111111110115
(1110 ..1()()1~-1..~~.
rin
111~ (1~~..(1~~ ~011(1~~ (1(..055 111~ (110()()~.. 15
(10-36)
ee
~3 = 10~5(1 - /() (10-37)
gin
111~ ~011(1~~ ~~11~..(11~0 0~ 111~ 5~..1~5 111010.. (1(1111~ (15 (1 ~~11~..(110.. 15
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~5 ~.
~.
(10-38)
~.
+ 0,,, +
0
Ea
~0 ~5
1. -----
1/00 ~5 0
w.
~0
~.
~1
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(8) ()~~~~~1 0
1/00
4 -----
~5
~. 0
0
(0) 0~8~~8~1 (~) ~81/610~,,,5
58~. 10-5 315

~11~..~ /(1) 15 1113~1110~ ~0051301 300 0) 15 111~ 1113~1110~ 5~~~0 10 ..30/5. 111~..~10..~,
111~ ~()111~31~01 1030 ..~515130~~ 01111~ 111010.. 3~110~ 35 3 ~~0~..310.. 15
~00, = ~5 (1 - /() + ~~ (10-39)

0
)3~ ~3..~10~ 111~ 0111~ ~~~1~, /(, 111~ ~()111~31~011030 ..~515130~~ 5~~0 0~ 111~ 111010.. ~311
0~ ~3..1~0 1..0111 ~~ 10 (~/10 + ~~) 300 111~ ..~~~0~..311~~ ~0~~.. ~30 0~ ~001..011~0.
~..0111 8(). (7-31), 111~ ~00011100510.. ~~..111155101~ ~01~011315 300 ~013..11~ 01111~
‫ﻣ‬
1~0 ~0113~~5 3..~
0 ~ (~8 - ~,,110) ~ ~5 (10-40)
et
~111~11 ~1~~5 111~ 111111111111111
0..3~10~ 5~~~0 01 3 5~..1~5 111010.. 35
300 0) ~
8(). (10-40)~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
0)111111. 111~ 1113)(1111111110..3~10~ ee
rin
g.n
-
5~~~0
~~
/(1)
01 3 5~..1~5 111010.. ~30 0~ 101100

(10-41)
1..0111
gin
300
‫ﺔ‬ 0) ~ 0)1113..
111~ ..~~~0~..311~~
sy
En
0..3~10~ ~01110 0~ ~11~~11~~ 001~ 11111~ 111010.. 5~~~015

(10-42)
0~1~~~0
111~5~ 1~0 5~~~0 11111115 (~.~., 0)111111~ 0) ~ 0)1113.). ~1 30~ 5~~~0 1~55 11130 0)111111,30
311~..0311~~ 0..3~10~ 3 30~~111~01 ~01110 0~ ..~()111..~0.
Ea
~1111011~11 0~ 5~..1~5 111010..5 3..~ 1..3011100311~ 115~0 10.. 1..3~1100 3~~11~3110115 011~
10 111~1.. 111~11 513..110~ 10..()11~, 3 5~..1~5-~)(~11~0 ~~0~..310.. 15 11051301~ ~11~0 ~0..~10~
1010 3 11)(~0 ~0113~~ 511~~1~. 111115 10.. ..110010~ 00 111~ 1..3~1100 511~~1~, 3 5~~3..31~
w.
~)(~1131100 ~001..0115 ..~()111..~0 300 511~11 30 3 30~~111~111 015~..1~5 111010..15, 00..111311~,

5~05111~~ 10 511~~1~ ~0113~~ 1111~111311005 300 3 1351 0~031111~ ..~5~005~ 15 ..~()111..~0 10
‫ُﺭ‬
~..0~10~ 30 30~()1131~ 0..0~~ ~001..01. 111~ 3~~11~31100 01 3 0~ ~110~~~.. 3110~5 111~
ww
..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3~10~ 01 0~ 5~..1~5 111010..5 011~ 10 115 1351 0~031111~ ..~5~005~.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ 5~~3..31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010..15 51301~ 10 ..~~~0~..311~~ 0..3~10~. 111~ 3..1113111..~

300 11~10 ~30 0~ ~001..011~0 100~~~00~011~ 10 ~..0~10~ 111~ ..~()111..~0 10..()11~ 011..10~
513..110~. ~ ~110~~~..-1~0 5~..1~5 300 5~~3..31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010..5 3..~ 51111301~ 10..
1..3~1100 3~~11~311005.
~)(301())~ 10-8
~ 0~ ~110~~~.. 15 115~0 111 ..~~~11~..311,,,~ 0..3/(111~ 01 3 0~ 8~..1~8 111010.. 38 5110~11 111 ~1~.
10-153. 111~ 0~ 81.1~~1~ ,,,0113~~ 18 600~. 111~ 3..111311.1..~..~8181311~~ 18 ~0 = 0.02 0
3110 111~ 11~10 ..~8181311~~ 18 ~1 = 0.03 0. 111~ 03~/( ~1111 ~01181311118 /(1) = 15.27 111~/
316

~-(~0/5. 10~ ~.,~(~~~
~(111~11.1(~ (1.1((~11115 111~1111~111~0(01151~111 ~1 /~ = 250~. 10~
~(111~11.1(~ (1.1((~111 15 (01111111.101.15~110 0~5 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 11 10~ 01.11~ (~(1~ 01 10~
(00~~~( 15 60%, 0~1~(111111~ 10~ (~) ~.,~(~~~ .,011~~~ ~((055 10~ (00~~~(, 110~~ (0) ~0~~(
(~~~11~(~1~0 10 10~ 0( 51.1~~1~, ~8~ (() ~~1.11.,~1~11110~0 (~5151~11(~ 01 10~ 111010( ~(1111~
~5 ~ ~~11~(~10(, ~0~ ~ (0) 11111111111.1111
~~(111155101~0(~/(111~ 5~~~0, (.0,,,.0~ (~) 111~)(11111.1111
~~(111155101~ 0(~/(111~ 5~~~0, (.0,,,..~ ~110 (0 111010( 5~~~0.
8011.1~1011 115 = 600~, /~ = 250~, /(~ = 0.01527 ~/~-(~0/5, /( = 0.6, ~110~,,, = ~~

+ ~1 = 0.02 + 0.03 = 0.05 0.
)(
(~) ~(0111 ~~. (10-36), 110~ = (1 - 0.6) 600 = 240~.
)( )(
(0) ~(0111 ~~. (10-37), ~8 = 250 600 (1 0.6) = 60 /(~.
‫ﻣ‬
-
(() ~(0111 ~~. (10-39), + 0.05 = 1.01 0.
~0~ = (600/250)(1 - 0.6)
(0) ~(0111 ~~. (10-41), 10~ 11111111111.1111
~~(111155101~ 0(~/(111~ 5~~~0,
et
0.05 )( 30
(.0,,,.0= 3.274 - = 31.26 (~111
0.01527 = 3.274 (~0/5 70
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(~) ~(0111 ~~. (10-42), 10~ 111~)(11111.1111
~~(111155101~0(~/(111~ 5~~~0,
600 0.05
(.0,,,.. = )( + = 160.445 (~0/5 0( 1532.14 (~111
0.01527 250 0.01527
rin
)(
(1) ~(0111~~. (10-38), ~8 = 240 + 0.05 250 = 252.5 ~ ~110 10~ 111010( 5~~~0,
252.5
(.0 =
0.01527
)(
ee
250
= 66.14 (~0/5 0( 631.6 (~111
gin
1-/0(~. 111~ (11010( 5~~~0 ~01110 0~((~115~ ~111111(11~. 10 (11111011110 111~ 11((1111111(~
~11((~01111111~ 511(11~ 1~.,,~1, 111~ ~11~~11.,,~ 10110 (~5151110~~ 01111~ 5~(1~5 ~~0~(1110( 51101110
‫ﺔ‬
0~ 11011151~0 0)1 .,,11()110~ 111~ 0111)1 ~)1~1~ 01111~
10 11 (11~0511111~ 0(11~10~,
sy
En
111~ ~0~(~)115 01551~111~0

~110~~~(.
10 11 (11~051111 1100 11 (1111)1001 0~ 11

0~51(1101~ 1~11111(~. 10 (111155 (11~10 1(110511 (~~1) 5)151~(115, 111~ ~0~(~)1 (1111)10~ 115~0
10 11~11110~ 111~ 1(11105. 111~ (11~0511111~ 0(11~10~ 15 11150 ~00~0 115 (/,)11101111~ /)70/(1118.
a
~0 11((110~~(11~01 10( 111~ (11~0511111~ 0(11~10~ 01 0~ 5~(1~5 (11010( 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 10-
.E
1611. 11115 15 11 00~-()11110(1101 0(1.,,~ 1100 0~~(111~5 10 111~ 5~~000 ()11110(1101 115 5110~0
10 ~1~. 10-160. ~1~11(~ 10-16~ 5110~5 111~ ~11.,~10((115 10( 111~ ~11((~01 1100 .,,01111~~,
115511(1110~ 111111111~ 11((1111111(~ ~11((~01 15 ~00110110115 1100 (1~~1~ 1(~~.
w
111~ 11.,,~(11~~ ~11((~01 01111~ 0(11~10~ (~51510(,

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
10 = 1,,(1 /() (10-43)

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1100 111~ 11.,,~(11~~ .,,01111~~ 11~(055 111~ 0(11~10~ (~51510(,
110 = ~01,,(1 -
/() (10-44)
111~ ~()111.,,111~01 10110 (~5151110~~ 01111~ 5~(1~5 ~~0~(1110(,
110
~0(). = -1,, = ~0(1 - /() + ~,., (10-45)
58~. 10-5 317

+
~0
~0
~0 ~.
...0
= ...0~ ~.
0
,~1
...0
- - --
(8) 8~~~~~1
‫ﻣ‬
1 ~0~.
0
,. ~~0
et
~. 0
0 .,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(0) 0~80~8~1 (~) ~8...610~~5
rin
ee (10-46 )
gin
13)1 ~001(01110~ 111~ 0(1)1 ~)1~1~, /(, 111~ ~11~~11,,,~ 1030 (~515130~~ ~3(1 0~ ,,,3(1~0 1(0111
~,,, 10~,,, + ~0~ 300 111~ 0(3/(10~ ~0..,,,~( ~3(1 0~ ~0(11(011~0. 111~ 0(3/(1(1~ (~51513(1~~,
~0,
‫ﺔ‬ 0~1~(0110~5
~)(301())~ 10-9
111~ (13)(101001
En
,,,0113~~ (311(1~ 01111~ ~110~~~(.
~ 0( (110~~~115 115~0111111~051311( 013/(111~ 013 0( 5~11~5 1110101 35 5110~11111 ~1~. 10-163.

111~ 3111131111~ 1~5151311(~ 15 ~,, = 0.02.0
sy
3110 111~ 11~10 1~5151311(~ 15 ~, = 0.03.0. 111~

013/(111~ (~515101, ~,, = 5.0. 111~ 03(/( ~011 (011513111151(,. = 15.27 111~/~-130/5. 111~
3,,,~13~~ 3111131111~(1111~11115111311113111~0 (011513111311,,
= 150~. 111~ 310131111~ (1111~111
15 (0111111110115 3110 1135 11~~11~101~ 11~~1~. 11 111~ 0(11)1 ()1(1~ 01 111~ (110~~~1 15 40%,
Ea
0~1~1111111~ 111~ (3) 3,,,~13~~ ,,,0113~~ 3(1055 111~ (110~~~1, ~0,, ~ (0) ~0~~1 01551~31~0 111
111~ 013/(111~ 1~515101, ,,/,~ (() ~()111,,,31~1111030 1~5151311(~ 01111~ 1110101 3(1111~ 35 3 ~~11-
~13101, ~0~~ (0) 010101 5~~~0~ 3110 (~) ~~3/( (110~~~1 ,,,0113~~, ~,,.
w.
80)01100 1,, = 150~, 1(~ = 0.01527 ~/~-130/5, /( = 0.4, 3110 ~,,, = ~,, + 1(, = 0.02
+ 0.03 = 0.05 .0.
‫ُﺭ‬
(3) ~10111 8(). (10-44), ~0~ = ~,, )( )( (1
= 5 150 - 0.4) = 450~.
ww
)( )( )( (1
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(0) ~10111 8(). (10-46), ,,8

= 150 150 5 - 0.4) = 13.5 /(~.
(() ~1001 8(). (10-45), )( (1
1(0~ = 5 - 0.4) + 0.05 = 3.01.0.
(0) 111~ ~~11~131~0 ~011, ~8 = 450 + 0.05 )( 150
= 457.5 ~ 3110 111~ 013/(111~
5~~~0,
457.5
(0
=
0.01527 )( = 199.74130/5 0( 1907.4 1~111
150
318

0,,, +
.11
01
8~
~1~11..~ 10-17 ~01110111~0 ..~~~11~..3.(1,,,~

3.110 ../1~05(3.(1~ 0..3.~111~.
‫ﻣ‬
10-5.4 ~,..(1~.()~~ 01 ~0~~.(1~~ ~~9~(1~,.81.~~ 8(1~ ~~~05181.~
8,.8~~ ~0(11,.0~
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~ 15 ~11~..~)1-~111~1~111 0..(1)(111~. 011 111~ 0111~.. 11(1110, 111~ ~11~..~)1
15 01551~(11~0 (15 11~(11111 ..11~051(111~ 0..(1)(111~. 11111~ 50~~1)115 ~(1..11)1 ..~~~~11~~, ~111~11
15 110..111(111)1 111~ ~(15~ 111 ~..(1~11~(11 1..(1~11011 5)151~1115, (1 ~01110111~0 ..~~~11~..(111~~ (1110
..11~051(111~ 0..(1/(~ ~0111..01 ~0010 0~ 111~ 111051 ~11~..~)1 ~111~1~111. ~1~0..~ 10-17 5110~5
rin
(111(1 (111~~111~111111 ~111~11 ..11~051(111~ 0..(1)(111~ 15 ~01110111~0 ~1111 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~.
00..111~ ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~5, 111~ 1111~ ~011(1~~ 15 5~115~0 ~011111100051)1. 1111
~)(~~~05 (1 ~~..1(1111 ~..~5~1 ~(110~, 110..111(111)120%
ee (100~~ 111~ 1111~ ~011(1~~, 111~ ..~~~11~..-
(111~~ 0..(1)(111~ 15 ..~1110~~0 (1110 (1 ..11~051(111~ 0..(1)(111~ 15 (1~~11~0. 11 (1110~5 (111 (11111051
11151(1111(111~005 1..(11151~.. 1..0111 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 10 ..11~051(111~ 0..(1)(111~ 11111~ 1111~ 0~~0111~5
gin
11011..~~~~11~~, ~~~11 1110111~111(1..11)1.
111 ~~~..)1 ~)1~1~, 111~ 10~1~ ~1..~011 0~1~..111111~5 111~
..~~~~11~11)1 01111~ 50~~1)1. 111)1..1510.. 1 ~ 15 10..11~0 --011,, 10 01~~..1
111115 11011..~~~~11~~,
‫ﺔ‬
111~ 111010.. ~0 ~111 10 111~ ..~51510.., ~0. 111)1..1510..
1..(11151510.. (21 15 10..11~0 --011,, 111 111~ 11~)(1 ~)1~1~.
En
1 ~ 15 5~11-~011111101(11~0 ~11~11
asy
00..111~ ~0~~.. ~0111..01, (1 ~110~~~..-1~0 0..1~~ 0~~..(11~5 111 111~ 11..51 ()0(10..(1111, ~11~..~
111~ (1..111(110..~ ~011(1~~ (1110 (1..111(110..~ ~0 ~111 (1..~ ~05111~~ (15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 10-140.
111 (1 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~, 111~ ~110~~~.. 0..1~~ 0~~..(11~5 111 111~ 5~~0110 ()0(10..(1111,
~11~..~ 111~ (1..111(110..~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~05111~~ (1110 111~ (1..111(110..~ ~0 ~111 15 11~~(111~~, (15
.E
5110~11111 ~1~. 10-150.

1~0-()0(10..(1111 0~~..(111011, (15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 10-18(1, 15 ..~()01..~0 10 (1110~ ~0~~..
w
(1110 ..~~~11~..(111~~ 0..(1)(111~ ~0111..01. 111~ ~1..~011 (1 (111~~111~111 01 (1 1..(11151510..12~0 1~0-

()0(10..(1111 0..1~~ 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 10-180.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0~~,. ~0(11,.0~. 1..(11151510.. (21 (1110 0100~ 1)1 0~~..(11~. ~11~11 (21 15 10..11~0
011, 111~ 50~~1)1 ~011(1~~ 1/, 15 ~01111~~1~0 10 111~ 111010.. 1~..111111(115. ~11~11 (21 15 10..11~0
011, 111~ (1..111(110..~~0 ~111 ~111~11110~5 111..00~11111~ 1..~~~11~.~1111~ 0100~ 1)1 0~~(1)15.
~~9~(1~,.81.~~ ~0(11,.0~. 1..(11151510.. (22 (1110 0100~ 1)2 0~~..(11~. ~11~11 (22 15
10..11~0 011, 111~ 5~..1~5 111010.. (1~15 (15 (1 ~~11~..(110.. (1110 111~ (1..111(110..~~0 ~111 ..15~5.
58~. 10-5 319

+
‫ﻣ‬
0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
~11~11 (22 15 10(11~0 011, 111~ (11010(, 3~1111~ 35 3 ~~11~(310(, (~10(115 ~11~(~~ 10 111~
50.,.,1~ 111(00~11111~ (~~~11~(311~~ 0100~ /)2.
rin
111 1110051(131 3.,.,11~3110115, 100(-()030(3111 0.,~(311011, 35 5110~11 111~1~. 10-193,
15 (~()01(~0. ~ 1(31151510(12~0 100(-()030(3111 0(1~~ 15 5110~11111 ~1~. 10-190.
/=0...~8...~ ~0~9... ~0811...0~.

ee
1(31151510(5 (21 3110 (22 0.,~(31~. 1(31151510(5 (23
3110 (24 3(~ 011. ~11~11 (21 3110 (22 3(~ 10(11~0 011 10~~111~(, 111~ 50.,.,1~ ~0113~~
3.,.,~3(5 3~(055 111~ (11010( 1~((111113153110 111~ 3((11310(~ ~0((~111 (15~5. ~11~11 (21 15
gin
10(11~0 011 3110 (22 15 5111110(11~0 011, 111~ 3((11310(~ ~0((~111 0~~3~5 111(00~11 (22 3110
‫ﺔ‬
/)4.
/)2.
En
/=0...~8...~ ...999819...818081, 1(31151510(5 (21, (22, 3110 (23 3(~ 10(11~0 011. ~11~11
1(31151510( (24 15 10(11~0 011, 111~ 3((11310(~ ~0((~111, ~111~11(15~5, 110~5 111(00~11 (24 3110
~11~11 (24 15 10(11~0 011, 111~ (11010(, 3~1111~ 35 3 ~~11~(310(, (~10(115 ~11~(~~ 10
sy
111~ 50.,.,1~ 111(00~11 /)1 3110 /)2.
~9~9...59 ~0~9... ~0811...0~. 111~ 11~10 ~0((~111 01111~ (11010( 15 (~~~(5~0. 1(311-
Ea
51510(5 (23 3110 (24 0.,~(31~. 1(31151510(5 (21 3110 (22 3(~ 011. ~11~11 (23 3110 (24 3(~
+~.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~01
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~. ~.,8.
320
* (8.) 0~8.0~8.~1
~~.
+
04
~.
(0)
-=-
~,~~~~1

111(0~0 00 10~~10.~(, 10.~ (1(111(1111(~ ~11((~01 (18~8 (100 110~8 10 10.~ (~~~(8~ 01(~~1100.
~0.~11 (23 18 111(11~0 011 (100 (24 18 111(0~0 00, 10.~ (1(111(1111(~~11((~011(1118 10.(011~0. (24
(100 1)2.
~9~9..59 ..999.,9..~1.0.,. 10.~ 11~10 ~11((~111 18 111 10.~ 8(1111~ 01(~~11011 (18 10
(~~~(8~ ~0~~( ~0111(01. 1((1081810(8 (21, (23, (100 (24 (1(~ 011. ~0.~0 (22 18 111(0~0
00, 10.~ (1(111(1111(~~11((~01 (18~8 10.(011~0. (22 (100 1)4. ~0.~11 (22 18 111(0~0 011, 10.~
(1(111(1111(~~11((~011(1118 (100 10.~ 111010( (~111(08 ~0~(~)110 10.~ 811~~1)110.(011~0. 1)3 (100
1)4.
‫ﻣ‬
et
111~0 0( 1110(~ ~0.0~~~(8 (1(~ 0~~((11~0 10 ~(1((111~1 (100 (1(~ ~0.(18~ 80.111~0 1(0111 ~(1~0.
010.~( 0)1 70//1 (18 80.0~11 10 ~1~. 10-20(1, 10.~ (1111~111110~ 0110.~ 10(10 ~11((~01 (1~~1~8
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0~~(~(18~8 (100 10.~ (1~~1~ 1(~((11~0~)110~(~(18~8. ~8 (1 (~81111, 10.~ ~0.0~~~(-~~0~((11~0
0.(1(111001~ ~11((~018 10 10.~ 811~~1)1 (1(~ (~011~~0. 10.~ 812~8 0110.~ 10~1111111~( (1(~ (1180
= ~2= ~3=
rin
~,
+ 1....
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
1,
1.
Ea
~2
.
w.
~3
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~4
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~.
0
.
(0) ~8,,,910~~5
~1~11..~ 10-20 ~11111()1135~~110()()~(5.
58~. 10-5 321

(~00~~0. 111~ 010111~1135~ 0~~(31100 3110~5 111~ (~00~1100 01 5010011110~ ~110)(~5,
~111~11 3(~ 00(01311)1 ~000~~1~0 10 111~ 3(01310(~ ~1(~011 01 0~ 01010(5. 5~~3(31~
1000~10(5 10 ~3~11 ~1135~ 3(~ 05~0 10( ~0((~01 5113(10~. ~1~0(~ 10-200 5110~5 111~
~3~~10(015 10( 111~ ~0((~015 ~111111 ~110~~~(5.
~0( 11 ~110~~~(5 10 010111~1135~ 0~~(31100, 11 ~30 0~ ~(0~~0 11131 ~~. (7-19) 15
5311511~0 ~11~0 /( = 1/211300111~ 013)(101001 ~~3)(-10-~~3)( 1030 (1~()1~ ~0((~010~~001~5
(10-47)
‫ﻣ‬
~11~(~ ~~ 300 ~~ 3(~ 111~ 3(01310(~ 1000~130~~ 300 (~515130~~, (~5~~~11~~1)1. ~0(
4111~~ ~ ~ ~~, 111~013)(101001 ()~3)( -10-()~3)( 1030 (1()~1~ ~0((~01 ~30 0~ 3()()(0)(10131~0
et
10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(10-48)
113 ~~-10~011111~( 15 05~0, ~~. (7-124) ~30 0~ 3()()11~0 101100 111~(015 /1111113(01001~
~001~00~01 01 ~110()()~(-~~0~(31~0 113(01001~5 10 111~ 50()()1)1
rin
1
1)1~ = 1,1~
1 + (2/17011/)2 ~_~~
(10-49)
ee 1
1,1~
1 + (/1111/10)2
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
(10-50)
~0111()1135~ 0()~(311005 3(~ 30~3013~~005 10( 13(~~ 01010( 0(1~~5, ~5()~~1311)111

111~ 1030 ~0((~01 (~~01(~01~0115 13(~~. 1-10~~~~(, ~00510~(10~ 111~ 30011101131 ~001-
Ea
()1~)(11)110~01~~0 111 10~(~3510~ 111~ 00010~( 01 ~110~~~(5, 111~(~ 15 001 010~11 (~00~1100
10 111~ ~110()()~(-~~0~(31~0 113(01001~5 10 111~ 50()()1)1 110~ 11 010(~ 11130 1~0 ~110()()~(5
3(~ 05~0 (7). 10 ()(3~11~~, 00111111~ 013~01100~ 300 1(~~0~0~)1 01111~ 110~ ~0((~111
w.
113(01001~5 3(~ 101()0(1301 13~10(5 10 0~1~(0110~ 111~ 1~~~1 011111~(1~(~11~~5 1010 111~
51~031111~ ~1(~0115. 10 01(0)1 (3()10 1(30511 5)151~015, 111~ ()0~~( 300 51~03110~ 110~5 31~
~~()1 ~105~~ 10 111(~~-110~ 5)151~015, 111~)1 ~~~0 5113(~ 3 ~0010100 110~. 111~ 51~03110~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~1(~0115 3(~ 5~05111~~ 10 ()3(11~013( 1(~~0~0~1~5 300 111~ (~00~1100 10 111~ 013~01100~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
01 113(010111~5 0)1 05111~ 3 010111~1135~ 0~~(31100 01 ~110()()~(5 ~0010 ~~0~(31~ 1(~-

~0~0~1~5 ~1111111 111~ 5~05111~11)1 0300-~111~11 011~111 ~305~ 010(~ ()(00)~015 111311 11
50)~~5.
~,.301())~ 10-10
1~0 ~110()()~.5 ~0111.0) ~ 0~ 5~.1~5 01010. ~110 111~~ ~.~ ()11~5~ 511111~0 1110()~.(111011 0~
-../2. 111~ 511()()1~ ~011~~~ 10111~ ~110()()~.0.1~~, ~, = 220~, ~.01~111.~ ~1.~1111.~5151~11~~,
~,,, = 4 0, ~.111~111.~ ~1.~1111 111011~1~11~~, 1-,,,
= 15 11111, ~110 111~ 1.~()11~119 01 ~(1~11
~110()()~., / = 350 112. ~~1~111~1~111~111~)(111111111 ()~~/(-10-()~~/( 10~0 .1()()1~ ~11..~11(.
322

)(
350 = 700 1-12, ~,,, = 4 11,
80)01100 111~ ~11~~11.,,~ ~110~~111~ 1~~()0~11~~ 15/_ = 2
)( )( )( )( 10-3
1-,~ = 15 1111-1,~ = 2, 3110 ~5 = 220~. 4~/1-,,, = 4 2 350 15 = 42.
5111~~ 42 // 4, 111~ 3~~~0)(111131~ ~()0311011 (10-48) ~311 0~ 05~0, 3110 11115 ~1.,,~5 111~
1113)(11110111~~3)(-10-~~3)( 1030 ~1~~1~ ~0~~~111, /11,, = 220/42 = 5.24 ~.
~)(3()))))~ 10-11
~ 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~ 15 ~0111~011~0 0~ 1~0 1110111~1135~ ~110~~~~5. 111~ 3.,,~~3~~ 3~111310~~

~0~~~111, 10 = 100~. ~ 51111~1~ 1-~-111~011111~~ ~11111-_ = 0.3 1111-13110 ~_ = 4500 ~
15 05~0. ~3~11 ~110~~~~ 15 0~~~31~0 31 3 1~~()0~11~~ 01/ = 350 1-12. 1)~1~~111111~
111~
~1115101103111~11131~0111~011~111 01111~ ~110~~~~-~~11~~31~0113~1110111~ ~0~~~111111 111~ 50~~1~.
‫ﻣ‬
80)01100 10 = 100 ~, ~ = 2, 1-_ = 0.3 1111-1, ~_ = 4500 ~, 3110 /0 =
)(
1/(270 ~ 1-_~_) = 136.98 1-12. 111~ ~11~~11.,,~ ~110~~~~ 1~~()0~11~~ 15/_ = 2 350 = 700
1-12. ~~0111111~ ~~50115 01 ~)(3111~1~ 7-13, 111~ ~1115.,,310~ 01111~ 101103111~11131 ~0111~011~111
t
01111~ ~110~~~~ ~0~~~11115 110 = 45.02~. ~~0111 ~(). (10-49), 111~ 101103111~11131 ~0111-
e
~011~111 01111~ ~110~~~~-~~11~~31~0 113~1110111~~0~~~11115
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
45.02
11,. = )( 350/136.98)2 1.66 ~
1 + (2
rin
10~ 5()~~0 01 0~ 111010~5 ~0311~~8 ~110
ee
10~ 1030 10~()11~. 10 111311113111 3 ~011813111
8()~~0, 10~ 3~1113111~~ (3110 0~ 11~10) .,,0113~~ 8001110 0~ .,,3~1~0 ~01111111101181~ 0~ .,,3~~111~
10~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 01 3~-0~ ~011.,,~~1~(8 0( 0111~ ~~~1~ 01 0~ ~00()()~(8. 111 ()(3~11~31
gin
0(1.,,~ 8~81~1118 11 18 (~()111(~0 0(1.,,~ 31 3 ~011813111 10(()11~ 0( ~011813111
10 0()~~31~ 10~
‫ﺔ‬
()0~~(~
011~~0
10~
111 300111011,
11101181(131 0(1.,,~8
8~81~111 038
~11~~18
10~
010~/(
~0111(011~0
0()~(31~
30.,,31113~~8
011030
013~(3111
sy
3~~~1~(311011
38 ~108~0-100()
En
011111()(0.,,~0
018111(0311~~8
01 3 ~108~0-100()
3110 0~~~1~(311011
1~~003~/(
3~~11(3~~,
8~81~1118. ~
3(~
1381 0~1131111~ (~8()0118~,

3110 8~81~111 110111111~3(111~8.
~011.,,~(1~(-1~0 8~()3(31~1~
(~()111(~0.
~108~0-100()
~)(~11~0
~081
~0111(01
3110 (~-
0~ 0.1.,,~
18 800~11 111 ~1~. 10-21. 1110~ 8()~~0 0110~ 111010. 0~~.~38~8 011~ 10 10~ 3()()11~311011
01 30011101131 1030 10.()11~, 10~ 8()~~0 ~..0. ~_ 111~.~38~8. 10~ 8()~~0 ~0111(011~.
.~8()0118~8 ~110 311111~.~38~0 ~0111.01 81~1131 ~0 ~0311~~8 10~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 0. 0111~ ~~~1~
Ea
0110~ ~011.,,~.1~(, 3110 111~.~38~8 10~ 3.1113111(~ .,,0113~~ 0110~ 111010.. ~11 111~.~38~0
3.1113111.~ .,,0113~~ 0~.,,~10()8 1110.~ 10.()11~ 10 .~810(~ 10~ 111010. 8()~~0 10 10~ 0.1~11131
.,,3111~. 10~ 0.1.,,~ 110.111311~ ()388~8 10.011~0 3 1.31181~111 ()~.100 111111110~ 0~.,,~10()~0
w.
10(()11~ 18 ~()113110 10~ 1030 10.()11~.

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
58~. 10-6 323

80~~6116~
01
98~~. ~2
‫ﻣ‬
8
10~ 51~(10)1-51(11~ ~0(1((1~1~(1511~5 01 0~ 0(1~~5, ~01~0 (1(~ 015~1155~0 10 10~ ~(~~~0108
ng
5~~11005, (1(~ 01 (0(1)0( 1(0~0(1(10~~ 10 10~ 5~1~~1100 010~ 0(1~~5 (100 (1(~ 001 50111~1~01
~0~0 10~ 0(1~~ 15 10 ~105~0-100~ ~001(01. 1(00~1~08~ 0110~ 0)10(1(01~ 0~0(1~10(,
ri
~01~0 15 00((0(111)1 ~)(~(~55~0 10 10~ 10((0 01 (1 1((1051~( 1110~1100, 15 (1150 1(0~0(1(101.
10~ ~1(~1111 (1(((108~(0~01 01 (1 ~00~~(1~(-1~0 5~~(1((11~1)1 ~)(~11~0 0~ (0010( 0(1~~
~110 0~~0-100~ ~001(0115 500~0
ee
10 ~18. 10-22. 10~ (0010( 5~~~0 15 (10)1151~0 0)1
5~111118 (~1~(~0~~ (0( ~001(01) ~011(18~ 1)~. ~550(01118 (1 1111~(1( ~0~~( ~011~~(1~( 01
8(1111 ~2, 10~ (1((0(1111(~ ~011(18~ 0110~ (0010( 15
gin
‫ﺔ‬
~550(01118
~1) 00(108
10(1110~ (0010(
En
(10)11((11151~111
11~10 ~11((~1111/
015111(0(111~~5,
(1110 10~ 0(1~/( ~(01 ~0051(1111 (~(0(1111 ~0051(1111
10~ 5)151~(0 ~()11(111005 (1(~
(10-51)
(10-52)
asy
(10-53)
E
(10-54)
w.
(10-55)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
10~ 1((11151~111 0~0(1~10( (0(1)1 0~ (111(11)12~0 0)1 ~0(11181118 10~ 5)151~(0 ~()11(1110115 11110
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1.,(1~1(1~~.5 1((10510((05 ~110 2~(0 111111(11~000111005. 1((111510(1111118 8()5. (10-51), (10-

53), (1110 (10-55) )11~105
~,,(5) = ~1 ~~(5) (10-56)

~,,(5) = ~1111,,(5)+ 51-,,,1,,(5)+ ~)/01(5) (10-57)
1(/5) = ~,1/1,,(5) = 5101(5) + 1301(5)+ 1~(5) (10-58)
324

~11~(~ 70 = ~,,/ ~,,, 15 /(110~11 35 111~ (1111€ ~0115((111( 01 (11010( 3((11311.1(~ ~1(~1.111. ~(0(11
~(). (10-58), 111~ (11010( 5~~~0 15
‫ﻣ‬
(10-61)
t
1()(5) - 1~(5)
e
(10-62)
13(57,,, + 1)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~11~(~ 7,,/ = 1/13 15 /(110~11 35 111~ 111€~/1(1111~(1/ (1111€ ~0115((111( 01111~ (11010(. ~()1.13110115
(10-56), (10-60), 3110 (10-62) ~311 0~ 1.15~0 10 0(3~ 111~ 0~~11-100~ 010~/( 013~(3(11 35
rin
5110~11 111 ~1~. 10-23. 1~0 ~055101~ 01511.1(0311~~5 3(~ ~0111(01 ~0113~~, ~0 3110 1030
10(()1.1~, 1~. 111~ 51~30~-5131~ (~5~0115~5 ~311 0~ 0~1~((11111~0 0~ ~0(110111111~ 111~ 111-
01~101.131 (~5~0115~ 01.1~ 10 ~, 3110 1~. ee
111~ (~5~0115~ 01.1~ 10 3 51~~ ~11311~~ 111 111~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 15 0013111~0 0~
5~11111~ 1/_ 10 2~(0. ~(0(11 ~1~. 10-23, ~~ ~311 0013111 111~ 5~~~0 (~5~0115~ 01.1~ 10
(~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 35
gin
~2~,)(/(~,,,13)
‫ﺔ‬
111~
10 2~(0.
111 ~1~.
(~5~0115~
111~ 010~/(
10-24.
52( 7 7 11,)
En
01.1~ 10 3 ~11311~~ 111 1030

013~(3(1110(
sy
+ 5(70 + 7,,,) + 1 + (~~1/)2/~,,,13
10(()1.1~,
3 51~~ ~11311~~ 111 1030
1~, ~311 0~ 0013111~0
10(()1.1~ 01511.1(0311~~
0~
(10-63)
5~11111~ ~,
15 5110~11
(1/13)(570 + 1)
(10-64)
52(707,,,) + 5(70 + 7,,,) + 1 + (~,)/)2/~,,,13
Ea
05111~ 111~ 111131 ~311.1~ 111~0(~(11, 111~ 51~30~-5131~ (~13110115111~ 01 3 ~11311~~ 111 5~~~0,
/1(0, 01.1~ 10 3 51~~ ~11311~~ 111 ~0111(01 ~0113~~, /1 ~,, 3110 3 51~~ ~11311~~ 1111030 10(()1.1~,
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
,.,(5)
111~0..~ 10-23
58~. 10-6 325

.~(5) _ 1
8(5,.,,, + 1)
1
8,,,(5,.. + 1)
‫ﻣ‬
~11-, ~30 0~ ~01.100 ~(001 ~().5. (10-63) 300 (10-64), (~5~~~11~~1)1, 0)1 51.1051111.1110~
5 = 0.
et
~2~,,1(
~ 11~ (10-65)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~~13 + (~~1/)2
~~
~0) = - ~11- ( 10-66)
~,/113 + (~1)/)2
rin
111~ 0~ 5~(1~5 01010(5 3(~ 1.15~0 ~)(1~051~~1)110 1(3~1100 3~~11~311005 ~11~(~ 111~
51~(0)1-5131~ 5~~~0 15 0~1~(0110~0 0)1111~
ee ~(1~1100 300 ~(301~01 ~0(~~5. 13)1 (0)1.15110~
111~ 3(01311.1(~ ~0113~~, 111~ 01010( 013)1 0~ 0~~(31~0 31 3 ~005130110(().1.1~ (0( ~1.1((~01)
1.1~ 10 111~ 035~ 5~~~0, ~111~11 ~0((~5~0005 10 111~ 013)(1011.101 3(01311.1(~ ~0113~~. ~
~110~~~(-~001(011~0 0~ 5~(1~5 01010( 0(1~~ 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 10-25.
gin
111~ 3(01311.1(~ ~0113~~ 15 (~131~0 10 111~ ~001(01 (0( (~~~(~0~~) ~0113~~ 0)1 3
‫ﺔ‬
110~3(
~1130~~
~310 0~ 111~ ~110~~~(,
~1111111~
sy
3(01311.1(~
En
~2.
~1.1((~01
1)0 =
~=
~551.10110~
300
~21),
~1)00)
(~013105
11131111~ 03~/(
~0051301,
~01~ ~0051301 ~,. 00~5
111~ 5)151~01 ~().1.1311005
001
3(~
(10-67)
(10-68)
~1) 0/0
0 = ~,,//0+ 1--/11 + ~~(10-69)
0(
Ea
1(/ = ~11~ (10-70)
(0)
w.
1 (/ = 1-
0( + 130) + 11-
(10-71)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.~
~.
)~(
~~0~~6~
~~~, 01 ~1~.
93,~, ~2
326

1
8(5,.,,, + 1)
‫ﻣ‬
~().0311011 (10-70) ~011131115 3 ~(0011~1 01 ~3(1301~-1~~~ 110111111~3(111~5, 3110 35 3 (~51111
t
10~ 3~~11~311011 011(31151~( 11111~110111~~0111().11~5 ~01110 1101011~~( 0~ ~3110. 1-10~~~~(,
.ne
10~5~ ~().113110115 ~311 0~ 1111~3(12~0 0~ ~011510~(111~ 3 5111311 ~~(111(0311011 31 10~ 0~-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~(31111~ ~01111. 1-~1115 0~1111~ 10~ 5~51~111 ~3(3111~1~(5 3(011110 10~ 0~~(31111~ ~01111 35
g
0.) 0.)() + ~0.) 1)~ = ~,-() + ~1)~ 11. = 11.() + ~11.
rin
~~~0~1112111~ 1031 ~/(1 ~0.) 3110 (~/0)2 3(~ ~~(~ 5111311, 1~110111~ 10 2~(0, ~().5. (10-67)
10 (10-71) ~311 0~ 1111~3(12~0 10 ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
(10-72)
~€1/5) 1(,,(10() ~0.)(5) + 0.)() ~10(5)) (10-73)

w.
~ ~0(5) ~~ ~10(5) + 5~~. ~10(5) + ~€1((5) (10-74)

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~1,1(5) = 21(,,10()~10(5) (10-75)

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1,1(5) = 51 ~0.)(5) + /3 ~0.)(5) + ~11.(5) (10-76)
10~5~ 11~~ ~().113110115 3(~ 511111~1~111 10 ~51301150 10~ 010~~ 013~(3111 01 3 0~ 5~(1~5
111010( 0(1~~ 35 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-26. 1115 ~~10~1111(0111 ~1~. 10-26 1031 311~ ~0311~~
111 ~110~( (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 0( 1030 10(().11~ ~111 (~51111 111 3 ~0311~~ 01 5~~~0. 10~
010~~ 013~(3111 10( 3 ~0311~~ 111 (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-273 3110 1031
10( 3 ~0311~~ 111 1030 10(().11~ 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 10-270.
5€~. 10-6 327

1
8(5..-,,, + 1)
‫ﻣ‬
ri ng
ee
10 ~1130~~ 111~ 011~0-10011 3((30~~111~01 10 ~1~. 10-22 1010 3 ~108~0-10011 8~81~111, 3
gin
811~~0 8~080( 18 ~000~~1~0 10 111~ 011111111 8113~1. 111~ 011111111 0~ 111~ 8~080(, ~111~1118
‫ﺔ‬
11(0110(11003110
(~~~(~0~~ ~0113~~
18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 10-28.
111~ 811~~0,
111~ ~108~0-10011
En
~(0111 ~1~. 10-28 ~1111 11- = 0 38

18 31111111~1~0 0~ 3 ~3~10(
~~ 10 ~0(111 111~ ~((0(
81~11 (~811008~
~0113~~
011~ 10 3 ~1130~~
~€.
0~ 1(1 300
111~
18 ~0111113(~0
~0111111~1~ 010~)(
10 (~~~(~0~~ ~0113~~
~1111111~
013~(3111
18 ~01100
asy
(0(5) _ 1(21(,)(/(~/11/3)
~~(5)
- 52(,./1,./11) + 5(,-/1 + ,./11) + 1 + ((1(,,1/)2 + 1(11(21(,,1/)/~/11/3 (10-77)
111~ (~811008~ 011~ 10 3 ~1130~~ 10 111~ 1030 10(().11~ 11- ~30 3180 0~ 001310~0 ~(0111
E
~1~. 10-28 0~ 8~1110~ ~~ 10 2~(0.

w.
(1//3)(5,./1 + 1)
52(,./1,./11)
+ 5(,./1+ ,./11)+ 1 + ((1(,,1/)2 + 1(11(21(,)/)/~/11/3 (10-78)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1
~,,,(5 + 1)
328

‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ ~()),
05111~ 111~ 1111(11~(111.1~ 111~0(~111, 111~ 51~(10)1-51(11~ (11(111~~ 111 5~~~0, 01.1~ 10 (1 51~~
(11(111~~ 111 (0111(01 ~011(1~~, ~ ~0 (1110 (1 51~~ (11(111~~ 111 10(10 10(()1.1~, ~ 1/~, ((111 11~
101.1110 1(0111 ~()5. (10-77) (1110 (10-78), (~5~~(11~~1)1, 11)1 51.11151111.11111~
5 = 0.
~2~,)(
~()) ~ ~~ (10-79)
=
~.,,13 + (~1)1/)2 + ~1~2~)1
(10-80)
‫ﻣ‬
~)(301())~ 10-12
~ 50-/(~ 240- ~ 1700-(~111 5~~3(31~))1 ~)((11~0 0( 111010( 15 (0111(011~0 0)1 3 (011.,,~(1~( 35

5110~11 111111~ 010()( 013~(3111 ~1~. 10-28. 111~ 11~10 (11((~111 15 111311113111~0(011513111 31
t
/1 = 1.4 ~ 3110111~1113(11111~ 03(/( ~1111(01151311115/(~ = 0.91 ~/~-(30/5. 111~ 3(1113111(~
.ne
(~5151311(~ 15 8.,,, = 0.10 3110 111~ ~15(01151(1(11011 (01151311115 /3 = 0.3 ~.111/(30/5. 111~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
3111~1111(311011 01111~ 5~~~0 5~1150( 15 /(1 = 95 111~/(30/5 3110 111~ ~3111 01111~ ~0~~(
(0111(0)1~( 15 /(2 = 100. (3) 1)~1~(111111~ 111~ (31~010(().11~ 01111~ 111010(. (0) 1)~1~(111111~
(() )1111~ (~1~(~11(~
111~ (~1~(~11(~ .,,0)13~~ ~7 10 0(1.,,~ 111~ 111010( 31 111~ (31~0 5~~~0.
g
.,,0113~~ 15 /(~~1 1111(11311~~0, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 5~~~0 ~11~11 111~ 111010( 0~.,,~10~5 111~ (31~0
rin
10(().11~. (0) )1111~ 1030 10(().11~ 15 111((~35~0 0)110% 01111~ (31~0 .,,3111~, 0~1~(111111~ 111~
111010( 5~~~0. (~) )1111~ (~1~(~11(~ .,,0)13~~ 15 (~011(~0 0)1 10%, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 111010(
5~~~0. (1) )1111~ 1030 10(().11~ 15111((~35~0 0)110% 01111~ (31~0 .,,3)11~ 3110 111~ (~1~(~11(~
ee
.,,0)13~~ 15 (~011(~0 0)110%, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 111010( 5~~~0. (~) )1111~(~ ~35 1101~~003(/(
111311 0~~11-)00~ (0111(0), 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 5~~~0 (~~11131101110( 3 (~1~(~11(~ .,,0)13~~ 01 ~7
= 2.31~. (11) 1)~1~(111111~ 111~ 5~~~0 (~~111311011 ~1111 3 (105~0-100~ (0111(01.
gin
80)111100 /, = 1.4~, /(~ = 0.91 ~ ~-(30/5, /(, = 95 111~/(30/5, /(2 = 100, 8.,,, = 0.1
‫ﺔ‬ 0, /3 = 0.3 ~.111/(30/5, 3110 (,)~0(00= 1700,,-/30 = 178.02 (30/5.
(3) 111~ (31~0 10(().11~, 11- = 50,000/178.02
~ _- ~
~~ /(2~7
_
En
/(,)(
= 280.87 ~.111.
(0) 8111(~ ~~ = /(2~7, 10( 0~~11-100~ (0111(01 ~().. (10-65) ~1.,,~5
- 8.,,,/3 + (/(,/,)2
sy
0.91
)(
1.4
= 0.1 )( 0.3 + (0.91 )( 1.4)2 = 0.7707
~1 (31~0 5~~~0,
(,)
178.02
Ea
~~ =
0.7707 = 0.7707 = 230.98 ~
3110 1~~003(/( .,,0113~~,
w.
/(1(,) )( 10-3 )(
~0= = 95 178.02 = 16.912 ~
)(
~1111 ()05~0-100~ (0111(01, (~7 - ~0)/(2 = ~~ 0( (~7 - 16.912)
‫ُﺭ‬
100 = 230.98, ~111(11
ww
~1.,,~5111~(~1~(~11(~ .,,0113~~, ~7 = 19.222~.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(() ~7 = 19.222 ~, /111- = 280.87 ~.111, 3110 ~().. (10-80) ~1.,,~5

)(
0.1 280.86
/1(,)
= 0.1
)(
0.3 + (0.91
)( 1.4)2 + 95 )( 10-3 )(
100
)(
0.91
)(
1.4
111~ 5~~~0 31 (31~0 10(().11~,

(,) 175.98 (30/5 0( 1680.5 (~111
= 178.02 - 2.04 =
58~. 10-6 329

(0) /111-. = 1.1 )( 280.86 = 308.87 ~.01 3110 ~().. (10-80) 81..,~5
)(
0.1 308.96
/1(0 = )( )( 1.4)2 )( 10-3 )(
0.1 0.3 + (0.91 + 95 100 )( 0.91 )( 1.4
- 2.246 .30/5
111~ 01010. 5))~~0,
(0
= 178.02 - 2.246 = 175.774 .30/5 0. 1678.5 .))01
)(
‫ﻣ‬
(~) /1~~ = -0.1 19.222 = -1.9222 ~ 3110 ~().. (10-79) 81..,~5111~ ~113118~ 111
5))~~0,
)( )( )(
100 0.91 1.4 1.9222
t
)( )(
1.4)2 + 95 )( )( )( )(
.ne
0.1 0.3 + (0.91 10-3 100 0.91 1.4
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
-17.8.30/5
ng
(0
= 178.02 - 17.8 = 160.22 .30/5 0~ 1530 ~))01
(1) 111~ 01010~ 5))~~0 ~311 0~ 0013111~0 0~ ~511185~))~~))05111011~
(0
= 178.02 - 2.246
(8) /1~~ = 2.31 ~ 3110 ~().. (10-65) 81..,~5
eri - 17.8 = 158 .30/5 0~ 1508.5 ~))01
ine
)( )( )(
100 0.91 1.4 2.31
/1(0 178.02 .30/5 0~ 1700 ~))01
= 0.1 )(
0.3 + (0.91 )(
1.4)2 =
‫ﺔ‬ 3110 111~ 110-1030 5))~~015
~.01~
sy
/1(0
En
g
= -
(0 = 178.02 ~30/5 0.1700 ~))01. ~0~ 1~111030, /111 = 280.87
0.1
)(
0.1
0.3 + (0.91
)(
280.87
)(
1.4)2 -16.99 ~30/5
3110 111~ 1~11-1030 5))~~0,
(0
= 178.02 - 16.99 = 161.03 ~30/5 0~ 1537.7 ~))01
Ea
111~ 5))~~0 .~8~136011 ~1111 0))~11-100)) ~0111.0115
1700 - 1537.7
w.
1537.7 = 10.55~0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1700 - 1680.5
1680.5 = 1.16%
~0(€. 13)1 ~105~0-100~ ~001(01, 10.~ 5~~~0 (~~1.11(11100 15 (~01.1~~0 0)1 3 13~10( 01
3~~(0)(1111(11~1)1 10, 1(0111 10.55% 10 1.16%.
~0( ~(~~15~ 5~~~0 ~001(01 01 5~(~0 5)151~1115, ~105~0-100~ ~001(0115 00(111311)11.15~0.

10.~ 5~~~0, ~0.1~0. 15 5~05~0 0)1 30310~ 5~0510~ 0~~1~~5 (~.~., 13~0.0111~1~(), 15 ~0111-
330

(8)
0~ (110(0~ 800 ,080

~------------
‫ﻣ‬
+~ .0
e t
()3(~0 ~11/11/1~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(~1~(~11~~ 5()~~0 10 ~~11~(31~ rin
(0)
ee
1/1~ ~((0(
g.n
51~1131 3110 10 ~3()11/1~ 3((11311.1(~
gin
~0113~~ 011/1~ (11010(. 1/1~5~ 311310~ 0~~1~~510( 5()~~0 5~115111~ 3110 ~0(11()3(111~ 51~11315
3(~ 110110~31 3110 1/1~ 5()~~0 (~~1.1131101115 (110(~ 1/1311 0.2%. 1/1~ 5()~~0 (~~1.11310(
‫ﺔ‬
~311 0~
013~(3(11
111 ~1~.
01~1131
1(11()(0~~0
10-293
11 01~1131
01 3 ~011~~(1~(-1~0
3110 1/1~ 1(31151~(
111 3 ()/135~-10~/(~0-100()
En
()1.115~ 1(3111 0)1 1.15111~ 3 5()~~0

()/135~-10~/(~0-100()
0~ (11010( 0(1~~
11.111~11011010~/(
~0111(01
~11~00~(.
(~~~)
013~(3(11
5)151~(11, 1/1~ (11010(
1/1~
~0111(01
~11/1 ()/135~-10~/(~0-100()
15 5/10~11
5()~~0
01.11()1.11 011/1~
15 1.15~0.
~0111(0115
111 ~1~.
15 ~011~~(1~0
~11~00~(
1/1~
10-290.
010~/(
5/10~11
10 3
3~15 35
asy
1/1~ 5()~~0 1~~003~/( 51~1131 01 1(~((1.1~11~)1 /0. 1/1~ ()/135~ 0~1~~10( ~0(11()3(~5 1/1~
(~1~(~11~~ ()1.115~ 1(3111 (0( 1(~((1.1~11~)1) /~ ~11/11/1~ 1~~003~/( 1(~((1.1~11~)1 ~) 3110 ()(0~10~5
3 ()1.115~-~101/1-(11001.1131~0 01.11()1.11~0113~~ 11~ ~111~/115 ()(0()0(110113110 1/1~ 0111~(~11~~
111 ()/135~5 3110 1(~((1.1~11~1~5 011/1~ (~1~(~11~~ 3110 1~~003~/( ()1.115~ 1(31115. 1/1~ ()/135~
.E
0~1~~10( (0( ~0(11()3(310() 15 3~311301~ 1111111~~(31~0 ~1(~1.1115. ~ 10~-()355100() 1111~(

~011~~(15 1/1~ ()1.115~ 1(3111 11~ 10 3 ~01111111.101.150~ 1~~~1 110 ~/11~/1 ~3(1~5 1/1~ 01.11()1.11 01
w
1/1~ ()0~~( ~011~~(1~( 3110 111 11.1(11 1/1~ (11010( 5()~~0.

‫ُﺭ‬
~/1~11 1/1~ (11010( (1.1115 311/1~ 53(11~ 5()~~0 35 1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ()1.115~ 1(3111, 1/1~ 1~0
ww
1(~((1.1~11~1~5 ~01.110 0~ 5)111~/1(01112~0 (0( 10~/(~0) 10~~1/1~( ~11/1 3 ()/135~ 0111~(~11~~.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1/1~ 01.11()1.11 011/1~ ()/135~ 0~1~~10( ~01.110 0~ 3 ~011513111 ~0113~~ ()(0()0(110113110 1/1~
()/135~ 0111~(~11~~ 3110 1/1~ 51~(0)1-5131~ (11010( 5()~~0 ~01.110 0~ (11311113111~0 31 3 11)(~0
~311.1~ )((~5()~~11~~ 011/1~ 1030 011 1/1~ (11010(. ~11)1 01511.1(0311~~5 ~0111(101.11111~ 10 1/1~
5()~~0 ~/1311~~ ~01.110 (~51.111111 3 ()/135~ 0111~(~11~~ 3110 1/1~ 01.11()1.11011/1~ ()/135~ 0~1~~10(
~01.110 (~5()0110 1(11(11~0131~1)110 ~3()11/1~ 5()~~0 011/1~ (11010( 111 51.1~/1 3 01(~~11011 3110
1113~11111.10~ 35 10 (~13111 1/1~ 10~/(111~ 011/1~ (~1~(~11~~ 31101~~003~/( 1(~((1.1~11~1~5. 1/1~
(~5()0115~ 011/1~ ()/135~ 0~1~~10( 18 ~~()1 1381. ~8 1011~ 38 1/1~ 1~0 1(~((1.1~11~1~8 3(~
58~. 10-6 331

10~/(~0, 111~ 8~~~0 (~~111(111011 81101110 10~(111~ 0~ 2~(0. 1-(0~~~~(, 111 ~((1~11~~ 111~
8~~~0 (~~111(1110111811(1111~0 10 0.002 %, (1110 11118 (~~(~8~1118 (1 81~11111~(11111(11~(0~~(11~111
0~~( 111~ (111(110~ 8~~~0 ~0111(01 8~81~(11.
111~ (111(110~ ~0111(01 8~11~(11~ 10( (1 ~011~~(1~(-1~0 0~ (11010( 0(1~~ ~(111 0~ 1(11~1~(11~111~0
0~ 11(1(0~1(~0 ~1~~1(0111~8. ~11 (111(110~ ~0111(01 8~11~(11~ 11(18 8~~~((11 018(10~(1111(1~~8~
(1
‫ﻣ‬
110111111~(1(11~ 01 8~~~0 8~1180(, 1~(11~~((1111(~ 0~~~110~11~~, 0(111, (1110 0118~1. 011~~
~0111(01 ~1(~1111 18 011111 10 (11~~1 ~~(1(1111 ~~(10((11(111~~ ~(11~(1(1, 11 (11(1~ (~~111(~ (11(1)0(
~11(111~~8 111 111~ 11(1(0~1(~0 10~1~ ~1(~11118 10 (11~~1 0111~( ~~(10((11(111~~ (~~111(~(11~1118.
t
~ (111~(0~0(11~111~( ~0111(01 (~011~~8 111~ 812~ (1110 ~0818 0111(1(0~1(~0 ~1~~1(0111~8,
.ne
1(11~(0~111~ (~11(101111~ (1110 ~0111(01 ~~(10((11(111~~. 11118 ~0111(01 8~11~(11~ 18 1(11~1~-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(11~111~0 111 111~ 8011~(1(~ (1110 18 11~)(101~ 10 ~11(111~~ 111~ ~0111(01 81((11~~~ 10 (11~~1
0111~(~111 ~~(10((11(111~~ ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 0( (100 ~)(1((1 ~0111(011~(1111(~8. ~ (111~(0~0(11-
ng
~111~( ~0111(01 8~81~(11 ~(111 (1180 ~~(10((11 ~(1(10118 0~81((101~ 11111~110118~ 011/011 01111~
(11(1111~0~~( 811~~1~, 81(1(1/810~ 01111~ 0(1~~, 8~~~0 ~0111(01, ~11((~111 ~0111(01, (110111-
10(111~ 111~ ~0111(01 ~(1(1(101~8, 111111(11111~~(01~~11011
(1110 1(1~ ~1(~1111, 01(1~110811~8 10(
~1~11(~ 10-30 8110~8

1~0 1011(-~11(10((1111
(1 8~11~(11(111~ 01(1~((1(1110(
0~ 0(1~~.
(1
eri
0111/1-111 1(111/1 11110111~, (1110 ~0(11(1111111~(111011 ~1111 (1 811~~(~180(~
(111~(0~0(11~111~(
~~111((11 ~0(11~111~(.
~0111(0101 (1 ~011~~(1~(-
ine
~
~
~
~
‫ﺔ‬
~-
- - ~-
0818~~~0011~00
01 1~~~~510~5
10 08 1~~80
.- - -- ~ --,
~ 08~01~-0109~8 ~
---=--~
sy
- -
~
~
)~
-
En
-
g
- - - ... - -
- -
(..~08
5~0~~~00~2~09
~~~~~~1
8109~8-~~0158
01~5~~~1~
~ 9808~011~00/- - - - - -
~--~--~
,- - - - - -1 1 - --
1 8~~~801 ~ 1 - -1 - -
Ea
~ 1
~ _ ~001~0~18~
_ .. _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~0~~-
~
~~158
01~~~~1~8~5
- - - - -+1~ (1~010~0101
,--~--, . ~
~09~~
~ 8~~~801 ~ ~ ~
w.
~ ~0~~01~0110~ )~ ~ _ _ _ -1
~-- ( --~---,-- -,~
,-- - - ( -
‫ُﺭ‬
~ 8~980 1 - - --
ww
~ _ ~~1~~18~ _ ~,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1
1 8~880 ~
1
~__ ~0~~01~0110~
1 - - -
~
8~990
~919~90~8, ,..,~
8101(1/510~
~0~~0100
332

10~ 8()~~0 8181131 18 ~~0

11110 10~ 1111~(0~0111()111~( 1181118 311 ~/0 (3113108-10-
0181131) ~011~~(1~(. 10 111111110~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 0~ 10~ 111010(, 311 11111~( ~11((~111-
~0111(01100() 18 118~0. 10~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 8181131 ~311 0~ ~~0 11110 10~ 1111~(0~0111-
()111~( 10(01180 311 ~/0 ~011~~(1~( 0( 0)1 83111()11118 10~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111. 10~ 1111~
8)111~0(011121118 ~1(~1111 18 (~().111(~0 10 8)111~0(01112~ 10~ 8~11~(311011 0~ 10~ ~1(1118 ()1118~8
~110 10~ 811()()1)1 1111~ ~(~().11~11~)1. ~11001180 10~ 1111~(0~0111()111~( ~311 ()~(~0(111 10~
~1111~110118 0~ 831~ ()1118~ 8~11~(310( 3110 1081~ ~1(~1111, 10~8~ 3(~ 800~11 0111810~ 10~
1111~(0~0111()111~(. 10~ ()1118~ 3111()11~1~( ()(0~10~8 10~ 11~~~883()11801311011 3110 ()(0011~~8
831~ ()1118~8 0~ (~().111(~0 111381111110~ 3110 011(311011.
‫ﻣ‬
t
.ne
111 0~ 0(1~~8, 10~ 3(1113111(~ 3110 ~1~10 ~01138~8 0~ 0~ 111010(8 3(~ ~3(1~0 0)1 ~110~( 3~-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
0~ ~011~~(1~(8 0( 0~ ~00()()~(8. 10~ 3~-0~ ~011~~(1~(-~~0 0(1~~8 3(~ 110(111311)1118~0
111 ~3(1301~-8()~~0 3()()11~3110118, ~0~(~38 ~00()()~(-~~0 0(1~~8 3(~ 1110(~ 81111~0 ~0(
ng
1(3~11011 3()()11~3110118. 0~ 8~(1~8 111010(8 3(~ 1110811)1 118~0 111 1(3~11011 3()()11~3110118,
011~ 10 10~1( ~3()301111)1 0~ 0180 813(11118 10(().11~.
0~ 0(1~~8 ~311 0~ ~13881~1~0 0(0301)111110 10(~~ 1)1()~8 0~()~1101118 011 10~ 111()111
eri
811()()1)1~ (1) 811181~-()038~ 0(1~~8, (2) 10(~~-()038~ 0(1~~8, 3110 (3) ~00()()~( 0(1~~8.
~83111 ~3~0 0(1~~ ~01110 0~ 811001~10~0 11110 10(~~ 1)1()~8 0~()~1101118 011 10~ 11100~8 0~
0()~(311011~ (3) 011~-().1130(3111 0(1~~8, (0) 1~0-().1130(3111 0(1~~8, 3110 (~) ~011(-().1130(3111
ine
0(1~~5. 10~ ~11~(8)1-83~1118 ~~3111(~ 0~ ~00()()~(-~~0 0(1~~8 18 ~~()1 311(3~11~~ ~0( 118~
111 1(3118()0(1311011 8)181~1118 (~().111(1118 ~(~().11~111 810()8.
008~0-100() ~0111(01, ~01~0 038 1113(1)1 30~311138~8, 18 118~0 11111101181(131 0(1~~8.
10~
‫ﺔ‬ 8()~~0
10~/(~0-100()
~1~~1(0111~5,
~(0~0111()111~(
3110 ~311 ()~(~0(111
(~8111311011
3(~
(~1.-1.-) ~0111(01.
ng
0~ 0~ 0(1~~8
1111111~0 111 ~~)(101111)1

~0111(01
E
0(1~~8,
1113(1)1 0~81(301~
sy
10~
~01~0
~311 0~
3113108
3(~
3110 03~~
818111~1~3(111)1 1111()(0~~0
~0111(01 8~0~111~8,
~~(13111 01530~311138~5,
1111()1~111~111~0 111 50~1~3(~,
~1111~110115.
~01~0
0)1 1181118 ()038~-
3(~
3(~ 03(0~1(~0
~0~(~35
1110(~ ~~)(101~
1111-
Ea
w.
1. 1. ~. 1-111083~ 3110 ~. 1-1. 1(38010, ~/~~(,0111~~/1(1/1/~5 (1/10 ~/~~(,/~(1/ ~(1~/1//1~,)1, 811~1~-

~000 01118, ~. 1. ~ ~(~1111~~-1-1311, 111~., 1986.
‫ُﺭ‬
2. ~. ~. 5~11, 7/1))/./5(0, /)~ /),/1/~5. ~~~ ~0(/(~ 10011 ~11~~ ~ 50118, 111~., 1981.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
3. ~. ~. 5~11 3110~. 1-. ~~0011310, ..10~(1810(12~0 0~ 0(1,,,~8 ~110 (~~~11~(311,,,~ 0(3/(111~ 3110
8()~~0 (~,,,~(831.,, /~~~ 7,.(1/15(1~(/0/15 0/1 //10/15(,/(1/ ~/~~(,0/1/~5 (1/10 ~0/1(,0/ //15(,1(111~/1-
((1(/0/1, ~01. 18025, ~0. 4, 1978, ()(). 347-354.
4. ~. 11. 1(38010, ..0~1131111~ (~8()0118~8 01 0~ ~00()()~( ~0111(011~0 8~(1~8 111010(.,, /~~~

7,(1/15(1~(/0/15 0/1//10/15(,/(1/ ~/~~(,.0/1/~5 (1/10 ~0/1(,0/ //15(,/1111~/1((1(/0/1, ~01. 18~128, ~0. 4,
1981, ()(). 323-340.
5. ~. 1-1. 1(38010, ..1(~~~11~(311,,,~ ~03(3~1~(1811~8 01 0~ ~00()()~( ~0111(011~0 8~(1~8 111010(.,,
/~~~ 7,.(1/15(1~(/0/15 0/1 11~/1/~/1/(1, 7~~/1/10/08)), ~01. ~133, ~0. 1, 1984, ()(). 3-13.
333

6. 8. ~~1111~~5, ..))~51~(1 ~(1~1)1515 0111111111~11~5~ 0~ ~110~~~~ 111010~ 0~1.,,~.., /~~~ 7,.(1/15-
(1~(10/15 0/1 //1(///5(,.)1 ,,4/1/1/1~(1(10/15, ~01. 1~8, ~0. 2, 1972, ~~. 136-144.
7. ~. 11. ~~51110, ..))~51~(1 011-~ 1(1~111 1111~~ 10~ 11111111~11~5~0~ ~110~~~~5.,, ~,.0~~~(/1/1155
/~~, ~01. 13130, ~0. 1, 1983, ~~. 310-44.
8. )). ~. 0~1~~~, ~/1(15~/0~/( 1-00/15 10,. /)~ 1-40(0,. 5/1~~(/ ~0/1(,.0/. ~~~ )10~/(~ 1011(1 ~11~)1
~ 50(15, 1(1~., 1981.
9. 5. 1(. 150 ~(1011. 1. 110, ..))~01~~1~01111~~0~~0~~550~ 5~11~111~10~ 111)1~1510~~11~5~ ~0(11~01
0111111111~11~5~ ~0(1.,,~~1~~5.,, ~,.0~~~(/1/1155 /~~, ~01. 1322, 1981, ~~. 101-108.
‫ﻣ‬
10. 1. 13~51 ~(10 11. ~1115~111~~, ..~0(11~01 01 ~~111~111~~ ~(10 11~10 ~11~~~(11 01 ~ ~110~~~~-1~0 0~
111010~ 0~1.,,~ 0)1 ~ 51(1~1~ ~111~ 1111~~0~0111~111~~.,, 3,.(/ /~,,4 ~ 5)1/11/1051//~/1 0/1 ~0/1(,.0/ 1/1
~0~~,. ~/~~(,.0/11~5 (1/1(/ ~/~~(,.1~(1/ /),.11/~5, 1-,~115~(1(1~, 5~112~~1~(10, 1983, ~~. 515 - 522.
et
g.n
10-2. ~11~115
10-4. ~11~115
10-5. ~11~1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ~ 0~5~ 5~~~0

e eri
01 0~ 111010~57
n
10-1. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ 111~~~ 1)1~~5 01 0~ 0~1.,,~5 0~5~0 0(1 111~ 1(1~111 511~~1)17
111~ 111~~(1~112~110(1 ~11~~~~1~~1511~ 01 0~ 111010~57
10-3. ~11~1 15 111~ ~11~~05~ 01 ~ ~0(1.,,~~1~~ 1(1 0~ 0~1.,,~57
~~~ 111~ ~~~~111~1~~5 10 0~ .,,~~1~0 10~ 5~~~0 ~0(11~01 01 5~~~~~1~1)1 ~)(~11~0 0~

gin
111010~5 7
‫ﺔ‬
10-6. ~111~11 ~~~ 111~ ~~~~111~1~~5 10 0~ .,,~~1~0 10~ 5~~~0 ~0(11~01 01 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~57
10-7. ~11)1 ~~~ 111~ 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~5 1110511)1115~0 1(1 1~~~110(1 ~~~11~~110(157
10-8. ~11~115
10-9. ~11~115
10-10. ~11~115
En
~ 5~~~0 ~~~111~110(1 01 0~ 0~1.,,~57

111~ ~~1(1~1~1~ 0151(1~1~-~11~5~
111~ ~~1(1~1~1~ 01111~~~-~11~5~
sy
11111-~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~ 111010~ 0~1.,,~57

5~1111~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~ 111010~ 0~1.,,~57
10-11. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~0.,,~(11~~~5 ~(10 015~0.,,~(11~~~5 01 51(1~1~-~11~5~ 11111-~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~
111010~ 0~1.,,~57
Ea
10-12. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~0.,,~(11~~~5 ~(10 015~0.,,~(11~~~5 01 51(1~1~-~11~5~ 5~1111~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~

111010~ 0~1.,,~5 7
10-13. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~0.,,~(11~~~5 ~(10 015~0.,,~(11~~~5 01 111~~~-~11~5~ 11111-~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~

w.
111010~ 0~1.,,~57
10-14. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~0.,,~(11~~~5 ~(10 015~0.,,~(11~~~5 01 111~~~-~11~5~ 5~1111~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~
‫ُﺭ‬
111010~ 0~1.,,~57
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10-15. ~11~1 ~~~ 111~ ~0.,,~(11~~~5 ~(10 015~0.,,~(11~~~5 01 111~~~-~11~5~ 011~1-~0(1.,,~~1~~-1~0 0~

111010~ 0~1.,,~57
10-16. ~11)115 11 ~~~1~~~01~ 10 115~ (1 5~1111~0(1.,,~~(~~ 10~ 11~10 ~0(11~01 01 5~~(1~(1(~1)1 ~)(~1(~0
1110(0~57
10-17. ~11~115 ~ 0(1~-().11~0~~(11 0~ 0~1.,,~7
10-18. ~11~115 ~ 1~0-().11~0~(1(11 0~ 0~1.,,~7
10-19. ~11(1115 (1 1011~-().11(10~~(1( 0~ 0~1.,,~7
10-20. ~11(1( 15 111~ ~~1(1~1~1~ 01 ~~~~(1~~(111.,,~ 0~(1/(1(1~ 01 0~ ~110~~~~-1~0 0~ 111010~ 0~1.,,~57
10-21. ~11(1( 15 (11~ ~~1(1~1~1~ 01 ~11~051(111~ 0~(1/(1(1~ 01 0~ ~110~~~~-1~0 0~ 111010~ 0~1.,,~57
334

10-22. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30.,,31113~~5

‫ ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬0~
0( ~110))))~(-(~0 0(1.,,~57
10-23. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30.,,31113~~5 0( 111(1111))1135~~110))))~(57
10-24. ~1131 15 111~ ))(111~1))1~ 0( ~105~0-100)) ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~5. 7
10-25. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30.,,31113~~5 0( ~)05~0-100)) ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-26. ~1131 15 111~ ))(111~1))1~ 0( ))1135~-10~)(~0-100)) ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-27. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30.,,31113~~5 0( ))1135~-10~)(~0-)00)) ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-28. ~113115 111~ ))(111~1))1~ 0( 1111~(0~0111))(11~( ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-29. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30.,,31113~~5 0( 1111~(0~0111))(11~( ~0111(01 0( 0~ 0(1.,,~57
10-30. ~113115 3 111~~113111~3111111~~011513111 0( 0~ 111010(57
‫ﻣ‬
10-31. ~1131 15 311 ~1~~1(1~3111111~ ~011513111 0( 0~ 111010(57
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
10-1. ~ 5~))3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 5(1))))11~0 ((0111 3 0~ 50(1(~~ 0( 600 ~ 10 ~0111(01111~
rin
5))~~0 0( 3 111~~113111~311030 3110 111~ (1~10 ~(1((~111 15 111311113111~0~011513111. 111~ 3(-
11131(1(~ (~5151311~~ 3110 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. (3) 1( 111~ 1030 10(()(1~ 15 1/ = 550 ~.111
311500 ())111, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 3(11131(1(~ ~(1((~111 /0. (/)) 1( 111~ 3(11131(1(~ ~(1((~111 (~11131115
ee
111~ 53111~ 35 11131111 ))3(1 (3) 3110 111~ (1~10 ~(1((~111 15 (~0(1~~0 5(1~11 11131 111~ 111010( ((1115
31 3 5))~~0 0( 2800, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 1030 10(()(1~.
10-2. ~~))~31 ~(00. 10-1 1( 111~ 3(11131(1(~ (~5151311~~ 15 ~0 = 0.12 11. 111~ .,,15~0(15 ((1~11011
gin
3110 111~ 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~.
‫ﺔ‬
10-3. ~ 30-11)) 440- ~ 2000-())111 5~))3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 111010( 0~ ~0111(015 3 1030 (~()(11(111~ 3
10(()(1~ 0( 1~ = 85 ~.111 311200 ())111. 10.~ (1~10 ~1(~(111(~5151311~~15 ~/ = 294 11, 111~
0. 7032
110-1030
~/ ~-(30/5.
En
3(11131(1(~ ~1(~(111 (~5151311~~ 15 ~0 = 0.12 11, 3110 111~111010( .,,0113~~ ~01151311115/(,.

111~ (1~10 .,,0113~~ 15 ~/ = 440~. 111~ .,,15~0(15 ((1~11011 3110 111~
1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 3(11131(1(~ ~(1((~111 1113~ 0~ 355(1111~0 ~0111111(10(15
3110 (1))))1~-((~~. 1)~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 03~)( ~111(, ~8~ (/)) (~()(11(~0 3(11131(1(~ .,,0113~~,
=
asy
~0~ (~) (31~0 3(11131(1(~ ~(1((~111 0( 111~ 111010(~ 3110 (()) 5))~~0 (~~(11311011 31 ((1111030.
10-4. ~ 120-11)) 600- ~ 1200-())111 0~ 5~(1~5 111010( ~0111(015 3 1030 (~()(11(111~ 3 10(()(1~ 0( 1 ~
= 185 ~.111 31 1100 ())111. 111~ (1~10 ~1(~(111 (~5151311~~, ~( = 0.06 11, 111~ 3(11131(1(~
~1(~(111 (~5151311~~, ~0 = 0.0411, 3110 111~.,,0113~~ ~011513111,/(~ = 32 111
.E
~/ ~-(30/5. 111~
.,,15~0(15 ((1~11011 3110 111~ 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 3(11131(1(~ ~(1((~111 15 ~011-
1111(101153110 (1))))1~-((~~. 1)~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 03~)( ~111(, ~8~ (/)) (~()111(~0 3(1113111(~
w
.,,0113~~, ~0~ (~) (31~0 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111~ 3110 (()) 5))~~0 (~~(11311011 31 (11115))~~0.
‫ُﺭ‬
10-5. 10.~ 5))~~0 0( 3 5~))3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5111~1~-))1135~ 5~1111~011.,,~(1~(
ww
111~1~. 10-83. 111~ (1~10 ~11((~11115 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5~1111~011.,,~(1~( 3110 111~ (1~10
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~11((~11115 5~110 111~ (113)(111111111

))055101~ .,,3111~. 111~ 3~ 5(1))))1~ .,,0113~~ 10 111~ 3(1113111(~
3110 (1~10 ~011.,,~(1~( 15 011~-))1135~, 208 ~, 60 1-12. 10.~ 3(1113111(~ (~5151311~~ 15 ~0 =
0.12 11, 10.~ (1~10 (~5151311~~ 15 ~/ = 220 11, 3110 10.~ 111010( .,,0113~~ ~01151311115 /(11 =
1.055 ~/~-(30/5. 10.~ 1030 10(()11~ 15 1~ = 75 ~.111 31 3 5))~~0 0( 700 ())111. 111~
.,,15~0115 ((1~11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 111~ 3(1113111(~ 3110 (1~10 ~11((~1115
3(~ ~01111111101153110 (1))))1~-((~~. 1)~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) (1~10 ~11((~111, //~ (/)) 0~13~ 311~1~
0( 111~~011.,,~(1~( 111111~3(1113111(~ ~1(~1111, ~0~ 3110 (~) 1(1))111))0~~( (3~10( 0( 111~ 3(1113111(~
~1(~1111.
335

10-6. 10.~ 5~~~0 01 3 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 5111~1~-~0.35~ 11.111-~3.,,~
~011.,,~(1~( 111~1~. 10-93. 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.11115 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 11.111~011.,,~(1~( 3110
10.~ 11~10 ~1.1((~11115 5~110 10.~ (113)(11111.1111
~055101~ .,,311.1~. 10.~ 3~ 51.1~~1~ .,,0113~~ 10 10.~
3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~011.,,~(1~(5 15 011~-~0.35~, 208 ~, 60 1-12. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ (~5151311~~
15 ~,, = 0.50 0, 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.111(~5151311~~ 15 ~/ = 345 0, 3110 10.~ 111010( .,,0113~~
~01151311115 /(,, = 0.71 ~/~-(30/5. 10.~ .,,15~01.151(1~11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~-
11~101~. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ 311011~10 ~1.1((~1115 3(~ ~01111111.101.153110 (1~~1~-1(~~. 1110.~ 0~13~
311~1~ 0110.~ 3(111311.1(~ ~011.,,~(1~( 15 0.,, = 450 3110 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ ~1.1((~111 0110.~ 111010(
15/,, = 55 ~, 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ (3) 10(()1.1~ 0~.,,~10~~0 0~ 10.~ 111010(, 7,)~ ())) 5~~~0, (0~
‫ﻣ‬
3110 (~) 111~1.11~0~~( 13~10( 0110.~ 0(1.,,~, ~~.
10-7. 1110.~ ~013(11~ 0110.~ 111010( 03~/( ~1111111 ~(00. 10-6 15 (~.,,~(5~0 0~ (~.,,~(5111~ 10.~
~013(11~ 0110.~ 11~10 ~1.1((~111, 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.111~011-
et
.,,~(1~(, 0./~ ())) 0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~ 3(111311.1(~ ~1(~1.111~011.,,~(1~(, 0.,,, 10 111311113111111~
3(111311.1(~ ~1.1((~111 ~011513111 31 10.~ 53111~ .,,311.1~01 /,, = 55 ~ ~ 3110 (~) ))0~~( 1~0 03~/(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
10 111~ 51.1~~1~ 01.1(111~ (~~~11~(311.,,~ 0(3/(111~ 0110.~ 111010(.
10-8. 111~ 5~~~0 01 3 20-0.~ 300- ~ 1800-(~111 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~
3 10.(~~-~0.35~ 11.111-~011.,,~(1~( 0(1.,,~. 10.~ 11~10 ~1.1((~111 15 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 111(~~-
rin
~0.35~ 11.111-~011.,,~(1~( 3110 15 5~110 10.~ (113)(11111.1111
~055101~ .,,311.1~. 10.~ 3~ 111~1.111510.(~~-
~0.35~, ~-~01111~~1~0, 208 ~, 601-12. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ (~5151311~~, ~,, = 0.35 0, 10.~ 11~10
(~5151311~~, ~/ = 250 0, 3110 10.~ 111010( .,,0113~~ ~011513111111010(, /(,. = 1.15 ~/~-
(30/5. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~1.1((~1115 15 ~01111111.101.15
3110 (1~~1~-1(~~. 10.~ .,,15~01.15
1(1~11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 3(~
ee 11~~11~101~. 1)~1~(111111~ 10.~ (3) 0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~
3(111311.1(~ ~011.,,~(1~(, 0.,,, 1110.~ 111010( 51.1~~11~5 10.~ (31~0 ~0~~( 31 10.~ (31~0 5~~~0~
gin
())) 110-1030 5~~~0 1110.~ 0~13~ 311~1~5 3(~ 10.~ 53111~ 35 111~3(1 (3) 3110 111~ 3(111311.1(~
~1.1((~111 31110-1030 15 10% 0110.~ (31~0 .,,311.1~~3110 (~) 5~~~0 (~~1.113110(1.
‫ﺔ‬
10-9.
10-10.
~~~~31 ~(00.
En
10-8 11 0010. 3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~1(~1.11153(~ ~0111(011~0 0~ 10.(~~-~0.35~

5~1111~011.,,~(1~(5.
10.~ 5~~~0 01 3 20-0.~ 300-~

10.(~~-~0.35~ 11.111~011.,,~(1~(.
~011.,,~(1~(.
900-(~111 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3
10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.11115 3150 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 10.(~~-~0.35~ 11.111
10.~ 3~ 111~1.1110 3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~011.,,~(1~(5 15 10.(~~-~0.35~,
sy
~-~011-
11~~1~0, 208 ~, 60 1-12. 111~ 3(111311.1(~ (~5151311~~, ~,, = 0.15 0, 10.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.111
(~5151311~~, ~/ = 1450, 3110 10.~ 111010( .,,0113~~ ~011513111, /(~ = 1.15 ~/~-(30/5. 10.~
.,,15~01.15 1(1~11011 3110 110-1030 1055~5 3(~ 11~~11~101~. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~1.1((~1115
Ea
3(~ ~01111111.101.15
3110 (1~~1~-1(~~. (3) 1110.~ 11~10 ~011.,,~(1~( 15 0~~(31~0 3110.~ (113)(11111.1111
11~10 ~1.1((~111 3110 10.~ 0~.,,~10~~0 10(()1.1~ 15 7,) = 106 ~.111 31 750 (~111, 0~1~(111111~ 10.~
0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~ 3(111311.1(~ ~011.,,~(1~(, 0.,,. ())) 1110.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.111~011.,,~(1~( 15 5~110
w.
10.~ (113)(11111.1111
11~10 ~1.1((~111, 10.~ 0~.,,~10~~0 10(()1.1~ 15 7,) = 108 ~.111, 3110 10.~ 0~13~
311~1~ 0110.~ 3(111311.1(~ ~011.,,~(1~( 15 0.,, = 0, 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ 5~~~0. (~) ~0( 10.~ 53111~
‫ُﺭ‬
1030 0~1113110 35 111~3(1 (0), 0~1~(111111~ 10.~ 0~13~ 311~1~ 0110.~ 11~10 ~1(~1.111~011.,,~(1~(
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1110.~ 5~~~0 0.35 10 0~ 111~(~35~0 10 1800 (~111.

10-11. ~~~~31 ~(00. 10-10 11 0010. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ 3110 11~10 ~1(~1.11153(~ ~0111(011~0 0~ 10.(~~-
~0.35~ 5~1111~011.,,~(1~(5.
10-12. ~ 0~ ~0.0~~~( ~0111(015 10.~ 5~~~0 01 3 0~ 5~(1~5 111010(. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ (~5151311~~, ~,,
= 0.04 0, 11~10 ~1(~1.111(~5151311~~, ~/ = 0.06 0, 3110 03~/( ~1111 ~011513111, /(,,
= 35
111~/(30/5. 10.~ 0~ 111~1.11.,,0113~~ 0110.~ ~0.0~~~(, ~5 = 600~. 111115
(~()1.11(~0 10
1113111131113 ~011513111 0~.,,~10~~0 10(()1.1~ 01 7,) = 547 ~.111, ~101 10.~ 01.11~ ~~~1~, /(, 01
10.~ ~0.0~~~( 3~31115110.~ 111010( 5~~~0.
10-13. ~ 0~ 5~(1~5 111010( 15 ~0~~(~0 0~ 3 0~ ~0.0~~~( 35 50.0~11111 ~1~. 10-1431(0111 3 600-
~ 0~ 501.1(~~. 10.~ 3(111311.1(~ (~5151311~~ 15~,, = 0.03 0 3110 10.~ 11~10 (~5151311~~15~/
336

= 0.05 11. 111~ 0~~/( ~1111 ~01151~111 01111~ 111010~ 15 /(~ = 15.27 111~/~-~~0/5. 111~
~.,,~~~~~ ~~111~11.1~~~1.1~~~111,/,, = 450~. 111~ ~~111~11.1~~~1.1~~~11115~01111111.101.15
~110 11~5
11~~11~101~ ~1~~1~. (1111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 01111~ ~110~~~~ 15 75%, 0~1~~111111~ 111~ (3) 111~1.11
())) ~~1.11.,,~1~111111~1.11~~5151~11~~ 01 111~ ~110~~~~ 0~1.,,~ ~ (~)
~0 ~~ 1~0111 111~ 501.1~~~~
111010~ 5~~~0~ ~110 ((() 0~.,,~10~~0 10~~1.1~ 01111~ 111010~.
10-14. 111~ 0~1.,,~ 111 ~1~. 10-15~ 15 0~~~~1~0
111 ~~~~11~~~6.,,~ 0~(1/(111~ 01 ~ 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~.
111~ 0~ 51.1~~1~ .,,011~~~ 15 600~. 111~ ~~111~11.1~~~~5151~11~~, ~~ = 0.0311 ~110 111~11~10
~~5151~11~~, ~/ = 0.05 11. 111~ 0~~/( ~1111 ~01151~111 01111~ 111010~, /(,. = 12 111~/~-
~~0/5. 111~ ~.,,~~~~~ ~~111~11.1~~~1.1~~~11115 111~1111~111~0~01151~111 ~1 /~ = 350~. 111~
‫ﻣ‬
~~111~11.1~~~1.1~~~11115 ~01111111.101.15
~110 11~5 11~~)1~101~ ~1~~1~. (1111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 01111~
()))
~110~~~~ 15 50%, 0~1~~111111~ 111~ (3) ~.,,~~~~~ .,,011~~~ ~~~055111~ ~110~~~~, ~/,~ ~0 ~~
~~~~11~~~1~0 10 111~ 0~ 51.1~~1~, ,,8~ (~) ~~1.11.,,~1~11110~0 ~~5151~11~~ 01111~ 111010~ ~~611~
~5 ~ ~~11~~~10~, ~0~ ~ ((() 11111111111.1111~~~111155101~ 0~~/(111~ 5~~~0, 0),,,.0 ~ (~) 111~)(11111.1111
t
~~~111155101~ 0~~/(111~ 5~~~0, 0),,,3~~ ~110 (() 111010~ 5~~~0.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
10-15. ~ 0~ ~110~~~~ 15 1.15~0 111 ~11~051~11~ 0~~/(111~ 01 ~ 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~ ~5 5110 11 111 ~1~.
10-14. 111~ ~~111~11.1~~~~5151~11~~, ~,, = 0.03 11 ~110 111~ 11~10 ~~5151~11~~, ~/ = 0.05
11. 111~ 0~~/(111~ ~~51510~, ~0 = 5 11. 111~ 0~~/( ~1111 ~01151~111, /(,. = 14 111~/~-~~0/
g
5. 111~ ~.,,~~~~~ ~~111~11.1~~~1.1~~~11115 111~1111~111~0~01151~111 ~1 /~ = 250~. 111~ ~~-
rin
111~11.1~~~1.1~~~11115 ~0116111.101.15~110 11~5 11~~11~101~ ~1~~1~. (1 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 01 111~
()))
~110~~~~ 15 60%, 0~1~~111111~111~ (3) ~.,,~~~~~ .,,011~~~ ~~~055111~ ~110~~~~, ~0~~ ~0 ~~
01551~~1~0 111111~ ~~51510~, ,,0~ (~) ~~1.11.,,~1~11110~0 ~~5151~11~~ 01111~ 111010~ ~~611~ ~5 ~
~0~~ ((() 111010~ 5~~~0~ ~110 (~) ~~~/( ~110~~~~ .,,011~~~, ~,,.
~~11~~~10~,
ee
10-16. 1 0 ~110~~~~5 ~0111~01 (1 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~ ~5 5110 11 111~1~. 10-20~ ~110 111~~ ~~~ ~11~5~
511111~0 1110~~~~6011 0~ 70/111, 11~~~ 11115 111~ 111.11110~~011111.116~11~5~ ~110~~~~5. 111~
gin
51.1~~1~ .,,011~~~, ~, = 440 ~, ~~111~11.1~~~1~~1.111~~5151~11~~, ~~ = 8 11, ~~111~11.1~~~1~~1.111
11101.1~1~11~~,~~, = 121111-1, ~110111~ 1~~~1.1~11~~01 ~~~11 ~110~~~~,.1 = 2501-12. ~~1~1.11~1~
‫ﺔ‬
10-17.
10-18.
111~ 111~)(11111.1111
~0~ .,~00.
.,,~11.1~01 ~~~/(-10-~~~/(
10-16
En
111~ 111.11110~~011111.1111~11~5~ ~110~~~~5.
~1.1~~~111,/~ = 250~.
sy
10~0 ~1~~1~ ~1.1~~~111.
~101111~ 111~)(11111.1111
.,,~11.1~01 ~~~/(-10-~~~/(
~ 0~ 5~~1~5 111010~ 15 ~0111~011~0 0~ 1 0 1111.116~11~5~~110~~~~5.

10~0 ~1~~1~ ~1.1~~~111~~~11151
111~ ~.,,~~~~~ ~~111~11.1~~

~ 51111~1~~~-111~1.111111~~ 1111~0 = 0.35 1111-1~110 ~0 = 5600 ..,.,~
15 1.15~0. 8~~11 ~110~~~~ 15 0~~~~1~0 ~1 ~ 1~~~1.1~11~~,.1 = 250 1-12. ()~1~~111111~ 111~ ~1115
11.1110~111~111~1~0111~011~111 01111~ ~110~~~~-~~11~~~1~0 11~~1110111~~1.1~~~111111111~ 51.1~~1~.
Ea
10-19. ~0~ .,~00. 10-18, ~101 111~ ~1115 11.1110~111~111~1~0111~011~111 01111~ ~110~~~~-~~11~~~1~0
11~~1110111~~1.1~~~111111111~ 51.1~~1~ ~~~11151 111~ 111.11110~~011111.116~11~5~ ~110~~~~5.
10-20. ~ 40-11~ 230- ~ 3500-~~111 5~~~~~1~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010~ 15 ~0111~011~0 0~ ~ 1111~~~ ~011-
w.
.,,~~1~~ 01 ~~111 /(2 = 200. 111~ 1110111~11101111~~6~ 01111~ 111010~ 10~0, 1 = 0.156 ~ .111/
~~0/5, .,,15~01.151~1~11011~01151~11115 11~~11~101~, ~~111~11.1~~~~5151~11~~, ~~ = 0.04511, ~110
‫ُﺭ‬
~~111~11.1~~11101.1~1~11~~, ~~= 730 1111-1. 111~ 0~~/( ~1111 ~01151~11115 /(~ = 0.502 ~/~-
ww
~~0/5 ~110 111~ 11~10 ~1.1~~~11115 111~1111~111~0~01151~111 ~1 // = 1.25~. (3) 001~111 111~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
())) ~~1~1.11~1~
0~~11-100~ 1~~1151~~ 11.111~110110)(5 )/~,(5) ~110 0)(5)/1 ~(5) 10~ 111~ 111010~.
111~ 111010~ 51~~0~-51~1~ 5~~~0 11111~ ~~1~~~11~~ .,,011~~~ 15 ~, = 1 ~ ~110 111~ 10~0 10~~1.1~
15 60% 01111~ ~~1~0 .,,~11.1~.
10-21. ~~~~~1 .,~00. 10-20 1111~ ~105~0-100~ ~0111~0111111~ ~111~1111~~6011 01 5~~~0 5~1150~,
/(. = 3 111~/~~0/5.
10-22. 111~ 111010~ 111.,~00. 10-2015 ~0111~011~0 0~ ~ 1111~~~~011.,,~~1~~ 01 ~~111 /(2 1111~ ~105~0-
100~ ~0111~01. (1111~ ~111~1111~~6011 01 5~~~0 5~1150~ 15 /(. = 3 111~/~~0/5, 0~1~~111111~
111~ ~~111 01111~ ~011.,,~~1~~ /(2 10 1111111111~ 5~~~0 ~~~1.11~6011 ~1 11.11110~0 10 1 %.
337

10-23. ~ 60-/1~ 230- ~ 1750-(~111 5~~3(31~1~ ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 ~011~~(1~( 35
5/10~11 1111/1~ 010~)( 013~(3111 111~1~. 10-28. 1/1~ 11~10 ~11((~11115 111311113111~0~011513111
31 /( = 1.25 ~ 3110 1/1~ 1113~/1111~ 03~)( ~1111~011513111,1(,. = 0.81 ~/~-(30/5. 1/1~
3(1113111(~ (~5151311~~, ~~ = 0.02 0 3110 1/1~ ~15~0115 1(1~11011 ~011513111. 13
= 0.3 ~ .111/
(30/5. 1/1~ 3111~1111~311011011/1~ 5~~~0 5~1150(, 1(1 = 96 111~/(30/5 3110 1/1~ ~3111 011/1~
~0~~( ~0111(011~(, 1(2 = 150. (3) 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (31~0 10(()11~ 01 1/1~ 111010(. (/))
0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ ~, 10 0(1~~ 1/1~ 111010( 31 1/1~ (31~0 5~~~0. (~) 11
1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 15 )(~~1 1111~/1311~~0, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ 5~~~0 ~/1~11 1/1~ 111010( 0~-
~~10~5 1/1~ (31~0 10(()11~.
‫ﻣ‬
10-24. ~~~~31 ~(00. 10-23. (3) 11 1/1~ 1030 10(()11~ 15 111~(~35~0 0~ 20% 011/1~ (31~0 ~3111~,
0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ 111010( 5~~~0. (/)) 11 1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 15 (~011~~0 0~ 10%, 0~1~(-
t
111111~1/1~ 111010( 5~~~0. (~) 11 1/1~ 1030 10(()11~ 15 (~011~~0 0~ 15% 01 1/1~ (31~0 ~3111~
.ne
3110 1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~ 15 (~011~~0 0~ 20%, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ 111010( 5~~~0. (()) 11
1/1~(~ ~35 110 1~~003~)(, 35 111 311 0~~11-100~ ~0111(01, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ 5~~~0 (~~111311011
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
10( 3 (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~, ~,
= 1.24~. (~) 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ 5~~~0 (~~111311011 ~11/1 3
~105~0-100~ ~0111(01.
g
10-25. ~ 40-/1~ 230- ~ 3500-(~111 5~.1~5 ~)(~11~0 0~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 1111~3( ~011~~(1~(
rin
01 ~3111 1(2 = 200. 1/1~ 1110111~111 01 111~(11301 1/1~ 111010( 1030, 1 = 0.156 1-/.111/
(30/5, ~15~0115 1(1~11011 ~01151311115 11~~11~101~, 3(1113111(~ (~5151311~~, ~,,,
= 0.0450, 3110
3(1113111(~ 111011~1311~~, 1-,0 = 730 1111-1. 1/1~ 03~)( ~1111 ~011513111 15 1(, = 340 111~/~-
(30/5. 1/1~ 11~10 (~5151311~~, ~/ = 0.035
00131111/1~ 0~~11-100~
ee 0 3110 6~10 111011~1311~~, 1-( = 450 1111-1. (3)
1(31151~( 11111~11011(0(5)/~,(5) 3110 (0(5)/11.(5) 10( 1/1~ 111010(. (/))
~31~11131~ 1/1~ 111010( 51~30~-5131~ 5~~~0 11 1/1~ (~1~(~11~~ ~0113~~, ~, = 1 ~ 3110 1/1~
gin
1030 10(()11~ 15 60% 01 1/1~ (31~0 ~3111~.
10-26. ~~~~31 ~(00. 10-25 ~11/1 ~105~0-100~ ~0111(0111 1/1~ 3111~1111~31101101 5~~~0 5~1150(, 1(1
‫ﺔ‬ = 3 111~ /(30/5.
sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
338

1 1
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
111~ (0111.-01 01 0(
sy
En
111010.-5 .-~~111.-~5 ~.-0~10111~ 3 ~3.-1301~ 0( ~0113~~ ~111(11 (311 0~

0013111~0 1.-0111 0( (110~~~.-5 0.- (0111.-011~0 .-~(1111~.-5. 111~5~ ~0113~~ (0111.-011~.-5 3.-~
51111~1~ 3110 1~55 ~)(~~1151~~. 0( 111010.-5 3.-~ .-~1311~~1)1 ~)(~~1151~~ 3110 .-~~111.-~ 1110.-~
Ea
11131111~11311(~, 011~ 10 111~ 0.-11511~5 3110 (0111111111310.-5. 1-10~~~~.-, 0( 0.-1~~5 3.-~ 115~0
111 111(11)111101151.-131 3~~11(3110115.
111~ 3( 111010.-5 113~~ 3 11111110~.- 01 30~31113~~5~ 111~)1 3.-~ 11~111~~1~111 (20 10 40%
w.
11~111~.- 111311 ~~111~31~111 0( 111010.-5), 111~)(~~1151~~, 3110 0110~ 11131111~11311(~ (0111~3.-~0

10 0( 111010.-5. 111~)1.-~~111.-~ (0111.-01011.-~~11~11()1, ~0113~~, 3110 (11 ~11110.- ~3.-1301~-
‫ُﺭ‬
5~~~0 3~~11(3110115. 111~ ~0~~.- (011~~.-1~.-5, 111~~.-1~.-5 3110 3( ~0113~~ (0111.-011~.-5,
ww
(311 (0111.-01111~ 1.-~~11~11()1, ~0113~~, 3110/0.- (11 ~11110 111~~1111~ 0.-1~~ .-~~111.-~111~1115.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~5~ ~0~~.- (0111.-011~.-5, ~111(11 3.-~ .-~1311~~1)1 (0111~1~)( 3110 1110.-~ ~)(~~1151~~, .-~~111.-~
30~311(~0 1~~003(/( (0111.-01 1~(11111~11~5. 1-10~~~~.-, 111~ 30~31113~~5 01 3( 0.-1~~5
0111~~1~11111~ 01530~31113~~5. 111~.-~ 3.-~ 1~0 1)1~~5 01 3( 0.-1~~5~
1. 111011(11011 111010.- 0.-1~~5

2. 5)111(11.-0110115 111010.- 0.-1~~5
339

10(~~-~0(15~ 1001.1~1100 111010(5 (1(~ ~0111111001)11.15~0 10 (10)1.151(101~-5~~~0 0(1~~5 (100

10~)1 0(1~~ 10(~~-~0(15~ 51(110( (100 (010( ~10010~5. 10~ 51(110( ~10010~5 (1(~ 51.1~~11~0
~110 0(11(10~~0 10(~~-~0(15~ (1~ ~011(1~~, ~01~0 ~(001.1~~ 1001.1~~0 ~011(1~~5 10 10~ (010(
~10010~5 01.1~ 10 1((10510(111~( (1~1100. 11 15 ~055101~ 10 (1(((10~~ 10~ 0151(101.11100 01
51(110( ~10010~5 50 10(1110~(~ 15 (10 ~11~~1 011111.1111~1~ ~01~5, ~(001.1~10~ 5~~~((11 ~)1~1~5
01111(1~0~10111011~~ 10(~~ (1111111) (0( 11~10) (1(01.100 10~ (11( ~(1~. 1015 11~10 ~51(101150~5
‫ﻣ‬
(1 5~(111(111)1 0151(101.11~0 5101.15010(11111.1)( 0~0511)110 10~ (11( ~(1~. 10~ 5~~~0 01 (01(11100
0110~ 11~10 15 ~(111~0 10~ 5)111~1110110/15 5~€€0-, ~01~0 15 0~110~0 0)1
et
20)
0)
5 =- (11-1)
~
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~0~(~ ~ 15 10~ 01.11110~( 01 ~01~5 (100 0) 15 10~ 51.1~~1)11(~()1.1~0~)1 10 ((10/5.
11 (1 51(110( ~0(15~ ~011(1~~, 115 = ~ 115510 0)(, ~(001.1~~5 (1 111.1)(110/((1~~ (10 10~
(010() ~1~~0 0)1
n
~(() = ~111~05 (0)111(+ 0 -
0)5() (11-2)
10~ 1001.1~~0 ~011(1~~ ~~(

e ~0(15~
0-~ 0-
10 10~ (010(
eri ~10010~ 15
0 - 0)51))
€~ = 1-/~
~ = 1-/~0-( (~111~05 (0)111(+
gin
-1-/~~111( 0)5 - 0)111) 510 ((0)5 - 0)111)( - 0)

(11-3)
‫ﺔ‬ 5)((
En
- 5~111 510 (50)5(
- 5 ~ ~~ 510 (50)5(
- 0)
))(.
0)
))(,-
8.
sy
+ ,~- ~. +
~,-
Ea
~. ~.
5~, 8,- 8-
~1~.
-1. ~5
w.
(8) 8010~ 0~~0(,8~1 (0) 51810~ 8/1~ ~010~0~~0(,8~1

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
,, ))(. ))(,
+ 8.
))(,,,
1
1/.
~.- ~1
8,,,
(0) ~~(,8~1/8~8/110/~0(,8~1
...1~11..~ 11-1 0(~1111 0100~1 01111011~11011 01010(5.
340

~11~(~ 1-/~ = 011111.~~( 01111(05 00 ~3~11 (010(

‫~ ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬1135~
0)/11 =30~1113( 5~~~0 01111~ (010(
/) = (~1311~~ ~0511100 01111~ (010(
~~ = (111.5 ~3111~ 01111~ (010( 10011~~0 ~0113~~
5 = (11-4)
‫ﻣ‬
111~ ~()111~31~01 ~1(~111110( 00~ ~1135~ 01111~ (010( 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 11-13, ~11~(~ ~~
15 111~ (~515130~~ ~~( ~1135~ 01111~ (010( ~10010~5, %~ 15 111~ 1~3/(3~~ (~3~130~~ ~~(
~1135~ 01111~ (010( 31 111~ 511~~1~ 1(~()11~0~~, 300 ~~ (~~(~5~015 111~ 10011~~0 ~1135~
t
~0113~~ ~11~0 111~ 5~~~0 15 2~(0 (0( 5 = 1). 111~ (010( ~11((~0115~1~~0 ~~
5~~
1~ = (11-5)
~~ + 15%~
ng
~~
~~/5 + 1%~
~11~(~ ~~ 300 %~ 3(~ (~1~((~0 10 111~ (010(
eri ~10010~.
111~ ~~( ~1135~ ~1(~1111111.00~10110011~1100111.010(515 5110~010 ~1~. 11-1~, ~11~(~
~5 300 %5 3(~ 111~ ~~( ~1135~ (~515130~~ 300 1~3/(3~~ (~3~130~~ 01111~ 51310( ~10010~.
ine
111~ ~0111.~1~1~ ~1(~1111111.00~1 ~1111 311 ~3(3111.~1~(5 (~1~((~0 10 111~ 51310( 15 5110~0 10
~1~. 11-1~, ~11~(~ ~/11 (~~(~5~015 111~ (~515130~~ 10( ~)(~1131100 (0( ~0(~) 1055 300 %/11
‫ﺔ‬
15 111~ 111.3~0~11210~ (~3~130~~.
~000~~1~0
111~(~ ~111 ~~ 51310( ~0(~ 1055, ~11~0 111~ 511~~1~ 15
g
300 111~ (010( ~0(~ 1055 0~~~005 00 111~ 511~. 111~ 1(1~1100 300 ~1003~~
1055, ~00 10301,~)(1515 ~11~0 111~ 111.3~1110~(0131~5.
35 3 ~3(1 01 (013110031 1055, ~ 00
sy
En
111~ ~0(~ 1055, ~0 111.3~~~ 10~1110~0

10301.
111~ (010( ~11((~01, 1~, 300 51310( ~11((~01, 15, ~30 ~~ 101100 1(0111. 111~ ~1(~1111 111.00~1
Ea
10 ~1~. 11-1~ ~11~(~ ~~ 300 %~ 3(~ (~1~((~0 10 111~ 51310( ~10010~5. 00~~ 111~ ~3111~5
011~ 300 15 3(~ /(00~0, 111~ ~~(10(111.30~~ ~3(3111.~1~(5 01111~ 111.010( ~30 ~~ 0~1~(111.10~0
35 10110~5~
w.
51310( ~0~~~( 1055,

‫ُﺭ‬
(11-6)
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(11-7)
(11-8)
58~. 11-2 341

( 11-9)
_ ~~
~0 = ~8 - ~~,, -
2
31 ~ - (1 - 5) (11-10)
5
‫ﻣ‬
(11-11)
t
.ne
(11-12)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~ 8( 1 - 5) ~((),
ng
= (11-123 )
((),(1 5)
-
eri = ~~- + ~511+ ~8

(11-13)
(11-133)
ine
~11~(~ 85 15 111~311~1~0~1~~~111, 3110 ~5. 001~01 ~0~~(,
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
g
11=-=
~0
~/ ~(,
~~/ - ~00
+ ~5,, + ~8
1030
(11-14)
11 ~8 ~~ (~0 + ~5,,) 3110 ~0 ~~ ~00 1030, 111~ ~111~1~11~~ 0~~0111~5
~(/ __ _
~8(1 - 5) _ _
Ea
1 ~0
..,.., ~
.,- (11-143)
~8 ~8
111~ .,,310~ 01 )(/11 15 110(111311~ 13(~~ 3110 ~01, ~111~1115 1110~1113(~~(, ~311 0~ (~1110.,,~0
w.
1(0111 111~ ~1(~011 11100~110 51111~111~111~ ~31~013110115. 11 )(~1 ~~ (~~ + )(~), 111~11
~, = ~ /11, 3110 111~ 1113~11~11~111~(~3~1311~~ )(/11 1113~ 0~ 1110.,,~0 10 111~ 51310( ~1110111~
‫ُﺭ‬
10 51111~111~10(111~(~ 1111515 5110~11 111~1~. 11-2.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
...1~0..~ 11-2 ~()()(0)(1/1131~ ()~(-()/135~

~~01,,31~(11 ()((011.
342

‫ﻣ‬
-1
e t
10~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
10~111 1111~~030~~ 0110~
~./ = -
~, + ~)8
ee
rin
111010(,
%,,,(%5 + %~) + /%,,,(~, + ~)8)

+ /(%,,, + %5 + %~)
g.n
(11-15)
gin
300 10~ ~0~~( 13~10( 30~1~ 0110~ 111010(,
‫ﺔ‬ 6~,
_
- 10 -
En
,
130
~(0111 ~1~. (11-2), 10~ (010( ~11((~01,

~ 1 ~5
%,+
+ ~~/8
%~
+ 130-1
%,,, +
~ ,.+
%5 +
~ ~8/
%~
(11-16)
asy
1-7,
1~ = (11-17)
((~5 + ~~/8)2 + (%5 + %~)2)1/2
511/)511111110~
8(). (11-17) 10 8()5. (11-9) 300 (11-123) )11~105
.E
3~~1-7~
1,) = (11-18)
80), (( ~, + ~)8 )2 + ( %5 + %~) 2)
w
11 10~ 111010( 15 511~~11~0 1(0111 3 11)(~0 ~0113~~ 31 3 ~0051301 1(~()11~0~)1, 10~

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
0~~~10~~0 10(()11~ 15 3 1110~1100 0110~ 511~ 300 10~ 10(()11~-5~~~0 ~03(3~1~(1511~5 ~30
‫ﺷﺩ‬
/)~ 0~1~(11110~0 1(0111 8(). (11-18). ,4. 1)1~1~31 ~101 01 0~~~10~~0 10(()11~ 35 3 1110~1100
01511~ 0( 5~~~0 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 11-3. 10~(~ 3(~ 10(~~ (~~1005 010~~(31100~ (1)
111010(111~ 0( ~0~~(10~, 0 ~ 8 ~ 1~ (2) (~~~0~(31100, 8 ~ 0~ 300 (3) ~111~~111~, 1 ~
8 ~ 2. 10 111010(10~, 10~ 111010( (0131~5 10 10~ 53111~ 01(~~1100 35 10~ 11~10~ 300 35
10~ 511~ 10~(~35~5, 10~ 10(()11~ 3150 10~(~35~5 ~011~ 10~ 31(-~3~ 1111)((~11131115~0051301.
00~~ 10~ 10(()11~ (~3~0~5 115 1113)(111111111~3111~, 1,,, 31 8 = 8/~,, 10~ 10(()11~ 0~~(~35~5,
~110 10~ 10~(~35~ 10 511~ 011~ 10 (~011~1100 0110~ 31(-~3~ 1111)(.
$8~. 11-2 343

111 (~~~11~(116.011, 111~ 8~~~0 18 ~(~111~( 1111111111~ 8)111~11(01101.18 8~~~0, ~1111 0),,,
11110 0). 0~111~ 111 111~ 811(11~ 01(~~11011, 11110 111~ 811~ 18 11~~1111~~. 111~(~10(~, ~~/$ 18
11~~116.~~. 11118 (11~11118 111111~0~~( 18 0~111~ 1~0 011~~ 1(0(11 111~ 8111111 11110 111~ (010(
~1(~1.111 3110 111~ (11010( 0~~(31~8 38 3 ~~11~(310(. 111~ (11010( (~11.1(118 ~0~~( 10 111~
81.1~~1)1 8)181~(11. 111~ 10(~1.1~-8~~~0 ~113(3~1~(186.~ 18 81(11113( 10 11131 01 (11010(111~, 01.11
1111~111~ 11~~1111~~ ~1111.1~ 0110(~1.1~.
111 ~11.1~~111~, 111~ 8~~~0 18 0~~0811~ 10 111~ 01(~~6.011 01111~ 11~10 3110 111~ 811~ 18
~(~111~( 11111111.11111)1. 11118 (113)1 113~~~11 11 111~ 8~~1.1~11~~ 01 111~ 81.1~~1_ 801.1(~~ 18
‫ﻣ‬
(~~~(8~0, ~1111~ (11010(111~, 80 111111111~ 01(~~11011 01111~ 11~10 18 11180 (~~~(8~0. 111~
0~~~10~~0 10(~1.1~, ~111~1118 111 111~ 83(11~ 01(~~6.011 118 111~ 11~10, 0~~08~8 111~ (11011011
3110 3~18 38 0(11~111~ 10(~1.1~. 5111~~ $ ~ 1, 111~ (11010( ~1.1((~1118 ~111 0~ 111~11, 01.11111~
t
0~~~10~~0 10(~1.1~ ~111 0~ 10~. 111~ ~11~(~)101.1~ 10 ~11.1~~111~ 0(3~~ (111.1810~ 01881~31~0
.ne
~1111111 111~ (11010( 3110 11118 (1111)1~31.18~ ~)(~~881~~ 11~36.11~ 01111~ (11010(. 11118 1)1~~ 01
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
0(3~111~ 18 1101 110((11311)1 (~~0(11(11~110~0.
~1 813(6.11~, 111~ (113~11111~ 8~~~0 18 0),,, = 0 3110 $ = 1. 111~ 813(111~ 10(~1.1~
ng
~1111 0~ 101.1110 1(0(11 .8~. (11-18) 0)1 8~16.11~ $ = 1 118
3~~~~
1 (11-19)
· = 0).((~.
111~ 811~ 10( (113)(1(111.1(1110(~1.1~,
eri
$,,,,
+ ~~)2 + (%. + %~)2)
~311 0~ 0~1~((11111~0 0)1 8~11111~ 01(//0$ = 0 3110
ine
.8~. (11-18) )11~108
$,,, = ~ (11-20)
(~~ + (%~~+ %~)2)1/2
‫ﺔ‬ En
g
51.1086.11.16.11~ $ = $,,, 111 .8~. (11-18) ~1~~8 111~ (113)(1(111.1(11 0~~~10~~0

(11010(111~, ~111~1118 3180 ~1111~0 17/1//-0/1( (0,.()/1~ 0( /),.~(//(00~11 (0,.()/1~,
3~2
10(~1.1~ 01.1(111~
1,,,,,, =
2 0).(~ . + ~~2. . + .+ (% % ~ )2)
(11-21)
sy
11110 111~ (113)(1(111.1(11(~~~11~(1111~~ 10(~1.1~ ~1111 0~ 101.1110 1(0(11 .8~. (11-18) 0)1 1~16.11~
Ea
3~.12
1,,,~ = (11-22)
w.
20).( _~. + ~~~.+ (%. + %~)2)

11 ~. 18 ~011810~(~0 8(11311 ~0(11~3(~0 10 0111~( ~1(~1.1111(11~~01111~~8, ~111~1118 1.181.1(11)13
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~3110 3~~(0)(1(11116.011 10( (11010(8 01 (110(~ 1111111 1 ~~ (31111~, 111~ ~0((~8~0110111~

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~)(~(~8810118 0~~0(11~
3~~~~
1(/ = (11-23)
$0).((~~/$)2 + (%. + %~)2)
3~~~~
1. = (11-24)
0). (~~2 + (%. + %~) 2)
(11-25)
344

3~~
1/11/11 = -1/11~ = (11-26)
2(05 ( %5 + %~ )
~0(111~11210~ ~().8. (11-23) ~00 (11-24) ~110 (~8~~~110 ~().. (11-26) ~1~~8
1,) _ 2~~(%5 + %~) -

(11-27)
1/11/11 5((~/~)2 + (%5 + %~)2)
15 2~~(%5+ %~) _ ~
‫ﻣ‬
- (11-28)
1/11/11 ~~ + (%5 + %~)2 5~ + 1
11 5 ~ 1, 52 ~~ 5~ ~00 ~().. (11-27) ~~0 0~ ~~~(0)(1111~1~0 10
e t
1,) 25 2((05 - (0/11)
= = (11-29)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
11 ~~0 0~ 0011~~0 1(0111 ~().8. (11-29)
8111~11811~, 10~ 0~~~10~~0
~110 10(().1.1~. 111~ 8~~~0
ee
10(().1.1~ 18 ~(0~0(1100~1
rin
g.n
~00 (11-30) 10~1 11111~ 111010( 0~~(~1~8 ~110
10 811~ ~00 10~ 8~~~0 0~~(~~8~8
~00 10(().1.1~ 011001.1~1100 111010(8 ~~0 0~ ~~(1~0 0~ 00~ 01
(11-30)
gin
10~ 10110~10~ 111~~08~
‫ﺔ‬ 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
51~10( ~011~~~
~010( ~011~~~ ~001(01

~(~().1.1~0~~ ~001(01
En
~001(01
51~10( ~011~~~ ~00 1(~().1.1~0~~ ~001(01

51~10( ~1.1((~01 ~001(01
sy
6. ~011~~~, ~1.1((~01, ~00 1(~().1.1~0~~ ~001(01
10 111~~1111~ 10(().1.1~-8~~~0 01.11~~~~1~ 01 ~ 0(1~~, 10~ ~011~~~, ~1.1((~01 ~00 1(~().1.1~0~~

Ea
~001(01 ~(~ 00(111~11~ 1.18~0.
~)(3111())~ 11-1
w.
~ 111(~~-~1135~ 460- ~ 60-1-12 101.1(-~01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 11101.1~11011111010( 1135 111~ 10110.,.,111~

~~1.11,,,31~111-~1(~1.111~3(3111~1~(5~ 8., = 0.42 .0, 8.,
= 0.23 .0, %, = %, = 0.82 .0, 3110
‫ُﺭ‬
%,,, = 22.0. 111~ 110-1030 1055, .,.,111~1118 ~00 10.~ = 60~, 1113)10~ 3851.1111~0~011513111.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ (010( 5~~~0 15 1750 (~111. 05~ 111~ 3~~(0)(111131~ ~~1.11,,,31~111~1(~1.111111~1~. 11-2 10
0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 8)111~11(01101.155~~~0, (0, ~ (0) 811~, -5~ (~) 111~1.11~1.1((~111, /.~ (0) 111~1.11
~0.,.,~(, ~.~ (~) 111~1.11~0.,.,~( 13~10( 01111~ 51.1~~1)1, ~~,~ (1)
~3~ ~0.,.,~(, ~8~ (~) (010(
~0~~~( 1055, ~,~~ (11) 81310( ~0~~~( 1055, ~5~~ (1) 0~,,,~10~~0 10(~1.1~, 1,/, ()) ~111~1~11~)1~
()() 513(1111~ ~1.1((~111, /,,, 3110 513(1111~ 10(~1.1~, 15~ (1) 511~ 10( 1113)(11111.1111
10(~1.1~, -5,,,~ (111)
1113)(11111.1111
0~,,,~10~~0 10(~1.1~ 111111010(111~, 1 ,,,,,,~ (11) 1113)(11111.1111
(~~~11~(311,,,~ 0~,,,~10~~0
10(~1.1~, 1,,,,~ 3110 (0) 1,,,,,, 3110 1,,,,11 8.,18 11~~1~~1~0.
80)01100 / = 60 1-12, ~ = 4, 8., = 0.42 .0, 8., = 0.23 .0, %, = %, = 0.82 .0, %,,,
=
$8~. ,,-2 345

22 0, 3110 ,., = 1750 ~11111. 111~ 111138~,,,0113~~ 18 11, = 460/~3 265.58 ~,
(.0 = 270 )( 60 = 377 ~30/8, 3110(.0,,,= 1750 70/30 = 183.26 ~30/8.
(3) ~~0111 ~().. (11-1), (.0, = 2(.0/~ = 2 )( 377/4 = 188.5 ~30/8.
(0) ~~0111~().. (11-4),5 = (188.5 - 183.26)/188.5 = 0.028.
(~) ~~0111~().. (11-15),
7,., = - 22(0.82 + 0.82) + 122(0.42 + 0.23/0.028) = 7. 732 ~ 30 90

0.42 + 0.23/0.028 + 1(22 + 0.82 + 0.82)
11, 265.58
1, =_ 2, = 7.732 /. -3090= 3435
. / -30 .90 ~
‫ﻣ‬
(0) 111~ 110~~~ 13~10~ 01111~ 111010~18
et
~~,,, = ~08 (-30.90) = 0.858 (13~~111~)
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~~0111 ~().. (11-13),
~, = 3 )( 265.58 )(
34.35
)(
0.858 = 23 482 ~
(~) 111~ 110~~~ 13~10~ 01111~ 11111018(11111)118~~, = ~~,,, = 0.858 (13~~111~)~111~11
n
18 111~83111~38 111~111010~110~~~ 13~10~, ~~,,,, 0~~308~ 111~8(11111)11881110801031.
(1) ~~0111 ~().. (11-17), 111~~010~ ~0~~~11118
1, =
e
((0.42 + 0.23/0.028)2
eri
265.58
+ (0.82 + 0.82)2)1/2 = 30. 1 ~
~~0111 ~().. (11-9),

gin
)( 30.12 )(
3 0.23
=
‫ﺔ‬ En
~8
0.028
(~) ~~0111 ~().. (11-7), ~,./ = 3 )( 30.12 )( 0.23 = 625~.
(11) 111~ 81310~ ~01111~~1088, ~,,/ = 3 )( 30.12 )( 0.42 = 1142~.
(1) ~~0111 ~().. (11-123), 1.1 = 22,327/188.5 = 118.4 ~.111.
()) ~() = ~8 - ~,~ - ~00 (030 = 22,327 - 625 - 60
= 22,327 ~
= 21 ,642 ~.
sy
(/() ~0~ 5
= 1, ~().. (11-17) ~1,,,~8111~813~1111~~010~ ~0~~~111,
265.58
Ea
1,, =
((0.42 + 0.23)2 + (0.82 + 0.82)2)1/2 = 150.5 ~
~~0111 ~().. (11-19),

w.
)( )(
3 0.23 150.52
1, = = 82.9 ~.111
188.5
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
(1) ~~0111 ~().. (11-20), 111~8111110~1113)(11110111

10~().0~ (0~ 110~~~),
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0.23
5,,, = +- (0.422 + (0.82 + 0.82)2)1/2= +
-
0.1359
(111)~~0111 ~().. (11-21), 111~1113)(11110111

0~,,,~1011~0 10~().0~,
)( 265.582
3
1 ,,,,,, = 2)(
188.5(0.42 + ~0.422 + (0.82 + 0.82)2)
= 265.64 ~.111
346

(11) ~(0111 6().. (11-22), 10~ (113)(111111111
(~/5~11~(311~~ 10(().11~ 15
)(
3 265.582
1 ,,,~ =- )( 188.5(
2 - 0.42 + ~0.422 + (0.82 + 0.82)2)
= 440.94~.111
(0) ~(0111 6().. (11-25),
0.23
+
- 0.82 + 0.82 ~0.1402
‫ﻣ‬
~(0111 6().. (11-26),
)(
3 265.582
7,71111= - 1,,,~ = 2 )(
188.5(0.82 + 0.82) = 342.2 ~.111
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
~()1.1(111011 (11-18) 11101((11~5 10(1110~ 10(()1.1~ 15 11(0110(11011(1110 10~ 5()1.1(1(~ 0110~ 51(110(
51.111111~~011(1~~ (1110 (1 (~01.1(11011 111 51(110( ~011(1~~ ~11111(001.1(~ (1 (~01.1(11011 111 511~~0.
rin
1110~ 1~((11111(11 ~011(1~~ 15 (~01.1(~0 10 6 ~5, ~(). (11-18) ~1~~5 10~ 0~~~1011~0 10(()1.1~
_ 3~~(6~5)2
1 ,) -
50)5((~5 + ~~/5)2 + (%5 + %~)2)
ee
~0~(~ 6 ~ 1.
~1~1.1(~ 11-4 500~5 10~ 1~111((11 10(()1.1~-511~~0 (0(1((1(1~(1511(5 10( ~(1(101.15 ~(111.1~5
gin
01 6. 10~ 11011115 011111~(5~(11011 ~110 10~ 10(10 1111~ 0~1111~ 10~ 51(101~ 011~((11111~
0(
‫ﺔ‬
11011115.
1(~()1.1~11(~,
111 (111~ (11(1~11~11( (1((1.111,
(1110 10~
10~ 11101.1(~0 ~011(1~~
((115 (11(-~(111111.1)( ((111 0~ ~)(11(~55~0
sy
En
(1 ~= 6~5 1(,,,0)~
15 11(0110(11011(11
(15
10 111.1)( (1110
~~(1 611.5
(11-31)
~,,,0) ~,,,0)
Ea
,0~~0€
1.0 0= 1
w.
- ---
0.8
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
0.6
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0.4
0.2
8()€€0.(,),,,
0 (,)5
0
0 0.2 0.4 8~~().5
0.6 0.8
111~0~~ 11-4 10~()11~-5))~~0 ~03~3~1~~1511~5 ~110.,,3~1301~ 51310~ .,,0113~~.
58~. 11-2 ~1101.1~1~011 ~010~ 0~~.,85 347

~11~(~ 1(,,, 15 (1 ~0051(101 (10~ ~~11~0~5 00 111~ 011(00~( 01111(05
01111~ 51(110( ~10~10~.
(1(~ (1150 (~~11~~~.
~5 111~ 51(110( 011(1~~ 15 (~~11~~~, 111~ (11(-~(111 511)( (10~ 111~ 10(~11~
011(1~~, 111~ ~11((~01 ~111 0~ 11~(1~10~
(11 (1 51111 0150 111~ ((10~~ 01 = ~.
~1 (1 10~~( (0010(,
(0(1)(1(011(0 10(~11~, 5,,,. ~0( (1 10~-51111
511~~~ ~001(01 ~~11~0~5 00 111~ 5111110(
~()1 0(1((0~. 11115 1)111~ 01 011(1~~ ~001(0115 001 51111(101~ 10( (1
111~ 511~~~ ((10~~ 15
00((0(111)1 (1111111~~ 10 (1111111~(111005 (~~111(10~ 10~ 51(1(110~
~0051(101-10(~11~ 10(1~ (111~ 15
(11 (1 (~1(111 ~1)110~ 51111.
10(~11~ (10~ (1 0(1((0~ ((10~~ 01 511~~~
(1(1~~ 0)1111(~~-1111(15~ (1) (1~ 011(1~~ ~001(011~(5,
111~ 51(110( 011(1~~ ~(10 0~
~(, ~11~
~(1~(5, 0( (3) ~~~ 10 ~(1~(5. 110~~
‫ﻣ‬
(2) 011(1~~-1~~ (1(1(101~ ~~ 110~ 10
(1(~ 00((0(111)1115~~
10 11(011~~ 511~~~ ((10~~ (~~111(~(0~1115, 111~ (1~ 011(1~~ ~001(011~(5
(1(~ ~()1 51(0111~. 110~-
10 11(0 1~~ 111~ 011(1~~ ~001(01. 111~ (1~ 011(1~~ ~001(011~(5
et
(1(~ 111~11 (10~ 111~ 1011111110~~( 1(1~10( 01111~ ~001(011~(5
~ ~(, 111~ 11(1((0001~ ~001~015
(0(1101)110 10~ 110~~( (1111111~(111005, 511~11 (15 1(105, 010~~(5,
15 10~. 111~)1 (1(~ 115~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(10~ ~~01(1111~(111111(0115, ~11~(~ 111~ 51(1(110~ 10(~11~ 15 10~. 111~)1 (1(~ (1150 115~~ 10(
(0010(5 10 11(011111~ 10-(11511 ~11((~01.
51(1(110~ 111~11-110~~( 10~11~1100
~1(3111()1~ 11-2
rin
~_~01111~~1~011101.1~11011111010~ 11(15111~ 10110~111~
/1.. 111~~~-1111(15~460-~ 60-1-1~ 101.1~-1101~
= 1.30,)(, = 1.940, (1110)(,,, = 43.5
11(1~(1111~1~~5~~5 = 1.01 0, ~, = 0.690,)(5
0. 111~ 110-10(10 1055, 11001030, 15 11~~11~101~. 111~ 10(10 10~().1.1~, ~111~1115 11~0110~11011(11
ee
10111~ 511~~0 5().1.1(1~~0,15 41 ~.111 (111740 ~11111. 11111~ 111010~ 511~~015 1550 ~11111,0(0)
~1~~111111~
111010~
111~ ((1) 10(10 10~().1.1~, 1(.~ (0) ~010~ ~1.1~~~111,1,~ (~) 51(110~ 51.111111~
~011(1~~, ~0~
111(1)(11111.1111~1.1~~~111, 50~ (~)
(~) 111010~ 111111.11110~~~, 11,~ (1) 5111110~
gin
111111.11~1.1~~~111, 1,~ ()),,~ (1110 (1) 10~().1.1~
(11) 511~~0 (11111(1)(11111.1111 ~010~ ~1.1~~~111,
111(1)(11111.1111 ~010~ ~1.1~~~111, 1,(,,,3.)~
‫ﺔ‬ (11 111~ 111(1)(11111.1111 ~1.1~~~111,
8011.11100 ~ = 4, / = 601-1~, ~5 = 460/0

)(5 = 1.30,)(,
377
)( 2/4
=
sy
En
= 1.940, (1110)(,,,=
188.5 ~(10/5.
1,,.
43.50, ()) = 2,,.

= 265.58~,
)(
5111~~ 10~().1.1~15 11~0110~11011(1110 511~~0 5().1.1(1~~0,

~5 = 1.01 0, ~, = 0.690,
()),
60 = 377 ~(10/5,(1110 =
(11-32)
1(,,, = 41/
/1..1()),,, = 1740,,./30 41 ~.111 (1110~().. (11-32) ~1~105
= 182.2 ~(10/5, 1(. =
)( 10-3 (1110()),,, 1550,,./30 162.3 ~(10/5. ~~0111 ~().. (11-4),5 =
Ea
182.22 = 1.235 = =
(188.5 - 162.3)/188.500 = 0.139.
)( 10-3 )( 162.32 = 32.5 ~.111.
((1) ~~0111 ~().. (11-32), 1(. = 1.235
w.
(0) ~~0111 ~().5. (11-10) (1110 (11-32),
(11-33)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1/2
1, =
(
51(.()),,,
3~, (1 - 5) ) )(
.
1/0
(11-34)
)( 162.3
( 0.139
3 )(
32.5
0.69 (1 - 0.139) ) = 20.28 /1..
348

(~) 111~ 51310~ 511~~1~ ~0113~~,
2
~1/2
~. = 1.( (~. + ~.) + (%. + %.)2
(11-35)
2 11/2
0.69
= 20.28 (( 1.01 + 0.139 ) + (1.3 + 1.94)2~ = 139.34
(0) ~~01118~. (11-15),

-43.5(1.3 + 1.94) + 143.5(1.01 + 0.69/0.139)
7../ = . ~ 35740
= 628
1.01 + 0.69/0.139 + 1(43.5 + 1.3 + 1.94)
‫ﻣ‬
~. 139.34 0 0
1, = / -35.74 = 22.2 / -35.74 .4..
7.., = 628
et
(~) ~~,,, = ~05 (-35.740) = 0.812 (13~~111~). ~~0111 8~. (11-13),
11, = 3 )( 139.34 )( 22.2 )( 0.812 = 7535.4 ~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(1) 511/)5111111111~
00,,, = 00. (1 - 5) 3110 1~ = /(,,,~ 1118~. (11-34) ~1~105
51~00,,, 11/2 _ ) 5/(,,,00. 1/2

1~ = = (1 ( )
rin
5 00. (11-36)
( 3~.(1 - 5)~ 3~~
111~ 511~ 31 ~111~11 1~ /)~~0111~5 (113)(111111111

~(111 /)~ 0/)13111~0 /)~ 5~11111~ ()1~/ ()5 = 0, 3110
11115~1~105 ee (11-37)
gin
‫ﺔ‬ (11) 111~ 5~~~0
sy
En
31 111~ (113)(111111111 ~11~~~111,

188.5
)
1/2
= 24.3 .4..
(11-38)
00. = 005(1 - 5.) = (2/3)005 = 0.6667005 (11-39)

)(
= 188.5 2/3 = 125.27 ~30/5 0~ 1200 ~~111
Ea
(1) ~~0111 8~5. (11-9), (11-123), 3110 (11-36),

w.
(11-40)
0.69
‫ُﺭ‬
)(
24.32 )(
ww
= 9 188.5 = 19.45 ~.111

‫ﺷﺩ‬
111 3 ~0000-(010( 111010(, 30 ~)(1~(031111(~~-~1135~ (~51510( 1113)11)~ ~000~~1~0 10 115

511~ (10~5 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 11-53. 111~ 0~~~10()~0 10~~0~ 1113)11)~ ~3(1~0 1))1~3()110~
111~ (~515130~~, ~.(. 1~~.( 15 (~~~((~0 10 111~ 51310( ~10010~ 300 300~0 10 ~0 8~.
58~. 11-2 349

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
(11-18) 111(1~ 0~ (1~~11~0 10 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 0~~~10~~0 10(()1.1~. 111~ 1~~1~(1110(()1.1~-
5~~~0 ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 10( ~(1(1(1110115 111 (010( (~5151(111~~ (1(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-50.
11115 111~11100 111~(~(15~5111~ 51(1(1111~ 10(()1.1~ ~1111~ 1111111111~111~ 51(1(1111~ ~1.1((~111. 1-10~-
rin
~~~(, 11115 15 (111 111~111~1~111 111~11100 (1110 111~(~ ~01.110 0~ 1.1110(11(111~~5 111 ~011(1~~5 (1110
~1.1((~1115 11111~ (~5151(111~~5 111 111~ (010( ~1(~1.111 (1(~ 1101 ~()1.1(11.
111~ 111(~~-~11(15~ (~51510( 111(1~ 0~ (~~1(1~~0 0~ (1 111(~~-~11(15~ 0100~ (~~1111~( (1110
(1 ~110~~~( (15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-6(1,
ee ~11~(~ 111~ 010 0~~((11~5 (15 (1 ~110~~~( 5~11~11.
111~ 11101.1~10(, ~,,, (1~15 (15 (1 ~1.1((~111 501.1(~~, /,,, (1110 111~ ~110~~~( ~(1(1~5 111~ ~11~~11~~
gin
(~5151(111~~, ~111~11 ~(111 0~ 101.1110 1(0111 ~(). (10-45) ~
= ~(1 /() (11-41)

‫ﺔ‬
~11~(~ /( 15 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 01111~
111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~.
111~ 511~ ~0~~(
111~ ~110~~~(
En
111 111~ (010(

(1110 (~5151(111~~,
sy
~,
~~
~110~~~(.
-
111~ 5~~~0 ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0
~1(~1.111111(1~ 0~ (~11.1(11~0 10 111~ 51.1~~1~ 0~ (~~1(1~111~

~1111 (1 111(~~-~11(15~ 11.111~011~~(1~( (15 5110~11 111 ~1~.
0~ ~(1(~111~
11-60. 111~ ~011~~(1~( 15 0~~((11~0 111 111~ 111~~(51011 11100~ ~1111 0~1(1~ ((111~~ 01 -../2
~ (1 ~ -.., 111~(~0~ (~11.1(11111~ ~11~(~~ 10 111~ 501.1(~~. 111~ ~(1(1(111011 01111~ 0~1(1~ (111~1~
Ea
~~(111115 ~0~~( 110~ (1110 5~~~0 ~0111(01. 11115 1~~~ 01 0(1~~ 15 /(110~11 (15 (1 5((1(1~
/(,(1111€, 0(1~~. ~~(1111, 0~ (~~1(1~111~ 111~ 0(10~~ (~~1111~(5 0~ 111(~~ 111(~~-~11(15~ 01.1(11
~011~~(1~(5 (0( ~~~10~011~~(1~(5) (15 5110~11111 ~1~. 11-6~, 111~ 511~ ~0~~( 110~ 111 ~1111~(
w.
01(~~11011 15 ~055101~ (1110 11115 (1(((111~~111~111 15 ~(111~0 (1 5((1(1~ 5~/1€,01/15 0(1~~. 111~
51(111~ 1(((1111~( (1110 5~11~(011.15 0(1~~5 (1(~ 1.15~0 111 1(1(~~ ~0~~( ~1.1111~ (1110 010~~(
‫ُﺭ‬
(1~~11~(1110115 ~11~(~ 1111111~0 ((111~~ 01 5~~~0 ~0111(0115 (~()1.11(~0. 5111~~ 111~ 111010( 15
ww
~01111~~1~0 01(~~11~ 10 111~ 501.1(~~, 111~ ~0~~( 1(1~10( 01111~5~ 0(1~~5 15 ~~11~((111~ 111~11.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~,.3(11()1~ 11-3
~ 111(~~-~11(15~ 460- ~ 60-1-12 51)(-~01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 ~01.1110-(010( 11101.1~11011(11010( ~1105~

5~~~0 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ 511~ ~0~~( (15 5110~11111 ~1~. 11-6(111(15 111~ 10110~111~ ~(1((1111~1~(5~
/( = 0.041 0, ~~ = 0.044 0, ~5 = 0.29 0, ~~ = 0.440, (1110 ~,,, = 6.1 0. 111~
11.1(115((1110 01111~ (010( 10 51(110( ~1110111~5 15 11~~.= /-/)/-/, = 0.9. 111~ 11101.1~1(111~~~,)
15 ..,~(~ 1(1(~~ (1110 /15 ~1.1((~111 /.1 11(1511~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 111~ ..,(111.1~501 ~5, ~,, %,, (1110
~~ 10( 111~ ~().1.11..,(11~111
~1(~1.111111~1~. 11-2 ~(1110~ ~011510~(~0 11~~11~101~ ~0111~(1(~0 10 111~
~11~~11..,~ 1111~~0(111~~ 01 ~,). 111~ 110-10(10 1055 01111~ (11010( 15 11~~11~101~. 111~ 1055~5
111111~ (~~1111~(, 11101.1~10( ~,) (1110 111~ 010 ~110~~~( (1(~ (1150 11~~11~101~.
350

-~0
+ 1...0 +
(3,-0
1,/0 8 1,/00
‫ﻣ‬
t
+ +
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
8~~~ ~0~8~ (0~0~~8~(~008.~)

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~) 8(8.(~~ 8~~8~0,~5 0~~__8
111~ 1030 10(().11~, ~111~1115 ~(0~0(60113110 5~~~0 5().113(~0, 15 750 ~.111 31 1175
(~111. (3) 11111~ 111010( 1135 10 0~~(31~ ~1111 3 111111111111111
5~~~0 01 800 (~111, 0~1~(111111~
111~ (~5151311~~,~. ~111111115 ,,,3111~ 01 ~, 11111~ 0~51(~0 5~~~0 15 1050 (~111, ~31~11131~
111~ (0) 111011~10( ~11((~111, 1,)~ (~) (111)1 ~)1~1~ 01111~ ~110~~~(, /(~ (0) 0~ ,,,0113/2,~, ~,)~ (~)
~111~1~11~)1~3110 (1) 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 01111~ 0(1,,,~, 1-~5.
58~. 11-2 351

)(
8010~100 ~0 = 460/~3 = 265.58 ~, 11 = 6, 0) = 2 70 60 = 377 (((0/5, ((110 0)5 =
)(
2 377/6 = 125.66 (((0/5. 10.~ ~((111~((1~11~~1(~111~ 01 ~0.~ 0(1~~ 15 50.0~11 111 ~1~. 11-
7((, ~0.1~0. 15 (~011~~0 ~0 ~1~. 11-70 ~(0~10~0 ~0.~ 1110~0( ~(((((111~~~(5 (((~ 11~~1~~~~0.
~(0111 ~((. (11-41), ~0.~ 0~ ~01~((~~ ((~ ~0.~ (~~1111~( 0111~11115
(11-42)
(11-43)
‫ﻣ‬
~0( (( ~0.(~~-~0.((5~ (~~~111~(, ~((. (2-77) (~1((~~5 ~. ((110 ~,, ((5
~,, = 1.6542 )( -0~.
et
= 2.3394~.
~(0111 ~((. (11-43),
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
(11-44)
ng
11 11. 15 ~0.~ 511~ ~0~~(, ~0.~ ~((~ ~0~~(,
11.
11
8 = 5
ri
((110 ~((. (11-9) ~1~~5 ~0.~ 0~~~10~~0 ee ~0~~( ((5
11,, = 3(118 - 11.) = 3 (~. - 11.) (11-45)

gin
‫ﺔ‬ ~.
En
,.
~~~.-
)(,,
~~$
(11-46)
~,- + ~.
asy
~. ~~,
1 ..1~
/
E
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
+ ~,
~.
1
~098( 1~8,,$10~1119~
(0) ..6.~~~0)(~111819 9~()~1/8~9,,1 ~1~~()~1
..1~0..~ 11-7 ~().0)1/31~,,( ()((0)(5 (0( ~)(3111~1~ 11-3.
352

51105111111111~ ~(). (11-44) 111 ~().

‫ُﺷﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭ‬
(11-46) 3110 501~111~ ~0~ /0 ~1~~5
_ 11..(1)5
/0 - (11-47)
2.3394~511,,,
~111~1111101~31~5 11131111~ 111011~10~ ~11~~~11115 1110~~~110~111 0~ 111~ 5~~~0. ~()1131111~ ~().

(11-42) 10 ~(). (11-44) ~1,,,~5
2.3394.5~511 = /08.(1 - /()
/08.(1 - /()
‫ﻣ‬
.5 = (11-48)
2.3394~511,,,
111~ 5~~~0 ~311 0~ ~011110~~0~ ~(). (11-48) 35
t
.ne
_ (1)5(1 _ .5)
_ _ /08.(1 - /() (11-49)
(1
(1),,, (1)5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
- - 2.3394~511,,, )
_ 11..(1)58.(1- /()
_
( )
ng
-
(1)5 1 (11-50)
(2.3394 ~511,,,)2
~0~ 3 ~1)(~0 ,,,3111~ 0~ 0111~ ~~~1~, 111~ 5~~~0 0~~~~35~5 ~11111030 10~()11~. 8~ ,,,3~~111~ /(
~~0~ 0 10 1, 111~ 5~~~0
(3) (1),,, = 80010/30
~311 0~ ,,,3~1~0 ~~0~
= 83.77 ~30/5.
eri 3 ~1111~11~
~~0~
2
~().
,,,3111~ 10 (1)5.
(11-32) 111~ 10~()11~ 31 900 ~~~ 15
ine
800
11.. = 750)( ( )=
1175
347.67 ~.~
‫ﺔ‬ 111~ 5~~~0
~1111~11~
E
~111 0~ ~1111~11~
5~~~0,
sy
/0
ng
=
2.3394
347.67
)(
)(
265.58
125.66
)(
~11~11 111~ 0111~ ~~~1~ /( 15 2~~0 3110 ~().

0.9 =
78.13 ~
(11-49) ~1,,,~5 111~
83.77 = 125.66 ( 1 -
2.3394 )(
78.138.
265.58 )(
0.9 )
Ea
3110 11115~1~105 8. = 2.38560.

(0) ~1 1050 ~~~
w.
11.. = 750)(
( ) 1050
1175
= 598.91 ~.~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
)(
598.91 125.66
‫ﺷﺩ‬
/0 = 2.3394 )( 265.58 )(
0.9 = 134.6 ~
(~) (1),,, = 105010/30 = 109.96 ~30/5 3110 ~(). (11-49) ~1~~5
_ 134.6 )(
2.3856(1 - /()
109.96 = 125.66 1
( 2.3394 )(
265.58 )( 0.9 )
58~. 11-2 353

(0) 511~,
1)
125.66 - 109.96_-.1 0 25
= 125.66
~~001 ~(). (11-44),
)( )( )(
17,/ = 2.3394 0.125 265.58 0.9 = 69.9 ~
(~) 10~ ~0~~~ 1055,
‫ﻣ‬
111 = 17,/1,/ = 69.9 )( 134.6 = 9409 ~
et
)(
110 = 1~()),,, = 598.91 109.96 = 65 856 ~
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ~ ~
)( )(
1~ = 1,/11,,, = 134.6 0.9 = 98.9 ~
n
10~ ~010~ ~0~~~~ 1055, 11~~ = 3 )( 0.044 )( 98.92
= 1291 ~, ~110 10~ 51~10~ ~0~~~~
1055, 11$~ = 3 )( 0.041 )( 98.92 = 1203~.
11, = 65,856
e eri
+ 9409 + 1291 + 1203 = 77,759 ~
10~ 111~111~0~~~,
10~ ~111~1~11~~15 65,856/77,759 = 85%.

(1) ~~001 ~(). (4-62), 10~ 111110~01~111~1
~001~011~1110110~ ~010~ ~111~~111~~1~~1~0
gin
10 10~ 51~10~ 15
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
1~1 = 0.77971,/
= 94.45 ~
~~
= 0.77971,/11,,,
17. 265.58
1,,, = )(,,, = 6.1 = 43.54 ~
Ea
2)1/2
w.
11 = ((0.77971,/11,,,)2+
(~~) (11-51)
= (94.452 + 43.542)1/2 = 104 ~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~ ~0~~~ 1~~10~ ~11~1~ 15 ~1~~11 0~
17))(,,,
6,,, = -1~11- 1
0.77971,/11,,,
(11-52)
_ -1 43.54
1~11 -- / -24740
.
94.45
10~ 111~111~0~~~ 1~~10~, ~~$ = ~05 ( - 24.740) = 0.908 (1~~~111~).
354

~1 ~5 ~5~~, ,~, -~~ ~. ~~~~2
+ 1
+ + + (..~ + +
~,,,
))(,,,
~~5 ~, ~~~~0
1 ~~~5
,,,,010~ ,..~8~510~016~
..1~11..~ 11-8 ~()111.,,31~(11 ~1(~1111(0( 51311~ 1((3((1~( 0(1.,,~.
‫ﻣ‬
~~301~1~ 11-4
111~ 1(1011~110(1111010..1(1 8)((1111~1~ 11-3 18 ~0(11..011~0 0~ (1 81(111~1(..(1111~.. 0..1.,,~ (18 8110~(1
et
1(1 ~1~. 11-60. 111~ 111..(18..(1110 01111~ ~0(1.,,~..1~.. (1~ .,,011(1~~ 10 811~~1~ .,,011(1~~ 18 11. =
/+././/+./0 = 0.40. 111~ 10(10 10..((11~ 18 750 ~.111 (111175 ..~111. 11111~ 111010.. 18 ..~((111..~0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
10 0~~..(11~ (11(18~~~0 011050 ..~111, ~(11~111(11~111~ ((1) 1(1011~10.. ~11 ~(11, 1,,~ (0) 0~ .,,011(1~~,
~,,~ (~) 0~1(1~ (1(1~1~ 01111~ ~0(1.,,~..1~.., ~~ (0) ~111~1~(1~~~ (1(10 (~) 1(1~111 ~0~~.. 1(1~10.. 01
10~ 0..1.,,~, ~~5. 111~ 1088~8 1(1 111~ 0100~ ..~~1111~.., ~0(1.,,~..1~.., 1..(1(1810..111~.. (1(10 1(1011~10..
1-,, (1..~ (1~~11~101~.
.
rin
)( 60 = 377..(10/8,005 )(
80101100 ~. = 460/~ = 265.58 ~, /1 = 6,00 = 2,.. = 2
377/6 = 125.66..(10/8, (1(1000,,,= 1050,../30 = 109.96 ..(10/8. 111~(1
5 =
ee
125.66 - 109.96
= 0 . 125
125.66
2
gin
1050
1 ~ = 750 )(
( )
1175 = 598.91 ~.111
‫ﺔ‬ ((1) 111~ ~((111.,,(11~(11~1..~111101111~ 0..1.,,~ 18 8110~(11(1 ~1~. 11-8, ~11~..~ 111~ 111010..
~(1..(1111~1~..8 (1..~ (1~~1~~1~0.
sy
En
~..0111 8((. (11-47),
1,, --
2.3394
111~ 1(1011~10.. ~11 ~(1118
598.91)(
)(
265.58
125.66
)(
0.9
-- 134 .6 ~
,,.
(0) ~..0111 8((. (11-44),

)( )( )(
~,, = 2.3394 0.125 265.58 0.9 = 69.9 ~
Ea
(~) 81(1~~ ~. = 11.~5, 8((. (4-57) ~1.,,~8 111~ (1.,,~..(1~~ .,,011(1~~ (11111~ 0~ 810~ 01111~
~0(1.,,~..1~.. (18
w.
(11-53)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
81(1~~ ~,, = ~0.,

‫ﺷﺩ‬
8((8. (11-44) (1(10 (11-53) ~1.,,~
2.33945~511,,, = -2.339411.~$ ~08 ~
(11-54)
58~. 11-2 355

10~ 8~~~0, ~01~0 18 1110~~~110~111 0110(().11~, 0~~0111~8
110
(0,,,
= (0$(1 - 5) = (0$
(1 + ~~8 ~)
(11-55)
109.96 = 125.66 (1 +
0.4 ~08
0.9
~
)
3110 10~ 0~13)1 311~1~, ~ = 106.30.
(0) 10~ ~0~~( 1~0 03~/(,
‫ﻣ‬
)(
~1 = ~,/1,/= 69.9 134.6 = 9409 ~
t
.ne
)(
~0 = 1~(0,,, = 598.91 109.96 = 65,856 ~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ~ ~
ng
)( )(
1~ = 1,/11,,, = 134.6 0.9 = 98.9 ~
)(
0.044 )(
98.92 = 1291 ~
~~~ = 3
~$~ = 3
)(
eri
0.041 )(
98.92 = 1203 ~
ine
~, = 65,856 + 1291 + 1203 = 68,350 ~
10~ ~~1~1~11~)11865,856/68,350 = 96%.
(~) ~(0111 ~3(1 (1) 111~)(3111~1~ 11-3, 1~1 = 0.77971,/11,,, = 94.45~, 1,,, = 265.58/
‫ﺔ‬ 03~/( 10 10~ 811~~1)118
En
g
6.1 = 43.54 ~, 311011 = 104 / -24.740. ~(0111 ~)(3111~1~ 4-9, 10~ (1118~11((~1111~0
~ ~
)( )(
12 = 1,/110 / - ~ = 134.6 0.4 / - ~ = 41.98 / -106.30
sy
10~ ~~~~6~~ 111~111~11((~111 0110~ 00~~ 18

Ea
1, = 11 + 12 = 104 /-24.740 + 41.98 /-106.30 = 117.7 /-45.40 ~
10~ 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 18 ~~$ = ~08 (-45.40) = 0.702 (13~~111~).

w.
1-10(~. 10~ ~16~1~11~~ 01 1018 0(1..,~ 18 01~0~( 10(11110(11 01 10~ (010( (~81810(
~0111(01 0~ (1 ~00~~~(. 10~ ~0~~( 1(1~10( 18 0~~~110~111 011 10~ 11.1(118((1110 0110~
1((111810((11~((~.~., 1111~ = 0.9, ~ = 97.10 (1110 ~~5 = 0.51).
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~ 10(()1.1~ (1110 8~~~0 0111101.1~11011 (11010(8 ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0 0~ ~0(111~111~ 10~ 81.1~~1~
1(~()1.1~11~~. ~~ ~(111 11011~~ 1(0(11 ~(). (11-31) 10(11 (1110~ ((11~0 ..,011(1~~ (1110 ((11~0
1(~()1.1~11~~, 10~ 111.1)(~111 0~ 10~ ((11~0 ..,(111.1~. 1110~ ..,011(1~~ 18 (11(11111(1111~0 11)(~0 (11
118 (31~0 ..,(1111~ ~011~ 10~ 1(~()1.1~11~~ 18 (~01.1~~0 0~10~ 118 ((11~0 ..,(111.1~, 10~ 1/1.1)( ~111
111~(~(18~. 1018 ~01.110 ~(11.18~ 8(111.1((1110110110~ (11(-~(1~ 111.1)(, (1110 10~ (11010( ~(1((1(11~1~(8
~01.110 1101 0~ ..,(1110 111 0~1~((11111111~ 10~ 10(()1.1~-8~~~0 ~0(1((1~1~(1811~8. ~1 10~ 1(~-
356

~11~11~)1, 10~ (~(1~1(111~~8 ~111 0~~(~(18~ (1110 10~ (11010( ~11((~111 (11(1)1 0~ 100 01~0. 1018
1)1~~ 0~ ~(~~11~11~)1 ~0111(0118 1101 110((11(111)1118~0.
1~ 10~ ~(~~11~11~)118 111~(~(18~0 (100~~ 118 ((11~0 ~(1111~, 10~ ~11~ (1110 10(~11~ ~01110
0~~(~(18~. 1~ 10~ 8)111~0(0110118 8~~~0 ~0((~8~0110111~ 10 10~ ((11~0 ~(~~11~11~)118 ~(111~0
10~ 005€ 5/1€€0, ())6, 10~ 8)111~0(0110118 8~~~0 (11 (111)1 010~( ~(~~11~11~)1 0~~0(11~8
())5
= ~())6
~())6
- ()),,,
‫ﻣ‬
5 = ~())6
(11-56)
10~ 10(~11~ ~~~(~881011111 ~~. (11-18) 0~~0(11~8
e t
_ 3~.17~
1 /1 - (11-57)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
5~())/7((~5 + ~./5)2 + (~%5 + ~%.)2)
10~ 1)1~1~(1110(~11~-8~~~0 ~0(1((1~1~(1811~8 (1(~ 800~11 111~1~. 11-9 ~0( ~(1(10118 ~(1111~8
0~~. 10~ 10(~~-~0(18~ 111~~(1~( 111 ~1~. 8-5(1 ~(111 ~(1()1 10~ ~(~~11~11~)1 (11 (1 ~1~~0
rin
~011(1~~. 1~ ~5 18 11~~11~101~, ~~. (11-26) ~1~~8 10~ (11(1~1(1111(1110(~11~ (11 10~ 0(18~
8~~~0 (18
~
,,,
1/7-
_ ee 3 17~ (11-58)
2())/7(%5 + %.)
gin
10~ (11(1~1(1111(11 10(~11~ (11 (111)1 010~( ~(~~11~11~)118
2
3
(~ )
170
‫ﺔ‬
(1110 ~(0(11 ~~. (11-25),
En
1 ,,,
10~ ~0((~8~0110111~
=
2())/7(%5 + %.)
811~ 18
(11-59)
(11-60)
asy
.E
1.0 - - --
~
~
0.8 -..
w
/,.,.,,(32 ,.,.,,~ ~0051801

= =
~
0.6 -...
‫ُﺭ‬
-...
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0.4
0.2
58~. ,,-2 357

~0(111311210~ ~(). (11-59) ~110 (~811~~110 ~(). (11-58) )11~108
_
- ~
1(/1
(11-61)
1(/10 ~2
(11-62)
101.18 1(0111 ~()8. (11-61) 300 (11-62), 11 ~30 0~ ~00~11.10~0 103110~ 1113)(11111.111110(()1.1~
18 10~~(8~1)111(0110(11003110 1(~()1.1~0~)1 8()1.13(~0, 300 1,,,(32 (~1113108 ~0081301, 81111113(
‫ﻣ‬
10 10~ 0~03~10( 01 0~ 8~(1~8 111010(8. 10 1018 1)111~ 01 ~001(01, 10~ 111010( 18 8310 10
0~ 011~(31~0 10 31/~/0--)1)~(1/(~(1/(18 11100-~.
t
~,.301().~ 11-5
.ne
~ 10(~~-~035~ 11.2-/(~ 1750-(~111 460- ~ 60-1-12101.1(-~01~ )1-~01111~~1~011101.1~11011111010.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
035 10~ 10110~111~ ~3.3111~1~.5= ~5 = 0, ~,
= 0.38 0, %5 = 1.14 0, %, = 1.71 0, 3110
%,,, = 33.2 0. 10~ 111010. 15 ~0111.011~0 0~ ~3.~111~ 10~ 51.1~~1~ 1.~()1.1~11~~. 1110~
ng
0.~3/(00~1110.()1.1~ .~()1.11.~111~11115 35 ~.111, ~31~1.1)31~ 10~ (3)
51.1~~1~ 1.~()1.1~11~~, 3110 (0)
5~~~0, ((),,,.
80.1.11100 ((),, = 2,,. )( 60 = 377.30/5,

11,200,1,,,,, = 61.11 ~.111, 31101~, = 35 ~.111.
(3) ~.0111~(). (11-62), eri () = 4, ~0 = 11,200~, 1,,,,, )(
1750,,./30 =
ine
/1,,,,, /61.11
1) = = .
= 1321
~ 1,,, ~ 35
‫ﺔ‬ En
g
(()5 1)((),,
~.0111 ~(). (11-1), 10~ 51.1~~1~ 1.~()1.1~11~~ 15

sy
(()
=
4
=
)(
= 1.321
~98.01
)(
= 996.2 .30/5 0.
377 = 498.01.30/5
158.55 1-12
(0) ~.0111 ~(). (11-60), 10~ 511~ 10.(113)(11111.111110.()1.1~ 15
~,(1) 0.38/1.321
Ea
5 ,0 = %, + %, = 1.14 + 1.71 = 0 . 101
((),,,
= 498.01(1 - 0.101) = 447.711.30/5 0. 4275 .~111
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1110~ (3110 01 ~0113~~ 10 1(~()1.1~0~)118 /(~111 ~0081301, 10~ 111.1)(10 ~(). (11-31) (~1113108
~0081301. ~()1.131100 (11-59) 1001~31~8 1031 10~ 1113)(11111.111110(()1.1~, ~01~0 18 100~-
11~00~01 011(~()1.1~0~)1, ~30 0~ 1113101310~0 31111(0)(111131~1)1 ~0081301. ~1 3 10~ 1(~-
()1.1~0~)1, 10~ 31(-~311111.1)( 18 (~01.1~~0 01.1~ 10 10~ 0(011 10 10~ 81310( 111111~030~~ 300
10~ ~0113~~ 038 10 0~ 10~(~38~0 10 1113101310 10~ 10(()1.1~ 1~~~1. 1018 1)111~ 01 ~001(01
18 1.181.1(11)1/(00~0 38 110/(5//1~,(2 ~001(01.
/1 (05 = (3(00, 300 10~ ~0113~~-10-1(~()1.1~0~)1 (3110 18 ~0081301 80 1031
~(1
(05
= 0- (11-63)
358

‫ﻣ‬
50051110110110~ 8~. (11-56) 1118~. (11-57) )11~105
et
_ 3~~(20)~(~0)/1 - 0),,,) (11-64)
10 - + %~))2
+ + 0),,,)(%,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
0)~(~, ~~)2
g.n
((~0)/1 -
~~
rin
5,,, = (11-65)
(~~ + ~2(%, + %~)2)1/2
111~ 1)1~1~(11 10(~0~-5~~~0 ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5

ee (1(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-10. ~5 111~
~(~~0~11~)115 (~00~~0, ~ 0~~(~(15~5 (1110 111~ 511~ ~0( (11(1)(1(110(11 10(~0~ 111~(~(15~5. ~0(
(1 ~1~~11 10(~0~ 0~(11(1110, 111~ 5~~~0 ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0 (1~~0(0111~ 10 8~. (11-64) 0)1
gin
~11(111~111~ 111~ ~(~~0~11~)1. 111~(~~0(~, 0)1 ~(1()1111~ 00111 111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~(~~0~11~)1,
111~ 10(~0~ (1110 5~~~0 ~(111 0~ ~0111(011~0. 111~ 10(~0~ 15 110((11(111)1 (11(11111(1111~0 ~011-
‫ﺔ‬
51(1111 ~1111~ 111~ 5~~~0
~(0(11 111(~~-~11(15~
~~()1 1(1(~~
~(~~0~11~)1
111(~~
~0~~(
(~~01(~(11~111
~055101~
15 ~(1(1~0.
111~~(1~(5
En
(1~~11~(1110115
sy
~1(~011
0(
111~ ~011(1~~
~)1~10~011~~(1~(5.
(~.~.,
15 011~-11(11~ 0( 011~-1111(0
(1(((111~~(11~1115
10~0(11011~~5
~0(
(11 ~(1(1(101~ ~(~~0~11~)1
111~ ~)1~10~011~~(1~(5
~(111 0~ 001(1111~0
(1110 ~~(11~111 (111115), ~11~(~

0~ 111~ 1111~ ~(~~0~11~)1.
001(1111111~ ~(1(1(101~ ~011(1~~
(1(~ 05~0
111~
(1110 ~(~-
111
~0~11~)1 (1(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-11. 111 ~1~. 11-11(1, 111~ 0~ ~011(1~~ (~(11(11115 ~01151(1111
(1110 111~ ~~~ 1~~11111~0~5 (1(~ (1~~11~0 10 ~(1()1 00111111~ ~011(1~~ (1110 ~(~~0~11~)1 ~1111111
Ea
111~ 111~~(1~(. 00~ 10 0100~ (~~11~1~(, (~~~11~((111011 15 1101 ~055101~ (1110 111~ 111~~(1~(
~0010 ~~11~((11~ 11(1((110111~5 11110 111~ (1~ 50~~1)1. 111 ~1~. 11-110, 111~ ~110~~~( ~(1(1~5
111~ 0~ ~011(1~~ 10 111~ 111~~(1~( (1110 111~ 111~~(1~( ~0111(015 111~ ~(~~0~11~)1. 00~ 10 111~
w.
~110~~~(, 111~ 11(1((110111~ 111)~~11011 11110 111~ (1~ 50~~1)115 (~00~~0. 111 ~1~. 11-11~, 111~
0~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~(1(1~0 0)1 111~ 00(11 ~011~~(1~(
(1110 ~(~~0~11~)1 15 ~0111(011~0 ~1111111 111~
111~~(1~(. 11115 (1(((111~~(11~111 ~~((11115 (~~~11~((111011 ~ 110~~~~(, 111~ 111~01 ~0~~( ~(1~10(
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
0~ 111~ ~011~~(1~( 15 10~, ~5~~~1(111)1 (11 (1 111~11 0~1(1)1 (111~1~.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~)(310()1~ 11-6
~ 111(~~-()1135~ 11.2-)( ~ 1750-(()111 460- ~ 60-1121011(-()01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 111011~11011111010(

= 0.380, %, = 1.140, %, = 1.71
1135 111~ 10110~111~ ()3(3111~1~(5~ 8., = 0.660,8.,
0, 3110 %.~ = 33.2 0. 111~ 111010( 15 ~0111(011~0 0~ ~3(~111~ 00111 111~ ...0113~~ 3110
1(~~11~11~~. 111~ ~0115/11~(12 (3110, ~111~11 ~0((~5()01105 10 111~ (31~0 ...0113~~ 3110 (31~0
1(~~11~11~~, 15 111311113111~0~011513111. (3) ~31~11131~ 111~ 1113)(111111111
10(~11~, 1,~, 3110 111~
~0((~5()0110111~ 5()~~0, ()).~, 10( 60112 3110 30112. (0) ~~()~31 ()3(1 (3) 118.,1511~~11~101~.
359
58~. 11-2

~~,88-~~858
8~~~~~
‫ﻣ‬
et
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~~,88-~~858
5~~~~~
e eri
n
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 80)01100
En
0~8~ ~0,,~9,-(9,
= 4, 1/. = 460/~
~
sy
(~) .,,8,~80~9 0~ 1,0~ 0~8~ ~0,,~9,-(9, 8,,0 ~,,~9,-(9,
= 265.58 ~, (0 = 2 70 )( 60 = 377130/8, 3110110111

)(
~~. (11-1), (00 = 2 377/4 = 188.5 130/8. ~10111 ~~. (11-63), (/ = 265.58/188.5 =
1.409.
(3) ~1 60 1-12,(00 = (05 = 188.5 130/8, ~ = 1, 31101/. = (/(05 = 1.409 )( 188.5
Ea
= 265.58~. ~10111~~. (11-65),

0.38
5,,, =
(0.662 + (1.14 + 1.71)2)1/2 = 0.1299
w.
(0,,, = 188.5 )(
(1 - 0.1299) = 164.01 130/8 01 1566 111111
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~10111 ~~. (11-21), 111~ 1113)(11110111101~11~ 18

‫ﺷﺩ‬
)(
3 265.582
1,,, =
2 )( 188.5(0.66 + 0.662 + (1.14 + 1.71)2) = 156.55 ~.111
)( )(
~1 30 1-12, (05 = 2 2 70 30/4 = 94.25 130/8, ~ = 30/60 = 0.5, 31101/.
(/(0, )(
= 1.409 94.25 = 132.79~. ~10111 ~~. (11-65), 111~ 811111011113)(111111111101~11~
18
0.38
5,,, =
(0.662 + 0.52(1.14 + 1.71)2)1/2 = 0.242
360

(0,,, = 94.25 )(
‫ُﺷﺩ‬
(1 ‫ﺭ‬- ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ‬
0.242) = 71.44 (3.0/8 0( 682 (~111
1,,, = 125.82 ~.111

(0) ~1601-12, (06 = (0$ = 188.5 (3.0/8 3.110~. = 265.58 -..,,. ~(0111~~. (11-60),
0.38
5,,, = = 0.1333
1.14 + 1.71
)(
(0,,, = 188.5 (1 - 0.1333) = 163.36 (3.0/8 0( 1560 (~111
~(0111 ~~. (11-59), 1/1~ 1113.)(11111.111110(~1.1~ 18 1,,, = 196.94 ~.111.

-..,,. ~(0111~~.
~1 30 1-12,(06 = (0$ = 94.25 (3.0/8, ~ = 0.5, 3.110~. = 132.79
‫ﻣ‬
(11-60),
0.38/0.5
5,,, = = 0 .2666
t
1.14 + 1.71
.ne
)(
(0,,, = 94.25 (1 0.2666) = 69.11 (3.0/8 0( 660 (~111
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
-
~(0111 ~~. (11-59), 1/1~ 1113.)(11111.111110(~1.1~

181,,, = 196.94 ~.111.
ng
~((0( 1010~ 10(()0~ ~51111131100,
1-/0(~. ~~~1~~110~ ~5(113)1101(000~~ 3 51~0111~301
~5~~~1311)1 31 10~ 1(~()0~0~)1.
eri
ine
10~ 10(()0~ 011000~1100 111010(5 ~30 0~ ~0111(011~0 0)1 ~3()110~ 10~ (010( ~0((~01.
10~ 10~01 ~0((~01, ~01~0 15 (~3011)1 3~~~55101~, 15 ~3(1~0 1051~30 0110~ (010( ~0((~01.
~0( 3 11)(~0 10~01 ~0((~01, 10~ (010( ~0((~111 0~~~005 011 10~ 10~ (~1311~~ ~310~5 01
‫ﺔ‬
10~ 1113~0~11210~ 300
~30 0~ 10000 35
..
sy
E
~ =
(010(
~5
ng
+
~1(~0111111~~0311~~5.
~~/5 +
1)(~1/
1()(~ + )(5
~(0111 ~1~. 11-2 10~ (010(
+ )(~)
= 1~ ~ 8
~0((~01
(11-66)
~(0111 ~()5. (11-9) 300 (11-123), 10~ 0~~~10~~0 10(()0~ 15

Ea
_ 3~~()(~1,)2
(11-67)
1 (/ -
5(1)5 ((~5 + ~~/5)2 + ()(~ + )(5 + )(~)2)
w.
3~~()(~1,)2
‫ُﺭ‬
(11-68)
ww
15 = + +
(1)5((~5 + ~~)2 + ()(~ )(5 )(~)2)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~
5~ = (11-69)
(~~ + ()(~ + )(5 + )(~)2)1/2
=+=
58~. 11-2 361

..)~11..~ 11-12 10(()11~-5))~~0 ~1111(11~1~(-
‫ﻣ‬
0
1511~5 0)1 ~11((~111 ~0111(01.
et
%5 ~111 /)~ ~011513111 311,. ~~81~~11118111~ ~310~5 01 ~5 3110 %5, 8().. (11-69) /)~~0111~5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
~~
5 ,,., = + (11-70)
- %,,., + %~
ng
5,,.,, 8().. (11-67) 81~~5 111~ 1113)(1111011110(().0~,
3%~ 31-~
1 ,,., = 12/ = 12/ (11-71)
ri
20)5(%,,.,+ ee %~) 2(1-,,., + 1-~)
11 ~311 /)~ 11011~~0 1(0111 8().. (11-71) 11131111~ 1113)(11110111 10(().0~ 0~~~1105 011 111~
5().03(~ 01111~ ~0((~111 3110 15 3~~(0)(111131~1)1 1110~~~110~111 01111~ 1(~().1.1~11~)1. 111~
1)1~1~3110(().0~-5~~~0 ~113(3~1~(1511~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~18. 11-12. 5111~~ %,,., 15 13.-8~ 35
gin
~0111~3.-~0 10 %5 3110 %~, 111~ 513.-11118 10.-().0~ 15 10~. ~5 111~ 5~~~0 111~.-~35~5 (0.- 511~
‫ﺔ‬
0~~.-~35~5), 111~ 51310.-
~11~88-~11858
511~~~~
En
~01138~ .-15~5 3110 111~ 10.-().0~
-~0
111~.-~35~5. 111~ 10.-().1.1~ ~311 /)~
asy
~11~~8111
5011~~8
,111/8,..8~
E
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~11~88-~11858
‫ﺷﺩ‬
511~~~~
~11~~8111
0,,, 5011~~8
~111/8,..8~
362

‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ (10)( ~0051301
~001(011~0 ~~ 111~ 51310( ~0((~01 300 511~. 10 )(~~~ 111~ 31(-~3~ 300
10 3~010 5310(31100 00~ 10 111~11 ~0113~~, 111~ (0010( 15 00((0311~ 0~~(31~0 00 111~
0~~311~~ 510~~ 0( 111~ ~().01~31~0110(().0~-5~~~0 ~113(3~1~(1511~5 ~1111 ~0113~~ ~001(01.
111~ 0~~311~~ 510~~ 15 10 111~ 00513~1~ (~~100 300 111~ (0010( (0051 ~~ 0~~(31~0 10
~105~0-100~ ~001(01. ~1 3 10~ 511~, 111~ 1~((01031 ~0113~~ ~0010 ~~ ~)(~~551~~ 300
111~ (10)( ~0010 5310(31~. 00~ 10 5310(31100, 111~ 10(().0~ ~~3)(10~ 35 5110~0 10 ~1~.
11-12 ~111 ~~ 1~55 11130 11131 35 5110~0.
111~ ~0051301 ~0((~01 ~30 ~~ 50~~11~0 ~~ 111(~~-~1135~ ~0((~01 500(~~ 10~~(1~(5.
111~ ~0((~01-(~010~~(1~( 1135 111~ 30~3013~~5 0( (3011 ~0((~01 ~001(01 300 111~ ~0((~01
‫ﻣ‬
15 1~55 5~05111~~ 10 111~ (0010( ~3(3(0~1~( ~3(1311005. 1-10~~~~(, 111~~ ~~0~(31~ 113(-
(0001~5 300 10(().0~ ~01531100. 1~0 ~0551~1~ ~00(1~0(311005 0( ~0((~01-(~0 10~~(1~(
0(1~~5 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 11-13. 10 ~1~. 11-133 111~ 1000~10( 3~15 35 3 ~0((~01 500(~~
et
300 111~ ~001(011~0 (~~11(1~( ~001(015 111~ ~0((~01 500(~~. 111~ 10~01 ~0~~( (3~10(
0( 11115 3((30~~(0~0115 ~~(~ 10~. 10 ~1~. 11-13~ 111~ ~110~~~( ~001(015 111~ ~0((~01
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
500(~~ 300 111~ 10~01 ~0~~( (3~10( 15 111~11~(.
~,.301()1~ 11-7
~ 111(~~-~1138~ 11.2-/(~ 1750-(~01 460- ~ 60-1-121011(-~01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0111011~11011 01010(
rin
1138111~10110~111~~3(3111~1~(8~~. = 0.66 0, ~~ = 0.38 0, )(. = 1.14 0, )(~ = 1.71
0, (110)(,,, = 33.2 0. 111~ 110-1030 1088 18 11~~11~101~. 111~ 111010( 18 ~0111(011~0 0)1 3
~11((~111-8011(~~ 111~~(1~( 3110 111~ 111~111~11((~11118 111311113111~0~011813111 31 20~.
ee 11111~
1(~().11~11~)118 40 1-12 3110 111~ 0~~~10~~0 10(().11~ 18 55 ~.111, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 811~ 10(
1113,.11111111110(().11~,5,,,, 3110 (113)(11111111110(().11~,1,,,~ (0) 811~, 5~ (~) (010( 8~~~0, (0,,,~ (0)
1~(11111131~0113~~ ~~( ~1138~, ~.~ 3110 (~) ~0~~( 13~10(, ~11,,,.
gin
80101100 ~.(,.,00) = 460/0 = = 265.58 ~, 1,

11- = = 55 ~.111, 3110/1 = 20~, 1,)
‫ﺔ‬ 4. ~1 40 1-12,(0 = 2... )( 40 = 251.33 (30/8, (0. = 2 )( 251.33/4 = 125.66 (30/8, ~.
= 0.66 0, ~~ = 0.380,
0, (110)(,,, = 33.2)(
)(. = 1.14 40/60 = 0.76 0, )(~ = 1.71 40/60 = 1.14
)(
En
40/60 = 22.130.
(3) 11(01118().. (11-70),5,,, = 0.38/(22.13 + 1.14) = 0.01632.
(11-71), ~1~~81,,, = 94.64 ~.111.
sy
(0) 11(0111 8().. (11-67),

)(
110(5 = 5,,,, 8()..
3(~~/5)(22.13 )( 20)2
1 ,) = 55 =
Ea
125.66((0.66 + ~~/5)2 + (22.13 + 0.76 + 1.14)2)

w.
~5
-5 = 76.144 0( 7. 581
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
31105 = 0.00499 0( 0.0501. 8111~~ 111~ 111010( 18 110(111311)10~~(31~0 ~1111 3 13(~~ 811~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111111~ 11~~311~~ 810~~ 01111~ 10(().11~-8~~~0 ~113(3~1~(1811~,
5 = 0.0501
(~) (0,,, = 125.656(1 - 0.0501) = 119.36 (30/8 0( 114011101.

(0) 11(0111111~. 11-2, 111~ 111~1111111~~0311~~ ~311 0~ 0~(1~~0 38
7., = ~, + 1)(, = (~~ + ~)1/2 ~ = 2, ~
56~. 11-2 363

~(~5 + ~,/5)
~, = (11-72)
(~5 + ~,/5)2 + (%,,, + %5 + %,)2
= 6.26 0
%,,,((~5 + ~,/5)2 + (%5 + %,)(%,,, + %5 + %,))
%, = (11-73)
(~5 + ~,/5)2 + (%,,, + %5 + %,)2
‫ﻣ‬
= 3.899 0
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
= 31.90 (11-74)
2, = (6.262 + 3.8992)1/2= 7.380
ng
11. = 2/, = 7.38 )( 20 = 147.6 ~
(~) ~~,,, = ~08(31.90) = 0.849 (13~~111~).
,.,0(~. 11111~
300 11,, (315 = 5,,,) 18 313~.
eri
1113)(11111.111110~().1.1~ 18 ~31~1.1131~0
~0~ 3 81.1~~1)11~~().1.1~0~)1
0190 112, ~~~31~1.11311008
1~0111 .8()..
01
(11-71), 1,,,
= 100.49
ine
111~.,,311.1~8~1.,,~ (05 = 282.74 ~30/8, %5 = 1.71 0, %, = 2.565 0, %,,, = 49.80,
5,,, = 0.00726, 1,,, = 96.1 ~.111, 5 = 0.0225, 11,, = 316~, 300 11,, (315 = 5,,,) =
699.6~. 11 18 ~.,,10~01 11131 31 111~111~~().1.1~0~)1 300 10...,, 811~, 111~ 1~~1111031 .,,0113~~
‫ﺔ‬
...,,01.110 ~)(~~~0
111~ 10~().1.1~-8~~~0
sy
111~ ~31~0
En
g
.,,311.1~ 300
~113~3~1~~1811~8
8311.1~31~0
011001.1~1100
111~ 31~-~3~
111010~8 0~~~00
111.1)(.
00 111~ 1)1~~ 01 ~00-

1~01. 111113)1 0~ 0~~~883~)110 .,,3~)1111~ .,,0113~~, 1~~().1.1~0~)1, 300 ~1.1~~~0110 111~~1111~
10~().1.1~-8~~~0 ~~().1.11~~111~018 38 8110...,,010~1~. 11-14, ...,,11~~~ 111~~~ 3~~ 111~~~ ~~~1008.
Ea
10 111~ 11~81 ~~~100, 111~ 8~~~0 ~30 0~ .,,3~1~0 0)1.,,0113~~ (0~ ~1.1~~~01) ~001~0131 ~0081301
10~().1.1~. 10 8~~000 ~~~100, 111~ 111010~ 18 0~~~31~0 31 ~0081301 ~1.1~~~01 300 111~ 811~
18 .,,3~1~0. 10 111~ 1111~0 ~~~100, 111~ 8~~~0 18 ~001~011~0 0)11~~().1.1~0~)1 31 3 ~~01.1~~0
w.
81310~ ~1.1~~~01.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0
1.5
...1~0..~ 11-14 ~0111(01 ~11(1301~5 118311151((~()0~11~~.
364

~ ~105~0-10011 ~0111(0115 110((11311)1 (~().111(~0 10 5(1151)110~ 51~(0)1-5131~ 3110 1(31151~111

11~(10((11311~~ 511~~111~3110115 01 3~ 0(1~~5. 10~ ~0111(01 51(31~~)1 ~311 0~ 1(11111~(11~111~0
0)1 (1) 5~(1/(1,. ~011(,.0/, ~0~(~ 10~ ~0111(01 ~3(1301~5 3(~ 0~ ().113111111~5 3110 0111)110~1(
(113~1111110~5 3(~ ~0111(011~0~ (2) 1)~~(0,. ~011(,.0/, ~0~(~ 0010 10~ (113~1111110~ 3110 11035~
0110~ ~0111(01 ~3(1301~5 3(~ ~0111(011~0~ 0( (3) (1~(1/1(11)~ ~011(,.0/, ~0~(~ 10~ 113(3(11~1~(5
0110~ ~0111(011~( 3(~ ~01111111101151)1 ~3(1~0 10 303111 10 10~ ~3(13110115 0110~ 011111111
.,,3(1301~5.
‫ﻣ‬
10~ 0)1113(111~ (1100~1 01111011~11011 (11010(5 0111~(5 51~11111~(1111)11(0(11 1031111 ~1~.
11-1 311015 (110(~ ~0(11111~)( 10311 0~ (11010(5. 10~ 0~51~11 011~~003~~-10011113(3(11~1~(5
(~().111(~5 ~0(11111~1~ 311(1)1515 3110 51(11111311011 0110~ ~1111(~ 0(1.,,~. 10~ ~0111(01 3110
t
(1100~1111~ 01 3~ 0(1~~5 3(~ 0~)10110 10~ 5~011~ 011015 1~)(1~ 3110 0111)1 50(11~ 0110~ 0351~
.ne
5~313( 1~~003~~ 1~~0111().11~5 3(~ 015~1155~0 111 1015 5~~11011.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~ ~0111(01 5)151~(11 15 ~~11~(311)1 ~03(3~1~(12~0 0)1 10~ 01~(3(~0)1 0110~ ~0111(01
100115, ~0~(~ 10~ 0111~( 10011 ~0111(015 10~ 11111~( 100115. 10~ 11111~( 100115 3(~ 0~51~11~0
g
10 ~)(~~111~ 11(0~(~551.,,~1)11351~(. 10~ 100115 3(~ 110((11311)1 0~51~11~0 10 03.,,~ 11(1111~0
~0(11(113110 ~)(~11(51011. ~1~11(~ 11-153 500~5 311 3((311~~(11~11110( 51310( .,,0113~~ ~011-
rin
1(01 01111011~11011 (11010(5 0)1 3~ .,,0113~~ ~0111(011~(5 31 11)(~0 1(~().11~11~)1. 10~ 511~~0
~0111(011~(, /(1, ~~11~(31~5 10~ 0~13)1 311~1~ 0110)1(1510( ~011.,,~(1~( 3110 10~ 11111~( ~11(-
(~111-11(1111 10011 5~15 10~ 10(().11~ 11(1111 11101(~~11)1. 10~ ~11((~111 11(1111~( 11151~30 01
~11((~111 ~13(1111111~ 035 10~ 30~31113~~
ee
011~~0111~ 03~~ 10~ 500(1-~1(~1111 ~11((~111111 ~35~
01 131111. 10~ 511~~0 ~0111(011~(, /(1, (113)1 0~ 3 51(11111~ ~3111 (11(0110(1101131 1)111~),
gin
11(0110(1101131-1111~~(311)111~, 0( 3 1~30-13~ ~0(1111~115310(. ~ 187-~~ 10(~~-11035~ 3~
~0113~~ (~~111310( (0( ~0111(011~() 10( 3 ~1(~-0(3~111~ (113~0111~ 15 500~11 111 ~1~.
10~
‫ﺔ‬
11-16,
11-150.
10~
~0~(~
300111011
3110 11(0.,,10~5
~11~(
10~ ~0111(01
3((311~~(11~111111
01 3 ~0111(011~0
En
~1~~1(0111~5
~1~.
10~ ~11((~11111(1111~(,
sy
11-153
(~~1111~(
3(~ (11011111~0 011 10~ 510~ 11311~1.
~311 0~
3110 0~ .,,0113~~
~)(1~110~0
10~ 53(11~ 51~1131 ~~11~(31~5

1111111110 10~ 0~ 1111~ ~3111 ~0111(011~(, /(3.
10 ~011/0~(12
~0111(0110011
~
~0111(01
35 500~11
10~ 111~~(1~(
5(11311 ~0113~~
~110
111 ~1~.
1(~().11~11~)1
~0 15 300~0
10 10~ 0~ .,,0113~~ (~1~(~11~~ 10 ~0(1111~11531~ 10( 10~ 51310( (~5151311~~ 0(011 31 10~
1(~().11~11~)1. 10~ 0~ ~0113~~ ~.1 3~15 35 10~ (~1~(~11~~ 10( 10~ ~0113~~ ~0111(01 0110~
Ea
~0111(011~0 (~~1111~(. 111 ~35~ 01 ~~~ 111.,,~(1~(, 10~(~ 15 110 11~~0 0110~ ~0111(011~0
(~~1111~( 3110 10~ 51~1131 ~.1 ~0111(015 10~ 111.,,~(1~( .,,0113~~ 01(~~11)1. ~0( ~11((~111 (11011-
110(111~, 1015 3((311~~(11~111 (~().111(~5 3 5~1150(, ~01~0 1111(0011~~5 3 0~13)1111 10~ 5)151~(11
w.
(~5110115~. ~111~~11 10(~~0-~0(11(1111131~0 111~~(1~( ~1101~1~5 10( ~0111(011111~ 10~ 11110~(-

~(31~ ~001~( 13115 01 3 ~~(11~111 ~1111 3(~ 500~11111 ~1~. 11-17, ~0~(~ ~3~0 11111115 (31~0
‫ُﺭ‬
31 100 ~~.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
5111~~ 10~ 10(().11~ 01111011~11011 (11010(5 15 11(0110(1101131 10 10~ 51111 1(~().11~11~)1,

())51 5())$, 10~ 511111(~().11~11~)111151~30 0110~ 51310( ~11((~111 ~311 0~ ~0111(011~0. 10~
=
511~~0 ~((0( ~~11~(31~5 10~ 511111(~().11~11~)1 ~0(11(113110 35 500~11 111 ~1~. 11-15~, ~0~(~
10~ 5111111(11115 5~110~ 10(().11~ 11(11115. 10~ 11111~11011 ~~11~(310(, ~01~0 11(0011~~5 ~0(11-
(113110 51~11315 10( .,,0113~~ ~0111(01 111 (~5110115~ 10 10~ 1(~().11~11~)1, ())$, ~311 13~~ 11110
3~~011111 10~ ~0(1111~11531111~ 0(011 31 10~ 1(~().11~11~)1. 1-10~~.,,~(, 10~ ~0(1111~11531111~
0(011 ~0 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 11-15~. ~0( 3 51~11 ~0311~~ 111 10~ 511~~0 ~0(11(113110, 10~
(11010( 3~~~1~(31~5 0( 0~~~1~(31~5 ~110111 10~ 10(().11~ 11(1111510 3 51~(0)1-5131~ 51111~3111~
56~. 11-2 365

~~~~~5(0~
8.~
~0,,(~0~19~
‫ﻣ‬
et
g.n
n
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
366

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
..1~11~~ 11-16 ~ 187-/(~ 111~~~-111135~3~ ~01138~ ~~8111310~. (~~~700/./~~0 0)1 ~~7-
ee
/71/.55/0/10/ /37/./5/1 5/~~(7/~(1/ 1-4(1~/1//1~5/..,(0., 5/1~/(1/10)
gin
~0((~5~0110111~ 10 111~ 1030 10(().0~. 11115 3((311~~111~111 ~0111(015 111~ 10(().0~ 11101(~~11)1
~1111111 111~ 5~~~0 ~0111(01100~ 3110 00~5 1101 (~().01(~ 111~ ~0((~111 5~1150(.
‫ﺔ‬
~((0(
/1,. 51111~1~ 3((311~~111~111
~~11~(31~5 111~ (~1~(~11~~
0.).1 = 0.)5 - 0.),,,, 15 ~1~~0.
En
~1111 3 51~~ 5~~~0

~1111 3 111~11 ~0((~111 ~111~1115 ~(0~0(110113110
sy
~0( ~0((~111
51~113110(
~0111(0115 5110~11111
111~ 0~ 1111~ ~0((~111.
~01111113110,
111~ 10(().0~.
~1~. 11-18.
111~
111~ 5~~~0
511~ ~(~().0~11~)1,
111~ 1113~11111~ 3~~~1~(31~5
111 111~ 51~30)1 5131~ 111~
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..1~11~~ 11-17 ~.11~~11 10~~~0-~011111111131~0 .11~~~1~~ ~110.~1~5 10~ 3 ~~111~111

/(.111. (~~~700/./~~0 0)1 ~~7/71/55/0/1 0/ /37/15/1 5/~~(7/~(1/ 1-4(1~/1//1~5 /..,(0., 5/1~/(1/10)
367
58~. ,,-2

‫ﻣ‬
et
~..~ 11-18 ~(1((~11( ~011((01 ~1(11 ~011-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
5(~11( 511~.
111010( ~1.1((~01 18 10~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ (11(-/5(1~ ((1.1)( ((1.1~11.1(11~8, (100 01.1~ 10 ~(1()110/5
ng
((1.1)( (11 0111~(~01 0~~((1110/5 ~01018, 111~ ~~(10(111(10~~ 0111118 0(1~~ 18 ~00(.
~ ~((1~11~(11 (1(((10/5~111~01 10( ~1.1((~01 ~001(01, ~11~(~ 111~ ((1.1)( 18 111(1101(110~0

~0081(101, 18 8110~0 10 ~1/5. 11-19. 111~ 8~~~0 ~((0(
ri
/5~0~((11~8 111~ 811~ 1(~().1.1~0~)1,
~111~11 ~001(018 111~ 10~~(1~( 1(~().1.1~0~)1 (100 111~ 0~ 110~ ~1.1((~01 801.1(~~.
ee 111~ 11.10~1100
/5~0~((110( ~(001.1~~8 111~ ~1.1((~01 ~0111111(100 10 111(1101(110 111~ (11(-/5(1~ ((1.1)(
~0081(101,
00(111(111)1 (11111~ ((11~0 ~(111.1~.
111~ (1(((10/5~111~01 10 ~1/5. 11-15(1 10(
gin
8~~~0 ~001(01 ~1111100~( ~1.1((~01 ~001(01
100~ ~(10 0~ (1~~11~0 10 (1 81(111~ 1(((1111~( 0(1~~ (18 8110~0 10 ~1/5. 11-20, ~11~(~ 111~
‫ﺔ‬
10(().1.1~ 18 ~(0~0(1100(1110
110~ ~1.1((~01
11111.1111
~0111111(100.
~(111.1~ (100
111~ 111(1)(11111.1111
2~(0
~1.1((~01.
(100 111~ 111010(
En
111~ 111010(
~
111~ 0~ 110~ ~1.1((~0110.
~
0~~~1~((11~8
81~~ 10~(~(18~
(1~~~1~((11~8
81~~ 0~~(~(18~
10 8~~~0
(11 (1 ~0081(101
10 111~ 8~~~0
111~ 8~~~0
01.1~ 10 111~ 10(10 10(().1.1~.

~((0( /5~0~((11~8 111~ 0~
~1(1111~8 111~ ~1.1((~01 10 111~ 111(1)(-
10(().1.1~ ~111~11 ~0((~8~0008
8~18 111~ ~1.1((~01
~ 110-~~
~0111111(100 10
10
81(111~ 1(((1111~(
asy
0(1~~ 10( 1(108 10 ~~111~01 ~0(~8 18 8110~0 10 ~1/5. 11-21.

E
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
368

~0~99-~0859
5~~~~~
‫ﻣ‬
t
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
..1~0..~ 11-21 ~ 110-/(~ 511111~ 1((1101~( 0(1~~. (~~~,0(//-/~~(/ 0)1~~,/11/8510/10/ 8,/-/5/1

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~/~~(,1~(1/ /11(1~/11/1~51-((/., ~/18/(1/1(/)

‫ﺷﺩ‬
8~11~11(01100$ 111010(8 11(1.,..~ (1 1101~1111(1$~ ~10010~ 00 111~ $1(110(, (1180 ~00~0 (18 (1(-
111(110(~, (100 (1 11~10 ~10010~ ~(1((~10~ (1 0~ ~0((~01 00 111~ (010(. 111~(~ (1(~ 1~0
1111111$10.,..01.,..~0~ 00~ 00~ 10 111~ 11~10 ~0((~01 (100 0111~( 00~ 10 111~ (1(111(110(~ ~0((~01.
58~. 11-3 369

111~ (~81111110.1 111111( ~(0011~~8 111~ 10(().11~. 111~ 11(11111111(~ 18 10~0.11~111 10 111~ 811110(
0( 10.011~1100. 111010(8, 0111 111~(~ 18 0.0 10.011~1100. 10. 111~ (010(. /4. 8)10.~11(00.0118 111010(
18 11 ~00.81110.1-8~~~0 11111~1110.~ 110.0 111~11)18 (01111~8 ~1111 2~(0 811~ 111 111~ 8)10.~11(00.0118
8~~~0, ~111~11 0~~~0.08 00. 111~ ((~().11~0.~~ 110.0 111~ 0.111110~( 0( ~01~8, 118 ~1~~11 0~ ~()..
(11-1). /4. 8)10.~11(00.0118 111010( ~110. 0~ 0~~(111~0 118 11 111010( 0( 8~0.~(1110(. 111~
~0~~( (11~10( ~110. 0~ ~00.1(011~0 0)1 ~11()110.8 111~ (1~10 ~11((~0.1. 111~ ~)1~10~00.~~(1~(8
110.0 10.~~(1~(8 11(~ ~10~0.10.8 111~ 11~~11~111100.8 0( 8)10.~11(00.0118 111010(8 10. ~11(11101~-
8~~~0 0(1~~8. 111~ 8)10.~11(00.0118 111010(8 ~110. 0~ ~111881(1~0 10.10 (011( 1)1~~8~
‫ﻣ‬
1. ~)1110.0(1~111 (010( 111010(8
2. 51111~0.1-~01~ 111010(8
3. ~~111~1110.~~ 111010(8
et
4. ~~(111110.~0.1-1111180.~1111010(8
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
ng
111~ 6~10 ~10.010.8 18 ~0110.0 00. 111~ (010(, ~111~1118 ~)1110.0(1~111, 110.0 111~8~ 111010(8
1111~~ 11 110.1(0(111 111( 811~. 111~ (~11~1110.~~8 11(~ 1110~~~0.0~0.1 00. 111~ (010( ~0811100..
ri
111~ ~().111~111~0.1 ~1(~1111 ~~( ~11118~, 0.~81~~110.8 111~ 0.0-10110 1088, 18 8110~0. 10. ~18.
11-2211, ~11~(~ 8.,, 18 111~ 11(11111111(~ (~81811111~~ ~~(
ee ~11118~ 11110 )(. 18 111~ 5)111~/7,0110/13
,€(1~((111~€ ~~( ~11118~. 11/, ~111~11 18 0~~~0.0~0.1 00. 111~ (1~10 ~11((~0.1, 18 ~0.0~0. 118
€~~1((1(1011 0( /1€/0. ~011118~.
111~ ~0~~( (11~10( 0~~~0.08 00. 111~ 6~10 ~11((~0.1. 111~ 11-~11(~~8, ~111~11 8110~
gin
111~ 1)1~1~111 ~11(111110118 0( 111~ 11(11111111(~ ~11((~0.1 1181110.81 111~ ~)(~11111100. ~11((~0.1, 11(~
‫ﺔ‬
8110~0. 10. ~18. 11-23. ~0( 111~ 811111~ 11(11111111(~ ~11((~0.1, 111~ ~0~~(
1118810.8 0( 1~11010.8, 0~~~0.010.8 00. 111~ ~)(~11111100. ~11((~0.1, 1/.
En
1( 6,., 18 111~ 1118810.8 (11~10( 110.81~, ~18. 11-2211 81~~8
~/ = 11,,~ - /,, (8.,, + /)(.)

(11~10( ~01110
(11-75)
0~
asy
11,,~ - 1,, (~08 6,., - /810. 6,.,)(8.,, + /)(.)

(11-7511)
E
(11-750)
w.
(11-76)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~,
(0) ~~8$0~ 0~89~801
370

~~0181(1~8 ~(1~~801. ~. ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬

(..899~09
~--,
~0~8~ 18~10~ (..88~109
0
~ ~
..)~0..~ 11-23
~11(0110118 01010(8.
1~))1~3111-~11(...~8 0~ 8~11-
‫ﻣ‬
(10.0
t
+ (175~086,,, -1~~~810.6,,,)2)1/2 (11-77)
.ne
~/= ((~~ -1~%5810.6,,, -1~~~~086,,,)2
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(10.0 111~ ~11(180( 01(1~((111110. ~1~. 11-220 ~1~108
= ~/(~08 ~ + )810. ~) (11-78)
ng
~/
- _ ~~ - ~/ _ (~~ - ~((~08 ~ + )810. ~))(~~ - )%5) (11-79)

1~ - 0 .~ - 02 ~2
eri
~~ + 1~5 ~~ + ~5
111~ (~(11 ~(1(1 01 ~().. (11-79) 0~~0111~8

ine
~~(~~ - ~/ ~08 ~) - ~/%5 810. ~
1~ ~08 6,,, = 02 ~2 (11-80)
~~ + ./1.5
‫ﺔ‬
111~ 10.~111 ~0~~(
sy
E
3(~~(~~
ng
~(10. 0~ 0~1~(11110.~0
/1, = 3~~1~ ~08 6,,,
- ~~~/
1(0111 ~()..
~08
~~ + %~
~)
(11-80),
(11-81)
111~ 81(110( (0( (1(111(1111(~) ~0~~~( 1088 18

Ea
/1.,. = 31~~~ (11-82)

w.
(11-83)
‫ُﺭ‬
11 (05 18 111~ 8~0.~11(00.0118 8~~~0, ~111~1118 111~ 8(1111~ (18 111~ (010( 8~~~0, 111~ 0~.,,~10~~0
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10(().11~ 0~~0111~8
(11-84)
11111~ (1(111(1111(~ (~8181(10.~~ 18 0.~~11~101~, ~().. (11-84) 0~~0111~8
3~~ ~/ 810.~
1(/ = (11-85)
%5(05
58~. 11-3 371

~0..~ 11-24 10(().0~ 3831/15( (0(().0~

3/181~ ~1(/1 ~~11/10(1~31 (0(0(.
‫ﻣ‬
et
(11-86)
~0( 111010(10~ 0 1$ 0~~(111..,~ (100 10(().1.1~ 10 8().. (11-85) 0~~0111~$ ~0$111..,~. 10
~(1$~ 01 ~~0~((1110~, 0 1$ ~0$111..,~ (100 111~ ~0~~( ((100 10(().1.1~) 0~~0111~$ 0~~(111..,~.
111~ (10~1~ 0 1$ ~(111~0 111~ (0,()11€ 0118/€. ~0( (1 11,.~0 ..,011(1~~ (100 1(~().1.1~0~~, 111~
rin
10(().1.1~ 0~~~00$ 00 111~ (10~1~, 0, (100 1$ ~(0~0(1100(1110 111~ ~,.~11(11100 ..,011(1~~, 11,.
~0( 11,.~0 ..,(111.1~$ 0111, (100 0, 111~ 10(().1.1~ 0~~~00$ 00 111~ ..,011(1~~-10-1(~().1.1~0~~ ((1110
(100 (1 ~00$1(101 ..,011$/11~(12 ~001(01
ee ~111 ~(0..,10~ $~~~0 ~001(01 (11 (1 ~00$1(10110(().1.1~.
1111..,, 11,, (100 0 (~111(110 11,.~0, 111~ 10(().1.1~ 0~~(~(1$~$ ~1111111~ $~~~0 300 111~ 111010(
0~~((11~$ 10 111~ 11~10 ~~(1/(~010~ 11100~.
110 = 900, 111~ 10(().1.1~ 0~~0111~$111(1,.11111.1111 (100 111~ 111(1,.11111.11110~..,~10~~0 10(().1.1~,
gin
~111~111$ ~(111~0 111~ ~11//-011( (0,()11€, 0~~0111~$

‫ﺔ‬ En
111~ ~101 01 0~..,~10~~0 10(().1.1~ (1~(110$1111~ (10~1~, 0 1$ $110~0 10 ~1~. 11-24.

$1(101111~~00$10~((11100$, 111~ 111010( 1$ 0~~((11~0 10 111~ ~0$111..,~ $10~~ 011(/-0
sy
(1/-87)
~0(
~11(1(-
(1~1~(1$11~$ (100 1111$1111111$111~ ((10~~ 0110(().1.1~ (10~1~, - 900 ~ 0 ~ 900.
~,(301))1~ 11-8
Ea
~ 111(~~-~11(18~ 460- ~ 60-1-1.2 81,.-~01~ ~-~01111~~1~0 ~~11110(1~(11(010( 8~/1~11(0/101.18 111010(

11(18 (1 8~11~11(01101.18
= 2.5 11 (1110 111~ (1(111(111.1(~(~8181(111~~ 18 11~~11~101~.
(~(1~1(111~~ 01 %$
111~ 10(10 10(~1.1~, ~111~11 18 ~(0~0(6011(11 10 111~ 8~~~0 8~1.1(1(~0, 18 11. = 398 ~.111 31
w.
1200 (~111. 111~ ~0~~( 1(1~10( 18 111(11111(1111~0

(11 1.11111~0~ 11~10 ~0111(01 (1110 (11~ .,,011(1~~-
10-1(~~1.1~11~~ ((160 18 )(~~1 ~01181(1111(11111~ ((11~0 .,,(111.1~. 11111~ 111.,,~(1~( 1(~~1.1~11~~ 18 36
‫ُﺭ‬
1-1.2(1110111~111010( 8~~~018 720 (~111, ~(11~1.11(11~111~ ((1) 111~111~1.11.,,011(1~~, 110~(0) (1(111(111.1(~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1.1((~111, 1~~ (~) ~)(~11(16011 .,,011(1~~, 11/~ (0) 10(~1.1~ (111~1~, 8~ (1110 (~) ~1.111-01.1110(~1.1~, 1,,.
80/01100 ~~ = ~08 6,,, = 1.0, 6,,, = 0, 11~(,.(.0)= 110 = 460/-0 = 265.58 ~, /1 =

6, (0 = 2 70
)(
60 = 377 ((10/8, (00 = (0$= (0,,, = 2 )( 377/6 = 125.67 ((10/8 0( 1200
(~111, (11100 = 11,/(06 = 265.58/125.67 = 2.1133. ~1720 (~111,
2
720
11. = 398)(
( )=
1200
143.28 ~.111 (0$ = (0,,, = 720 )( 70
30 = 75.4 ((10/8
,,0 = 143.28 )( 75.4
= 10,803 ~
((1) 11~= 0(0$ = 2.1133 )( 75.4 = 159.34 ~.
372

(0) 110 = 3~.1. ~~ = 10,803 0( 1. = 10,803/(3 )(
159.34) = 22.6 ~.
(~) ~(0111~~. (11-75),
~/ = 159.34 - 22.6(1 + 10)(12.5) = 169.1 / -19.520

(0) 111~ 10(~11~ (111~1~,() = -19.520.
(~) ~(0111 ~~. (11-87),
)( )(
-,, 3 159.34 169.1 .,.,.
1,, = )( = 428 .82 1~ 111
2.5 75.4
‫ﻣ‬
111~ 3(1113111(~ 01 8311~111-~01~ 111010(8 18 81111113( 10 11131 01 ~~11110(1~31 (010( 111010(8.
t
1-10~~~~(, 011~ 10 8311~11~~, 111~ 31( ~3~ 18 1101 1111110(111 3110 111~ (111)( 18 0~~~110~111
.ne
011
111~ ~08111011 01111~ (010(. 111~ 11~10 ~1110111~ 18 110(111311~ ~011110 011 111~ ~01~ ~1~~~8.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
111~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 3110 111~ (~3~1311~~8 ~311 0~ (~801~~011110 01(~~1 3110 ()1130(3111(~
3)(18 ~0111~011~1118. 1() 3110 1~ 3(~ 111~ ~0111~011~1118 01111~ 3(1113111(~ ~11((~111 111 111~
ng
01(~~1 (0( ~) 3)(18 3110 ()1130(3111(~ (0( ()) (1)(18, (~8~~~11~~1~. )(() 3110 )(~ 3(~ 111~
~-3)(18 (~3~1311~~ 3110 ()-3)(18 (~3~1311~~, (~8~~~11~~1~. 111~ ~)(~11311011 ~0113~~ 0~-
~0111~8
~0( 11~~11~101~ 3(1113111(~ (~8181311~~,

- - -
eri
~/ = ~,, - 1)(()1() - 1)(~1~ - ~,,1,,
111~ ~11380( 013~(3111 18 8110~11 111 ~1~.
ine
11-25.
~(0111 111~ ~11380( 013~(3111,
1() = 1,, 8111(8~ - 8) (11-88)

‫ﺔ‬ sy
E ng
1~~
1~ = 1,, ~08 (8~ - 8)
1())(() = ~,,~08 8 -
= ~,,8111 8
~/
(11-89)
(11-90)
(11-91)
51108111111111~1~ 1(0111 ~(). (11-89) 111~(). (11-91), ~~ 113~~

Ea
~,, 81118 = )(/,, ~08 (8~ - 8)

(11-92)
= )(/,,( ~08 8 ~08 8~ + 8111 8 8111 8~)
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
)/1~ ~ 11-25 ~11015~ 0101~(01111(0( 50111-

~(11-()01~ 5~(1~11(0(10115 111010(5.
58~. 11-3 373

,..
,..0~~~8. ~
889808~81~00
,..0~~~8 ~~8 10
58~~80~~
‫ﻣ‬
,..0~~~8 ~~8 /0
1~8~~
...1~0..~ 11-26 10(()11~ 3831115110(()11~
31181~ ~1111 5311~111-(101~ (010(.
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
01~10111~ 00111 810~8 0~ ~08 8 3110 801~111~ 10( 8 ~1~~8
1,)(~ ~08 8/11
ng
8 = -1311-1 (11-93)
~(1 - 1,)(~ 81118/11
~11~(~ 111~ 11~~311~~ 81~11 81~11111~8 11131 ~/ 13~8 ~(1. 11111~ 1~(0111131 ~0113~~ 18 (~801~~0
11110 3 0-3)(18 3110 3 /1-3)(18,
~(1(/ =
eri
- ~(1 8111 8 3110 ~0~ = ~(1 ~08 8
ine
111~ 111~111 ~0~~( 0~~001~8
~ = - 3(1(/~(1(/ + 1~~(1~)
(11-94)
‫ﺔ‬
81108111111111~1(/ 1(001 8().
sy
~ (/ = - -
En
g
(11-90)
=31(/~(181118
3~(1~/
31101~ 1(001 8().
.
8111 8
3~~
- 31~~(1~088
(11-91)
%(/ - %~
1118().
811128
(11-94) ~1~108
(11-95)
%(/ 2 %(/%~
01~10111~ 8(). (11-95) 0~ 8~~~0 ~1~~8 111~ 0~~~10~~0 10(()11~ 38

Ea
_ 3~(1~(.,, 3~~ %(/ - %(/ .

~
~ (/ - - 8111 0 ~ ~ 8111 28 (11-96)
%~5 2(1)5 ~(/~~
w.
111~ 10(()11~ 1118(). (11-96) 1138 1~0 ~001~011~018. 111~ 11(81 ~001~00~0118 111~ 8301~
38 11131 01 ~~1100(1~31 (010( 11 %(/ 18 (~~13~~0 0~ %5 300 111~ 8~~000 ~001~00~111 18
‫ُﺭ‬
011~ 10 111~ (010( 8311~0~~. 111~ 1~~1~31 ~101 011(/ 3~3108110(()11~ 30~1~ 18 8110~0 10
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1~. 11-26, ~11~(~ 111~ 10(()11~ 1138 3 (13)(1011101 ~3111~ 31 8 = 2= 8/11. ~0( 81301111~ 111~
10(()11~ 30~1~ 18 110111~0 111 111~ (30~~ 01 - 8/11 ~ 8 ~ 8/11 300 10 11118 81301~ (30~~, 111~
810~~ 011(/-8 ~113(3~1~(1811~ 18 111~11~( 11130 11131 01 ~~1100(1~31 (010( 01010(.
111~ (~111~130~~ 01010(8 3(~ 8101113( 10 111~ 8311~01-~01~ 01010(8, ~)(~~~111131 111~(~ 18
00 11~10 ~10010~ 00 111~ (010(. 111~ 3(013111(~ ~1(~1111, ~111~11 ~(0011~~8 (013110~
013~0~11~ 11~10 10 111~ 31( ~3~, 10011~~8 3 11~10 10 111~ (010(, ~111~111138 3 1~00~0~~ 10
374

311~0 ~1111111~ 3(111311.1(~ 11~10. ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬

111~ (~11.1~130~~ 111010(8 3(~ ~~()1 81111()1~ 300 3(~ 1.18~0
10 3()()11~311008 ~11~(~
3 01.11110~( 01111010(8 3(~ (~().1.11(~0 10 (0131~ 10 8)10~11(0018111.
111~8~ 111010(8 113~~ 10~ 13~~10~ ()0~~( 13~10(, 1)1()1~311)110 111~ (30~~ 0.65 10 0.75.
~1111 ~/ = 0, 8().. (11-96) ~30 0~ 3()()11~0 10 0~1~(11110~ 111~ (~11.1~130~~ 10(().1.1~,
3~~ )((/ - )( ,,
1(/ = )()( 810 23 (11-97)
20)5 (/ ,,
(11-98)
‫ﻣ‬
et
(11-99)
111~
11131 111~(~ 18 00
1113~0~18.
()~(11130~01-1113~0~1
8311~01-()01~
111~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
()~(11130~01-1113~0~1
11~10 ~10010~
~)(~1131100
111010(8
111010(8
111010(8
00
~0113~~
113~~
1113)1 0~ 3()()11~0
3(~
111~ (010(
~30001
ee
rin
300
0~
g.n
81111113( 10 11131 01 8311~01-()01~
111~ 11~10 18 ()(0~10~0
~3(1~0.
111~11~( ()1.111-01.11 10(().1.1~.
10 ()~(11130~01-1113~0~1111010(8
~0(
111010(8,
111~ 83111~ 1(3111~

111~ ~().1.1311008
~)(~~()1
0)1 ()~(11130~01
10(
11111~ ~)(~1131100
812~,
111~
gin
~0113~~, ~/, 18 3881.1111~0 ~0081301.
‫ﺔ‬
~~301())~ 11-9
~ 111(~~-~1138~ 230-~
0 3(10)(~
12.5 ~.111.
= 3.5 0.
En
60-11~ 101.1(-~01~ ~-~01111~~1~0 (~11.1~1311~~ 111010( 11(8)(,) = 22.5

111~ 3(111311.1(~ (~8181311~~ 18 11~~11~101~. 111~ 1030 10(().1.1~ 18 1~ =
111~ ~0113~~-10-1(~().1.1~11~)1 (3110 18 111311113111~0~011813111 31111~ (31~0 ~311.1~.
sy
11111~ 81.1~~1)11(~().1.1~11~)118 60112, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 10(().1.1~ 311~1~, 8~ (0) 1111~~1.1((~111,
/. ~ 3110 (~) 111~1.11~0~~( 13~10(, .,~.
80)01100 1~ = 12.5 ~.111, ~.(,3(00) = ~0 = 230/0 = 132.79~, ~ = 4, (0 = 210 )(

Ea
60 = 377 (30/8, (00 = (0$

= (0,,, = 2
)(
377/4 = 188.5 (30/8 0( 1800 (~111, 0 = ~0/(00
132.79/188.50 = 0.7045, 3110~. = 132.79~.
(3) (0$ = 188.5 (30/8. ~(0111 ~().. (11-97),
w.
12.5 )( 2 )( 188.5 )( 22.5 )(

3.5
811128 = -
‫ُﺭ‬
)( )(
3 132.792 (22.5 - 3.5)
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
3110 8 = -10.840.
)(
(0) ~0 = 12.5 188.5 = 2356~. ~(0111 ~().. (11-98),
1311(10.84 0) = 3.5/. ~08 6,,,

132.79 - 3.5/. 81116,,,
)(
3110 ~0 = 2356 = 3 132. 79/. ~08 6,,,. ~(0111 111~8~ 1~0 ~().113110118, /. 3110 6,,, ~311 0~
58~. 11-3 375

0~1~...11111~0 /)~ 311 11~.-36,,,~ 111~11100 0~ 801116011, ~111~11 ~1~108 /. 9.2 /-.. 3110 9,,,
49.980.
(~) ~~ = ~08 (49.980) = 0.643.
111~ 1)1~1~31 ~113.-3~1~.-1511~5 0( 10.-~11~, ~0 ~111, 3110 ~,.~11311011 ~0113~~ 3~311151 (.-~-
~0~11~)1 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-27. 111~(~ 3(~ 1~0 (~~10115 0( 0~~(311011~ ~011513111
10(~0~ 3110 ~011513111 ~0~~(. 111111~ ~011513111-10(~0~ (~~1011, 111~ ~0115/11~(1215 1113111-
‫ﻣ‬
13111~0 ~011513111, 3110 111 111~ ~011513111-~0~~( (~~1011, 111~ 10(~0~ 0~~(~35~5 ~1111 ((~-
~0~11~)1. 51111113( 10 11100~11011 111010(5, 111~ 5~~~0 0( 5)111~11(011005 111010(5 ~311 0~
~0111(011~0 0)1 ~3()1111~ 111~ ~0113~~, ((~~0~11~)1, 3110 ~0((~111. 111~(~ 3(~ ~3(1005
t
.ne
~011(1~0(3110115 (0( ~105~0100~ ~0111(010( 5)111~11(011005 111010(5. ~ 0351~ 3((311~~111~111
(0( ~011513111 ~0115/11~(12 ~0111(010( 5)111~11(011005111010(515 5110~11111 ~1~. 11-28, ~11~(~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
111~ 5~~~0 ~((0( ~~11~(31~5 111~ ((~~0~11~)1 3110 ~0113~~ ~01111113110 (0( 111~ ~~~ 111-
~~(1~(. ~ 3.3-~~ 50(1-513(1 5)151~111 (0( 5~11~11(011005 111010( ~0111~(~550( 0(1~~5 15
ng
~0,,518,,1 - 1--+- ~0,,518,,1 ~01/,/8,
1~
10,(/(,/8
1/.
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
g
...1~8..~ 11-27 10(().11~-5~~~0

1511~5 0( 5~(1~11(0(10115 111010(5.
~113(3~1~(-
Ea
1...
~0,,1,01~80 1/0~1898-50(,/,~8
w.
,8~1~(~8, ~,,..8,.8,
~.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
376

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
rin
1/1~0..~ 11-29 ~ 3.3-~~ 5~11~11~011005
111010~~011111~~550~0~1~~. (~~~,00/-/(~0 0)1
ee ~~,,,,/55/011 0/ /1,/-/5/1 5/~((,/(/1/ /.1/1(/1/11~5
/..,(0., 5118/(1110)
gin
5110~11 111 ~1~. 11-29, ~11~(~ 1~0 111(~~-))1135~ 513~~5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ))3(311~110 ~1~~
12-))1115~ 0))~(311011. 111~ ~0111(01 ~1101~1~ 10( 111~ 0(1~~ 111 ~1~. 11-29 15 5110~11 111
‫ﺔ‬
~1~. 11-30.
sy
En
~1111011~11 3~ 0(1~~5 (~~111(~ 30~311~~0 ~0111(01 1~~11111~11~5 10( ~0111(01 01 ~0113~~,

1(~~11~11~~, 3110 ~11((~111, 111~~ 113~~ 30~31113~~5 0~~( 0~ 0(1~~5. 111~ ~0113~~ 3110
Ea
1(~~11~11~~ ~311 0~ ~0111(011~0 0~ ~0113~~-5011(~~ 111~~(1~(5. 111~ ~11((~111 3110 1(~-

~11~11~~ ~311 0~ ~0111(011~0 0~ ~11((~111-5011(~~ 111~~(1~(5. 111~ 511)) ))0~~( (~~0~~(~
5~11~111~5 115~ ~0111(011~0 (~~1111~(5 10 (~~0~~( 111~ 511)) ))0~~( 01111011~11011 111010(5.
w.
111~ 111051 ~0111111011111~11100 01 ~105~0-100)) ~0111(0101111011~11011111010(515 ~0115/11~(12,

1111)(, 0( 511)) ~0111(01. )30111 5~111((~1-~3~~ 3110 ~011110-(010( 111010(5 3(~ 115~0 111
‫ُﺭ‬
~3(1301~-5))~~0 0(1~~5. ~ ~0113~~-5011(~~ 111~~(1~( ~311 511))))1~ 3 11111110~( 01111010(5
ww
(
.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~01111~~1~0111 ))3(311~1, ~11~(~35 3 ~11((~111-5011(~~ 111~~(1~( ~311 511))))1~ 0111~ 011~ 111010
5~11~11(0110115 111010(5 3(~ ~011513111-5))~~0 1113~11111~5 3110 111~1( 5))~~05 ~311 0~
~0111(011~0 0~ ~0113~~, 1(~~11~11~~, 3110 /0( ~11((~111. 5~11~11(0110118 111010(5 3(~ 011011(
1~))~5~ ~~11110(1~31 (010(5, 5311~111 ))01~5, (~111~1311~~, 3110 ))~(111311~1111113~11~15. 111~(~
15 30111103111 111~(3111(~ 011 3~ 0(1~~5, 50 0111~ 111~ 1111103111~111315 3(~ ~0~~(~0 111 1015
~03))1~( .
377

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
1/1~11..~ 11.30 ~0111(0) (1101()~ ~0( 111~

0(1...~ 111~1~. 11-29. (~~()70~/1~~~ 0)1
()~7111/.55/0/1 0/ 87/15/1 ,,,/~~(7/~0/ ),10~/1//1~5
/..,(~., ,,,/1/5/0/1~)
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
1. 13. 1(. 1308~, ~0~~,. €/~((,.0111(5 (/110./1(7 /),.11/~5. 811~1~~000 01~~8, ~.1.~ ~1~1111~~-1-1311,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~., 1986.
2. 13. 1(. 1308~, ./101/.1.5((/0/~./1(7 /),.11/~5, ~~~ ~01~~ 1888 ~1~88, 1980.
3. 5. 13. 0~~311, 0. 13. 51~111011, 3110 ~. 511311~0.~11, ~0~~,. 5~1111(0110(.(((0,. /),.11/~5. ~~~
~01~~ 100.11 ~11~~ 8.. 50118, 111~., 1984.
4. ~. 1.,~0110.310, ..~0111101 0~ 3~ 1113~0.111~8~110.10.~ 0.~1~ 0~ ~1~~110111~8.,, 3,.0 /~./1(7 5)1111-
/1051(.(111 011 (7011(,.0/ 111~0~~,. €/~((,.0111(5 (/110 €/~((,.1((// /),.11/~5, 1.,311831111~, 5~112~(13110,
111101131 5~881011, 5~~1~1110~1 1983, ~~. 35-58.
5. ~. 1.,~0110.310, (7011(,.0/ 0/ €/~((,.1((// /),.11/~5. ~~~ ~01~~ 5~1111~~1-~~113~, 1985.
378

6. ~. )). 1.3/10311, ~0(1/1(11)~ ~011(70/.

~~~ ~0(/(~ ~3(~~1 ))~/(/(~(, 1/1~., 1979.
7. 1-1. 1.~-1-111~, ~. ~~((~(, 3/10 )). ~0~~, ..~1~(0~(0~~880( ~0/1((01 01 3 ~11((~/1(-1~0 5~/1-
~0(0/10118 1110(0( 0(1.,,~.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1€()/ ~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1980,
~~. 562-569.
8. ~. 13(1~/(~~00~, ..~1~(0~(0~~880(-038~0 303~11.,,~ 8~~~0 3/10 ~081110/1 ~0/1((0110( ~1~~-
((1~310(1.,,~8.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1€()/ ~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1984, ~~. 411-
417.
9. 1(. ~383(0, ~. ~3/10, 1. 1(31111~3/13, 3/10 5. ~3/10, ..~1~(0~(0~~580(-038~0 .,,~~(0( ~0/1((01
8~8(~11110( 1/1011~110/11110(0( 0(1.,,~8 ~1(0 (0(0( 11111~~0/15(3/1( 10~/11111~3(10/1.,, /~~~ 77(1115-
(1~/1011 011 /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115, ~0. 1~22, ~0. 3, 1986, ~~. 453-459.
‫ﻣ‬
10. 5. 1(. 1318~38, 5. 530(13/(111113(, 3/10 1. ~1(03~3(011, ..1-11~0 ~111~1~/1~~ 01(~~( (0(~11~ ~0/1((01
5~0~111~ 10( ~511~0 1/1011~110/11110(0(.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1€/)1 ~0111~7€11~€
~~~070, 1986, ~~. 216-221.
e t
11. ~. ~(3830, 1. ~. 1.1/1083~, 3/10 ~. 1-1. ~38010, ..~3(3111~(~( ~8111113110/1 3/10 0~/131111~
~~(10(1113/1~~ 01 ~~(1113/1~/1( 1113~/1~( 8~/1~0(0/10118 1110(0(8.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
50~1€/)1 ~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1985, ~~. 627-633.
12. 1. 1. ~. ~111~(, ..~0/1.,,~((~( .,,01(-3111~~(~ (~~111(~111~/1(8 01 (0~ 8~1(~0~0 (~111~(3/1~~ 1110(0(
0(1.,,~.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1€()/ ~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1984, ~~. 813-819.
rin
13. ~. ~3/1~, )). ~. ~0.,,01/1~, 3/10 1. ~. 1.1~0, ..~/1 311(01113(~0 (0(0( 11111~~0/15(3/1( 111~38-
11(~111~/1( 8~8(~11110( 1/101(~~111~10 0(1~/1(~0 0(1.,,~8.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1€()/
~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1986, ~~. 140-146.ee
14. ~. 1((180/13/1 3/10 ~. ~1113~, ..5~/18111.,,1(~ 3/131~818 3/10 ~0111~3(180/1 01 ~3(3111~1~( ~0111~~/1-
83110/1 8~0~111~ 1/1 .,,~~(0( ~0/1((011/1011~110/1 1110(0( 0(1.,,~8.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115
50~1€/)1 ~0111€7€11~€ ~€~070, 1986, ~~. 155-161.
gin
15. 13. 1(. 1308~, ..51101/1~ 11100~ ~0/1((01 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(.,, /~~~ /110/,/5(7)/ ~/1/1/1~(1(10115
50~1€/)1 ~0111€7€11~€ ~~~070, 1985, ~~. 479-486.
16.
‫ﺔ‬ ~. 51111(0, ..5(311~ 5~0~(01118
/~~, ~01. 124, 1977, ~~. 557-565.
sy
En
8~8(~111 011/1011~110/1 111010( 8~~~0 ~0/1((01.,, ,,70~€€011185

Ea
11-1. ~113( 3(~ (0~ (~~~8 011/1011~(10/1 1110(0(87

w.
11-2. ~03( 18 3 8~/1~0(0/10118 8~~~07

11-3. ~03( 18 3 811~ 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(87
‫ُﺭ‬
11-4. ~03( 18 3 811~ 1(~~11~/1(~ 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(87
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11-5. ~03( 18 (0~ 811~ 3( 8(3(11/1~ 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(87

11-6. ~03( 3(~ 10~ (0(~11~-8~~~0 ~03(3~(~(1811~8 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(87
11-7. ~03( 3(~ .,,300118 111~3/18 10( 8~~~0 ~0/1((01 011/1011~(10/11110(0(87
11-8. ~03( 3(~ (0~ 30.,,3/1(3~~8 01.,,01(8/0~((2 ~0/1((017

11-9. ~03( 18 3 038~ 1(~~11~/1~~ 011/1011~110/1 1110(0(87
11-10. ~03( 3(~ (0~ 30.,,3/1(3~~8 01 ~11((~/1( ~0/1((017
379

11-11. ~/131 15 5~313. ~0111.017
11-12. ~/13115 ~~~10. ~0111.017
11-13. ~/13115 303~6~~ ~0111.017
11-14. ~/13115 3 5136~ 1(.3111~. 0.1~~7
11-15. ~/13115 3 5136~ 5~/1~.01115 0.1~~7
11-16. ~/13115 3 11~10-~~3/(~11111~ 11100~ 01111011~11011 111010.7
11-17. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ ~11~~15 011.~().11~11~~ ~0111.01 01111011~6011 111010.57
11-18. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 30~31113~~5 011111)( ~0111.017
‫ﻣ‬
11-19. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ ~3.10115 1~~~5 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-20. ~/131 15 1/1~ 10.().11~ 311~1~ 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-21. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 0111~.~11~~5 0~1~~~11 5311~111-~01~ 111010.5 3110 .~111~1311~~ 111010.57
et
11-22. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 0111~.~11~~5 0~1~~~115311~111-~01~ 111010.5 3110 ~~.111311~111-1113~11~1111010.57
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
11.23. ~/13115 3 ~1111-011110.().11~ 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-24. ~/13115 1/1~ 513.1111~ 10.().11~ 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
ng
11-25. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 10.().11~-5~~~0 ~/13.3~1~.1511~5 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-26. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ ~-~11.~~5 01 5~11~/1.0110115 111010.57
11-27. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 30~31113~~5 01 ~0113~~-5011.~~ 111~~.1~.-1~0 0.1~~57
ri
11-28. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5
ee 01.~111~1311~~ 111010. 0.1~~57
11-29. ~/131 3.~ 1/1~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 01 ~~.111311~111-1113~11~1111010.57
gin
‫ﺔ‬
11-1. ~ 1/1.~~-~/135~
0, ~~ = 0.1 0,
1100 1030 = 300~.
460-~
En
%5 = 0.62
60-1-12 ~1~/11-~01~ ~-~01111~~1~0
0, %~ = 0.920,= 6.7 0.3110 ~,,,
111011~6011111010.
1/1~ 110-1030 1055,
~1 3 111010. 5~~~0 01 850 .~111, 115~ 1/1~ 3~~(0)(111131~ ~().111~31~111
/135 ~5 = 0.08
asy
~1.~1111111 ~1~. 11-2 10 0~1~.111111~ 1/1~ (3) 5~11~/1.0110115 5~~~0, ().)5~(/)) 511~, 5~ (() 111~111
~11..~111, /.~ (().) 111~111~0~~., 11.~ (~) 111~111~0~~. 13~10. 011/1~ 511~~1~, ~~5~ (1) ~3~
~0~~., 118~ (~) .010. ~0~~~.1055, 11~~~(11) 51310. ~0~~~.1055, 11$~~(1) 0~~~10~~010.().11~,
10~ 0) ~111~1~11~~~ (/(.) 513.611~ .010. ~11..~111, /~$~ 3110 513.611~ 10.().11~, 15~ (1) 511~ 10.
E
1113)(11111111110.().11~,5,,,~ (01) 1113)(111111111111010.111~

0~~~10~~0 10.().11~, 1 ,,,,,,~ 3110 (11) 1113)(-
111111111.~~~.36~~ 0~~~10~~0 10.().11~, 1,,,~.
w.
11-2. ~~~~31 ~.00. 11-111 ~$ 15 11~~11~101~.

11-3. = 1.020,
‫ُﺭ‬
~~~~31 ~.00. 11-1111/1~ 111010. /135 1~0 ~01~5 3110 1/1~ ~3.3111~1~.5 3.~ ~$
ww
~~ = 0.35 0, %5 = 0.72 0, %~ = 1.08 0, 3110~,,, = 60 0. 1/1~ 110-1030105515

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1100 1030 = 70 ~ 3110 1/1~ .010. 5~~~0 15 3450 .~111.

11-4. ~ 1/1.~~ ~/135~ 460- ~ 60-1-12 51)(-~01~ ~-~01111~~1~0 111011~6011111010. /135 ~$ = 0.320,
~~ = 0.18 11, %5 = 1.04 0, %~ = 1.60, 3110 %,,, = 18.8 0. 1/1~ 110-1030 1055,
1100 1030, 15 11~~11~101~. 1/1~ 1030 10.().11~, ~/11~/115 ~.0~0.60113110 5~~~0 5().113.~0, 15
180 ~.111 311180 .~111. 111/1~ 111010. 5~~~015 950 .~111, 0~1~.111111~ 1/1~ (3) 1030 10.().11~
0~1113110, 1~~ (/)) .010. ~11..~111, /~~ (() 51310. 511~~1~ ~0113~~, ~.~ (().) 111010. 111~111
~11..~111, /.~ (~) 111010.111~111 ~0~~., 11.~ (1) 511~ 10(1113)(111111111~11..~111, 5.~ (~) 1113)(111111111
.010. ~11..~111, /~(,,,~)~ (11) 5~~~0 (11113)(111111111.010. ~11..~111, ().).~ 3110 (1) 10.().11~ 311/1~
1113)(111111111 ~11..~111, 1..
380

11-5. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-411~, ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬
18 11~~11~101~.
11-6. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-411111~ 111010( 11381011( ~01~8 3110 111~ ~3(3111~1~(8 3(~ ~5 = 0.250,
~~ = 0.140, %5 = 0.7 0, %~ = 1.050,3110 %,,, = 20.6 0. 111~1030 10(().11~18121
~.111 311765 (~111. 111~ 111010( 8~~~018 1525 (~111.
11-7. ~ 111(~~-~1138~ 460- ~ 60-1-12 81)(-~01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 ~011110-(010( 111011~11011111010( ~1108~
8~~~018 ~0111(011~0 0~ 811~ ~0~~( 38 8110~11111 ~1~. 11-631138111~ 10110~111~ ~3(311131~(8~
~$ = 0.11 0, ~~ = 0.090, %$ = 0.4 0, %~ = 0.60,3110 %,,, = 11.6 0. 111~ 111(118
(3110 01111~ (010( 10 81310( ~1110111~8 18 /1,,, = 1-/~/1-/5 = 0.9. 111~ 111011~1311~~ ~,/ 18
,,,~(~ 13(~~ 3110 118 ~11((~111, 1,/, 1138 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 111~ ,,,3111~8 01 ~$, ~~, %,, 3110
%~ 10( 111~ ~().111,,,31~111~1(~1111 111~1~. 11-2 ~311 0~ ~011810~(~0 11~~11~101~ ~0111~3(~0 10
111~ ~11~~11,,,~ 1111~~0311~~ 01 ~,/. 111~ 110-1030 108818 275~. 111~ 1030 10(().11~, ~111~11
‫ﻣ‬
18 ~(0~0(110113110 8~~~0 8().113(~0, 18 455 ~.111 311175 (~111. (3) 11111~ 111010( 1138 10
0~~(31~ ~1111 3 111111111111111
8~~~0 01750 (~111, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (~8181311~~,~. ~111111118
,,,3111~ 01~, 11111~ 0~81(~0 8~~~018 950 (~111, ~31~11131~ 111~ (1)) 111011~10( ~11((~111, 1,/~ (~)
t
((() 0~ ,,,0113~~, ~,/~ (~) ~111~1~11~~~ 3110 (1) 111~111~0~~(
0111~ ~~~1~ 01111~ ~110~~~(, /(~
e
13~10( 01111~ 0(1,,,~, ~~$.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
11-8. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-7 11111~ 111111111111111
8~~~018 650 (~111.
11-9. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-7 11111~ 111010( 1138 ~1~111 ~01~8 3110 111~ 111010( ~3(3111~1~(8 3(~ ~$ =
0.08 0, ~~ = 0.1 0, %5 = 0.62 0, %~ = 0.92 0, 3110~,,, = 6.7 0. 111~ 110-1030
rin
1088 18 1100 (030 = 300~. 111~ 1030 10(().11~, ~111~1118~(0~0(110113110 8~~~0, 18 604
~.111 31 885 (~111. 111~ 111010( 113810 0~~(31~ ~1111 3 111111111111111
8~~~0 01 650 3110 111~
0~81(~0 8~~~0 18 750 (~111.
11-10.
8~~~0
ee
~ 111(~~-~1138~460- ~ 60-1-12 81)(-~01~ ~-~01111~~1~0 ~011110-(010( 111011~11011111010(
18 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 81311~ 1((3111~( 0(1,,,~ 38 8110~11111 ~1~. 11-60
~1108~
1138~ ~$ = 0.11
0, ~~ = 0.09 0, %5 = 0.4 0, %~ = 0.60, %,,, = 11.6 0. 111~ 111(118(3110 01111~
gin
(010( 10 81310( ~1110111~8 18 /1,,, = 1-/~/1-/$ = 0.9. 111~ 111011~1311~~, ~,/, 18 ,,,~(~ 13(~~ 3110
118 ~11((~111, 1,/, 1138 11~~11~101~ (1~~1~. 111~ ,,,3111~8 01 ~5, ~,, %$, 3110 %~ 10( 111~
‫ﺔ‬ ~().111,,,31~111~1(~1111111 ~1~. 11-2 ~311 ~ ~011810~(~0 11~~11~101~ ~0111~3(~0 10 111~ ~11~~11,,,~
1111~~0311~~ 01 ~,/. 111~ 110-1030 1088 18 275~.
En
,,,0113~~ 10 811~~1~ ,,,0113~~ 18 /10 = 1-/)1-/~ = 0.5.

31 3 8~~~0 01950
111~ 111(118(3110 01111~ ~011,,,~(1~( 3~
11111~ 111010( 18 (~().111(~0 10 0~~(31~
(~111, ~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 111011~10( ~11((~111, 1,/~ (1)) 0~ ,,,0113~~, ~,/~ (~)
0~13~ 311~1~ 01111~ ~011,,,~(1~(, ~~ ((() ~111~1~11~~~ 3110 (~) 111~111~0~~( 13~10( 01111~
asy
0(1,,,~, ~~$. 111~ 1030 10(().11~, ~111~1118 ~(0~0(110113110 8~~~0 8().113(~0, 18 455 ~.111 31
1175 (~111.
11-11. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-10 10( /10 = 0.9.
11-12. ~0( ~(00. 11-10 ~101111~ ~0~~( 13~10( 3~311181111~ 111(118(3110 /10.
.E
11-13. ~ 111(~~-~1138~ 56-/( ~ 3560-(~111 460- ~ 60-1-12 1~0-~01~ ~ -~01111~~1~0 111011~11011111010(

1138 111~ 10110~111~ ~3(3111~1~(8~ ~$ = 0, ~~ = 0.180, %$ = 0.13 0, %~ = 0.20,3110
w
%,,, = 11.4 0. 111~ 111010( 18 ~0111(011~0 0~ ,,,3(~111~ 111~ 811~~1~ 1(~().11~11~~. 11111~
0(~3/(00~11 10(().11~ (~().111(~111~11118 160 ~ .111, ~31~11131~ 111~ (3) 811~~1~ 1(~().11~11~~, 3110
‫ُﺭ‬
(1)) 8~~~0, 00,,,.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11-14. 11 ~5 = 0.07 0 3110 111~ 1(~().11~11~~ 18 ~11311~~0 1(0111 60 1-12 10 40 1-12 111 ~(00. 11-13,
0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~11311~~ 1110(~3/(00~11 10(().11~.
11-15. 111~ 111010( 111~(00. 11-13 18 ~0111(011~0 0~ 3 ~011813111 ,,,0118/11~(12 (3110 ~0((~8~0110111~
10 111~ (31~0 ,,,0113~~ 3110 (31~0 1(~().11~11~~. ~31~11131~ 111~ (113)(11111111110(().11~,1,,,, 3110
111~ ~0((~8~0110111~ 8~~~0, 00,,,, 10( 811~~1~ 1(~().11~11~~ 01 (3) 601-12, 3110 (1)) 30 1-12.
11-16. ~~~~31 ~(00. 11-15 11 ~$ 18 0.2 0.
11-17. ~ 111(~~-~1138~ 40-11~ 880-(~111 60-1-12 ~1~111-~01~ ~-~01111~~1~0111011~11011111010( 1138111~
10110~111~ ~3(3111~1~(8~ ~$ = 0.19 0, ~~ = 0.220, %$ = 1.2 0, %~ = 1.80,3110 %,,,
381

= 13 0. 10.~ 110-10(10105515 11~~11~101~. 10.~ 111010~ 15 ~0111~011~0 0~ (1 ~~~~~111-50~~~~
111~~~1~~ (1110 10.~ 11111~1~~~~~11115 111(11111(1111~0
~01151(1111(11 50~. 1110.~ 1~~().~~11~~ 15
40 1-12 (1110 10.~ 0~~~1011~0 10~().~~ 15 200 ~.111, 0~1~~111111~ 10.~ (3) 5111110~ 111(1)(1111~111
10~().~~, 5,,,, (1110 111(1)(1111~11110~().~~, 1,,,~ (/)) 51111,5~ (~) ~010~ 511~~0, (0,,,~ ((() 1~~111111(11
~011(1~~ 11~~ 110.(15~, 1/0~ (1110 (~) 110~~~ 13~10~, ~~~,.
11-18. ~~11~(11 ~~00. 11-17 111~~().~~11~~ 15 80 1-12.
11-19. ~ 10.~~~-110.(15~ 460-~ 60-1-1210-1101~ ~-~01111~~1~0 ~~11110~1~(11~010~ 5~11~0.~0110~5111010~
0.(15 (1 5~11~0.~0110~5 ~~(1~1(111~~ 01 %, = 0.8 0 11~~ 110.(15~ (1110 10.~ (1~111(11~~~~~5151(111~~
15 11~~11~101~. 10.~ 10(10 10~().~~, ~0.1~0.1511~0110~11011(1110 10.~ 511~~0 5().~(1~~0, 15 11- =
‫ﻣ‬
1250 ~.111 (11 720 ~11111. 10.~ 110~~~ 1(1~10~ 15 111(11111(1111~0 (110.8 1(1~~111~0~ 11~10 ~0111~01
(1110 10.~ ~011(1~~-10-1~~().~~11~~ ~(16015 /(~111 ~01151(1111(1110.~ ~(11~0 ~(11~~. 1110.~ 111~~~1~~
1~~().~~11~~ 15 451-12 (111010.~ 111010~ 511~~015 540 ~11111,~(11~~1(11~10.~ (3) 10.~ 11111~1~011(1~~,
t
1/0~ (/)) (1~111(11~~~~~~~~111, /0~ (~) ~)(~11(16011 ~011(1~~, 1//~ ((() 10~().~~ (111~1~, 0~ (1110 (~)
.ne
11~11-0~110~().~~, 1,,.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
11-20. ~ 10.~~~-110.(15~ 230- ~ 60-1-12 40-/(~ ~1~0.1-1101~ ~-~01111~~1~0 5(111~111-1101~5~11~0.~0110~5
111010~ 0.(15 %,) = 2.5 0 (1110 %4 = 0.4. 10.~ (1~111(11~~~~~5151(111~~15 11~~11~101~. 1110.~
ng
111010~ 011~~(11~5 ~110. (111 11111~1110~~~ 01 25 /(~ (11 (1 1~(10111~ 110~~~ 1(1~10~ 01 0.86,
0~1~~111111~ (3) 10~().~~ (111~1~, 0~ (/)) ~)(~11(16011 ~011(1~~, 1/6 (1110 (~) 10~().~~, 1,/.
11-21. ~ 10.~~~-110.(15~ 230- ~ 60-1-12 10-1101~ ~-~01111~~1~0 ~~1~~1(111~~ 111010~ 0.(15 %,) = 18.5 0
(1110 %4 = 3 0.
eri
10.~ (1~111(11~~~~~5151(111~~ 15 11~~11~101~. 10.~ 10(10 10~().~~, ~0.1~0.15
11~0110~6011(1110 511~~0, 15 11~ = 12.5 ~.111. 10.~ ~0113~~-10-1~~().~~11~~ ~(160 15 111(1111-
1(1111~0 ~01151(1111(1110.~ ~(11~0 ~(11~~. 1110.~ 5~11111~1~~().~~11~~ 15 60 1-12, 0~1~~111111~ 10.~
ine
(3) 10~().~~ (111~1~, 0~ (/)) 1111~~~~~~111, /0~ (1110 (~) 11111~1110~~~ 1(1~10~, ~~,,,.
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
g
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
382

12
‫ﻣ‬
t
ng
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬ En
g
~~ 113~~ 8~~0 10 111~ ~(~~1008 ~113~1~(8 11131 ~0~~( 8~1111~0000~10( 0100~8 ~13~ 3
81~0111~301 (01~ 10 ~0~~( ~1~~1(001~8 ~1(~0118. ~ 0100~ 3~18 38 3 8~11~11 10 ~~(10(111
sy
~3(1008 100~11008, 80~11 38 1(~~~11~~110~ 10 8~11~1110~ (~~01310(8, ~113(~~ (~~~(831 01

~3~3~110( 300 ~0~(~~ 1(3081~( 0~1~~~0 ~0111~00~018 10 111~(1810( ~01111110131100 ~1(-
Ea
~0118, 180131100 10 00081 (~~01310(, ~0~(~~ 1~~003~~ 1(0111 111~ 1030 10 111~ ~0~~(
800(~~, 300 1(3~~~0 ~0~(~~ (~~0~~(~. 111~ 0100~8 3(~ 3180 08~0 10 (~~1111~(8.
~111100~11 ~0~~( 0100~8 3(~ 3880111~0 38 10~31 8~11~11~8 10 ~3(11~( ~113~1~(8,
w.
~(3~11~31 0100~8 0111~( 1(0111 111~ 10~31 ~113(3~1~(1811~8 300 113~~ ~~(1310 1111111311008.
111~ ~0~~( 0100~8 3(~ 81111113(10 1-711-)00~1100 81~031 0100~8. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~0~~(
‫ُﺭ‬
0100~8 113~~ 13(~~( ~0~~(-, ~0113~~-, 300 ~0((~01-11300110~ ~3~3011111~8 11130 11131 01
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0(0103(~ 81~031 0100~8. 111~ 1(~().0~0~~ (~8~008~ (0( 8~11~1110~ 8~~~0) 18 10~ ~0111-
~3(~0 10 81~031 0100~8.
~ ~0~~( 0100~ 18 3 1~0-1~(11110311-711-)00~1100 0~~1~~ 300 31-711-)00~1100 18 00(111311~

10(111~0 0~ 3110~10~, 011108100, 300 ~~113)(131 ~(0~111. 111~ 11100~(0 ~001(01 1~~11-
383

,, ,,
+ - + -
...1~0..~ 12-1 ~~-)1.1/1~110/1 3/10 0100~
5~/11001.
01()0~510 01((05100 3.00 ~11113.~13.111(0~~55~511~((0115 111~ 0~51(~0 0~~1~~ ~11(1((1~1~(1511~50
‫ﻣ‬
~1~0(~ 12-1 5110~5 111~ 5~~1100(11 ~1~~ 0( (1 )711-100~1100 (100 0100~ 5~(0001.
~11~0 111~ (1000~ 1101~011(1115 1105111~~ ~1111 (~511~~1 10 111~ ~(111100~, 111~ 0100~
et
15 5(110 10 0~ (0(~(1(0 01(15~0 (100 111~ 0100~ ~0000~15. ~ ~0000~110~ 0100~ 11(15 (1
(~1(111~~1~ 5(0(111 (0(~3.(0 ~0113.~~ 0(011 (1~(055 11~ (100 111~ (0(1~01100~ 0( 11115 0(011
~0010 0~11~00 00 111~ (0(100((1~10(10~ 11(0~~55 (100 1~(011~((110(~0 ~11~0 111~ ~(111100~
1101~011(11151105111~~ ~1111 (~511~~110 111~ (1000~, 111~ 0100~ 15 5(110 10 0~ (~~~(5~ 01(15~00
000~( (~~~(5~-01(15~0 ~000111005, (1 5(0(111 (~~~(5~ ~0((~01 ((1150 ~00~0 (15 /~(1/((18~
~1(,.,.~110 10 111~ (3.0~~ 0( (01~(0- 0( (011113.(011~(~ (10~5 (100 11115 1~(1~(1~~ ~0((~01 10-
rin
~(~(15~5 510~1~ 10 (0(1~01100~ ~1111111~ (~~~(5~ ~011(1~~ 00111111~ (1~(11(10~11~ 0( 2~0~(
~011(1~~ 15 (~(1~11~00 ~1~0(~ 12-2 5110~5 111~ 51~3.0~-51(11~ 1)-( ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 0( (1
0100~0
111~ ~0((~01
ee
10 (1 (0(~(1(0-01(15~0 100~1100 0100~ 15 00~ 10 111~ 0~1 ~((~~1 0(
(0(110(11~ (100 (0100(11~ ~(1((1~(50 00~~ (1 0100~ 15 10 (1 (0(~(1(0 ~0000~1100 (000~
gin
(100 111~0 115 (0(~(1(0 ~0((~0115 (~00~~0 10 2~(0 (00~ 10 111~ 0(110((11 0~11(1~10( 0(
111~
0100~ ~1(~011 0( 0~ (111111~10~ (1 (~~~(5~ ~011(1~~), 111~ 0100~ ~001100~5 10 ~0000~1 00~
‫ﺔ‬
10 111~ (0100(11~
~0000~10(
~(1((1~(5 ~111~11 (~(0(110
((111~ 0( 111~ 0100~.

1100 0100~5
(0(11~(1(110
0
~1~0(~
En
111~
~1111011110511~ ~11(1(~~5 (100 10 0~ 0~01((1112~00
12-3 5110~5 1~0
1-10~~~~(,
sy
(0100(11~
111~ 50(1
510(~0
~(1((1~(5
(~~0~~(~
1~11~ 15 (00(~
10 111~ )711-100~1100
(~()01(~
1111511(0~
(~~~(5~
~0(0(000.
(1 ~~(1(110
(100 111~ 001~
11(0~ 10 (~~0(0010~
15 ~(111~0 111~ ,.~1/~,.5~ ,.~~01/~,.)1
(~~0~~(~
~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 0(
100~-
111~ (~~~(5~
5~(01-
(~~0~~(~ 11(0~ 15 0~001~0 (15 (__ (100 15 (0~(150(~0 ((0(0

111~ 10111(11 2~(0 ~(05510~ 0( 111~
0100~ ~0((~01 10 25% 0( (0(1~1(00(0 (0( 11~(1~) (~~~(5~ ~0((~01, (__ ~0051515 0(
/~~0
Ea
1~0 ~0(01100~015, (0 (100 (/10 (0 15 00~ 10 111~ ~11(1(~~ 510((1~~ 10 111~ 0~111~1100 (~~100
0( 111~ 100~1100 (100 (~11(~5~015 111~ 11(0~ 0~1~~~0 111~ 2~(0 ~(05510~ (100 111~ 11~(1~
(~~~(5~ ~0((~01, /~~0 (/1 15 00~ 10 111~ ~11(1(~~ 510((1~~ 10 111~ 001~ 5~(01~0000~10(
w.
(0(11~(1(110 111~ (3.110 (/1/(015 ~00~0 3.5111~ 50/(11~55 /(1~(0,., 8~0 ~0( 11((1~11~(11110(1105~5,
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
384

0 0
0.25 ~~~
‫ﻣ‬
t
.ne
011~ 11~~0 0~ ~011~~(11~0 ~1111111~ 101(11 (~~0~~()111(11~, (~~, (1110 111~ ~(110~ 0~ 111~ ~~(1~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(~~~(8~ ~0((~111, 18,8,.
(12-1 )
g
111~ ~~(1~ (~~~(8~ ~0((~111 ~(111 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 111 (~~~(8~ 0.//0.( (18
rin
0./
18,8, = (,,.~
~1
(12-2)
111~ 810((1~~ ~11(1(~~ ~111~1118

ee
111~ (1(~(1 ~11~108~0 0)1111~ ~(1111 0~ 111~ (~~0~~()1 ~0((~111
18 (1~~(0)(1(11(11~1)1
gin
(12-3)
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
(12-4)
8~0(11111~ 8~. (12-2) 10 8~. (12-4) ~1~~8

2(28,8,
(~~(,,= (12-5)
Ea
0.//0.(
w.
(12-6)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
18,8, = /
~2(28,8,0.(
0./
(12-7)
11 ~(111 0~ 11011~~0 ~(0(11 8~8. (12-6) (1110 (12-7) 111(11 111~ (~~~(8~ (~~0~~()111(11~ (1110
111~ ~~(1~ (~~~(8~ ~0((~111 0~~~110 011 111~ 810((1~~ ~11(1(~~ (1110 111~ (~~~(8~ (0( (~(1~-
58~. 12-2 385

()11~0) ~1/~(. 10~ 810(3~~ ~03(~~ 18 0~()~110~111 011 10~ 10(~3(0 0100~ ~1.1((~111, 1~.
10~ ()~31( (~~~(8~ (~~0~~()1 ~1.1((~111,18.8., (~~~(8~ ~03(~~, (28.8., 3110 10~ 801111~88
13~10( 3(~ 311 011111~(~8110 10~ ~1(~1.111 0~81~11~(, 3110 10~8~ ()3(301~1~(8 3(~ ~001010111)1
111~11.10~0 111 10~ 8()~~111~311011 80~~18 01 0100~8.
11 3 0100~ 18 111 3 (~~~(8~-0138~0 ~0110111011, 3 1~31(3~~ ~1.1((~111110~8 01.1~ 10 10~
011110(11)1 ~3((1~(8. 10~11 10~ 3()()11~311011 0110(~3(0 ~0113~~ ~01.110 10(~~ 10~ 0100~
10 ~3(()1 ~1.1((~111 111 10~ 10(~3(0 01(~~11011. 110~~~~(, 11 (~()1.11(~8 3 ~~(13111 1101~
1(110~11 3810,.)11(1,.~ ,.~~011~,.)1 (0,. (/1,.11-011) (1111~ 0~10(~ 311 10~ 013)0(11)1 ~3((1~(8 0~~(
10~ ~001~ )1.111~11011 ~311 ~0111(101.11~ 10 10~ ~1.1((~111 110~. 1110~ (31~ 01 (18~ 0110~
‫ﻣ‬
10(~3(0 ~1.1((~111 18 01~0 3110 10~ 10(~3(0 ~1.1((~111 18 ~011~~111(31~0 10 3 801311 3(~3 01
10~ )1.111~11011, 10~ 0100~ 013)11311. 101.18 10~ 10(~3(0 (~~0~~()11101~ 1101118 10~ (31~
et
01 (18~ 0110~ 10(~3(0 ~1.1((~111 3110 10~ 8~11~0111~ 8()~~0.
~~301))1~ 12-1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
111~ (~~~(8~ (~~0~~(~ 6111~ 01 (1 0100~ 18 (~~ = 3 ~8 (1110 111~ ((11~ 011(111 01111~ 0100~
~1.1((~111 18 (),/()( = 30 ~/~8. 0~1~(111111~111~ ((1) 810((1~~ ~11(1(~~, (28.8., (1110(0) 11~(1/(
(~~~(8~ ~1.1((~111, /8.8..
rin
8011.111011 (~~ = 3 ~8 (1110 (),/ ()( = 30 ~/ ~8.
((1) ~(0111 ~(). (12-6),
1 (),
(28.8. =
ee
(~~ = 0.5 )(
30 )(
32 )(
10-6
= 135 ~~
2~
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (12-7),
gin
~
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
/8.8. =
~ 2(28.8.
~ = ~2
)(
135 )(
30 = 90 ~
10~311)1, 3 0100~ 8001.110 03~~ 110 (~~~(8~ (~~0~~()11101~. 110~~~~(, 013111.113~11.1(111~

~081 01 81.1~0 3 0100~ ~01.110 111~(~38~. 111 01311)1 3()()11~3110118, 10~ ~11~~18 01 (~~~(8~
Ea
(~~0~~()11101~ ~01.110 1101 0~ 81~11111~3111,3110 111~)(()~1181~~0100~8 ~311 0~ 1.18~0. 0~-

()~110111~ 011 10~ (~~0~~()1 ~03(3~1~(1811~8 3110 013111.113~11.1(111~
1~~0111()1.1~8, 10~ ()0~~(
0100~8 ~311 0~ ~1388111~0 11110 10(~~ ~31~~0(1~8. 10~ ~03(3~1~(1811~8 3110 ()(3~11~31
w.
110111311011801 ~3~0 1)1()~ (~81(1~1 10~1( 3()()11~3110118.

‫ُﺭ‬
1. 5131103(0 0( ~~11~(31-()1.1(()08~ 0100~8
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
2. ~381-(~~0~~()1 0100~8
3. 5~00111()1 0100~8
10~ ~~11~(31-()1.1(()08~ (~~1111~( 0100~8 113~~ (~1311~~1)1 111~0 (~~~(8~ (~~0~~()1 1101~,
1)1()1~311)1 25 /-18, 3110 3(~ 1.18~0 11110~-8()~~0 3()()11~3110118, ~11~(~ (~~0~~()11101~ 18 1101
~(111~31 (~.~., 0100~ (~~1111~(8 10( 10~ 1(~()1.1~11~)11.1() 10 11(112 3()()11~3110118 3110 1111~-
~001011.1131~0 ~011~~(1~(8). 10~8~ 0100~8 ~0~~( ~1.1((~111 (31111~8 1(001 1~88 10311 1 ~
386

‫ﻣ‬
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
...1~..~ 12.4 111151-~~~0...~~~
ng
0100~5. (~01./,(~5)1 0/ ~0~~,~~, 1/1~.)
eri
10 5~.,,~(31111011531105 01 3(11~~(~5, ~1111 .,,0113~~ (31111~5 1(0(11 50 ~ 10 3(011110 5 /(~.
111~5~ 0100~5 3(~ ~~11~(311)1 (113111113~111(~0 0)1 01111151011. 1-10~~.,,~(, (110)1~0 1)1~~5
01 (~~1111~(5 ~111~11 3(~ 115~0 111 ~~10111~ ~0~~( 511~~11~5 3(~ (11051 ~051-~11~~11.,,~ 3110
ine
(11~~~0~ 3110 111~1( (31111~5 ~311 ~0 11~ 10 300 ~ 3110 1000 ~.
3(~
‫ﺔ‬
111~ 1351-(~~0.,,~()1
115~0 111 ~110~~~(
~(111~31
1111110(~05
1(11~0(1311~~.
01 3(11~~(~5,
0100~5
3110 111.,,~(1~(
sy
E
111~5~
ng
113.,,~ 10~
0100~5
~1111 .,,0113~~
(~~0.,,~()111(11~,
~1(~11115, ~11~(~ 111~ 5~~~0
~0.,,~( ~11((~111 (31111~5
(31111~5 1(0(11 50 ~
110((11311)11~55
10 3(011110
111311 5
01 (~~0.,,~()115
3 /( ~.
5.
011~11 01
1(0(11 1~55 111311 1 ~ 10
111~)1
~0( .,,0113~~ (31111~5 300.,,~ 400 ~, 1351-(~~0.,,~()1 0100~5

3(~ ~~11~(311)1 (1130~ 0)1
01111151011 3110 111~ (~~0.,,~()111(11~ 15 ~0111(011~0 0)1 ~13111111(11 0( ~010 01111151011. ~0(
Ea
.,,0113~~ (31111~5 0~10~ 400 ~, ~~113)(131 0100~5 ~(0.,,10~ 1351~( 5~11~11111~ 5~~~05 111311
11131 01111~ 0111115~0 0100~5. 111~ ~~113)(131 0100~5 113.,,~ 3 113((0~ 035~ ~10111, (~-
51111111~ 111 3 1351 (~~0.,,~()111(11~ 01 35 10~ 35 50 115. ~351-(~~0.,,~()1 0100~5 01.,,3(10115
w.
512~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 12-4.

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ ~113(~~ 510(3~~ ~(001~(11 01 3 ~11-)1111~11011 ~311 0~ ~11(1111131~0 (0( (111111(1112~0) 111
3 5~11011/()1 0100~. 11 15 3~~0(11~11511~0 0)1 5~11111~ 11~ 3 ..03((1~( ~01~111131,, ~1111 3
~01113~1 0~1~~~11 3 (11~131 3110 3 5~(111~011011~10(. ~ 13)1~( 01 (11~13115 0~~0511~0 011

3 111111~~113)(13113)1~( 0111-1)1~~ 5111~011. 111~ ~01~111131 03((1~( 51(1111131~5 111~ 0~113.,,10(
01 3 ~11-)1111~11011. 1-10~~.,,~(, 111~ (~~111)1111~ 3~11011 0~~~1105 011 111~ (113)0(11)1 ~3((1~(5
0(11)1,311035 3 (~51111111~(~ 15110 ~)(~~55 (111110(11)1 ~3((1~(510 (~~0(110111~. 111~ (~~0.,,~()1
~11~~115 011~ 501~1)110 111~ 5~11-~3~3~11311~~ 01111~ 5~(111~011011~10( )1111~11011.
58~. 12-3 387

‫ﻣ‬
...1~..~ 12.5 20-300 30-~111~ 01131
5~0011/(~ ~~01~( (~~11~1~(5. (~0/1,(~5()1 0/
et
//1(~,/1(1(/0/1(1/ ~~~(///~,)
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
10~ (~~0~~(~0 ~03(~~ 01 3 5~0011~~ 0100~ 18 11111~01~88 1030 1031 01 30 ~()111~-
31~01 )711-1110~1100 0100~. 510~~ 11 18 011~ 001~ 10 10~ 1110~1100 ~3113~1130~~, 11 18
13(~~1~ 100~11~00~01 0110~ (~~~(8~ 0.1/0.(. ~ 5~0011~~ 0100~ 038 3 (~1311~~1~ 10~
10(~3(0 ~0113~~ 0(011.
n
10~ 1~3~3~~ ~11((~01 01 3 5~0011~~ 0100~ 18 01~0~( 1030 1031 01 3 )711-1110~1100
0100~.
1111111~010 100~.
eri
~ 5~0011~~ 0100~ ~110 (~1311~~1~ 10~ ~00011~1100 ~0113~~ 038 (~1311~~1~ 01~0
1~3~3~~ ~11((~01, 300 ~1~~ ~~(83. ~8 3 (~81111, 118 1113)(111111111
3110~301~ ~0113~~ 18
10~ ~11((~01 (3110~8 01 5~0011~~ 0100~8 ~3(1~8 1(0111 110 300 ~.
e
10~ 5~0011~~ 0100~8 3(~ 10~3110( 01~0-~11((~01 300 10~-~0113~~ 0~ 110~~( 811111111~8.
gin
1-10~~~~(, 10~~ 3(~ 3180 118~0 10 10~-~11((~01110~~( 811111111~810( 10~(~38~0 ~111~1~0~~.
1~~01~- 300 30-~ 01131 5~0011~~ (~~1111~(8 3(~ 800~0 10 ~1~. 12-5.
‫ﺔ‬ En
10~ 8~1111~00011~10( 0100~8 3(~ ~03(3~1~(12~0

sy
0~ 10~ 111301113~111(~(8 10 1~(1118 01

~~(1310 11~(10(11130~~ 113(3111~1~(8. 10~ 0~81~0~( 0~~08 10 0~1~(11110~ 10~ ~0((~~1
8~1111~00011~10( 0100~ 10 111~~13 ~1~~0 (~()111(~111~01. 10~8~ 113(3111~1~(8 3(~ 000110~3(
Ea
300 0~11~00~01 00 3 0111110~( 01 13~10(8. 10~ 111301113~111(~(8 00(111311~ 11(0~10~

~03(3~1~(1811~ ~11(~~8 10( 1111110(1301113(3111~1~(8, 10 10~ 10(111 013 0313 80~~1. ~1~11(~
12-6 800~8 10~ 0313 80~~1 01101~(03110031 ~~~1111~( (1~) 0100~~ 300 ~, 800 ~,
w.
1~11~~23~~. ~1~11(~ 12-6.1 (~1~(8 10 ~11(~~ 0111110~(110 ~1~. 12-6.

‫ُﺭ‬
,~1.0., 19((1~9..81 9, ,.../. 1) 18 10~ 3~~(3~~ 1~11111~(3111(~ 0~~( 10~ ~001~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1110~1100. 1)(003~) 18 10~ 1113)(1111111111110~1100

1~11111~(3111(~1031 3 0100~ ~30 ~11081300
~1100111 131110~ 011~ 10 10~(11131 (110~3~. 1018 18 3 ~~(~ 1111110(1301 113(3111~1~( 300
101111~0~~8 10~ (3110~8 01 010~( 113(3111~1~(8. 10~ (30~~ 01 1) 18 1~111~311~ - 40 10
1250~, ~0~(~ 1/(003~) 18 1250~. 11 3 0100~ 18 011~(31~0 0~10~ 118 11110111111111 1111111
(~.~., -400~), 10~ ~(~813181(11~111(~ 0110~ 8111~00 ~31~( 1113~ 0~ 1(3~111(~0.
510..899 19((1~9..81 9, ,..5~9. 15(8 0~110~8 10~ (30~~ 011~11111~(3111(~ ~11010

~01~0 3 000~00011~110~ 0100~ ~30 0~ 810(~0 300 1(308110(1~0. 11 18 1~111~311~ - 40
10 1500~.
388

~23~~ 5~~~~5
800-600 ~0(.,,.5 ~~~~~
~~~~~5~ ~~~0~~~.,. ,.~,.,~ 0.9118
300 ~,.,~ ~~~ ...0~~~.,. ~...~
50~,. ~~5,. ~~~0~~~.,. ~~~,.~~~~~ ()~0()~5
‫ﻣ‬
(..,)
~,,.,..~ ...~~. ..,~ - (-.,,) ..,~-
,..,. ~... ,..~. ~..~ ,..~...8. ~... 00,.....,..~. ~...
(1) 80(8 ~1...~~ ..,0~~~. ......,...88 ~~~88.
t
,,, 1,,, .. ~0 ~01250~
.....) -~
e
10 ,250~
8 800 800
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
8 800 7..
rin
~...~1(~ ..~ 0..1,.5 ,.011=5
1~ ......,,~~100 ~.~.,..~...,.. -40 10 125 00
810..~. ~.~....~,.. -40 10 150 00

1...
1~(.....,) ~.)0.. ...,. 0,,,,.,..,,1 3.. .

ee 18()0 ~.~,. .1...8 ....,.
. ..... 1( 85 00
.
gin
1~(~) ~~. ~0...,.,..,,1 47.
,,,
,.... ~... ~..~ 00,,....,..~. 5~% .,.~, ~~0~..1,,. ....,. 1,,.~~.~ 1.. ,250~. ,..1~
,2,
‫ﺔ‬ ....,.~. 0...,.,..,,1
..... 121 0.~~1 ~11,

498.
52..
59..
6180
124
En
. 6~.1 ....~, 0)-0~. .1.... ......
5002 ....~, 0)-0~. 81,,. ......
60~% ....~, 0~0~. 81,,. ....,.
1=,~
..,~....
...0~1.8.
~~~1.~.,1.... .......,....
1,,111.~ 1,,, .. 12~(. ,..0

.,~,. ......8..
~~~1~
1,,111.~ ,... .. 1260(. ....1-.1 ..,..,. .~~~.~

......8..
.(1.,,
asy
113 1 = 8.3.
....2.
1,,, 1,,111.1 ,.... ., 1250~. ,,0 ~~188..~~1~ .(1.,.
175 1088
....,.~..
18. ... 8.3_
=
,2~ ..... 12~ 08.,80,~1~)0 1750 ....2./0 1111~1.~ ..... .. 1250~. 110 ~~~~8
..,()~1.~ .(~8,. ...,.88.
12~ (0,. ~1_ ~. .. 1~ . ~.. 0.1.5..~..5.. 1088.
.E
~( ~~()
. ~~11~1~ (0,.~. 4450(1000) . 1~
w
...1~11..~ 12-6 03(3 511~~( ~0~ 1~ 0100~, (~()~ ~23~10. (~0/1,(~$)1 0/ 1/1(~,/10(10/10/
~~~(1/1~,)
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~01~.~.,~ ~~01()~..8~(.8..~, ,.,4. 1~ 15 111~ 1~111~~((1111(~ 0~ 111~ ~00110~ 111~0111111

(100 15 111~(1511(~0 ~1111 (1 111~(1110111~1~( ~105~ 10 111~ 0100~ 00 111~ 11~(11 510~.
~85~ ~~01()~..8~(.8..~, ,.~. 1 ~ 15 111~ 1~111~~((1111(~ (11111~ ~(15~, 00(111(111)1 (11 111~
0(15~ 0~ 111~ 0100~ (100 11 ~(10 0~ 111~(1511(~0 ~1111 (1 111~(1110~011~1~.
5..,~ ~~01()~..8~(.8..~, ,.5. 15 15 111~ 1~111~~((1111(~ 0~ 111~ 11011~51 5~01 00 111~

11~(11 510~.
58~. 12-4 389

~23~~ 5~~~~5
800-600 ~0...,.5 ~~~~~
~~~.,.~~ ~1~. ,,... .... (1~115 1~51 ~0~1.,.10,.5
.,. ~..~ ,0,..,,8~ ...0(~~8 -- 1.50 1.63 . 1,,,~18~ 1..) ~250~. 50-6~~ ....1( 510., 1~.8~
= 9404.
,,,~(.,.0)1 1.0.-1......1 ,,,
0.962
. ,250~
(....,......0 ~0
---
‫ﻣ‬
- 1.. ,,,
,,,~(,..0)
1...... ~0.8,. 1-=(,.,,,) + ..~ . (1~(~/45))2
...~(,.0)2 ..,~~~......~ ~...,..8...0~~ 1.30
- ---.
068 10. ~8...8~.,.~0.6 (0,-
.., ~.....1....8~ ..8.15 ~.,,~8 0.657
-- --- 1~.5. ~..8~.0 11=(~....)
..
et
,.2 ..1~~1.....~ ..8816~.,,~. --- 0.353
-
.,. 11.....,.5...8~0.,,8,.-1 ~1....
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
.......50,,,/(
-- 0.. --- 1..)= 250~. 1~,,, 75~.
.. 01~0~ = 2~~ (0.. 81,,080108~ ~0~8..
..8.. 8~,(1)( 1.1
- -----
.,, ~.......88 ..8~0...8..~ ~1_
....... 60((1. 2.20

-- 1... = 1250~. 11=~= 75~.
n
- ,,,
... 01,(0~ 2~)./5 (0.. 5,,,060108~ ~018..
..6.. 80((,)( 2.50
-- --
. ..5.. 1=.~~0.. (1=~~8)
.......60,.(1)(
~~~..8..
60((1. 0.56
0.59
e -
---
---
--
eri 1. , 1~,
...~0
.. .
1~(~~)~.....8..88 ~0,.,.8,,~ ,1 ~1.
- .
gin
.......60,.,.1. 33
..8.. 6~(,.,)(
-
---
--
3.
. 1
~,~~ ~~1
0/1/1
0..
‫ﺔ‬
1,.,
~-==0~8,.8~
~88.. ,........,..88
~~8,.~8
..~.. .,,,,,.,)(
..8.. 8~,.,.1)(
()0,.,.80~
--
-
-
En
----
---
--
--
37
4.
35
,.,
... 1.)
=
1250~.
1,, = 1. + 1~
,..8)(, ,.8~801/~.
1-
,/1~ (/1~~)
~~~.1~,..~8,...8~ ,.861.1.80~8. ,.,,..

sy
0.09 0~ 0~8,.81.100. 000~(8 8108 ()00~80.

.100()1.10,,-1.0-~888 - --
0.09 ,.,,.. 18/)0 8108 ........ 0000~8 8100 ()00~80.
- ---
,.,,.. 12()0 ,.8~1.8~0~8,. .......... 000~~8 .108 ()00(80.
-- - 0.09
Ea
~1.0~5 ,....8,....8~,.88,81.80()8. 0.05 ,.,,.. (091.9.80,.(.08 8~01.0. ,.~81. 800 9,.88680. 5109~8 8108
0888-1.0-6,,,.. - - ~0,.0000~8 8108. 01...108...8~080)02.
000180.
.. ..1901- 57(2.0) )
-- 9(0~.
-
w.
~88. 51.~~8 00-20~ .1~()~~

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
../..,0~1.00-10-~8591~9,..,,8~ ,.95.5180~9, ~~/1./~. ~10.1~ 18 10~ ~11~~11~~ 10~(11131

(~818130~~ 0~1~~~0 10~ 1110~1100 300 10~ 0111~( ~38~ 0~ 10~ 0~~1~~. 1118 3 111~3811(~
0~ 10~ 0~31 1(308~~( (01111)1 0~ 10~ 11131~(1318 300 111~~0301~31 ~0081(11~1100 0~ 10~
0100~~ 300 11 18 11811(11)18~~~1~1~0 10 00~. ~1~11(~ 12-6.10 800~8 10~ 10~(11131
1111~~030~~ 1100~( 1(3081~01 ~00011100. ~ ~(3~11~31 0100~ 038 3 ~1011~ ~0~~( 1088,
300 1018 ~01110 (318~ 10~ 1110~1100 1~111~~(3111(~. 10~ 1110~1100 1~111~~(3111(~ 18 111310-
1310~0 ~11010 118 1113)(111111111
~3111~ 0)11110110110~ 10~ 0100~ 10 3 0~31 810/(. 1~ 111) 18
390

~23~~ 5~~1~5
800-600 ~01..,.5 ~~~~~
‫ﻣ‬
e t
~-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬~/
~......
1.) - 250(
1.)
_
1250(
ee
rin
g.n
gin
-,,,. .
1
~,-1
‫ﺔ‬
101
0.0 0.5 1_0
~8~.
1.5 2.0
1~5,..~~1~~€0(.)5
2.5 3.0
.0~~~~0
3.5
~01-185€
En
4.0
-
~
4.5 5.0
~,9. 4 - ~8)(. ~,,8~9.,, ...055 ~8~ ~(1~58 -

5.,,(150.~8~ ~81/810~~5
asy
10,
.E
103 103
w
102 102
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~3)(. ~,,8~9.,, ...055 ~8~ ~(1~58 - ~.9. 6 - ~3)(. ~,,8~9.,, ...055 ~8~ ~(1~58-
~.9. 5 -
~~3~8~0,~31 ~31/810~~5 ~~8~8~0.~8~ ~31/810~~5
...1~0..8 12-6
391
56~. 12-4

~23~~ 5~~~~5
800-600 ~0(.,.5 ~~~6~
100
90
~.)
.~.= ,.~~~
1250(
1,.~
120
110
. ~= 125~0
~.8. ,..,.~/0
(
,100 750,,.
80 1,.
%
70
~01.. 90
~00~ 80 ~~,..
~~60
, ~70
‫ﻣ‬
~60
2008
~50
.0 50
,0
~30
~~30
~20
t
~~10 20
.ne
10
00
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
~,,.,.~ 0~ ~~~1.. 0,,. ,,.0~.,.~~0 ((.)~~~~,. ~8,.( 0~ ,,.,,.1..1..
(-0~/0~) ~ ~//15 0,,- ,,.0,,.~8,,.0 ((.),,.~(~,. (-0~/01) 8//.)5
-
g
rin
100 100
90 . ~/~~12~,(
.~. ,....~~
~/ 1 90 . ~/ ~~12~,(
.,,.. ,..,.~/0
/ 1 1
1,,./04 75~~ 1,,-/04
~80 = 80 = 7508
~70
~....
ee 70
~~60 400~ ~4008
60
0
~~0~. ~10~~
50
~~...
gin
~50
.0
~...
~30
~, ...
,0
,,,
‫ﺔ‬ ~~20
10
00 10
~~,.(
20 30
En
40
0~ ,,.,,.1..1.. 0,,- ~0,,.~,,.~0
sy
50 60
(()~~(14,.
70
(-0~/01.~
80
-
90
,,./~5
100
30
20
10
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
,,.,,.,./0 0,,- ,.81..1.. 0,,. ,,.0,,.~,,.,,.0 ((.),,.,,.~14.,. (-0~/01)
80
-
90
8//.)5
100
Ea
,.../
=
1250(
1..) 1250(
.,,.. ,..,.~( =
.8. ,..,.~(
w.
0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0,.
-$. ~~~,..0,,. -~~~ (,,.~~)
= 1~/13
392

~23~(= 5~~~~5
800-600 ~0...,.5 ~~~~~
5
51~80~ 51~,.(0 ....,8(..~~=
, ~0.0801/1
,
10-
5
(
,
‫ﻣ‬
3
./ ~11
10-
5 -001.18(..( 510€ (00(..(0=

,(
t
~~~~~1
.ne
1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~.9. 11 - ~0 ~8~81.1.~8 5()~98
~~9. 10 -1~8...5.8...11...8~~8~ ~~~8~8...~8. ~()~~8...1 ~81 95
...()...~1.0 10-~858
g
rin
ee
gin
,.,,~ 1/0~,..4~ ~~01/(0~ ,.1~~
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~3~ 8
6
~00~ 1/~~
8001/
6001/ 9
~00~
.4 0.9//8
1.1//8
~~.
(1) ~.. 18 ~~~1~81 8~ 250~.

Ea
~8.. ~.. 18 9..8.8,,~8~ 8~ 1250~. 888 ~8/)1. 0( ~~8.8~~..18~1~8.
~. 8.8..~18. (0. 8 (1.~1~. .1~~ ~.. = 0.9//8. 1/~ = 6001/.

0~.. 88 ~3.4~6.4.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
111~ ~0~~( 01551~31~0 10 111~ 0100~, ~~~1~ 15 ~)(~(~55~0 35

‫ﺷﺩ‬
11 - 1~ (12-8)
~~0.1~ = /1
0
111~ 105130130~0115 ~35~ 1~111~~(3111(~ ~30 0~ ~31~11131~0 1(0111 111~ 1(3051~01 111~(11131
1111~~030~~ 300 11115 15 015~1155~0 10 5~~1100 15-2.
~858-10-5.11~ 1...8,..,,8~ ,.85.51811~8, ~1...~5. ~~0.~.5 15 111~ ~11~~11~~ 111~(11131

(~515130~~ 0~1~~~0 111~ ~35~ 300 510~. 115 ~3111~ 0~~~005 00 111~ 03111(~ 01111~
393
58~. 12-4

~23~-= 5~~~~5
800-600 ~0...,.5 ~~~~~
‫ﻣ‬
t
.ne
41.27(1.625)
0~,6.. ,.,~)(.
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
3.56 (0.140) 0~,6.. ~0~.)(
1.83 (0.072) 0~~~ ~1~.
80.~ ~~05
1
1~,~ ~~~2)
~0 ~~,6.~€5
/~1
ine
eri
0.77 (0.030) ~~~.
~0~(..,6.~€5
ng
g
, 14.35 (0.565)
En
13.65(0.537)
sy
Ea
~~€€~,6.6€ 0~5...,6.~~€~ 12.45 (0.490) ~~~.

51~~~€ 0~51,6.,.,~€~ 10.42 /0.410) ~,,.,.
~0...,0,,,..8 10 ..~0~~ 001.~...800-200~

w.
...~~()~,., ~0,,. ~,, ...~~~~,.,.,.,.. 8,,~ (.,,~/188)

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~01(. 00...1~,.,€ 0~~~,.,$~0,.,8~0~ 0(~~~(5 ,.,,6.~0-=,6.~...0~(0 ~,. (0~0,( ,,,6.

~ 1/,6.~.,. $1~6..11.,. -=~0,.,
7.. ..0... 70 $.,.~7.0. 60.0. .1017.0. 0.7..,$.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0..~ 12-6 (~011(111/,/~0.)
01011111111~ 811(~(1~~ (~.~., 8010011111~88, ~(~(18~).

~10~5 18 ~)(.,(~88~0 (18
1~ - 15
~10~5 = (12-9)
~0
,.~8 ,,8~ ...8585~881~8 015881/( ~0 8.,,~8881~, ~~,,5./4. ~105..4, ~111~1118 (1 01~(1811(~

0~ 111~ 11~(111((1118~~( (101111~ 0~ 111~ 11~(11 81111(, 0~1111~8 111~ (~~111(~0 111~(01(11 (~8181(111~~
0~ 111~ 11~(11 81111( 10 110111 111~ 11111~11011 1~01.,~((1111(~ ~1111111 111~ 01(1)(1011101 110111 0~
394

~23~-= 5~~~~5
1200-1000 ~0...,.5 ~~~~~
~~~~~5~ ~~~0~~~~ ,.~...~ 1.0~8
280 ~,.,~ ~~~ ~0~~~~ ~~~
50-=,. -=~5,. ~~~0~~~~ ~~~~-=~~~ 0~00~5
‫ﻣ‬
(...) .,,~- (.,,)
~0....,..~ ...~. ...~-
....- ~... ,.8~. ~.8(,..~.,... ..... (10~...~. ~..~
(,)
et
800 ~1
,..~~ ...0~~~. ........... ..-0~~88.
1.1 = -~ ~0,250~ ,... 2~ ~0,250~

=
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
12 ,200 1300
10 1000 1100
rin
........... ..~ 0..1,.5 -=5
1. ~~10~0...
~.~....~~... -40 ~125 .0
ee
1... 8~0..88. ~...,.,..~~,.. -40 10 150 .0
1,,,(.-..,) ..... ..... ~...,.,.....1 280 . 18()0.,.~, .1.......,.
gin
. ......,.~ 85 .0
.
,2,
‫ﺔ‬
1-=(~)
1....
~...
.....
.... ...08
~~...,.,.....~
~..)( 00,,....,..~.
0...,. ......
440
4775
En
.000
..80
....
sy
.
508-8~...~, ~,.~~..1.... ......
60.-%...~, 0,.0~. .1,... ...,,.
5~~ ...~, 0,...~. .1.... ......

600%...~, 0,.0~. .1,,. ......
1...111.~ ...,,,
=
1250~. ...1_
~...~~.~~ 180 .(1... ....,.0..
1...111.~ ...... ,250~. ,,0

...0~1.0.
=
~~~1_
.,~,. ....,.~.
..... 121 0.~.,,111,. 114 1=,~ 1,..111.~ 1.. 1~~. ,..~ ...~ .~11_ .(1...
=
.,,....08.
104 1,., 8.3_
,..2.
1.1088 1...11181 1.1 12~~. ...0 ~1180. .~11_ .(1.,,
1.1
Ea
=
......0..
147 1 8.3_
-=
,2~ ..... 1~ ...~~1 ~1~~ 1610 ,..2-/8 1/11~1.~ ,.... .. ,2~~. /10 ~~~.....
.~~1.6 .1~.,. ...,,...
12~ ,0,. ~1_ ~. .. 12~ . .,,.... 0.1 ~~. ~1088.
w.
~(~~,)
. ~.,/1~1/18 ,0,.0. 4460(1000) ~1(5
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11(,,,3)()0 111~ (~()1.11(~0 ~(111.1~0~ ~1115.4 ~(1110~ 0~1~(01111~0 ~(001
15 - 1.4
~1115.4 = (12-10)
111)
~8)(.811(.8811 8~9..899 10~8..~ ~(.8 9(11, ~~(.6.,,,). / /0(/0..~) 15 111~ 01(1)(1011.101 (1110~-
(101~ ~(111.1~ 0~ (1~~((1~~ ~0(~(1(0 ~1.1((~111 (11 (1 5~~~1~1~0 1~01~~((111.1(~0 111~5~ 0(11(1 (1(~
58~0 12-4 395

~23~~ 5~~~~5
1200-1000 ~0...,.5 ~~~~~
~4~1~~ ~1~. ,..,,..

-. 0~1,..5 ,.~81 ~0~1,.10,..5
.,. ~68~ ,0~8~0 ...0

(
~8~8
- 1.60 1.70 . 1(11~18~1,)
=
250~. 50-60~~ ~81,.8108, 1~88~ 88~.
=
~~(,..0)1 ~_~8...8( 0.977
. 1.) 1250~
‫ﻣ‬
~~~86~0~0
- - =
/1...... ~0.8~ ...~(,.0) 1~(,6,...)+ ,, (1~(~~))2
=
...~(,.0)2 ~19~-~8...8~ ~~~88~0~0 1.280
- - 0.. ~0. 18,,.8~ .,,8 ~086 ,0,
,,1 ~_~8...8(~8618~8(1~8 0.787 1~... ~~~8~80
1~1,6,...)
- - ..
et
,,2 ~190-~8...8~ ~85,8~80~8
- 0.501
-
.,, ~8...8~58 ~8~0...8 ,,,.
~~~1
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1.,6,..5~,.(1)(
- 1.. - 1.) 250~. 1~=75~.
=
... 01~0~ = 2~~ (0,. 51(1~90108~ ~~~58.
,,8.. 8~,.,.1)(
1.2 -
-
.,, ~8...8,..58
,..8~0...8,..~ ~1...8
..,6,..50,,.,)( 2.50 1.) = 12508. 1~ = 750,0,.
n
- -
01~0~== 2~~ (0,- 51/1080108( ~0~58.
..8.. 50,.,.,)( -.
- 2.90
-
5 1.5.. 1=8~~0,..( ~~/~81
..,6,..50((,. 0,60
- - eri ~~,,,,
..8.. 80((,)( 0.57
- -
~.....1~,
1. /
e
,1 . .
~1,..(~~~)~8...8,..68 ~0,..,..80~
-
gin
3. 1
../1....80,.,.1)(
~..8..6~,.(,)(
- -
41
. ~,~~
(11 ~/ 0~
0..
‫ﺔ‬
1,.,
~~0...8,.80 ..~8,.98
~88~,....8 ,58
..,6,..8~,.,.1)(
..8.. 60((1)(
..(),.,.8/1~
sy
En
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.
..
35
,.,
..
0,,,,.
8..)
,,
1250~. ~8)(. ,.8~80
1,, = (. + 1~
1/~~.
/-
~~,,,,
(~0~)
,.~8,...,8( ,.8516~8,,..8 0.08 08 0~8,.8110/1, 0000~8 6108 ..00(80.

~~/)..1~
~1..8,,~110,,-10-..868
.
- -
0.09 0,,,,. 18()0 51/18 ......, 0000~8 610. ~00~80.
- -
0.09 0,,,,. 12()0 ,.8~18/191..8~8,.
.....8, 001..80186108 ..00(80,
- -
Ea
,.~8,...,8( ,86181.,...., 0.06 0,,,,. ).(19. 51..8,.(8~88..-001~. ,.~81 800 9,88680. 51/19(8 8108
~1~85 - -
..868-(.0-61/1... ~00(80. ~0,.001..80 (8 6108. 01.,.1(/8 ...8~08 0~ 2.
.. ~8190(. 57(2.0) 9(0~.)

- -
w.
8868 5(.~~8 00-20~ .)~0~8

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
00.-111(111)1 ~1101~0 10.- (1 11(111-510~ ~(1..,~ (11 (1 ~(15~ 1~11111~.-(1111.-~, 1 ~ = 850~. ~1~11.-~
12-6.1 5110~5 111~ 1)1111~(11..,(1.-1(16005 01 (1..,~.-(1~~ 10.-~(1.-0 ~11 ~01 ~1111 111~ 111(1)(111111111
~(15~ 1~11111~.-(1111.-~.
~8)(.01...01 ..015 10..~8..~ ~ 9,,1. ~~(8,.,,,5). 1 ~(~/-.15) 15 111~ 111(1)(111111111

11~.-11115-
5101~ .-001-111~(10-5~11(1.-~ (.-1115) ..,(1111~ 0110.-~(1.-0 ~11 ~01. 11115 51~0111~5 111~ 11~(160~
~11~~1 011~ 10 /2~ 0155111(1600 (100 15 1111111~0 011~ 10 111~ 111~.-111(1151.-~58 00 111~ 0~..,1~~.
~1~11.-~ 12-6.2 5110~5 111~ 111(1)(111111111(1..,~.-(1~~ 10~(1.-0 110~~.- 1055 (1~(11051 (1..,~.-(1~~
396

~23~-= 5~~~~5
1200-1000 ~0...,.5 ~~~(1~
10~
5
.11 4.~ ...~10
.600
.1,00(1. ~,,.,.
~
.2 *1800~...~~
103 .1800 .11...~~
~
‫ﻣ‬
et
.
~~,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ ~~~~~./
ee
rin
g.n
gin
~,/
,..) 250(
=
‫ﺔ‬10~. 0 0.5
~/
~~)(.
/
1.0 1.5
~.,..1= 1250(
1~5.,.~~.,.~~(0005
2.0
sy
En
2.5 3.0
(00~...~~0 ~0~ .,.~(310
3. 5 ~.0
-=89.4 - ~8)(. ~.,8,9.,, ~055 ~8, ~~~58

58.,~50808~ ~811810,,.,5
-
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~8)(. ~.,8,9.,, ~055 ~8, ~~(58 -=89. 6 - ~8)(. ~.,8,9.,, ~055 ~8, ~~~58 -
-=89. 5 - - ~,8.,8~0808~ ~811810,,.,5
~,8.,8~0.08~ ~811810,,.,5
~1~11..~ 12.6
397
56~. 12-4

~23~8= 5~~~~5
1200-1000 ~0...,.5 ~~~~~
120 120
,...,,
110 =
~250( 1) 1250( ~~/
~~~~.~. 110 =
1~.. = 750,,. .8. ,...,~10
,......~~
~100 ~100 1, ~0
~75~0 ,~
% .0
~~00~... .0 ~~~00~
~80
~80 /--
.....,....
‫ﻣ‬
~70
70 200~
,, ~60
~60
50 0
50
40 40
t
~~30 ,, 30
.ne
20 ~20
10 10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
00 10 20 30 ((0 0
50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
~~,../0 0~ ~~ 0,,- ~0~~~~0 (~~~~~,.. (-~1/~1.) ~/.1)5 ~~,.10 0.,- ~~ 0,,- .,-0~..,~~0 (0~~10..,1 (-0 ~/01.1
- - ~//.15
ng
100
.0
~80
1 ~~0~12~.0
.~. 1....~~5
eri
1,,.,,. 750~
=
120
110
~100
.,...)
.8.
=
~250(
,.....~~
1.,...
=
750101
ine
~400~ .0
~70
~~% ~~80
...
60 /--
0
~50
~... -~0~.
+-
70
/--
2~0~
60
.- /--
‫ﺔ‬ ~40
~30
~~20
10
00 10 20
~~,..~ 0,,. ~~
sy
30 40 50 50
En
0~ ~0~..,~~0 (~~~~,.,..
g
70
(-0./~1)
00 90
- ~/115
100
50
40
~30
20
10
00 10 20
~,,.,..10 0.,-
30
,,.~........ 0.,-
40
,,.0~..,~~0
50 60
((.)~~~,..1
70
(-(18/(11.)
80
-
90
~/).)5
100
Ea
1.,, 1250( 1) -1250(

.~.= , ,~~ ,...,~(
-8.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
398

~23~~ 5~~~~5
1200-1000 ~0...,.5 ~~~6~
5500
~5~~~0~ 5~~,.~ ~~~0~

=
090(/~
~~~~0.
~000
3500
‫ﻣ‬
.
~. 3000
~~/
~~0008~~
2500
510~ (00~(0~~
2000
et
10-(0 1500
10~5 5 10-,. 5 10-3 5 10-2
50(,),,.~~ ~~~
5 10-1 5 100
~0~5€ 0(,)~~,.10~ - . 5 101 5 102 100 2 5
..0/8/8~~ 01 ~0(,)~~ ~~~(..1,.(,)0~
101 2
~~(..1 0((../0 ((,)~~0..,.
5
~(.)(..5~5
-
102
..
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~.9. 10 - ~~8.,5.8.,1 ~...8~~8~ ~~.,8~8.,()8. ~.9. 11 - ~0.,-~8.,81.1.~8 5~~98
,,~.,()1.0.,-10-~858 ~~~~8.,1 ~81..,95
rin
~~1/0~,.,..~
ee ~~~~~,.1..~
~00~ 1/~~ ~00~ ~.. (1)

gin
‫ﺔ‬ (1)
En
~.. 18 ~~~1~8~ 8~ 250~.

..8.. ~.. 18 9..8.8.,~8~ 8~ 1250~.
sy
~~12
10
12001/
10001/
,..
588 ~..~8
1.0....
1.2....
0( ~..8.8~~8.18~1~8.
1=0. 8.8~~8. (0. 8 ~8~1~8 .1~.. ~.. = 1.0 1/~ = 10001/.

0~8. 88 ~3/1,~10/1,.
Ea
w.
10~(1(0 ~11((~01 10( 810118010(11 (100 (~~1(10~111(1( ~(1~~10((08 (11 ~(1(10118 ~00011~1100
(10~1~8.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~8)(.01~01 ~98~ ...9~91.1.~9 10~8...() ~~ 901, ~~~,,,,. 1~~/.1 18 111~ (0(1)(1(011(0

~~(1~ ~~((0188101~ ~11((~01 ~111~11 ~(10 0~ (1~~11~0 00 (1 (~~~1111~~ 0(1818. 11118 18 00(-
(0(111~ 8~~~111~0 10( (1 11(111-810118010(11~(1~~10((0.
~8)(.01~01 ~98~ 009-~~~~9 000...9~91.1.~9 10~8...() ~~ 901, ~~5,,,,. 1~5/.118
111~ (0(1)(1(011(0 ~~(1~ ~~((0188101~ 10(~(1(0 ~11((~01 0111(111-810~ ~(1~~ ~1111 (1 011((11100
(111~( ~)(~1-
0110 (08 (11 (1 8~~~111~0 1~(0~~((1111(~. 1-.. (~~~111100 18 ~~((0188101~ 001~
((11100 01 (1 (0101(011(0 101~(~(1110 (~011~~ 111~ )110~1100 1~(0~~((1111(~ 10 111~ (1110~(101~
58~. 12-4 399

((111~~. 1018 ~~(1~ ~~((11188101~ ~(1111~ ~(1(1~8 ~110 10~ 1111(110~( 01 (~~~11110118. ~1~11(~
12-6.11 800~8 10~ (11(1)(1(1111(1111011(~~~1111~~ 811(~~ ~11((~111 ~110 10~ 1111(110~( 01 ~11((~111
~1118~8 .
~8)(.811~811 ..9~9~.~.~9 ~98~ ..9~9..59 ~0(~899, .., ~~,,,,,.

~~~~ 0~1111~810~ (11(1)(-
1(1111(11
~~((11188101~ 11181(1111(111~0118
~(1111~01 (~~~1111~~ (1~~11~0 (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~ 10(1110~
0100~ ~(111010~~. 1018 ((11111~18 0~1~((11111~0 0~ 10~ )711-)1111~11011(1110 10~ ~(18~ 1~~~.
‫ﻣ‬
~8)(.811~811 ~98~ .,0.,..9~9~.~.~9 ..9~9..59 ~0(~899, .., ~5,,,,,. ~ ~5~ 18 10~ (11(1)(-
1(1111(1111181(1111(111~0118
~~(1~ ~(1111~01 (1~~11~0 (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~ 11110~( 1((11181~111~01101-
110118. ~~5~ 18 1~~1~(111~ 25% (100~~ ~~~~.
t
.ne
~0..~8..~ ~0(~899 ~..0~, ..,
/=. ~ /= 18 10~ 11181(1111(111~0118 ~(1111~ 0110~ 10(~(1(0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~011(1~~ 0(0~ (1110 18 0~~~110~111 011 10~ )1111~11011 1~(11~~((1111(~, 1). ~1~11(~ 12-6.3
800~8 10~ 11181(1111(111~0118 10~(1(0 ~011(1~~ 0(0~ (1~(11118110(~(1(0 ~11((~111. ~
/= ~(111 0~
ng
~011810~(~0 (18 0~111~ (11(10~ 11~ 01 (1) (1 ~(1111~ 10(11 18 1110~~~110~111 0110~ 10(~(1(0
~11((~111, (1110 (2) (1 ~(1111~ 10(1118 ~(0~0(11011(1110 10~ 11181(1111(111~0118 10(~(1(0 ~11((~111.
~8)(.811~811 ~98~ 10..~8..~ ~0(~899,

eri
.., /=,,,,,. ~
/=~ 18 10~ (11(1)(1(1111(11
~011(1~~ 0(0~ (11 (1 8~~~111~0 10(~(1(0 ~11((~111 (1110 )1111~110111~(11~~((1111(~.
10~(1(0
ine
~~..95~0/~ ~0/~899, ..,(10). ~(10) 18 10~ ~11((~111-1110~~~110~111 ~0(11011 0110~
10~(1(0 ~011(1~~ 0(0~ (1110 0~~~1108 011 10~ 1~(11~~((1111(~.
‫ﺔ‬ ~0..~8..~
11181(1111(111~0118 10(~(1(0
11181(1111(111~0118 0100~
sy
5/0~9
En
g
..95.5~8.,~9,
~011(1~~
~11((~111.
0(0~,
../=. ,./= 18 10~
1)/= 811~0 10(111)/=
~11((~111 0~~~110~111
= ~(10) +
~0(11011
1,./=, ~0~(~
0110~
118 10~
~8)(.811~811 ~98~ ..9~9..59 (0.. /98~899) ~~ 9.,~, /~~~. 1~~1-.118 10~ (11(1)(1(1111(11
(~~~(8~ ~11((~111 (11 10~ (11(1)(1(1111(11 )1111~11011 1~(11~~((1111(~ (1110 (11(1)(1(1111(11 (~~~1111~~
~~(1~ (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~. 1018 ~11((~111 ~01110 (1180 ~(1118~ )1111~11011 0~(11111~ (1110 (1
10~
Ea
~(1111~ 18 0~81((101~.
~9~9..59 ..9~0~9..~ ~.8119, ~,,. (,, (11(1~ 0~ 0~1111~0 (18 10~ 11(11~ 1111~~(11 0~1~~~11
w.
10~ 11181(1111 10~ ~11((~111 ~(188~8 10(011~0 ~~(0 011(111~ 10~ ~0(111~~0~~( 1(0(11 10(~(1(0
~011011~11011 10 (~~~(8~ 010~~111~ ~0110111011 (1110 10~ (110(11~111 10~ (~~~(8~ ~11((~111 0(18
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
0~~(1~~0 10 25% 01118 ~~(1~ (~~~(8~ ~(1111~, 1~~. (,, 18 0~~~110~111 011 10~ )1111~11011
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1~(11~~((1111(~, ((11~ 01 1(111 01 10(~(1(0 ~11((~111, (1110 10~ 10~(1(0 ~11((~111 ~(10( 10
~0(11(11111(111011.
~9~9..59 ..9~0~9..~ ~~8..99, 0.~~. (2~~ 18 10~ (1(11011111

01 ~0(1(~~ ~(1((1~(8 ~01~0
110~ (1~(088 10~ 0100~ 111 10~ (~~~(8~ 01(~~11011 011~ 10 ~0(111~~ 0~~( 1(0(11 10(~(1(0
~011011~11011 10 (~~~(8~ 010~~111~ ~0110111011. 118 ~(1111~18 0~1~((11111~0 1(0(11 10~ (1(~(1
~11~108~0 0~ 10~ ~(110 0110~ (~~~(8~ (~~0~~(~ ~11((~111. ~1~11(~8 12-6.7 (1110 12-6.8
800~ 10~ ~(1(1(111011801 (~~~(8~ (~~0~~(~ ~11((~111 (1110 ~0(1(~~ ~110 10~ ((11~ 011(111 01
10(~(1(0 ~11((~111.
400

12, 10... 1~5..,9. 111~ /2( (~110~ 18 ~ 01~~81.1(~ 01111~ 01~)(1011.101 10~~(0 000-
(~~1.1((10~ 0~~(~1.1((~01 ~~~~(1111)110( ~ ~1~~0 ~~(100 0110 018 ~1 ~ 8~~~111~0 )1.10~1100

1~01~~(~11.1(~. 1118 1.18~0 10 0~1~(0110~ 111~ 111~(01~1 ~~~~(1111)1 0111.18~8. 10 ~~8~8 01
~ 1~1.111 (0( 8110(1-~1(~1.111) ~00011100, 111~ 0100~ ~01.110 011~( ~ (~8181~0~~~ ~00 118
)1.10~1100 1~01~~(~11.1(~, ~111~11 18 0~~~00~01 00 111~ /2 ~~11.1~ ~00 1101~, ~01.110 (18~.
~0( 111~ ~(01~~1100 01111~ 0100~, 111~ /2( (~110~ 01111~ 11.18~ 011.181 0~ 1~88 111~0 /2( 01
111~ 0100~. 111~ ~00(010~1100 01 ~ 11.18~ 18 018~1.188~0 10 5~~1100 15-7.1.
~,.301())~ 12-2
(1(~ 118~0 10( 111~ 8111~1~-))11(18~ 0(10~~
‫ﻣ‬
~011( 1~ 300-~ 800- ~ 0100~8
011)1))~ ~23~~
(~~1111~( 111~1~. 2-15(1. 111~ (018 ...(1111~01111~ 1(1))111...011(1~~ 18 11, = 208 ~ (111.5 /(1-1~
(1110 111~ 10(10 (~8181(111~~ 18 8. = 0.47 0. 111~ )1111~11011 1~01))~((1111(~ (1110 (10101~111
1~01))~((1111(~ (1(~ 1~ = 150~ (11101-4 = 250~, (~8))~~11...~1)1. 0~1~(01111~ 111~((1) (1...~((1~~
et
))0 ~( 1088, 110~ (0) 11181(1111(111~011810( (1(0 ...011(1~~ 0(0)), 1))0~(~) (~~0...~()1 ~11(1(~~, (2((((~
(0) (~...~(8~ (~~0...~()11101~, (~~~(~) ~(18~ 1~01))~((1111(~, 1~~~ (1110 (1) 111~(01(11 (~8181(111~~ 01
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
11~(118111/(, 8.1~5-4. ~881101~ 001101~-810~0 ~001111~ (1110111~~(18~-10-8111/( 10~(01(11 (~8181(111~~
01 8.1~~5 = 0.0300~.
)(
80)111101111, = 208 ~, 11,,,= 0 208 = 294.2 ~, /, = 1500 1-1~,8. = 0.47 0, 1~
rin
1250, 250, (1110 8.1~~5 = 0.030/~.10~ 8011111011 (~()111(~8 1111~())01(111011 1(0111
= 1-4 =
10~ ~0(1((1~1~(1811~ ~11(...~8 0110~ 0~...1~~ (1110 10~ (~811118 (1(~ 10~(~10(~ (1))))(0)(1111(11~.
((1) ~(001 ~(). (2-59), 111~ (1...~((1~~ 0(11))111 ...011(1~~ 18
ee )(
1100 = 0.636611,,, = 0.6366 294.2 = 187.29 ~
gin
10~ (1...~((1~~ 10(10 ~11((~111, /00 = 187.29/0.47 = 398.5~, (111010~ (1...~((1~~0100~ 10( (1(0
~11((~111, /)0(, ,,) = 398.5/2 = 199.3~. ~0( 1800 ~011011~11011, ~1~. 12-6.2 ~1...~8 10~
‫ﺔ‬ (1...~((1~~ ))0 ~( 1088 01110 ~ 240 ~.
(0) ~(001
111~ 810))~ (~8181(111~~ 18
~1~. 12-6.3
sy
En
111~ 10(~80010
,.)0~
1.1 - 0.6
200
...011(1~~ 18 11(70) = 0.6~.
= 2.5 1110
~(0111 ~1~. 12-6.3,
10~ 11181(1111(111~0118
0100~ ~11((~11118 / = (294.2/0.47) 8111 (1)(. 10118 10~ 11181(1111(111~0118
10( (1(0 ...011(1~~ 0(0)) 18
Ea
)( 3 )( 294.2. (1)(
1))0 = 0.6 + 2.5 10- - 8111
0.47
w.
(1)(
= 0.6 + 1.565 8111 ~
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
294.2
/ )0/.1 = = 625.96 ~
0.47
58~. 12-4 401

111~ ..31~ 011311 01 ~1.1 ~111 31 111~ 2~..0 ~..088111~ 01111~ 0100~ ~1.1 ~111 (0)(
= 10) 0~~0(11~8
01 ~,,, 294.2 )( )(
=~ 0)
= 0.47 210 = 5.9 ~.//1-8
~ 1
,~0
1500
~0.. 1,,/04= 625.96 ~ 311001/0( = 5.9 ~//1-8, ~1~. 12-6.8 ~1~~8(2~~ = 12 /1-~.
(0) ~..0(11~1~. 12-6.9, 8~ = (,,/(. = 0.7. (.. = (. + (,,
= 1.7(. 31101..0(11~~.
(12-5)
)( 12 )( 1.7
/2
‫ﻣ‬
(.. = = 2.63 /1-8
~ 5.9
(~) ~..0(11 111~0313 811~~1010100~, ~,0_~ = 0.0900~. ~..0(11~~. (12-8),
et
)(
10 = 1_ - ~,0_~11/) = 125 - 0.09 240 = 103.40~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(1) ~..0(11~~8. (12-8), (12-9), 3110(12-10),
11/)(~,0_~ + ~,0~5 + ~,05-4) = 1_ - 1-4= 125 - 25 = 100
0..
rin
100
~,05-4 = - 0.09 - 0.03 = 0.2970~~
240
~~301()1~ 12.3 ee
~111~ 0100~, 300~, 800~, 011)1~~ ~23~~ 181.18~010.. ~113..~~ ..~~~..8311113 ~0(11(111.11311011
~1..~1.111 31 (
~1..~1.111 3110 111~ ~~1.11~31~111
= 0 18 8110~11111~1~. 12-7. 11118~113..~~ ..~~~..831
gin
18 ..~~~31~0 31 3 1..~~1.1~11~)101,$ = 2.5 /(~2. ~ = 72.36 /1-~, 1- = 14 /1-~, 3110~0 =
440~. 813..18 ~01101.1~1111~31 ( = 0, 0~1~..(11111~ 111~ (3) ~~3/( 0100~
11111~ 0100~ ~1.1 ~111,
‫ﺔ‬ 1,,~ (0) ~10111 01111~ ~1.1 ~111 ~1.118~, (.~ 3110 (~) 8~11~11111~ 1088, 11$.
8011.11100 /. = 2500 ~2, ~ = 72.36 /1-~, 1- = 14 /1-~, 3110 ~0 = 440 ~.

En
(3) ~..0(11 ~~. (2-15),1,, = 440~

(0) 111~ ~1.118~~10111, (.
= 10 ~14
)(
= 440~72.36/14
72.36 = 99.99 /1-8.
= 1000.3~.
(~) 111~ 8~11~11111~1088 0~~~1108 011111~ ~~3/( 0100~ ~1.1 ~1113110 111~~1.118~~10111.
sy
8111~~ 111~ ~1.118~~1011118 ~~..)1 8(11311, 111~ ~0~~..-1088 ~31~1.113110111..0(11111~ 3~~..3~~ ~1.1 ~111
~311.1~(38 111~1~. 12-6.2) ~01.110 0~ 1113~~1.1..31~. 111~ 0~1~..(11111311011
01111~ 8~11~11111~
1088 ..~~1.11..~8111~111~11-1..~~1.1~11~)1
0313 01111~ 0~~1~~. ~0.. 1,, = 1,,/04= 1000.3 ~ 3110
Ea
(. = 99.9 /1-8. ~1~. 12-6.4 ~1~~8 111~~11~..~)1~~.. ~1.118~38 ~$

)( = 0.11 3110 111~8~11~11111~
10881811$ = ~$/. = 0.1 2500 = 250~.
w.
0,
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1..
..1~..~ 12-7 ~~500301 ~03..~~ ..~..~..531
~1..~1.111.
111~ 1111()0..1311~~ 0( 111~8~ ()3(3111~1~(8 ~311 0~ ~)(()13111~0 ~1111 ~1~. 12-83. 1( 111~
8~11~11, 5~, 18 11.1..11~0011 31 ( = 0 3110 (~11131118 011 1011~ ~1101.1~11, 3 81~(0)1-8131~
~1.1((~1110( /0 = ~/ ~ ~01.110 (10~ 111(01.1~11 111~1030 3110 111~((~~~11~~1111~0100~ /),,,
402

+0 . 0
,~
~1 811-/ 01
~5
0,,,
~~2
(8.) ~~~~~,1
0~8.9~8.01
‫ﻣ‬
~~~0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
~2
rin
(0
- - - - - - - --
ee
gin
0
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
0~8 10 ~81/8~58
~8~01/8~~ 01 0,,,
..1~11~~ 12.8 ~/10(1(1~(
0( 110111111~ 111011~10(.
(
~1(~1111 ~11/10111
0100~ 1),.., ~0010

0//
~111 0~ (~~~(5~0 01(15~0. 11111~ 5~11~1115 10(0~0 011 (11 = (1,
~0000~1 (100 111~ 10(10 ~0((~01 ~0010 ~1(~01(11~ 111(00~111),..,. ~0~, 11111~ 5~11~1115
10(0~0 00 (1~(110 (11 ( (2, 0100~ 1),.., ~0010
= 0~11(1~~ (15 (1 5110(1 ~1(~011. 111~ ((11~ 01
Ea
(15~ 01111~ 10(~(1(0 ~0((~01 01111~ 5~11~11 ((100 0100~ 1)1) (100 111~ ((11~ 011(111 01
10(~(1(0 ~0((~01010100~ 1),.., ~0010 0~ ~~()1111~11, 1~0010~ 10 0~ 1011011)1. ~~~0(010~
w.
10 ~~. (12-7), 111~ ~~(1~ (~~~(5~ ~0((~01 01 0100~ 1),.., ~0010 0~ ~~()1111~11, (100 0100~5
1)1 (100 1),.., 111(1)10~ 0(1111(1~~0. ~1~0(~ 12-80
~(1~~10(1115 5110~5 111~ ~(1(1005
10( 111~
0100~ ~0((~015. 11115 ~(001~11115 00(111(111)1 0~~(~0111~ 0)1 ~000~~110~ (1 (),1/(),( 111111110~
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
1000~10(, 1-5 (15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 12-9(1. 111~ ~((1~11~(11 0100~5 (~~01(~ (1 ~~(1(110 10(0-
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(),1/(),(
00 11111~ 0~10(~ 111~ ~011(~ (1(~(1 01111~ )00~1100 0~~0111~5 ~0000~11~~ (100 111~
111051 0~ ~~~1 10~ 10 111~~1 111~ 10(0-00 11111~ 1111111. 11115 11111~ 15 50111~11111~5 ~00~0
(15 /071,11(17(), 7~~01/~7)1 (1111~, (_/.
111~ ((11~ 01 (15~ 01 ~0((~01 111(00~11 0100~ 1)1, ~111~11 5110010 0~ 111~ 5(1111~ (15
111~ ((11~ 011(111 01111~ ~0((~01111(00~11 0100~ 1),..,, 15
(),1 115
(12-11)
(),(
1-5
58~. 12-5 403

0 0
+ 5...,..
‫ﻣ‬
~~
~0----
et
g.n
-------
n
gin
‫ﺔ‬0
sy
En
~1~11..~ 12-9 ~00~~~~

111111(111~ 111011((0~.
(1~(111(~1(0 0//0/
11 (~~ 18 111~ ..~ ~..8~ ..~~0 ~..~ 11111~011),.,,, 111~ ~~3~ ..~ ~..8~ ~11 ~111 011),.,, 18
Ea
0.1. (~~~.
18.8. = (~~0.( =
~ . (12-12)
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
(~~~.
ww
1(1 = 10 + 18.8. = 10 + (~~- (12-13)

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1..
~11~11 111~ 111011~10.. ~11 ~111 0~~0111~8 1(1, 0100~ 1),.,, 111..118 011 81100~111~ (38811111111~
30..11~1 ..~~0 ~~) 3110 0..~3~8 111~ ~11 ~111110~ ~3111. 011~ 10 111~111~ 111011~11 ~ 1030,
111~ 1030 ~11 ~111 ~3111101 ~11311~~ 81100~111~ 1..0111 10 10 1(1. 111~ ~)(~~88 ~11~..~~ 810..~0
111 1.. ~01110 111011~~ 3 111811 ..~ ~..8~ 01138~ 3~..088 1),.,, 3110 11118 1113~ 0311138~ 0100~
1),.,,. 111~ ~)(~~88 ~11~..8~ 810..~0 38 3 ..~81111 01 ..~ ~..8~ ..~~0 ~..~ 11111~ 18 1011110 1..0111
(12-14)
404

(12-15)
111~ ~~~~10(1118 10( 111~ ~~(1008 ~0((~018 ~(~ 8110~0 10 ~18. 12-90. 11118 ~)(~~88
~0~(8~ ~~0 0~ 1(~081~((~0 1(0111 111~1000~10( 1.,. 10 ~ ~~()~~110( ~. ~111~1118 ~000~~1~0
~~(088 0100~ 0,.,. 111~ ~~10~ 01111~ ~. ~~0 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 1(0111
~ ~. ~~ = ~ ~
‫ﻣ‬
(12-16)
t
~11~(~ ~~ 18 111~ ~110~~01~ (~~~(8~ ~011~8~ 01111~ 0100~.
e
~ (~81810( ~., ~111~1118 8110~0 10 ~18. 12-9~ 0~ 0~811~0 110~8, 18 ~000~~1~0 10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
8~(1~8 ~1111111~ ~~()~~110( 10 0~111() 001 ~0~ 1(~081~01 08~111~1100. ~(),0~1100 (12-16)
18 ~0 ~()()(0)(1111~1~ 00~ ~00 00~8 001 1~~~ 1010 ~~~0001 111~ ~11~~18 01 1.,. ~00 ~.
00(108111~ 1(~081~01810( ~0~(8~ 1(~081~(. 111~ 0~8180 01 ~. ~00~. ~~10~818 018~088~0
10 5~~1100 15-4.
rin
~~3111)))~ 12-4
111~ 0100~8 111111~ 8111~1~-1111(18~~1111-~(1.,,~ (~~11~1~( 111~1~. 2-14(111(1.,,~ (1 (~.,,~(8~ (~~0.,,~(~

ee
11(11~ 0~ (77 = 50 ,.,..8 (1110 111~ ((118 .,,(1111~0~ 11111111.,,011(1~~ 18 ~. = 120 ,. 0~1~((11111~
111~ ~~~~~1 0~ 111~ (~.,,~(8~ (~~0.,,~(~ 11(11~ 011 111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 011111111.,,011(1~~ 1~ 111~ 81111111~
~(~~11~0~~ 18 ((1),. = 2 /(1-1~, (1110 (0) /. = 60 1-1~.
gin
80)01100 111~ (~.,,~(8~ (~~0.,,~(~ 11(11~ ~01110 (1~~~~1 111~ 011111111.,,011(1~~ 0~ 111~ (~~11~1~(.
‫ﺔ‬ 111111~ ~1111-~(1.,,~ (~~11~1~(
1~ 111~ 1011111 .,,011(1~~

(
En
0~ ~1~. 2-14(1, 111~ 0100~

11 ~111 ~011111111~10 ~00011~1 1111111 = ~/(,) + (77. ~8 (1 (~81111 0~ 111~ (~.,,~(8~ (~~0.,,~(~
1)1 ~11111010~
11(11~, 111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 011111111.,,011(1~~ ~01110 0~ (~011~~0 (1110 111~ 011111111.,,011(1~~ ~(1.,,~~0((11
18 8110~11 111~1~. 12-10.
18 1) = ~,,, 8111 (,)( = ~ ~. 8111
(,)(,
111~
0~~ (11
(1.,,~((1~~
(,)(
=
011111111
~~
((1111~(,
.,,011(1~~
asy
(~011~11011 18
(,,
(~ (,)(
,,
17
77
2
= -1 10
17.
,,,
,,8111 (,)( (((
-1
= -
2~,,,
1 ( --
~08
(,) )0 (12-17)
.E
~,,,
= (1 - ~08 (,)(77)
~
,
w
~,,, = ~ ~. = ~
)(
120 = 169.7
‫ُﺭ‬
(111~ (~.,,~(8~ (~~0.,,~(~ 11(11~, 8~. 111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 011111111 .,,011(1~~ ~00
ww
~11110111 (2-59) ~1.,,~8

‫ﺷﺩ‬
= 0.6366~,,, = 108.03 ,.
((1) ~0( (77 50 ,.,..8 (1110,. = 2000 1-1~, 111~ (~011~1100 0~ 111~ (1.,,~((1~~ 011111111
.,,011(1~~ 18
= 0.061~,,, = 10.3 , 0( 9.51% 0~~00
58~. 12-5 405

~0
‫ﻣ‬
(/)) ~0~ 1__
= 50 /1-5 3110/, = 60 1-12, 01~ ~~011~11011 01111~ 0111~111 0~ ~0113~~
~,,, )( 10-5
t
~__ = (1 - ~05 271/,1__) = 5.65 ~,,,
.ne
71
)( 10-3
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
= 9.6 ~ 0~ 8.88)( 10-3% 01 ~00
1-/0/~. 111~ ~11~~1 01 /__15 51~0111~(10110( 111~11-1(~~11~0~)1 5011(~~ (100 10( 111~ ~(15~
ng
0100(111(11 60-1-12 5011(~~, 115 ~11~~1 ~(10 0~ ~00510~(~0 0~~11~101~.
~,.301()1~ 12-5
111~ ~110~~~~ ~1~~1111111~1~. 12-93

~)1~1~ 01/( = 50%. 111~ 1030
eri
111~ 1~~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ /),,, 151~ 1)1~~ ~23~~,
15 0~~~31~0
15 111~111)1111011~11~~
31 3 1~~~11~11~)1 01/,
3110 0~3~5
300~, 800~.
= 2 /(1-12 3110 3 (111)1
3 ~11~~~111 01/0
110//01
= 400 ~.
1111111111~
111011~10~
ine
15 1-, = 4 /1-1-1, 0~ 111~111 ~0113~~ 15 ~, = 200 ~, 3110 111~ )1111~11011 1~111~~~3111~~ 15
111311113111~0311~ = 1250~, 0~1~~111111~
111~(3) ~~3/( 5~11~11~11~~~111,/,,~ (/)) ~3111~01~,
10 1111111111~~~3/( ~~~~~5~ ~0113~~ 010100~ /),,, 10 350 ~~ 3110 (~) 3~~~3~~ ~0~~~ 1055~5
‫ﺔ‬ 111111~0100~ /),,,, ~ 1).
400~.
En
g
801011011 ~, = 200 ~, 1-, = 4 /1-1-1, /, = 2000 1-12,/( = 0.5, ~0 = 350 ~, 3110/0 =

~~0111~~. (12-11), 01/01 = 200/4 = 50 ~/1-5.
(3) ~0~ //0,., = /0 = 400 ~ 31101~ = 1250, ~1~. 12-6. 7 ~1~~5/8.8. = 50~. ~~0111
~~. (12-13),
sy
/,, = /0 + /8.8. = 400 + 50 = 450 ~

(/)) ~~0111 ~~. (12-14), 111~ ~)(~~55 ~11~~~)1011~ 10 ~~~~~5~ ~~~0~~~)111111~ 15
Ea
)(
4 )( 10-6 )( (4502 )(
~8. = 0.5 - 4002) = 85,000 10-61
~~0111 ~~. (12-16),
)(
85,000 )( 10-6
w.
2
~, = = 1.39 /1-~
3502
‫ُﺭ‬
(~) ~0~ 31~~~~11~~1111~ ~11~~~11101/0 = 400~, ~1~. 12-6.3 ~1~~5 111~111513111311~0115
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~3~0 ~0113~~ 0~0~, 1)/0 = 1.25~. 111~ 111513111311~011510~~3~0 ~0~~~ 1055 /)~~0111~5
1.25 )( 125 = 500~. 111~ 3~~~3~~ ~0~~~ 1055 15 ~ 1) /( )(= 500 = 0.5 )(
500 =
250~.
10 111(10)1111~11-~011(1~~ (1~~11~(111005 (~.~., 1-1~0~ 1((105111155100 110~5), 00~ ~0111111~(-

~1(111)1 (1~(111(101~ 0100~ ~(10001111~~1111~ (~~111(~0 ~011(1~~ ((1110~ (100 0100~5 (1(~ ~00-
0~~1~0 10 5~(1~5 10 10~(~(15~ 111~ (~~~(5~ 010~~10~ ~(1~(1011111~5.
406

/
/
/
/
+ /
,- ...- 0
01 ,, ...-
~~,1 ,,
~
/
~. 1/
- +
..,
- / 7- - - - - - ,.
/
/
02
/
‫ﻣ‬
/
/
~~1 /
~. /
et
(8) 8~~~()~1 0~89~801
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1,~1 1.18 ~011810~( 1~0 8~(1~8-~01111~~1~0 0100~8 (18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 12-113. 111
rin
~(3~11~~, 111~ 1)-(, ~11(1(3~1~(1811~8 ~0( 111~ 83(11~ 1~~~ 0~ 0100~8 01~~~( 01.1~ 10 101~(311~~8
111 111~ ~(001.1~11011 ~(0~~88. ~1~1.1(~ 12-110 8110~8 1~0 1)-( ~113(3~1~(1811~8 ~0( 81.1~11
0100~8. 111 111~ ~0(~3(0-0138~0 ~0110111011,
ee 00111 0100~8 ~01101.1~1 111~ 83(11~ 3(1101.1111
0~ ~1.1((~111 3110 ~0(~3(0 ~0113~~ 0(0~ 0~ ~3~11 0100~ ~01.110 0~ 31(11081 ~~1.131. 1-10~-
~~~(, 111 111~ (~~~(8~ 010~~111~ ~0110111011, ~3~11 0100~ 1138 10 ~3((~ 111~ 8(1(11~ 1~3~3~~
~1.1((~111, 3110 38 3 (~81.111111~ 010~~111~ ~0113~~8 0~ 0100~8 ~01.110 01~~~( 81~111~1~31111~.
gin
~ 81(11~1~ 8011.111011 10 11118 ~(001~(11, 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 12-123, 18 10 ~0(~~ ~~1.1(11
‫ﺔ‬
~011(1~~
~1~.
(~81810(
811(1(111~ 0~ ~01111~~1111~ (1 (~81810(
811(1(111~, 111~ 1~(1~(1~~
12-120.
,
~1.1((~111 0~ ~3~11 0100~
En
5111~~ 111~ 101(11 1~(1~(1~~

sy
(1~(088 ~(1~11 0100~.

~01.110
~1.1((~111 (111.181 0~
01.1~ 10 ~~1.1(11 ~011(1~~
0~ 01~~~(~111
811(1(~0
(1110 11118 18 8110~11 111
0~ (1 0100~ (1110 118
(12-18)
Ea
/
/
/
w.
.,
+ / 0
~~~1
01
‫ُﺭ‬
.....--
ww
/
81 ~.1
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~.1 7 - - - -
....-- ~ /
+ (/
~.2 ~ - - - - ~.2
/
82
02 (. /
~~2
/
58~. 12-6 407

8.
81 01
8(980~- ().
5(8(9 1~805~90(
1/0~(899
1/0~(899
5~8~~09
5~8~~09 ().
02
82 ~..~ 12-13 5~~1~5 0100~5 ~11111/01(-
8.
38~-5113~111811~(~0~/(5 11110~~5(~30~-5(3(~
3110 1~31151~11((01101(/011.
‫ﻣ‬
136.0118111~ 0~1~~~11 ~1 3110 ~2 10( ~((1131 ~0113~~ 8113(111~ 38
t
~ ~
.ne
151 + ---121.= 152 +---121. (12-19)
~1 ~2
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
11111~ (~8181311~~8 3(~ ~((1131, ~ = ~1 = ~2 3110 111~ 1~0 0100~ ~0113~~8 ~01110 0~
ng
0111~(~111 811~1111)1 0~~~110111~ 011 111~ 01881(11113(111~8 01111~ 1~0 1)-/ ~113(3~1~(186.~8.
111~ ~3111~8 01 ~ 1)1 3110 ~ 1)2 ~311 0~ 0~1~((11111~0 1(0(11 ~((8. (12-20) 3110 (12-21)~
~ 1)2
151
eri +
~ 1)1
~
~ 1)1 + ~ 1)2
= 152
=
+
~5
~ (12-20)
(12-21)
ine
111~ ~0113~~ 8113(111~8 11110~( 1(31181~111 ~01101110118 (~.~., 011~ 10 8~11~11111~ 10308, 11116.31
3~~11~36.0118 01 111~111 ~0113~~) 3(~ 3~~0(11~11811~0 0)1 ~01111~~1111~ ~3~3~110(8 3~(088
‫ﺔ‬ ~3~110100~,
~0113~~.
sy
~111~1118 8110~11111
En
g
~1~. 12-13. ~511(11118 111~ (31~ 01 (18~ 01111~ 010~~111~
111111~11-~0~~( 3~~11~36.0118, 0100~8 3(~ ~01111~~1~0111 ~3(311~110111~(~38~ 111~ ~11((~111-

~3(()1111~ ~3~3(1111)110 (11~~1111~ 0~81(~0 ~11((~111 (~((111(~(11~1118. 111~ ~11((~111 8113(111~8
Ea
01 0100~8 ~01110 0~ 111 3~~0(0111~ 10 111~1( (~8~~~11~~ 10(~3(0 ~0113~~ 0(0~8. ~

1111110((11 ~11((~111 8113(111~ ~311 0~ 3~111~~~0 0)1 ~(0~10111~ ~((1131111011~1311~~8 (~.~., 111
w.
111~ 1~308) 0( 0)1 ~01111~~1111~ ~11((~111-8113(111~ (~81810(8 (~111~11 (113)11101 0~ ~(3~6.~31

011~ 10 ~0~~( 1088~8)~ 3110 1111818 0~~1~1~0111 ~1~. 12-14. 1118 ~088101~ 10 (111111(1112~
‫ُﺭ‬
11118 ~(001~(11 0)1 8~1~~6.11~ 0100~8 ~1111 ~((113110(~3(0 ~0113~~ 0(0~8 0( 0100~8 01111~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~03
02 01 +
~.
83 82 81
~11..~ 12-14 ~3~311~0-(01111~((~0

0100~5.
408

53111~ 1~~~. 5111~~ 111~ 0100~5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0111 ~3(311~1, 111~ (~~~(5~ 010~~111~ ~0113~~5
01 ~3~11 0100~ ~01110 0~ 111~ 53111~.
111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01 ~(3~11~31 0100~5 0111~( 1(0111 11131 0110~31 0100~5. 111~ (~~~(5~
(~~0~~(~ 11111~ ~13~5 3 51~11111~3111 (01~, ~5~~~1311~
31 111~11-5~~~0 5~11~11111~ 3~~11~3-
110115. 0100~5 ~311 0~ ~1355111~0 11110 111(~~ 1~~~5~ (1) ~~11~(31-~11(~05~ 0100~5, (2)
1351-(~~0~~(~ 0100~5, 3110 (3) 5~11011~~ 0100~5. ~1111011~113 5~11011~~ 0100~ 0~113~~5
‫ﻣ‬
35 3 ))11-)1111~11011 0100~, 111~(~ 15 110 ~11~51~31 )1111~11011~ 3110 35 3 (~51111 3 5~11011~~
0100~ 15 3 1113)0(11~ ~3((1~( 0~~1~~. 011 111~ 0111~( 113110, 3 ))11-)1111~11011 0100~ 15 00111
et
3 1113)0(11~ 3110 3 1111110(11~ ~3((1~( 0100~.
111~ 1113111113~111(~(5 ~(0~10~ 3 0313 511~~1 0~5~(10111~ 111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 1111~(1115
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
01 ~~(13111 ~~(10(111311~~ ~3(3111~1~(5. 111~ )1111~11011 1~111~~(3111(~ 1111111~11~~5 111~5~
~3(3111~1~(5 51~11111~31111~.
11 0100~5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~(1~5 10 111~(~35~ 111~ 010~~111~ ~0113~~ ~3~301111~,
~0113~~-5113(111~ 11~1~0(~5 11110~( 51~30~-5131~ 3110 1(31151~111 ~01101110115 3(~ (~().111(~0.
rin
~11~11 0100~5 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~3(311~1 10 111~(~35~ 111~ ~11((~111-~3((~111~ 301111~,
~11((~111-5113(111~ ~1~111~1115 3(~ 3150 11~~~553(~.
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
12-1.
12-2.
12-3.
12-4.
12-5.
~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 1)111~8 01110~~(
~11(1118
~11(1118
~11(1118
sy
~11(1118
(1 1~(1~(1~~ ~11((~111 01 0100~87
(1 (~~~(8~
(1 (~~~(8~
En
(~~0~~()111111~
(~~0~~()1
(1 801111~88 1(1~10( 01 0100~87
0100~87
01 0100~87
~11((~111 01 0100~87
12-6. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ (~~0~~()11)111~8 01 0100~87

12-7. ~11(1118 111~ ~(1118~ 01 (~~~(8~ (~~0~~()111111~ 111(11711-)1111~110110100~7
Ea
12-8. ~11(11 18 111~ ~11~~1 01 (~~~(8~ (~~0~~()111111~7

12-9. ~11)118 1111~~~88(1()110 118~ 1(181-(~~0~~()1 0100~8 10( 111~11-811~~0 8~11~11111~7
~11(11 18 (1 10(~(1(0 (~~0~~()111111~7
w.
12-10.
12-11. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 111(11110111~(~11~~8 0~1~~~111711-)1111~11011 0100~8 (1110 5~11011~)1 0100~87
‫ُﺭ‬
12-12. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 1111111(1110118
01 5~11011~)1 0100~8 7
ww
12-13.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~11(1118 111~ 1)1111~(11(~~~(8~ (~~0~~()111111~ 01 ~~11~((11-1111(1108~ 0100~87

12-14. ~11(1118 111~ 1)1111~(11(~~~(8~ (~~0~~()111111~ 011(181-(~~0~~()1 0100~87
12-15. ~11(1118 111~ 1)1111~(11111(1)(111111111
)1111~110111~11111~((1111(~01 0100~87
12-16. ~11(1118 111~ 1111(1108~ 01 (1 ~11((~111-1111111111~
111011~10(7
12-17. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 11(001~1118 01 8~(1~8-~01111~~1~0 0100~8, (1110 ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 11088101~ 80111-
1101187
12-18. ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 11(001~1118 01 11(1((111~1-~01111~~1~0 0100~8, (1110 ~11(11 (1(~ 111~ 11088101~
801111101187
409

12-19. 111~0 0100~5 31~ ~01111~~1~0 1115~11~5 ~11/1 ~(,/1131-~0113~~ 5/131111~5, ~/1)1 00 1/1~ 0100~
1~3/(3~~ ~1111~1115 0111~17
‫ﻣ‬
12-1. 1/1~ 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1)111111~ 01 3 0100~ 15 (,,
= 5 ~5 3110 1/1~ 131~ 011311 011/1~ 0100~
~1111~111 15 ()//()( = 80 ~/~5. 111/1~ 501111~5513~101 15 5~ = 0.5, 0~1~1111111~1/1~ (3)
51013~~ ~/131~~, (2~~~ 3110 (/)) ~~3/( 1~~~15~ ~1111~111, /~~.
et
12-2. 1/1~ ~~3/( 111~111~0113~~ 01 3 5111~1~-~/135~ /1311-~3~~ 0100~ 1~~1111~1 15 ~ ~ = 169 ~ 31
60 1-12 3110 1/1~ 1030 1~5151311~~
1.2 0. 15 ~~ =
1/1~ 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1)111111~ 15 (,, = 4
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~5. 111/1~ 501111~5513~10115 5~ = 0, 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ (3) 51013~~ ~/131~~. (2~~~ 3110 (/))
~~3/( 1~~~15~ ~1111~111, /~~.
12-3. ~0111 1~ 300-~ 800- ~ 0100~5 011)1~~ ~23~~ 31~ 115~0 101 1/1~ 5111~1~-~/135~ 0110~~
rin
1~~1111~1 111~1~. 2-153. 1/1~ 11115~3111~ 011/1~ 15 ~,111~111~0113~~
= 120 ~ 31 2 /(1-12
3110 1/1~ 1030 1~5151311~~ 15 ~
= 0.2 0. 1/1~ 11111~110111~111~~131111~ 3110 311101~111
31~ 1) = 1250~ 31101/1
1~111~~131111~
= 400~, 1~5~~~11~~1)1. 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ (3) 3~~13~~
~0~~11055. ~ 0~ (/)) 111513111311~0115101~310 ~0113~~ 010~, 1)~~ (~) 1~~0~~1)1 ~/131~~, (2~~~
ee
(()) 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1)111111~, (,,~ (~) ~35~ 1~111~~131111~, 1~~ 3110 (0 1/1~1111311~5151311~~ 01
/1~31 5111/(, ~(0$/1. ~5511111~ 001101~-510~0 ~001111~ 3110 ~35~-10-5111/( 1/1~1111311~5151311~~
= 0.0300~.
gin
01 ~(0~8
12-4. ~~~~31 ~100. 12-3111) = 250~ 3110 1/1 = 00~.
‫ﺔ‬
12-5. 51)( 1~ 300-~
~1~. 2-18.
800-~ 0100~5 011)1~~ ~23~~ 31~ 115~0 111 1/1~ 1/11~~-~/135~
1/1~ 11115~3111~ 01111~1111111~ ~0113~~ 15 ~5 = 208 ~ 31 60 1-12 3110 1/1~ 1030
En
1~5151311~~15 ~ = 0.3 0. 1/1~ 11111~110111~111~~131111~ 3110 311101~111 1~111~~131111~ 31~

1) = 1250~ 3110 1/1 = 250~ 1~5~~~11~~1)1. 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ (3) 3~~13~~ ~0~~1 1055,
~ 0~ (/)) 111513111311~0115101~310 ~0113~~ 010~~ 1)~~ (~) 1~~0~~1)1 ~/131~~. (2~~~ ~(()) 1~~~15~
sy
1~~1111~1 01
1~~0~~1)111111~. (,,~ (~) ~35~ 1~111~~131111~. 1 ~~ 3110 (0 1/1~1111311~5151311~~ 01 /1~31 5111/(,

~(0.~/1. ~5511111~ 001101~-510~0 ~001111~ 3110 ~35~-10-5111/( 1/1~1111311~5151311~~ 01 ~(~(.8 =
0.030~~.
Ea
12-6. ~ 1~ 0100~, 300~. 800~, 1)1~~ ~23~~, 15115~0101 ~/131~~ 1~~~1531111 3 ~0111111111311011
~11~1111, 3110 1/1~ ~(,/111~31~111 ~11~1111 15 5/10~11 111 ~1~. 12-7. 1/115 ~/131~~ 1~~~1531 15
1~~~31~0 31 3 11~(,/11~11~)1 01/, = 1.5 /(1-12. ~ = 80 ~~. 1.- = 20 ~1-1, 3110 ~,.
= 220
w.
~. 111/1~ 0100~ 513115 ~011011~1111~ 31 ( = 0, 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ (3) ~~3/( 0100~ ~1111~111.
/,,~ (/)) ~101/1 011/1~ ~1111~111 ~1115~, (,~ 3110 (~) 5~11~/1111~ 1055, ~5.
‫ُﺭ‬
12-7. 1/1~ ~1111~111~3~~101111 1/11011~/1 3 1~ 0100~, 300 ~, 800 ~, 1)1~~ ~23~~, 15 5/10~11111
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1~. ~12-7. 1/1~ 11~(,/11~11~)15~11~/1111~151, = 2 /(1-12. 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ 5~11~/1111~ 1055, ~5.
.,1~(1..~ ..12-7
12-8. 1/1~ 0100~5 111 111~ 1/11~~-~/135~ 0110~~ 1~~1111~1 01 ~1~. 2-183 /13~~ 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1)1
11111~, (,, = 50 ~5 3110 1/1~ 11115~3111~ 01111~1111111~ ~0113~~, ~5 = 208~. 0~1~1111111~
410

111~ ~11~~1 01111~ 1~.,~15~

‫ﺭُﺷﺩ‬11111~011
1~~0.,~1~
‫ ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ‬111~ 3.,~13~~ 0~1~~1 .,0113~~ 11111~ 5~~~1~
11~().~~11~~ 15 (3) 1, = 2 /(1-(2, 3110 (/)) 1, = 60 1-(2.
12-9. 111~ ~110~~~1 ~11~~11 01 ~1~. 12-93 15 0~~131~0 31 3 11~().~~11~~ 011, = 1.5 /(1-(2 3110 3
0~1~ ~~~1~ 01 /( = 25%. 111~ 1030 15 111~111~1110~~11.,~ 3110 013~5 3 ~~11~111 0110 =
750~. 111~ 11~~~11~~1111~ 0100~ 1),,, 15 1~ 1~~~ ~23~~, 300 ~, 800~. 11 0.1/0./
1111111111~1110~~101, ~, = 10 /1-5, 0~ 111~~1 .,0113~~, ~, = 400 ~, 3110 111~ 1~11~11011
1~111~~131~1~ 15 111311113111~031 1) = 1250~, 0~1~1111111~ 111~ (3) ~~3/( ~~11~111 01 111~
5~11~11, 1/,~ (/)) .,31~~ 01 ~, 10 1/11111111~ ~~3/( 1~.,~15~ .,0113~~ 01 0100~ 1),~ 10 600 ~~
3110 (~) 3.,~13~~ ~0~~1 1055~5 111111~ 11~~~11~~1111~ 0100~, 11().
12-10. 1~0 0100~5 31~ ~01111~~1~0 1115~11~5 3110 111~ .,0113~~ 3~1055 ~3~11 0100~ 15 111311113111~0
‫ﻣ‬
111~ 53111~ 0~ ~01111~~1111~.,0113~~-51131111~ 1~515101, 5~~1111131 ~ 01 = ~()2
= 2000 ~ 3110
~1 = 100 /(11. 111~ 1)-1 ~11313~1~11511~ 01111~ 0100~5 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. ~12-10. 0~-
1~1111111~111~ 1~3/(3~~ ~~11~1115 01 ~3~11 0100~ 3110 111~ 1~5151311~~ ~2 3~1055 0100~ 1)2.
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
150
100
50
rin
2200 2000 1600 800 400 200
ee
./
./
gin
,/
/
‫ﺔ‬ /
/
/
/
/
/
/
En
asy
)~0..~ ..12-10
12-11. 1~0 0100~5 31~ ~01111~~1~0111 ~31311~13110 111~ 101~310 .,0113~~ 010~ 3~1055 ~3~11 0100~
.E
15 1.5~. 111~ 1)-1 ~11313~1~11511~5 01 0100~5 31~ 5110~11 111~1~. ~12-10~ 0~1~1111111~ 111~
101~310 ~~11~1115 11110~~11 ~3~11 0100~.
w
12-12. 1~0 0100~5 31~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~31311~1 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 12-/4, ~1111 ~~11~111-51131111~
1~5151311~~5. 111~ 1)-1 ~11313~1~11511~5 31~ 5110~11111 ~1~. ~12-10. 111~ 10131 ~~11~11115
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
1.,. = 200~. 111~ .,0113~~ 3~1055 3 0100~ 3110/15 1~5151311~~ 151) = 2.5~. 0~1~1111111~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ .,31~~5 011~5151311~~5 ~1 3110 ~2 11111~ ~~11~111 15 51131~0 ~().~311~ 0~ 111~ 0100~5.
12-13. 1~0 0100~5 31~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~11~5 35 5110~11 111~1~. 12-12. 111~ 1~5151311~~ 3~1055
111~ 0100~5 31~ ~1 = ~2 = 10 /(11. 111~ 111~1110~ .,0113~~ 15 5 /(~. 111~ 1~3/(3~~
~1111~111531~ 1,1 = 25 111~ 31101,2 = 40111~. 0~1~1111111~ 111~.,0113~~ 3~1055111~ 0100~5.
411

‫ﻣ‬
13
t
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~0~~( 1((11181810(8 11(1~~ ~0111(011~0 11.1(11-011 (1110 11.1(11-011 ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8. 111~ 1((111-
81810(8, ~111~11 (1(~ 1.18~0 (18 8~11~11111~ ~1~(11~1118, (1(~ 0~~((11~0 111111~ 8(111.1((111011 (~~1011,
(~81.111111~ 111(110~ 011-81(11~ ~011(1~~ 0(0~. 111~ 8~11~11111~ 8~~~0 01 (1100~(111((11181810(8
Ea
18 (111.1~11111~11~( 111(111111(11 01111)1(1810(8 (1110 111~)1 (1(~ ~)(1~1181~~1)1 ~(11~10)1~0 111 0~-0~
(1110 0~-(1~ ~011~~(1~(8,~1111 111~~(8~ ~(1((111~1-~01111~~1~0 0100~8 10 ~(0~10~ 0101(~~-
11011(11 ~1.1((~111 110~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~1( ~011(1~~ (1110 ~1.1((~111 ((11111~8 (1(~ 10~~( 111(111
w.
11108~ 01 111)1(1810(8 (1110 1((11181810(8 (1(~ 110((11(111)1 1.18~0 111 10~ 10 (11~011.1(11 ~0~~(
(1~~11~(1110118. 111~ ~0~~( 1((11181810(8 ~(111 0~ ~1(188111~0 0(0(101)111110 111(~~ ~(11~~0(1~8~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1. 131~01(1( 11.111~110111((11181810(8 (13118)

2. ~~1(11-0)(10~-8~(111~01101.1~10( 11~10-~11~~1 1((11181810(8 (~05~~18)
3. ~~1(11-0)(10~-8~(111~01101.1~10( 11181.11(11~0-~(11~ 1((11181810(8 (~051018)
111 ~(1(11~( ~11(1~1~(8, 13118 0( ~05~~18 ~~(~ (1881.1(11~0 (18 10~(11 8~11~11~8 10
~)(~1(1111 111~ ~0~~( ~011~~(81011 1~~11111()1.1~8. 11 18 00~101.18 111(11 (1 1((11181810( 8~11~1118
(111.1~1181(11~1~( 111(111 (1 10(~~0-~0(11(111.11(11~0 111)1(1810( 8~11~11. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~1101~~
0~1~~~11 (1 1311 (1110 (1 ~05~~1111 111~ ~011~~(1~( ~1(~1.1118 ~(18 1101 00~101.18 (1110 111~)1
~~(~ 8110~11 81(11~1)1 10 0~(1101181((11~ 111(11 ~1111~( 01 111~(11 ~(111 (~~1(1~~ (1 111)1(1810(,
~(0~10~0 111(11 111~1( ~011(1~~ (1110 ~1.1((~111 ((11111~8 (11~~1 111~ 01.11~1.11 (~()1.11(~(11~1118 01
412

111~ ~00~~(1~(. ~(3~11~311(3051510(5 0111~( ~(0111 11131 0~ 10~31 0~~1~~5. 111~ 1(30-
51510(5 113~~ ~~(1310 1111111311005 300 3(~ (~51(1~1~0 10 50111~ 3~~11~311005. 111~ ~113(-
3~1~(1511~5 300 (3110~5 0~ ~3~111~~~ 51101110 0~ ~)(311110~0 10 0~1~(11110~ 115 51111(/01111~
10 3 ~3(11~1113( 3~~11~31100.
~ 01~013( 1(3051510( 15 ~0(111~0 0~ 30010~ 3 5~~000 ~- 0( 11-(~~100 10 3/111-)110~1100
‫ﻣ‬
0100~. ~11111~0 11-(~~1005 300 00~ /1-(~~100, 1~0 )110~11005 3(~ ~0(111~0 300 1115
~00~0 35 3 11/111-(,.(111515(0,.,35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-13. ~11111~0 /1-(~~1005 300 00~
11-(~~100, 1115 ~311~0 35 3/111/1-(,.(1115/5(0,., 35 5110~010 ~1~. 13-10. 111~ 111(~~ 1~(11110315
t
3(~ 03111~0 35 ~0//~~(0,., ~1111((~,., 300 /)(15~. ~ 01~013( 1(3051510( 1135 1~0 )110~11005,
.ne
~011~~10(-035~ )110~1100 (~131) 300 035~-~111111~( )110~1100 (13~1). ~~~ 1(3051510(5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
0~ ~3(10115 512~5 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-2.
g
rin
~1111011~11 111~(~ 3(~ 111(~~ ~055101~ ~00~1~11(311005-~011111100-~011~~10(, ~011111100-
035~, 300 ~011111100-~111111~(-111~ ~011111100-~111111~(
ee ~00~1~11(31100, ~111~1115 5110~0
10 ~1~. 13-33 ~0( 3 11/111-1(3051510(, 15 ~~0~(311~ 115~0 10 5~11~1110~ 3~~11~311005. 111~
1~~1~3110~111 ~113(3~1~(1511~5
0~ 035~ ~11((~01, 18, 3~31051 035~-~111111~( ~0113~~, 11810,
3(~ 5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-30. ~1~11(~ 13-3~ 5110~5 111~ 1~~1~31 0111~111 ~113(3~1~(1511~5 0~
gin
~011~~10( ~11((~01, 1~, 3~31051 ~011~~10(-~111111~( ~0113~~, 11~10. ~0( 3/111/1-1(3051510(,
‫ﺔ‬
111~ ~013(111~5
3~15
111~(~
10 111~ ~1110~~ (~~100,
11 00 300
35 30
~011~~10(-~111111~(
0~ 311 ~11((~015
3(~ 111(~~ 0~~(3110~
00111 )110~11005
3111~1111~(,
sy
En
~0113~~
~11~(~
300
111~ 1(3051510(
3(~
~0113~~5
(~~1005
(~~~(5~
111~ ~011~~10(
0~~(~35~5
3(~
15 0~~ 0( 111~ 035~

0135~0.
(~~~(5~0.
0~ 3 1(3051510(~
~11((~01
~1111 111~ 035~
~1110~~, 3~11~~,
~11((~0115
10 111~ 3~11~~
15 3111~11~1~0
~11((~01.
001
(~~100,
111~
0~
30053111(31100.
~0011~1110
111~ 1(3051510(
3 ~310
~131
300
111(0
15 (~~~(5~
111~
0135~0 300 111~ 13~115 ~0(~3(0-0135~0. 10 111~ 53111(31100 (~~100, 111~ 035~ ~11((~01
15 511~~1~1~011~ 111~11 50 11131 111~ ~011~~10(-~111111~( ~0113~~ 15 10~ 300 111~ 1(3051510(
Ea
1()01~8~(0~
w.
()
,, ~1~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
8858 8858 ,, ~18

‫ﺷﺩ‬
8
,,
~1~
~
~,,,~((8~ ~,,,~((8~
(8) ,,~,,-(~8,,5~5(0~ (0) ~,,~-(~8,,5~5(0~
58~. 13-2 413

‫ﻣ‬
et
...~..~ 13-2 ~/1~ 1(311515-
10(5. (~0/./,(~$)1 0/ /10~~,~~, 1~~.)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
3~15 3$ 3 5~11~11. 80111 )1111~110115 (~131 3110 8~1) 3(~ 10~3(0 0135~0. 111~ 1(31151~(
~113(3~1~(1511~, ~111~1115 3 ~101 01 ~~10 3~3111511/3, 15 5110~11111 ~1~. 13-4.
rin
111~ (1100~1 01 3 11)711-1(31151510( 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 13-5 11110~( 13(~~-51~1131 0~
0~~(311011. 111~ ~~11311011 (~131111~ 111~ ~11((~1115 15
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~8
0 ~~
Ea
(8) 8(~~~~10~89~801 (0) ~,,~~1~~8~8~18~~51~~5

w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
414

...,.,.. ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬
~(.8101/ ~_~~1~.,,8_ ~-881(.8~81~0~
8
...,.,..(58()- -
0
‫ﻣ‬
0 ~
0.5
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
001~01 ~0((~111. 10~ (3110 0110~ ~011~~10( ~0((~111, 1~, 10 035~ ~0((~111, 18, 15 )(110~11
35 10~ ~11,.,.~11( 8(1111, ~~
rin
1~
~ = /7~~ = -18 (13-2)
ee
10~ ~011~~10( ~0((~111 035 1~0 ~0(11~011~1115~ 011~ 00~ 10 10~ 035~ ~0((~111 3110 010~(
011~ 15 10~ 1~3)(3~~ ~0((~111 0110~ ~)31.
gin
1~ = ~18 + 1~~0 (13-3)
‫ﺔ‬ ~0~(~ 1~~0 15 10~ ~011~~10(-10-~(11111~( 1~3)(3~~ ~0((~111 ~110 035~ 0~~11 ~1(~011 3110
~311 0~ ~011510~(~0 11~~11~101~ ~0(11~3(~0 10 ~18.
~(0(11 ~~5. (13-1) 3110 (13-3),
En
1~ = 18(1 + ~) + 1~~0 (13-4)

asy
= 18(1 + ~) (13-43)
_ ~+1
1~ = 1~( 1 + 1 (13-5)
~) - ~ ~
.E
10~ ~011~~10( ~0((~111 ~311 0~ ~,.~(~55~0 35
= 0.1~
w
1~ (13-6)
‫ُﺭ‬
~0~(~ 10~ ~011513111 0. 15 (~131~0 10 ~ 0)1
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0.=-
~ (13-7)
~+ 1
~-- (13-8)
1 - 0.
58~. 13-2 415

8~
(~ +
~~~(8
88
1~0,
~1~~
‫ﻣ‬
1.~1118 ~0081(/~( 111~ ~1(~1111 01 ~1~. 13-6, ~11~(~ 111~ 1(3081810( 18 0()~(31~(/ 38 3
et
8~11~11.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(13-9)
rin
(13-10)
ee
gin
(13-11)
=
‫ﺔ‬
.8().1131100 (13-11) 10(/1~31~8 11131 38 100~ 38 1100 ~ 11810, 111~ ~131 ~111 0~ (~~~(8~
0138~(/ 30(/ 111~ 1(3081810( ~111 0~ 10 111~ 3~11~~ (~~100.
sy
En
_ 11 ~~ -
111~ (03)(1(011(0 ~011~~10(
~11((~01 10 111~ 3~11~~ (~~100, ~111~11 ~30 0~ 001310~(/ 0)1 8~1110~ 11
11~10, 18
~8
11~10
0 30(/ 11810
_ 11 ~~ - 11810
=
/ ~/14 - - (13-12)
~~ ~~
30(/ 111~ ~0((~8()00(/10~ ~3111~ 01 038~ ~11((~01
a
.E
_ /~/14
/ 8/14 - (13-13)
(3
w
11111~ 038~ ~11((~0118 10~(~38~(/ 300~~ /8/14, 11810 10~(~38~8 30(/ 111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01
‫ُﺭ‬
~11110~(~38~ 30(/ 111~ 11~10 ~1111311 0~10~ 11810. 11118 ~111 ~0011011~ 110111111~ ~13118
ww
10~3((/ 0138~(/ ~1111 118~ 01 300111 0.4 10 0.5~. 111~ 1(3081810( 111~0 ~0~8 1010
‫ﺷﺩ‬
83111(31100. 111~ (,.((11515(0,. 5(((/1,.(((1011 (03)1 0~ (/~110~(/ 38 111~ ()0101 300~~ ~111~11 (0)1
10~(~38~ 10 111~ 038~ ~11((~01 (/0~8 00110~(~38~ 111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01 81~0111~(011)1.
10 111~ 83111(31100, 111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01 (~(03108 31(0081 ~0081301. 11111~ ~01-
1~~10(-~(0111~( 83111(31100 ~0113~~ 18 11~10($3(), 111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~0118
(13-14)
416

(1110 10.~ ~0((~5~0110111~ ~(110~

‫ ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬15
01 0(15~ ~0((~111
1~,5
1/35 = - (13-15)
~
~0((11(111)1, 111~ ~1(~011 15 0~51~11~0 50 10.(111/3 15 0.1~0.~( 10.(111 1 /35. 10.~ ((1110 011/3 10
1/35 15 ~(111~0 10.~ 01)~,0111)~ 1(1~(0,, 00~~
00~ = ~ (13-16)
1/35
‫ﻣ‬
(1110 10.~ ((1110 011~5 10 1/3 15 ~(111~0 (1510,~~(/ ~, ~/ ~0.~(~
_ 1~5
(.1.
~/ -
(13-17)
t
1/3
.ne
10.~ 101(11 ~0~~( 1055 111 111~ 1~0 )011~110115 15
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~ -, = ~ /3101/3 + ~ ~101~ ( 13-18)
ng
~ 0.1~0. ~(110~ 01 0~~(0(1~~ 1(1~10( ~111 1101 (~00~~ 10.~ ~011~~10(-~(11111~( ~011(1~~
51~11111~(11111)1.1-10~~~~(, ~ /310~111111~(~(15~ 00~ 10 111~(~(15~0 0(15~ ~0((~111, (~5011111~
111111~(~(15~0 ~0~~( 1055 11110.~ 1381.
~)(801()1~ 13-1
10.~ 01~013(
eri
1(31181810( 111 ~1~. 13-6 18 8~~~111~() 10 0.3~~ 11110.~ (311~~ 8 10 40. 10.~ ~
ine
103() (~8181311~~ 18 ~~ = 11 0. 10.~ ()~ 811~~1)1 ~0113~~ 18 ~ ~~ = 200 , 311()10.~111~111
,.
11 ~ 00(..() = 1.0 , 311()~ 810(,.()= 1.5 ,,
~0113~~ 10 10.~ 038~ ~1(~111118~ 8 = 10
1111()10.~ (3) ~3111~ 01 ~ 8 10.31 (~811118 111 83111(311011 ~110. 311 0~~(()(1~~ 13~10( 01 5 ~ (0)
‫ﺔ‬ 10(~~()
18.1~.
(13-16)
~ ~ 311() (~)
E
~0~~(
ng
1088 111 10.~ 1(31181810(,
80101100 ~~~ = 200 ,, ~01.0= 8, ~01.. = 40, ~~ = 11 0, 00~

~~10(..()= 1.0 ,, 311()~810(,.()= 1.5 ,. ~(01116~. (13-14), /~5 = (200
~(0111 6~. (13-15), /85 = 18.1/~01.0 = 18.1/8 = 2.2625~.
~1~~8 10.~ 038~ ~11((~11110(
sy
311 0~~(()(1~~
11.,.
13~10( 01 5,
= 5, ~8 = 10 ,,
- 1.0)/11=
6~11311011
)(
/8 = 5 2.2625 = 11.3125 ~
Ea
(3) 6~11311011 (13-9) ~1~~8 10.~ (~~111(~() ~3111~ 01 ~8,
~8 - ~810(..() 10 - 1.5
~8 = = = 0.75140
/8 11.3125
w.
(0) ~(01116~. (13-17), ~/ = 18.1/11.3125 = 1.6.

(~) 6~11311011 (13-18) )11~1()8 10.~ 10131 ~0~~( 1088 38
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
)( )(
11., = 1.5 11.3125 + 1.0 18.1 = 16.97 + 18.1 = 35.07 ~
1-/0(~. ~0( (1110~~(0(1~~ 1(1~10( 0110, 1/3 = 22.265 ~ (1110 10.~ ~0~~( 1055 ~111
)( 22.265 + 18.1 = 51.5~. 011~~ 10.~ 1((11151510( 15 5(110((11~0, 10.~
0~ ~-, = 1.5
~011~~10(-~(11111~( ~011(1~~ 15 1101 (~00~~0 111 (~1(111011 10 10.~ 111~(~(15~ 111 0(15~ ~0((~111.
1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~0~~( 1055 15 111~(~(15~0. ~1 (1 0.1~0. ~(110~ 01 0~~(0(1~~ 1(1~10(, 10.~
417
58~. 13-2

1((1051510( (0(1)1 0~ 0(1(0(10~~0 011~ 10 111.~((0(11 (110~(1)1. 00 111.~ 0111.~( 11.(1110, 11111.~
1((1051510( 15 1100~(0(1~~0 (113 ~ 1~5), 11 (0(1)1 0~~((11~ 10 111.~ (1~11~~ (~~100 (100 1100
~11110~(~(15~, (~5111110~ 10 10~(~(15~0 ~0~~( 1055.
~ 10(~(1(0-01(15~01711-)110~1100 ~)(11.10115 1~0 ~(1((111~1 ~(1~(1~11(10~~5~ (1 0~~1~1100-1(1)1~(

~(1~(1~11(10~~ (100 (1 0111115100 ~(1~(1~11(10~~. 00 111.~ 0111.~( 11.(100, (1 (~~~(5~-01(15~01711-
‫ﻣ‬
)110~1100 11.(15 0(1)1 0~~1~1100 ~(1~(1~11(10~~. 000~( 51~(10)1-51(11~ ~000111005, 111.~5~
~(1~(1~11(10~~5 00 001 ~1(1)1 (10)1 (01~. 110~~~~(, 1100~( 1((1051~01 ~000111005, 111.~)1
~001(10111~ 10 111.~ 111(0-00 (100 111(0-011 0~11.(1~10( 01111.~ 1((1051510(.
et
111.~ (000~1 01 (1 1((1051510( 1100~( 1((1051~01 ~000111005 15 511.0~0 10 ~1~. 13-7,
~11.~(~ ~~/) (100 ~/)_ (1(~ 111.~ ~11~~11~~ ~(1~(1~11(10~~5 01111.~ ~131 (100 13~1, (~5~~~11~~1)1.
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
111.~ (,(1115~0110-/4~((111~~, 8,,,, 01 (1 131115 0~110~0 (15 111.~ ((1110 011~ 10 111310. 111.~5~
~(1~(1~11(10~~5 (1(~ 0~~~00~01 00 111.~ )110~1100 ~011(1~~5 (100 ~11.)151~(11 ~0051(11~1100 01
111.~ 1((1051510(. ~~/) (111~~15 111.~ 10~111 ~(1~(1~11(10~~ 51~0111~(1011)1 011~ 10 111.~ ~111~(
,
(011111~11~(11100 ~11~~1 (6). ~10 (100 , 1310 (1(~ 111.~ (~5151(10~~5
n
01 ~011~~10( 10 ~(0111~(
(100 0(15~ 10 ~(0111~(, (~5~~~11~~1)1.
~1~11(~
011~
13-8
1)13 (15~5 1(0(0
10 111.~ 101~(0(11
2~(0
~(1~(1~11(10~~5,
1111151((11~5 111.~ ~(1~~10((05
10 111 (100 111.~ 0(15~ ~11((~01
e eri 111.~ 1((1051510(
(100 5~11~11.10~
(15~5 101131,
00~5
11(0~5.
001
~5
111(0 00 1051(1011)1.
111.~ 10~111 ~011(1~~
111.~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01 00~5
001 (~5~000 1(0(0~01(11~1)1. 111.~(~ 15 (1 0~1(1)1, )(00~0 (15 0-~/(1)1 (1111~, ((/ 0~10(~ (10)1
gin
~011~~10( ~11((~01 110~5. 111.15 0~1(1)115 (~()111(~0 10 ~11.(1(~~ 11~ 111.~ ~(1~(1~11(10~~5 01
111.~ 13~110 111.~ 10(~(1(0-01(15 ~011(1~~ 111310((1~~(0)(1(0(11~1)10.7 ~). ~11~( 111.150~1(1)1,
00
~5
‫ﺔ‬
111.~~011~~10( ~11((~01
111.~ 11(0~ ~0051(101
111.~ 0(15~ ~11((~0115
(1 (~51111, 111.~ ~)(~~55
En
(15~5 10 111.~51~(10)1-51(11~ ~(1111~ 011~5.

0~1~((010~0 0)110~111 ~(1~(1~11(10~~5.
00((0(111)1 (00(~ 111.(10111.(11(~()111(~0
(0100(11)1 ~(1((1~( ~11.(1(~~ 15 510(~0
111.~ (15~ 11(0~, (~, 0~~~005
10 5(1111((11~ 111.~1((1051510(.
10 111.~ 0(15~ (~~100. 111.~
11.1~11.~( 111.~ 0~~(0(1~~ 1(1~10(, 00~, 111.~ ~(~(11~( 15 111.~ (1(001101 01 ~)(1((1 ~11.(1(~~ 510(~0
sy
10 111.~ 0(15~. 111.15 ~)(1((1 ~11.(1(~~, ~11.1~11.15 ~(111~0 111.~5(1(/4,(1(1118 ~/1(1,8~, 15 ~(0~0(1100(11
10 111.~ ~)(~~55 0(15~ 0(1~~, 1_~
Ea
1~5
=
1_ 113 -
(3 = 00~ . 1135 - 1135 = 1135(00~ - 1) (13-19)
w.
,8
‫ُﺭ‬
8
ww
,0 8 8
‫ﺷﺩ‬
800
~00 ~~0 ~00 (..
418

~8
-- -
0
.
~..,.
. _(1-~)..,._
‫ﻣ‬
t
~
~
.n e
~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
-182 - - - ,- - - ------
~
10 ~
ng
~~5
- - - ~_
0.9~~5 - - - ~ - - ------
~
~ , ~
eri
~ ~ ~
~ ~
---,--,
~
0.1,~5 - 1- ~
0
.~-- ~~-~
ine
/. /, /0
‫ﺔ‬
3110 111~ 8310..31111~
~11~..~ __. 18 ~110~11

~113..~~
En
g
38 111~ 5(0,(./8~
sy
18 ~1~~11 0)1
(2. = --)~ = --)85(00~ - 1)

(1111~ ~0115((./11( 0~ 111~ 1..31181810...
(13-20)
~11~11 111~ 111~01 ~0113~~ 18 ..~~~..8~0 ~..0111 ~1 10 - ~2 3110 111~ 038~ ~0 ~111 18
3180 ~11311~~0 10 - 182, 111~ ~011~~10.. ~0 ~111 00~8 1101 ~11311~~ ~0.. 3 11111~, (., ~311~0
Ea
111~ 5(0,(./8~ (1111~. (. 18 ..~().01..~0 10 ..~1110~~ 111~ 8310..31111~ ~113..~~ ~..0111 111~ 038~.
5111~~ 1)8~ 18 81111 ~08111~~ ~1111 3~~..0)(111131~1)1 0.7 ~, 111~ 038~ ~0 ~111 ..~~~..8~8 118
01..~~11011 00~ 10 111~ ~11311~~ 111 111~ ~013..11)1 0~ 1)8 ~..0111 ~1 10 - ~2. 111~ ..~~~..8~
w.
~0 ~111, - 182, 11~1~8 10 018~113..~~ 111~ 038~ 3110 ..~1110~~ 111~ ~)(1..3 ~113..~~ ~..0111 111~
038~. ~1111001 - 182, 111~ 8310..31111~ ~113..~~ 1138 10 0~ ..~1110~~0 ~1111..~1)1 0)1 ..~~0111-
‫ُﺭ‬
0111311011 3110 111~ 810..3~~ 11111~ ~0010 0~ 1011~~...
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
011~~ 111~ ~)(1..3 ~113..~~ 18 ..~1110~~0, 111~ 13~1 ~3~3~11311~~ ~113..~~8 10 111~ 111~01
~0113~~, - ~2, 3110 111~ 038~ ~0 ~111 ~3118 10 2.~..0. 111~ ~31111111~, (,, 0~~~1108 011 111~
11111~ ~011813111, ~111~1118 0~1~..111111~0 0)1111~ ~3~3~11311~~ 0~ 111~ ..~~~..8~-0138~0 13~1.
~1~0..~ 13-93 8110~8 111~ ~)(1..3 810..3~~ ~113..~~ 111 111~ 038~ 0~ 3 8310..31~0 1..311-
81810... 00..111~ 10..11-0~~, 11118 ~)(1..3 ~113..~~ 18 ..~1110~~0 ~1..81111 11111~ (. 3110 111~ ~113..~~
~..0~11~ 18 ~11311~~0 ~..0111 (./ 10 ~ 38 8110~11111 ~1~. 13-90. 00..111~ ~31111111~, 111~ ~113..~~
~..0~11~ 0~~..~38~8 ~..0111 ~..0~11~ ~ 011111 311 ~113..~~8 3..~ ..~1110~~0.
58~. 13-2 419

8856
(0) 8~8~96 ~~011~6 0()~1~9

1()~~-011
‫ﻣ‬
et
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(100. 111~ 11.1(0-0~~ 11111~, (0~~, 18 111~ 81.11110~ 810((1~~ 10111~, (5, (100. ~(111 11111~, (/,
(0~~ = (5 + (/
n
~1(301())~ 13-2
eri
111~ ~3,,,~~0~1118 0~ 111~ 1~31181810~ 8~11~11111 ~18. 13-6 3~~ 8110~11 111 ~18.
~3~3111~1~~8 3~~ ~~~ = 250 ~, ~810(53,)= 3 ~, /8 = 8 ~, ~~10(,31)= 2 ~, 1~.5= 100
~, ((/ = 0.5 (.1-8, (_ = 1 (.1-8,(5 = 5 (.1-8,(, = 3 (.1-8,3110/5 = 10 ~1-12. 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~ 18
e 13-10. 111~
/( 50%. 111~ ~011~~10~-10-~111111~~1~3~38~ ~1.1~~~111 18 /~100 = 3 111~. ))~1~~111111~

=
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 0
sy
En
~
~
~
...,~~(..1)-~ - ~- -
~-100-~
1~ ~
,~. -~- - -
~ ~
Ea
~ ~
~~~0 ~ ~
0
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.= 1/1
420

111~ ~0~~( 1055 01.1~ 10 ~011~~10(

~1.1((~111 (3) 01.1(111~ 11.1(11-011, (00 = (,1 + (,~ (/)) 01.1(111~
~01101.1~11011 ~~(100, (~~ (~) 01.1(111~ 11.1(11-011, (011 = (, + (/~ (0) 01.1(111~011-11111~,(0~ 3110
(~) 10131 3,,,~(3~~ ~0~~( 1055~5, 11,. (1) ~101111~ 111513111311~01.15~0~~( 01.1~ 10 ~01.1~~10(
~1.1((~111, 110(().
80)01100 1 = 1//, = 100 ~5, /( = 0.5, /(1 = (,1+ (, + (~ = 50 ~5, (~ = 50 - 0.5

1 = 48.5 ~5, (1 - /()1 = (, + (/ + (,, = 50 ~5, 3110(,, = 50 - 5 - 3 = 42 ~5.
(3) 01.1(111~ 0~13)111111~, 0 ~ ( ~ (0~
10(() = /~/00
‫ﻣ‬
1)~/0(() = 11~~
111~ 111513111311~01.15~0~~( 01.1~ 10 111~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111 15
t
110(()
= (01)~/0 = /~/0011~(..
e
)( 10-3 )(
= 3 250 = 0.75 ~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1 (,0
110 = ~)() 110(() 0.(
= / ~/0011 ~~(0/,
rin
(13-21)
)( )( )( )( )( )(
= 3 10-3 250 0.5 10-6 10 103 = 3.75 111~
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 111~ ~0~~(
En
.
110(() = /~1)~/0= /~5~
~11~11 (
11~(() ~111 0~ 1(13)(11111.1111
(
( 11~~ + (11~/0(,.()-
= (,,,, ~11~(~
(13-22)
asy
(, 11
~~
( ,,, =
2(~ ~~ - ~ ~/0(,.()) (13-23)
250
.E
= 1
)(
2(250
_ 2) = 0.504 ~5
3110 8~. (13-22) )11~105111~~~3/( ~0~~(
w
‫ُﺭ‬
(13-24)
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(13-25)
58~. 13-2 421

(13-26)
= 0.00375 + 42.33 = 42.33 ~
(0) 10.~ (011011(6011 ~~~100, 0 ~ ( ~ (0~
/0(() = /~5
‫ﻣ‬
)( 100 = 200 ~
= 2
et
((.
1
(10 = (10(() 0(
7)0 = 11~/0(,31/~5(0~ (13-27)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
)( )( )( 10-6 )( )( 103
= 2 100 48.5 10 = 97 ~
ng
(() 10.~ 810~(18~ ~~~100, 0 ~ ( ~ ($~
/0(() = /~5
ri
ee
)( 100 = 200 ~
gin
= 2
((,
1
‫ﺔ‬ 10.~ 1(1116111~, 0 ~ ( ~ (/
En
(1$
= 7)0
= 2
)(
(10(1) 0( = 11~/0(53,/~5(~
100
)(
5
)( 10-6 )(
10
)( 103
= 10~
(13-28)
asy
/0(1) = /~5( 1 - 11~81~(11118 /~/00

~),
11~~ .
1)~/0 (
() (, 11~8 1~(11118 /
= ---,-
, ~/00
E
(10(() = (01)~/0= 11~~/~5 (13-29)

((1
0~)
w.
( (,12
10.18 ~0~~~ 1088 011~1118 1(111 6111~ ~111 0~ 111(1)(111111111~0.~11
=
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
(13-29) 81~~8 10.~ ~~(1)( ~0~~~,

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(1,, 11~~/~5
= (13-30)
4
)( 100
= 250 4 = 6250 ~
11~~/~5(,/$
1 ((/
= 7)0 (10(() 0( =
(1,
(13-31)
6
)( )( )( )( )( 103
250 100 3 10-6 10
125 ~
6
422

. (
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
111~ ~0~~( 1088 01.1(111~11.1(11-01118
/1011 = /1$ + /11 = ~~~/~5/$(($ + ~)

(13-32)
rin
= 10 + 125 = 135 ~
(0) 011-~~(100, 0 ~ (
~ (0=
10(() = /~/00
ee
1)~/0(1) ~ ~~
=
gin
/10(() = (01)~/0= /~/00~~~
(13-33)
‫ﺔ‬ = 3
= 3
sy
)( 10-3 )(
En
)( 10-3
250 = 0.75 ~
)(
250
)(
42
)( 10-6 )(
10
)( 103
= 0.315 ~
Ea
(13-34)
= 42.33 + 97 + 135 + 0.315 = 274.65 ~
(1) 111~ ~101 01111~ 11181(1111(111~01.18 ~0~~( 18 8110~11111 ~1~. 13-11.
w.
~~3(1))1~ 13-3
‫ُﺭ‬
~0( 111~ ~(1((1111~1~(8 111 ~)((1111~1~ 13-2, ~(11~1.11(11~ 111~ (1..,~((1~~ ~0~~( 1088 01.1~ 10 111~ 0(18~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1.1((~111.
80101100 ~8/0($81) = 3 ~, /8 = 8 ~, 7 = 1//. = 100 ~8, /( = 0.5, /(7

= 50 ~8, (,) =
0.5 ~8, (, = 1 ~8, (0 = 50 - 1.5 = 48.5 ~8, (, = 5 ~8, (1 = 3 ~8, (00 = (,) + (, = 1.5
~8, 3110 (01( = ($ + (1 = 5 + 3 = 8 ~8.
00(111~ 111~ ~~(100, 0 ~ ( ~ ((00 + (0)..
10(1) = /85
58~. 13-2 423

111~ 11181(1111(111~0118 110~~( 011~ 10 111~ 0(18~ ~11((~11118
~/)(() //)1)810 =
= 185~85(...)
=8)(3=24~
))11(111~ 111~ 11~(100, 0 ~ ( ~ (0 = (7 - (00 - (0 - ($ - (,).. ~/)(() 0. 111~
(1,,,~((1~~ 110~~( 1088 18
~8 = 185 ~ 810(.8.)((00 + (0 + ($)~ (13-35)

)( )( (1.5 + 48.5 + 5) )( 10~6 )( )( 103
‫ﻣ‬
= 8 3 10 = 13.2 ~
13-2.3 ~8..,0,.81130~8 ~3,.3811818,.5
et
10~ ~0(1((1~1~(1811~8 0~ 1((11181810(8 (1(~ 110((11(111~ 8~~~1~1~0 0~ 10~ (11(11111~(1~111(~(8 111
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1~((118 0~ ~~(1(1111 ~~(~0((11(111~~ ~(1((1(11~1~(8 ~0( 8(1~~ 0~~((111011.
g.n
10~ 1((11181810( ~1(~11118
(111181 0~ 0~81~11~0 80 10(11 10~ 0~~((11111~ ~01101110118 00 1101 ~)(~~~0 10~1( 811~~~81~0
((11111~8. ~1~11(~ 13-12 800~810~ 0(11(180~~1.0~ (11~~1~(110~-1((11181810( 1~~~ 1)671)~,
~)(~1(1111111~ 118 ~0(1((1~1~(1811~8.
rin
()~
9380, ,,~~. /110~ (0( ~) 18 10~ ((1110 0~ 10~ ~011~~10( ~11((~111, 1~ 10 0(18~
~11((~111, 18 (11 (1 8~~~1~1~0 ,,,(1111~ 0~ ~ ~10. 10~ ~(1111, ~01~018ee 800~11 111 ~1~. 13-12.1
(1110 13-12.2, 18 0~~~110~111 011 10~ 1~(11~~((1111(~. ~1~11(~ 13-12.1 (~~~(8 10 10~ ~0(1(-
(1~1~(1811~ ~11(,,,~ 1111(110~( 1111 ~1~. 13-12. ~1111~ ((11~0 ~011~~10( ~11((~111, 10~ ,,,(1(1(111011
111 ~(1111 ~1111 ~0(111~~ 111 1~(11~~((1111(~ 18 (111111(1111(11(1110 111~ ~1(~1111 8001110 0~ 0~81~11~0
gin
10 0~~((11~ (11 10~ ((11~0 ,,,(1111~. ~ 01~0 ~(1111 ~01110 (~011~~ 111~ ,,,(1111~8 0~ ~0(~~0 ~
‫ﺔ‬
(1110 11 ~10(5111).
~111 (~011~~
~11((~111,
~0~~8~10,.-
0(18~
10~
88118118,.
En
011-81(11~
1088~8.
~11((~111,
531(,8,.31800
1-10~~,,,~(,
~11((~111 ~(1111, (1110 )1111~11011 1~(11~~((1111(~.
(111181 0~ 811~~1~1~111 ~11011~010
sy
~0~1398, ~ ~€($81).
111~ 0(18~ 0(1,,,~

0(1,,,~ 111~ 1((11181810( 11110 8(1111((111011, 0111 0,,,~(0(1,,,~ ~111
~ 10~ ,,,(1111~ 0~ 11 ~.10(5111)
~ ~10(5111)18 (1 ~1111~11011 0~ 10~ ~011~~10(
0~~(~(18~ 10~ ~0(~~0 ~ (1110 111~(~(18~ 10~ 1088~8 111 10~ 0(18~-~(11111~( )1111~11011.
~1~11(~ 13-12.3 800~8 10~ (~~10118 0~ ~011~~10( 8(1111((111011 (11 ,,,(1(10118 ~011~~10(
Ea
(11100(18~ ~11((~1118. ~1~11(~ 13-12.4 (1110 13-12.5 800~ 11~10(5111)(1~(1111811~ ~0( ,,,(1(10118
~0(~~0 ~. ~ 8(11(111,,,(1111~0~ ~0(~~0 ~
(0( 01~11 ,,,(1111~ 0~ 0,,,~(0(1,,,~ ~(1~10() 0~~(~(18~8
10~ ,,,(1111~ 0~ 11 ~10(5111). 1-10~~,,,~(, (1 01~0~( )1111~11011 1~(11~~((1111(~ 111~(~(18~8 10~ ,,,(1111~
w.
0~ 11 ~10(5111).
~0~~8~10,.-1)358 531(,8,.31800 ~0~1398, ~8€($81). ~ 10~ ,,,(1111~0~ 11810(5111) ~111

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
0~~(~(18~ 10~ ~0~~( 1088 111 10~ 0(18~-~(11111~( 11111~11011. 11810(5111)111~(~(18~8 ~110
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~011~~10( ~11((~111 (1110 ~0(~~0~. 10~ 1((1118~011011~1(111~~ (8,., = 1~/11810) 0~ 10~ 1((111-
,,,~(8118 1~ (18 8110~11 111 ~1~.
81810( ~(111 0~ 0~1~((11111~0 ~(0(11 10~ ~11(,,,~8 0~ 11810(5111)
13-12.6 (1110 13-12.7.
1(,8,.0-00 188118, 10... 10~ 111(11-011 11(11~ ~(111 0~ 0~~(~(18~0 0~ 111~(~(18111~ 10~
0(18~ 0(1,,,~ ~0( (1 11)(~0 ,,,(1111~ 0~ ~011~~10( ~11((~111. 10~ ,,,(1(1(1110118 0~ 0~1(1~ 11(11~, ((),
(1110 (18~ 11(11~, (~, (1(~ 800~11 111 ~1~. 13-12.9. ((), ~01~0 18 0~~~110~111 011 111~111
~(1~(1~11(111~~8 00~8 1101 ~0(111~~ 81~111~1~(1.1111~~11111~. 1-10~~,,,~(, (~ 111~(~(18~8 ~110 111~
111~(~(18~ 1111~.
424

~.~ 0670( ~8-8..8~~.

.,~8.. 08 ~9~0,,
150 ~- ~~~~ 0~ ~0 500 ~~~0(505) ~ 700~~~1/
~ 0~0~~111 81~~(11~ 06708 18 11 0~~ ~1~... ~~~~0( 1-0~~~

011~110~(00. 1( (~11(~~~8 ~011~~(0~ 180111(100 (~0~ (...~ ...~11( 810~, 110 10(~01111
.
()... ~~~00 2~0
‫ﻣ‬
~50~8~~00-
~008(~~(100 0~81~0~0 (0~ 8(~~88-(~~~ 011~~11(100 11( (~~11~~11(~~~ ~)((~~~8, 2500 ,,,~~5
...~(()1 8~~~~ (~=101118 (0~ ~~1((~~ 1100 ~011~~(0~ ~000~~(100 1100 ()~1~~ .5~~1~9 ~ ~,.~8~
10,. 460~ 5.,,5~80)5
~1~~(11~111 (~=101118 (0~ 81110082. ~ 0~~1~~ 18 0~81~0~0 (0 ~~~(
01- ~~~~11, . ~~~8 00. ~60692
t
8(11~~ 1100 180111(100 ~01(11~~. ~11)0~ 11111111~11(1008 11~~ (0~ ~0(0~ ~00(~0)8,
e
8~1(~...10~ 110~~~ 8~111111~8 1100 01-5 8)18(~~8.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
...8/1 ~01(.8.= 400
- 500 ~ ~~0(808)=~)500 - 700 ~ ~~~
...8/1 ~~,,..0(= 150 ~01(1.~.8, 1~ (
...8... 0.10 /1~~ 50 )0,.1.0.01001~ 100 ~01(1...8 1~ (/1~~ 200 ()1(1.0.1)
=
rin
~01~9.5 0670~5 0670~6 0670~7 001.~5
(011.~(0~ 10~1((.. ~~10.. ~01(8
500 600 700
(011~~(0~ 10~.((.. ~ ~100 (51.15) 400 450 500 ~01(8
10~.((~. 8.~ ~01(8
~1080 ---8 ---+-
ee
~ 01~5
(011.0(0~ (~~..0( (000(.0~0~8) _.-100 ~~118
gin
(011~0(0. (~...0( ((1.~) -000(---150 ~~.,8
(011.0(0. (0...0( (~00-~.11.1111 ) 0( 250 ~01.,8
‫ﺔ‬ 8.8. (~~~.0(
8.80 (~~..0(
0155.(18~.001
1-0~.. 0188.11.(100
(.~ = 250()
,..,,,(1..8~0..5
(000(10~0~8)
((1.~)
sy
En
--10
--
312.5
20
~01.,8
),~.,8
5(0..8. _400( (0 1500(

+
011.~.(108 1~00(100 _400( (0 1500(
+
1501.~.001~01~.9. 2500
Ea
,...01.01.18. ,.0..01.1019
,.0.~... 011.. ()0...(1)
, ,,,.1~.515~.0.. ~01~ .4 .
w.
(1) .88 /)..~ (1.98 10. 010..01..019 .001.1~ 1001.

------------------------------------------------------ ---.-------
8~8~~~(~8.~ ~~8.~8.~~8~(5~/~5~ (1~ = 250( 001.88 0( ~.8. 5.,.0111.(/)
‫ُﺭ‬
5, ,..~ ~ ~...~...~~.5 ~5 5-.-/1/180... /1/1......
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(011.0(0.-10~1((.. 5~8(1110108 ~ 01(.8.

(1~ = 1),, 181=182=0,) -
0670105 ~~100(51.15) 400
~~1 /.1~= ~~100) - 0670106 ~~100(51.15) 450
- 0670107 ~~100(51.15) 500
(011.0(0. (~(-0(((~~..0(
(~~10.. = ~.(.(/ ~.1~.. .) = 250( 2.5 01),
-
~8110(0,1)=-1.5~) _.)=1500( 10.0 01.4.
10~1((..-8.8. (~(-0(((~...0(
(~1081 = 3.5~, 1~ = 0) 500
..1~0..~ 13-12 0313 511~~1 0( 0~ 11311515101,1~()~ 0670~. (~0~,1€5)1 01 (1€11€,(1/

~/€(1,/( ~0/11~(111)1)_
425

~0~8( ,.(8058510(5 /0670~ ~
5,./0,,..~ ~~/0,~/0,~,.~~.5,..~5 ~0~,..~()~0 5..,~80... ~.~. ,...,~. ~/0,)(. ()~.~
0( (~(1.,111 ~3111
(1( 5....) 25 90
= 150~. ....00 = 11~)0
(1( ....()0 5....) 50 200
= 100~. = 11~)0
(1( ....()0 5....) 11~)0 100 275
= 40~. =
(011.,(10(-~(11,11.,( 531~(31.011....01138.,
(1( ....()0(511.~) 1.9 ....011.
= 150~, 18 = 10~) 3.0
(1( ....011.
= 100~, 18 = 8~) ....()0(511.~) 1.4 2.0
(1( ....()0(511.~) ....011.
= 40~.18 = 4~) 1.0 1.5
‫ﻣ‬
83..,.~(11,11.,( 531~(311011....01138.,
(1( ....011.
= 150~.18 = 10~) ....8)0(511.~) 2.75 3.5
(1( ....011.
= 100~, 18 = 8~) ....8)0(511.~) 2.3 3.0
et
5~.,.~~.~(0 ~~/0,~/0,~,.~~.5,..~5 (~.,10(011(., ~1811(., 21, ~380 474)
~.,...1.~., ( ((
= 250 1( = 100~, 181 = 5~..181 = 10~)
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
0.,13~ 1.(11., 10 .105 0.5 ~.
~~1~ 4 .45 1.0 ~.
510(38.,1,(11., 1, 3.2 5.0 ~.
103111,(11., 1( 1.1 3.0 ~.
(...11./.1~ 250
n
111(/~(1.~., (1( = 100~. , 181 = 5~,-181 = 10~ ,1.=100/111)
=
510(3801.(11., 1, 3.2 5.0 ~.
103111,(11.,
~..0550,,~.. 11(11~
5(0(3801,(110
~(0..0.,0.
(11
.,3111.(110 (11 = 1500~)
1500~)
1.(110 (11 = 1500~)

=
e eri
1(
(~
(,
((
((
.6
1.8
5.8
1.1
3.7
3.0
/1-.
/1-.
/1-.
/1-.
~.
gin
0.00~ ~~~~~~,.~~.5,..~5
0.0(/0 .,0.9./..0 01(.80 (1~ = 100,4,.)
‫ﺔ‬ - 11 =
- 11 =
01000
(1~ =
250~
1500~
0,000 ~0.,0..0 ~0(0.,0(~ 1.(110 (11 = 250~)
(1~ = 100,4,.,0./0( = 25,4,./ /1-.0(, ~81)0= .25)
.,0.9./3.0 111.11-011 1.(110 (11
100,4,., 0./0( =
En
100,4,./ /1-.0()
= 250~)
1.9
1.75
4.5
1.7
3.25
3.00
10.0
2.5
....01(.
....01(.
/1-.0(
/1-.~
0~/..,.
0.4
sy
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
426

/0670~ ~
,..)(~~~.4(,. ~~.4~.4~,..~~~5,..~~5
~000 ,000
1,7..~50.~
~..50.~
./ ./ -----
%
~..
0-
%
...
..
....-(,.0~~
.....+--
- ./
~..,00.~
~~5.~
.. ,00
~.,
~~-.,,((8,... ~~~~~..,~~..
‫ﻣ‬
~0...
~~~~~~~~1
,00
e t
1~ .~01 1~~,.0~ ~0~~~..,. (.,.~€~(5)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~
0,,.
71.50.,~1~~ ~ ~0.0
rin
~...
1(..25....... 0 4
0 . ~~1 ~ .~00
~~~~1 10. ~00.. 0
,,. 1,,8 25.~ /
~... 8,. ~~/1..
.. ~(.~0... % /
~.0 0
., ~,.50
0,. .. ~1.20
,,..
~0-
ee 0-
.0
..-
~,8,.,0
0-
~.. ~~,.
gin
0
~.. --
.,
~0
~,.
‫ﺔ‬ ~1.~25~0
0. ~
1.. 8~( ~~~,.(~~~~5)
sy
~.0
En
~0.0
~8~
.
,,.
~~6...,~~
.1~. ~()(.1..(00~
4= ~~~(8~,.)
~~~(~,..
~8 ,~.
(...~(~~5)
,.~=250~
200
..
00
,..18~50.~ /1.100 ,.,,..25.~
Ea
~...
/1,.1(/1.. /1-50 /1.81(/18/
~~0
/ /1-25 ,. .//1, .,0
~/1,.25
/ /.. ~~/1-,0 0.. .8,.5
w.
~.. ----/1, . ,00

,,
,.0
5
‫ُﺭ‬
..
...
ww
0-
0-
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~...
=.1
..
1 .
0-
1~. ~0 ~~~~
~00
~0~~~,.
200
(..1.1~~~5)
,.* ~(. ~ (~,.0~
,00
~0~~(..,.(
200
,(~(5)
~~6...,~~ ,.~=1500~ ~~6...,~~ 6= ~8~(8~,.) ~8 ,.~=250~

5= ~~~(8~,.) ~8 ~~. ~~.
58~. 13-2 427

/0670~ ~
~0000
,-
/1-.0
//1.25 - .
,.1,,~5~~
~~=.~~ ---.
~.1~/1.~
.--, --
----
‫ﻣ‬
et
200 .0
...~8. ~~~~~,.~-8.5~ ..,.0~, 6( (0,/01..151
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~~(3()~-= 8= ~,0,~,0,~~.,0,~~-= (~~80)
rin
~.0 ~0.0
~ ,..1,.25.~ 1 - .-
.1,.2500
118~50.~
,.1.~00.~ - -
~
.. ------ 1.,. ~0~~ ..,.~~.250..,. -,) -
.. 1,1=~50.~
0= - 1.~=1~/20 -
.. ~
-
.-
.,
~
..,.~~. 250~
~.,,.
/
ee -18..1~/.0
-.,.8((0..,.),,, -5.....
1.8. 1~/20 /
~ ~1.81.1~/ ~0 ~-~
.~=50~ .~~
/
~ 0.~ ..,..((0..,.1..-5..,. 1
.~.50~..~
-
gin
/ /
/
--
‫ﺔ‬ ~~(3~~10 9= .~~~-0~
1~.~0~~~,..~
En
~0~~..,.. (.,.~~~5)
.~~10
sy
(~10818.~~10 (.0,6.0) ~~(3~~10

1~.~0(../...((,..~
10= .()~~-0~~
.0
.~~10
--
(0~~(..,..
-----
(.4~~(~(5)
(~108~8.~~10 (.0,6.0)
.00
Ea
.0
~.
-.... .. ~=.$ --
..
~..
..
.,,
w.
/1
~~~..0
~~.,, ...
- , ,
‫ُﺭ‬
..
- - ,~(
ww
~~...
.,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1,,.=25.(-
--- ,..,,.,,,
~0.. 800.(-----
1.,-.50.(---
..,.~((-=.......,.)250...
~~.. 1...100,..~
.. 1.~ .1~ /20
..
0 -1.. .1~/.0
.. ..,,8((0....).- ,..,
0
. .0 .00
1~ . ~0~/...~~,.0~ ~0~~(~,.. (/4~~(~(5) (01..1..((,.0~ (0~~(..,. (...~~(~(5)

~~(3()~10 12= ~(.,6.~~100 ~~0()~.~~10 .()~~-0~~ .~~10
~~(3~~10 11= ~0~~,6.(.~2100 ~108~8.~~10 8.,,,(.~~~~(3
8.0~,6.(310 .1~10 (~8~ ~,6.~~,6..~0~8) ~8
~0(.(.10~.0~ ~~~~10~.
428

~()67()~ /
~.10...
1~.20.
~~ -- 8.4
1~50.
~.4 ~ .
,. ~.~00.6.
., ~
1...~04
~ ~.2
1..20~
~
..
1.2
..
1.0 ~~.~00.
1~.50~ ~ ~.0
~ 0
0 1~.504 ~1~..~0 ~
~ 0.8 - ~~=~~~4 1.1.2~.~
0
.....
0.8 1,182
0 1~/1.~ ..20
...
30.6 8((0,,,.).. -5,,,,
~
..
0.6 ..
.. ~1..4..~~0 ~~~,.1,,,,~
‫ﻣ‬
~~~~~~~~~-5~~
~(..4,..~~0 ~,.()~~,.~~~
~
.,
0.4 ~.0
..
-
~50..,
~ 0.4
..
( 1..0.6.0
.00~~
,,,,~(.(~..,.) -250-..,,
02
~~~~~~.~...~)
02
et
0.5 .0 2.0 05 .5 2.0
..
~... ..2
~ ~.0
~
~~
,.6
0.8 -~~.
~~.~00..
- 1~. 504
~~~.20..
~0..
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ 1,.,825.~
~/1....20
- .
_1.-,0.
_1~.20
..-500
~~.100..
..
ee
...
~
~
~
rin
~ 250
~,.
g.n
~00
10
gin
..,.(~,.1.-5~
0.6 ~(.......~0 ~..00~,.~....((..0~
= ~-,00,.. ~__
~
‫ﺔ‬ 0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 0..
~..,.~0.~../-~..
~~6()~~ 15= ~~~~ ,.~~~ ~ ~~~~ ,.~0~ ~~,.~ - ~8,
~~€(~~1,.).
sy
En
25~~
20
~~6()~~
~(. ~01..1..(~,.0,. (..~11~~ ~0~.,..~~€(~0~15)
16= ~0~~~~0
-
8~~5 5~~~ 0~~~~,.~~6 ~~~~
Ea
...
w.
..
~
...
80
=- 70
.. 25.~~,..1$.~0()8~
‫ُﺭ‬
0... 60 - (...~00~~
ww
~ 50 - ~.((0,,).. 5,,,,.~$...5.0.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ 40 - 181-10/.0, ,
... 30
~~~-...
20
.0
~00
1
200
,,,,~(. ~~(~,.~
~~0670~5
-
067~6
300
-
(..~.,.,.(~
400 500
~....0670€1
1,/0..., 8€ (..,01.. ,.5)

000/ 00~
~1)~5~ ~~0,
0~ ~
, 1~~~ ~~ 5~~0,..,05
.0 ~00
~~6()~~ 17= ~~~~~5~ 8~~5 5~~~ 0~~~~,./~6 ~~~~

(~~~~~~0)
58~. 13-2 429

~()67()~
~
~00
90 ~~.
~80
~~~,.,
~,.~ ---
1.,8 2~.~
,.01,.~~~ ~00--
,.3,.~5()8~
~~/,... -
~70 ..........
.. .............
~60 ~~...~
..
..
/- /
50 //
// /
‫ﻣ‬
~~40
..
..
~2
30
~~~~~.....
~// /
/~./
20
et
~0
0 20 40 60 80 ~00 .20 .40

~0
0
// ..0 2.0 ..0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
ri ng
ee 5,..~~~ ~0~~~,1),$~~~
5,.~~~ ~.4.5~~~
gin
‫ﺔ‬ ,,~~~~-=
~,
..
.0..1... ......
000-1.1..0....
~~~~- ~~~~~~~.
21 ~ 5~~,..~...~,..~
. ~-=5.5,..~1(-= 8.
En
,..~~-= ,.-=5,.. ~~~~~~,.5

~,..()~~,..~1(-= 5~~,..~...~,..~
,,0~=
8...5~
,
0670~
8...5~ 2
asy
. ~5~,..~ 81.5-= 1 0,..~.,

. ~5~,..~ 1.,..()
81.5-= 1 81.5-= 2
E
...~3( 510/( 511~(3((5 01115( 0( 1131 ~)(~10 ~ 1.5 01115/10(0 (0.0150101/(01) 01/(( 10( 0101101108 3~3 800 1111151 8~~0~~~~, 51.0~..~ ,10 0. /.15
w.
03~( 3 511113(( (101500( ~ 64 011(11) 10(0(5 (1.62 011((005). 7/~6// )/2//00

(11,,
-
131111(1)0()
...8~~~~1- ~0~~()~0
((((((5
0( 0810(55 ,..0~0()~=
10 011010112( ~0( 01(((~011313110/0( ~0105 0011,1/((0111( 035( ~(31( 3110 10( 0(31510)(, 3~()(~ 3 19-2510.-10. (2-3 1-//.1)
‫ُﺭ‬
~(() (111013~((0(0~ 0( ()01,1/ ~001108 03()( 0(10( 038( ()131( 30010( 0(81510)(.
66644 //410(01131 (0111()00001010(
ww
~01~~ ()(.((5511/( 10(011.31 (001~1100 .,.,,,// 110( 5()1.8~~2~ 01.8( ~~0111 1.80()~~~8(11 (11~ (1~~100 (11.8~108 0101.80(()0~0. ,4.~(~,. ~1-~~...~1~~1- ,.~~~1~~...10~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
8().,1)1108 (11~01181 ~0111.,01.80() (0 (11~ ()~~(~~ 80() (11~ 11~8( 5(0)(, ()18~~ (11~ ()~~1~( 00 (0~ 11~8( 51(1(( 8(1() ~0(8(~ 510~1)1 (0
015(~1.,1.8(~ 8~85~. ~11~~)( /)0(0 51.8118~~5 ~0~ 1.8(11~0011 ~0~~~88~ .,~~0~~ 8()()1)1108 (0~()0~ (0 11101.80(108 5~~~~5. ~0(.(.~~...0~ ,, ~~1,..,..~)(=
)(
5~~~ ~5 811101
=
1.00~,.,..0..= 9.2 - 131111110()
...0.~..= 25 - 2810. - 10.
(2.8 - 3.21-//.1)
,...,/0 ,.~00~~,.5 0/05~~~8/00 ~~ ,...,~5 5,./0~.~.~ ,..0~ $..,/0(,. 5..,0~(.0 8( .., ~0(.(0 ,..., ~ ~/0 ,...,( ~(~ ~~,.0~,.~0~ 8~5~,
. ~~,./0~~ (. ~50( ,.~0~~ 0~ ,...,.$ ,.~00 ~,. ~0~,.~.~ 8~~...1.1.~~,. 0)(.0( 5 /0~ ~~~~€.0./0~,. 8... 1=.,~5...01-/ /.1.. ,640917-1
,
00 ~0,. ~~~5..,. ()~.~0. 0~ 8~ 0( ,...,€5€ ~~,.~0~5 0~ € ,.~00~~ 8(~ ~5€ ,...,€ 0~5,. ~€5(./(. ,.~~() ~~0..... 8...5~ 2= .,...5...01-/-~~.. ,640903-1
5~~.., ~,.~0~ 8€ 1 ~00~5 ~~ ~~.., (.€0
(0~ ~()1.81~81~0(5)
430

066(3~5,6,7
.
50 ~,,,,~~~~5
400.0 500 ~0~.5
~~5. 5~~.~...~,..~
.~8 0668,,,, ~5 3 ~8 , ~~9~ ,,,0~(398 ~~~ ~~9~

~~~~8~( ~0 ,8~ 03~~~~9(0~ 85~8~~3~~,, 085~9~8010~ ~50~~,..~0 ,..0-3 8~5~
‫ﻣ‬
~,...0~5,..~~~~ ~~~8(~6~
~58 ~~ ~~1-/1 3~~~~~3(10~5 ,~8~8 135( 3~0 811~~~8~(
5 ,~(~~~~9 ~5 ~8(1~~~80. .~~5 08,,,~~8 ~(~~1285 8~,5
13(85( 30,,,3~~85 ~~ 8~~0~3~ .8~~~0~09,, 3~0 188-
.
~~ ~~~0~,..,2~0
et
(~~85 (~8 ~~-~1~8,., ~~0~5(~~31 ~3~~898 0118~~~9~ ~50~31~0,,-
~0~18~(0, ~50/3(~0~ 1~0~ ~83( 5~~~, .0-3 ~0~~(~~9 2500 ,,,8~5
~0~~3(101~~(,, 8~0 (1~~~~-~0~~8~( (8~~~~8~5. . 51,.~~88. ~,.€8~
10, 460,,, 5,,518,-,,5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
,.~8 0668,,,, 3~50 183(~~85 3 0~5~~8(8 135( ~8~0,,,8~,, . ~,(8 ~0. (060692
3~(~~8~8~~8~ ~19~ ~0 ,8~ 0~008 ,~~~~ 8~~~~~3(85 (~8
~88010~ 3~ 8)((8~~3~ 1~,,08~~ 01008 ~~ ~0(0~ ~0~(~01
3~0 0(~8~ ~~,,,8~(8~ 8~()~~~3(~0~5 5~~~ 35 ~0 ,8~
rin
5~~~~~85 3~0 ~~5 5,,5(8~5.
·
~~8...,~~$
~85( 5 ,~(~/1~~9 - (1(,,,~) 0.5 /1-5
.~0,(0 ,~8
~~9/10~0~~~~9,,,0~(89€-
· ~0~,-8 ~ ~~~ 500 (0 700
ee ~0~~8~10,..-
8~~118,. 0~008
·· ~~9/198~~
~~9/1 ~(..)~~€~( - ~~(~(0...~) 75 ,.,11/1~8
15 3 0,5~,.818
1351-,.8~0 8,.)1
gin
. - /1 ~(0(/./1(~) 50
/1~9/1 ()0 ,€~ 1851 ~€~0,,,€~,,

~ 50 ,.,11/1~8
~~9~
01008
~0~8,.
‫ﺔ‬0~5~~€(€
. ~~ ~€~09~12€0 ~50~81€0 085€ ()8~~89€
80//8~(0,-~/11,1(8,-.10)1398
~,.,.~,..(3
sy
En
0~00€
5.,.~801.
-.1~(0,,,
066(3.,,5
500
066(3.,,6
600
066(3.,,7
700
1./,...,.
-.10)15
80))8~10,-~/11,118, -.10)1398 -.1~08(505) 400 450 500 -.10)(5
~/11,118,-8358 -.10/1398 .
-.1(080 7 -.10/15
Ea
80)/8~10,-80~(,~~0~5 8~,,8111 /~ 50
-~83~ (88~81,1,~8) /~~ 75 ,0,/11~5
-~83~ (,...011-88~81,1,~8) /~5~ 125

8358-80111,~~0~5 8~,,8~1 10
w.
/8
,0,/11~5
-~83~ (,...0~-88~81,(,~8) )8~ 20
~0,,,,8, 0,55,~31,011 (, ~-2508) 125 ....,3115
~0 ....,/08
‫ُﺭ‬
08(318 ,0,00~8 2508 1.0
ww
/50/31,0~ -.10)1398 -.1(50~ 2500 -.1(8~5)

‫ﺷﺩ‬
0~(31,~9 3~0 $10(398

,~, ,5,(3 -400810 +15008 08
~~~~1,0~
,8/11~8(31~(8 831198
,08(/113) 885,51311~8 (,(3~5,510() 1.0
(0/008) 88~~ 08/....,
2.5
5€~. 13-2 431

90
80
70
60
00
‫ﻣ‬
40
30
20
et
10-4 ~0-3 ~0-2 ~0-~ 1.0 ~0.0 20 40 60 80 ~00 ~20 ~40 ~60
,, ,..~~(
~~(.5( ~~0, 1~ 5(~0~05
rin
ee ,.
, _~~~~~~~~1~ _
... ~
--,
~
6.
...~..
~
,~
~
~
0~_
gin
,, ()~,,,~~~ ,..()€~ .€5,-
,~
1
~ ~
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
-,.3=25.~
- 13.
---,..1.~50.~
~()()8~
., .0..1... ~~)
.. .00-1.,.. ._. .1., ~~.)
~ ~1---~
Ea
w.
~~...,-01( 1 9, (011. 111~ 510(3~~ 11111~, (5, ~111~1115 0~.,~110~111 011 111~ 0~~(-
0(1~~ 13~10( 00~5 1101 ~11311~~ 51~11111~(1111)1 ~1111 1~. 111~ 1311 11111~, (/, ~111~11 15 3
‫ُﺭ‬
11111~1101101 ~3.,3~11311~~5 111~(~35~5 ~11111~ 35 5110~11 111~1~. 13-12.10. (5 3110 (/ ~311
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0~ (~011~~0 0)1 .,(0~10111~ 11~~311~~ 035~ 0(1~~ 011(111~ 111(11-011 35 5110~11 111 ~1~.
13-12.11 3110 13-12.14. 1-10~~~~(, ~1~. 13-12.15 5110~5 11131 (/ 15 1~55 5~115111~~ 10
11~~311~~ 035~ 0(1~~.
~..0550~9..1 9, (~. 111~ ~(0550~~( 11111~, (0 15 0~1111~0 35 111~ 1111~(~31 011(111~

~111~11 111~ ~011~~10( ~0113~~, 11~10, (15~5 1(0111 10% 01115 .,~3/( 011-5131~ ~3111~ 3110
~011~~10( ~11((~111, 10 13115 10 10% 01115 011-5131~ ~3111~. 111~ ~3(13110115 01 (0 ~111~11
15 3 11111~11011 01 ~011~~10( ~11((~111 3110 11~~311~~ 035~ 0(1~~, 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~.
13-12.13.
432

59~0.,~ ~,.98)(~0~.,, 58. ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬
10~ 5~~0003()1 0(~3/(00~0 (513), ~01~0 15 3 0~-
51(1.1~11~~~0~00(0~000, (~51.11151(0(0 10~ ~1.1((~01110~ 10 3 5(0311 ~0(1100 0110~ 035~,
~(001.1~10~ 10~3112~0 001 5~015. 1110~ ~0~(~)110 10~5~ 001 5~015 15 51.1111~1~01,10~
~)(~~551~~ 10~3112~0 0~3110~ (03)103(03~~ 10~ 1(3051510(. 101.15 5~~0003()10(~3/(00~0
15 ~31.15~0 0)1 310~3112~0 10~((031 (1.10~3)1, (~51.11110~1(0(0 01~0 ~1.1((~01 ~00~~01(311005.
10~ ~1.1((~01 ~00~~01(31100 (03)1 0~ ~31.15~0 0)1 0~1~~15 10 10~ 1(3051510( 51(1.1~11.1(~.
10~ 513 0~~1.1(5 31 ~~(1310 ~0(0010311005 01 ~0113~~, ~1.1((~01, 300 11(0~. 510~~ 10~
11(0~ 15 10~01~~0, 10~ 5~~0003()1 0(~3/(00~0 15 0351~(11)1 30 ~0~(~)1 0~~~00~01 ~0~-
00(0~000.
~1~1.1(~ 13-12.161001~31~5 103110~ 500(1~( 10~ 00-11(0~, 10~ (00(~ 10~ 3~~11~301~
‫ﻣ‬
~1350~ 001.1003(1~5 ~)(1~00 1010 01~0~( ~0113~~ 300 ~1.1((~01 3(~35. 1015 15 3150 3
13~1 1031 10( ~~()1 500(1 00-11(0~5, 10~ 5~~0003()1 0(~3/(00~0 11(011 0153~~~3(5 1(0(0
10~ ~1350~ ~1.1(~~5. 10~ 513 ~30 0~~1.1( 1.100~( 10(~3(0-0135 300 (~~~(5~-0135 ~00-
t
.n e
0111005. 10~ 3~~11~31100 01 (~~~(5~ 035~ 0(1~~ ~111 ~31.15~035~ ~1.1((~0110 10~ (~~~(5~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
01(~~1100. 1-10~~~~(, 10~ ~01~01131 ~(301~015 (03)1 (~~~(5~ 0135 001)110~ ~~(1~0~()1
0110~ 035~, ~0~(~ 10~ ~~01~( 0110~ 035~ (03)151111 0~ 10(~3(0 0135~0. 10~ ~1.1((~01
(03)1 0~ 110~10~ 10 3 5(0311 3(~3 10~3(0 10~ ~~01~( 0110~ 035~, (~51.11110~ 10 ~1.1((~01
ng
~00~~01(31100 10((010~ 3 001 5~01.
~0,.~8,.~-~.859~
5131~ ~000111005,
58.9 0~9,.81..,9
eri
8,.98, ~850~. 01.1(10~ 11.1(0-00 300
10~ 3~~(3~~ )1.10~1100 1~(0~~(311.1(~ 300 5~~000 0(~3/(00~0 11(011
00-
ine
10~ ~0~~(-0300110~ ~3~(01111)1 013 1(3051510(. 10~ (0301.113~11.1(~(5 1.151.1(11)1
~(0~10~
10~ ~1350~ ~1.1(~~5 1.100~( 5~~~111~0 1~51 ~000111005. ~1350~ 1001~31~5 10~ /0-1)~(0
11(0115 0110~ 1(3051510(~ 300 10( (~11301~ 0~~(31100 10~ 1(3051510( (01.151 001 0~ 51.10-
‫ﺔ‬
0111
~1~1.1(~ 13-12.16
~ 10( ~ ~(0 = 1 - 3 ~).

sy
En
g
)~~1~0 10 ~(~31~( ~0~~( 01551~31100 1030 1031 500~0 0)110~ ~1350~

500~5 10~ 1)1~1~31 ~1350~
~1.1(~~.
~1.1(~~5 31 3 )1.10~1100 1~(0~~(311.1(~
= 250~. 10~ 0~ ~0~~( 01551~31100 10 3 1(3051510( 15 ~1 = ~ ~(0/~. 000~(
0~ 0( ~001101.101.15~1.1((~01 0~~(31100, 11(5111(01115 10~ ~~3/( ~1.1((~01 (~.~., /~/.1 = 100
~(0(0 ~ ~(0 = 3 - 14 ~, 10~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~01 035 10 0~
(~01.1~~0 10 11(011 10~ )1.10~1100 1~(0~~(311.1(~ ~11010 10~ (03)(1(01.1(0 ~311.1~. ~1 3001.11
~ ~(0 = 14, 10~ 5~~0003()1 0(~3/(00~0 0~~1.1(5300 10( ~ ~(0 300~~ 14 ~, 10~ ~011~~10(
Ea
~1.1((~01 15 (~01.1~~0 01.1~ 10 5~~0003()1 0(~3/(00~0 11(011. 000~( ~1.115~0 0~~(31100,

10~ ~~3/( ~0~~( ~30 0~ (00(~ 1030 10~ 3~~(3~~ ~0~~( 35 100~ 35 10~ )1.10~1100
1~(0~~(311.1(~ 00~5 001 ~)(~~~0 115 (03)(1(01.1(0 11(011. 10~ ~1350~ 10~(~35~5 ~110
w.
500(1~( ~1.115~01.1(31100.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~9~9,.59-~.859~ 58.9 0~9,.81..,9 8,.98, ~850~. 01.1(10~ 11.1(11-011, 3 01~0

~1.1((~111 3110 01~0 ~0113~~ (01.151 0~ 51.1513111~00)1 10~ 1(31151510(, 111 (0051 ~35~5 ~110
10~ 035~-10-~(0111~( )1.10~11011(~~~(5~ 0135~0. 10~ ~011~~10(-~(0111~( ~0113~~ (01.151
0~ 0~10 10 3 531~ 1~~~1 31 0( 0~10~ 3 5~~~111~0 ~311.1~ 01 ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111. 10~
(03111.113~11.1(~(5~(0~10~ 10~ /~- ~ ~(0 11(0115 01.1(111~(~~~(5~-0135~0 11.1(11-01135 (~~~(5~-
0135~0 531~ 0~~(31111~ 3(~3 (~1350~). ~1~1.1(~ 13-12.17 500~5 3 1)1~1~31 ~1350~
~1.1(~~.
58~. 13-2 433

..
...1~0~~ 13-13 1/1~~11131 ~~111~31~111 ~1~-
~1111 0( 3 1~31151510~.
~0~8.. ~8..8~.09. 111~ 111~(111(11~~111~(11~01 ~1(~111118 8110~0 10 ~1~. 13-13. 11

111~ 101(11 (1~~((1~~ ~0~~( 1088 18 ~ 1, 111~ ~(18~ 1~111~~((1111(~ 18
‫ﻣ‬
1~ = 11 - ~1~1~
ri ng
ee (13-36)
~11~(~ ~1~ = 111~(111(11(~81810(1~~ )110~1100 10 ~(18~, 00~

~~5 = 111~(111(11 (~8181(10~~ ~(18~ 10 810~, 0~~
gin
~5~ = 111~(111(11 (~8181(10~~ 810~ 10 (111101~01, 00~

‫ﺔ‬
00~,
111~ 111(1)(111111111
~~(0
111~ 0~~1~~
~0~~(
111~ (111101~1111~111~~((1111(~
01881~(11~ ~0~~(.
En
00
~(111 01881~(11~
01881~(11100
18 10~(~(18~0
111~ 0111~(
111(1)(111111111
~ 118
10 1 ~
110(111(111)1 8~~~111~0
= 11(,.,.,3~) = 1500~,
11(1110, 11111~
~0~~(
)110~11011
(1110 1111818 001 ~((1~11~(11.
(11 1~.
1~111~~((1111(~
= 250~.
111~ 1((11181810( ~(111
18 1 ~
111~(~10(~,
=
11
asy
111~ (111101~111 1~111~~((1111(~ (1110 111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~8 1111181 0~ ~011810~(~0 ~11~11 1111~(-
~(~1111~ 111~ ((11111~8 01 0~~1~~8. ~1~11(~ 13-12.19 8110~8 111~ 0~((11111~ ~11(~~8 10( 111~
111~(111(11 0~((11111~ (1110 8~~0110 0(~(1~00~0 0~((1110~. 111~8~ 0~((11111~ 1(1~10(8 11111810~
~011810~(~0 ~11~0 118111~ 111~ ~1350~ (1110 ~1350~ ~11(~~8.
E
8..88~~0~., ,,0~~8985. ~ 0,~(1/(.0.0~11 ~0/((18~ 18 0~1111~0 (18111~ (10801111~ 111(1)(-

w.
111111111~011(1~~ 0~1~~~0 1~0 1~(111111(118 ~1111 111~ 1111(0 1~(111111(11 0~~11, 8110(1~0, 0(
01(18~0 111 ~1111~( 10(~(1(0 0( (~~~(8~ 01(~~1100. ~1 0(~(1~00~0 111~ ~011(1~~ (~111(11118
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
(~1(111~~1)1 ~01181(1111, ~11~(~ 111~ ~11((~111 (18~8 ((1~101)1. 111~ 10110~111~ 0(~(1~00~11
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~011(1~~8 (1(~ ~1101~0 0)1111~ 111(10111(1~111(~(8~
~ 1080= 111~ 111(1)(111111111 ~011(1~~ 0~1~~~11 111~ ~111111~( 1~(111111(11 (1110 0(18~ 1~(111111(11
~1111 ~011~~10( 1~(111111(11 0~~11 ~1(~1111~0. ~0( 111~ 1((11181810( 10 ~1~. 13-12, 1118 8 ~.
~ ~10~ 0,. ~ ~10~= 111~ 111(1)(111111111~011(1~~ 0~1~~~11 111~ ~011~~10( 1~(11110(11 (1110 ~111111~(
1~(111111(11 (11 (1 8~~~111~0 11~~(111~~ ~011(1~~ (1~~11~0 0~1~~~11 0(18~ (1110 ~111111~(.
~ ~100(808)= 111~ 111(1)(11111111181181(110111~ ~011(1~~ 0~1~~~11 111~ ~011~~10( 1~(111111(11
(1110 ~111111~( 1~(111111(11 ~1111111~ 0(18~ 0~~11 ~1(~1111~0. 11118 ((11111~ 18 8~~~111~0 (11 111~
111(1)(111111111
~011~~10( ~11((~111 (1110 ~011(1~~, (1~~~(1(111~ 811111111(111~01181)1(1~(088 111~ 0~~1~~
434

0
~
~()~8
~85~51~~8
/- ~
~
~030 ___
,,.
0 ---
1,/~~
(0) ~030 ~~085
‫ﻣ‬
~1111 (1 8~~~111~0 .,,(110~ 0110(10 11100~1(111~~. ~(0111 ~18. 13-12.17, ),7
~100(505) 500
t
~ 10( 1((11181810( 0(1)1~~ 0670~7.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e
g.n
1..~1 08 ~011810~( 111~ ~1(~011111 ~18. 13-14(1. ~11~11 111~ 8~11~11 5~ 18 ~108~0,
111~ ~011~~10( ~0((~111 111~(~(18~8, (1110 (111~( (1 1((11181~111, 111~ 81~(10)1-81(11~ ~011~~10(
(),7 ),7
~0((~11118 1~5 =
~~ - ~10(53())/~~. ~0( (11111100~11.,,~ 10(10, 111~ 10(10 1111~ ~0010
0~ 111~ ~(1111 .413~ 8110~11 111 ~18. 13-140. 11111~ 8~11~1118 0~~11~0 10 (~1110.,,~ 111~
rin
0(18~ ~0((~111, 111~ ~011~~10( ~0((~111 ~111 0~8111 10 1(111 (1110 (1 .,,011(18~ 011..(0-1/0-() ~111
0~ 11100~~0 (1~(088 111~ 11100~10( 10 0~~08~ 111~ ~0((~111 (~00~11011. 111~ 1((11181810(
~111 0~ 8(0)~~1~0 10 (1 1((11181~111 .,,011(18~. ee 11 11118 .,,011(18~ (~(1~11~8 111~ 8081(11111118
.,,011(18~ 1~.,,~1, 111~ ~011~~10( .,,011(18~ (~111(11118 (1~~(0)(1111(11~1)1 ~01181(1111 (1110 111~ ~011~~10(
~0((~111 ~1111(111. ~11~( (1 8111(11111111~, 111~ 1((11181810( ~111 0~ 111 111~ 011-81(11~ (1110 111~
gin
10(11-01110(10 1111~ 18 8110~11 111 ~18. 13-140 0)1111~ ~(1111 ~/).4.
~)(301~1~ 13-4
‫ﺔ‬ 1~111~~(~111(~,
13-12.19.
)1111~110111~111~~(~111(~ 0~ ~ 1(~1151510( 15 1~ = 1500~ ~110 111~~11101~111
111~ 111~)(111111111
1~111~~(~111(~ 15 1/1 = 250~.
0.100~, ~110 ~8/1 = 0.500~,
~110 (~)
En
1~ 111~ 111~(111~11111~~0~11~~5 ~(~ ~~~ = 0.400~,

~~1~111~1~ 111~ (~) 111~)(111111111
111~(111~1 ~110 5~~0110
~0~~(
~~.~ =
01551~~11011, (0) ~~5~
0(~~/(00~11 0~(~1111~ ~~~10(5 ~(0111 ~1~.
asy
80101/00 (~) 1~ - 1/1 = ,,,(~~~ + ~~8 + ~8/1) = ,,,~~/1, ~~/1 = 0.4 + 0.1 + 0.5
1.0,,,, ~111~11 ~1,,,~5 111~ 111~)(111111111
~0~~( 01551~~11011 ~5 ,,,
= 1.0, ~110 150 - 25 = =
125 ~.
.E
(0) 1~ = 1~ - ,,,~~~ = 150 - 125 )(

0.4 = 1000~.
(~) ~0(
1~ = 1000~, ~1~. 13-12.19 ~1,,,~5 ~ 111~(111~10~(~1111~ ~~~10( 0~ 40% ~110
5~~0110 0(~~/(00~11 0~(~1111~ ~~~10( 0~ 73%.
w
‫ُﺭ‬
~)(3111~1~ 13-5
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ 01~01~( 1(~1151510( 0~ 1)1~~ 0670~ 15 115~0 ~5 ~ ~110~~~( 5~11~11 ~0( ~ (~51511,,,~ 10~0.
111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~11115 / ~ (3,,,
= 50 ~ ~1 ~ ~0(~~0 (3 0~ = 25. 1~ 111~ )1111~11011 1~111~~(~111(~
15 1~ = 1500~, ~~1~111~1~ 111~ (~) 11~10(03()~(0) 11810(,3()~(~) 111(11-01111111~, (00~ (0) 111(11-0~~
11111~,(0~~~(~) 0~5~ ~11((~11110 0(1,,,~ 111~ 1(~1151510( 11110 5~111(~11011, /85~ ~110 (~) 0,,,~(0(1,,,~
~~~10(, 00~.
80101/00 (3,,, = 25 ~110 /(. = 50~.

(~) ~1~11(~ 13-12.5 ~1,,,~5 11~10($3()
= 0.95~.
(0) ~1~11(~ 13-12.7 ~1,,,~5 11810(03.)
= 1.7~.
58~. 13-2 435

(() ~1~11~~13-12.9 ~1~~5, (~ = 0.4 ,..,..5,(,/ = 0.085 ,..,..5~111~~~10~~,(00 = (,/ + (~ =
0.485 ,..,..5.
(0) ~1~11~~ 13-12.10 ~1~~5 (/ = 1.8 ,..,..5,(5 =
6 ,..,..5~111~~~10~~, (0(( = (5 + (/ =
6 + 1.8 = 7.8,..,..5.
(~) ~1~11~~ 13-12.3 11101((11~5 111(11 (11 /~ = 50 ~ 111~ 1~(11151510~ ~111 0~~~(11~ 111 111~
5(1111~(111011 ~~~1011 11111~ 0(15~ (11~~~11115 (1~~~0)(1(11(11~1)1, /88 = 0.4 ~.
(1) 11~.. = 25 = 50//81 = /~//8(, /81 = /8 = 2~. 111~~~10~~,111~0~~~0~1~~
1(1(10~ 15 00~ = /8//88 = 2/0.4 = 5.0 ~.
‫ﻣ‬
et
111~ 5~11~1110~ 5~~~0 ~(10 0~ 10~~~(15~0 0~ ~~011~10~ 111~0-00 11(11~, (00, (100 111~0-011
1101~, (0((. (00 ~(10 0~ ~~011~~0 0~ (1110~10~ 0(15~ ~11~~~01 ~~(1~10~ 011~10~ 111~0-00,
~10 ~(10 0~ 10~(~(15~0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~~5111110~ 10 10~ ~0~~~0 ~(~10) (11111~ 0~~10010~. ~~1~( 111(0-00,
10 (1 511~~~1~1~011~ 111~11~(1111~ 10 01(1101(110 111~ 1((1051510( 10 111~ ().11(151-5(1111((11100 (~~100.
(0(( ~(10 0~ (~011~~0 0~ (~~~(510~ 0(15~ ~11((~01 (100 (1110~10~ 0(15~ ~11((~01 ~~(1~10~
011(10~ 111(0-0~~. 10~(~(1510~ 111~ .,,(1111~ 0~ 1 /32 0~~(~(15~5 111~ 510((1~~ 1101~. ~ 1~~1~(11
rin
~(1.,,~~0(01 ~0( 0(15~ ~11((~01 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-15.
~~(1(1 ~(001 (1 11)(~0 511(1~~ 0~ 0(15~ ~11((~01 (15 10 ~1~. 13-15, 111~ ~0(~~0 ~ 01(1~
0~ ~001(011~0 ~001101101151~ 10 01(11~11111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01 .,,(1(/(111005. 111~ ~001-
ee
01001~ 115~0 1~~1101().11~5~0( 0~11011210~ 111~ 0(15~ 0(1.,,~ 0~ (1 1((1051510( (1(~ ~
1. 111(0-00 ~001(01
gin
2. 111(0 0~~-~001(01
‫ﺔ‬
10 ~1~.
3.
4.
~(0~0(1100(11
13-16.
085~ ~001(01
~0115(1111((11100 ~001(01
1~,.(1-0(1
~11~0
sy
En
~0(11,.0~. 111~ 0(15~ ~11((~01

111~ 10~111 .,,011(1~~ 15 111(0~0
~~(1~10~
00,
~(10 0~ ~(0.,,10~0
111~ 0(15~ ~11((~0115
0~ 111~ ~1(~1111
110111~0 0~
(~51510( .8.1 (100 111~ 10111(11 .,,(1111~ 0~ 0(15~ ~11((~0115
1.71 - 1.7/3~
1/30 = (13-37)
Ea
.8.1
(100 111~ ~10(11 .,,(1111~ 0~ 111~ 0(15~ ~11((~01 15

w.
1.71 - 1.7/3~
1/31 -- (13-38)
.8.1 + .8.2
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..1~11..~ 13-15 8115~ 0(1..,~ ~11((~11(~11..,~-

- ~82- - - - - - - - ~0((11.
436

~~~~~8
~1
~1
~1 ~~~~-- ~2
+
0 ~~1 ~~~/~
-~2
10.~ ~(1~(1~110( ~1 ~0.(1(~~8 1.1~10 (1 110(11.,,(111.1~01
‫ﻣ‬
~2
~~ ~ ~1 (13-39)
~1 + ~2
et
10.~ ~0.(1(~10~ 11(0~ ~0081(101 0110.~ ~(1~(1~110( 18
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~1~2~1
71 = (13-40)
~1 + ~2
00~~ 10.~ 10~1.11 .,,011(1~~ 1)8 0~~0(0~8 2~(0, 10.~ 0(18~-~(0111~( )1.10~1100 18 (~.,,~(8~
rin
01(18~0 (100 ~1 018~0.(1(~~8 10.(01.1~0. ~2. 10.~ 018~0.(1(~10~ 11(0~ ~0081(10118 72 = ~2~1.
10 (1110~ 81.1111~1~01 ~0.(1(~10~ (100 018~0.(1(~10~ 11(0~8, 10.~ ~1010. 0110.~ 0(18~ ~1.118~ (01.181
0~ (1 ~ 571 (100 10.~ 011-~~(100 0110.~ ee~1.118~ (01.181 0~ (2 ~ 572. 10.~ (0(1)(1(01.1(0
8~11~0.10~ 1(~()1.1~0~~ 18/5 = 1/7 = 1/((1 + (2) = 0.2/(71 + 72).
gin
0-0~ ~001..0~. 1110.~ 10~1.11.,,011(1~~ 10 ~1~. 13-1618 ~0.(10~~0 10 - ~2 01.1(10~
11.1(0-011, 10.~ ~(1~(1~110( .,,011(1~~ ~~ 10 8(). (13-39) 18 (100~0 10 ~2 (18 (1 (~.,,~(8~ .,,011(1~~
‫ﺔ‬
(1~(088
~(1~(1~110(
~2.
(1.1810~ ~2,
10.~ 1((1081810(.
10.~ 10(~(1(0
~1 018~0.(1(~~8,
11 0111~(~0111.1(0-00
~3, (100 ~4)
0(18~ 0(1.,,~
sy
10.~(~
(18 80.0~0
~111 0~ 0(18~-~1.1((~01
10.~ (~.,,~(8~
En
10 ~1~.
~1(~1.111 1(0(0
~~(1/(10~ 01.1(10~ 11.1(0-011.
.,,011(1~~ ~111 0~ (~01.1~~0
(100 11.1(0-011 ~0.(1((1~1~(1811~8
13-17 (0(1~ 0~ (100~0.
10.~ (~.,,~(8~ 0(18~ 0(1.,,~
10 (1 81~(10~-81(11~
(1(~ (~()1.11(~0, (1 11.1(0-011
10.~ 0100~ 1)1 1801(11~8
~1(~1.111 01.1(10~ 11.1(0-011.
,4.8 10.~
.,,(111.1~,
~1(~1.111
~..0~0.-1.00~~ ~~59 ~001..0~. 10.18 1~~~ 01 ~001(01 0.(18 (10.,,(101(1~~8 0.,,~( 10.~
Ea
~0081(101 0(1.,,~ ~1(~1.111. 11 10.~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~01 ~0.(10~~8 01.1~ 10 ~0.(10~~ 10 10(10
0~(0(100, 10.~ 0(18~ 0(1.,,~ ~1.1((~0118 ~0.(10~~0 10 ~(0~0(1100 10 10.~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~01.
,4. 1~~1~(11 (1(((10~~(0~01 18 80.0~0 10 ~1~. 13-18. ~0.~0 8~11~0. 51 18 11.1(0~0 00, (1
w.
~1.118~~1.1((~01 01 80.0(1 01.1((11100 ~01.110 110~ 10.(01.1~0. 10.~ 0(18~ 011((1081810( ~1 ~ (100
~1
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~2
~1 ~3
~~8
~~2
58~. 13-2 437

8~
51
0-~
~~0- ~1 +
~~~0
1
1~.
‫ﻣ‬
et
(21 18 11.1(11~0 011 11110 8311.1(311011. 011~~ 111~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111 813(18 10 110~, 3 ~0(-
(~8.,01101118 038~ ~1.1((~11118 11101.1~~0 01.1~ 10 111~ 1(311810(111~( 3~11011. 111~ 1(31181810(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~01.110 1111~11 011 118~11, 3110 51 ~311 0~ 11.1(11~0 011. 10~ 11.1(118 (3110 18 1-12/1-11 = /~/
/8 =~. ~0( .,(0.,~( 0.,~(311011 01111~ ~1(~1.111, 10~ 1113811~1121118 ~1.1((~111, ~01~01111.181
0~ 1111.1~0 8111311~( 101111 10~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111, 8001.110 0~ 38 8111311 118 .,088101~. 10~
rin
8~11~11 51 ~311 0~ 1111.,1~111~111~0 0~ 3 8111311-81811311(31181810( 3110 300/1101131 3((3118~-
111~111 18 11~~~883(~ 10 018~03(8~ ~3.,3~110( ~1 3110 (~8~1 10~ 1(311810(111~( ~0(~ 01.1(1118
11.1(11-011 0110~ .,0~~( 1(111181810(. ee
.4~1.581(,8,.81.0~ ~0~1,.0~. 1110~ 1(31181810(18 0(1~~11 03(0, 10~ 810(38~ 11111~,
~01~0 18 .,(0.,0(1101131 10 10~ 038~ ~1.1((~111,111~(~38~8 1111010~ 8~11~01118 8.,~~0 18
gin
(~01.1~~0. 10~ 810(38~11111~ ~11110~ (~01.1~~0 0~ 0.,~(311118 10~ 1(31181810( 1118011
‫ﺔ‬
8311.1(311011 (1110~(
~011~~10(-~111111~(
81~~110~
sy
En
111311 03(0
~01138~
81111.1(311011.
10 3 .,(~0~1~(111111~0
/~ -
_ ~ ~~
1018
~~
-
~311 0~ 11~~0111.,1180~0
~0,,
1~~~1 3110 10~
0~ ~111111.,1118 10~
~011~~10( ~1.1((~111 18
(13-41)
~0~(~ ~~,,, 18 111~ ~13111.,1118 ~01138~ 3110 ~~,,, ). ~ ~8(53(). ~ 1~.,1~111~1(~1.111~110

~13111.,11183~11011 (3180 /(110~11 38 .83/(~(,8 ~13111.,) 18 800~11 111~18. 13-19.
Ea
10~ 038~ ~1.1((~111,~01~1118 30~~1.131~ 10 0(1~~ 10~ 1(31181810( 03(0, ~11110~ 101.1110
1(0111
~8 - ~.11- ~88
w.
/8 /1 (13-42)
~8
‫ُﺭ‬
~2=~~-~~ 02
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~~~2
~~-~
~~88
+ 8~
/8 01
~1 )-~~~
~~~~+
~1~. ~8~
~~~~1~0..~
13-19 ~011~~10( ~1~111))1/1~ ~1(~1111.
438

(13-43)
~11~( 111~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~/11 (15~5, 111~ 1(3/151510( 15 11.1(/1~0. 0/1, 3/10. 111~ ~13(/1~1/1~ 13~~5
~13~~ (0.1.1~ 10 111~ 13~1 11131 1)2 ~~15 10(~3(0. 0135~0. 3/10. ~0/10.1.1~15), 111~/1
(13-44)
‫ﻣ‬
~~~ - ~85 - ~.11 ~.12
(13-45)
~~
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(13-46)
rin
~0( ~13(/1~1/1~, ~.11 )0-
~.12 3/10. 11115 ~3/1 0~ 3~~0(/1~11511~0. 0)1 ~0/1/1~~11/1~ 1~0 0( (/10(~
0.100.~5 1/1 ~13~~ 011)1. 111~ 1030. (~51513/1~~ ~~ 51101.110. 531151)1111~ ~0/10.1110/1
ee
~(0(/1 8~. (13-45),
gin
(13-47)
‫ﺔ‬
111~
/13110/1
~13(/1~1/1~
1-10~~~~(,
1/1~(~35~0.,
3~110/1
01 111~ 510(3~~
0.1.1~ 10 1/1~(~35~0.
~11~(~35
1111.15(~51.1115 1/1 3 (~0.1.1~~0. ~011~~10(
En
11(/1~. ~1
~ ~5,
111~ 5~11~111/1~
111~ 53(/1~
111~ 0/1-5131~
~0~~(
11(/1~,
~0~~(
1055 15 0.~~(~35~0..
~1.1((~/11 3/10. 31(/1051
3 1351 11.1(/1-0/1
0.1551~3110/1
~11(/11-
15 3~~0(/1~11511~0..
1/1 111~ 1(3/151510( 15
asy
~,.801())~ 13-6
111~ 0(15~ 0(1...~ ~1(~1.111111 ~1~. 13-1911(15 ~~~ = 100~, ~~ = 1.5 0, ~01 = 2.1 ~, ~02
= 0.9 ~, ~810 = 0.7 ~, ~8 = 15~, (1110~8 = 2.50, (1110~ = 16. ~(11~1.11(11~
111~
((1) ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111 111101.11~1(101~111~~ (0) ~011~~10(-~01111~( ~1(1111~111~...011(1~~, ~ ~10~
.E
(1110 (~) ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111 1111~1(1111~111~.
80)01100 ((1) ~(0111 8~. (13-42), /1 = (15 - 2.1 - 0.7)/2.5 = 4.88~. ~111101.11
w
)(
~1(1111~111~,
/~ = 16 4.88 = 78.08 ~.
‫ُﺭ‬
(0) ~(0111 8~. (13-44), 111~~1(1111~111~
...011(1~~15
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~10 = 0.7 + 2.1 - 0.9 = 1.9 ~

(~) ~(0111 8~. (13-45), /~ = (100 - 1.9)/1.5 = 65.4~. 8~1.1(111011
(13-46) ~1...~5
111~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111 1111 ~1(1111~111~~
58~. 13-2 439

+
~00 0
‫ﻣ‬
+
8 ~00
et
885~~ 51~~~1~~8
(8) ,,-~~8,,,,8~ 08()(81~0,,-1~()8 ~08~~,.
g.n
n +
~00
gin
8
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
885~~ 51~~~1~~8
(0) ()-~~8,,,,8( 08()(81~0,,-1~()8 ~08~~,.
8 ~00
+
Ea
~ 0111013( )011~110111(31151510( (1311) 15 3 ~0((~111-~0111(011~0 0~..,1~~ 3110 (~().01(~5 035~

~0((~11110( ~0((~111110~ 111 111~ ~011~~10(. $111~~ 111~ ~011~~10( ~0((~11115 0~11~110~111
w.
011 111~ 1111101 (0( 035~) ~0((~111, 111~ ~0((~111 ~311115 111~111)10~11~110~111 011 111~ )011~11011
1~(1111~(310(~ .
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~ 110~~( ~0$~~115 3 ..,0113~~-~0111(011~0 0~..,1~~ 3110 (~().01(~5 0111)1 3 5(11311

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1111101 ~0((~111. 111~ 5~11~11111~ 511~~0 15 ..,~()1111~11 3110 111~ 5~11~11111~ 11(11~5 3(~ 01111~
0(0~( 01 1131105~~01105. ~0~~( ~0$~~1$ 3(~ 11110111~ 111~(~35111~ 3111111~3110115 111
10~-110~~( 111~11-1(~~0~11~)1 ~011..,~(1~(5. ~0$~~15 00 1101 113..,~ 111~ 11(001~(115 01
5~~0110 0(~3~00~111111~110(11~113 35 00 13115. 110~~..,~(, ~0$~~15 113..,~ 111~ 11(00-
1~(115 01 ~1~~1(051311~ 015~113(~~ 3110 (~().01(~ 511~~131 ~3(~ 111 1131101111~. 111 300111011,
1115 (~1311..,~1)1 01111~01110 11(01~~1111~(11 0110~( 5110(1-~1(~011~0 13011 ~01101110115.
~0$~~15 3(~ 1~0 1)111~5~ (1) 0~111~11011 ~0$~~15, 3110 (2) ~1111311~~(11~111
~0$~~15. ~11 11-~1131111~1 0~111~11011-1)111~ ~0$~~115 10((11~0 011 3 )7-1)111~ 5111~011
50051(31~ 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 13-203, ~1111 1~0 11~3..,11)1 001111~0 11 + 5111~011 10( 10~-
440

1~5151(10~~ ~000~~11005. 10~ ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬11011110~

8(11~ 151501(11~() ~0(100~1 0~ (11010 0)(1()~ 1(1~~1.
10~ 101~~ 1~111110(115 (11~ ~(111~() 8(1(~, (/,.(1111, (10() 50/1,.(~. 10~ 51.10511(11~ 15 001111(111~
~000~~1~() 10 10~ 501.11~~. 10~ 8(11~-10-501.11~~ ~011(18~, ~ 05, ~01.11() 0~ ~110~1 ~05111~~
01 0~8(111~~. 11 ~ 05 15 0~8(111~~, 50111~ 0110~ ~1~~11005 ~0 10~ 11-~0(100~1 (11~(1 ~111
0~ 1~~~11~() (10() (1 ()~~1~1100 1~8100 ~111 0~ ~1~(11~() 0~10~ 10~ 0)(1()~ 1(1~~1, 1~51.111108
10 (1 0(1110~~1 ~11~~11~~ ~0(100~1 (10() 01801~5151(10~~ 110111 10~ ()1(110 10 501.11~~, 8.05.
11 ~ 05 15 111(1()~ 0~8(111~~ ~001.180, 10~ ~0(100~1 ~111 0~ ~0111~1~1~1~ ()~~1~1~(), 011~1108
(1 0180 ~(111.1~ 01 8.05, (10() 10~1~ ~111 0~ 00 ~1.111~01110~ 110111 10~ ()1(110 10 501.11~~,
/05 = 0. 10~ ~(111.1~ 01 ~ 05 ~0~0 1015 0(1~~~05 15 ~(111~() ~111(/1-0// 1/01((18~, ~17. 00
10~ 010~10(10(), ~ 0515 111(1()~ ~05111~~, 10~ ~0(100~1 0~~0111~5 ~1()~1, (10() / 0510~1~(15~5
‫ﻣ‬
()1.1~ 10 1~()1.1~1100 10 8.05. ~110 (1~-~0(100~1 ()~~1~1100-1~~~ ~05~51, 10~ ~01(11111~5
(10() ~
01 ~ 05, /05, 05 (11~ 1~~~15~().
t
~0 11-~0(100~1 ~00(10~~111~01-1~~~ ~05~510(15 00 ~0(100~1, (15 500~0 10 ~18.
e
13-21. 11 ~ 05
15 ~05111~~, (10 10()1.1~~() ~011(18~ ~111 (1111(1~110~ ~1~~11005 110111 10~ ~-
51.10511(11~ (10() (1~~1.11111.11(11~10~111 (11 10~ 51.111(1~~ 0~0~(11010~ 0)(1()~ 1(1~~1. 11 ~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
05 15
81~(11~110(10 01 ~().1.1(1110 (1 ~(111.1~ /(00~0 (15 (/1,.~5/101(/ 1/01((18~, ~,, (1 51.1111~1~01 01.11110~1
rin
ee +
.,00
gin
‫ﺔ‬ 885,~
En
51~~~1~~6
(8) (1-~08(1(16~ 6(108(1~6~6(11-1)-~6 ~08,,,~,

asy
‫ُﺭ‬ w .E
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(0) ~-~08(1(16~6(108(1~6~6(11-1~~6 ~08,,,~,
..1~11..~ 13-21 51111811(~01~111-1)111~

~05~518.
58~. 13-3 441

‫ﻣ‬
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
01 ~1~~1(0118
eri
3(~ 3~~1.1(111.1131~0 10 10((11 3 ~1(11.13111-~1131111~1 3110 111~ ~1.1((~111110~8 1(0(11
ine
111~ 0(3111 10 801.1(~~. 111~ ~013(111~8 01 ~ 1)5, 11)5, 3110 ~ 05 3(~ (~~~(8~0 10( 3 /1-
~1131111~1 ~1111311~~(11~111-1)1~~ ~05~~1. ~0~~( ~05~~18 01 ~3(101.18 812~8 3(~ 8110~11
‫ﺔ‬
111~1~. 13-22.
111~ ~05~~18
sy
En
g
3(~ ~0113~~-~0111(011~0 0~~1~~8 3110113~~ ~~()1111~11111~1.111(11~~0311~~.

111~ ~31~ 0(3~8 3 ~~()1 8(113111~3~3~~ ~1.1((~111, 111 111~ 0(0~( 011131103(11~~(~8. 111~
~1.1((~111 ~3111, ~111~1118 111~ (3110 01 0(3111 ~1.1((~111, 11), 10 111~1.11 ~31~ ~1.1((~111, 10, 18
1)1~1~311)1 011 111~ 0(0~( 01 109. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ ~1.1((~111 ~3111 18 1101 311 1(11~0(13111
Ea
~3(3(11~1~(. 111~ (,(1115~011011~((111~~, ~111~11 18 111~ (3110 01 0(3111 ~1.1((~111 10 ~31~

~0113~~, 0~1111~8 111~ 1(31181~( ~113(3~1~(1811~8 3110 18 3 ~~()11(11~0(13111 ~3(3(11~1~(.
111~ 1(31181~( ~113(3~1~(1811~8 0111-~1131111~1 3110/1-~1131111~1 ~05~~15 3(~ 8110~11
w.
111 ~1~. 13-23. ~1~1.1(~ 13-24 8110~8 111~ 01.11~1.11 ~113(3~1~(1811~8 01 311 11-~1131111~1 ~11-
11311~~(11~111 ~.105~~1. 111~(~ 3(~ 111(~~ (~~10118 01 0~~(311011~ (1) ~1.11011 (~~1011,
‫ُﺭ‬
0( 8311.1(311011 (~~1011, ~11~(~ ~ 1)5 ~ ~(~5 - ~ 1~ 3110
ww
~11~(~ ~ 05 =5 ~ 1~ (2) ~111~11-011

‫ﺷﺩ‬
(3) 1111~3( (~~1011, ~11~(~ ~ 1)5 =5 ~ 05 - ~ 1. 111~ ~111~11-011 0~~1.1(8 31 ~ 1)5 = ~ 05

- ~ 1. 111111~ 1111~3( (~~1011, 111~0(3111 ~1.1((~111,11) ~3(1~8111 ~(0~0(1101110111~ 0(3111-
801.1(~~ ~0113~~, ~ 1)5. 01.1~ 10 111~11 0(3111 ~1.1((~111 3110 10~ 0(3111 ~0113~~, 111~ ~0~~(
1(31181810(8 3(~ 0~~(31~0111111~ 1111~3( (~~101110( 8~11~11111~ 3~110118. 111111~ 8311.1(311011
(~~1011, 111~ 0(3111 ~1.1((~111 (~(1131118 31(11081 ~01181311110( (11)1111~(~38~ 111 111~ ~311.1~ 01
~ 1)5 3110 111~ 1(31181810(8 3(~ 1.18~0 111 11118 (~~101110( ~0113~~ 3(11~1111~311011. 11 81101.110
0~ 1101~0 11131 8311.1(311011 1138 111~ 0~~0811~ (11~311111~ 10 1113110( 01~013( 1(31181810(8.
111~ 81~(0)1-8131~ (1100~1, ~111~1118 111~ 83(11~ 10( 00111 0~~1~11011-1)1~~ 3110 ~11-
11311~~(11~111-1)1~~ ~05~~18, 18 8110~11111 ~1~. 13-25. 111~ 1(3118~01101.1~1311~~, ~,,,, 18
442

0
1/~ 0
1/(35 - ~0
~-~08.~~8~ ~-~08.~~8~
(8.) 08~~8110~-1~~8 ~08~~,
‫ﻣ‬
0
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
0 1/,
1/(35
~-~08.~~8~ ~-~08.~~8~
g
(0) ~~08.~~8018~1-~~8~08~~,
rin
ee
(13-48)
gin
~05, ~01~015 0~1111~0 (15

‫ﺔ‬
15 110(111(111)1 ~~()1
(1110 15 ~~()1
sy
En
01~0111 10~
5111(111111 10~ 1111~(1( (~~1011,
~ 05 -
~111~0-011
_ ~ 1105
(~~1011,
~/0
1)1~1~(111)1 011 10~
1)1~1~(111)1 011 10~ 0(0~(
0(0~(
(13-49)
01111~~001115
011111111001115.
~0( 10~ 0~~1~11011-1)1~~ ~05~13,15, 10~ ~(11~ (0( 111~1.11) ~011(1~~ ~01.110 0~ ~110~(
~05111~~ 0( 11~~(111~~. 131.1110~ ~110(111~~111~111-1)1~~ ~05~13,15 (~5~0110 10 (1 ~05111~~
Ea
~(11~ ~011(1~~ 0111)1. 10~ ~0~~( ~05~13,15 (1(~ ~~11~((111)1 01 ~110(111~~111~111 1)1~~.
w.
. ~1~~0-011 ~89~0~
~~~88.~__ / ...
~89~0~ 1/(354~ 1/(353~ 1/(352~ 1/(351~ 1/,
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..)~11..~ 13-24 0111()111 ~113(3~1~(1511~5 0(
0 1/05 ~1111311~~111~111-1~()~ ~05~~1.
58~. 13-3 443

0
+
-.,,00
‫ﻣ‬
et
1-10~~~~(, 0~~1~11011-1)1~~ ~05~~18 ~0010 0~ 30~31113~~008 3110 81(11~111)1111~10~1~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
0~81~11 11180(11~ 3~~11~3110118 ~111~11 (~()01(~ 80(11~ 10((11 0110~1~-~0(11~31101~ 3~ 0( 0~
8~11~11 11131 ~0010 (~(113111 011 ~11~11 111~ 10~1~ 80~~1)113118 3110 11(15 0~~0(11~8 2~(0.
ng
111~ ~113(3~1~(1811~8 01 0~~1~11011-1)1~~ ~05~~18 ~1111101 0~ 018~088~0 10(111~(.
ri
~1111001 3(1)1 ~31~ 81~1131,
ee
311 ~1111311~~(11~111-1)1~~ ~05~~1 (113)1 0~ ~011810~(~0 38
1~0 0100~8 ~01111~~1~0 03~/( 10 03~/( 0( 38 3 11/711-1(31181810(. 111~ ~31~ 81(0~10(~ 1138
gin
~3(38111~ ~3~3~11311~~8 10 111~ 800(~~, ~85, 3110 10 111~ 0(3111, ~80. 111~ 11/711-1(31181810(
1138 3 (~~~(8~-01381011~11011 1(0(11 111~ 0(3111 10 111~ 800(~~ 3110 011~(8 3 ~3~3~11311~~,
‫ﺔ‬
~05.
~3(311~1
~1~0(~
~(11111~( 00~
(113)1 0~ ~011810~(~0
13-263
~1111 3 ~05~~1.
10 001/(
8110~8
En
31 111~ 8111~ 0)1 (11~13112111~ 111~ 800(.~~

(~8181311~~
111~ ~()01~31~111
111~ 038~-10-~(11111~(
~1(~011 01 3 ~3(38111~
(~~1011
1~((1111131 3110 111~ (~8181311~~
0111- 3110 /7-(~~10118,
38 113~111~ 311 1111~(1131 0100~
~/0018 8(11311.
3110 111~ ~()01~31~111
01~013(
0111/711-1(31181810(
1(31181810(
18 8110(1~0
1(0(11 111~ 038~
1-1~11~~, 3 ~05~~1
~1(~011 18 8110~11
111
10
asy
111 ~1~. 13-260. 111~ ~3(38111~ ~3~3~11311~~8 3(~ 0~~~110~111 011 111~1( (~8~~~11~~ ~011-
3~~8.
111~ 8~11~11111~ (1100~101 ~05~~1818 8110~11111 ~1~. 13-27. 111~ 1)1~1~318~11~11-
111~ ~3~~10((118 3110 11(11~8 3(~ 8110~11111 ~1~. 13-28. 111~ (/,(,.11-011 0~/(1)7, (0(011), 18 111~
E
11(11~ 11131 18 (~()01(~0 10 ~113(~~ 111~ 111~01 ~3~3~11311~~ 10 111(~811010 ~0113~~ 1~~~1.
w.
0 0
~0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0~
89. 80. 0+ 89.
8~.
8 8
(8) ~8~85~11~0~~0~8~ (8) ~,,16~,,8~ ~~0~6
444

111~11..~ 13-27 5~11~/1111~ 11100~1 01

~05~~15.
8
111~ ,./8~ (/111~, (., 15 111~ ~31~ ~113..~111~ 11(11~ 1..0(11 111~ 111..~511010 1~~~110 111~ 11.111-~31~
‫ﻣ‬
~0113~~, ~ 08~, ~111~1115 ..~().1.11..~0 10 0..1~~ 111~ 1..31151510.. 11110 111~ 1111~3.. ..~~1011. 111~
(/1,.11-0// 0,~/(1)1 (/111~, ((/(011), 15111~ 11(11~ ..~().1.11..~010..111~ 111~1.11~3~3~11311~~ 10 015~113..~~
1..0(11 111~ 0~~..0..1~~ ~31~ ~0113~~, ~1, 10 111~ ~111~11-011 ..~~1011. ~ 05 (111.1510~~..~35~
t
51~11111~(1111)1 0~10..~ ~ 1)5 0~~1115 10 ..15~. 111~ /0// (/111~, (1, 15 111~ 11(11~ 1113115 ..~().1.11..~0
.ne
10..111~ 111~1.11~3~3~11311~~ 10 015~113..~~ 1..0(11111~ ~111~11-011..~~101110111..~511010 ~0113~~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
11 ~ 05 ~ ~ 1, 111~ 1..31151510.. 11.1..115011.
ng
~1~1.1..~ 13-29
3110 1~~2.42,
5110~5 111~ 0313
~111~11113~~ 10~
511~~1 011)1~1~(111~
~0113~~
eri 11-~1131111~1 ~05~~15,
3110 111~11 ~1.1 ~111 ..31111~5.
1)1~~51~~2.40
ine
0~1.,~1 ~,,8,.8~9,..51.~5. 111~ 01.11~1.11 ~113..3~1~..1511~5, ~111~11 3..~ 111~ ~1015 01
/ 1) 3~311151 ~ 1)5, 3..~ 5110~11111 ~1~. 13-29 ./10.. ~3..101.15 ~311.1~5 01 ~ 05. 111~ 111..~511010
‫ﺔ‬ ~0113~~
31111~
~/1))
15 5110~11 35 ~ 1 = 4~.
~111~11-011 ..~~1011, ~11~..~35
15 3~~..0)(1(1131~1)1
~,.8~519,.
E
~0.. (11)(~0 ~311.1~ 01 ~ 05, /1) ..~(1131115 31(11051 ~011513111
~,,8,.8~9,..51.~.
sy
ng
111~ 01.11~1.11 0.. 011-5131~ ..~5151311~~, (~1)5

~011513111.
= ~ ~ 1)5/
111~ 1..31151~.. ~113..3~1~..1511~, ~111~1115 (1 ~101 01/1)

~~..51.15 ~ 05, 15 5110~11 111~1~. 13-29.2 3110 15 1~(11~~..311.1..~ 0~~~110~111.
Ea
~,.8~5~0~~~~18~~9, 9,,,. 11115 15 3 (11~351.1..~ 01111~ 1..31151~.. ~113..3~1~..1511~ 3110

0~~..~35~5 ~1111111~ )1.111~11011 1~(11~~..311.1..~ 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 13-29.6.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0 ~
...,(35 ~
~
...,1
- - - --1 - -
...,(35~ - - - ,- - -~
~
...,, ~
-- --~ ~ 1
0
~--~
~/0~)1,
..)~11..~ 13-28
11111~5.
5~11~/1111~ ~3~~10(1115 3110
58~. 13-3 445

~~)(-=~,..~ ,..~~~5.5,..0~5 .~-=240

.~-=242
~-0...8.,.,8.
50 ~0~,.
‫ﻣ‬
~0~~~ ~058=~,.5
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
50 ~0~., 0.028 0.-.01 ~~)(~~,. ~98.(.8..95=
,.0-220~8 ~~85..~ ~8~~899 . ~)(1,.€,,,€~~~0~ 808(00)
. 80,,,~8.~1 ~,8.51~~ ~8.~~8.9€
ng
,~~ ~~)( ~~, 1~~~,,0~09~ ~~5 ~)(~~,,0~0 ~15 ~~00()~1 0~5~ 10 . 1=8.518~~1~~~09
5~~~~ 1~~ ~0~ ~0~1~9~. ~~~~ ~0~ ~05(0,,) ,,,.,05~~, 1~~,,5,510~
,~(1()~,~~~,,15. ~,,1~,,,~1~0,,~~ ~~~1~1,~~.5 ~~9~~~ ~11~~~~,,1
. ~0~ 0,.,~€ 8~,.,.€01
~,,0 (),,~(1()~ ~,0~~55~,,9 011~~ ~~)(~~, . ~8.5€ 01 ~8.,.8.~~€/~09
eri
9~0~~1,~ ~~~~ 0~~,,
~0~0~,,~0 10 ~,~~1~ 1~~ 10~~51 0,, ,~5,51~,,~~ ~~, 0~~,~~ ~~,- . ,..,,08€~000 8,.€8.~00~0
10,~~,,~~. ~,,~00~1,0,, 10 1~~5 1~~1()~~ ~~~ ~~)(~~,5 ~~~~
. ~)(~€,(€01 ~€,,,~€,.8.1~,.€ 818.0,(~1~
00~()~~,,1~0 ,~~,~0~~~1~ ~,,0 ~~~15 ~~, ~~~~,0,, (1()~~,1~1
. ~8.,-15 ~€,. ~~//~00 0~8.~~1~
ine
,~~ ~~)(~~, 1,~,,5,510,5 ~150 011~, ~~~011~~ ~~~~ ~51~0~,5~~0
~0~~,,1~9~5 01 ,,,.,05~~,5 5()~~ ~5 ~0~1~9~ ~0,,1,01. 1,~~00~
1,0~ 5~~0,,0 0,~~~00~,,. ~~,~ 1~51 5~~1~~,,,9. ~~5~ 01 ~~~~~1~~- ~..0~(.8~. 5(.801018~
~,,9. ~,,0 1~~~~~~1()~~ 51~0,1~1~ 01 1~~ 6~6~,,~~1 ~~~~~616~5.
,,,.6.~, ~(),,,.,8~~
‫ﺔ‬
,~~~ ~~6 ~6~1 5(),~~0 10, ~~~~,~1~0,,5 5()~~ ~5 5~,1~~,,,9 ~0~6,
5()~~~,~5. ~010~ ~0,,1,0~5. ~,,~6~16,5. ~~0~~~,5.
1~6,5. ~,9~ ~,,~,9~
0~~,~1~0
~0,1~0~6 6~(),~~6,,1.
~()0,0 ~~~~,-
~()~56 ~,~~(),15. ~,,0 ~,, 5~516~5 1~~1 ~~6
1~0~ ~0~ ~0~1~9~ 0011~,,65. 5()~~ ~5 ~()10~01,~6.
61~.
sy
En
g
~~~240
~~~242
~05
50~
50~
~05(0~)
0.028~
0.035~
~0
514
46.6.
10.54,0415,
2.87(0.113) 10.29(0.405)
~ 378(0.149)0~~
~ .
~.
~3~,+,
Ea
10.54 (0.415)
~.6.)(.
~ ../+-, 15.09(0.594)
-
14.84 (0. 584 ~
.../ .
w.
...(1 .~ .+ 15.09 (0.594)

1.15(0.045),.,~~.
4.51(0 _1~ ,
~.6.)(. -1 ~
~01~~~~~
.
+ ..
‫ُﺭ‬
. .
610(0240) 2.29(0.090)
---1 ...
ww
,--- .
. ...
53910.220)
5.33 (0.210)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.
13.91~0.550) ~ 4.83~190)
~
13.97 (0.550) (1 .
~.
~~(1~0,.)(~)(
~
~..
,,..6.)(.
, (
1 /..
~
/
~~~~ ~~~~~~~
,~0
.
~
1.40~0_055) --12.91 (0.117)
0.939,0037,
0.686 (0.027)
1.15(0.045) 21210107)
~_ 5~.. ,.0.220~8
().,,,.,,-.51005 1,, ~.~~.,,,818.-$ 80~ 0,,~08$)
...1~11..~13-29 0~1~ 5/1~~1 0~ 1~ 1-.105~~15, 1~11~51~~240 ~(10 1~~42. (~0/./,(~5)/

0/ //1(~,/1(1(/0/1(1/ 8.~((///~,).
446

~8,,,818( ~~~40 ~~42 ~....

1/05 0~8.,, 50~~~8 ~~898
(1)
50 50 1/
- ())
~0) 50 50 1/
1/06~ 0,..0 . 6... 1.0~89. (~65
-
20
,.,
(0 ~,.~ 250~ ~001.000~5 0~88,, ~~~~801 51 46
= ,.,
(0 ~,.~ 1000~ ~0,..11000~5
0~8.,.. ~~~~~32 29
= ,.,
(3) 145
~,.,.. ~~~8800~8.,.. ~~~~8,,1 160
1/65 (3818. $0~~~8 ~~8 ,.20 1/
~0 ~,.~ 250~ ~8)(. ~~0.558~81~00 125(500 ~.

14)
= ~(..)088(
08~81.00 ~0~ 1.0(500~. 14)
‫ﻣ‬
~(~~ ~00~~.~ ~~~~8111.
~~8,,,~0 (500 ~9.15 ...0 16) ~- 100~~ ,.,
160 ~145
0~~81.,,0 .)~0~.00 8,,~ ..,150 0~
-55
$(0~898 ,..8,,,~9~81~~9 ~98
~9
,.,,
t
//001
300 (0.063 .0. 0.6/11,,,) 08$8 0~
~80 ,..8,,,~8~81~~8 108/
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e
g.n
~8,,,818~ ,.- ~.,,. ,.~. ~8)(. 00~ ,...~
81/055 0~8.0 - $0~~~9 8~98~00.....,,, ~~1898 ~~~240 50 1/ 1/65 - 01/
1~~42 50 1/ ~0 = 250
1/
rin
~1/651~ (3818 111~8500~0 ~~1898 ...~~ 2.0 4.0 1/05 - 1/65- ~0 - 250
~(655 (3~~$0~~~8 ~8~8 ~.....8~0 ...~~ 500 0/0. 1/65 - 201/
- -
/655 (381~$0~~~8 ~8~8 ~~58 ...~~ -500 0... 1/65 --201/
- -
(055 2810 (3818 ~~18990~8.0 ~~~~801 250 ~1/05- ~8)(. ~.1/(35 - 01/
...~~ - -
- 1000 1/05 = ~. ~09 ~0.8.1/(35 = 01/. ,.~ = 1250~
-
~(0(00) 00-$1818 0~8.0 (%)
~0~~801 (~~240
(~~242
51
45
ee ...
...
1/05 ,. ~()(00) ~~05(00),,,....1/(35 101/
=
(2) 1~~240 0.024 0.028 0
~05(00) 5181.~ 0~8.0.500~~8 00-$1818 ~585180~
- 1/(35 = 101/.(0 = 29.6.
(~~242 0.030 0.035 0
gin
- 5(0)
9/5 ~~.....~0,..~80~000~80~8 ~...~~ 17 22 - 1/05 ,. ~()(00) ~~05(00),,,... ~0
=
29.6.
~1$5 ~0~01 ~8~~.180~8 ...~~
- 2350 3000 - 01/.1/05 - 251/,/ - 1.0
~~1/65
~~~0..001~~
.,
‫ﺔ‬
~,..
~~.000.
100..
1/
,..
~8~~.180~9
~58,..~80518~ ~8~~.180~8
0~0.00 08~~ 11018
~.58 118118
,..0~0.011 08~~ 11018
~8~~
11018
~,..0(8~(3818
((381~500~~8
~~8~98
~05(3818-0~8/0)
En
...~~
...~~
...~~
...~~
...~~
...~~
...~~
-
-
-
-
920
250
18
25
35
12
40
1200
400
25
60
70
25
60
0.
0.
0.
0.
0~
~~500 ~9. 10
1/00 .. 251/. ~0 - 29,.,. 2,, - 4.70

500
(~05~~ -.09
~.17
~8009_......)
_
1/65 - 101/. ~0 - 64.6..1/05 = 0.8
500 ~.
18,.,,
/1,,,......_..(~
00000. (~ -90
,,,~00010.
~..
.. ._...~~
~09.
asy
~. (3818-500~~8 ~~8~98 ...~~

-
22 - 0~ .0~0001 0/ ~8009 1801~.......)
(3819-0~8.0 (.,~~~~8~.,) ~~8~08 ...~~ 18 0~
~0 - -
_/100 ~05~~
~0 ~018~08~0~8.,, ~000~8,,~8
...~~
-
-
3.5
4.5 -
-
0~
0~
10~0..
~_
~00 //0011/10
~~00~
//0011/10
_
~008 .........09
/0/801..
1~
.E
~5 ~01~08~ 500~~8 ~000~~8 ...~~ 7.5 0~

-*.,.. .... 601,,, 00.25.,...)
//001_~
008-
~_
.., ....-
//0011/10
~00.60101 10.25 ...) //001
.....,.,
0/
-~
w
_~ .., .....,., 0000009

~.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.)~0~~0-(0-~858 1.0
~8_10-$10~ -09 -. ...09/88000.
.)0,,~.00-(~811~801 ~
58~.13-3 447

~5 ~.00008 ~~~40 51 ,. ~~/,105~~ ~~~....,.,,,09~./1189.~

~,80~
()0000) . ~-=~
~~~/ 46 ,. ........ ~~~.,,,
...,,,~...
~5/,1 ~~~8850~ ~~~~~40 160 ,.
(800)/ 010~) (3) ,. .
~~~42 - 145
1/50 010~ _01/~ ~~~~40
- - 2.5 1/ .~ - 250~..5 - 51~ 1/(35- 01/
~~~42 2.2 1/ .~ 250~. ~5 ~.1/(35 01/
... _~11,,,,, ,.~ 360 0. .) - 1500~..~ _ 51,..0~~~ - 100,.,,..
0~~
..,,,
--~~- ~(1,.~0-00 11~
,.~~
,.~~
- 2.1 -
,,..10,..* ~0..~ 18018.5 080~10.~ ,..0~
~~.)
-
_
1500~. .~
~~8.
51,.. 0~~~
80~~~~.,,
-
100,./,..
~~~~~5
+ ~0.
(3) ~~~(~~
~.09= ~0~88 ~~ ~.,.,..~~ ~
018)(. ~00~.00 (801~..8(0,8.
5.. ,,.,,~ ~..,,,.~ ~,,,~~08 ~~ ,,,,9.5).
‫ﻣ‬
et
.,.~5.,.
80~$~0~5~ 1...
,...,)(.
~05 ~.~0(00)~. ~05(00)
102
160
~,101/ 80 ~$~0~8~...~5.,. ~,
91/
~/ ..- ~,.
rin
~110
./
5
,.
5
/ ~~8
~.. ~~81/
.. ~80 10 /1----
.. ~/ ..
8
..
ee ~,,,
.) ..12~.~
~65.7~ .~ --.....).
~,,, /~ ---....
26~~
40
.) . -66.~
gin
6~
6~ ~,
‫ﺔ‬ 10
~05. 0~~,~-.0-50~~~~
20
sy
30
4~
~0~.~6~
En
40
,~0~.5)
60
1.0
0
-=.9. 2 -
. 6 8 10 12
~65. 0~.~-.0-50~~~~ ~0~.~0~ (~0~.5)
,.~.~8/
1.
,80518, ~,,8,~18,.$1.~5
16
200 600
1
Ea
61~~~~~~6~ ~~.~~~ ~~~~115

~1,,,~.~08~ ~05,.01
200 1~)24~-
160 ~~~~~1~~
4 .....
~100 ~~~~~~~24
~5
w.
1.00.,.,5
~,. ,. ~~60
5 120 5 ~~42~
~.-
~. 1~.
‫ُﺭ‬
~~8
~~~20
ww
8
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.. 80 .. ~/
10
~,,, ~,,, ~.~. 26 ~0..,
~.). 160.~,,,~~.
~40 .
~~(0)~ 1.0 ~,.,.
100~.
~~5110~~ ~~~~~1 0~
~~~~~1~~ .
1.0
1 2 3 . 1.0 6 10 20 60 100 200 600
~05.0~~~~-.0-50~~~~ ~0~.~6~ (~0~.5) ~05. 0~~1~-.0-50~~~~ ~0~.~0~ ,~0~.5)
448

-
~~~~~~~~1
~~~1~1~~~~
~~~~~~.
~1~1 ~~~~~, ~~~~~~~1~
0..0..5 ,- ~0.~~5
~- =
~-~.2
~-0..1
=0..0.5
-0..0.2
~2~
1. 0.~~~ ~~~~0.~.
0..
~~0..0.1- ~~6~~ ~~~5~
(~~~~5~~~~
~~~~~.,~~
~.,~~0.~~~~) 2. ~~~~~~~8~5~.
~1~~. 1.0. 0.~6. ~~.
‫ﻣ‬
~3. ~)~ - ~~. ~0.., ~1~~(1).
10.-4 10.-3 2 5 10.-2 2 5 10.-1 1.0. 10.

11.50.~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~5~ 0.~~~~.0.~ (5~~0.~0.5)
et
,,~9. 5
- ~8)(.811~811 -=11~1.~8 ,..,8051801 ,..~8,8118( .811~8~80~8. ,,~0~.00.1~858 ...,5. ..~~58 0~,81100
40
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~10.2
~~).
-550~ .... , ~~).
30. ~).-550~ 250~
~~..
,,, ~.......
rin
- 250~
~~) .... 1).150.0~
~..~20. ~~~~).
1250~
~~..
..
ee 0
~~10. /
~~.,
..
~~10. , ,
801-1$~~(.5~ 1~8,.
gin
~.... ~08). ~0~0))( ~08(00)(0,.)(.
~~0
‫ﺔ‬
,,.9.6
1.35
-
,...,..~.~8(
40.
~0..0.~~~~
,..,80~00~~~180~8
80.
~~~~~~~(....,~~~~5)
sy
...,5. 0,8~0
120.
En
160.
~~,,801 ,,~9.
1.0.0.
1.15
-
0..4 0..8 1.2
,...,..~.~8~ 50~,~8-0,8.0
)
~50. 50~~~~- ~0-0~...1~

1.6
0~0~8
2.0.
~0~1~6~
,,0
2.4
(~0~15)
2.8
8,~ ...,0,1898
3.2
/
~~1.25
~1.50. ~/
Ea
..
,.
0
~~.,5
~~1.15
..~
0....
1.25
~~~..,
/
w.
.......
~~.,....
.,~
~~~..,
1.0.5
~...... .,~
00
~., ~/
00
~.,
~.. ......
....~ ~~0_
....~ 1.0.0.
.~~,, /
‫ُﺭ‬
_
,, /
6- ...... ..,0
.,-
ww
~0..95 ~65.10.~
.... 0
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0 ~./
~0. . 29...
.,0 0..15
0 ~0..85
0..15 0..50.
-80. -40. 0. 40. 80 120. 160. -10.0. -56 0. 56 10.0. 150
1). )~~~~~0.~ 1~.,~~~...1~~~ (0~) 1). )~~~~~0~ 1~.,~~~...1~~~ (0~)
58~. 13-3 449

4000 ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ 20

~65 = 0~
. = 1 ,.~.
~... . ~~.+ ~~~.~~. 5~0~~~0
~.... ~~~
~.,, ~
0$5 ~~5+~-~9~
~ ~~$ + ~.~
~0 =64~
‫ﻣ‬
~0 ~ ~~5~ ~~ ~~~.~
5~~ ~~6~~~ 18
et
10 15 10 15 30 35 40 ~ ~ ~ ~
~05. 0~~~~-~0-50~~~~ ~0~~~6~ (~0~~5) ~. ~0~~~ 6~~~ ~~~~6~ (0~)
- -
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
,,~9. 10 ~.,.~.~8~ ~8~~.~8,,~~ ..,5. 0~8~,,.~0-50~~~~ ..,0~~89~ ,,.9. 11 ~.,.~~~8~ 08~~ ~~8~98 ..,5. 08~~.~0.50~~~ ..,0~~89~
45
~05(00) ,.~~5~~~0 ~(~~ ~~~~,~~ ~~~5, 0~ 5..
ng
0~~~~~0~. (~~~~~~ ~) 250~. (~~, ,.~~~,.~~
=
2 ~~~~~~6 ~~~,~~~~5 ~0,.~,~5~~,0 ~0~.) 0
40 .........
.5
~
...,
.. ~.......
~
ri
35 0
................
~ .............
~~~240
~
~
...,
30
ee ~0 (~~24~
..
=-
~ 25 ~~0
~
gin
,,,
~ 20 ~~0
‫ﺔ‬ 0
~ 15
0
10
0 15 50 75 100 115
~0.0~~~~ ~~~~,~~ (~,.~~~,5)
En
.50 175
~~0
15 50 75 100
~~. ~~5, ~,,.~,~~~~~, (0~)
115 150
asy
,,.9. 12 - ~.,.~.~8~ 0,,.~~5.5~8,,~~ ..,5. 0~8~,, ~~~~~,,~ ,,~9. 13 ~8)(.,,,~,,, 0~8.,, ~~~~~,,~ ..,5. ~8~ ~~,,,~~~8~~~
-
150
.25
E
w.
~~100
..
0
‫ُﺭ‬
~75
ww
~,,,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..
~50
~~15
15 50 75 100 115
~~. ~~5, ~~,.~,~~~~~, (0~)
,,~9. 14 ,,0,,,,~~ ..,5. ~~,,,~~~8~~~ 0~~8~.,,9 ~~.,,~
-
450

(.8(198... ~...8...8~9...8518~5.
‫( ﺭُﺷﺩ‬1(~
111~8~
‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ‬
111~ 0111~111 ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 (1110~~( ~(1111~8
0~ ~ 05 (1110 (1(~ 1111~0(1(1111 ~0( 8~11~11111~ (1~~11~(1110118. 5111~~ ~ 05 18 10~ 111 111~ 1111~(1(
(~~1011, 111~~ (1(~ 0~1~11 10~1111~1~0 (18 8(1111((111011 ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 (18 8110~11 111 ~1~.
13-29.3, ~11~(~ 8(1111((11101181~111~1~8111~ 10~ 011-81(11~ ~011(1~~ (1110111~11011-81(11~ ~11((~111
(~~1011 0~ 0~~((111011 8111111(1( 10 13118.
0(1-51819 ...958518(1~9, 805. ~05 (~~(~8~1118 111~ ~0~~( 01881~(111011 ~11~11 111~
0~~1~~ 18 ~011011~1111~. ~05111~(~(18~8 (111110811111~(1(1~ ~1111111~ )1111~110111~111~~((1111(~,

(18 8110~11 111
1), (18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 13-29.9. 111~ 111~(~(18~ 0~ ~05 ~111110 (1110 ~ 05
~1~. 13-29.1218 110111111~(1(. 111~ ~0~~( 01881~(11101118 ~0 = ~051~ = ~0510. 111~
‫ﻣ‬
(1110~(101~ ~0~~( 01881~(111011 0~~(~(18~8 ~1111111~ ~(18~ 1~111~~((1111(~ (18 8110~11 111 ~1~.
13-29.14.
et
58,9 0~9...818(19 8...98, 50~. 111~ 50~ (18 8110~11111~1~. 13-29.4 ~1~~8 111~
1111111011 111~ 111(1)(111111111 ~(1111~ 0~ ~ 05 011(111~ 111(11-
~(1111~ 0~ 10 (1~(111181111~ 111(1)(111111111
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
011 (1110 111(11-0~~ 0~ 111~ 0~~1~~. 111~8~ (1(~ 111~(111(111111111(1110118. 111~(~ 18 110 8~~0110
0(~(1~00~11 ~0( ~05~~18. 18 (1 1111111011 10 (11111~ 10~~(

13111111~(~ ~(1111~8 0~ ~ 05
011~ 10 111~(~(18~ 111 111~ 011-81(11~ (~8181(111~~, ~05. ~0( (1 8110(1~( 011-11111~, 111~ 50~
rin
0011110(1(1~8 ~)(1~110 11110 111~11~( ~ 05 (1110 10. 111~ 50~ ~11(~~ 18 110(111(111~ 8~~~1~1~0
(111) = 1500~, 0111111~ (1110~(101~ 0(~(1~00~11 ~011(1~~ 1111111111~(~(18~8 ~1111111~ )1111~11011
1~111~~((1111(~ (18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 13-29.8. ee
~(1~~1 8(1() 0~1~~1 ~8~8~818(1~95. 111~ 111(11111~(1~111(~(8 8~~~1~~ 111~ (1) ~~~~~-
11~~ 111~111 ~(1~(1~11(111~~ (18 ~/$5 = ~8,,~~~85, (2) ~~~~~11~~ 0111~111 ~(1~(1~11(111~~ (18 ~055 =
gin
~,,5~~~8,,, (1110 (3) (~~~(8~ 1((1118~~( ~(1~(1~11(111~~ ~,55 = ~8,,. 111~8~ ~(1~(1~11(111~~8(1(~
‫ﺔ‬
0~~~110~111
~11(1(~~0
6819
011 ~ 05,
~...8...99,
(1110 018~11(1(~~0.
111~ ~(11~-10-8011(~~
10 111~ ~(11~ ~011(1~~
(18 8110~11
09.
En
011(111~
111 ~1~.
111~ ~11(1(~~ 810(~0

13-29.10.
111(11-011 (1110 111(11-0~~,

011 111~ 111~111 ~(1~(1~11(111~~ 0~~~1108
~011(1~~, ~ 05, (18 8110~11111 ~1~. 13-29 .11.
0~~0111~8
sy
011
111~ 8~11~11111~ 1088 011~
111~ 111~111 ~(1~(1~11(111~~ 18
(13-50)
Ea
~11~(~ 15 18 111~ 8~11~11111~ ~(~~11~11~~ 111 11~(1~.
~)(301~)~ 13-7
w.
~ 1~-~05~~11~~~ 1~~2,40 15 0~~(31~0 35 3 5~11~11. 111~ )011~11011 1~111~~~310~~ 15

1) = 1500~ 31 3 ~35~ 1~111~~~310~~ 01 1 ~ = 750~. 111~ ~31~-10-500~~~ ~0113~~ 15
~ ($5 = 10~. 111~ 0~ 50~~1~ ~0113~~ 15 ~ 1)1) = 25~. 1)~1~~111111~ 111~ (3) (113)(11110111
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~01111110005 0~3111 ~0~~~111, / 1)

~ (0) (113)(11110111 ~0~~~ 01551~311011, 111) ~ (~) 011-5131~ ~~5151-
‫ﺷﺩ‬
311~~, ~1)5~ (0) ~31~ ~0113~~ 0~~~0~1~~ 13~10~, 01)~~ (~) 011-5131~0~ 5310~311011~0113~~,
~ 1)5~ (1) ~31~ ~0~~~ 1055 11111~ ~05~~115 0~~~31~0 31 3 1~~~0~11~~ 01/, = 10 )(1-12~
3110 (~) ~~3)( 0~3111~0~~~111,/1)/,1(31 ~1)5 = 20~, 15 (00 = 1(115).
11111~~015~0 011-11111~
80)111100 1~ = 750,1) = 1500, 3110 ~($5 = 10~.

(3) ~~0111 ~1~. 13-29.13, /1) = 40 ~.
(0) ~~0111~1~. 13-29.14,111) = 75~.
(~) ~~0111 ~1~. 13-29 .12, ~1)5 = 24.5 1110 31 1) = 250~. ~1~0~~ 13-29. 9 ~1~~5
)(
111~1~111~~~310~~13~10~ 011.73110 (11) = 1500~, ~1)5 = 24.5 1.7 = 41.651110.
58~. 13-3 451

(0) ~(0111 ~1~. 13-29.2, ~~5 = 6.4~. 1/1~(~10(~, 1/1~ ~31~ .,,0113~~ 0.,,~(0(1.,,~
13~10( 15 01)~ = 10/6.4 = 1.56.
(~) ~(0111 ~1~. 13-29.3, ~0.~ = 1.1 ~.
(1) ~0( ~~5 = 10 ~ 300 ~05 = 25~, ~1~. 13-29.11 ~1.,,~5 (28 = 40 0~. ~(0111
8(). (13-50), ~~ = 40 )( 109 )( 10 )( 10 )( 103
= 4 111~.
(~) ~1~0(~ 13-29.4 ~1.,,~5 10/04 = 70~.
‫ﻣ‬
111~ 1001-00 1101~ 01 31105~81 0~11~005 00 111~ ~113(8108 1101~ 01111~ 101101 0(
831~
~3113~1130~~. 111~ 10(0-00 1101~ ~30 0~ (~00~~0 0)1 ~000~~1108 3 ~~ ~1(~011 35 5110~0
10 ~18. 13-3010 ~113(8~ 111~ 831~ ~3113~1130~~ 1351~(. ~11~0 111~ 831~ .,,01138~ 1510(0~0
et
00, 111~ 1011131 ~113(8108 ~0((~01 01111~ ~3113~1130~~ 15
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~0
10 - (13-51)
~5
300 111~ 51~(0)1-5131~ .,,310~ 01 831~ .,,01138~ 15
rin
~0~0
~05 = (13-52)
ee ~5 + ~1 + ~0
~11~(~ ~5 15 111~ 101~(031 (~515130~~ 01 831~ 0(1.,,~ 500(~~.
gin
,
~
~
‫ﺔ‬ +
(3318 5~903~
85
1
~
En
~ (3 ~
sy
~ - / ~
~ ~
1 ~
Ea
13-4 ~05~615
w.
~ 1105101 ~001010~5 111~ 30.,,30138~5 0113115 300 1105~815. ~ 11051011135

‫ُﺭ‬
111811101101 10111~030~~, 11/(~ 1105~815, 300 10~ 00-5131~ ~0000~1100 1055~5, 11/(~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
13115. 1301 111~(~ 15 00 5~~000 0(~3/(00~0 11(001~01, 11/(~ 13115. 13)1 ~111110~5180
300 51(0~10(~, 111~ ~().01.,,31~01 0(310-10-500(~~ (~515130~~, ~05, 15 ~001(011~0 10 0~-
113.,,~ 11/(~ 11131 01 3 1311.
111~ 5)101001 300 ~1(~011 01 3 1105101 5~11~11 3(~ 5110~0 10 ~18. 13-31. 111~
111(~~ 1~(0110315 3(~ 831~, ~011~~10(, 300 ~01111~( 1051~30 01 831~, 0(310, 300 500(~~
10( 3 1105~81. 111~ 0313 511~~1 013 08-110510115 $110~0 10 ~18. 13-32. 111~
113(301~1~(5 300 111~1( 5)1010015 3(~ 5101113( 10 11131 01 1105~815, ~)(~~111 11131 111~
5005~(1111$ 10( $00(~~ 300 0(310 3(~ ~11308~0 10 ~01111~( 300 ~011~~10(, (~511~~11.,,~1)1.
452

88(8 5~908~ 8 ~~80
~ (
~ 8. /
~ +
1
~
..)~11..~ 13-31 8,,111001 3.110 ~1~~111( 0( 3.
~
~08101.
~--
‫ﻣ‬
0(,81~(,81 ~...8..8~18...51.~5. 111~ 01.11.,1.11 ~1111(11~1~(1811~8, ~111~1111(~ 111~ .,1018 01
10( ~11(101.18 ~1111.1~8 01
~011~~10( ~1.1((~111, 1~, ~~(81.18 ~011~~10(-~111111~( ~01111~~, 11~10,
t
~111~-~111111~( ~01111~~, 11010, 11(~ 8110~11 111 ~1~. 13-32.1. 111~ ~111~ 111(~811010 ~01111~~
e
18 110101 = 4 ,.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~0~~8~10..- 801.118.. 581(,8..81.0... ~0~1898, ~ ~€(581). 11~10(.3() 0~~(~118~8 ~1111111-
~(~118111~ ~311.1~ 01 11010. 11 18 1111~(~81111~ 10 1101~ 1(0111 ~1~. 13-32.2
111111 111~ 1~111-
0( 11~~1111~~
rin
.,~(311.1(~ ~0~111~1~11110( 111~ ~3(13110118 0111 ~10(53() ~01.110 0~ ~1111~( .,08111~~
0~.,~110111~ 011 111~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111. /4.. ~05101 0~1111~~8 11~~ 3 1311 3110~ ~311.1~
~0( 3 11)(~0 ~1111.1~ 01
01 1(. 11110 811111111( 10 11 ~05~~1 111 111~11 ~311.1~ 01
ee 1~.
10 11~10(53() 01 3 ~0510118 1~88 111311 110501 3 ~0111.,3(301~ ~05~~1 3110 ~()1.131 0(
~(~111~( 111111111~10(.3() 01 3 ~0111.,3(301~ 1311.
gin
1..8...518.. ~...8..8~18...51.~5. 111~ 1(111181~( ~113(3~1~(1811~8, ~111~11 3(~ .,1018 01
‫ﺔ‬1~ ~~(81.18 11010, 3(~ 8110~11111 ~1~. 13-32.3.
~3()1 ~1111 111~ ~011~~10(
0~.,~110~11~~
~1.1((~111. ~1~1.1(~
01 80111~ .,3(3111~1~(8.
En
111~)11111~~
13-32.4 8110~8
1~111.,~(1111.1(~ ~0~111~1~1118
111~ 1)1.,1~31 1~111.,~(311.1(~
11131
asy
~0..~8..~-~.858~ 5818 0()8..81 9 8..88, ~850~. /4.. 1)1.,1~31 ~1350/4..18 8110~11
111 ~1~. 13-32.7. 111~ ~05101 ~311 ~01101.1~1 ~01111111.101.18 ~1.1((~111 1.1., 10 111~ ~011-
1(011301~ ~1.1((~1111111111, ~111~1118 0~(111~0 01.1~ 10 111~ 1~111.,~(1111.1(~ 11111113110118. 1-10~-
~~~(, 111~(~ 18 110 8~~0110 0(~3~00~11 1111111. 11111~ ~0111(011301~ .,~3~ ~1.1((~111 1111111
.E
18 ~)(~~~0~0 ~~~1110( 3 8110(111111~, 111~ 0~~1~~ 131~11~8 011 3110 11 ~3111101 0~ ~0111(011~0
0)1111~ ~31~. 111 11118 8111.1311011, 111~ 0~~1~~ ~311 0~ 11.1(11~0 0110)1 0~~(~38111~ 111~ 1030
w
~1.1((~111 0~10~ 111~ 11010111~ ~1.1((~111 0( 0)1 (~~~(8111~ 111~ .,013(11)1 01 ~011~~10(-~111111~(
~0113~~ ~1111 311 ~)(1~(1131 ~01111111.111111011~1(~1.111. ~1~1.1(~8 13-32.5 3110 13-32.6 8110~
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
11131111~ .,~3~ ~011~~10( ~1.1((~111, 1~/0.1, ~111~11111~(~38~8 ~1111111~ ~31~-~111111~( (~8181-

‫ﺷﺩ‬
311~~, ~010, 18 1~88 10( 11101.1~11~~ 10110. 1~/0.1 0~~(~38~8 ~1111111~ 1113)(11111.1111)1.111~11011
1~111.,~(311.1(~, 11.
5~.1~ 9 1.0185. 111~ ~05101 00~8 1101 (~()1.11(~ 11~~311~~ ~31~ ~0113~~
10( (~01.1~111~ 11.1(11-01111111~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ 11.1(11-0110~13)1 11111~3110 1311 11111~3(~
11.111~11011
01 ~010 3110 111~(~38~ ~1111 ~010.
453
58~. 13-4

~~.~
~~5~(.,~,.~() ~~,.~
801
,.~~~5~5,.0~
18 ~,..~~~~5
400, 500 ~0~ ,..5
‫ﻣ‬
,~€ 094~04. ~4 ~0 ,~~-~05 ~(3, 0,,5~~81€0 (381€ ,~8,,5~510~)
~58 ,,€..., 1~~€ 01 ~05 981€ 1~~,, 0,,/011 ~0...,€~ 5...,~1~~~,,9 0€~~~€~,,
...,~,~~ 1~€ 0€51 80~8,,189€5 01 ~0...,€~ ~051€(5 8,,0 01~0~8~
et
1~8,,5~510~5 8~€ ~0~0~,,€0. ,~€ ~€5~~( ~5 8 0€~~~€ 1~81 ~85 ~~9~
~,,~~1 ~~~€08,,~€ 01 ~051€15 8,,0 ~0..., 0,,-5181€ ~0,,0~~1~0,,
~055€5 5~~~~8~ 10 0~~0~8~ 1~8,,5~510~5. ,~€ 0€~,~€ 0€5~9,, 8,,0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
981€ ~~8~8~1€~~51~~5 01 1~€ ~(3, 8~€ 8~50 5~~~~8~ 10 ~0...,€~
~051€15. ~,, ~~~0~18,,1 0~11€~€,,~€ ,5 1~€ €~~~~8~€,,1 ~05(0~)
0~8~,, ~€5~518,,~€ ...,~~~~ ~5 ~00~~81€0 10 8 ~0..., ~8~~€ (10 1~~€5
~0...,€~) ...,~€,, 1~€ 981€ ~5 1~~,,€0 0,,. ,~€ ~~~~ ~0...,€~ ~(3, 0,,-
5181€ ~0~189€ 0~0~ 8~50 ~8~~€5 0,,1~ ~00€~81€~~ 0€1...,€€,, 250~
rin
8,,0 1500~ 011€~,,,9 €~1€,,0€0 ~0...,€~ ~8,,0,,,,9 ~8~80,~~1~.
,~€ ~0 ,~~-~05 1(3, ~5 ~0€8~ 10~ ~8,,~ ~~9~ ~0~189€ 5...,,1~~~,,9
8~~~,~81~0,,5 0~€~81~,,9 81 ~0..., 1~€~~€,,~~€5 8,,0 ...,~€~€ ~0...,
~0,,0~~1~0,, ~055€5 8~€ €55€,,118~. 5~~~ 85~ ~~ 8,,0 0~ ~010~
~0,,1~0~5. ~0.,..,€~ 5~~~~~€5 8,,0 0~~~€~510~ 50~€,,0~05. ~€~8~5 8,,0
~0,,18~10~5.
ee
~€8((/~€5
/...0.,..,
...8~(5~,) 2.5...1~~ ~ 10~
gin
· -
()~1~8-18511~~,,-0,,
- 200 ,,5 1~~~~8~
·
·
·
‫ﺔ‬,8~~0~€0 1~~,,-0111~~€5
~0~~5,~,~0,,~05 981€
~~9~ ~~~~€,,1 ~8,,0~~,,9
-
-
00...,,,10
10 8~~5
sy
En
1.7 /-/5 1_
- ...0~189€~0,,1~01~€01~~,,0,,/011
~ 1000~
~~,.~...~ 5.,~80~ 094,,04 094,,~4 ~...~,.

...0~1898. ~(3/0=5~0
80~18~/0~-~,.,,~1/8~ ...8/0~ 400 500 ...01/5
80~~8~/0~-(3818...0~/898. ~(3~= 5~0 ...8(3~ 400 500 ...0~/5
Ea
80,,/~,,~0~5 80~~8~/0~8~~~8,,1 ~,8 = 2508 ~8 18 18 ,,

~,8=10008 10 10 ,,
~~~58080~~8~10~ 8~~~8,,/(,) ~8~ 40 40 ,,
(3818-~,.,,~//8~ ...0~1898 ...(3/0
w.
=1=25 =1=25 ...01/5

,0/8~ ~0.,..,8~0~55/~8//0,, ~,.8 2508 ~0 75 75
08~818 ,,00.8 2508 = ~8//5
0.6 0.6 ~/08
0~8~81~,,9 8,,0 5/0~898
‫ُﺭ‬
~~,,~/10,,
,8,.,,~8~8/~~8 ~8,,98 ,~. ,$,(3 08
ww
-55/0150 -5510150
‫ﺷﺩ‬
,~8~,.,,8~ ~85~5/8,,~8. ~~,,~/,0,,/0 8858

~9~8 1.67 1.67 08/~
,~8~,.,,8~ ~85~5/8,,~8. ~~,,~/~0,,10 ,,,.,,0~8,,/
~9~~ 80 80 08~
~8~/,.,,~,.,,/...880 ,8,.,,~8~8/~~8 10~ 50~08~/,,9
.,,.. 1~0,.,,
~~~~0585~ 8858 10~ 5 58~0,,05 ,~ 260 260 08
111211.-813-32 0818 5/1~~10( 0~ ~05101, 1~~~ 094~04, ~4. (~0/./,(~5)10/(1~~~,(1/

~/~~(,/~ ~0~/1(1~)1)
454

8~8~1,.1~8~ ~,,8,.8~18,.151~~5 (,-0 =‫ُﺷﺩ‬
250‫ﺭ‬8)‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ‬
(~11(855 01~8~~58 5~8~~1~80)
~ ~...~,.~~~5,.~~
094~04 8.-8~11 400 .-0(.5

~0((9~.0,-~01~..9,8,98~00,,,0 .-0(.899 - -
094~~4 500 - -
(~(3~ = 5~0. (8 = 250 /1-...)
~0((9~.0, ~().-0// ~(),,90. (8~11
= 5~0,,8 = 250~) - 250 /1-...
(.-8~ = ~8)(.~8.~09.~(3~ - 4.0 01...
(.-~~ = ~8)(. ~8.~0~)(0.8, ~,,,,,=5~0,,~ = 1500~) - -
((3~5 =1=500 0...
(38.9-~01~..9, 1-98~899 ~(),,90. - -
(.-(3~ = =1=20.-)
,8 = 250~ .-(3~(,.~) 2 3.5 5 .-0(.5
‫ﻣ‬
(38.9 ,~,95~0(0 .-0(.899 ,8 = 1500~ 2.4
(.-8~ =.-(3~, ~8= 1 01...) - -
(8=10...,,8= 250~ .-8~(5...,.) 2.5 2.7 .-0(.5
~0((8~.0,-~01,..9, 58.(),8.,00 .-01.899 -
2.8
(.-(3~ = 15.-) (8 = 10....,8 = 1500~ - -
1.3 01~05
t
~0,,,,8,0,,805~000()~.80~8 9.5 - -
= 10.-. ~8 = 10...)
.ne
(.-8~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
630 - ,,.
(0,,(). ~8,,8~,.80~8 .-(3~ =0.- ~~85 -
g
20 ,,~
0().,,(). ~8,,8~,.80~9 .-8~ = 25.- ~085 - -
rin
~8~8,58,,80919, (),.~5 65 ,,~
~8,,8~,.80~8 / =1 ~~2 - -
~.0(00) 100 09
,(),0-00 0918~ ,,018 ~89,9.,~9 1-080, ,8
=400.-
= 1500
ee .,
-
- 120
-
- 09
~,99,,019 (8
= 10.... .-8~
(~(3~ = 1 ~0) .0(01/) - 2.5 - /1-5
,(),0-011 09(8~ ,,018 .-(3~ = 15.- (~(3~ = 5~0) - 11.0 -
gin
(~0~ = 1~0) ./ - 2.0 - /1-5
~8(~
,,018 ~0(00)= 500 (~0~ =5~0) - 6.0 -
‫ﺔ‬ ,(),0-0/1 09(8~ ,,018
~8((,,019
,(),0-011 09(8~ ,,018

sy
100()~.,~91-080,,8 =1500~
(8=10..., .-8~(81-...,,.,~)=400.-
.-0~ = 15.-
En
~0(00)= 500
~00()~.,~91-080,
(8=5.... .-8~(8~...,,.,~)=400.-
.-0~ = 15.-
~0~= 5~0
,8 - 1500~
(~0~ = 5~0)
(~0~ = 5~0)
.0(0//)
./
.0(011)
./
-
-
-
16.0
4.4
3.6
1.7
-
-
-
/1-9
/1-9
/1-5
/1-9
~8~1
,,019 ~0(00)= 500 ~0~= 1~0 - -
Ea
40 25
35
~20
~~30
w.
~~.
~~_0
25
~~15
‫ُﺭ‬
~-
20
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~15
~10
~~10 ~0 ...,6~...,5...,
~,6.)(~~()~ ~0 5~ ~~0,.~,,,300 ,.,~~
8 ...,6~,.6.... ~,.,)(~~(,)~ 00, (.,,(...~
=2%
5...,-
...,6~=
,6~=4...,
0
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
~0 ~(10~ 10 ~~~~~~ ...,0...,.,.,(3~. ..,,~~. ...,0...1$
.,,.~~~.. 1. ,.~~.~...~ 0~,.~~,. .,,.~~~.. 2. ,.~~.~...~ ~0~~..~,.0~-..,,,..,.,...~

~ ~...~,...~.5,..~5 5...,.~~...,..0,.. ..,0~ , ~..
~1~11..~ 13-32
455
58~. 13-4

20 14
550(
150.~ .,,,
12 ~~(1~)
6...,~(
8
~~~($.4.~ ..., ($,.,,,
~15 (~~ .
~~1.
10
1,/~(15.4., ~10~
~~_0 0-110.4
6-.,
0. ~.-8 ..., ~(($.41
~- 10 ~1.
‫ﻣ‬
06
3 ~.4~.4,,,,(0,.(0~ ~0~0(,~0~$ 25
,,,,~~(.4.( ,.,, ()(0
...,()((1~) ,- ,,,,...... 35~
~ -1
04
~~8
et
0.2
0
0
0 10 15 20 100 50 50 100 150
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
/=.0~~~ 3. ,.~,.~~~~ ,.~~~5/=~~ /=.0~~~ 4. ,.~,.~~~~ ,.~,,,.,.~~~,.~~-=
~~~~~~,.~~ ~5,..~5 0~,.~~0~~~-= 0/= ,.~~~,,,.-=,.-=~5
rin
25 15
~20
~~-
,
~~-~
ee 10
15 /
,,,,,.,,)((,,,,(),-., (0 (0(,..0~ (0~~~~,.
~.
~. ~0~ ~(0(-5 ~11
gin
~10
~.4)(~~~,,,, ~0~~~~,.-0~ ~()~~~~,.-
~8
‫ﺔ‬ ~~0
0 100
~~.4~ (0
~0~ ~()(~ 1 ~~2
200
En
094-=04
(400
~
~
,,,,,..,,)(~,,,,(),,,,)
094-=~4~
(500 ,,,,~)(~,,,,0,,,,)
~~,.-0~ ,.0 ~,,,,,,.,.~8
/=~0~~~ 5. ,,,.~.,,,.~,,,. ~~,.~0 5.,,.,.~~~~0 5~/=~

sy
300
0 ,..4(3~.
400
~((...,0 ,..5)
500
~~8
100
,,,,.4.)(~,,,,(),,,,(0
~0~~0(=1~1/
200
~(,..0~ ((.)~~~~,.
(400
~
094-=04
094-=~4
,,,, )((,,,,(.),,,,)
(500 ,,,,1.,)((,,,,(),,,,
300 400 500
0,.~~~,.~~0 ~~~~ /=0~ ~~5~5,..~~ ~0~0 /=.0~~~ 6. ,,,.~)(.,,,.~,,,. ~~,.~0 5.,,(,.~~~~0

5~/=~ 0,.~~~,.~~0 ~~~~ /=0~ (~0~~,.,~-= ~0~0
a
100
50
.E
~20
~~10
w
~.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~~8
_0
02
10-3 102
/0()(..-5~ ~(0,..~. 5~(0~05
/=.0~~~ 8. ,,,.~)(.,,,.~,,,. ,.~~~5~~~,.

,.~~~,,,.~~ ~,,,.,.~0~~~~
...1~0..~ 13-32
456

1(3051510(5 (03)1 0~ 0~~(31~0 10 5~(1~5 10 10((~35~ 111~ ~0113~~-11300110~ (3~301111)1.

11 15 ~~()1 1(0~0(1301 11131 111~ 5~(1~5-(000~(1~0 1(3051510(5 3(~ 11.1(0~0 00 300 011
51(01.11130~01.151)1. 0111~(~15~, 111~ 510~~51 0~~1(~ 31 11.1(0-00 300 111~ 1351~51 0~~1(~
3111.1(0-011 ~111 0~ 51.10)~(1~0 10 111~ 11.111~0113~~ 01111~ (011~(10(-~(0111~( (0( 0(310-
501.1((~) (1((1.111 300 11131 ~3(11(1.113( 0~~1(~ (03)1 0~ 0~51(0)1~0 01.1~ 10 111~11 ~0113~~.
1(305(0001.1(130(~, 111(~511010 ~0113~~, 00-
111~ 0~~1(~5 51101.110 0~ (031(11~0 10( ~310,
0( 035~ 0(1~~ (113(-
5131~ ~0113~~, 11.1(0-00 11(0~, 300 11.1(0-01111(0~. ~~~0 111~ ~31~
‫ﻣ‬
3(1~(1511(5 51101.110 0~ 10~011(31. ~0113~~-5113(10~ 0~1~0(~5 51(0113( 10 0100~5 (01.110
0~ 1.15~0.
1(3051510(5 3(~ (000~(1~0 10 ~3(311~1 11 00~ 0~~1(~ (30001 113001~ 111~ 1030
t
(1.1((~01 0~(0300. ~0( ~~1.131 (1.1((~01 5113(10~5, 111~ 1(3051510(5 51101.110 0~ (031(0.~0
e
10( ~310, 1(305(0001.1(130(~, 5311.1(31100 ~0113~~, 300 11.1(0-00 11(0~ 300 11.1(0-01111(0~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
131.11, 10 ~(3(11(~, 1115 00131~3)15 ~055101~ 10 (0~~110.~5~ (~~1.11(~(0~015. ~ (~3500301~
3(001.101 01 (1.1((~01 50.3(10~ (45 10 55% ~110.1~0 1(3051510(5) (30 0~ 001310~0 0)1
(000~(110~ (~51510(5 10 5~(1~5 ~110.10.~ ~(0111~( (0( 501.1((~) 1~((010315, 35 50.0~0 10
rin
~1~. 13-33.
(1.1((~01 50.3(10~ 1.100~( 51~(0)1-5131~ (00-
111~ (~51510(5 10 ~1~. 13-33 ~111 0.~1~
0111005. ~1.1((~01 50.3(10~ 1.100~( 0)103(01( ee (000111005 (30 0~ 3((0(0~1150.~0 0)1 (00-
0~(110~ (01.1~1~0 1001.1(10(5 35 50.0~0 10 ~1~. 13-34. 1110.~ (1.1((~0110.(01.1~0. (2) (15~5,
10.~ 1.-()//()( 3((055 1.-) 10((~35~5, 300 3 (0((~5~00010~ ~0113~~ 01 0~~0511~ ~013(11)115
1001.1(~0 3((055 1001.1(10( 1.-2. 10.~ (~51.11115 3 10~-1(0~~030(~ ~310.10.(01.1~0.1(3051510(
gin
(22 300 10.~ (1.1((~0115 50.111~0 10 (22. 10.~ 1001.1(10(5 ~01.110 ~~0~(31~ ~0113~~ 5~1~~5
‫ﺔ‬
300
11 00~
10.~)1 (03)1 0~ ~)(~~051~~
10((~35~5
~3(311~1
(1.1((~01
10.~ 13115 0.3~~ 3 0~~311~~
1311 (3((1~5
0~~(31100
0.~315
(00(~
11.1(10.~(,
(1.1((~01,
~0.~(~35
1.1~ 1351~(
En
15 (~1311~~1)1
sy
300
300
~05~~15
01.11~)1, ~5~~(1311)1 310.1~0.
1~(0~~(311.1(~
115 00-5131~
~(5)1.
115 00-5131~
(0~111(1~01.
0.3~~
10.~
(~515130(~
~05111~~
~05~~1
(~515130(~
(1.1((~015.
01.1(10~ (1.1((~01
0~((~35~5
1~(0~~(311.1(~
300
(0~111(1~01
10.31 10111(11)1 0(3~5
10((~35~5, (~51.11110~ 10 (1.1((~01
50.3(10~,
115 (1.1((~01
300
0.1~0.~(
(3(~ 10 (031(0.10.~ (0.3(-

51111110~ 10 10.~ 010.~( 0~~1(~5. ~051(115 (~~1.11(~ 5~~(131
3(1~(1511(5 01.1~ 10 10.~ ~3(1311005 0110.~ 1~(0~~(311.1(~ (0~111(1~015 ~110. 10.~ (011~(10(
Ea
(1.1((~01.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
457
58~. 13-5

~1(301())~ 13-8
1~0 1-.105~~15 ~111~11 (1(~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~(1((111~1 510011(1( 10 ~1~. 13-33 ~(1(()1 (1 101(11
~11((~111 01/,
= 20~. 111~ 0((1111-10-5011(~~ ~011(1~~ 011((11151510( (21 15 1(1).~1
= 2.5 ~
(1110 111(11011((11151510( (2215 1//)52 = 3~. 0~1~(00111~ 111~0(3111 ~11((~11101 ~3~111(31151510(
(1110 0111~(~11~~ 111 ~11((~111 511(1(111~ 11111~ ~11((~111 511(1(111~ 5~(1~5 (~5151(111~~5 (1(~ ((1)
8.,1
= 0.3 0 (11108.52 = 0.2 0, (1110(0) 8.51 = 8.52 = 0.5 0.
80)01100 ((1) /01 + /02 = /, (100 1/051 + /018.51 = 1/052 + /028.52.
0(
‫ﻣ‬
t
3 - 2.5 + 20 )(
0.2
.ne
= = 9~ 0( 45%
0.3 + 0.2
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
/02 = 20 - 9 = 11 ~ 0( 55%
ng
~/ = 55 - 45 = 10%
)(
( 0 ) / 01 = 3 - 2.5 + 20 0.5
.
= /05..4 0,. 52.5%
/02 eri
= 20 -
0.5 + 0.5
10.5 = 9.5 ~ 0( 47.5%
ine
~/ = 52.5 - 47.5 = 5%
‫ﺔ‬
1(3051510(5
~11((~01
~011~~10(
(~~111(~
~3~~10((05
~11((~01
sy
En
g
~~(1310
01 3 ~11
(15~5 300
111(0-00
8~11~11 3(~
111~ 01/0(
300
15
111(0-01111(0~5.
8110~0 10 ~1~. 13-35.
111~ 1)1~1~31 ~0113~~
011(10~ 111(0-00,
300
111~
(13-53)
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
458

+ ~5
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
011(10~ 111(0-011, 111~ ~011~~10(-~111111~( ~0113~~ 1111151 (15~ 10 (~131100 10 111~ 1311 01
111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01, 300 0,1)/0,( 15
0,1) ~. ~~~ (13-54)
rin
0,( = (/ = (/
111~ ~000111005 10 ~~5. (13-53) 300 (13-54) 3(~ 5~1 0)1 111~ 1(3051510( 5~11~1110~
~113(3~1~(1511~5 300 1111151 0~ 5311511~0 011(10~ 111(0-00 300 111(0-011. ~(01~~1100 ~1(-
~11115 31.~ 00(111311)1 (~~111(~0 10 ~~~~
ee
111~ 0~~(3110~ 0,1/0,( 300
0,1)/0,( ~111110 111~ 3110~-
0,1)/0,( ~(0-
301~ 1/111115 01111~ 1(3051510(. ~ 1)1~1~311(3051510( 5~11~11 ~1111 0,1/0,( 300
gin
1~~1100515 5110~010 ~1~. 13-363, ~1111111~ 0~~(3110~ ~3~~10(111510 ~1~. 13-360. 111~
~~ 0~1~0(~ 3~(055 111~ 1(3051510( 15 ~00~0 35 111~ 511/100~,. (1,.(/11( 0( 511/100~,. 300
‫ﺔ‬
1/111115111~0,1)/0,(. 111~ 10011~10( 1..., ~111~11 1/111115111~ 0,1/0,(, 15 50111~11111~5~311~0 3
5~,.1~5 511/100~,..
En
1.,~1 115 35511111~11131 1100~( 51~30)1-5131~ ~000111005 111~ 1030 ~11((~01 /1. 15 1(~~-
~11~~110~ 111(011~11 0100~ 1),,., ~111~111135 0~~11~101~ (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()111111~. ~11~0
1(3051510( (21 15 111(0~0 00, 111~ ~011~~10( ~11((~01 (15~5 300 ~11((~01 010100~ 1),,. 13115.
sy
111~ ~~111~31~01 ~1(~1111011(10~ 111(0-00 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-373 300 111(0-00 0,1/0,( 15
0,1 ~. (13-55)
Ea
0,( = 1...
~~113110~ ~~. (13-53) 10 ~~. (13-55) ~1~~5 111~ ~3111~ 011...,

w.
~.(~
1.. = (13-56)
· 11.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~_1~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~--~~
~5
~,, ~,, .-
~1-. _ ~~5
~. ~1~~.
0 0
(8) ,.,.,006 1 (~) ,.,.,006 2 (~) ,.,.,006 3
58~. 13-6 459

011(10~ 111(0-0((, 10~ ~3~3~110( ~5 ~111 ~03(~~ 0,)7 10~ 1030 ~11((~01 300 10~ ~()111..,31~01
~1(~1111 18 800~0 10 ~1~. 13-370. 10~ ~3~3~110( ..,0113~~ ~111 3~~~3( 3~(088 10~
1(3081810( 300 10~ 0,1)/0,( 18
0,1)
11-
0,( = (13-57)
~5
~()113110~ ~(). (13-54) 10 ~(). (13-57) ~1..,~8 10~ (~()111(~0 ..,3111~ 0( ~3~(1~11(10~~,
‫ﻣ‬
(13-58)
et
00~~ 10~ ~(1~(1~110( 18 ~0(1(~~0 10 ~5, 10~ ((~~~0~~110~ 0100~ ~111111(0 00. 011~ 10
10~ ~0~(~,)7 810(~0 10 1.,5, 10~(~ ~111 0~ 3 0(101~~0 (~800(101 ~1(~1111(18 800~0 10 ~1~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
13-37~. 10~ 1((1081~01 (10(11)18180( ~1.,~ ~1(~111118 018~1188~0 10 5~~1100 15-4. 10~
~1.,~ ~1(~1111 18 00(01(111,)7 01(10~ ~(111~(111)10(101~~0 10 (1..,010 08~111(111008. ~0( 11011)1
~(111~(110(101~10~, ~ = 1, 300 ~(). (15-11) ,)71~108
rin
/1.,5
~5 = 2 (13-59)
ee 1./ ~5
10~ ~(1~(1~110( ~5 0(18 10 018~0(1(~~ 10(011~010~ 1((1081810( (100 1018 10~(~(18~8 10~ ~~(1~
~11((~01 ((1110~ 0( 10~ 1((1081810(. 10~ 018~0(1(~~ 10(011~010~ 1((1081810( ~(10 0~ (1..,010~0
0,)7 ~1(1~10~ (~81810( ~5 (1~(088 ~5 1081~(10 0( ~1(1~10~ ~5 (1~(088 1)5.
gin
10~ 018~0(1(~~ ~11((~01 18 800~0 10 ~1~. 13-38. 10 ~000810~ 10~ ..,(1111~0( ~5,
‫ﺔ‬
10~ 018~0(1(~~
101(0
1101~, ~5~5
10~ 8~11~010~
sy
En
~~(100,
= ,.58001110 (1180 0~ ~00810~(~0.
15, 18 11811(111)1(10~()11(11~.
1
,5
~ 018~0(1(~~ 1101~ 0( 00~-
Ea
(13-60)
,~. ..
w.
~~-
~1
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
0
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~/. ~)~0..~
. = 1/1. . 511000~~
13-38 1)15~/11111~~ ~0~~~111 01
~111111~110~.
~~3111()1~ 13-9
~ 01~01(11 11(111818101 18 0~~1(11~0 (18 (1 ~110~~~1 8~11~11 (11 (1 11~()11~11~~ 01/$ = 10 /(1-12.
111~ ~11~1111(111(111~~111~11118 8110~11 111~1~. 13-36(1. 111~ 0~ ,,,011(1~~ 01111~ ~110~~~1 18
~$ = 220 ~ (1110 111~ 10(10 ~1111~111 18 11- = 100~. ~ ~10(03()
= 0 ~. 111~ 8~11~11111~
11111~8(11~ (,) = 0, (, = 3,..,, (1110 (/ = 1.2 ,..,8. 0~1~1111111~ 111~ ,,,(1111~801 ((1) 1-,~ (0) ~$~
(~) ~$ 101 ~1111~(111~0(1111~~0 ~0110111011~ (0) ~$, 11111~ 018~11(11~~ 11111~18 1111111~010 011~-
111110 01 8~11~11111~ ~~1100~ (~) ~$, 11111~ ~~(1/( 018~11(11~~ ~1111~111 18 1111111~010 10% 01
460

1030 ~11~~~111~3110 (1) ~0~~~ 1055 011~ 10 ~~ 5111100~~, )1., 11~~1~~1111~111~~11~~101111011~10~
1.. 011 111~ ~0113~~ 01 5111100~~ ~3~3~110~, ~..
80111~)00 1~ = 100 1-..,~. = 220~, 1. = 10/(1-12, 1, = 3 /1-,31101/ = 1.2 /1-5.

)( 3/100 = 6.6 /1-1-1.
(3) ~~0~ ~~. (13-56), 1.. = 220
)( 1.2/220 = 0.55 /1-~.
(0) ~~0~ ~~. (13-58), ~. = 100
(~) ~~0~ ~~. (13-59), ~. = 2~(6.6/0.55) = 6.930.
)(
(0) ~~0~ ~~. (13-60), ~. = 103/(3 )( 10 0.55) = 60.60.
)( )(
100 0~~. = 220.
(~) ~/~. = 0.1 1~ 0~ 220/~. = 0.1
(1) 111~ 5111100~~ 1055, ~111~1111~~1~~~5 111~ 1055 1110100~ /)., 15
‫ﻣ‬
)1. = 0.5~. ~~1. (13-61)
)( 0.55 )( 10-6 )( 2202 )( 10 )( 103
= 0.5 = 133.1 ~
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
0( 038~
ng
~0~ 011~~3110/5 110~~~ 1(3081810(5 38 8~1~~11~5, 30 31111(011(131~ /531~ ~0113/5~
~1.1((~01 (111.181 0~ 3111111~0 10 0(1~~ 111~ 1(3081810(8 1010 111~ 8311.1(31100 (1100~ 0( 10~
00-8131~ ~0113/5~. 111~ ~001(01 ~0113/5~ 81101.110 0~ 3111111~0 0~1~~~0 111~ /531~ 300
801.1(~~ 1~((1110318
/5~0~(311~
~1/51.1(~ 13-393
0( 0~1~~~0
5110~5
111~ 038~
(~~1.11(~ (111.1111111~1(3081810(8
3 510/51~-111135~
300
300
0(10/5~
eri
~(11111~( 1~((1110318.
~3~111(3051810(
10~~(1~(.
111~ 110~~( ~00~~(1~(8
(111.1810~ /531~01001~101.1311~.
111~ (11310 0~ ~0113/5~ 15 ~5
ine
~1111 /5(01.100 1~((111031 (1.
111~ 10/51~ ~1(~1.11110 ~1/5. 13-390 /5~0~(31~5 101.1( 111.115~5. 111~5~ 111.115~8 35 5110~0
10 ~1/5. 13-39~ 3(~ 511111~0 10 11(11~ 10 11~(10((11 111~ (~~1.11(~0 10/51~ 5~~1.1~0~~ 10( 110~~(
‫ﺔ‬ ~~+
0
~8~
sy
E ng
8~
8,
--+-
82
--+-
83
91
92
93
(..09,~
96.,6~810~
~...,. 84 94
--+-
Ea
w.
8
(0) (..09~~ 96.,6~810~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
...,8 - - - - -
0
(~) 8816 ~~~565
111~11..~ 13-39 51(1~1~-~11~5~ 0~10~~-1(1~~~1~~ ~(10 ~~11(1~ 51~(1~15.
461
58~. 13-7

~0 ,~
~
/ 1 ~00
~85 8
~0 = ~~
(3 ..)~0..~ 13-40 03(~ ~01(3~~ 0~(~~~0
~3(~ 300 ~(01100.
‫ﻣ‬
~011~~(81011 ~(0(11 0~ 10 (1~. 1-10~~~~(, (1110~ ~01.1( 10~1~ ~1.118~811(1~~ (1 ~0(11(110111~((11111(11
~. 111~ ~0(11(11011 0~ 111~ 10~1~ ~1(~1.111 (11(1~ 0~ ~01111~~1~0 10 111~ ~(01.1110 1~((11111(11 0
0~ 111~ (11(11110~ 81.111111~(18 8110~11 0~ 0(1811~0 1111~8.
et
111~ 1~((11111(1181, ~111~1111(18 (1 ~011(1~~ 0~ ~81 ~1111 (~811~~1101~((11111(11 ~, ~(1111101
0~ ~01111~~1~0 01(~~11~ 10 ~(11~ 1~((11111(11 01. 111~ 81~11(11 ~81 81101.110 0~ (1111111~0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0~1~~~11 111~ ~(11~ 1~((11111(11 01 (1110 801.1(~~ 1~((11111(11 .51 0~ 1((11181810( (21. 111~(~ 18 (1
11~~0 ~0( 1801(111011 (1110 1111~(~(1~111~ ~1(~1.1118 0~1~~~11 111~ 10~1~ ~1(~1.111 (1110 110~~(
1((11181810(8. 1-10~~~~(, 1((11181810(8 (22 (1110 (24 ~(1110~ ~(11~0 01(~~11~ ~111101.111801(111011
rin
0( 1111~(~(1~111~ ~1(~1.1118 1~ 111~ 10~1~ 81~11(118 (1(~ ~0(1111(11101~ ~1111 111~ ~(11~ 0(1~~ (~-
().1.11(~(11~1118 0~ 111~ 1((11181810(8.
111~ 1(11110(1(111~~ 0~ ~(11111~ (1 1((11181810( 0~1~~~11
ee 118 ~(11~ (1110 801.1(~~ ((1111~( 111(111
(111111~111~~(11111~ ~011(1~~ 0~1~~~11 111~ ~(11~ (1110 ~0(11(11011 ~(01.1110 ~(111 0~ 0~(1101181((11~0
~1111 ~1~. 13-40, ~11~(~ 111~ 10(10 (~5151(111~~ 15 ~01111~~1~0 0~1~~~11 111~ 801.1(~~ (1110
~(01.1110. 111~ ~~~~~11~~ ~(11~-801.1(~~ ~011(1~~ 18
gin
~ = ~0
‫ﺔ‬
~11~(~
81810(
111~ 10(10 0(
11)(~ 05) ~(1(1~8 ~1111 ~ 05.
En
05
11.1(118 011 (1110 ~ 05 (~(1~11~8 (1 81~(10~-51(11~

0((1111 ~1.1((~111.
-
111~ ~~~~~11~~
~~11)(~ 05)
~(111.1~ 0~ ~ 05 0~~(~(18~8
111~ ~~~~~11~~ ~(111.1~ 0~ ~ 05 18 1.11111(~01~1(101~ (1110 81.1~11

(111(1(((111~~(11~11118 1101 81.111(101~. 111~(~ (1(~ 0(181~(111~ 1~0 ~(1~8 0~ ~0(11111~ 0( 1801(11111~
sy
(18 111~ 1((111-

~(111.1~, ~111~1118 (~().1.11(~0 10 0(11(111~~
111~ ~0111(01 0( ~(11~ 81~11(11 ~1111 (~811~~110 ~(01.1110.
1. ~1.118~ 1((1118~0((11~(8
Ea
2. 01110~01.1111~(8
w.
~1.118~ 1((1118~0((11~(8 11(1~~ 011~ 11(1(11(1(~ ~1110111~ (1110 ~(111 11(1~~ 011~ 0( (110(~ 5~~0110(1(~
‫ُﺭ‬
~1110111~8. ~1.1111111~ 8~~0110(1(~ ~1110111~8 (1110~ 81(111.111(111~01.18~(11111~ 81~11(118 10 5~(1~8-
ww
(1110 11(1((111~1-~01111~~1~0 1((11181810(8. ~1~1.1(~ 13-41 8110~8 (1 1((1118~0((11~(-1801(11~0 ~(11~

‫ﺷﺩ‬
0(1~~ (1(((111~~(11~111. 111~ 1((1118~0((11~( 81101.110 11(1~~ (1 ~~(~ 8(11(1111~(1/((1~~ 11101.1~1(111~~

(1110 111~ (18~ 11(11~ 0~ 111~ 01.11111.11111.118~81101.110 ~~(~ 8(11(111. ~1 (1 (~1(111~~1~ 1011~ 111.118~
(1110 10~ 8~11~11111~ ~(~().1.1~11~~, 111~ 1((1118~0((11~( ~01.110 8(111.1((11~ (1110 115 01.11111.11~01.110
0~ 01510(1~0.
01110~01.1111~(5 ~0(110111~ (111 111~((1(~0 11~111-~(11111111~ 0100~ (11-~0) (1110 (1 8111~011 11110-
101((11181810(. 111~ 111111.1181~11(1118 (1111111~0 10 111~ 11-~0 (1110 111~ 01.11111.11181(1/(~11 ~(0(11
462

(..09~~ +
0~~,,,€
~~~~~~( ~1~11..~ 13-41 1(1111510(01~(-150111(~0 ~11(~
0(1~~.
111~ ~110101(3051510(. 111~ (15~ 300 1311 11(0~5 01 ~110101(3051510(5 3(~ ~~()1 5(0311,
~11111)1~1~31 ~311.1~5 0111.1(0-00 11(0~, (00 = 2 - 5 /1-5, 300 11.1(0-01111(0~, (011 = 300
‫ﻣ‬
03005~~0005. 111~5~ 11.1(0-00 300 11.1(0-011 11(0~5 11(011 111~ 111~11 1(~~1.1~0~)1 3~~11-
~311005. /1-..~31~ 150131100 ~1(~1.1111.1510~ ~110101(3051510( 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 13-42. 111~
~110101(3051510( ~01.110 0~ 3 03(110~100 ~31(. 111~ ~110101(3051510(5 (~~1.11(~ 5~~3(31~
e t
~0~~( 51.1~~1)1 300 300 10 111~ ~0(0~1~)(11)1 300 ~051 300 ~~1~111 01111~ 0(1~~ ~1(~1.1115.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0~(0~0~~(€~
+-,,~~
~----
0
8
~0
+ (
82
rin
~83
0 +
( 0 -,,00
-,,91 ( ee
( 88
~8
( 80
gin
~(3
-=
‫ﺔ‬ En
asy
~0~~( 1(3051510(5 3(~ ~~0~(311)1 01111(~~ 1)1~~5~ 13115, ~05~~15, 300 ~051015.
13115 3(~ ~1.1((~01-~001(011~0 0~~1~~5 300 111~1( ~3(3(0~1~(5 3(~ 5~05111~~ 10 )1.10~1100
1~(0~~(311.1(~. 13115 51.111~( 1(0(0 5~~0110 0(~3~00~0 300 (~~1.11(~ (~~~(5~ 035~ ~1.1((~01
.E
0( 5311.1(31100
01.1(10~ 11.1(0-01110 (~01.1~~ 111~ 510(3~~ 11(0~. 131.11111~)1113~~ 10~ 00-5131~
~0113~~.
w
~05~~15 3(~ ~0113~~-~001(011~0 0~~1~~5 300 (~~1.11(~ ~~()110~ ~3110~ ~0~~(

‫ُﺭ‬
300 111~1( ~3(3(0~1~(5 3(~ 1~55 5~05111~~ 10 )1.10~1100 1~(0~~(311.1(~. 111~(~ 15 00 5~~000
ww
0(~3~00~0 ~(001~(0 300 00 0~~0 10( 0~~311~~ ~31~ ~0113~~ 01.1(10~ 11.1(0-011. ~0-
‫ﺷﺩ‬
51015, ~111~11 ~0(0010~0 111~ 30~3013~~5 0113115 300 ~05~~15, 3(~ ~0113~~-~00-
1(011~0 0~~1~~5 300 113~~ 10~ 00-5131~ ~0113~~ 51(0113( 10 13115. ~051015 113~~ 00
5~~000 0(~3~00~0 ~11~00(0~03.
1(3051510(5 ~30 0~ ~000~~1~0 10 5~(1~5 0( ~3(311~1. ~3(311~1 0~~(31100 1.151.1(11)1
(~~1.11(~5 ~1.1((~01-5113(10~ ~1~(0~015. 5~(1~5 0~~(31100 (~~1.11(~5 (031~1110~ 01 ~3(3(0-
~1~(5, ~5~~~1(11)1 01.1(10~ 11.1(0-00 300 11.1(0-011. 10 (03101310 111~ ~0113~~ 300 ~1.1((~01
(~1311005111~ 011(3051510(5 01.1(10~ 11.1(0-00 300 11.1(0-011, 1115 ~~0~(311)1 0~~~553()110
(1)/0(.
1.15~ 501.100~( ~1(~1.1115 10 11(011111~ 01./0( 300
463

111~ ~(11~ 51~0(115 ~(10 0~ 1501(11~0 1(0111 111~ 1=10~~( ~1(~1.111 0)11=11.115~ 1((10510(111~(5
0( 01=110~01.11=11~(5. 111~ 1=11.151~1((10510(111~(5 (1(~ 511111=11~,01.11 111~ 1~(1).((1~~ 1001.1~1(10~~
51101.110 0~ ~~()1 5111(111. 111~ 1((10510(111~(5 111(1)10~ 5(111.1((11~0 (11 (1 10~ 1(~()1.1~0~)1 (100
100~ 1=11.115~. 01=110~01.11=11~(5 (~()1.11(~ 5~1=1(1((11~ 1=10~~( 51.11=11=11)1.
‫ﻣ‬
1. .5. 5. 0)(11~(, 110~0. ~~75 (1/10 711€17 .4/1/1/1~(1(10/15. .511~1~~000 01115, ~. 1. ~ ~.~1111~~-
1-1311, 111~., 1982.
et
2. 8. 1. 8311~3 3110 0. ~. ~0~11, 110~€7 77(1/1515(075.. 0€1)1~€ 0€518/1 (1/10 .4/1/1/1~(1(10/15. ~~~
~ 0./(~ 1.5.5.5 ~.~55, 1984.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
3. ~~5611~001.15~ .51~~1.1~, 51/1~0/1 110~€7 77(1/1515(07 1/(1/10/)00/(. ~111501.1.~0, ~3. ~ ~~51-
111~001.15~ .51~~1(1~ ~0.~0.36011, 1967.
4. 8. ~. ~~11~, ..~0~~. ~05~.515-3 51311.15 .~.,,1~~.,, //1(€7/1(1(10/1(1/ 110~€7 ~/€~(70/11~5
rin
~0/1/€7€/1~€, 1983, ~~. 10-32.
5. ~. ~~..3.0, ..~11 0.,,~..,,1~~ 0110~ ~051 5111.100~. 1~~011010~~ 10. 1.31151510. ~011.,,~.1~.5.,,
/~~~ 110~€7 ~/€~(70/11~5 5/1€~1(1/15( ~0/1/€7€/1~€,
ee 1982, ~~. 466-477.
6. ~. 5. 5~0.3 3110 1(. ~. 5111110, 1.11~70€/€~(70/11~5. ~~~ ~0./(~ ~85 ~011~~~ ~1.101150111~,
1986.
7. ~. 5~.,,~.115 31101. ~.1111)05, 1.105110~~~ .4/1/1/1~(1(10/11/(1/10/)00/(. 5313 03.3, ~3111. ~
gin
5111~0111)( ~0.~0.36011, 1984.
‫ﺔ‬
8. 8.
1985.
~.
1.105~~75,
~~11~ 3110 5. ~.
~~~11~36011
En
0~111~111~,
~01~ ~0.
.4/1/1/)/1/18
930~,
//1(€7/1(1(10/1(1/ ~€~(1/1€7,5 1/~)(~~7
.51 5~~1.11100, ~3111.= 1111~.1131101131 ~~~611~.,
9. 1. ~. ~3001115/(1, ..~.01~~6011 01 ~0~~. 1(31151510.5 111~1~~1.1~ .,,~01~1~ 0.1.,,~5.,,

110~€7 ~/€~(70/11~5 5/1€~1(1/15(~0/1/€7€/1~€, 1982, ~~. 455-465.
sy
110~€7
/~~
10. 8. 1. 8311~3, ~. ~0~11~, ~. 5031~., 3110 ~. ~. 5111/10, ..10~ 11151.1131~0

~31~ 1.31151510.
(101)-3 11~~ ~0~~. 5~11~0111~0~.,,1~~.,, /~~~ //10/,/$(7)/ .4/1/1/1~(1(10/1550~1€()/ ~0/1/€7-
€/1~€ ~€~070, 1983, ~~. 354-363.
Ea
11. 5. 0~111~111~, 3110 8. ~. ~~11~, ..0110~.513110111~ ~0~~. ~05~.51 5~11~0111~ ~~.10.111-

311~~.,, 50/10-5((1(€ ~/€~(70/11~5, ~01. 12, ~0. 12, 1982, ~~. 1133-1141.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
13-1. ~031 15 3 01~013. 1(31151510. (811)7

13-2. ~031 3.~ 10~ 1~~~5 0181157
13-3. ~031 3.~ 10~ 0111~.~11~~5 0~1~~~11 /1/1/1-1.31151510. 3110/1/1/1-1.31151510.57
13-4. ~031 3(~ 10~ 111~1.11~03.3~1~.156~5 01 /1/1/1-1.31151510.57
13-5. ~031 3.~ 10~ 01.11~1.11~03.3~1~.156~ 01/1/1/1-1.31151510.57
13-6. ~031 3.~ 10~ 10.~~ .~~10115 01 0~~.36011 10. 81157
13-7. ~03115 3 0~13 (~) 0181157
13-8. ~03115 10~ 0111~.~11~~ 0~1~~~11 0~13, ~, 3110 10.~~0 0~13, ~10 01 81157
464

13-9. ~1131 15 3 1(3115011~1311~~ 01 81157
13-10. ~113115 311 0~~(0(1~~ 13~10( 01 81157
13-11. ~113115 111~ 5~11~11111~ 11100~1 01 81157
13-12. ~113115 111~ ~3115~ 01 0~13)1 6111~ 11181157
13-13. ~1131 15 111~ ~3115~ 01 510(3~~ 11111~11181157
13-14. ~1131 15 111~ ~3115~ 01 (15~ 11111~11181157
13-15. ~1131 15 111~ ~3115~ 011311 6111~ 11181157
13-16. ~113115 3 53111(311011 11100~ 0181157
‫ﻣ‬
13-17. ~113115 3 111(11-011 6111~ 01 81157
13-18. ~1131 15 3 111(11-011 6111~ 01 81157
13-19. ~113115 3 ~850~ 0181157
t
13-20. ~113115 3 ~850~ 0181157
e
13-21. ~11)115 11 11~~~553()110 (~~~(5~ 0135 8115 011(111~ 111(11-0117
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
13-22. ~113115 3 5~~0110 0(~3)(00~11 01 81157
13-23. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 035~ 0(1~~ 1~~11111().11~510( 111~(~35111~ 5~11~11111~ 5~~~05 01 81157
13-24. ~1131 15 311 311653111(36011 ~0111(01 01 81157
rin
13-25. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 01 81157
13-26. ~113115 3 ~05~617
13-27. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 1)1~~5 01 ~05~6157
ee
13-28. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 0111~(~11~~5 0~1~~~11 ~1111311~~111~111-1)1~~~05~615 3110 0~~1~6011-1)1~~
~05~6157
gin
13-29. ~1131 15 3 ~111~11-011 ~0113~~ 01 ~05~6157
13-30. ~1131 15 3 111(~511010 ~0113~~ 01 ~05~6157
‫ﺔ‬
13-31. ~113115 3 1(3115~011011~1311~~ 01 ~05~6157
En
13-32. ~113115 111~ 5~11~11111~ 11100~1 0111-~1131111~1 ~05~6157

13-33. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 1(31151~( ~113(3~1~(156~5 01 ~05~6157
13-34. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 0111~111 ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01 ~05~6157
asy
13-35. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 01 ~05~6157

13-36. ~11)1 00 111~ ~05~615 1101 (~().111(~ 11~~311~~ ~31~ ~0113~~ 011(111~ 111(11-0117
13-37. ~11)1 00~5 111~ ~011~~~1 01 53111(36011 0111~( 1118115 3110 ~05~6157
13-38. ~113115 3 111(11-011 6111~ 01 ~05~6157
.E
13-39. ~113115 3 111(11-011 6111~ 01 ~05~6157

13-40. ~113115 3 ~051017
w
13-41. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 1(31151~( ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01 ~0510157

‫ُﺭ‬
13-42. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 0111~111 ~113(3~1~(156~5 01 ~0510157
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
13-43. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~31113~~5 3110 01530~31113~~5 01 ~0510157

13-44. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 11131110111~(~11~~5 0~1~~~11 ~05~615 3110 81157
13-45. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 ~3(311~1 0~~(36011 01 81157
13-46. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 ~3(311~1 0~~(36011 01 ~05~6157
13-47. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 ~3(311~1 0~~(311011 01 ~0510157
13-48. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 5~(1~5 0~~(36011 01 81157
13-49. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 5~(1~5 0~~(360115 01 ~05~6157
13-50. ~1131 3(~ 111~ ~(001~1115 01 5~(1~5 0~~(3110115 01 ~0510157
465

13-51. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ ~11~~05~5 01 5/1111115111100~~ 1111~31151510~57

13-52. ~/131 18 1/1~ ~11~~05~ 01 8~~1~5 5111100~~ 1111~31151510~57
13-53. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01530,,,31113~~5 011~311510~111~~ ~31~ 15013110117
13-54. ~/131 3~~ 1/1~ 30,,,31113~~5 3110 01830,,,31113~~5 01 0~10~011~1~0 ~31~ 18013110117
‫ﻣ‬
13-1. 1/1~ 0~13 ((3) 0101~013~ 1~31151810~ 111~1~. 13-6 ,,,3~1~51~01111010 60. 1/1~ 1030 ~~5151311~~
et
18 8.~ = 5 0.
1/1~ 0~ 811~~1~,,,0113~~ 15 ~ ~~ = 100 ~ 3110 1/1~ 111~111,,,0113~~ 10 1/1~
035~ ~1~~111115 ~8 = 8~. 11 ~00(,3,)
= 2.5 ~ 3110 ~8~(,3,) = 1.75 ~, 111101/1~ (3)
,,,3111~ 01 8.8 1/131 ~111 ~~51111 111 53111~311011 ~11/1 311 0,,,~~0~1,,,~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
13~10~ 01 20~ (.,) 10~~~0
(3~ 3110 (~) ~0~~~ 1055 1111/1~ 1~31151510~, ~7.
13-2. 1/1~ 0~13 ((3) 0101~013~ 1~31151510~ 111~1~. 13-6 ,,,3~1~51~01111210 75. 1/1~ 1030 ~~8151311~~
15 8.~ = 1.5 0. 1/1~ 0~ 511~~1~,,,0113~~ 15 ~ ~~. = 40 ~ 3110 1/1~ 111~111,,,0113~~ 10 1/1~
rin
035~ ~1~~111115 ~8 = 6~. 11 ~~~(,3,) = 1.2 ~, ~8~(,3,) = 1.6~, 31108.,, = 0.70,
0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ (3) 0,,,~~0~1,,,~ 13~10~, 00~~ (.,) 10~~~0 (3~ 3110 (~) ~0~~~ 1085 111 1/1~
1~31151510~, ~ 7. ee
13-3. ~ 0~ 1~31151510~, 1~~~ 0670~ ~11/10313 5/1~~1111 ~1~. 13-12, 15 115~0 35 3 5~11~/1 3110
1/1~ ~3,,,~10~1115 3~~ 5/10~11 111 ~1~. 13-9. 1/1~ ~3~3111~1~~5 3~~ ~
~~ = 200 ~, ~ ,,~(,3,)
= 3 ~, /8 = 8 ~, ~~~(,3,) = 2 ~, /~5 = 100~, (,/ = 0.5, 5, (_ = 1 , 5, (5 = 5 , 5,
gin
(, = 3 , 5, 3110~ = 10 /(1-12. 1/1~ 0111~~~~1~15/(
= 50%. 1/1~ ~011~~10~-~111111~~
= 3
‫ﺔ‬
13-4.
1~3/(3~~ ~11~~~11115 /~~0
~11~~~111(3) 011~111~111~11-011, (00
111~. 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ ~0~~~
= (,/ + (_~ (.,) 011~111~~011011~11011 ~~~100, (~~ (~) 011~111~

111~11-011(0.. = (5 + (,~ (()) 011~111~ 011-11111~, (0~ 3110 (~) 10131 3,,,~~3~~ ~0~~~ 1055~5, ~.,..
1/1~ (113)(111111111
En
(1) ~1011/1~ 111513111311~0115~0~~~ 011~ 10 1/1~ ~011~~10~ ~11~~~111, ~0(/).
11111~110111~111~~~3111~~ 011/1~ 01~013~ 1~31181510~ 111~~00. 13-3 15 1~ =

1500~ 3110 1/1~ 311101~111 1~111~~~3111~~ 15 1~ = 250~.
sy
111/1~ 1/1~~11131 ~~5151311~~5 3~~

1055 011~ 10 1/1~ ~011~~10~
8.~~ = 0.40~~ 3110 8.~5 = 0.0500~, ~31~11131~1/1~ (3) 1/1~~11131~~5151311~~01 /1~31

5111/(, 8.5~~ 3110 (.,) 5~~0110 0~~3/(00~11 0~~31111~ 13~10~. (1//1/(.. ~~~1~~11/1~ ~0~~~ 1058
a
011~ 10 035~ 0~1,,,~.)

13-5. ~0~ 1/1~ ~3~3111~1~~5111 ~~001~11113-3, ~31~11131~ 1/1~ 3,,,~~3~~ ~0~~~ 1055 011~ 10 1/1~ 035~
.E
~11~~~111, ~ 8.
13-6. ~~~~31 ~~00. 13-311 ~8~(,3,) = 2.3~, /8 = 8~, ~~~(,3,) = 1.4 ~, (,/
, , = 0.1 5, =
(_
,
w
0.45 5, (5 = 3.2 5, 3110 (, = 1.1 5. ,

‫ُﺭ‬
13-7. ~111~-~05~~11~~~ 1~~240 ~11/10313 5/1~~1111~1~. 13-2915 115~0 35 3 5~11~/1. 1/1~
ww
3~~ ~1)1) = 40 ~, /1)

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~3~3111~1~~5
= 35 ~, 8.1)5 = 28 1110, ~05 = 10~, (,/(00) = 25
(_
115, 60 115, (,/(0..) = 70 118, (, = 25 115, /5 = 20 /(1-12. 1/1~ 0~3111-5011~~~ 1~3/(3~~
~11~~~11115
=
/1)55 = 250 ~. ,
1/1~ 0111~ ~~~1~ 15 /(
= 60%. 0~1~~111111~ 1/1~ ~0~~~ 1055
011~ 10 1/1~ 0~3111 ~11~~~111 (3) 011~111~ 111~11-011(00
= (,/(0) + (_~ (.,) 011~111~ ~011011~11011
~~~100, (~~ (~) 011~111~ 111~11-011, (0.. = (,/(0..) + (/~ (()) 011~111~ 011-11111~, (0~ 3110 (~) 10131
3,,,~~3~~ ~0~~~ 1055~5, ~7.
13-8. 1/1~ (113)(111111111 11111~11011 1~111~~~3111~~ 011/1~ ~05~~1111 ~~00. 13-7 15 1~ = 1500~
3110 1/1~ 311101~111 1~111~~~3111~~ 18 1~ = 300~. 111/1~ 1/1.~~11131 ~~5151311~~5 3~~ 8.~~ =
101(/~, 3110 8.~5 = 10~, ~31~11131~ 1/1~ 1/1~~11131~~5151311~~ 01/1~315111/(, 8.5~. (~01~~
01( 0~ + 273).
=
466

13-9. ~ 01()01~111~11515101 010~ 1~()~ 1)671)~ 15 115~0 ~ ~110()()~1 5~11~11101 ~ 1~51511.,,~ 10~0.
111~ ~011~~101 ~1111~111 15 /~ = 80 ~ ~1 ~ 101~~0 ~
01 ~/ = 50. 11 111~ )1111~11011
(()) ~ 8.0(5.1)~ (~) 111111-011 11111~,
1~111()~1~1111~ 15 1) = 1500~, ~~1~111~1~ 111~ (3) ~ ~.0(5.1)~
011.,,~ 111~ 11~1151510111110 5~1111~11011, /8~
(00~ (/1) 111111-01111111~, (0((~ (~) 0~5~ ~1111~11110
~110 (1) 0.,,~1011.,,~ 1~~101, 01)~.
13-10. 111~ 0~5~ 011.,,~ ~11~1111111 ~~~ = 4 0, ~,/1 = 3.6~, ~,/2
~1~. 13-1911~5 ~~~ = 400~,
= 0.9 ~, ~8.0(5.1)= 0.7 ~, ~8 = 15 ~, ~8 = 1.1 0, ~110~ = 12. ~~1~111~1~111~
(())
(3) ~011~~101 ~1111~111 ~11110111 ~1~111()111~~ ~011~~101 ~1~111()111~.,,011~~~, ~ ~6 ~110 (~)
~011~~101 ~1111~111 ~1111 ~1~111()111~.
‫ﻣ‬
13-11. ~11 1~-~05~~11~()~ 1~~2,40 15 0()~1~1~0 ~5 ~ 5~11~11. 111~ )1111~110111~111()~1~1111~
15 1) = 1500~ ~1 ~ ~~5~ 1~111()~1~1111~ 01 1 ~ = 950~. 111~ ~~1~-10-50111~~ .,,011~~~ 15
~ 0$ = 10 ~. 111~ 0~ 511()()1~.,,011~~~ 15 ~ 1)1) = 40 ~. 1)~1~1111111~ 111~ (3) 111~)(111111111
t
(()) 111~)(111111111()0~~1 01551()~11011, 111) ~ (~) 011-51~1~ 1~5151-
~0111111110115 01~111 ~1111~111, / 1)
~
e
~11~~, ~1)$~ (/1) ~~1~ .,,011~~~ 0.,,~1011.,,~ 1~~101, 01)~~ (~) 011-51~1~ 01 5~1111~11011 .,,011~~~,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~ 1)$~ ~110 (1) ~~1~ ()0~~11055~5 11111~ ~05~~115 0()~1~1~0 ~1 ~ 11~().11~11~~ 0120 /(1-12.
13-12. 1~0 8115 ~1~ ~01111~~1~0 111()~1~11~1 5111111~110 ~1~. 13-33. 111~ 101~110~0 ~1111~111 01
/, = 200~. 111~ ~011~~101-~111111~1 .,,011~~~ 0111~11515101 (2. 15 ~~.01 = 1.5 ~ ~110
111~1 0111~11515101 (22 15 ~~.02 = 1.1~. 1)~1~1111111~ 111~ ~011~~101 ~1111~111 01 ~~~11
rin
11~11515101 ~110 0111~1~11~~ 111 ~1111~111 511~1111~ 11111~ ~1111~111 511~1111~ 5~11~5 1~5151~11~~5
(()) ~_1
~1~ (3) ~_1 = 10 1110 ~110 ~_2 = 20 1110, ~110 = ~_2 = 20 1110.
13-13. ~ 01()01~1 11~11515101 15 0()~1~1~0 ~5 ~110()()~1 5~11~11 ~1 ~ 11~().11~11~~ 01/,
ee = 20 /(1-12.
111~ ~11~1111~11~11~~111~11115 5110~11111 ~1~. 13-36~. 111~ 0~ 111()111.,,011~~~ 01111~ ~110()()~1
15 ~, = 400 ~ ~110 111~ 10~0 ~111~11115 /1.. = 100~. 111~ 5~11~11111~ 11111~5~1~ (, = 1
(()) ~,~ (~) ~, 101 ~1111~~11~ 0~111()~0
, ,5 ~110 (/ = 3 , ,5. 1)~1~1111111~ 111~ .,,~111~5 01 (3) 1.,,~
gin
~0110111011~ (/1) ~, 11111~ 015~11~1~~ 11111~15 1111111~010 011~-111110 015~11~11111~ ()~1100~ (~)
‫ﺔ‬
13-14.
~, 11 ()~~/( 015~11~1~~ ~1111~11115 1111111~010 5 % 0110~0 ~1111~111~ ~110 (1) ()0~~1 1055 011~
10 ~~ 5111100~1, 11__ 11~~1~~1111~ 111~ ~11~~1 01111011~101 1.,, 011 111~ .,,011~~~ 01 5111100~1
~~()~~1101,
~ ~05~~115
~,. ~5511111~ ~(~.0(5.1) = 0.
En
0()~1~1~0 ~5 ~110()()~1
~11~1111~11~11~~111~111 15 5110~11 111~1~.
15 ~5 = 30 ~ ~110 111~ 10~0 ~1111~11115 /1.. = 40~.
sy
5~11~11
13-36~.
~1 ~ 11~().11~11~~ 011, = 50 /(1-12. 111~
111~ 0~ 111()111.,,011~~~ 01111~ ~110()()~1
111~ 5~11~11111~11111~5~1~ (, = 60
(()) ~,~ (~) ~, 101 ~1111~~11~ 0~111()~0
115 ~110 (/ = 25 115. 1)~1~1111111~ 111~ .,,~111~5 01 (3) 1.,,~
~0110111011~ (/1) ~, 11111~ 015~11~1~~ 11111~15 1111111~010 011~-111110 015~11~11111~ ()~1100~ (~)
Ea
~5 11 ()~~/( 015~11~1~~ ~1111~11115 1111111~010 5 % 0110~0 ~1111~111~ ~110 (1) ()0~~1 1055 011~
10 ~~ 5111100~1, 11,, 11~~1~~1111~ 111~ ~11~~1 01111011~101 1.,, 011 111~ .,,011~~~ 01 5111100~1
~~()~~1101, ~5. ~5511111~ ~ ~.0(5.1) = 0.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
467

‫ﻣ‬
14
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
~ 111)1(1510( 15 111~ 1110511111))0(131111)1))~ 01 ))0~~( 5~1111~011011~10( 0~~1~~5. 111)1(1510(5

3(~ ~)(1~1151~~1)1 115~0 111 ))0~~( ~1~~1(0111~ ~1(~11115. 111~)1 3(~ 0))~(31~0 35 0151301~
Ea
5~11~11~5 1(0111 11011~011011~1111~ 5131~ 10 ~011011~1111~ 5131~. ~1111011~1110( 111~ 0~~~1-

0))111~111 01 ))0~~( ~011~~(51011 1~~11111~11~5 111 ~3(11~( ~113))1~(5, 111)1(1510(5 3(~ 35511111~0
35 10~31 5~11~11~5, 111~ ))(3~11~31 111)1(1510(5 ~)(111011 ~~(13111 ~113(3~1~(156~5 3110 111111-
w.
1360115.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ 111)1(1510( 15 3 1011(-13)1~( 5~1111~011011~10( 0~~1~~ 01 ~11~11-51(11~111(~ ~1111 111(~~ ~11-

)1111~110115. 11 1135 111(~~ 1~(111111315~ 31100~, ~311100~, 3110 ~31~. ~1~11(~ 14-1 5110~5
111~ 5~~1101131 ~1~~ 01111(~~ ~11-)1111~11005 3110 111~ 5)1111001 01111)1(1510(. 111)1(1510(5
3(~ 1113111113~111(~0 0)1 01111151011.
~11~11 111~ 31100~ ~0113~~ 15 ))0516~~ ~1111 (~5))~~110 111~ ~311100~, 111~ )1111~110115
11 3110 13 3(~ 10(~3(0 0135~0. 111~ )1111~11011 12 15 (~~~(5~ 0135~0, 3110 0111)1 111~
1~3/(3~~ ~11((~111110~5 1(0111 31100~ 10 ~311100~. 111~ 111)1(1510( 15 111~11 5310 10 0~ 111
111~ /0,.~(1,.0 0/0~/(/118 0( 0//-5((1(~ ~0110111011 3110 111~ 1~3/(3~~ ~11((~11115 /(110~11 35 0//-
468

,. ,.,,0~9
~.)1
~. ,,
(3
~(3 .)2
/( (3819 ~.)3
,,
..1~(1..~ 14-1 111(~~ /111-)1111((10115 8110
/( ~81~0~9 (11~(15(0( 5~(11001.
‫ﻣ‬
5((1(~ ~/./1,.~11(, 1(). 1~ 111~(11100~-10-~(111100~ ~011(1~~, ~ ,4/(, 15111~(~(15~0 10 (1511~11~1~1111~
1(1(~~ ~(1111~, 111~ (~~~(5~-01(15~0 )1111~1101112 ~111 0(~(1~. 11115 15 ~110~11 (15 (11,)(1/(111~/1.~
t
0,.~(1/(0.011/11 (1110 111~ ~0((~5~0110111~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~(111~0 /0,.11/(1,.0. 0,.~(1/(0.011/11 1,)0/((18~,
e
~ 80. 5111~~ 111~ 0111~( )1111~11011511 (111013 (1(~ (11(~(10~ ~0(~(1(0 01(15~0, 111~(~ ~111 0~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~(~~ 1110~~111~111 0~ ~(1((1~(5 (1~(055 (111 111(~~ )1111~110115, (~51111111~ 111 1(1(~~ ~0(~(1(0
(11100~ ~11((~111. 111~ 0~~1~~ ~111 111~11 0~ 111 (1 ~0110././.~(/118 5((1(~ 0( 011-5((1(~. 111~
~011(1~~ 0(0~ ~01110 0~ 011~ 10 111~ 0111111~ 0(0~ 111 111~ ~011( 1(1~~(5 (1110 11 15 5111(111,
1~~1~(111~, 1 ~. 111 111~ 011-51(11~, 111~ (11100~ ~11((~11115 1111111~0 0~ 111~ ~)(1~(11(111111~~0-
rin
(111~~ 0( (~5151(111~~, ~~, (15 5110~11111 ~1~. 14-2(1. 111~ (11100~ ~11((~1111111151 0~ 1110(~
111(111 (1 ~(1111~ ~110~11 (15 /(1(~/1./118 ~/./.,.,.~11(, 1~, 10 111(11111(1111111~ (~()111(~0 (1111011111 0~
~(1((1~(5 ~0~ (1~(055 111~ )1111~11011~ 0111~~15~, ee 111~ 0~~1~~ ~111 (~~~(110 111~ 010~~111~
~0110111011 (15 111~ (11100~-10-~(111100~ ~011(1~~ 15 (~011~~0. 111~ 7)-/ ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 0~
(1 111~(1510( 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 14-20.
gin
011~~ (1 111~(1510( ~011011~15, 11 0~11(1~~5 11~~ (1 ~011011~1111~ 0100~ (1110 111~(~ 15 110
~0111(01 0~~( 111~ 0~~1~~. 111~ 0~~1~~ ~111 ~011111111~ 10 ~011011~1 0~~(1115~ 111~(~ 15 110
‫ﺔ‬
0~~1~110111(1~~(
1~ 111~ ~0(~(1(0
11/, (1 0~~1~11011
0~ ~(1((1~(5
15 111 111~ 0(0~(
(~~1011
011111~ )1111~1101112 011~ 10 111~ ~(~~ 1110~~111~1115 0~ ~(1((1~(5.
(11100~ ~11((~11115 (~011~~0
~01110 0~~~10~
(1110 111~ 111~(1510(
0~10~
En
(1(011110
(11~~~1 ~110~11 (15 111~ /1.0/0./118 ~/./.,.,.~11(,
)1111~1101112
~01110
011~ 10 111~ (~011~~0
0~ 111 111~ 010~~111~
11111110~(
0~ 1111111(1111~~(~5 (1110 15 1~55 111(111111~ 1(11~11111~ ~11((~111,

sy
51(11~. 111~
1-10~~~~(,
11010111~ ~11((~111
1 ~.
~11~11 111~ ~(111100~ ~011(1~~ 15 ~05111~~ ~1111 (~5~~~110 111~ (11100~, 111~ )1111~11011
12 15 ~0(~(1(0 01(15~0 (1110 )1111~11011511 (111013 (1(~ (~~~(5~ 01(15~0. 11115 15 ~()111~(11~111
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
89~9~59
0~98/(~01(-/,,
~0~(899
58~. 14-2 469

10 1~0 5~(1~5-~000~~1~0 0100~5 ~1111 (~~~(5~ ~0113/5~ 3~(055 111~01. 111~ 111)1(1510(
~111 0~ 10 111~ (~~~(5~ 010~~10/5 5131~ 300 3 (~~~(5~ 1~3~3/5~ ~0((~01 /(110~11 (/5 ,~.,,~,5~
~/1,,~11(, 18., ~0010 110~ 111(00/511111~ 0~~1~~.
~111100/511 3 111)1(1510( ~30 0~ 10(0~0 00 0)1 10~(~3510/5 111~ 10(~3(0 ~0113/5~
0~)1000 ~80, 50~113 10(0-00 ~0010 0~ 0~51(0~6~~. 10 ~(3~6~~, 111~ 10(~3(0 ~0113/5~
15 013101310~0 0~10~ ~ 80 300 111~ 111)1(1510( 15 10(0~0 00 0)1 3~~1)110/5 3 ~0516~~
~0113/5~ 0~1~~~0 111~ /531~ 300 111~ ~311100~. 11115 15 5110~0 10 ~1/5. 14-20. 00~~ 3
111)1(1510( 15 100~0 00 0)1 3 /5360/5 51/5031 300 115 3000~ ~0((~01 15 /5(~31~( 11130 111~
‫ﻣ‬
1101010/5 ~0((~01, 111~ 0~~1~~ ~001100~5 10 ~0000~1 00~ 10 ~0516~~ 1~~003~~, ~~~0 11
111~ /5360/5 51/503115 (~010~~0.
et
14-3 ..,,,,,0-1~.4~5~510~ ~0()~(. 0~ 1~~~~510~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
111~ (~/5~0~(36~~ 0( 131~1110/53~1100 00~ 10 ~05111~~ 1~~003~~ ~30 0~ 0~010051(31~0
0)1 0510/5 3 1~0-1(3051510( 0100~ 0(111)1(1510(. ~ 111)1(1510( ~30 0~ ~00510~(~0 35 1~0
rin
~001~1~01~013()11(3051510(5, 00~ /111/1-1(3051510(, (21, 300 0111~( 11/111-1(3051510(, (22,
35 5110~0 10 ~1/5. 14-33.
111~ ~011~~10( ~0((~01, 1~, 01 3 111)1(1510( 15 (~131~0, 10 /5~0~(31, 10 111~ ~01111~(
ee
~0((~01, 15, 300 1~3~3/5~ ~0((~01 01111~ ~011~~10(-035~ )00~1100, 1~80, 35
1~ = 0.15 + 1~80 (14-1)

gin
300 111~ ~0111111011/)(/5~ ~/1,,~11( /5310 15 0~110~0 35 0. == 1~/15. ~0( 1(3051510( (21,
‫ﺔ‬ ~011~~10( ~0((~0115
1(001 ~~. (14-1)~
111~ 3000~ ~0((~01, 1~, 300 111~ ~011~~10( ~0((~01 ~30 0~ 10000
~11~(~ 0.1 15 111~ ~0((~01

sy
En
/5310 300 1~801 15 111~ 1~3~3/5~ ~0((~0110( (21. ~0(

(14-2)
1(3051510(
(22, 111~ ~011~~10( ~0((~01 1~2 15
(14-3)
a
w .E
~8, = ~~2
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
0,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.), 02
~~(3 .)2 .)2
~~~() ~82
.)3
01
(3) 835~~ 51~()~1()~8 (0) ~~()~~3~8~1 ~,~~()~1
...)~0..~ 14.3 1~0-1(3(151510( ((100~1 01 (0)1(1510(,
470

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
‫ﻣ‬
0.2
et
10-4
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~0~(~ ~21$10~ ~1.1((~01 ~310 3001~13021$10~ 1~3~3~~ ~1.1((~0110( (22. )3~ ~0(001010~
rin
10 300 1~2 ~1~~$
ee (14-4 )
gin
(14-5)
‫ﺔ‬ 10~ ~1.1(~01 ~310, ~1 ~3(1~$ ~110 10~ ~(0111~( ~1.1((~011-4~ 300 ~2 ~3(1~$ ~110 1/(
1$ $00~0 10 ~1~. 14-4.
10~(~3$~ ~1 300 ~2.

En
1-4 + 1(1. ~ 1~))1~31 ~3(131100 01 ~1.1((~01 ~310, ~, ~110 10~ ~(0111~( ~1.1((~01, 1/0,
1110~ ~31~ ~1.1(~01, 1(1, 1$ $1.100~01~ 10~(~3$~0, $3~ 1(0(0 0 10
1 (0~, 101$ ~01.110 1(0(0~0131~1~ 10~(~3$~ 3000~ ~1.1((~01, 1-4, ~01~0 ~01.110 11.1(10~(
~2 ~01.110 0~))~00 00 1-4 300 1(1. 10~ 10~(~3$~ 10 10~ ~311.1~$
sy
01 ~1 300 ~2 ~01.110 11.1(10~( 10~(~3$~ 1-4. 10~(~10(~, 10~(~ 1$ 3 (~~~0~(311~~ 0(

))0$111~~ 1~~003~~ ~11~~1. 11 (~1 + ~2) 1~00$ 10 0~ 1.1011~, 10~ 0~00(010310( 01 ~()..
Ea
(14-5) 3))))(03~0~$ 2~(0, (~$1.11110~ 10 3 13(~~ ~311.1~ 01 3000~ ~1.1((~01, 1-4, 300 10~
10~(1$10( ~01.110 11.1(0 00 ~110 3 $(0311 ~31~ ~1.1((~01.
000~( 1(30$1~01 ~00011100$, 10~ ~3))3~1130~~$ 0110~ 1111-)1.10~1100$, 3$ $00~0
w.
10 ~1~. 14-5, ~11110111.1~0~~10~ ~03(3~1~(1$11~$ 0110~ 10~(1$10(. 11 3 10~(1$10( 1$ 10

3 010~~10~ $131~, 3 (3))101~ (1$10~ ~0113~~ 3))))11~0 3~(0$$10~ 0~~1~~ ~01.110 ~31.1$~ 01~0
‫ُﺭ‬
~1.1((~01110~ 10(01.1~0 10~ )1.10~1100 ~3))3~110($~ 300 10~ ~1.1((~0110(01.1~0 ~3))3~110(
ww
~/2
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~30 0~ ~)())(~$$~0 3$
. _ ()(()12) _ ~()( (~/2 _ ()~/2 ()~12

(14-6)
1/2 - ()( - ~)2) - ~/2 ()( + ~/2 ()(
~0~(~ ~/2 300 ~)2 3(~ 10~ ~3))3~1130~~ 300 ~0113~~ 01 )1.10~110012, (~$))~~11~~1~. ()/2
1$ 10~ ~03(~~ 10 10~ )1.10~1100. 1110~ (31~ 01 (1$~ 01 ~0113~~, ()1)/()( 1$ 13(~~, 10~0 1/2
~01.110 0~ 13(~~ 300 101$ ~01.110 (~$1.1111010~(~3$~01~3~3~~ ~1.1((~01$, 1~1301 3001~1302.

~~~0(010~ 10 ~().. (14-5), 01~0 ~001.1~0 ~311.1~$ 011~1301 300 1~1302 (03~ ~31.1$~ (~1 +
58~. 14-3 471

‫ﻣ‬
et
..1~11..~ 14-5 1~0-1(31151510( 1(31151~111
~~
~ (1100~1 0( 10)1(1510(.
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~2) 10 1~110 10 111111~ 3110 ..~$1111$ 111 11110~$1..301~ 111..11 011 10~ 10~..1$10... 1-10~~~~..,
13..~~ ~3111~$ 0~ ~11 ~11110..011~011111~11011 ~3~3~110..$ 1113~ 31$0 031113~~ 10~ 0~~1~~.
n
~ 10~..1$10.. ~(111 0~
e
111..11~0 011 0~
eri
111~..~(1$111~ 10~ (11100~ ~11 ~111. 101$ ~(111 0~ (1~-
gin
~0111~11$0~0 111 011~ 0~ 10~ ~0110~111~ ~(1~$.
‫ﺔ‬ ,..~8
101$111~..~(1$~
(1~11011, (~1
1~~~
,,8/5.
111 10~ 11111110~.. 0~ ~1~~1..011-001~
+
111~11
~2)
En
1~ 10~ 1~111~~..(1111..~ 0~ (110~..1$10..1$01~0,
~111 ~01110
~(11..$, ~01~0 ~01110
~(111$~ ~1 (1110 ~2 10111~..~(1$~.
1113~ 1~110 10 0~ 111111~ (1110 10~ 10~..1$10..
0~ 111..11-011 111(1~ ~(111$~ 10~..111(11 ..1111(1~(1~ (1110 1$ 110..111(111~ (1~010~0.
sy
10~..~ ~111 0~ (111111~..~3$~

111~..~(1$~ 10~ 1~(1~(1~~
1)11~ 1010~ ..~~~11~..(111~~

111(1~ 0~ 111..11~0 011. 101$
~11 ~111$.
9~~. 1~ 11~011$ (1110~~0 10 $1..1~~ 10~ 11111~11011$ 0~ (1 10~..1$10.., 10~ ~1~~1..011-

001~ ~(11..$ ~111111~..~(1$~~ (1110 10~ 10~..1$10.. 1113~ 0~ 111..11~0 011. 10~ 11~01-3~11~(11~0
Ea
10~..1$10..$ (1..~ 111..11~0 011 0~ (1110~111~ 11~01 10 $1..1~~ 10~ $111~011 ~3~~...
w.
~.9~ ~0/~898. 1~ 10~ ~0..~(1..0 (11100~-10-~(11000~ ~011(1~~ 1$ ~..~(11~.. 10(111 10~

~0..~(1..0 0..~(1~00~11 ~0113~~ ~ 80, (1 $11~~1~1~111 1~(1~(1~~ ~11 ~111 ~111 50~ 10 111111(11~
..~~~11~..(111~~ 111..11-011. 101$ 1~~~ 0~ 111..11-011 111(1~ 0~ 0~$1..11~11~~ (1110 $001110 0~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
(1~010~0.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(/.,/(/1, 11 ~(111 0~ 11011~~0 ~..0111 ~~. (14-6) 10(111110~ ..(11~ 0~ ..1$~ 0110~ (11100~-
~(11000~ ~011(1~~ 1$ 01~0, 10~ ~0(1..~111~ ~11 ~111 0~ 10~ ~(1~(1~111~~ 11111~11011$ 111(1~ 0~
$11111~1~111 ~11011~010 111..11 011 10~ 10~..1$10... ~ 01~0 ~(1111~ 01 ~0(1..~111~ ~11 ~111111(1~
0(1111(1~~ 10~ 10~..1$10.. (1110 10~ 0~~1~~ 11111$1 0~ ~..01~~1~0 (1~(1111$1 01~0 0.1)/0.(. 10~
111(11111~(1~111..~..$$~~~1~~ 10~ 111(1~111111111.
(1110~(101~ 0.1)/0.( 0110~..1$10..$.
~8~8 ~ 8 ~. 11 (1 10~..1$10.. 1$ 10..~(1..0 0(1$~0, 10~ 1111~~1101101 ~(11~ ~11 ~111

0~ (1~~1~111~ ~0$111~~ ~31~ ~011(1~~ 0~1~~~11 10~ ~(11~ (1110 ~(11000~ 1~..111111(11$
~01110
472

‫ﻣ‬
t
11.1(0-00111~ 111)1(1810(. ~8111~ ~31~ ~1.1((~011810~(~38~0, 111~10(~3(0 010~~10~ ~0113~~
18 0~~(~38~0 38 8110~0 10 ~1~. 14-6.
~1~1.1(~ 14-7 8110~8 111~ ~3~~10(01 01111~ 3000~ ~1.1((~01, 10110~10~ 111~ 3~~11-
ng
~31100 01 ~31~ 81~031. 111~(~ 18 3 1101~ 0~13)1 ~00~0 38 (/1711-011 (1111~, (00., 0~1~~~0
111~ 3~~11~31100 01 ~31~ 81~031 300 111~ ~0001.1~1100 013 111()11810(. (00. 18 0~110~0 38
eri
111~ 1101~ 101~(~31 0~1~~~0 10% 0181~30)1-8131~ ~31~ ~1.1((~01 (0.11(1) 300 90% 01111~
81~30)1-8131~ 111)1(1810( 00-8131~ ~1.1((~01 (0.91,,). (00. 18 111~ 81.10101 (/~/(1)1 (1111~,((/, 300
715~ (1111~,(.. ((/18 0~110~0 38 111~ 1101~ 101~(~31 0~1~~~0 10% 01 ~31~ ~1.1((~01 (0.11(1)
ine
30010% 01111)1(1810( 00-8131~ ~1.1((~01 (6~11,,). (.18111~ 1101~ (~~1.11(~010( 111~ 3000~
~1.1((~01 10 (18~ 1(001 10% 01 00-8131~ ~1.1((~01 (0.11,,) 10 90% 01 00-8131~ ~1.1((~01
(0.91,,). 111~8~ 1101~8 3(~ 0~~1~1~0 10 ~1~. 14-7.
‫ﺔ‬ 111~ 10110~10~
1.
2.
0111~(~18~,
111~
1101.101.18 ~3110~
~1111~
~31~
81~031
sy
111~ 111)1(1810(
~01018
81~031
En
g
~01.110
111~ 111)1(1810(
81101.110 0~ ~00810~(~010
~30 0~ (~010~~0
10~(~38~
013)11311
311~(
111~ ~0~~(
18 (~~~(8~0 0138~0,
01.1~ 10 10~(~38~
0~81~010~ 111~ ~31~ ~001(01
111~ 111)1(1810( 18 11.1(0~0

1088 10 111~ ~31~
111~(~
1~3~3~~
00.
)1.10~1100.
81101.110 0~
~1.1((~01.
00 ~31~
~1(~1.111~
~ ~00-
81~031~
~,
~, - - - - - - -
Ea
0.9~, - - - - - - - -
w.
0.1~, - - - -
0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0.1~(3
0
. ~
~~~.
~
100 ~
473
58~. 14-4

3. 111~ ~10111 01 ~31~ .,1118~, (0, 11111810~ 1011~~( 111311 111~ 11111~ (~()111(~0 10( 111~
31100~ ~11((~11110 (18~ 10 111~ 11010111~ ~11((~111 ~3111~. 111 .,(3~11~~, 111~ .,1118~ ~10111,
(0, 18 110(111311)111130~ 1110(~ 111311 111~ 111(11-011 11111~ 01111~ 111)1(1810(, (011.
~,.301.,)~ 14-1
10~ 0010111~ ~11((~111 0110~(1810(8 11110~ 8111~1~-~0~8~ 11111~011.,,~(1~( 01 ~1~. 14-3~ 18 ///
= 500 01~ ~110 10~ 0~1~~ 601~ 18 (,) = 1.5 ).1.8. 10~ ~011.,,~((~( 18 811~~11~0 1(0111 ~ 120-
~ 60-1-12 811~~1~ ~110 0~8 ~ 10~0 011. = 10 1111-1~110 ~ = 10 0. 10~ ~011.,,~(1~( 18
‫ﻣ‬
011~(~(~0 ~1(0 ~ 0~1~~ ~11~1~ 01 ~
= 300. 0~(~(111111~ (0~ 111111111111111 .,,~111~ 01 ~~1~ ~1118~
~10(0, (0.
80)111100 /// = 500 111~ = 0.5 ~, (,)

= 1.5 ).1.8, ~ = 300 = 70/6, 1. = 10 1111-1,~110 ~
et
= 10 0. 10~ 1118(~11(~11~0118 .,,~111~ 01(0~ 111~11(.,,011~~~ 18 11(() ())(, ~0~(~
)( 120 = ~,,, 8111 ~,,,
= -0 = 169.7~.
~( ())( = ~,
)(
~1 = 11(())( = ~) = 169.7 8111~
6 = 84.85 ~
~
0.( =
~1
rin
84.85
1. = 10)( 10-3 = 8485 ~/8
ee
110.//0.( 18 ~8811111~0 ~0118(~11(10( ~ 800(( 6111~ ~1(~( 10~ ~~(~ ((1~~~(111~, (0~ 6111~ (~~111(~0
gin
10( (0~ ~1100~ ~11((~111 (0 (18~ 10 10~ 1~.,,~1 010010111~ ~11((~111, (1, 18 ~~1~111~1~0 1(0111 (1
)( (0.//0.() 0( (1 )(
=/// 8485 = 0.5 ~1101018 ~1.,,~8(1 = 0.5/8485 = 58.93 ).1.8. 10~(~10(~,
‫ﺔ‬
~,.301.,)~
10~ 111111111111111~1010
14-2
sy
En
01 ~~1~
(0
=
~1118~ 18
(1 + (,) = 58.93 + 1.5 = 60.43 ).1.8
10~ ~~~~~11~11~~ 01 (~.,,~(8~-01~8~0 )1111~6011 12 111 ~ 10~(1810( 18 ~12 = 20 ~~ ~110 ~~11

0~ ~8811111~0 10 0~ 1110~~~110~111 0110~ 011-81~1~ .,,011~~~. 10~ 111111611~.,,~111~ 01 ~0~(~111~
~11((~11110 111(11011 10~ 10~(1810( 18 16 111~. 0~1~(111111~ (0~ ~(16~~1 .,,~111~ 010.11/0.(.
Ea
80)111100 ~/2 = 20 ~~ ~110 /12 = 16 111~. 5111~~0.(~12)/0.( = 0, ~~ ~~1111110 10~ ~(111~~1

.,,~111~ 010.11/0.( 1(0111 ~~. (14-6)~
w.
)(
0.11 ~ 16 10-3
0.( = ~12
= 20)( 10-12 = 800~/).1.8
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~ 111)1(1810( (~()111(~8 3 111111111111111

11111~ 10 8.,(~30 111~ ~11((~111 ~011011~11011 1111/10(111)1
111(011~110111111~ )1111~110118. 11111~ (31~ 01 (18~ 01 31100~ ~11((~11118 ~~()11381 ~0111.,3(~0
10 111~ 8.,(~30111~ ~~10~11)1 01 3 111(11-011 .,(0~~88, 10~3112~0 ..1101-8.,01,,0~31111~ ~111
0~~11( 011~ 10 01~0 ~11((~111 0~11811)1 3110 10~ 0~~1~~ 1113)11311, 38 3 (~81111 01 ~)(~~881~~
1~111.,~(3111(~.
111 10~ ~3(11~( ~03.,1~(8 11 038 0~~11 38811111~0 1031 3 10)1(1810( ~311 111(11 011
111813111311~01181)1 3110 038 110 0.//0.( 1111111. 1311110~ .,(3~11~31 0~~1~~8 11111810~ .,(01~~1~0
474

,1
+ ~5
‫ﻣ‬
e t
3~31051 01~0 0,1/0,(. ~5 30 ~)(3111))1~, 1~1 115 ~00510~( 10~ ~00))))~( ~1(~1111 10 ~1~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
7-17. 000~( 51~(0)1-5131~ 0))~(31100, 1)/11 ~00011~15 ~0~0 10)1(1510( 1115011. 1111
15 11(~0 ~0~0 1)/11 15 51111~00011~110~, 0,1/0,( ~30 0~ ~~()1 01~0 300 1111111~0001)1 0)110~
51(3)110011~130~~ 0110~ ~1(~1111. ~0~0 11 15 00 300 12 15 11(~0 10 111(0-01111, 10~
rin
015~03(~10~ ~11((~01 01 10~ ~011111111131100~3))3~110(, ~, 15 1111111~00)1 10~ 51(3)1 10-
011~130~~ 0110~ 100)) 10(111~0 0)111, 12, 300~. 1015 (~~~(5~ 0,1/0,( 0110)1(1510( ~01110
3150 0~ ~~()1 01~0.
10~ 10(~3(0 0,1/0,( 15

ee
10 ))(3~11~~, 10~ 0,1/0,( 15 1111111~00)1 30010~ 3 5~(1~5 10011~10(, 1-,, 35 500~0 10
~1~. 14-8.
gin
0,1 ~5
= (14-7)
0,(
1-5
‫ﺔ‬
~0~(~
0,1/0,( 15
1-5 15 10~ 5~(1~5 10011~130~~,
En
10~111010~ (0)1 51(3)1 10011~130~~.
(14-8)
asy
~0~(~ 1-/1115 10~ (~~~(5~ 0,1/0,( 111111110~10011~130~~ 300 ~0 15 10~ ~011111111131100~3-

))3~110( ~0113~~. ~0( ~5 = 300 ~ 300 10(~3(0 0,1/0,( = 100 ~//-/-5, 10~ (~~111(~0
~3111~ 01111111110~ 10011~130~~ 15 1-5 = ~/(0,1/0,() = 300/(100 10-6) = 3 /-/-1-1.
)(
.E
011~ 10 (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()111111~, (77, 010100~ 1)/11, 10~ ~)(~~55 ~0~(~)1, ~01~0 ~111
0~ 510(~0 10 10011~10( 1-5, ~30 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 1(0111 ~~. (12-15) 0)1 (~))13~10~ /0 ~110
w
//11. 1015 ~0~(~)11111151 0~ 3050(0~0 0)1 ~3))3~110( ~2, ~01~015 ~000~~1~0 3~(055 0100~
1)/11 35 500~0 10 ~1~. 14-8. ~0( 3 1030 ~11((~01 01 //11, ~~. (12-15) ~30 0~ 3))))11~0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
10 ~31~11131~ 10~ ~)(~~55 ~0~(~)1, ~01~0 ~111 0~ 510(~0 10 10011~10( 1-/11 011~ 10 10~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~~~(5~ (~~0~~()111111~, (77, 0110)1(1510( 11,

2
_ 1 (77 ~0
~~ - 21-/11
(( //11 + 1-/11 ) - 2
//11
)
(14-9)
300 1015 ~0~(~)11111151 0~ 3050(0~0 0)1 ~3))3~110( ~1 ~000~~1~0 3~(055 11 35 500~0

10 ~1~. 14-8.
10~ ~11~~15 01 (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()1 11111~0110)1(1510(5 300 0100~5 00 10~ 0,1/0,(
10011~10(5 5001110 0~ 30(1)12~0, ~5))~~1311)1 31 01~0 ~11((~01 1~~~1. 10~ 3))))(0))(131~
58~. 14-5 475

~3111~5 0( ~0~(~~-3050(010~ ~3~3~110(5 3~(055 111~ 0~~1~~5 51101110 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 10

1111111111~ ~0113~~ 51(~55 00 111~ 0~~1~~5 011~ 10 5~11~1110~ 1(3051~015.
1( 111~ 5~11~11 51 10 ~1~. 14-9315 ~105~0 31 (

= 0, 3 51~~ ~0113~~ ~111 0~ 3~~11~0 3~(055
111~(1510( 11 300 0,1)/0,( 1113~ 0~ 111~11~0011~1110 111(0 00 111~ 0~~1~~. 111~ 0,1)/0,( ~30
‫ﻣ‬
0~ 1111111~00~ ~000~~110~ ~3~3~110( ~5, 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 14-93. ~11~0 111~(1510( 11
15 111(0~0 00, 111~ 015~113(~~ ~11((~01 0( ~3~3~110( 15 1111111~00~ (~51510( ~5 35 5110~0
et
10 ~1~. 14-90.
~1111 3 ~~-501100~( ~1(~1111, 111~ ~0113~~ 3~(055 111~ 111~(1510( ~111 (15~ ~)(~0-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0~011311~ 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 14-9~ 300 111~ ~1(~11110,1)/0,( ~30 0~ (01100 ((0111
0.632~5 0.632~5
,. = (14-10)
~5~5
rin
111~ ~3111~0( 501100~( 11111~~0051301 ,. (= ~5~5) ~30 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 ((0111 ~().. (14-
10) (0( 3 ~00~0 ~3111~ 0( 0,1)/0,(. 111~ ~3111~ 0( ~515 (01100 ((0111111~ 015~113(~~ ~11((~01
/7/).
ee
gin
~5 ~
~ 5 = (14-11)
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
/7/)
0.632~5 - - -
a
.E
~ 0
w
(8) (0)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(0)
476

14-90. 111~ (/1)/(/( 151111111~0 0)1 ~1 (100 ~.. (~1 + ~2) 11111115111~ 015~11(1(~10~ ~1.1((~01
51.1~11111(11
11.
1,0 = (14-12)
~1 + ~2
111~ 10(10 ~(10 10(111 (1 5~(1~5 ~1(~1.111 ~1111 111~ 501.100~( 0~1~0(~ (15 5110~0 10 ~1~.
(1 5~~000-0(0~( ~().1.1(111011
14-9~. ~(0111 8().5. (2-23) (100 (2-24), 111~ 0(1111~10~ ((1110 01
15
‫ﻣ‬
~. +~ / ~.
5 = 52-
0)0
= 2 ~ 1,. + 1,
(14-13)
t
.ne
~11~(~ 1,. 15 111~ 51((1)11001.1~1(10~~ (100 1, (100 ~ (1(~ 111~ 10(10 1001.1~1(10~~ (100 (~5151(10~~,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(~5~~~11~~1)1.
10 1111111111~ ~~(1~ ~011(1~~ 0~~(511001 (1~~11~0 (1~(055 111~ 111)1(1510(, 111~ 0(1111~10~
g
((111010 111~ ((10~~ 0.5 10 1.015 1.15~0. 11111~ 10(101001.1~1(10~~ 15111~11, ~111~1115 1.151.1(111)1
rin
111~ ~(15~, ~. ~(10 0~ 111~11 (100 ~. ~(10 0~ 5111(11110 (~1(110 111~ 0~51(~0 ~(111.1~ 01 0(1111~10~
((1110. ~ 111~11 ~(111.1~ 01 ~. ~111 (~01.1~~ 111~ 015~11(1(~~ ~1.1((~01 (100 (1 10~ ~(111.1~ 01 ~.
(~01.1~~5 111~ 501.100~( 1055. 111~ ~1(~1.1115 10 ~1~.
51101.110 0~ 11.111)1(10(11)12~0 10 14-9
111~ (~().1.11(~0 ~(111.1~ 01 0(1111~10~ ((1110 10 1111111 111~ (/1)/(/( 10 111~ 0~51(~0
0~1~(11110~
~(111.1~. 00~~ 111~ 0(1111~10~ ((1110 15 ~00~0,
ee
~. (100 ~. ~(10 0~ 101.100. 111~ 5(1111~ ~~
0~1~0(~ 0( 501.100~( 15 00(111(111)1 1.15~0 10( (/1)/(/( ~(01~~1100 (100 10 51.1~~(~55 111~
gin
1((1051~01 ~011(1~~ 01.1~ 10 (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()111111~. 111~ 1((1051~01 ~011(1~~ 51.1~~(~55100
‫ﺔ‬ 15 11.111)1(10(11)12~0
~,.310()1~
111~
01/,
14-3
111~1.11 ~011(1~~ 111 ~1~. 14-9~
= 2 )(1-12. 11111~ (~()1.11(~0

10 $~~1100
En
15-4.
15 ~5 = 200 ~ ~111110(10 (~5151(111~~ 01 ~ = 5 0. 111~

10(10 (1110 51((1)111101.1~1(111~~5(1(~ 11~~11~1111~(1110 111~ 111)1(1510( 15 0~~((11~0 (11 (1 1(~()1.1~11~)1
()1)/()( 15 100 ~/~5 (1110 111~ 015~11(1(~~ ~1.1((~111 15 10 11~
sy
11(1111~0 10 100 ~, 0~1~((11111~ 111~ ((1) ..(111.1~501 ~5 (1110 ~5, (11) 5111.11111~(1055, (1110 (~)
~0~~( ((11111~ 01 5111.11111~((~51510(.
Ea
8011.111011
()1)/()(
= 100 ~/~5, 1,0 = 100~, ~ = 50,1- = 1-5 = 0, (1110~5 = 200~.
((1) ~(0(11 ~1~. 14-9~ 111~ ~11(1(~111~ ~1.1((~111 01111~ 5111.11111~(~(1~(1~110( ~(111 11~ ~)(-
~(~55~0 (15
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
~1111111111(11 ~0110111011 1)0 (( = 0) = 0, 111~ ~11(1(~111~ ~1.1((~11115 101.1110 (15

‫ﺷﺩ‬
/(()
=
~ ~-,/~ (14-14)
~5 + ~
~11~(~, = (~5 + ~)~5. 111~ 10(~(1(0 ..011(1~~ (1~(055 111~ 111)1(1510( 15
(14-15)
477
58~. 14-6

(
~1 = 0, 111(0)
(~5 + ~)..
011 11~,.) - 1)~0) 0.368~115

0( = ,. = (14-16)
~5(~5 + ~)2
~(0111 ~().. (14-11), ~5 = 200/100 = 2 0. ~().1.1311011
(14-16) ~1.,,~8
)( )( )( 10-6
0.386 5 200
~5 =
(2 + 5)2 )( 100 = 0.079 /1.~
‫ﻣ‬
(0) 10.~ 8111.100~( 1088,
et
115 = 0.5~511~1.
(14-17)
)( )( )( )(
= 0.5 0.075 10-6 2002 2000 = 3~
(~) ~881.1111111~10.31 31110.~ ~11~(~)1 810(~0 111~5 18 01881~31~0 111~5 0111)1, 10.~ ~0~~(
(31111~ 0~ 10~ 8111.100~( (~81810( 18 3 ~.
rin
~ 111)1(1510(,
ee
~111~11 15 111 111~ 011-5131~, ~311 0~ 11.1(11~0 0~~ 0)1 (~01.1~111~ 111~ ~0(~3(0
~1.1((~11110 3 1~.,,~1 0~10~ 111~ 11010111~ ~1.1((~111, 1/1. 111~(~ 3(~ .,,3(101.18 1~~11111()1.1~8 ~0(
gin
11.1(11111~0~~ 3 111)1(1810(, ~111~11 3(~ 015~1.155~0 111 ~113111~( 3. 111 311111~ ~01111111.11311011
1~~11111()1.1~5, 111~ 31100~ ~1.1((~111 15 111311113111~0 0~10~ 111~ 11010111~ ~1.1((~111 ~0( 3 81.1~-
‫ﺔ‬
~1~1~1111)1 1011~ 11111~, 50 11131 311 111~ ~)(~~88
0( (~~01110111~0.
01.1~ 10 1~0
En
01.11~( ))11-11.111~110118, 11 3110 13,

0~ 51111113( 10 11131 0~ 3 0100~,
~3((1~(8
~)(111011111~ (~.,,~(8~ (~~0.,,~()111111~,

(~~0..,,~()1 ~1.1((~111, 11/1/. 11/1/ ~311 0~ 1111.1~11~(~31~(
sy
111 111~ ~01.1( 13)1~(8
111~ 11.1(11-0~~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5

(~~, 311011~31( (~.,,~(5~
111311 111~ 110(11131 (~.,,~(5~ 010~1(111~
3(~ 5~~111 01.11
~01.110
~1.1((~111, 11/. 111 3 1111~-~01111111.1131~0 ~1(~1.111 ~11~(~ 111~ 111111.11.,,0113~~ 18 3111~(1131111~

38 5110~11 111 ~1~. 14-103, 3 (~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~ 31111~3(8 3~(058 111~ 111)1(1510( 1111111~0131~1)1
Ea
3~1~( 111~ ~0(~3(0 ~1.1((~111 ~0~8 111(01.1~11 111~ 2~(0 .,,311.1~. 11115 (~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~ ~111
3~~~1~(31~ 111~ 11.1(11-0~~ 11(0~~55, 0)1 5~~~11111~ 01.11111~ ~)(~~55 ~3((1~(8 ~(0111 ))11-11.111~-
110115 11 3110 13. ~()1.13110115 (12-6) 3110 (12-7) ~311 0~ 3111111~0 10 ~31~1.1131~ (~~ 3110
w.
11/1/.
111~ 11111~( ))11-11.111~11011, 12, ~111 (~()1.11(~ 3 11111~ 1(110~11 35 ,~~01110111(1(1011 (1111~,
‫ُﺭ‬
(_ 10 (~~01110111~ 111~ ~)(~~85 ~3((1~(5. ~ 11~~311.,,~ (~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~ ~01.110 (~01.1~~ 11115
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~~0111011131101111111~. (~15 0~11~110~111011111~ 1113~11111.10~ 0~ 111~ (~.,,~(8~ .,,0113~~. 111~

11.1(11-0~~ ~113(3~1~(1811~5 3(~ 5110~11111 ~1~8. 14-1033110 14-100 ~0( 31111~ ~01111111.1131~0
~1(~1.111 3110 ~0(~~0-~01111111.1131~0 ~1(~1.111 (~811~~11.,,~1)1.
111~ 11.1(11-0~~ 11111~, (~, 15 111~ 81.11110~ (~.,,~(8~ (~~0.,,~()111111~, (~0 3110 (~~011101-
11311011 11111~, (~. ~1111~ ~110 0~ 11.1(11-0~~, 3 0~111~11011 13)1~( 0~.,,~10118 3~(055 )1.111~11011
12 3110 111~ 111)1(1510( (~~0.,,~(5 115 (01111)1 10 ~1111513110 ~0(~3(0 .,,0113~~. 111 311 111~
~01111111.11311011 1~~11111()1.1~5 111 ~113111~( 3, 3 (~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~ 15 3111111~0 3~(055 111~ 111)1-
(1510( 01.1(111~ 11.1(11-0~~ 11(0~~55.
478

0 0
+
~88 ~- - ~
~~~.
,, ~ 1,
‫ﻣ‬
~
~ ~
~~
(0
~
(0
t
1-1~-~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e
g.n
.200
rin
~.1
~0
~1
~1
ee
gin
0
+
‫ﺔ‬ -.,0
.1
+
sy
En
0
~
~
~
-.,. ~
~
- - - 1
~~~
_1~_1
Ea
1
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~(1510(5 (1(~ 111(11111~(1~111(~0 (11111051 ~~~11151~~1~ 0~ 01~~1151011. 111~ (11100~ ~11((~111

(~~111(~5 (1 ~11111~ 11111~ 10 ~(0~(1~(11~ 10 111~ ~1101~ (1(~(1 0~ 111~ )1111~11011, ~(0111 111~
~01111 11~(1( 111~ ~(11~ ~11~11 111~ ~(11~ 51~11(11 15 111111(11~0 ~0( 111(11111~ 011 111~ 111~(1510(.
111~ 111(11111~(1~111(~(5 115~ ~(1(10115 ~(11~ 51(11~111(~5 10 ~0111(01111~ 0-//0-(, 111(11-011 11111~,
479
58~. 14-8

(10() 10(0-01111111~. 0~~~0()10~ 00 10~ ~0)151~(11 ~0051(0~1100, (10() 10(0-00 (10() 10(0-
011 0~0(1~10(, 10)1(1510(5 ~(10, 0(0(1()1)1, 0~ ~1(155111~() 1010 ~1~01 ~(11~~0(1~5~
1. ~0(15~-~001(0110)1(1510(5 (5~~5)
2. ~(151-5~11~010~ 10)1(1510(5 (5~~5)
3. 0(11~-10(0-01110)1(1510(5 (0105)
4. 131()1(~~1100(111(10()~10)1(1510(5 (1~1~~~5)
5. ~~~~(5~-~00()0~110~ 10)1(1510(5 (~~15)
6. 51(111~ 10()0~1100 10)1(1510(5 (5111-/.5)
‫ﻣ‬
7. 1-1~01-(1~11~(11~() 5111~00-~001(011~() (~~1111~(5 (1-~5~~5)
8. ~81-~001(011~() 10)1(1510(5 (~81-~11-/.5)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
1015 1)1~~ 0110)1(1510(5 ~~0~((111)1 0~~((11~5 (11 10~ 110~ 1(~~0~0~)1 (10() 15 10(0~() 011
0)1 0(110((11 ~011111101(11100. 10~ 10(0-01111111~, (~, 15 0110~ 0(()~( 01 50 10 100 /-15.
1015 15 111051 5011~() 10( 10~-5~~~() 5~11~010~ (1~~11~(111005 (10() 15 (1150 ~00~0 (15
rin
~011~~,.(~,. (/1)1,.15(0,.. 510~~ 10~ 10)1(1510( 15 0(151~(111)1(15111~00-111(1()~~001(011~() ()~~1~~,
1115 (1150 ~00~0 (15 5111~011-~011(,.011~() ,.~~(111~,. (5~~).
10~ 00-51(11~ ~011(1~~, ~ 7, ~(1(1~5 1)1~1~(111)11(0111(10001 1.15 ~ 10( 600 ~ 10 2.5
~ 10( 4000-~ ()~~1~~5~ (10() 10( (1 5500-~,
ee
1200-~ 10)1(1510( 1115 1)1~1~(111)11.25 ~.
10~ 1110()~(0 10)1(1510(5 05~ (10 (1111~111)110~~(11~, ~0~(~ (10 (10)(111(1()110)1(1510(, 1~, 15
gin
~(11~() 00 0)1 (1 ~(11~ 51~0(11 (10() 10~0 10~ (1111~1111~()001~01 011~ 15 (1~~11~0 (15 (1 ~(11~
51~0(11 10 10~ 111(11010)1(1510(, 1/,1. 1015 15 500~0 10 ~1~. 14-11. 10~ (1111~111)110~
‫ﺔ‬
~(11~ ~~(111115 01~0 0)10(11111~~0(1((1~1~(1511~5 ~1101)1~1~(11 ()1)/()( 011000 ~//-15 (100 ()1/()(
01500 ~//-15 (10() 51111~1111~510~ ~1(~0110~51~0 0)1 (~00~10~ 0( 1111011111210~()1/()( 111111110~
En
10()0~10( (10() ()1)/()( ~(01~~1100 ~1(~0115.

sy
10~5~ (1(~ 05~() 1001~0-5~~~() 5~11~010~ (1~~11~(111005 ~11010(~~() ~011111101(11100 (~.~.,

Ea
~00~~~(5 (10() 10~~(1~(5). 10~)10(1~~ 1(15110(0-01111111~, ~~0~((111)110 10~ ((10~~ 5 10

50 /-15, ()~~~0()10~ 00 10~ ~011(1~~ ((10~~. 10~ 00-51(11~ 10(~(1(() ()(0~ ~(1(1~5, (1~-
~(0)(1111(11~1)1 (15 (10 10~~(5~ 100~1100 0110~ 10(0-01111111~, (~. 1015 1)1~~ 0110)1(1510(5
w.
15 (1150 ~00~0 (15 (10 111~~,.(~,. (/1)1,.15(0,..

10~5~ 10)1(1510(5 0(1~~ 01~0 ()1)/()( 01 1)1~1~(111)1 1000 ~//-15 (10() ()1/()( 01 1000
‫ُﺭ‬
~/-15. 10~ 1(15110(0-011 (10() 01~0 ()1/()( (1(~ ~~()11111~0(1(10110 11110111112~ 10~ 512~ (10()
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~1~01 01 ~011111101(1110~ (10() /0( (~(1~11~~ ~1(~011 ~0111~00~015. 10~ 00-51(11~ ~011(1~~
480

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
111~11..~ 14-12 ~381-8~11~111118 111~(18-
10(8. (~01./,(~5)/ 0/ /10111~,~~, //1(.)
rin
01 3 2200-~ 1800-~ 111)1(1510( 15 1)1~1~311)1 1.7~. 111~~(1~( 111)1(1510(5 ~1111 3 ~~()1
1111111~0 (~~~(5~ 010~~1118 ~3~301111)1, 1)1~1~311)1 10 ~,
ee 3110 3 ~~()1 1351 11.1(11-01111111~
0~1~~~11 3 3110 5 (.1-5 3(~ ~01111110111)1 ~110~11 35 (15)1111111~(,1((1/ (/1)1,15(0,5 (~5(1~5).
~351-5~11~111118 111)1(1510(5 01 ~3(101.15 512~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~18. 14-12.
gin
~
‫ﺔ‬
831~
831~-11.1(11-011111)1(1510(
5181131.
3 131~111118 0~~1~~
013 5~~.
~0111~011~1115
1-10~~~~(,
(010)
En
11~~ 3 5~~ ~311 0~ 11.1(11~0 011 0)1 3~~1)11118 3 ~05111~~

11 ~311 0~ 11.1(11~0 011 0)1 3 11~8311~~
3110 ~311 0~ 01.1111 ~1111 ~1.1((~111 3110 ~01138~
111~ 0105113~~
111 10(~~0
sy
30~311138~5 0~~( 5~~5~

831~ 5181131. ~
(3111185 51111113( 10 11105~
(1) ~11111111311011 01 ~01111111.11311118
~01111111.11311011, (~51.1111118 111 (~~1.1~11011 111 ~051, ~~18111,
010
3110
15
~011.1111~~ (2) (~01.1~11011111 3~01.1511~ 3110 ~1~~1(01113811~11~ 11015~ 01.1~ 10 111~ ~11111111311011
01 ~01111111.11311011 ~110~~5~ (3) 1351~( 11.1(11-011, ~~(1111111118 111811 5~11~111118
. 1(~~1.1~11~1~5~
Ea
3110 (4) 1111~(0~~0 ~111~1~11~)1 01 ~011~~(1~(5.

11110~-~0~~( 3~~11~3110115, 0105 113~~ 111~ 10110~1118 30~311138~5 0~~( 01~013(
1(31151510(5~ (1) 111811~( 010~~1118 ~01138~ ~3~301111)1~ (2) 111811 (3110 01 ~~3~ ~0111(011301~
w.
~1.1((~11110 3~~(38~ ~1.1((~111~ (3) 111811 (3110 01 ~~3~ 51.1(8~ ~1.1((~11110 3~~(38~ ~1.1((~111,
1)1~1~311)110~1~ (4) 111811 011-5131~ 83111 (31100~ ~1.1((~111/831~ ~1.1((~111), 1)1~1~311)1 600~
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
3110 (5) ~1.115~0 831~ 5181131015110(1 01.1(311011. 0110~( 51.1(8~ ~01101110115, 3 010 80~5
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11110 0~~~~( 5311.1(311011 01.1~ 10 (~8~11~(311~~ 3~11011. 011 111~ 0111~( 113110, 3 01~013(
1(31151510( 1~1105 10 ~0111~ 01.11 01 5311.1(311011.
~ 010 1135 10~ 83111 01.1(1118 11.1(11-011, 1)1~1~311)1 6, 3110 (~~1.11(~5 3 (~1311~~1)1
111811 11~8311~~ ~1.1((~111 ~1.115~ 10 11.1(11 011. 11 1135 111811~( 011-5131~ ~01138~ 111311 11131
015~~5. 111~ 011-5131~~01138~ 01 3 1)1~1~31550-~ 1200-~ 010 151)1~1~311)1 3.4 ~.
~ 160-~ 200-~ 010 0(1)1~~ 160~~ 15 5110~11111~18. 14-13 3110 111~)1.111~110115
01
11115010 15 5110~11111~18. 14-14.
481
56~. 14-8

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
rin
~1~0..~ 14-13 ~ 160-~, 200-~
ee ~1~0..~ 14-14 10/1~110/15 0( 160-~ 010
010. (~0/./~(~51 0/ /11(~~11(1(/011(1/
~~~- 1/1 101~. 14-13. (~0/./~(~51 0/ /11(~~11(1(/011(1/
(///~~)
gin
~~~(///~~).
‫ﺔ‬ ~ 1~1~~
En
~30 ~00011~110 00111 01(~~11008 300 18 00((0311~ 118~0 10 3~ ~1138~ ~001(01

(~.~., 3~ ~0113~~ ~001(011~(8).
3011~3(311~1 ~1111 3 ~0(0(000
sy
11 ~30 0~ ~00810~(~0
~31~ ~000~~1100
38 1~0 5~~8 ~000~~1~0
38 8110~0 10 ~1~. 14-153.
10
111~ 1)-/.
~113(3~1~(1811~8 3(~ 8110~0 10 ~1~. 14-15~.
510~~ 3 1~1~~ 18 6101_~1(~~110031 0~~1~~, 118 1~((010318 ~30001 0~ 0~81~031~0
38 3000~ 300 ~311100~. 111~((01031 ~12 18 ~08111~~ ~1111 (~8~~~110 1~((01031 ~11,
Ea
111~ 1~1~~ ~30 0~ 111(0~0 00 0~ 3~~1~10~ 3 ~08111~~ ~31~ 81~031 0~1~~~0 ~31~ 0
300 1~((01031 ~11. 111~((01031 ~12 18 0~~311~~ ~1111 (~8~~~1 10 1~((01031 ~11, 11
w.
18 111(0~0 00 0~ 3~~1~10~ 0~~311~~ ~31~ 81~031 0~1~~~0 ~31~ 0 300 1~((01031 ~11.
11 18 001 0~~~883(~ 10 113~~ 00111 ~013(111~8 01 ~31~ 81~0318 300 3 1~1~~ ~30 0~
111(0~0 00 ~1111 ~1111~( 3 ~08111~~ 0( 0~~311~~ ~31~ 81~031. 10 ~(3~11~~, 111~8~08111~111~8
‫ُﺭ‬ww
.3(~ 1(0(0 00~ ~1130(301 10 300111~(, 300 111~ 1~1~~8 3(~ 00((0311~ 0~~(31~0 10
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1130(3011+ (~08111~~ ~31~ ~0113~~ 300 ~31~ ~11((~01) 0( ~1130(301 111- (0~~311~~
~31~ ~0113~~ 300 ~31~ ~11((~01) ~
10 (030~ ~110~~~(8 300 10~~(1~( ~1(~11118, 30 3011~3(311~1 0100~ 18 ~000~~1~0 3~(088

30 5~~ 10 3110~ (~~~(8~ ~11((~01 110~ 011~ 10 10011~11~~ 1030 300 10 1(0~(0~~ 111~
111(0-011 (~~111(~(0~01 01 ~0(0(011131100 ~1(~1111. 111~ 0100~ ~13(0~8 111~ (~~~(8~ 010~/(-
10~ ~0113~~ 01111~ 5~~ 10 1 0( 2 ~ 1100~( 81~30~-8131~ ~000111008. 1-10~~~~(, 1100~(
482

~~
~.2 1~.2
(8) (0~~~..,8~8~101.8~~~ (0).8~~~ 5~0100~
‫ﻣ‬
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0
rin
0~80~8~1 ~1~(~.2 - ..,.) ee
0~-51818 -1
gin
‫ﺔ‬
1(3081~01 ~000111008,
~0 ~~1
111.~(~~~(8~
18 3 ~0(0~(0(018~
38 811.0~0 10 ~1~. 14-16.

~0113~~ (03)1 (18~ 10 30 ~ 00~ 10 1000~~0
10 111.~~1(~011 81(3)111100~1311~~ ~1111.10 111.~0~~1~~.
En
0~1~~~0 111.~0~~1~~ ~11.3(3~1~(1811~8 300 ~1(~011 (~-

()01(~(0~01~ 311011 (03)10~ ~011810~(~0 38 3 111.)1(1810(~1111.3 00111-111 31111~3(311~10100~
~11 ~~118 3180 ~311~0 30 (15)1111111~1,./~(1/
(11)1,./510,. (~5~~).
~0113~~
asy
111.~ 10(~3(0 010~~111~ ~0113~~ ~3(1~8 1(0(0 400 10 2000 ~ 300 111.~~0((~01 (3110~
~0~8 0~ 10 500~. 111.~ (~~~(8~ 010~~111~ ~0113~~ 18 1)1~1~311)130 10 40 ~. 510~~
111.~(3110 0110(~3(0 ~0((~111 111.(00~11.111.~111.)1(1810(10 111.~(~~~(8~ ~0((~01 01 0100~
1811)(~010( 3 ~1~~0 0~~1~~, 111.~1(3~~11~3110118 ~111 0~ 11(011~0 10 ~~(1310 ~1(~011 0~81~08.
‫ُﺭ‬ w .E
111.~ ~11.3(3~1~(1811~8 01 30 5111-1 3(~ 81(0113( 10 111.08~ 01 3 ~05~81. ~11 5111-118

ww
00((0311)110(11~0 00 0)1 3~~1)110~ 3 ~08111~~ ~31~ ~0113~~ 11~~ 00((031 111.)1(1810(8300

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~.1
(3 ~)~0..~ 14-16 ~~..,~(5~-~0001)~110~ 111~-
8 (1510( .
58~. 14-8 483

15 10.-0~0 0110)1 (1~~11~(11100 010~~(111~~ ~011(1~~ 10 115 ~(11~. ~0 5111-115 (1 01100.-11)1-
~(1 1~.- 0~~1~~. ~5 (1 .-~5011, 5111-10(15 10~ 00-51(11~ .-~5151(10~~ 0.- ~011(1~~ 0.-0~ (100
11 ~(10 0~ 01(10~ ~11001~0~.- ~011(1~~ (100 ~0 ~01 .-(1110~5.
5111-10(15 1(151 5~11~010~ 5~~~05 (100 01~11 (/1)/(// (100 (/,/(// ~(1~(101116~5. 111~
5~11~1110~ 1101~ 15 00 10~ 0.-0~.- 01110 6 ~5. 10~ ~011(1~~ .-(1110~ ~(10 ~0 0~ 10 2500
~ (100 10~ ~0 ~01 .-(1110~ 15 110111~0 10 500~. 1015 0~~1~~ 15 ~)(1.-~01~1)1 ~.-0~~55
5~05111~~, (100 501(111 ~~.-10.-0(111005 10 10~ 01(1001(1~10.-10~ ~.-0~~55 ~0010 ~.-000~~
01(1)0.- ~0(10~~5 10 10~ 0~~1~~ ~0(1.-(1~1~.-1511~5.
‫ﻣ‬
et
1015 0~~1~~ 15 10.-0~0 00 0)1 01.-~~1 .-(10/(11100 01 5111~00 ~11011~01. ~1~~1.-00-001~
~(11.-5 ~01~0 (1.-~ ~.-~(11~0 00~ 10 10~ .-(101(11100 ~.-000~~ 1.-1~~~.-10~ ~0 ~01 000~.- 10~
10110~0~~ 01 ~1~~1.-1~ 11~10. 10~ ~(11~ 51.-0~10.-~ 15 0~51~0~0 10 ~.-0~10~ 50111~1~01 ~(11~
5~05111~11)110.- 1.-1~~~.-10~ 1.-001 ~.-(1~11~(1111~01 500.-~~5 (~.~., 1.,~0 (100 10 (1~~001~1150
01~0 (/,/ (/( (100 (/1)/(/( ~(1~(1011111~5).
rin
10~ 1.,~5~~5 (1.-~ 05~0 10 01~0-~011(1~~ (100 01~0-~0 ~01 (1~~11~(111005 (~.~.,
01~0-~011(1~~ (1-1~0~) 1.-(10501155100 (100 51(111~ .-~(1~11~~ ~0~~.- 0.- ~011-(101~~.-~ .-~-
(1~11~~ (~~~) ~001~~05(11100. ~0 1.,~5~~
ee 011~.-5 ~001~1~1~ ~1~~1.-1~(111501(11100 0~-
1~~~0 10~ 11~01-1.-1~~~.-10~ 500.-~~ (100 10~ 5~11~010~ 0~~1~~ 0110~ ~0~~.- ~00~~.-1~.-,
~01~0 110(115 (11 (1 ~01~011(11 01 (15 01~0 (15 (1 1~~ 0000.-~0 )(110~0115. 10~ ~011(1~~
.-(1110~ 01 (101.,~5~~ ~0010 0~ (1501~0 (15 4 )(~ (111500 ~ ~11011~01-1.-1~~~.-10~ ~0~~.-
gin
011~55 10(10 100 01~. 10~ 1)1~1~(11(/,/(/( 15 250 ~/~5 (100 10~ (/1)/(/( ~0010 0~ (15 01~0
‫ﺔ‬
2000 ~/~5.
~ ~~1-~11-1
En
0~~1~~ ~001010~5 (1 ~05~~1

sy
(100 (1 10)1.-1510.- 10 ~(1.-(111~1(15 500~0 10

~1~. 14-17. 11 (1 50111~1~01 ~011(1~~ 15 (1~~11~0 10 10~ ~(11~ 0110~ ~05~~1, 1)1~1~(111)1
3 ~, (1 1.-1~~~.-10~ ~0 ~01 10.- 10~ 10)1.-1510.- 15 ~~0~.-(11~0 101~.-0(111)1. 11 0(15 01~0
5~11~010~ 5~~~0, 01~0 (/,/(/(, (100 01~0 (/1)/(/(.
Ea
1015 0~~1~~ ~(10 0~ 10.-0~0 00 11)(~ ~00~~01100(1110)1.-1510.-5, 001 11 ~(10 001 0~

10.-0~0 011 0)1 ~(11~ ~001.-01. 1015 ~0010 1/00 (1~~11~(111005 ~0~.-~ 0~11~(1111.-10~ 15 10
0~ 05~0 10.- ~.-0~1010~ ~1~~1.-1~(111501(11100 0~1~~~0 10~ 10~01 0.- ~001.-01 51~0(11 (100
w.
10~ 5~11~010~ 0~~1~~ 0110~ ~0~~.- ~00~~.-1~.-.

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
484

10)1(1510(5 3(~ ~03(3~1~(1~~0 0)1 ~~(1310 ~~(10((030~~ ~3(3(0~1~(5, 300 10~ (0300-
13~10(~(5 5~~~11)110~5~ ~3(3(0~1~(5 10 10~ 0313 50~~1 0110)1(1510(5. ~11000~0 10~(~
3(~ .,,3(1005 1)1~~5 0110)1(1510(5, 10~ ~3(3(0~1~(5 3(~ 51(0113(, ~)(~~~1 10~ ~31~ ~03(-
3~1~(1511~5. 10~ ~03(3~1~(1511~ ~3(3(0~1~(5 01 3 0100~ 3(~ 3~~11~301~ 10 10)1(1510(5,
~)(~~~110~ ~31~ ~03(3~1~(1511~5. 10~ ~3(3(0~1~(5 3(~ ~)(~1310~0 ~110 10~ 0313 50~~15
01 30 5~~ 300 3 010.
‫ﻣ‬
~1~0(~ 14-18 500~5 10~ 0313 50~~1 0110~ 101~(03110031 ~~~1111~( (1~) 10.,,~(1~(
et
10)1(1510(~ 850 ~ (~~5), 800 ~, 1)1~~5 5308~ 300 5308~1-1.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
081-51319 ~~ 9811, /.,-(/),,). 1.,-(~.,,) 1510~ 3.,,~(3~~ 00-5131~ ~0((~01313 5~~~111~0
1~(0~~(310(~. 10~5~ 0313 3(~ 00((0311)1 ~001~0 10( 3 0311-510~ ~3.,,~. ~1~0(~5
14-18.1 300 14-18.2 500~ 10~ 1)1~1~31 .,,3(1311005 01 3.,,~(3~~ 00-5131~ ~0((~01 ~110
rin
10~ (03)(1(00(0 3110~301~ ~35~ 1~(0~~(310(~.
~~5 ~~ 9811, /71~~5). 1.,-(~~5) 15 10~ (001-(0~30-5~03(~

ee (((05) .,,310~ 01 00-
5131~ ~0((~01. 1015 51~0111~5 10~ 0~3110~ ~11~~1 00~ 10 /2~ 01551~31100 300 15 11(011~0
00~ 1010~((03151(~55 00 10~ 0~.,,1~~. ~1~0(~514-18.3 30014-18.4 500~ 10~ (03)(1(00(0
gin
3.,,~(3~~ 00-5131~ ~0~~( 1055 3~3105110~ 3.,,~(3~~ 00-5131~ ~0((~0110( 5100501031 300
(~~130~013( ~3.,,~10((05 31 .,,3(1005 ~0000~1100 30~1~5.
‫ﺔ‬
(00(0
~110001
~081..9~91.1.~9 ..319 01 ...59 01 081-51319 ~~ 9811, (/,/(/-1.
En
0.//0.1 15 10~ (03)(1-

.,,310~ 0110~ (31~ 01 (15~ 01 00-5131~ ~0((~01 ~01~0 10~ 10)1(1510( ~30 ~11051300
0~51(0)110~ 115~11.
sy
~3)( ~ ..9~91.1.~9 ~93~ ..9...9..59 ~0~1399, 11~~~ 0~110~510~ (03)(-

~/1/1,,,.,.
1(00(0 ~~((0155101~ 105130130~005 .,,310~ 01 (~~~1111.,,~ 3~~11~0 (~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~ 1031 3
Ea
10)1(1510( ~30 010~~.
~3)( ~ 81081..9~91.1.~9 ~93~ ..9~9..59 ~0~1399, ~/15,,,.,. 11~5~ 15 10~ (03)(-

w.
1(00(0 105130130~005 ~~3~ .,,310~ 01 3~~11~0 (~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~ 000~( 1(3051~01 ~0001-
1/005 300 10( 3 5~~~111~0 11(0~ 00(31100. 11~5~ 15 1)1~1~311)115% 300.,,~ 11~~~.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~3)( ~ ..9~91.1.~9 ~93~ 011-51319 ~0~1899, ~0/1,,,.,. 1(1)~~ 0~110~5 10~

(03)(1(00(0 ~~((0155101~ 105130130~005 .,,310~ 01 (~~~1111.,,~ 3~~11~0 10(~3(0 .,,0113~~
1031 3 10)1(1510( ~30 ~11051300.
~8)( ~ 81081-..9~91.1.~9 ~98~ 011-51819 ~0~1899, ~05,,,.,. 1(1)5~ 1510~ (03)(-

1(00(0 105130130~005 ~~3~ .,,310~ 01 3~~11~0 10(~3(0 .,,0113~~ 000~( 1(3051~01 ~00-
0111005 300 10( 3 5~~~111~0 11(0~ 00(31100. 1(1)5~ 15 1)1~1~311)115% 300.,,~ 110~~.
485
58~. 14-9

530~~ ~ 530~~~ 5~~~~5

800-600 ~0~.5 ~~~6~
5.~~0~~0 .~~~-0~~ .~,.,,~ 12/.15
850 ~,.,,~ ~,.,,5, ~~~6 ~,.,,~1..~~~~~(3(3~.~
~~~~~.~~ .~~~ ~0~~~~ ~~~ 5~~5
‫ﻣ‬
1/0(.1~ ~~.~0~ - (1/. 1/.. - (1/) .....
000. ~.)(. ...~. ~.~ .......,... ~... 00~,..~. ~.~
(1( 8(8(30,(-.~.1.. ...0~~~. .......... ...0~...~.
et
1~ ~588
1,) -41)0 10..... ,..1~ ,..) 250 10..... ,..1~
= =
. .00 900
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~1.0~11
. .00 700
rin
~...~~~ ~~1~8 ......(.~ (),.1,.5 .....
1, ,)~...~110,.1...,.,..~... 83... -40 10 125

00
530~~ -40 10 140
1... 5~..~. 1...,.,..~... ...~ -40 10 150

ee 00
11(......1 ,,..... ..... ~~,.,...,.... .~~ 540 . 181)0...1(.1.........
. .....,.~
gin
83.., 70
00
5308=/1 .5
‫ﺔ‬1,.(~)
,1.- ......
~..~
,..~1~11.,.
~5 (0,,,,.,........
~.~ 00,......
.,,,,.~. 0,,,,.,.....1
sy
.~~
.~~
En
850
8100
8500
...50
10000
.
.
50/1~ ....~( ~,~~. .1.... ......
6~., ,,.~( 0,0(8 .1,.. .....
50/1., ....1( 0,0(8 ./...8..,,.
8~., ....(( 0,0(8 .1.... ......

1...1118( 1,),. 125~. ,..~
..,~ .~~1~ .(1... .,,,~.
1...1118( 1... 125~. /10

.,0(180-8 =~~(1~.,..... .,,,,.....
,2, ...... 121 0.~..1 (11, .~~ 330 1=,~ 1,..11.~ 1... 1250~. ...181 ...~ .~~1... .(1.,.
.,,,,.~.. =
0--
300 1=8.3_
,..2.
Ea
455 1. 1088 1...1118( 1... 1250~. ,.0 ~11. .~~1.. .,~.,.

= =
.~,.~..
425 ~,,
9.3.
12,/~ .0. 12.,/~ ~.~801~1~1 .~~ 4550 ~2,/~ 1,.,.~1.. ,...1,, ,25~~, ,.,0 ~~10~...,~11.~ .,10.,. .~,...
1210,0,. ~1. ~~,,
12,/~ . ,/~. 0.1 ~10~ ~1088.
w.
~1/~~ ,..... /10,,....,..~101~1.... .~~ .00 .,-,. ,...1,, 1250~. .,0 ,, .,0~, 11)4,,18~. ~.108 ~~..8 2~, 200,
,..1....,,,-,.1..0,
10..... 0.5..... ,.1.. 11.. ,..~. ,....101101.... ~1/~~ 1.
~~,.,..,..~
.~~~1_~.~1 40800, ,..0,,....,..~.~1~1.,,.....~~..
.
‫ُﺭ‬
.... ~... ~....~.108 ~,. .~~ 10 ~~.$
-
ww
.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0(......)~......,.~.108~,. .~~ 2
.,... ,..~. ~....~.~ ~~,.,..,..~ .~ 3 . 1~.$_
-.... ,......~.... ~.~1.,.
~.~ ~~10.
.~~ 1. .
, ~~,..~1/10,0~. ...~ 8900(2000) ~1(8 ~(10,)
~1~0..~14-18 ))~(~ 511~~( 0~ 5~~, (~11~ 1~-530~~, 530~~1-(. (~0~,(~5)1

0/ //1(~,-
/10(/0/10/ ~~~(///~,).
486

530~-= ~ 530~-=... 5~~~~5
800-600 ~0...,.5 ~~~6~
~~1~5 ~1~.
,,,.. ..... ~,,.1~5 ~51 ~~111(888
~~0~~
.,,. ~0 0~.~.~. ..0~~.~. .~~ -

2.15 2.23 . 1,..1~1.~ 1.).. 250~. 50-8~~ ~.~, .1,.... 1~.....
,. 17~.
1.)...~. ,..~.,
‫ﻣ‬
1/1(10)1
..,,.(10)2
1..0_~....( ~,,,...~0~0
~1(8~~....~ ~...,...,,010
.~~ - - 1.24
1.56
. ... ~_,... 1/1(~)-1,.(.4..,) + .., . (1,.(~))2
- - 0.. ... ~..... ~....(~..(0,-

1..0_~.,,.( ,..81.~.,..~. 0.57 11)4.5. ~,..~., 11(......)
,~1 - -
.~~ .0
t
(
,,., ~1 ~~~..... ,...1.~.0~. - -
0.41
e
270 ... ..,.~ 250~. 12..,.~.. ~.1.. ~...(..~ 1~. 2~. 100~.
1~ ~~~,,1,..(8 ~0,.,..,..~ .~~ - - =
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~(01,,(8 ,....,.,..(1~ .~~ 90 500 ... ,.~ 250~. 1~.~.. 1,..1(.1.~ 1,.=,~.
- =
~.
., 0.~..,.... .~~ - 0.5 1.5 ,. ,.~
=
250~. ...0
=
,.8~ ..,0~. 5~ ....1.(...... (0~.
~(.. ~...1..~ 10-/,200,1~.. ,~. ,.... 1,...
.. ,....,.~,,(.1_
rin
1...= ..... ...1.,. 11)4= 5004. 01~01 = 2~..,... ..,~ 5()0/.
.... ....,,,.. ..... 12
- - ,. 0.../01 = 20~/~. 1,0. ...1., ...0~.
.. .... 8818=
=
~.1000.
..8. ....,,... 5308=/~ 15
- -
1~(0100.) ,....,.0-(),,11..11,.-.
...86~~. 0 ~00.
..4.. ....((1.. ..... 15

ee ,, ,,
1... ..... ,..(.86. 11)4 5~. 01~0(. = 254/~.. ~~=
1~.
- - ,. 0.../01
=
60~,11. (1. (.0
~1 ~~0~. 0.(..= ~. 1000.
..8.. ....111.. 9309=/~ 20
gin
- -
1~0-=~) ~~0....,.1 ~...,.,..,..(. .~~
- .7 - . ....= 1250~. 1~ = 5~.
01~0(...5~..
‫ﺔ‬
0..-
0.../0(.
1....
~~0....,.80~,,.~.
~,.1(.1~.( ...(._(-..1..
01 011.....1.~. ...0~(.~
.... ............~
0((-.1.~ ~...,.,..,..(.
.~~
.~~
.....
1000
-
500
-
En
700
-
..
15
-
.,,
..,
~/~.
...
1... = 1250~.
1... = 1250~.
....
~..~. (.0 871 ~0~.
0.,.(1.
,,, ..... ,..(..,.
(1.
~..~. (.0 10(8, 0,. ~1
(.0 8(8, ~0~. ~.~ 0.,.,...
~~~_.~
....
~1~,,.,. 0.../0(. ....~.....
.....1~~~..
~0~. ~.~ 0~(1.

asy
1..
9308=~ - 20 60
1., 0~ ~.~ ~...,.,..,..(. .~~

- -
300 .~ ..-4~~ +-12~.~_(.0-~.(.~.. ~0,.,..~_~~
0,.~....... ..08(.. ~.,.,..~~..~.(.~~...,1~...,...
~.~
.. (.,.1~.... ...
50 70 150 ~0. 250~
3.3 1~ = -4~~
.., 0~ 8.~ ...0~(.~. .~~
.
.E
- -
(.0 (.,.188...
- 1.2 2.~ 1~ = 250~
.00 0~ 8.~ ...0~1.8. .~~

- - 0.3 . .~ = 1250~.,.....
...1.,
....1.... .,,1()... .1~~ ,..0(. (.,.18~,. .1(....
~0~ .~.....(.~.(.~..
w
...... (...~8..,.
~~- ..,,..
~(.~~ 1........~ ,...~ .1.,..~.. .~~ 0.... 0~ 0..,..(.10.... 00~~. .10. ~00~.0.
- -
‫ُﺭ‬
) ...,..~110.,.....(.()-~...
..,,..
ww
0.050 18~ .1.... ....... 00~~. 8~0. ()00~.0.

- -
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0.053 ..,,.. 12.- ,..~(..,...,,...~.,. ...... 00...~~. .~0. ~00~80.

- -
.........~ ,...1.(..,,~.. .~~ 0.... ..,,.. ,.(.8. ....,.18(). 8800(..... ,~.(. .~ 8,.....,. 51,..8~..10.
~1~5 - -
()..-(..0-81,... 0001.0. ~0,. ~...~~..10.. 01...10. ....~.... ~12.
.. ..1_,,(. .~~ 85(3.0) 8(02.)

- -
~... 5111. .~~ 1. 4-29
58~. 14-9 487

530~-= ~ 530~-=... 5~~~~5

800-600 ~0...,.5 ~~~6~
130 145 130 145

~0 ~0008~~ 510~ (00~~0
120 135 120 135
..,, ,,..
~~110 125 110 125
.... ~..
..
..,. 100 ..
‫ﻣ‬
115 100 115
~~.......-.~,
~~(0~00(110~ ~~(1~~ ..,
90 ~105
~~..,
..
~..
.., ~..,
90
..
105
80 ~~,, 95 .. 80 .., 95
,,, ~~~~~,,
et
~0
~~~., 70
,...0 .., 0
,,, 85 .,.. 70 ~85
.., ,. ,,,
0
..,
~~..
~60 75 . 0.. ~60 75
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~50
,... 65
,.
..
~50 65
400 100 55 55
800 900 1000 1400
~.9. 1 - ~35~ ,..~~,,~~3.~~~~3..095
rin
~.9.2 - ~35~,..~~,,~~3.~~~ ~3..,,95
- 5/,,~50.03. ,,,,31/~,0~~5.50 .0 400 ...~ - ~~~.3,,9~.3~
,,,,31/~,0~~5. 50 .0 400 ...~
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
101 .2 102 .2
~~~~0€ 0,.-5,..~,..~ (0~~€,.,..
~.9. 3 - ~0,,,,~~ ~055 ~~3~3~.~~.5..~5 ~.9. 4 - ~0,,,,~~ ~055 ~~3~3~.~~.5..~5
- 5.,,~50.03. ,,,,31/~,0~~5 - ~~~.3,,9~.3~ ,,,,31/~,0~~5
Ea
~,.
w.
~..
..,,
103 ,,
~
~~..
~
....
,,
.,,
‫ُﺭ‬
~
,.
ww
~
0 ..
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..,
102 ~ 102 __ _
0 ..1..
~0 .2/3 ~~,.€0 ~0~~
=,...1
= 1250( ~.
1
- 1 1--~~-1
8~0(~1,.6, ~€~~5~ . ~(0~€~.,, ~,.0
1
5,.,088€~ ~055€5 ,.01 1,.(~00€0
1010-5.2 5 10-4.2 5 10-3.2
130(..5€ 8~5€~10,.~~
- 5
~.9. 6 - ~3)(. -=,,~~9~ ~055 ,,~~ ~~.5~
- 5.,,~50.03. ,,,,31/~,0~~5
488

530~(= ~ 530~(=... 5~~~~5

800-600 ~01..~5 ~~~6~
=
~0. 2/3 ~,.,.€0 1,)0..
~~,.~0
~0 = 2/3 ~0~(4
,....
_ 1250(
1.1 = 1250(
,...
~.
, , .......
~~~....,
~,1 ~4 (.45/~0...5~
~1-
‫ﻣ‬
10,
~-, 0.4
~
~
~
~- ~~, 0.1 .....
~
~
~/1 ~' ~.0--.04~.
t
~ 102
0.01
e
.. -.
~
~ -
.. ~(/01
= 20~~1 ~~~.......,..,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
8~0(~1~6, ~~~5~ ~€(~~~ ~~0 8...00~1..(),,.€~,.5~ ,.€(01,)€,..,
5~~89~~ ~055€5 ..01 1,.(1...00€0 5..088€,. 1..055€5 ..01 1,.0...00€0 ~~.,
10 1 2 5 10-3 2
2 5 2 5 10-3 2 10-4
10-5 10-4
~(.)...5€ 8,.5€(.410,.~ 5
,-01...5€ 8,.5€..10,.~
- ~ -
~.9. 7 - ,,,,8)(. ~0~~9~ 088 ~~~ ~~~8~ ~.9. 8 - ,,,,8)(. ~0~~9~ 055 ~~~ ~~~8~
..,.~8~~~0.08. .,,,81/~10~~5. 08/0/ = 200/4/)15
rin
- ,.~8~~~0.08~ .,,,81/~10~~8. 08/0/ = 50 /4/)15 -
100 3000
,..
~
~ ~ = 1250( 1,..,.
=
1000,.
90
500~ ee 2500
~80
250~
~
.. ~70 2000
~~60 ~
~
0
gin
.. 50 3 1500
~
~40 ..
‫ﺔ‬ ~,0
~20
10
00 .20
~~1~ 0~
40
(~~1..
60 80
0.,- 0~-51~1~
100 120
0.~~~€~1
En
200
~
~
~
~
1000
500
0
0 200
asy
=
~~~~~-
51€,.0,- 5,.,.,..€ ~,,,.0€
=
~/ 0.040(.......
.E
--
w
---
‫ُﺭ‬
~00081..€ 510€ (001..€0
ww
0~(€~ ,.0~~0 ~01......, 0~_

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1
1 1
5 100 2
1..5,..,...,.,.,.€005 6,.1€ (0,.~€..,.. - ,.
~~9. 11 - ,.~808.~0/ ,.~~~~8~ ~~~~080~~. ~.9. 12 - ~8/~ ~~8~8~/~~.8/.~8

.)~0~/.00-/0-~88~
489
58~. 14-9

530~~ ~ 530~~~ 5~~~~5
800-600 ~0(.,,.5 ~~~6~
9000 30
1~1(1~(..
~~,.~0
1 = 1250(
~~~~ ~~~(..1~0 51~~5010~(..(...... ~~25
~~,.10~ 5(.)~~~. .
00(.)8(..~ 510~ (001...~0
~~~20
7000 ~~15
‫ﻣ‬
~%
6500
10
6000 ~0
et
5500 ~~.
5000100.2 5 101 2 5 102 01.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
( ~~)(. 1,..5,.~,..,./=/,..~005 0,..-5,.~,.~
~0(048~~ 0~ ~0(..)~1... ~/04~1...1,.00~ ~~1...~ (1...~ 0./~~~~,. ~01...5~5 ,.. ~0... ...~(1~ ~ ,...1 250( 1,,/
- = -
,,.9. 14 - ,.~800 10~ ,...,~0-011
,..018 ~5. 00-51818 ~0.1898
(1) ,./1~.~ ~..,,,~. .,~ /,,.~,,~~~ .. . 9../~~./,,~. ,.0 .~~//~

,,0,, ,,~.,~ .~/~,.~ ~0,,..~. /.~.0~.
n
e eri ~0~,.~.,
~~~11)~ 11)~~~
gin
~00., ~.,.~ ~00., ~0... ~00., ~.
‫ﺔ‬ ~~8308=
sy
En
- 1250~
~14~~
8
8
80~
8~
,.
8
12~.
15~
~0~ ...~~.. ,0~ . ~.,,1... .1~/1 ,.~ = 1250~. ~0... = 80~.

~~ = 12~. 0~.~ ..= 830~8,..
...~0..~ 14-18 ((0/1(//1/1~0)
Ea
00-51818 ~0~1898 ~..0~. ~~. 11~ 15 111~ 1051(101(111~005 ~(110~ 0~ 00-51(11~ ~011-
(18~ 0(0~ (111015 0~~~00~111 00 111~ 100~1100 1~(0~~((110(~, 11. ~180(~ 14-18.5 5110~5
w.
111~ 11151(101(111~005~0(~(1(0 ~011(18~ 0(0~ (18(111151~0(~(1(0 ~0((~01. 11., ~(10 0~ ~011-

510~(~0 (150~108 (0(10~ 0~ 0~ (1) (1~(110~ ~111~1115100~~~00~01 0~ 111~~0(~(1(0 ~0((~01,
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
(1110 (2) (1 ~(110~ ~111~1115 ~(0~0(11011(1110 111~ 1051(1111(10~005 ~0(~(1(0 ~0((~01.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~8)(.~(,8~ ~88~ 00-51818 ~0~1898, ~,.,,,,. 111~ 15 111~ (0(1)(1(00(0 00-51(11~

~011(18~ 0(0~ (11 (1 5~~~111~0 00-51(11~ ~0((~01 (1110 100~11011 1~(0~~((110(~.
~...1.~8~ ..818 01 ...58 01 011-51818 ~0~1898, (/.,,/(/1. (1)/0/ 15 111~(01111(00(0

~(110~ 0~ 111~ ((11~ 0~ (15~ 0~ ~0(~(1(0 ~011(18~ ~111~11 (0(1)1 ~(105~ 5~11~111118 ~(0(0 0~~-
51(11~ 10 00-51(11~.
490

(.81~~9 ~~ 9 1, /(. 11. 15 10~ 11111111110111
111100~ ~0((~111 ~01~0 15 (~().01(~0
10 11111111111111
10~ 10)1(1510( 111 10~ 011-51111~ 1111111~01111~1)1
1111~( 11 10)1(1510( 0115 0~~11
10(11~0 011 1111010~ ~111~ 51~111110115 0~~11 (~1110~~0.
~0~~ 9 ~~ 9 1, /1/. 1/-/ 15 10~ 11111111110111111100~ ~0((~111 10 1111111111111110~

10)1(1510( 111 10~ 011-51111~. 10~ 0010111~ ~0((~11115 1~55 101111 10~ 1111~0111~ ~0((~111.
~98~ 0 51819 ~~ 9 1, /,,. 1/1 15 10~ ~~11/( 11151111111111~005

~1110~ 01 011-51111~
~0((~111. 11 0~~~1105 011 10~ 0,1/0,( 11110~1010 01 ~0((~111 ~015~. 10~ 5~11~0111~ 1055~5
‫ﻣ‬
~0010 0~~~110 011 10~ ~1110~ 011/1, ~015~ ~1010, 111100,1/0,( 115500~11111 ~1~. 14-18.6.
~98~ ...9~9...59 ~~ 9 1, //1///1. /8./.115 10~ ~~11/( ~1110~ 01 (~~~(5~ ~0((~11111110~
et
11111)(11110111
)011~11011 1~111~~(1110(~ 1111011111)(11110111
(~~~1111~~ ~~11/( (~~~(5~ ~01111~~ ~110
~111~ 0~~11. 1015 ~0((~111 ~0010 ~1105~ )011~11011 0~111111~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~98~ 0~-51819 ~~ 9 1, /0///1. 10/.1 15 10~ ~~11/( ~1110~ 01 011-51111~ ~0((~111 111
10~ 11111)(11110111
)011~11011 1~111~~(1110(~ 1111011111)(11110111
(~~~1111~~ ~~11/( (~~~(5~ ~01111~~
rin
~110 ~111~ 0~~11. 1015 ~0((~111 ~0010 11150 ~1105~ )011~11011 0~111111~.
~9~9...59 ...9~0~9...9~ ~~8...99, 0/1/1. (28.8. 15 10~ 111110011101 ~011(~~ ~11((1~(5

~01~0 0115 10 0~ (~~0~~(~0 00(111~ 10~ 10(11-011 ~(0~~55.
ee115 ~1110~ 15 0~1~(111111~0
1(0111 10~ 11(~11~11~105~0 0)110~ ~1110 0110~ (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()1 ~0((~111. 10~ ~1110~ 01
(28.8. 0~~~1105 011 10~ (111~ 0111111 01 011-51111~~0((~111 1111010~ ~~11/( ~1110~ 01 011-51111~
gin
~0((~111 0~10(~ 10(11-011. (28.8. ~1105~5 ~0((~5~0110111~ ~11~(~)11055 ~110111 10~ 0~~1~~.
‫ﺔ‬
~1~0(~ 14-18.9 500~510~
10~ (~~~(5~ ~11~(~)11055.
..~ ~1.0
(~51511111~~ 0~1~~~11
10-~8591~9
10~
sy
1)1~1~111(~~~(5~
En
8~ ...95.518
)011~11011 11110 001~(
(~~0~~(~0
~9, 111~~.
~011(~~ 11110~1~. 14-18.10
~115~ 0110~
10~ 0~111 1(111151~( 1101/11)1 01111111~(11115 11110 111~~011111~111 ~01151(0~11011
~(0.1~ 15 10~ ~11~~11~~
0~~1~~. 1115
500~5
10~(111111
11 111~1150(~
0110~
01
10)1(1510(.
~1~0(~ 14-18.11 500~5 10~ 10~(1111111111~~01111~~ 0110~( 1(111151~111-~0110111011.
Ea
()~ 9819 ~~ 9 1101 999..., /6.,.. 10715 10~ (~~0111111~110~0 ~1110~ 0110~ ~111~
~0((~111 11111 5~~~111~0 ~115~ 1~111~~(1110(~. 10~ 111111111101111111011111)(11110111
~1110~5 01
/0711(~ 110(1111111)1
5~~~111~0, 1111111~1)1
70 10 150 111~. 10~ 1)1~1~111~111~ ~011(11~1~(1511~5
w.
11(~ 500~11111 ~1~. 14-18.12.

‫ُﺭ‬
()~ 9819 ~0~1899 10 1 999..., ~ 6.,..
ww
~ 07 15 10~ (~~0111111~110~0 ~1110~ 01 ~111~

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~01111~~ 11111 5~~~111~0 ~115~ 1~111~~(1110(~. 10~ 11111111110111 1111011111)(11110111

~1110~5 01
~ 0. 11(~ 110(1111111)1
5~~~111~0, 1111111~1)11.210 2.5 ~.
()~ 9819 ~0~1899 0110 1 999..., ~ 60. ~ 00 15 10~ ~1110~ 0110~ ~111~ ~01111~~
~01~0 00~5 1101~1105~ 10~ 10)1(1510( (~110 (111~0 ~ 08./.1 0~1~~~11 111100~ 10 ~111000~)
10 5~11~0 1(0111 011-51111~ 10 011-51111~. 11 15 ().001~0 1115~~~111~0 ~115~ 1~111~~(1110(~,
58~. 14-9
491

8(1~0.3 ~ (111 ~ = 1250~. 111~ (1(~(1011=/088101~1(1~~~(10~ 18 00(01(111~ 01(1(~~0 0~
111~ 01(1001(1~10(~(8 10 111~ ~(11~ ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8(18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 14-18.9(1.
~8)(..,, ,, ,,0,,..~~~1.1.~~ 5 9~ ~ ~,,1. /.,.5/9/1. 115~ 18 10~ 01(1)(1010011=/~(-

01188101~ 1=/~(1~ ~0((~01 0111(111-810~ ~(1~~ ~1111 (1 00((11100 01 00(01(111~ 10 018 (11 (1
81=/~~111~0 1~011=/~((110(~. ~ (~1=/~111100 18 1=/~(01188101~ 001~ (111~( 111~ ~)(1=/1((11100 01 (1
0110101001 101~(~(11 10 (~00~~ 111~ 100~1100 1~011=/~((110(~ 10 (1110~(101~ ((10~~. 11118
1=/~3~ 1=/~(01188101~ ~310~ ~3(1~8 ~1111 111~ 00010~( 01 (~1=/~1111008. ~1~0(~ 14-18.13
‫ﻣ‬
8110~8 111~ (13)(101001 ~(110~ 011=/~(1~ 80(~~ ~0((~01 ~1111111~ 00010~( 01 ~0((~011=/018~8.
, 0,, 1 ~. 1.,. (,, 18 111~0110101001 ~310~ 011101~ 101~(~(110~1~~~0 111~
et
1081(101 ~11~0 111~ 00-81(11~ ~0((~01 11(18 0~~(~38~0 10 2~(0 300 111~ 1081(101 ~11~0 111~
111~(1810( 18 ~31=/(101~ 01 ~111181(10010~ 10(~(1(0 (,, 0~1=/~1108
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~011(1~~ ~111100110(010~ 00.
g.n
00 111~ 1=/~(1~ ~310~ 01 00-81(11~ ~0((~01 (100 111~ 1081(101(10~008 00-8131~ ~011(1~~.
~1~0(~ 14-18.14 8110~8 111~ ~(1(1311008 0110(0-0111101~ (1~(110811081(101(10~008 00-81(11~
~011(1~~.
rin
~~301)))~ 14-4
10~ ~~5011311111015~ 111.,,~~1~~ 111 ~1~. 8-273 05~5 311 1~ 10~~1510~ 011~11~ 830~~. 10~
111.,,~~1~~035 3 0~ 51111111~.,,0113~~ 01115
=
ee
200~, ~3113~11311~~ 01 ~ = 80 ~~, 111011~1311~~
011- = 12.8 ~1-1, 3110 ~~5151311~~ 01 ~ = 0 11. 10~ 11111131 ~3113~110~.,,0113~~, 11..-0=
200 ~ 3110 10~ 5~11~0111~ 1~~().11~11~~, 1,. = 4 )(1-12. 0~1~~111111~ 10~ (3) 5~11~0111~ 1055 01
gin
10~~1510~, 115~(0) ~~.,,~~5~ ~~~0.,,~~~0 ~03~~~ 0110~~1510~, (2~~~ 3110 (~) ~~.,,~~5~ ~~~0.,,~~~
110~~~ 1055 0110~~1510~, 11,,..
‫ﺔ‬ 80)0~100 115= 200~,
10~ ~11~~~11110~011~0 10~0510~
sy
En
11..-0= 200~, 1- = 12.8 ~1-1, ~ = 80 ~~, 31101,. = 40001-12.

11 ~311 0~ 1011110 1~0111
Ea
1(() = 2115
~ 5111 (,)( (14-18)
w.
1/ /1-~. 10~ ~11~~~111~3.,,~10~111 0110~~1510~ 11 15 500~11 111 ~1~. 14-19.

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
...1~~~ 14-19 111~(1510( (11~~~(111(1~)(-

310~1~ 14-4.
492

-
~ -80
/~ = 2~,
~ - = 2
1,
)( 200)(
~ 12.8
= 1000 ~
300 1/1~ ~00011~1100 6111~ 01 11 15
(1
= 70 ~ = 70 ~12.8
)(
80 = 100.5 ~5
(3) ~0~ /,, = 1000 ~ 300 (1 = 100.5 ~5, ~1~. 14-18.6 ~1,,,~51/1~ 5~11~/110~ ~0~~~~
)(
1055 ~.~./,~ 0.15 1. 1/1~ 5~11~/110~ ~0~~~ 1055 15 11, = ~5/5 4000 = 600~. = 0.15
(0) ~~0111~(). (2-17), 01/0( = 2~/1, = 2 )( 200/12.8 = 31.25 ~/~5. ~0~ /~ =
‫ﻣ‬
/,/0.1 = 1000~, ~1~. 14-18.9 ~1,,,~51/1~ ~~,,,~~5~ ~~~0,,,~~~0 ~/13~~~ 35 (.2~~ = 37 ~~.
(~) ~0~ 01/0( = 31.25 ~/~5 300 /,, = 1000~, ~1~. 14-18.10 ~1,,,~5 1/1~ ~~,,,~~5~
t
~0~~~~ 1055, ~~ = 1400 ~1 = 0.00141. 1/1~ ~~,,,~~5~~~~0,,,~~~ ~0~~~ 1055, 11~ = ~~/5
e
)( 4000
= 0.0014 = 5.6~.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1-/0(~. 111~ (~,,,~(8~ (~~0,,,~(~ 1088, ~ ~ (= 5.6~) 18 11~8118101~ ~0111~3(~0 10 111~
8~11~111118 1088, ~5 (= 600 ~.)
~,.301))1~ 14-5
rin
~0 1~ 1/1~~1510~ 011~~~ 530~~ ~3(~1~5 3 ~11~~~01 35 5/10~010 ~1~. 14-20 300 1/1~ ~11~~~01
~1115~ 15 ~~~~31~0 31 3 1~~()11~0~~ 01 ~ = 50 1-12. 1)~1~~11110~ 1/1~ (3) 3,,,~~3~~ 00-5131~
~0~~~ 1055, 11,~ (0) 00-5131~ ,,,0113~~, ~,~ (~) 111~0-0116111~, (~~ 300 (0) ~~,,,~~5~ ~~~0,,,~~~0
~/13~~~, (.2~~. ~5511111~ 3 )(10~600
ee
1~111~~~3111~~ 011~ = 1250~.
80101100 /~ = /,/0.1= 1000~, 1 = 1//, = 1/50 = 201115, 300 (, = (2 = 5 ~5. 1/1~
gin
3,,,~~3~~ 00-5131~ ~(1~~~01 15
‫ﺔ‬ /, =
1
20,000
(0.5 )( 5 )( 1000 + (20,000
= 999.5 ~
En
- 2
(3) 510~~ 1/1~ 5~11~/110~ 1~~()11~0~~15 10~, ~1~. 14-18.4151/1~ 3~~~0~~131~ 00~ 10
sy
)( 5) )( 1000 + 0.5 )( 1000)
1/00 1/1~ 00-5131~ ~0~~~ 1055. ~0~ 0~ 0~~~3600, 11, = 2000 ~.

(0) ~0~ /,, = 1000~, ~1~. 14-18.5 ~1,,,~51/1~ 00-5131~ ,,,0113~~ ~, = 1.8~.
(~) ~0~~, = 1.8~, 3001~~~~, ~1~. 14-18.14 ~1,,,~51/1~111~0-0116111~,(~ = 24 ~5.
Ea
1,-(.6.)
w.
1000 - - - -
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
20~5
493
58~. 14-9

(0) ~0(1,, = 1,/,1 = 1000,6. (1110 01/0( = 200 ,6.//-1-8. ~1,~11(~ 14-18.9 ~1,,,~8 (~~0,,,~(~
~11(1(~~, (28.8. = 94 /-1-~.
14-9.2 6~0 ~8...8811616...5
~1~0(~ 14-21 800~8 10~ 0(11(1 80~~1 0~ 10~ 1111~..11(111011(11

~~~11~1~( (1~) 010~ 550~
~~5, 1600 ~, 1~~~ 350~11. 10~ 011-81(11~ (1110 0~~-81(11~ ~(1((1(11~1~(8 3(~ 10~1111~31
10 1031 0~ 5~~~ 0111~ 10~ 10(11-0~~ ~31~ ~03(3~1~(1811~8 3(~ 01~~~(~111.
‫ﻣ‬
0~ 9819 ~(.8 981110 1 999..., /6.,.. 10.,.18 10~ 10~~81 ~310~ 0~ 10~ ~31~ ~0((~111
~01~0 ~1111(1~~~(10~ 010 313 8~~~1~1~0 ~38~ 1~(11~~(310(~, 31100~-~31000~ ~011(1~~,
et
3110 011-8131~ ~0..(~111. ~1~0(~8 14-21.9 3110 14-21.9(1 800~ 10~ ~31~ ~03(3~1~(1811~8
(1110 10~ (1(~(18 0~ ~088101~ 1(1~~~..111~ ~011118.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
0~ 9816 ~0~1896 10 1 999..., 1/6.,.. ~ 01 18 10~ 10~~81 ~310~ 0~ ~(11~ ~0113~6
1031 ~1111(1~~~( 10~ 010 31 (1 8~~~1~1~0 ~38~ 1~(11~~(310(~, 31100~-~31000~ ~0113~~,
rin
3110 011-81(11~ ~0..(~111.
~8)(.811(.8811 ~98~ ~05.1.~9 9816 ~(.8 6811,

ee + /6///1. + 10/.11810~ (11(1)(1(110(11 ~~(1~
~08111~~ ~(11~ ~0((~111 31 3 8~~~1~1~0 ~31~ ~018~ ~1010.
~8)(.811(.8811 ...6~91.1.~6 ~98~ 816981.~6 9819 ~0~1896, - 1/6~///1. ~ 0~/.1 18

gin
-
10~ (113)(1(110(11~~3~ 11~~311~~ ~31~ ~0113~~ 1031 (11081 0~ 3~~11~0 10 10~ ~(11~ 1(11(11~-
‫ﺔ‬
0131~1~ 3~1~( 10..11-0~~ 10 ~(~~~111 (~1(1~~~..111~ 0~ 10~ 010.
~8)(.811(.8811 ~68~
3110~(101~ ~~3~
En
816981.~9 9819
11~~311~~ ~(11~ ~0..(~111, ~0~11 10~ 010
sy
~(.8 9811, - /6///1. -10/.1 18 10~ (113)(1(110(11

18 11110~ 0~~-8131~.
~(.8...81-081 1.8116, (~1. 1(),(18 10~ 11(11~ (~()01(~0 10 ~0(11~1~1~ 10~ 10(11-011 ~(0~~88.
1118 (11~(180(~0 ~(0(11 10~ 111813111 0~ 10% 0~ ~31~ ~0((~11110 10~ 11181(111131 ~01~010~
31100~ ~0113~~ (~(1~0~8 10% 0~ 10~ 80~~1~ ~0113~~ ~110 3 (~81811~~ 1030. 10~ ~31~
Ea
~0..(~111 (11081 0~ (11311113111~0 ~0( (1 1011~ ~1100~0 11(11~ 0~ 1(),( 10 ~1180(~ 10(11 10~ 10(11-
011 18 ~0(11~1~1~. ~1~0(~ 14.21.10 800~8 10~ ~3(1(111011 0~ 10(11-011 11(11~ ~110 011-81(11~
~0((~111, 3110 ~1~. 14-21.13 800~8 10~ ~0..(~8~0110111~ (113)(1(110(11 10(11-011 ~11~(~~ 1088.
w.
10~ 10(11-011 1088 0~~~1108 011 10~ 0~~-81(11~ ~011(1~~ 3110 0~~0(11~8 (113)(1(110(11 ~110
..~81811~~ 1030 3110 (111111(110(11 ~(110~ 0~ ~1/~1.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~.81.811(.8811 081-1.8116, (001. 100. 18 10~ (111111(110(11~310~ 0~ 011-11(11~ 10 ~1180(~ 1031

311 ~31000~ 18131108 3..~ ~011~ 10(11~0 011. 1018 11(1111 18 3180 80~~(1(11~08~0 011 10~
(~()01(~(11~111 1031 10~ 010 (11081 0~ 011 ~0( 80~~1~1~111 11(11~ 10 (1110~ 10~ 811000~(
~3~(1~110( 10 018~0(1(~~ ~011~.
~8)(.811(.8811 18~~ 1.8119, (,. 1/18 10~ (11(1)(1(110(11 ~(110~ 0~ 11(11~ ~0( 10~ 011-8131~
~0(..~11110 ~(111~..0(11 90% 0~ 011-81(11~ ~0((~11110 10% 0~ 011-8131~ ~0((~111 ~110 (~81811~~
10308. ~1~0(~ 14-21.12 800~8 10~ ~3..1311011 0~ ~311 11(11~ ~110 011-81(11~ ~0((~111.
494

1200~ .~(3~ (38~8 ~~..~11
‫ﻣ‬
0~~8~ ~~~ 8~~8
e t
()85~~. ~~.0,,/~ 88~~ ~85
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(.)0~15 ,08 350~~, 58,,85 0( (1,0 (9318 10,,,-0(() 10~,,510,5 ,5 08-
350~~.
,,, 5.9,,80 (0, ~0,,,,8, ~0,,1,0~ 3~~~.~1,0,,5 50~0 35 0,,,,,18,,0~1,-
~.~0 1200
,,, 0~8 ~0,,,,8, 50~~~,85 (~~5), .3,,30~8 5~880 3~ 011010, 0,1~85,
~.(~~5) 550
,,, 81~. 51,,~8 108~ ~3,, 0. 10,,,80 0(( 0~ 3 ,,8931,.. ~0,,8,,1
~.(,,,.,,) 350 ~0~58 10 108 9318, 0.~,~85 ,,, 108 350~~, 5.,,85 3~~0,,,, ,8-
rin
~~8)(.,..~ 80 0~ 0~~110(15 ~(10~8~8~~ 5~~8, ~8~9~1, ~051 8(10 3~0~511~~ 00158
(9)50~. 4500 ,,,,0.,, ~0011~3,80 10 ~0,,~8,,1,0,,3~ 10~,,510,5 1031 ,8~0,,.
~.5~ ,,,
(9)60 ~. 4700 00~~~ ~00110110131,,,9~,,~0,15.
~2, (9)50~. 101,000
ee
,,,2.
(9)60 ~. 92,000
2 ,,,
~~.
.,./.,, 1000 .,,//1.
gin
.,./.,, 600 ,,,//1.
,9~ 15 /1.
.~
‫ﺔ‬
.,,~~~..,,()~~
-40,0125
1000,0 1600.,,
En
0~
.,, . ,6.~3,,30~8 ,,,,,10 0113)(,0110011
,8~.111,~8 ~.3~ 0((-51318
~0,1.9. (-.,,011,.,,,) 10 1600-.,,.
asy
46.3 (1.823)
,,,~)(. 0~~. 9.0 (0.354)
~.4)(. 0~~
2 ~/...4~~5
-1,
‫ُﺭ‬ w .E
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
...)211..~ 14-21 1)313 5/1~~1 0( 010, 1~()~ 350~11. (~0/17(€5)1 0/ //1(€7/1(1(10/1(1/~€(-

(1/1€7).
58~. 14-9 495

..~~(-,1. ..0~(-,1 ..~5(-,1. ..05(-,1-

-
~8)(. ~8~8~111~8 ~88~ ~8)(. ~0,,-~8~81~1~~8 ~83~ ~81,/8...~
~8..,8...58 800 800 011~51818 ~0~1898
0//.5..1~~0~..90 .~ ~~,.,,.
0
~8...1 ~0,,.,08... .~ ~-400~.0 1250~ .~ ~250~.0 1250~
350~~.100 1000 1200
350~~.120 1200 1400
‫ﻣ‬
350~~.140 1400 1600
350~~.160 1600 1750
et
350~~. 0.,.15 ~~0,,0.110.,5
0~.5.....0
~.(~~5) ~0.,,.,,8~ ~~5
00-51818 ~~......8,,1 550 ...
~.(,6...) ~8)(. 3....8...398 00-51818 ~0...,.8,,1 350 ...
1800 ~8~15.,,8 ~8...,8 ~0,,00~110,,.
(21 ~... .~ 80 0~
~.(30 ~8)(. ~0,,1..0~~80~8 ))88~

.~ ~1250~...0(-,1 ~1/2..0~~. (3(30 ~5. ~5 ~3.0/1~. 0
00-51818 ~.........8,,1
~018= ..5 ~600.. (21.~ ~250~. ..5 ~500.. (21.~ = 1250~.
rin
1200 ...
(~5 ($ 1~8 ....0~18985.,1~8 ~...1~.,8))))88,-5 00 1...8 0..,,,,8.,,.~ 00-51818
....0~1898 1,.8~8 0...,.1,,918~~ 1.018.)
~.5~ ~8)(.))83~ 008 ~..,,~~8.000- 50 ~~.,8~1~..,,~~8

$~,,8 ~8....8
4500 ~0~10~.,,9 80..,, (8180 ~080 ~0,,0.1.0,,.
..-8))8181...,850(98 ~0,.,..8,,1 0..- 6 ,,,$ ,.8~18,,90~8... ))...~58
... 300 ~.1.,..-3180 ....,~~~ 8))))~180 1000~-
4700
ee 60 ~~03~1~..,,~~8 $808 ~8....8
0..- 5 /115 ,.8~18,,9...~8,. ))0~58
.09 50,..98. 5~8 10,..090 100..,, 00.
,2. ~3)(. ~21 ~3))800.1.,, 10,..105109 101.000 1 ==10.,,5 88~~0 8,,,,~.~010~~0~.119 50,.9~.
~88~
...2. .0.~.8~,.... ~12508.
gin
92.000 ~= 8.3 1115
..,.~ ~8)(.,,88~ 00-5~8~~ 3.42 ..

~0~~89~ .~ = 250~. ~.(.....)
= 350... (1100... ~...). ~(,= 4...
‫ﺔ‬ 0~/0~
~0~ 8-
~~,-~/)~~3~~3~~,,~..9 ~0,.,.8..~
~~,-~/)~~8~ ,,0~0~..9
8~0~~~~(3
~~11. ~,.~~.~8~ ,.8~8-01-,.~58

01 011-5~8~8 ~0~~898
~8)(.,,88~ 011-5~8~8 800

~0,.,.8..~
sy
En
1000
400
30
30
...
...
../~.
.~
.~ = 250~
(38~8
,-..
-
~250~
~0~~89~ -2~
1250~.
=
(38~~-~0~8~/100~ ,.85.5~811~8
~0~ - ,.8~80
= 211
.~ = 1250~
..0
= 1/2 ..08~
~08~. ,,88~ 011-5~8~8 ~0,.,.8..18,,,,~~85

,.8~8,.58 ~0,.,.801 ,.,,... ~0,.-2~ 0,. 1110,.8 ..898~1~8 98~8 ~0~~8980,. 10,. 9818-10~8~,,008
18~ 80
,.8515~8.,~8 211.
=
5~1.~~1~(3
Ea
0,/0. ~8)(. ,.8,,81.1.~8 ,.8~8-01-,.8$~ 0,(3/0. ~5.../~.. +~(3~ ~10.... ~.~ ~1200....
0110,...80-0.. ~0,.,.8111 600 .../~.
..0 ~1/2 ..08~.
~8)(. 10,.,,.00
.9. 1~1118 19~ ~5111~850,.80 ~,.001 ~.,$~8..1 81 ~,,~~,, ~(3= 0.1 ~(3~ 10 ~0$~8..1 81
8 ~. ~,,~~,, ~0=0.1~0~~1,, ,.85~$~.~8~080. ,-.)= 12508. ~,-= 1200.6.,
w.
+~(3~ = 10....0,(3/0. = 5 ...//1....0 = 1/2 ..08~.

.00 ~.0. ~8,.111.55.0~8011.~11118 100 ~51/18 18018 0~9558,.,, ~091150,.8 ~/18180 ~8~/1008 1$~8,,05 8,.8 111
16 ~. 000000.,00. .~ = 1250~. 1. ~1200.... ..,0 = , /2 ..0~~.
‫ُﺭ‬
~(3~ ~10....0,(3/0. = 60 .../~..
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~8)(. 9818~0111,.0~
.90 ~80 19() 85 018850,.801,.0111 ~11518111 8~ ~/1.~/11(3 - 24,6. 10 80518,,181
10,.,,-0111.018 15 ~. ~/1~~/1~,- = 120.6. ~/1/1,.958511..,8 ~080. ... = 1250~, ~,- 1200.6.,
=
~0,(3/0. 0 60 .../~.. (3(30 = 5.
0
--
1.
(~ (3(30 ~
.3,,,,~~80-~(30
~0,.~80 ~0,.0-01~ 98~,,. ~,-
= 011-51819 ~0,.,.801. ,6.,,,,~880 1(30 = 1118)(8111001099818~8 9818 ~0,.,.8..100,.~0910,.0-0~~ 1,1(8,.~8~.
0) ~~88~ ,.8 8,.~8 0~18985 8~~~~ 10,. ~8~0 0,. 0898~...,8 9818 0,1.398.
496

~350~~,. ~~0~~$ ~000~~.00$

5,,.,,~,.~~~~() (~00..00.0)
.1 ~8)(.18~~ 1~,,,8 ~1~$018850,.80 1...001 10$1~....181 ~.,1~., 1,- == 1080.4 10 .....51801 81

~.,.~.,~,..== 120.6. ,.,,, 1250~.~,. 1200~.
1.2 ,.. ~.1., ..-85.5180/8 ~080. == ==
~0 = 1/2 ~0~~. 0,()/0.
= 60
,../,.., ()()0
= 5. 0
~......,,8,.,,,~$$.0~8 011-11018 1011 .5018850(801..0011.,8.....51801 81 ~.,1~., 1.,8 10.-0-011 ()0~58.$ (1)
.011
80 ,.. 8()()/880 10 1.,8 9819 10 1.,8 88,.~.8$1 8051801 81 ~1~.,1.,8 (3,.0 ,,,8~ ))8
,..,,99.,.0. ,.~ = 1 250~, ~,. = 1200,.., 0,()/0. = 60 ,../,.., ()()0 = 5.
,.~~()()~~~~()
~()~(,..~) ~8)(. 8..,8..89810,......,8(0 ,,.,,

()0~8,. 30
‫ﻣ‬
9818
(=0,......,8(0 9818 ()0.....,8... .5 (),.00...~80 0~ ()0511...,8
~()~~ ~8)(. ()88~ ...8..,8..58 ,,.,, ~...,.,.801, ...8..,8..-58 9818 ()0~,. .$ ()...00....~80
18.000 1() ~5~5. 9818
9818 ()0.....,8..- 0..,, 1189811..,8 9818 ~....,.,.801.
~6~(.4.~) ~8)(. 8..,8...898 .-8..,8,..59 ,,.,,

80
9818 ()0.....,8.-
t
~8)(. ()88~ ()0$111..,8 1() ~100 ~5. ~0$.13..,8 9818 ~....,.,.8111018.,. 1101 08 8()()~.80 00...119
+~()~ 9818 ,..
100
.ne
~....,.,.8,,1 (8..,8.-59 ,.~0..,8,...,. 1,,18,...,8~.
-~()~ ~8)(. ()88~ 089~1~~8 9818 ,.~ 0~()(0~,09.

01,.. 1250~, _~()~ ,...0 -~()~~, 5~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
50 = =
~~,..,..801
-~()~~ ~~)(. ,..8~8111~~8 ~88~

20 ~5~~ 0~0~~~09.
089811~8 9818 ...,0~1898
,.~
g
1(),. ~8)(.,..8~~.,..90 0~ 9818 4.6 = -400~ ~8)(. ,..8~~1,..80 1,..~999,.. ~~,..,..80185 1~8
9818 ~0~51
~~,..,..801101,..~998,..
2.0 ,., ,.~ 250~ ~8~~8 1,...998,..8~( ~0~15 ~,1~+12 ...,0(15
~~~~~~.~~
=
80008-10~~1~008800 (. 50~ 8118,.. 1,..8998,..~09
rin
==
0.5 ,.~= 1250~
~8)(.,..8~~~,..80 0~ 9818 ,.~ ~8)(. ,..8~~,,..80 9818 1,..1998,.. ~011898.5 108 (0~851
~(),. 1.25 = -400~ 8(( 00115 ~11~+12 ~0(15
~0~1898 10 1,...998,.. ~~8~~8 ~~~~~~~~~1,..~998,..
,.~ 250~ 80008.10~81~009 800 ~. 50~ 8118,.. 1,..8998,..~09
1.0 = ==
,.~ .)~0~1~00 0~8,..8~109

18,..,,~8,..81~,..8 ,..8098 -40.0125 0~
ee
510,..898 18,..,,~8,..81~,..8 ,..8098 -40.0125 0~
.519
gin
~8)(. ~018,..0~~ 1~8,..,..,,81 ~/,,.,, 0~ 0~8,..~1800~ 00~0(8 5808 ~00~80.
~.0~~ 0.035 0.9.
,..85.5~80~8.1~0~1~00-10~858 01000110910,0. = 11750~ (2650101).
.~9,..,..,,8~ ,..8515180~8. 008 ~018
,.
‫ﺔ‬
,,,.
~.0~5
~18~8 10 0....8
~0~....1~0910,..~8
,6.~~,..0)(101818 .....,8.9~1
~85851..,.~8
~881 08551~810,..
~~0.
~~8)(.
sy
En
0.02
10.600 (2400)
12,900 (2900)
360 (12.7)
~~,
,.,-38
0.9.
001)
9 (02.)
~/,,.,, ~0001~09 50,..18~8 5,..,,001~.1~81 8....0 9,..98580.
130 130.----
Ea
~
110
~
0.. 100
~
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.~~
600
/ .
.=.9. 1 - /) 9. 001-81.1. ~ 01( 1,/.. ~.)(.,.,,0,.,, /).~~0,,,.~~. .=.9. 2 - /) 9. 0..-81.1. ~ 11,/.. ~.)(.,.,,..,.,, /).1~0,,,.~~.
~.. ,..,.,,~...( (8 0.~.~ ~ ( ,...10.,.,,) ~.. ,..,.,,~...1 (~.~...9..~.. ~ 1 ,...10.,.,,)
497
5~~. 14-9

~1400
.. .~.. ~~~~~~/ / ~./
5~,..~50~0~~ ~~~~~~~1~~~~/=0~~
~1200 1~ ~125~0 1 1 ~/ /
80~1~0~~~0 ~~81~/=~~~ / ~/ / 1/
..,.~~~~0 -
~~1000
~~~~~0~
~...
/ / ~/
~/ )/
~0- +--
0
~~800
~~1---13~0 / / ~~./
~0 (/ ./
~0--+-- ~600-
~600 ~0- 1900 1-/ ~/ 1/ -/
~1./)./ ~-0- 0-
~*,1200~~ ./
./ ,.
‫ﻣ‬
_
~~400 ~- ~1~00~~~
/- 14
~~200
--
0
~~80~~~~0~-
~.. ~~~~,.,(3~~
et
~~.. 0 ~~~~.1 104
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 102 103 104
~~~~.4(3~ 0~.5..,.~1~ 8~~~~~..,. 0~~~ /=~~~ ~~~~~ (~,..,~~~~5~
~~~~.4(3~ 0~.5..,.~,..~8~8~~~..,. 0~~~ ~0~~ 8~8~~ (~,..,~~8~5)
,,,9. 3
- ~)(.01..01 ~0.., ~9~9~ 0 8~8~9 ,.0..,9, ~0$$ ~$. ,,.9. 4
- ~8)(,01..01 ~.9.. ~9~9( 0 8~8~9 ,.0..,9, ~0$$ ~$.
~~9,899 0 8~8~9 ~..,,9...~ (8 $0.~8~ ~..,,9...~ ,,,,8~910,01) ~~9,899 0 8~8~9 ~..,,9...~ (8 $0.~8~ ~..,,9...~ ,,,,8~910,01)
rin
~1400
~.. ( ( (
~1200
~~~~~0.4~(3~~~~ 8~~~~~..,.~.4~~/=0~~
~/
,.. ~-125001
1 1 ~( ~/ ~/ ~~0 ~,.,6()~~~
..,.
~~ ~~~~..,. ~,.,~~~0~,..,
~~,, 1.2508~
80~..,.~0~~~0 ~~81~/=~~~..,.~~~~0 /=~~~~ 0~ ./ ./
~1000
1
~/ /
ee 1/
80~..,.~0~~~0 ~~8..,.~/=~~~
,..~~~~0 ~()~~~ 0~
0 ~800 ~600 / 1./
1900 ~1/
0
~1200
gin
~600
~1800 ~-// ....-
~400 ~~---
..
0
‫ﺔ‬
~..
~..
~~200
,,.9. 5
~~-+
0 50
~-
.
~~~~.4(3~
100
0~.5,..~,..~
150
- ~8)(,01..01 ~0.., ~9~9( 0 8~8~9 ,.0..,9, ~0$$ ~$.

8~~~~~,..
sy
En
~~00
~...
~~....-
200
0~~~
250
/=~~~ 8~8~~
300
80~0~0~0~~
(.4~~~~~5)
~,~-
~~~~~~~00
350 ~
400
,,.9. 6
~~.~~.46€
102
0~-5,..~..,.~ 8~~~~~,..
0~~~
- ~8)(.01..01 ~.9.. ~9~9~ 0 8~8~9 ,.0..,9, ~0$$ ~$.

/=()~~
103
8~8(..~ (~,..,~~~~5)
1()4
104
~~9,899 0 8~8~9 ~..,,9...~ (~9~~8...9..18, ~..,,9...~ ,,,,8~910,01) ~~9,899 0 8~8~9 ~..,,9...~ (~9~~8...9..~8, ~..,,9...~ ,,,,8~910,01)
Ea
-
w.
~~0
~10-2
‫ُﺭ‬
.- ~0-+--
ww
~-.+-
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..
~10-3
-~
-
~~~~~4.0
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

~~1~~~0~5 0~-5..,..4..,.~~0 ~..,..46~(~0~ ..,.5)
~~5..,.
,,,9. 7
-
~8)(.01..01 ~...$~8...~8...90..$ 0 8~8~9 ~0(~899 ,,,9. 8 - ~8)(.01..01 ,.,8...$19...~ ,...9,018~ 101.,9~8...~9
~$. (...$~8...~8...90..$ 0 8~8~9 ~..,,9...~ ~$. 8~..8,9 ,,,,8~9 ,...~$9 ()..,8~.0...
111~0,.~ 14-21
498

1,
~........ (
,. ~~-400
/.~
.-
/ 1)=250(
0,. ~1.0
).- 0..
...
/
~1250(
0,.
~~~~0~~,~0~01~~6(3~~~~(3 ~~~~_ 0, -
...
‫ﻣ‬
,/1.8~,., 0~ ,.,~~ ~058~8(.~ ,.~~86~~~~6 ~0~~,.5
~/-
~~...,60
(,.,,/1.)()
0 0
0 10 ~ 30 40 50 ~ 70 ~ 90 100 0 2 3
~~5,.~~,.,.,~~005 6.4.,.~ ~0~~~~,. (,6.,.,,~~8~5) 6.4.,.~ (0~~~~,. (.4.,.,,~~~~5)
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
9
~- --
.....
~~~8~,.~,,
1250~
~1/0,, 1/2 ~0~,.,,
rin
~~,.,,=10.4.
./
7 0-~~.6/~1,,5/1-..//).$ - /- -~ -
-~-
, ee .....
7
~0~ 0~.....~(~ ~~,...,.,,~~~,.,,0,.,, 6.4.~~
,- ,,~12500~~
./ .....0,,,1~2......0~~ _
-.....
-
gin
6.4.,.~ 0~~.....~ (0~0~,.~0~5 ~~)(~0,,,1 ,...(0
3
~(0~0~~~0~5
.~~~~1_~~1 ~1~
‫ﺔ‬ 010 20 4060 100 200 4006001000 2000
0~.5,..4 ~ (0~~~~,. (.4.,.,,~~~~5)
En
0
0 200 400
1=.9.11 - ~.../1 1 ,
600 800
0~.5,...4.,.~
011 6
~...51 18 0..5 0 51.1. ~
1000
(()/1~~~,.
1200 1400
(.4.,.,,~~~€5)
1
..,5.
1600 1800
asy
1.8
1.6 0
2 ~~-~ 1 11
1..
.~.
,.~ ,, 1250(
0
103
~0 ,,- ~1111111
-
0 ...-0 =, 1/2 ....0~,.,, ... ~....01100~~
2 ...
0 1.2 ..
,/ ,.
.E
~~0 .....~ 8001/

./
-
-
1.0
,/
~,.
~~5~5~1~1/~(.0.40
,~ ...... 1/0 = 6001/
~0.8
/ ,6~~.10..
- ~-- ....-
,.
w
~~~~(1/~1 ~5,.,/
0= ~~102 ~~,,
0.6 1250~
.. ~0
‫ُﺭ‬
0..
ww
2
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0.2 2
0
2
0 - ~... 2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 10 5 102 103
0~-$,..4.,.~ (0~~~~,. (.4.,.,,~~~~5) ~~51,.,~1,.,~~005 0~.51.4...~ ~08~~~1 (,.,,.,.,~~8~5)
1=.9.12 - ~, 1=.((, ..,5. 0 51.1. ~ 1 1=.9. 13 - ~., , 0... ~ 9~ ~.. ~..(5.

..,5. 0 51.1. ~ 1
58~. 14-9 499

0 0 103
2 ~0,, 1100.....
.....5.(500.... 2
0 - ....0,,8001,/ 0 .....0,, 600.....
~$- 3 1-/-~. ~.0 1,/0 ~600..... .....$.(500.....
103
6()0- 5
~~.. = - ~~..
880,, 5
,.
3 = 1)
- 1250~ ,.
3
1.1= 1250( /
/
~102 ~/
-05 1._
.~0~ 01~~~ ...,~~()~5 0~ ~5 -
~~~102 (1~~~~ 10 ~~(10~~$ 15 .4~0 16.
2._
,,.
0
,- -
~~,,.
0
~/
2 ,1 ~~1-
‫ﻣ‬
2
~3~~,.
5
0 ~1 ,,, ,,
2 1 =
2
10
10 102 103 10 102 103
~~5,..4~1.4~~0(15 ~~5,..4~,.,4,~~0()5
0~-$1.4,..~
(()~~~~,. (.4~~~~~5)
et
0~-5,..4,.~ ~()~~~~,. (.4~~~~~5)
~.9. 14 - ~.)(.011..011 ,,-011 (0,,..9.,. ~.. ~..,.. ~.9. 15 - ~.)(.011..011 ,,.011 (0,,..9.,. ~.. ~../.. ~..
~.. 0,,-5~.~. ~ ,,~, ~() = 600, 800 8/ 1100~~ 0,,-5~.~. ~ ,,~, ~() = 600~~ ~5 =1, 2, 8/ 3 /1-~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
~5 = 3 /1-~
ng
_ ..,.,0=800..... 1750
=~$~ 500,..... ~~~~~1

~,,
-()80,, 5 1500 ~1
_1~ 1250(
~-12500 ~- ~-
=0
.....0 1/2 ...,0~~
./ ~2 = ,
ri
1250
// ~~-
(5,, 1 ~~1000 ~~- ,- 860 - ~0~(~01()~~.0,,~ 8.4~~
- - ~~7 -- - 000-3~ ~,1
~1
1
2~_ -
ee ~..
~2
,,-
/4.~~(.~~0 ~(10-
750 , 880,, 5
-- - ,1 ~~~0
=
~..
500
~,
/
/
,
3 ~_
gin
0
- - ~-
~- - 0 250
‫ﺔ‬ ~.9. 16 - ~.)(.011..011
0,,-5~.~. ~
5 102 2 5 103 2
~~5,..4~,..4~~0(15 0~.5,..4,.~ (0~~~~.,. (.4~~~~~5)
,,-011 (0,,..9.,. ~.. ~..1.. ~..

,,~, ~() = 800~~ ~5 = 1, 2, 8/ 3 /1-~
84,.~.~.4,.~00~ ~~5~5,..4~(~
En
(0~~5)
1..
~2
0
0 0.5
~
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
5~~88~/1 ~.4~.4~~~0/1 (~~~/10~,6./1.4.05)
~.9. 17 - ~)(.011..011~,,~.0,,.~,. ~..~ 0,,-5~~.

,,~ ~.. 5,,..~~.. ~..,.~.10. ~.,...
3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
asy
1.0 10 100
,
,, =3
0
..
~0 ~~~$ .,-./,,1250~
,, 1.1= 1250(
E
,,
~. ~21 311~ ~_2 . 1)(
~.,,,0 1/2 .....0~,.,
.. =
~~102 ~..
w.
1
~0
~,,
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
~
0
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~
~~..
~
-=
10 103
~
~
5
01 5 1.0 10 100
5 ~ 10-1 1 10
( 0~,.$)
~~8.4,.~...,~ 8.4,.(0.(.4,.~00~ 0~,.,4,8~ 5~0/1.,. 5~~~50~0.4.(. ~0(.5~ 00~,6..,.~0~ (~~(.(.~5~~0~05)
~.9. 18 - ~.,,.011..011 ~.,~..,./ ~.~.-01-~... 011-5~.~. ~01~.9. ~.9. 19 - ~0,,-~..,.~.~.~. ~..~ 0,,.5~.~. ~ ,,1
~.. ~.9.~... (3.~.-~.~~0~. ~0,~.9. .,,~ ~.. ~.. 5.,,...0.~., ~..~5. ()...8~.0,,
(3.~..~.~~0~. ~ ~.,,~
500

~~00~ ~()~~~~,.
~~00~ ~0~,.~~~
, ., ,
~ ~ ~
6~,.~ ~()~~~~,.
~~
,,
~15--1~/~
~19~~11~~~---1
,,
,,
~
6~,.~ ~0~,.~6~
,,
~ ,,
‫ﻣ‬
,
t
~9( ~~~~~~~~~
~~~~16~.
e
~0~,.~6~ 0~
~-~ ~0~(,.~0~
0~~/01 ~ 5 ~//1.5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~~ ~ 3.1~ . ~60. =15 -20~, 1 2.(5~5
( 1
~ 15~ ~6~ 2-20~, 1 3~60~5
. ~55()~~0 0~~~~~ 0()~~~,.~5 00~~,.0 -100~

=
1 2 + 1 3~65~5
rin
8~~88~~
~/).~/).~~,.0
~,(/1~)
8~~88~~
ee ~~~/~~~
~~~8~8,.0~0~.,.~~~
~,(0.) (/1.)
10
gin
75
3.0
5 45
‫ﺔ‬ En
2.0
1.5
10
10
50
30
38
asy
5 23
..,,)~11..~14-21 ((0/1(//1/,/~~)
.E
~8)(.01~01 9819-~0(11...0~~9~ 1~...(1-0,, 1.019, ,.9~. (8~ 15 111~ 111(1)(11111.1111

.,,(111.1~
w
0111111~ 0~1~~~0 111~ 1051(101 (11 ~111~11111~ ~(11~ ~1.1((~0115 10% 01115 ~~(1~ 0~~(111.,,~
.,,(111.1~ (100 111~ 1051(101 (11 ~111~11 111~ 00-51(11~ ~11((~01 15 (~01.1~~0 10 10% 01111~ 00-
‫ُﺭ‬ww
51(11~ ~1.1((~01 ~1111 (~51511.,,~ 10(10. 111~ 11.1(0-0111055, ~111~11 0~~~005 00 111~ 011-51(11~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
.,,011(1~~ (100 111~ 501.100~( ~(1~(1~11(10~~, 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 14-21.14. ~0 10~(~(15~ 10

111~ 501100~( ~(1~(1~11(10~~ 10~(~(15~5 111~ (/1)/(/( 0110(~(1(0 (~(1~~11~0 .,,011(1~~ (15 111~
(1000~ ~1.1((~01 1(1115~ (100 (15 (1 (~51.111 111~ 11.1(0-0111055~5 (1(~ (~01.1~~0. 111~ 11.1(0-011
1055~5 10 ~1~. 14-21.14 00 00110~11.10~ 111~ 501100~( 1055, (100 10 1(1~1111~ 5~11~1110~
1055~5 ~01.110 10~(~(15~ ~1111 501.100~( ~(1~(1~11(10~~. 1-10~~.,,~(, 111~ 501.100~( 1055 15
~)(1~(0(11 10 111~ 010 (100 00~5 001 (111~~1 111~ 11~(1110~ 01 010 51~0111~(1011~. 10
~((1~11~~, 111~ 015~11(1(~10~ ~1.1((~01 01111~ 501.100~( ~(1~(1~110( 11(15 10 110~ 111(01.1~11111~
010 (100 ~001(101.11~ 10 111~ ~0~~( 1055 10 111~ 010.
58~. 14-9 501

~..,.811...811 011-~.8119, (0,,. (011 18 111~ 111111111111111
~11111~ 0111111~ 10.. ~111~11 111~
(110 1111181 0~ 011 0~10..~ 11 111(1)1 0~ ..~1..1~~~..~0. 11 18 111~11811..~0 1..0111 111~ 1118111111
111 ~111~11111~ 111..11-011 ~1118~ 18 11~~11~0 10 111~ ~111~. ~ (110 ..~~111..~8 11118 11111~ 10
..~~01110111~ 111~ ~)(~~88 1111110..11~ ~11 1~(8 111 111~ ~1111100~ 151(11105.
~..,.811...811 ~...~.~8~ ..8~9 01 ...59 01 011-5~8~9 ~0~~899, €/..,/€/(. (/1)/(/( 18 111~

~1111..11111~~0 ..111~ 01 ..18~ 0110..~11(0 010~~111~ ~01111~~ 11110 0~~~1108 011 111~ 11~~1111~~
~111~ 01118. (/1)/(/( 18 110..111(111)1~1101~0 10.. 11 ~111~ 01118 01 - 2~. ~1111011111 11~~1111~~
‫ﻣ‬
~111~ 01118, (/1)/(/( ~11~(101111)1 0~~~1108 011 111~ ~11111~ 01111~ 0)1~1188 ..~81811111~~ 0~1~~~11
111~ ~111~ 11110 ~1111100~. ~1~11..~ 14-21.18 8110~8 111~ ~11..111110118 01 (/1)/ (/( ~1111 111~
11~~1111~~ ~111~ 01118 11110 ~111~-~1111100~ (~81811111~~. ~0( ~)(11111~1~, 11 ~111~-~1111100~
et
..~81811111~~ 01 2 0 ~1~~8 (/1)/(/(
= 400 ~//-18 11110 10( ~111~ 01118 ~01111~~ 01 - 1 ~,
(/1)/(/( = 800 ~//-18.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
~0.,~..0~~8~~9 ~98~ 0.,-5~8~9 ~ 9.,~, /.,.60. 110(2 18 111~ ~~11~ ~11111~ 01 011-
ng
81111~ ~11..(~111 ~111~11 ~1111 0~ 111(11~0 011 0)1 ~111~ ~0111(01. ~1~11..~ 14-21.11 8110~8 111~
111(11-011 ~11111 11~1111181111~ 11181111111111~0118011-81111~ ~11(..~111. 111~ 111..11-011 ~11111 18 10~,
ri
1111111~1)15 111 1200~. 111~ 0~~-81111~ ~01111~~ 18 (~11~~11~0 1111111~01111~1)111~1~.. 111..11-0~~
11110 111~ ..~11~~11~0 (/1)/(/( 18 0111)11111111~0 0)1111~ 8111100~.. ~11~11~111111~~. 011~~ 11 (110
18111..11~0 0~~, 111~ 10110 ~11
ee
~111, 11-, ~111~1118 01~~..1~0111..011~1111110 ~1111..~~8111~ 8111100~..
~11~11~110.., 0~1~..111111~8 111~ ..~11~~11~0 (/1)/(/(.
gin
(/1)
11-
(/(
‫ﺔ‬
~11~..~
~11
10
~5 18 111~ 8111100~..
~111118
1111111111~ (/1)/(/(,
~11~11~111111~~ 118 8110~11
8110~11
En
111 ~1~.
~11~11~111111~~.
111~ ~0111..0111101~
111 ~1~.
14-21.20
14-21.17.
~011111111~8
~~1~..
~5
011-81111~ ~~1((~111 0~~~1108
10
011 111~ 8111100~..
111..11-0~~ 11111~, (~~, 11 1111/ 0~ 111100~
50~ ~0.. 11 1111111111~ 0~ (/311 = (.,,2 +
asy
(.,,3 (1111111~1)1, 65 /-18) 11110 1111811111111100~ ~11 ~111111(1)1 (~1..1~~~..111~ (110. 10 ~..~~~111
11118 11111111111111111
11~~1111~~ ~111~ 01118 (1111111~1)1, -15~) 11111810~ 11~~11~0 ~0.. 11 11111~ 0~
(.,,3 11~1~..111~ 111..11-0~~. 011..111~ 111~ 11111~ (.,,2, 111111~1111111~11~~01111~~ 111111~ ~111~-~1111100~
)1111~11011 ~)(1818.
E
w.
5.,...~~9.. ~...~ ~ ~95.9., ~0.,5.~9..8~.0.,5. 111~ 8111100~.. ~1..~1111 ~1(1)18 11 81~-

111~1~11111..01~ 011 111~ 111..11-0~~ ~(0~~88 0~ 11 (110 11110 ~1~. 14-21.20 8110~8 111~ ..~~_
‫ُﺭ‬
0111111~110~0 ~11111~8 0~ 111~ 8111100~.. ~11~11~111111~~ 11110 ..~81811111~~ ~0.. 111~ (110 0~ 1)1~~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
350~11. 111~ ~01111~~ 81~~ ~111~11 11~~~11..8 111 111~ 0~~11111111~ 0~ 11111111100~ ~11 ~111
(111 ~1~. 14-21.20) 18 ~11118~0 0)1111~ 81..(1)1111011~11111~~ 111111~ 8111100~.. ~1..~1111 (111~1110111~
111~ 8~1~-111011~11111~~ 0~ 111~ 8111100~.. ~11~11~110..). 111~ 8111100~.. ~11~11~110.. 1111181 0~
~11~1101~ 0~ ~11118111110111~ 111~11 ~~11~ ~11..(~111 11110 81101110 1111~~ ~~..)1 10~ 111011~11111~~.
1~0 0.. 1110..~ ~11~11~110..8 111(1)10~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~11..1111~110 ~1~~ 111~ 0~81..~0 ~11111~ 0~
~11~11~111111~~, 11110 111~ 101111 111011~11111~~ 18 ..~011~~0 011~ 10 ~11(1111~1 ~01111~~11011 0~
11101~1011111111011~11111~~8.
111~ 811000~.. 0100~ 8110010 1111~~ ~000 ~0..~(1..0 ..~~0~~..)1 ~1111..(1~1~..1811~8 11110
502

1(151 (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()1.

~//(/,( 51100.10 0~ ~~()1111~1110( ~0.1~~ 1((11151~( 01 (11100~ ~0.((~111
10 111~ 5110.00~( ~1(~0.11.
111~ 5110.00~( (~51510( 1110.5111(1~~ 10~ ~(110.~ 10 015~11(1(~~ 111~ 5110.00~( ~(1~(1~110(
00.(111~ 010 ~01100.~11011, ~11~(~(15 111~ (~5151(111~~ 1110.51 0~ 111~11 ~1100~11 10 1111111111~
015~11(1(~~ ~0.((~111111(00.~11 010 10 (111 (1~~~~1(101~ ~(110.~. 111 (100111011 10 01551~(11111~
~0~~(, 111~ (~51510( 1110.51 0~ (101~, 1110111~111(1(11)1, 10 50.~~0(1 111~11 50.~~1)1 ~011(1~~.
‫ﻣ‬
0,,,
~1
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
~,.3(1))1~ 14-6
ng
~ ~110~~~. ~1.~1.111~1111 311 1~ 010 011~~~ 350~1115 5110~11 111~1~. 14-22. 111135 3
.~51511,,,~ 1030 01 ~~ = 1.333 0. 111~ 0~ 111~1.11,,,0113~~ 15 ~, = 800~. 111~ 01.11~ ~~~1~
15 /( = 50% 3110 111~5~11~11111~1.~~1.1~11~~151, = 2 ~1-12. 111~ 5111.100~.~3~3~11311~~ 15

~, = 3 ~~ 3110 5111.100~..~5151311~~ 15 ~, = 5 0.
eri
1)~1~.111111~ 111~ (3) 11.1.11-01111111~, /00~
(0) 11.1.11-011 ~31~ ~1.1..~111, 10(2~ (~) 131111111~, /,~ (0) 11.1.11-011~0~~.1055~5,
011 ~0~~.1055~5, ~0((~ (1) 10131 ~0~~.1055 01010,
~00~ (~) 11.1.11-
~,~ (~) ~0111.011301~ 011-5131~ ~1.1..~111,
ine
1,0(2~ (11) ~31~ ~1.1..~111, 10. 3110 ~31~ ,,,0113~~ ~ 0,~ 3110 (1) 111~ ,,,311.1~01111~ ~31~-~311100~
.~5151311~~ 10 1111111111~~.111~31 01)/0/10 800 ~/~5. ~551.1111~ 3 )1.111~110111~111~~.311.1.~ 01
1~ = 1250~.
‫ﺔ‬ 80101.00 ~, = 800~,
3110 111~ 011-5131~ ~1.1..~111, 1~ = 800/1.333
ng
~~ = 1.3330,
(3) ~0.1, = 1~ = 600~, ~1~. 14-21.10 ~1,,,~5/00 = 7.8 ~5.

E
(0) ~0.1, = 600~, ~1~. 14-21.11 ~1~~5111~11.1.11-011

1~000 = 600/3 = 200 ~.
sy
/( = 0.5,1, = 2 ~1-12,~, = 3 ~~, ~, = 5 0,

= 600~.
~3111,000 = 33110100 =
(~) ~0.1, = 600~, ~1~. 14-21.12 ~1,,,~5/, = 0.65 ~5.

(0) ~0.1, = 600 ~ 3110 ~1) = ~, = 800 ~, ~1~. 14-21.13 ~1,,,~5111~11.1.11-011
)( 2000 = 560~.
~11~.~~, ~00 = 2801111 3110~00 = ~00/, = 0.28
Ea
(~) ~0.1, = 600~, ~, = 800 ~ 3110~, = 3 ~~, ~1~. 14-21.16 ~1,,,~5111~11.1.11-

011 ~11~.~~ 1055, ~011 = 4401111.
)(
= ~0111, = 0.44 2000 = 880 ~
w.
~011
(1) ~0. 1,(~...,)= 600 )( 0.5 = 300, ~1~. 14-21.6 ~1,,,~5~0 = 750~. 111~ 10131
‫ُﺭ‬
~0~~. 1055 15
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~, = ~00 + ~011+ ~0 = 560 + 880 + 750 = 2110 ~

(~) ~0.~, = 3 ~~ 311000(2 = 3, ~1~. 14-21.17 ~1,,,~51,0(2 = 1250~.
(11)~1~1.1.~14-21.9(3) ~1,,,~510, = 0.5 ~ 3110~ 0, = 0.6 ~ 311250~. ~01~= ~1
1~ = 250~, ~1~. 14-21.9(3) ~1,,,~510, = 2 ~ 3110~0, = 1 ~.
(1) ~0. 01)/0/ = 800 ~/~5, ~1~. 14-21.18 ~1,,,~53 ~31~-~311100~.~5151311~~
011.6
0 3110 3 11~~311~~~31~-~311100~ ~0113~~ 011 ~.
503
58~. 14-9

011-51816
‫ﻣ‬
1/1~11..~ 14-23 0((-5131~ ~/13(3~1~(1511~5
t
0( 1~0 1/1~(1510(5_
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
~0( 111~11-~0113~~ 3~~11~3110115, 1~0 0( (110(~ 111)1(1510(5 ~311 0~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~(1~5_
1-10~~~~(, 01.1~ 10 111~ ~(001.1~11011 5~(~30 111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01 311 111)1(1510(5 01111~
53(11~ 1)1~~ 3(~ 110110~1111~31. ~1~1.1(~ 14-23 5110~5 111~ 011-5131~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 011~0
111)1(1510(5.
~11~(~35
111 ~35~
~0(
01
111~ 53(11~ 011-5131~
10( 111)1(1510(5,
0100~5,
eri
0111)1 111~ (~~~(5~
111~ ~0113~~-5113(111~
~1.1((~111, 111~1( 011-5131~
010~~111~
11~1~0(~5
~0113~~5
3(~
~0113~~5
113~~
(~()1.11(~0
0111~(5_
10 0~
10( 00111 (~~~(5~
5113(~0,
ine
3110 011-5131~ ~01101110115. 111~ ~0113~~ 5113(111~ 15 110((11311)1 3~~0(11~11511~0 0)1 ~011-
11~~1111~ (~51510(5 3~(055 ~3~11111)1(1510( 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 14-24. ~0( ~()1.131 ~0113~~
5113(111~, 111~ 011-5131~ ~1.1((~1115 0111~( 35 5110~11 111 ~1~_ 14-25. 1.,~1 111~(~ 0~ 11.
‫ﺔ‬
111)1(1510(5 111 111~ 51(111~.
11 1135 111~ 1~351 011-5131~
0111~( (~51510(5
sy
3(~
En
g
0111~( 111)1(1510(5 3(~ ~()1.13151.1~1111131102

111~ 011-5131~
~1.1((~111, 11 ~111 5113(~ 111~11~( ~0113~~.

11 11 15 111~ ~1.1((~111 111(01.1~11 111~ (~51510(
~()1.131 50 1113112
3~(055
=
~1.1((~111 01111)1(1510(
103 = 10/1 3110101 ~
11 3110 111~ ~1.1((~1115 111(01.1~11

= 13 = 1/1, 111~ 011-5131~ ~1.1((~1115~(~30
11
102-
15 101 3110 11131 01
5111~~ 111)1(1510(
15
/110 = 101 - 102 = 17 - 12 - 17 + 11 = 11 - 12 0( 12 = 11 - /110

111~ ~0113~~ 3~(055 11 15 ~ 01 = ~11. 1)5111~1(1(~1111011,5
~0113~~13~,
Ea
~. ~01 + (11. 1)12~ ~01 + (11. - 1)(11 - /110)~

w.
~01 + (11. 1)11~ (11. - 1)~ /110 (14-19)
= 11. ~ 01 -
‫ُﺭ‬
(11. - 1)~ /110
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1 ~1
~01 ,. 1 ~02
--1.101- ..-1.102-
+ - + -
504

~02
/(~~.~
- - - - - - -
4
~01
0 ~1 = ~2 ~1~0..~ 14-25 1.,~11/(11~~ ~11((~1115 ~11/1
~()11111.,,01111~~ 5/111(111~.
‫ﻣ‬
501~111~ ~(). (14-19) 10( 111~ ~01111~~ 11~(088 11,
t
11. + (11. - 1)~ /111)
e
111)1 = (14-20)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
11.
111)1 ~111 0~ 11111)(11110111~11~11 /111) 18 11111)(11110111. ~0( 11)1 = 0 11110/111)

(14-20) ~1~~8 111~ ~0(81-~118~ 81~110~-81111~ ~01111~~ 11~(088 11,
_ 11. +
rin
(11. - 1)~11)2
111)5(11111~)- (14-21)
11.
(~~~(8~
00(111~
~01111~~
111~ 10(11-011, 111~ 0111~(~11~~8
81111(111~ 118 8110~11
ee
111 ~1~.
111 810(~0
14-26.
~1111(~~ ~1108~8 0111~(~11~~8
111~ 111~(1810(
111 111~
~1111 111~ 1~1181 (~-
~0~~(~0 ~1111(~~ (0( (~~~(8~ (~~0~~(~ 11111~) ~111111~~ 111~ 111~11~81 1(111181~111 ~01111~~.
gin
111~ )011~11011 ~11~11~111111~~8 ~111~11 ~0111(01111~ 1(111181~111 ~01111~~ 0181(100110118 ~1111101
‫ﺔ‬ 0~
111(~1810(
11~1~0(~
~,.
110~()0111~
118 8110~11
11110 11 18 110(1111111~ 11~~~8811(~
111 ~1~.
11(~ ~~11~(1111~ 08~0
sy
En
14-24.
10(
~1
10 ~01111~~1 11 ~11~11~110(,
11111118111~ 018~1111(~~
1(111181~111 ~01111~~
~0((~111.
~1 11~(088
111~ 811111~ ~~
81111(111~ 11110 ()1)/()( ~(01~~11011.
~11~11
~,.
.,,01+1/02=~.
Ea
0
w.
1/01
‫ُﺭ‬
0
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1/02
0
~1~0..~ 14-26 ~~.,,~(5~ (~~0.,,~(~ 11(11~

-~. - 11110 .,,01111~~ 5/111(111~.
58~. 14-10 505

111~ 1((11181~111 ~011(1~~ (1~(088 11 ~(111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 ~(0111 ~().. (14-20) 0)1 (1~-
~1)1111~ 111~ (~1(1110118111~ 0~ ~011(1~~ 01~~~(~11~~,
(22 - (21 ~(2

~ ~ = ~ ~10 = = (14-22)
~1 ~1
~11~(~ (21 18 111~ 810(~0 ~11(1(~~ 0~ 11 (1110 (22 18 111~ ~11(1(~~ 0~ 0111~( 111)1(1810(8 80~11
111(11 (22 = (23 = (2,,(1110 (21 ~ (22. $00811101111~ ~().. (14-22) 11110~().. (14-20) )11~108
‫ﻣ‬
(,,5 - ~(2)
~ 01 = (~5 + ~~) (14-23)
~5
et
111~ ~0(81-~(18~ 1((11181~111 ~011(1~~ 811(1(111~ ~111~11 ~111 0~~0( ~11~11 (21
= (22 18
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(14-24)
rin
~ 0~((1110~ ~(1~10( ~111~1118 110(111(111)1 08~0 10 111~(~(18~ 111~ (~11(101111)1 0~ 111~ 81(111~ 18
0~~111~0 (18
0~~
ee= 1 (14-25)
gin
~~301())~ 14-7
‫ﺔ‬ 1~11 10.)1(1810(8 3(~ 118~0 111 3 81(111~ 10 ~110.813110 3 0~ ,,,0113~~ 011/$
1113~111111111
3110 150 ~~,
80.3(111~,
3~~
1~3)(3~~
80.3(111~,
01 ~1
En
(~8~~~11,,,~1)1.
)(0 3110 ~3~3~11311~~
1/ 05(,,-,..)~ (0)
1/07(,,-,..)~
sy
~11((~111 3110 (~~0,,,~()1

~3~0.
= 0.5 ~~.
81~(0)1-8131~
3110 (0)
10.)1(1810(
~0.3(~~
0.38 3 ,,,0113~~ 80.3(111~
= 15 )(~. 10.~
0111~(~11~~8 0110.)1(1810(8 3(~ 10 111~
((0~181311~~
0~1~(111111~ 10.~ (3) 1113)(11111111181~30)1-8131~,,,0113~~
,,,0113~~
1(31181~111
0~(31111~
,,,0113~~
13~10(~
0~(31111~
(~)
13~10(.
01 ~
1113)(1111111111(31181~111 ,,,011-
= 56
80)01100 11$
= 10, 1/$ = 15 )(~, ~/0 = /02 = 10 111~, 3110 ~(2 = (22 = 150 ~~.
(3) ~(0111 ~().. (14-21), 10.~ 1113)(111111111 81~(0)1-8131~ ,,,0113~~ 80.3(111~ 18
a
15,000 + (10 - 1) )( 56 )( 103 )( 10 )( 10-3 _

.E
1/05(,,-,..)--
10 - 20 04 ~
(0) ~(0111 ~().. (14-25), 10.~ 81~(0)1-8131~ 0~(31111~ 13~10( 18

w
‫ُﺭ‬
15,000
0~~
ww
= 1 - 10 )(
2004 = 25.15%
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~) ~(0111 ~().. (14-24), 10.~ 1113)(1111111111(31181~111 ,,,0113~~ 80.3(111~ 18
15,000 + (10 - 1) )( 150 )( 10-6/(0.5 )( 10-6) _

1/07(,,-,..) --
10 - 1770 ~
(0) ~(0111 ~().. (14-25), 10.~ 1(31181~111 0~(31111~ 13~10( 18
15,000
0~~ = 1 15.25%
10 )( 1770
506

~11~11 111)1(1810(8 3(~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~3(311~1, 111~ 10131 1030 ~0((~111 18 1101 8113(~0
~().0311)100~ 10 0111~(~11~~8111111~1( ~113(3~1~(1811~8. 113 111)1(1810( ~3((1~8 ((10(~ ~0((~111
111311 11131 01 111~ 0111~(8, 118 ~0~~( 01881~311011 111~(~38~8, 111~(~0)1 111~(~38111~ 111~
1011~11011 1~((1~~(310(~ 3110 0~~(~38111~ 111~ 1111~(1131 (~8181311~~. 11118, 111 10(11, ~111
111~(~38~ 118 ~0((~111 8113(111~ 3110 ((13)1 03((13~~ 111~ 111)1(1810(. 11118 111~(((131 (011~3)1
((13)1 0~ 3~010~0 0)1113~111~ 3 ~0((1((1011 11~31 8111~ 80 11131 311 011118 0~~(31~ 31111~ 83((1~
1~((1~~(310(~.
‫ﻣ‬
~111100~11 8((1311 (~8181311~~, 38 8110~11 111 )=11~. 14-273, ((13)1 0~ ~01111~~1~0 111
8~(1~8 ~1111 ~3~11111)1(1810( 10 10(~~ ~().031 ~0((~111 8113(111~, 111~(~ ~111 0~ ~011810~(301~
~0~~( 1088 111 111~ 8~(1~8 (~8181311~~8. ~ ~0((1((1011 3~~(03~11 ~111~1118 81((1113( 10 111~
t
1~~11111().0~ 10( ~0((~111 8113(111~ 011(31181810(8 18 10 08~ ((13~11~11~311)1 ~00~1~0 11100~10(8
.ne
38 8110~11 111 )=11~. 14-270. 11111~ ~0((~111111(00~11111)1(1810( 11 111~(~38~8, 3 ~0113~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
01 0~~0811~ ~013(11)1 ~111 0~ 11100~~0 111 111~ ~1110111~8 01111)1(1810( 12 3110 111~ 1((1~~0-
311~~ 111(00~11 111~ ~3111 01 12 ~111 0~ (~00~~0, 111~(~0)1111~(~38111~ 111~ ~0((~111 110~
g
111(00~11 12.
rin
1,. 81 ~, .1 81 .1 ~1 ~,.
82 ~2 .2
ee 82 .2 ~2
gin
(8) 8(8(~~ ~~~~8,,(
5~8~~,,9 (~) 0~,,801~~ ~~~,8,,(
5~8~~,,9
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
1(1111)1(1810( ~011~~(1~(8, 0111~(~111 ~01~1111318 ~)(181 31 ~3(1008 1~(((1111318. ~111801311011

~1(~011 18 (~().01(~0 0~1~~~11 311 11101~10031 111)1(1810( 3110 118 ~31~-~018~ ~~11~(31111~
Ea
~1(~011. 111~ 1801311011 ~311 0~ 3~~0((1~11811~0 0)1 ~1111~( ~018~ 1(311810(((1~(8 0( 0~10-
~00~1~(8. ~ 0~10~00~1~( ~0010 0~ 3 ~110101(31181810( 0( ~11010-5~~ 38 8110~11 111
)=11~. 14-28. ~ 8110(1 ~018~ 10 111~ 111~01 013111111(3(~0 11~111-~((1111111~ 0100~ (11-~1)),
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
81,- - - - - - - ,~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~
., ~
0, ~
89
~
~- /
~
~_ --.1
...1~..~ 14-28 ..110(0-$~~ ~01.1~1~0 15018-
~~0(0-8~8
(0~.
56~. 14-12 507

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g .n
8 (3
0.,
~~€~.
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ En
1)1, 111(08 00 10~ ~0010-5~~, 11~ (100 10~ ~0~~( 10~(1810(,

11--, 18 1(1~~~(~0.
1~~~ 011801(11100 (~()111(~8 (1 8~~(1((11~ ~0~~( 811~~1~ (100 10~(~(18~8 10~ ~081 (100 ~~1~01
sy
1018
0110~ 11(10~ ~1(~1111.

~ 81111~1~ 1801(11100 (1(((10~~111~01 ~110 ~1118~ 1((10810(111~(8 18 800~0 10 ~1~.
Ea
14-29(1, ~0~0 (1 ~1118~ 18 (1~~11~0 10 10~ 0(18~ 01 8~11~010~ 1((1081810(, (21, 10~
1((1081810( 8(1111((11~8(100 10~ 0~ ~011(1~~ ~~~ (1~~~(1(8 (1~(088 10~ 1((10810(111~( ~(1111(1(~,
10011~10~ (1 ~1118~0 ~011(1~~ 00 10~ 1((10810(111~( 8~~000(1(~, ~01~0 18 (1~~11~0 0~1~~~0
w.
10~ 10~(1810( ~(11~ (100 ~(11000~ 1~(11110(118. ~0~0 10~ ~1118~ 18 (~1110~~0 1(0111 10~
0(18~ 011((1081810( (21, 10~ 1((1081810( 111(08 011 (100 (1~011(1~~ 01 0~~0811~ ~01(1(11~18
‫ُﺭ‬
10011~~0 (1~(088 10~ ~(1111(1(~ (100 10~ 1(~~~0~~110~ 0100~, 1),,,, ~00011~18. 10~ ~11((~01
ww
011~ 10 10~ 1((10810(111~( 111(1~0~11~~0~(~~ 0~~(1~8 10(011~0 1),,, 10 2~(0, 1)11(10~ 1018
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1((1081~01, (1 ~0((~8~00010~ (~~~(8~ ~011(1~~ 18 10011~~010 10~ 8~~000(1(~. 10~ ~1118~

~1010 ~(10 0~ 111(10~100~~( 0~ ~000~~110~ (1 ~(1~(1~110( ~(088 10~ (~81810(, ~, (18 800~0
10 ~1~. 14-290. 10~ 1((10810(111~( ~(1((1~8 110101(~~1100(11 ~11((~01 (100 10~ 111(1~0~11~
~0(~ ~111 8(1111((11~, 10~(~0~ 111111110~10~ ~1118~ ~1010. 1018 1~~~ 01 ~1118~ 1801(11100
18 81111(101~10( ~1118~8 011~~1~(111~ 50 /.18.
10 111(10~ ~0~~( ~00~~(1~(8 ~110 10011~11~~ 10(10, 10~ ~00011~1100 ~~(100 01 (1
10~(1810( 0~~~008 00 10~ 10(10 ~0~~( 1(1~10(~ 10~(~10(~, 10~ 0~~10010~ 0110~(1810(
~00011~1100 18 001 ~~11 0~110~0. 10 1018 81111(11100, 11 18 011~0 0~~~88(1(~ 10 1(1~~~(
10~ 10~(1810(8 ~001101101181~. 1-10~~~~(, ~00110110118 ~(1110~ 10~(~(18~8 10~(1810( 1088~8.
508

1,- ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ .,

(3 (3 8,
.1 ......
(3
0,
09 89 ~9
89 ~9
~~(8) (0)
(0)
~ ~015~ 1(3111 ~111(11 15 ~(~1~(301~ (311 0~ 0013111~0 ~1111 311 30)(1113()1 ~1110111~, 35
‫ﻣ‬
5110~11 111 ~1~. 14-29(. ~11~11 1(31151510( ~1 15 10(11~0 011, 3 .,,0113~~ 15 3150 11100(~0
111 111~ 30)(1113()1 ~1110111~ 31111~ 035~ 011(31151510( ~ 1, 50(1111131 0100~ /)1 15 (~.,,~(5~
0135~0 3110 ~1 10(115 011. 111 111~ ((1~31111((1~, (3~3(110( ~1 (113(~~5 0~ 111(00~11 ~1
t
.ne
3110 10(115 011 ~1 3~3111. 11115 ~(0(~55 0110(11-011 3110 10(11-011 (01111110~5 35 1011~ 35
111~(~ 15 311 111~01 51~1131 10 111~ 1501310(. 11151~30
01 05111~ 111~ 30)(1113()1 ~1110111~ 35
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
11((1~() (0010 ~~11~(31~
010(~111~ 05(111310(, 311 ~~1)-10~1( ~31~ ~1111 311 05(111310( (0( 3
3 ~015~ 1(3111 35 5110~11 111 ~1~. 14-290. 111 ~(3(11(~, 111~ ~~1) ~31~ (3111101 0(1.,,~
ng
1(31151510( ~1 01(~(11)1, 3110 3 0011~( 513~~ 15 110(((1311)1 (01111~(1~0 0~10(~ 111~ 1(31151510(.
111~ 001~01 01 ~1~. 14-28 0( ~1~. 14-29 15 110(((1311)1 (01111~(1~0 0~1~~~11 111~
eri
~31~ 3110 (311100~ 31011~ ~1111 0111~( ~31~-~(01~(1111~ (0((1~011~1115, 35 5110~11 111 ~1~.
0,1)/0,( (3~301111)101111~ 111)1(1510(,
14-30. 111~ (~51510(, ~8, 111~1~. 14-303111((~35~5 111~
(~00(~5 111~ 10(11-01111((1~, 3110 111((~35~5 111~ 11010111~ 3110 131(11111~ (0((~1115. 111~
(~((10.,,~5 111~11-1(~()0~11()111015~ (0((1~011~1115 3110 111-
ine
(3~3(110(, ~8, 111 ~1~. 14-300
((~35~5 0,1)/0,( (3~301111)13110 ~31~ 0~13)111((1~. 111~ 0100~, /)8, 111~1~. 14-30( ~(01~(15
111~ ~31~ 1(0((1 11~~311.,,~ .,,0113~~. 1-10~~.,,~(, 10( 35)1((1((1~1(1(31 5~~5, 1115 0~51(301~
‫ﺔ‬
10 113.,,~ 50((1~
3150 10 (~00(~
~1~. 14-300,
1(31151~111 05(111311011
3((100111
~11~(~
sy
0100~
E
0111~~311.,,~
111~ 10(11-01111((1~.
ng
/)1 3110~5
~31~
~11111~5~
.,,0113~~
0(11)1111~ ~05111.,,~
3110 11((1115 111~ ~31~ (0((~111.
10
1~310(~5
1((1~(0.,,~ 111~ 0,1)/0,( (3~301111)1 3110
(311 0~ (0((10111~0
~015~5 3110 ~1
35 5110~11 111
03((1~5 001 3(1)1
Ea
111~(~ 3(~ ~1~1111)1~~5 01111)1(1510(5. 0(11)1111~ 0105 3110 5111-15 3(~ ~31~ 10(11-011
0~.,,1(~5. ~3(11 1)1~~ 1135 30.,,31113~~5 3110 01530.,,31113~~5. 111~ (113(3(1~(1511(5 01
~(3(11(31111)1(1510(5 0111~( 51~11111(31111)11(0((1 11131 0110~31 0~.,,1(~5. ~111100~11111~(~
w.
3(~ .,,3(1005 ((1~3115 0110(11111~ 011 111)1(1510(5, 111~ ~31~ (0111(0115 111~ ((1051 ~(3(11(31.
1)0~ 10 111~ )011(11011 (3~3(11311(~5 3110 10(11-011 11((111, 111)1(1510(5 ((1051 0~ ~(01~(1~0
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
1(0((1111~11 0,1,/0,( 3110 0,1)/0,( 13110(~5. ~ 511000~( 11~1~0(~ 15 110(((1311)1 05~0 10 ~(01~(1
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1(0((1111~11 0,1)/0,(. 1)0~ 10 111~ (~(0.,,~(~0 (113(~~, 50((1~ ~11~(~)115 510(~0 111 111~ 0,1,/0,(
3110 51(3)1 11100(10(5 ~ 3110 111~ 0~.,,1(~5 ((1051 0~ ~(01~(1~0 1(0((1 11115 510(~0 ~11~(~)1.
111~ 5~11(11111~ 1055~5 01 0105 3(~ ((10(11111~11~( 111311 11105~ 01110(((131 5~~5. 111~
511000~( (0((1~011~1115 01 0105 3(~ ~(111~3110 111~1( ~~(10(((1311~~.
1)0~ 10 111~ 0111~(~11~~5 111 111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01111)1(1510(5 01111~ 53((1~ 1)1~~,
111~ 5~(1~5 3110 ~3(311~1 0~~(3110115 01111)1(1510(5 (~()01(~ .,,0113~~ 3110 (0((~111-5113(111~
11~1~0(~5 10 ~(01~~1 111~((1 0110~( 51~30)1-5131~ 3110 1(31151~111 (01101110115. 1501311011
509

0~1~~~0 10~ ~0~~( (1((1.111 300 ~31~ 51~0315 15 0~(~553()1. ~ ~1.115~ 1(30510((0~(
150131100 15 51(0~1~. ~0( 1001.1(11~~ 10305, 3 ~1.115~ 1(310 1031 (~01.1(~5 10)1(1510( 1055
15 00((0311)11.15~0 10( ~3110~ 10)1(1510(5 1051~30 01 3 (001101.101.15 ~1.115~.
‫ﻣ‬
1. 0~11~(~181~~111~, 50~. ~(1111.-1(1/,61/1 ~0., 0. ~. 0(~111~(11 ~110~. )3. 0010~11, ~05. 811~1~~000
01~~5, ~.1.= ~(~1111~~-1-1~11, 111~., 1982.
2. 0. 0(~111 ~110 ~. 1-10110~, .4./1/1/)11118 111(~711(1(1011(1/~~~(111~7,5 0(1(~ 71.-1711-0117/1)1715(075,
et
~~~11~~6011 ~01~ ~0. ~~-315~, 81 5~~111100, ~~11~.= 1111~(11~6011~1 ~~~6~1~(.
3. ~. 1(. 0111, ~. )3. 5~15~)(, ~110 0. ~. ~~1~2~)(, ..1-11~/1 ~0~~( ~5~(11(11~1(1~~11/1~(1510(5.,,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1~~~ 1110,1.-15(7)1
.4./1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1~/)1 ~0111~7~11~~ ~~~070,, 1985,
~~. 267-272.
4. 0. 1-1~5/11(11010, 1-1. 1(1(1/1~1~, ~. ~~1~11~0~, ~. ~15/1111(~, ~110 5. 1~~~(111, ..111(11-011 ~110
111(11-0~~ ~/1~(~~1~(1511~5 0~ ~ 4.5-1(~ 3000-~ ~~1~ 111(11-0~~ 1/1~(1510(.,, 1~~~ 77(1115(1~(/0115
rin
0111110,1.-15(7)1.4./1/1/1~(1(10115, ~01. 1~22, ~0. 3, 1986, ~~. 478-482.
5. 0. 1-1~5/11(11010, ~. 1~)(~/1~5/11, ~. ~~1~11~0~, 0. ~=~0~, ~1101. ~11)1/11(~, .,2.5-)(~,
2000-
~ (110110111/11~ ~~1~ 111(11-0~~ 1/1~(1510(.,, 1~~~ 1110,1.-15(7)1
.4./1/1/1~(1(10115 506~()1 ~0111~7~11~~
~~~070,, 1986, ~~. 388-392.
ee
6. 8. ~. 1-10, ~110~. ~. 5~11, ..8~~~~10~ ~~1~ 0(1~~ 011 0101/1~(1510( ~/1~(~~1~(156~5.,, 1~~~
77(1115(1~(10115 0111110,1.-15(71(1/~/~~170111~5, ~01. 1833, ~0. 3 (~11~1151) 1986, ~~. 325-331.
gin
7. 1-1. ~11)(111, 1-1. ~(11~110, ~110 1-1. ~1~~, ..~~(~11~1111~ 0~ ~~1~ 111(11-0~~ 10~(1510(5.,, 1~~~
1110,/.-/5(7)1.4./1/1/1~(1(10115 50~1~/)1 ~0111~7~11~~ ~~~070,, 1982, ~~. 741-746.
‫ﺔ‬
8. ~.
51~6~
~~)(~(1111(~, 1-1. 1~0~110,
~0. 6, 1986, ~~. 1000-1006.

sy
En
111011~6011 1/1~(1510(.,,
~. 1~)(1~~~~,
1~~~
1. 1~~(~5/11, ~110 1. ~15/112~~~, .,~~(~ /11~/1 5~~~0
77(1115(1~(10115 011 1110,1.-15(7)1
.4./1/1/1~(1(10115, ~01. 1~22,
a
.E
14-1. ~/1~115 1/1~ 1)-1 ~/1~(~~1~(156~ 0~ 1/1~(1510(57

14-2. ~/1~115 ~11 0~~-51~1~ ~0110111011 0~ 1/1~(1510(57
w
14-3. ~/1~115 ~11 011-51~1~ ~011016011 0~ 1/1~(1510(57

14-4. ~0~115 ~ 1~1~/1111~ ~11((~111 0~ 1/1~(1510(57
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
14-5. ~/1~115 ~ /1010111~ ~11((~111 0~ 1/1~(1510(57

‫ﺷﺩ‬
14-6. ~/1(1115 1/1~ 1~0-1((11151510( (1100~1 0~ 1/1~(1510(57

14-7. ~/1(11 (1(~ 1/1~ (11~~115 0~ 111(11111~-0111/1~(1510(57
14-8. ~/1(1115 111(11-011 6(11~ 0~ 1/1~(1510(57
14-9. ~/1(1115 1/1~ ~11(~05~ 0~ 0,1/0,( ~(01~~60117
14-10. ~/1(11 15 1/1~ ~0(11(11011 (11~1/100 0~ 0,1/0,( ~(01~~60117
14-11. %(1115 1/1~ ~11(~05~ 0~ 0,1)/0,1 ~(01~~60117
14-12. ~/1(1115 1/1~ ~0(11(11011 (11~1/100 0~ 0,1)/0,( ~(01~~110117
14-13. ~/1(1115 111(11-0~~ 6(11~ 0~ 1/1~(1510(57
510

14-14. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 1)1~~5 01111)1(1510(57

14-15. ~1131 15 311 5~~ 7
14-16. ~113115 111~ 0111~(~11~~ 0~1~~~11 311 5~~ 3110 3 1~1,6.~7
14-17. ~113115 111~ 111(11-011 ~113(3~1~(1511~ 01111)1(1510(57
14-18. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~311138~5 3110 01530~311138~5 0101057
14-19. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~311138~5 3110 01530~311138~5 01 5111-157
14-20. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~311138~5 3110 01530~311138~5 01 ~~157
14-21. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 30~311138~5 3110 01530~311138~5 011-,6.5~~57
14-22. ~113115 3 5111100~( 11~1~0()(7
‫ﻣ‬
14-23. ~1131 3(~ 111~ 0~51811 ~011510~(3110115 01 5111100~( 11~1~0()(5 7
14-24. ~113115 111~ ~01111110111~~11111().11~10( ~01138~ 5113(1118 01 5~(1~5-~01111~~1~0 111)1(1510(57
t
14-25. ~1131 3(~ 111~~01111110111~~11111().11~510(~11((~111 5113(1118 01 ~3(311~1-~01111~~1~0 111)1(1510(57
.ne
14-26. ~113115 111~ ~11~~101 (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()16111~ 011111~ 1(31151~111~01138~ 5113(1118 01 ~3(311~1-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~01111~~1~0 111)1(1510(57
14-27. ~1131 15 3 0~(36118 13~10( 01 5~(1~5-~01111~~1~0 111)1(1510(57
ng
eri
14-1. 111~ 110101118 ~11((~111 01111)1(1510(5 111111~ 111(~~-~1135~ 11111~011~~(1~( 111~18. 4-93 15 /,1
ine
= 200 111,6. 3110 111~ 0~13)1 11111~15 2.5 (.1-5. 111~ ~011~~(1~( 15 511~~11~0 1(0111 3 111(~~-
~1135~ ~)1~-~01111~~1~0 208- ~ 60-1-12 511~~1)1 3110 1135 3 1030 011.. = 8 1111-13110 8. = 2
0~ 1115 0~~(31~0 ~1111 3 0~13)1 31181~ 01 ~ = 600. 0~1~(111111~ 111~ 111111111111111
~10111 01
‫ﺔ‬
14-2.
14-3.
831~ ~1115~ ~10111,
~~~~31
111~
~(00.
110101118
111011~1311~~
E
((1.
14-1111..
~11((~111
ng
= 0.
01111)1(1510( 11 111 111~ ~110~~~(
111,6. 3110 111~ 0~13)1 6111~ 01 11 15 1.5 (.1-5. 111~ 0~ 111~111~01138~
1.., 15 11~8118101~.
sy
111135 3 1030 011.. =

~1(~1111 111 ~18.
101111-1 3110 8.
7-15 15 /,, = 200
15 220 ~ 3110 5011(~~
= 2 0. 0~1~(111111~
111~ 111111111111111
~10111 01 831~ ~1115~ ~10111, ((1.
14-4. 111~ )1111~11011~3~3~11311~~ 01 3 111)1(1510( ~311 0~ 35511111~0 10 0~ 1110~~~110~111 01 011-
Ea
5131~ ~01138~. 111~ 1111116118~3111~ 01 ~113(81118 ~11((~11110 111(11011 111~ 111)1(1510( 15 12

111,6.. 11111~ ~(16~31 ~3111~ 010.1)/0.( 15 800 ~/(.1-5, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ )1111~11011~3~3~11311~~.
14-5. 111~ )1111~11011~3~3~11311~~ 013 111)1(1510( 15 ~12 = 20 ~~ 3110~3110~ 35511111~01110~~~110~111
w.
01 011-5131~ ~01138~. 111~ 1/111111118~3111~ 01 ~113(81118 ~11((~11110 111(11011 111~ 111)1(1510(

15 15 111,6.. 11 3 ~3~3~110( 01 0.01 (.1-~15 ~01111~~1~0 3~(055 111~ 111)1(1510(, 0~1~(111111~ 111~
~(111~31 ~3111~ 010.1)/0.(.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
14-6. ,6. 111)1(1510( ~1(~111115 5110~11 111~18. ~14-6. 111~ )1111~6011 ~3~3~11311~~ 01111)1(1510( 15
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~12 = 15 ~~ 3110 ~311 0~ 35511111~010 0~ 1110~~~110~11101111~ 011-5131~ ~01138~. 111~
~1
511

11(1111111~~3111~ 01 ~/131~111~ ~1111~111 10 111111011 1/1~ 1/1~115101 15 5 (11~ 3110 1/1~ ~1111~31
~3111~ 01 ()1)/()( 15 200 ~/,..,5. 1)~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ ~3111~ 01 ~3~3~11311~~ ~, 501/1311/1~ 1/1~115101
~111 1101 0~ 111111~0 011 011~ 10 ()1)/()(.
14-7. 1/1~ ~/10~~~1 ~11~1111111~)(3(11~1~ 7-11115~5
1/1~ 51(11~1~ 8.~ 5111100~111~1~01~, 35 5/10~11
111 ~1~. 14-90, 101 1/1~1151015 1/, 111/1~ ()1)/()( 01 311 1/1~1151015 15 1111111~0
12, 3110 13.
10 200 ~/,..,5 3110 1/1~ 015~/131~111~ ~1111~1115 31~ 11(1111~010 10% 011/1~111~5~~~11~~ ~~3/(
~3111~5, 0~1~1111111~ 1/1~ (3) ~3111~5 01 5111100~1 1~5151015 3110 ~3~3~11015, 3110 (/)) ~0~~1
131111~5 011~5151015. 1/1~ ~11~~15 01 1030 ~11~1111 3110 50111~~ 111011~1311~~ ~, ~311 0~
11~~1~~1~0.
‫ﻣ‬
14-8. 1/1~ 111~111~0113~~ 111 ~1~. 14-9~ 15 ~, = 200 ~ ~11/1 3 1030 1~5151311~~ 01 8.
= 10.0
3110 3 1030 111011~1311~~01 ~ = 50 ,..,1-1. 111/1~ 03(11~111~131/0 150.7 3110 1/1~ 015~/131~111~
~1111~11101 ~3~3~1101 15 5 ~, 0~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ (3) ~3111~5 018., 3110 ~,, 3110 (/)) (113)(111111(11
t
()1)/()(.
.ne
14-9.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~~~~31 ~100. 14-8 111/1~ 111~111~0113~~ 15 3~, 1), = 179 5111377(.
14-10. 1/1~ ~/10~~~1 ~11~1111111~)(3(11~1~ 7-11115~51/1~ 1~ 1/1~115101 011~~~ 530~~ 1011/1~115101
1/.1)~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ (3) 5~11~/1111~ 1055~5 011/1~115101, ~,~ (/)) 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1~ ~/131~~
g
011/1~115101, (2~~~ (~) 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1~ ~0~~11055 011/1~115101, ~~~ 3110 (().) 1/1~111131
rin
1~5151311~~ 011/1~ /1~31 5111/( 111/1~ )1111~110113110 3(1101~1111~(11~~131111~5 31~ 1)
= 1250~
3110 1/1 = 250~, 1~5~~~11~~1~. ~5511(11~ ()//()(
= 200 ~/,..,5.
14-11. 1/1~ 1~ 1/1~115101 011~~~ 530~~ ee ~3111~5 3 ~1111~111 35 5/10~11 111 ~1~. ~14-11. 1/1~
5~11~/1111~ 11~()11~11~~ 15/, = 50 1-12. 1)~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ (3) 3~~13~~ 011-5131~ ~0~~1 1055,
~,~ (/)) 011-5131~ ~0113~~, ~,~ (~) 111111-01111(11~, (4~ 3110 (().) 1~~~15~ 1~~0~~1~ ~/131~~,
(2~~. ~5511(11~ 1/ = 1250~.
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
14-12. 1/1~ ~/10~~~1 ~11~1111111~1~. 14-22 115~5 3111~-010 011~~~ 350~11 3110 /135 3 1~51511~~
w.
1030 = 1.5.0.
01 8.~ 1/1~ 0~ 111~111~0113~~ 15 ~, = 600~. 1/1~ 0111~ ~~~1~ 15 80%
3110 1/1~ 5~11~/1111~ 11~()11~11~~ 15/, = 1 /(1-12. 1/1~ 5111100~1 ~3~3~11311~~ 15 ~,
= 2 ,..,~
‫ُﺭ‬
3110 5111100~1 1~5151311~~ 15 8., = 5.0. 1)~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ (3) 111111-01111(11~, (00~ (/)) 111111-
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
011 ~31~ ~1111~111, 10(2~ (~) 131111(11~, (1~ (().) 111111-011~0~~11055~5, ~00~ (~) 111111-011~0~~1
1055~5, ~0,,~ (0 10131 ~0~~11055 01010, ~,~ (~) ~01111011301~ 011-5131~ ~1111~111, 1,0(2~
(11) ~31~ ~1111~111, 10,, 3110 ~31~ ~0113~~, ~ 0,,
31 1) = 250~~ 3110 (1) 1/1~ ~3111~ 011/1~
~31~-~31/100~ 1~5151311~~ 10 11(11111/1~ ~1111~31 ()1)/()( 10 800 ~/,..,5. ~5511(11~ 3 )1111~~1011
1~(11~~131111~ 011) = 1250~.
14-13. 1/1~ 1~50113111 ~1115~ 111~~11~1 111 ~1~. 8-273 115~5 311 1~ 010 011~~~ 350~11. 1/1~
111~~11~1 /135 3 0~ 511~~1~ ~0113~~, ~,
= 200~, ~3~3~11311~~, ~ = 80 ,..,~, 111011~1311~~,
~ = 12.8 ,..,1-1, 3110 11~~11~101~ 1~5151311~~. 1/1~ 11111131~3~3~1101 ~0113~~, ~,,()
= 200
~ 3110 1/1~ 5~11~/1111~ 11~()11~11~~, 1, = 4 /(1-12. 1)~1~1(11111~ 1/1~ 1055~5 01 010.
14-14. ~ 511111~ 011/1~1151015 31~ ~01111~~1~0 111 5~11~5 10 ~11/1513110 3 0~ ~0113~~ 01 ~, 15
=
512

)(~. 111~ 111(1)(111111111

1~(1)((1~~ ~11~~~111 (1110 ~~~0..,~~~ ~11(1~~~ 0111~~~11~~5 01111~~1510~5
(1~~ 10 111~ (1110 150 ~~, ~~5~~~6..,~1~. 111~ 0~~(11111~ 1(1~10~ 0120% 15 (1~~11~0 10~ 111~
51~(10~-51(11~ (1110 1~(11151~111..,011(1~~ 511(1~111~501111~~1510~5. 11111~ 111(1)(111111111
51~(10~-
51(11~ ..,011(1~~ 511(1~111~15 1000 ~, 0~1~~111111~ 111~ (3) 51~(10~-51(11~ ..,011(1~~ 511(1~111~~~5151-
(111~~, ~, 10~ ~(1~11111~~1510~~ (1110 ())) 1~(11151~111..,011(1~~ ~(1~(1~11(111~~, ~1, 10~ ~(1~11111~-
~1510~ .
14-15. 1~0 111~~1510~5 (1~~ ~01111~~1~0 111 ~(1~(111~110 511(1~~ (1101(1110(10 ~11~~~111 01/1- = 600 ~.
111~ 011-51(11~ ..,011(1~~ 0~0~ 01 011~ 111~~1510~ 15 ~,1 = 1.0 (11 300 ~ (1110 111(11 01 0111~~
111~~1510~515 ~ ~ = 1.5 ~ (11 300~. ()~1~~111111~111~..,(1111~501 5~~1~5 ~~5151(111~~5

10
10~~~ ~11~~~111511(1~111~~111110% 0111~~~11~~. 101(11 ..,011(1~~,1) = 2.5 ~.
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
513

15
‫ﻣ‬
/=1,,0~80~10/1 0( 08~1085 8/10
ng
01,,0()1~5
ri
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
011~ 10 111~ (~~~(5~
En
(~~0~~()1 ~(0~~55 01 ~0~~( 0~~1~~5 ~110 5~11~11111~ ~~110115 111 111~

asy
~(~5~11~~ 01 ~1(~1111 111011~1~11~~5, ~011~~~ 1(~1151~1115 0~~11( 111 111~ ~011~~(1~( ~1(~11115.
.8~~11111 ~~(~11111)1 0~51~11~0 ~1(~11115, 5110(1-~1(~11111~1111 ~01101110115 01~)1 ~)(11, (~51111111~
111 ~11 ~)(~~551~~ ~11((~111110~ 111(011~11111~ 0~~1~~5. 111~ 11~~1 ~(0011~~0 ~)11055~5 111
~ 5~011~011011~10( 0~~1~~ 011151 ~~ 01551~~1~0 511111~1~1111)1 ~110 ~11~~11~~1)1 10 0~~(~1~
E
111~ 0~~1~~ ~1111111115 11~~~( 1~01~~(~111(~ 110111. 111~ (~11~~1~ 0~~(~11011 01 ~ ~011~~(1~(
w.
~01110 (~().111(~ ~11511(111~ 111~1 ~1 ~11 1101~5 111~ ~1(~1111 ~01101110115 00 1101 ~)(~~~0 111~
(~1111~5 01111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~5, ~)1 ~(0~10111~ ~(01~~11011 ~~~11151 0~~(~011~~~, 0~~(-
~11((~111, ~110 0~~(11~~1111~. 111 ~(~~11~~, 111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~5 ~(~ ~(01~~1~0 1(001 (1)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
111~(01~1 (1111~~)1 ~)1 11~~1 5111~5, (2) 111~11.0-1)/0-( ~110 0-//0-( ~)1 51111~~~(5, (3) (~~~(5~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~~0~~()11(~1151~1115, (4) 511~~1)1 ~110 10~0 510~ 1(~1151~1115, ~110 (5) 1~1111 ~01101110115 ~)1
1115~5.
011~ 10 011-51~1~ ~110 5~11~11111~ 1055~5, 11~~1 15 ~~11~(~1~0 ~1111111 111~ ~0~~( 0~~1~~.
11115 11~~1 011151 ~~ 1(~1151~((~0 1(001 111~ 0~~1~~ 10 ~ ~001111~ 01~011101 10 01~1111~111
111~ 0~~(~1111~ )1111~11011 1~01~~(~111(~ ~1111111 111~ 5~~~111~0 (~11~~. ~1111011~1111115 11~~1
514

...120..~ 15-1 81~~1(1~31 30310~ 0( 11~31

.~ 1(305(~(.
1((1118~~( ~(111 0~ (1~~0111~11811~0 0)1 ~01101.1~11011, ~011~~~11011, 0( ((101(111011, 11(111.1((110(
~0(~~0-(11(, ~011~~~11011 ~0011118 18 ~01111110111)11.18~0 111 11101181(1(11 (1~~11~(1110118.

111~ 11~(11 1111.18150~ ~(0111 111~ 0~~1~~ 10 111~ ~(18~ (1110 111~11 10 111~ 11~(11 8111~ 111
‫ﻣ‬
111~ ~0011118 111~011.1111. 1~ 11-4 18 111~ (1~~((18~ ~0~~( 1088 111 111~ 0~~1~~, 111~ ~1~~1(1~(11
(111(1108 0~ (1 0~~1~~, ~111~1118 11101.1111~0 011 (1 11~(11 8111~, 18 8110~11 111 ~18. 15-1. 111~
t
)1.111~11011 1~111~~((111.1(~ 0~ (1 0~~1~~, 1./, 18 81~~11 0)1
.ne
1./ = 11-4(~./~. + ~~.5 + ~5-4) (15-1)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~11~(~ ~./~ = 111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~ ~(0111 )1.111~11011 10 ~(18~, 00~
ng
~~5 = 111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~ ~(0111 ~(18~ 10 8111~, 0~~
~5-4 111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~ ~(0111 8111~ 10 (111101~111, 00~

0~
1-4 = (111101~1111~111~~((111.1(~,
~./~ (1110 ~~5

111~ 0~~1~~ ~0~~(
(1(~ 110(111(111)18~~~1~1~0
1088, 11-4, 18 ~110~11,

eri
0)1111~ ~0~~(
111~ (~().1.11(~0
0~~1~~ 111(1111.1~(1~11.1(~(8. 011~~
111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~ 0~ 111~ 11~(11

ine
8111~ ~(111 0~ ~(11~1.11(11~0 ~0( (1 8~~~1~1~0 (111101~1111~111~~((111.1(~, 1-4. 111~ 11~)(1 81~~ 18
10 ~11008~ (1 11~(11 8111~ (1110 118 812~ ~111~11 ~01.110 111~~1 111~ 111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~ (~-
().1.11(~111~111.
‫ﺔ‬
8110~11
~
18 0~~1~1~0
~10~
(1110 111~)1 1.18~ ~0011118
111 ~18.
~(1(1~1)1 0~ ~)(1(1.10~0
15-2,
E
~11~(~
~0( 11(111.1((11~0011118.
sy
ng
111~ ~0~~(
11~(11 8111~8 (1(~ ~0111111~(~1(111)1 (1~(111(101~
(111.11111111.1111
~1118 10 111~(~(18~ 111~ 11~(11 1((1118~~( ~(1~(101111)1.
(~8181(111~~ ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 0~ (1 1)1~1~(1111~(11 8111~ ~111111(111.1((11 (1110 ~0(~~0
01881~(111011
111~ 111~(111(11
~0011118 (1(~
(18(111181111~ 8111~ 1~111~~((1111(~

111 ~0(~~0 ~0011118, 111~ 111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~ 0~~(~(18~8
(18~
~1111111~ (11( ~~10~11)1. 1-10~~~~(, (100~~ (1 ~~(1(1111 ~~10~11)1, 111~ (~01.1~11011 111 111~(111(11
(~8181(111~~ 18 1101 818111~1~(1111. 1-1~(11 8111~8 0~ ~(1(101.18 1)1~~8 (1(~ 8110~11 111 ~18. 15-3.
Ea
111~ ~0111(1~1 (1(~(1 0~1~~~11 111~ 0~~1~~ (1110 11~(11 8111~ 18 ~)(1(~111~1)11111~0(1(111110
111111111112~111~ 111~(111(11 (~8181(111~~ 0~1~~~11 111~ ~(18~ (1110 8111~. 111~ 81.1(~(1~~8 81101110
0~ 5(11, 811100111, (1110 ~(~~ 0~ 01(1, ~0((081011, (1110 81.1(~(1~~ 0)(10~8. 5111~011~ 8(~(18~8
w.
(1(~ 110(111(111)1 (1~~11~0 10 1111~(0~~ 111~ 11~(11 1((1118~~( ~(1~(101111)1 (1110 10 111111111112~111~
~0(111(111011 0~ 0)(10~8 (1110 ~0((081011.
‫ُﺭ‬
111~ 0~~1~~ 1111.1810~ 11101.1111~0 ~(0~~(1)1 011 111~ 11~(11 8111~ 10 001(1111 111~ ~0((~~1
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1110111111118 ~(~881.1(~ 0~1~~~11 111~ 111(111118 81.1(~(1~~8. 111~ ~(0~~( 11181(111(111011~(0~~-

01.1(~8 (1(~ 1.181.1(111)1(~~0111111~110~0 0)1 111~ 0~~1~~ 111(1111.1~(1~11.1(~(8. 111 ~(18~ 0~ 811.10-
11101.1111~0 0~~1~~8, ~)(~~881~~ 11101.1111111810(().1.1~8 111(1)1 ~(11.18~ 111~~11(1111~(110(1111(18~ 0~
111~ 8111~011 ~(1~~(~ (1110 111~ 811.10 (1110 111.1181101.110 1101 0~ 8(~(18~0 0( 11.10(1~(11~0 0~~(1118~
111~ 11.10(1~(111011 111~(~(18~8
111~ 1~1181011 011 111~ 811.10.
111~ 0~~1~~ 111(1)10~ ~001~0 0)111~(11 ~1~~8 ~(1(11(111)1 ~111~0 ~111110~-~(1~0(-~(~8-
81.1(~ 11().1.110. 111~ 0~~1~~ 18 11101.1111~0 011 011~ 810~ 0~ 111~ ~1~~ (1110 (1 ~0110~1181118
111~~11(11118111 (0( 11~(11 8111~) 011 111~ 0111~( 810~ (18 8110~11 111 ~18. 15-4. 111~ 11~(11
5€~. 15-2 515

~~~ ..,8~00~.~ (11//11~,,)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
100 1.0
90
//
0.9
(3 80 ~431/ / 0.8
~-=
0) 70
/./ 433 .9
0.7 ...
~~60 /1- .... ~
0.6 .~~
~0)
‫ﻣ‬
~.8 50 /~ ()()
~0
/~~///
0.5 ~~
~0) 0-
.05
0)._~
0
.-= 40 ~.....
~_-- 0.4 ~~
t
0- ~~
.ne
431
~...
~30
,/ --- - 0.3 ~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(/) ~20
1- 433 ~
0.2
/ +
ng
10 0.1
/1
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
..1~11..~ 15-2
eri
1/1~(11131 (~515.311~~ ~/13(3~.~(1511~5. (~0~,(~$)1 0/ ~(1~(1 11((//(~//~/0
ine
~/1~//1~~,//1~)
~(0011~~0 0)1 111~ 0~..,1~~ ..,(1~0(12~8 111~ 11().1110 (100 111~ ..,(1~0(, 111~0 00~8 10 111~
‫ﺔ‬
~000~081015
0~..,1~~
00(111(111)1,
11111~8 1110(~
~00,
101111511-~0~~(
011 0(
sy
~11~(~
~(11~(.
~11~~11..,~
En
g
111(1)10~ (11 80111~ 0181(10~~

11 ~000~08~8
(1~~11~(111008,
~(11~(
(100 111~ 11().1110 (~111(08
1(0111 111~ 11~(11 810~.
111~ 0~..,1~~8
~0011015
111(10 011 ~0011015.
10 111~ 11~(11 8011(~~.
(1(~ 1110(~ ~11~~11..,~1)1 ~001~0
1-10~~..,~(, 11 18 0~~~88(1()1
111~
0)111().11108,
18 ..,~()1 ~111~1~01 (100 (1~~(0)(.1111(11~1)1111(~~
10 118~ 0181111~0
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..1~11..~ 15-3 1,(~31 5111/(5. (~0~,(~$)1 0/

~(1~(111((1/(~//~/0 ~/1~//1~~,//1~)
516

~881
50~~~8
(08~(~8)
~31~( 10 11110111112~~0((05100 300 30111(~~2~ 10 3~010 1(~~210~. 01115 113111111301~.
‫ﻣ‬
011 ~00110~, ~111~111113~ 0~ (~51(1~1~0 10 50111~ 3~~11~311005, ~(0~10~5 ~000 1051.1131100
300 ~111111031~5 111~ ~(001~1115 01 ~0((05100 300 1(~~210~. 1-1~31 ~1~~5 300 11~1.110-
t
~001~0 11~31 510~5 3(~ ~0111111~(~1311~3~311301~. 1~0 ~31~(-~001~0 3~ 5~11~11~5 3(~
.ne
5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-5. ~0~~( ~00~~(1~(5 3(~ 3~311301~ 10 355~11101~ 1.1011535 5110~0 10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~1~. 15-6.
111~ 111~(111311111~~030~~ 01 3 ~0~~( 0~~1~~ 15 ~~(~ 5111311, 300 35 3 (~51.111 111~
ng
11.10~1100 1~111~~(311.1(~ 01111~ 0~~1~~ ~3(1~5 ~1111111~ 105130130~01.15 ~0~~( 1055. 111~
105130130~01.15 11.10~1100 1~111~~(311.1(~ 1111.151 31~3~5 0~ 1113101310~0 10~~( 11130 111~
3~~~~1301~ ~311.1~. ~ ~101 01111~ 1(3051~01111~(111311111~~030~~ ~~(51.15 5~1.13(~-~3~~
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬ sy
E ng
..)~11..~ 15-5 ~81~(-~001~0 8~

Ea
5~11~11~5. (~0~~(~5)1 0/ ~0)0/~~~~, //1~.)

w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..1~11..~ 15-6 ~55~11101~ (1/1115. (~0~~(~5)1
0/ ~0)0/~~~~, //1~.)
58~. 15-2 517

~1118~ 011(~6.011 18 811~~11~0 0~ 111~ 0~~1~~ (11~11111~~111(~(8 ~8 ~ ~~(1 01 0~1~ 811~~1 ~8
8110~11 111 ~1~. 14-18.11. ~(0(11 111~ ~110~1~0~~ 01 ~11((~111 ~~~~10((11 111(011~11 ~
0~~1~~, ~ ~101 01 ~0~~( 1088 ~~~11181 6.(11~ ~~11 0~ 0~1~((11111~0 ~110 111~11 111~ 1(~1181~111
1(11~~0~11~~ ~11~(~~1~(1811~8 ~~11 0~ 118~0 10 ~~1~111~1~ 111~ 1~(11~~(~111(~ ~~(1~110118 ~1111
11(11~. 11111~ ~001111~ (11~01~ 1~118 111 ~(~~11~31 8~81~(118, 111~ 1~(11~~(3111(~ (18~ 01111~
11~31 8111~8 3(~ 110((11311~ 8~~~0 10 8~11~11 011111~ ~0~~( ~011~~(1~(8, ~8~~~1311~ 111
111~11 ~0~~( 3~~11~3110118.
111~ 81~~ (~8~0118~ 01311(810(0~( 8~81~(11 ~311 0~ ~~~11~0 10 ~)(~(~88 111~ 1(31181~111
111~((11311(11~~0311~~. 11 20 18 111~ 81~30~-8131~ 11111~6.011 ~~8~ 111~((11~1 1(11~~0311~~,
‫ﻣ‬
111~ 11181~111311~0118 111~((1131 1(11~~0~11~~ ~311 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 38
(15-2)
et
~11~(~ 7(11 18 111~ 111~(1113111(11~ ~011813111 01111~ 0~~1~~. 11111~ ~0~~( 1088 18 ~(/, 111~
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
11181~111~11~0118 11111~6.011 1~(11~~(~111(~ (18~ ~00~~ 111~ ~~8~ 18
11 = ~(/2(() (15-3)
11111~ ~0~~( 1088 18 ~1118~0 1~~~ 38 8110~11 111 ~1~. 15-7, 8~. (15-3) ~311 0~
n
~~~11~0 10 ~101111~ 81~~ (~8~0118~8 01111~ 11111~6.0111~(11~~(3111(~, 11((). 11 (,, 18 111~
3110 ~110 0111111 ~1118~ 3(~

111~ 111~((11~1 1(11~~0311~~ 2,,
e 20
= 2((
eri
011(36.011 0111111~0~~( ~1118~, 111~~0((~8~0110111~ 111~((11~11(11~~0~11~~ 31111~ 0~~11111111~
= 2(( = 0) = 0 31102,, = 2 (( = (,,), (~8~~~11~~1~.
= (,,) ~0((~8~0110111~ 10 111~ 011(311011 01 (,, ~311
0~ 1011110 1(0(11 111~ 1(31181~111 111~((1131 1(11~~0311~~ ~113(~~1~(1811~8 (81(11113( 10 ~1~.
gin
14-18.11). 11 ~1, ~2, ~3, . . . ~(~ 111~~0~~( ~1118~8~1111~2 = ~4 = . . . = 0, 111~
11111~11011 1~(11~~(~111(~ 31 111~ ~110 01111111 ~1118~ ~~11 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 38
‫ﺔ‬ 110
sy
En
+ ,,~ ~
1,3,..
111
~,,(2,, - 2,,+1)
(15-4)
~11~(~ 110 18 111~ 11116.3111111~6.011 1~111~~(3111(~. 111~ 11~~36.~~ 81~118 01 22, 24, . . .
81~1111~ 11131 111~ 11111~6.011 1~(11~~(3111(~ 13118 011(111~ 111~ 1111~(~~18 (2, (4, (6, . . . .
Ea
111~ 81~~ (~8~0118~ ~011~~~1 0111111~11011 1~(11~~(~111(~ ~311 0~ ~)(1~110~0 10 0111~(

w.
~(1)
- --
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1
0
.)(1)
~~~~17~~~7~~/~~
~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1 /
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
518

‫ﻣ‬
t
..1~0..~ 15-8 ~()()(0)(1/113(1011 01 3 ()0~~(
.ne
()018~ 0~ (~((311~013( ()018~8.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~0~~( ~3.,,~10(1118. ~ ~3.,,~10(111 01 (11)1 8113~~ ~311 0~ (~~(~8~111~0 3~~(0)(111131~1)1
g
0)1 (~~1311~013( ~018~8 01 ~().031 0( 011~().031 00(311011,
~1111 111~ 3111~11100~ 01 ~3~11
rin
~018~ 0~111~ ~().03110 111~ 3.,,~(3~~ 3111~11100~ 01111~ 3~1031 ~018~ 0.,,~( 111~ 83111~ ~~(100.
10~ 3~~0(3~)1 01 80~11 3~~(0)(11113110118 ~311 0~ 1111~(0.,,~0 0)1111~(~38111~ 10~ 1101110~(
01 ~018~8 3110 (~00~111~ 111~ 00(311011 01 ~3~11 ~018~.
ee 1018 18 8110~11 111 ~1~. 15-8.
10~ )011~11011 1~111~~(310(~ 31 10~ ~110 01111111 ~018~ ~311 0~ 100110 1(0111
11(() = ~10 + 21~1 + 22(~2 - ~1) + 23(~3 - ~2) + . . . (15-5)

gin
,,,
~
110 + ,,~ 1,2,.. 2,,(~,, - ~,,-1)
‫ﺔ‬ ~0~(~
~0~~(
~)(301))1~
2,,
1088 10(
18 10~ 1111~~0311~~
15-1
111~ 11111 ~018~
sy
En
3110~
3110 ~0
~110 0111111 ~018~
= 0.
0100(311011 (,, 0(.~,, 18 111~
111~ ()0~~( 1055 111 311 1~ (11~(15(0(, (~()~ 83013~, 15 5110~11 111 ~1~. 15-9. ~10( (11~
1115(311(311~005 )011~(1011 (~(11()~(3(0(~ (15~ 300~~ (11~ ~35~.
Ea
8010.(100 111 = 800 ~, 113 = 1200~, 3110 115 = 600~. ~0( (1 = (3 = (5 = 1 (115,
~1~. 14-18.11 ~1~~5
2 (( = (1) = 21 = 23 = 25 = 0.03500~
w.
~0( (2 = (4 = (6 = 0.5 (115,~1~. 14-18.11 ~1~~5

‫ُﺭ‬
2 (( = 0.02500~
ww
= (2)
= 22 = 24 = 26
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1200
800
600
... ~ -4 +- .....-.-
0.5 1 0.5
0
58~. 15-2

~,..~(1)
50 ---- 50
40
30 26
20
10
‫ﻣ‬
..)~11..~15-10 11111~1)011 1~111~~..3111..~ ..)5~
1(015)
2.5 4 4.5 ~0.. ~)(3111~)~ 15-1.
et
~().1.1~11011 (15-4) (~11 0~ ~~~11~0 01..~(0~ 10 (~1(1.11~1~ 1/1~ )1.111(110111~()1~~..311.1..~ ..15~.
,
~7./ (/ = 1 ()15) = = 1 ()15) - 1./0 = = 0.035 )( 800 = 280~
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1./ (/ 21~1
/11./ (/ = 1.5 ()15) = 28 - 22~1 = 28 - 0.025 )( 800 = 80~
/11./ (/ = 2.5 ()15) = 8 + 23~3 = 8 + 0.035 )( 1200 = 500~
n
/11./ (/ = 3 ()15) = 50 - 24~3 = 50 - 0.025 )( 1200 = 200~
eri
/11./ (/ = 4 ()15) = 20 + 25~5 = 20 + 0.035 )( 600 = 410~
/11./ (/ = 4.5 ()15) = 41 - 26~5 = 41 - 0.025 )( 600 = 260~

e
gin
‫ﺔ‬ ~0 ~~
En
8111100~( 18 110(01(111)1 ~000~~1~~

(/1)/(// ~111110 111~ 01(1)(1011101 (1110~(101~
(1~(088
((11111~.
(1 8~011~00~11~10(
111~ 801100~(
~~~1~~ 10 110111 111~
~0111~ 0~ ~01(1(12~~ 0(
1111~01(1(12~~. ~ 10(~(1(~-~01(1(12~~ 8111100~(18 81111(101~ ~11~0 (1111)1(1810( 0(1((1081810(
sy
18 ~000~~1~~ ~1111 (10 (11111~(1((111~1 ~10~~ (18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 15-11(1. 111~ (~81810(, ~,
1101118 111~ 10~(1(~ (/1)/(//~ (111~ ~1 1101118 111~ ~18~11(1(~~ ~11((~01 01111~ ~(1~3~110( ~11~0
Ea
111~ ~~~1~~ 18 111(11~~ 011.

~ (~~~(8~-~013(12~~ 801100~( ~111~111101118 111~ (~~~(8~ (/1)/(// 18 8110~11 10 ~1~.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
01
(0) ~91/9~59 ~018~~~90
..)~..~ 15-11 8111100~.. 11~1~0..)(5.
520

15-110, ~11~(~ ~1 1111111$ 111~ 01$~11(1(~~ ~11((~(11 01111~ ~(1~(1~110(. 111~ ~(1~(1~110( 00~$
(101 01$~11(1(~~ 111(011~11 111~ 0~.,,1~~, (~$11111(1~ 1(1 (~011~~0 10$$~$ 1(1 111~ 0~.,,1~~.
~11~(1 (1 ~(11( 01111)1(1$10($ (1(~ ~0(1(1~~1~0 1(11(1.,,~($~ ~(1((111~1, 111~ $(11100~( 11111$1
0~ ~11~~11.,,~ 1(1 ~1111~( 01(~~110(1. ~(1 0(1~01(1(12~0 $(11100~( 1$ $110~(1 1(1 ~1~. 15-11~.
011~ 10 111~ (~.,,~($~ (~~0.,,~()111111~, (~~, (1(10 (~~0.,,~()1 ~11((~(11, 1~, ~(1~(~)11$ $1((1~~~0
‫ﻣ‬
1(1 111~ ~1(~11111(1011~1(1(1~~$ (1(10 (1$ (1 (~$11111((1(1$1~(11 .,,011(1~~ (1~~~(1($ (1~(0$$ 111~ 0~.,,1~~.
1(1 (1001110(1 10 (/1)/(/( ~(01~~110(1, 111~ $(11100~( 1111111$ 111~ ~~(1~ 1((1(1$1~(11 .,,011(1~~ (1~(0$$
111~ 0~.,,1~~. 111~ ~().111.,,(11~(11 ~1(~1111 10( (1 1)1~1~(11 ~1(~1111 (1(((1(1~~111~(11 1$ $110~(1 1(1
et
~1~. 15-12, ~11~(~ 1(1111(11 ~(1~(1~110( .,,011(1~~ 1$ 2~(0 (1(10 111~ 1(1011~10( ~(1((1~$ (1(1 1(1111(11
~11((~(11 011~. 111~ .,,(1111~$ 01 $(11100~( ~~ (1(~ $~1~~1~0 $0 111(11111~ ~1(~11111$ $11~1111)1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
11(10~(0(1111~~0 (1(10 ~1~. 15-13 $110~$ 111~ (~~0.,,~()1 ~11((~(11 (1(10 1((1(1$1~(11 .,,011(1~~.
~(111~(11 0(1111~1(1~ 11$11(111)1 (~$1111$ 1(1 (1 1(1(~~ .,,(1111~ 011(1111(11 (~.,,~($~ .,,011(1~~, ~1~~~
(1(10 1(1$11111~1~(11 0(1111~1(1~ ~(111$~$ 1(1(~~ 0.,,~($11001 01111~ 1((1(1$1~(11 .,,011(1~~. 1(1 111~
rin
10110~1(1~ (1(1(11)1$1$, 111$ (1$$11111~0 111(11111~ (~~0.,,~()11$ (10(11~1 (1(10 111~ (~~0.,,~()1 ~11((~(11
1$ $1100~(11)1 $~11~11~0 10 2~(0.
111~ $(11100~( ~11((~(11 1$ ~)(~(~$$~0 (1$
ee
(/1 1
1,
(/( + ~1 + ~.1 1 (/( + 1)~ (( = 0) (15-6)
gin
(15 -7)
2-3
‫ﺔ‬
~11111(1111(11 ~0(101110(1$
111(11 111~ 10(111 01111~
sy
En
1) = ~ 5 -
1(( = 0) = 1~ (1(10 1)~ (( = 0) = 0.

$0111110(1 10( ~().. (15-6) 0~~~(10$
(/1
1,-(/(
~~ 11(1.,,~ $~~(11(1 5~~110(1

0(1 111~ .,,(1111~$ 01 ~1,~.
a
.E
.,,1~0..~ 15-12 ~().01~(11~111 ~1(~011 00(111~

w
(~~0~~(~ .
‫ُﺭ‬ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~
~~ - - - -
58~. 15-4 521

(15-8)
‫ﻣ‬
~ = (15-9)
2/...,
10~ 011011111~~0 111110(1111(~()0~11~)115
et
(15-10)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ 8~~~~~
g.n
(15-11)
rin
11110 10~ 011111~~0 111110(1111(~()0~11~)115
= ~
(0
= ~
ee
(06 -
~2 (00 (15-12)
0111~(~11111111118 ~(). (15-8) )11~105
gin
(02 ~2
= (~5 - ~/8.) (2~ ~05 (0( + 5111 (0()~-,,,(
10~
‫ﺔ‬ ~~
111111111(~~~(5~
En
+~
~011118~
/8.
(~05 (0( - ~ 5111(0( )
11110 (/7)/(/( ~1111 0~ 100110
~. ~-,,,
(
=
1(0111 ~()5. (15-8)

(15-13)
11110 (15-13) 0)1

(
sy
5~111118 = 0
7) ((
= 0) = ~/8. (15-14)
Ea
(/7)
= ( ~5
_ ~/ ) /8. (~5 - ~/8.)~ /8.
(/( (~0
8. 2~ + ~ = /...,
+
~
~
w.
~5(00(23 - 4(/32 + (/) (15-15)

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(/ /8. ~ /8.
= ~5 ~~ = /,, (15-16)
1110~ 111111111(/7)/(/( 111 ~(). (15-15) 15 11~81111~~, 10~ 111111111111~~(5~ ~011118~ ~/8. 15 10~
111(1)(1111011111110 1015 111(1)1~(000~~ 11 0~51(0~11~~ (/7)/(/(. ~0( ~05111~~ (/7)/(/(,
~5(00(23
- 4(/32 + (/) ~ 0 0(
1 + ~1 + 4(/2
3~ (15-17)
4(/
522

‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ (
3110 111~ (~~~(8~ ~01138~ ~111 ~~ 1113)(11111.111131 = (1. 111~ 11111~ (1, ~111~11 ~311 ~~
0~13111~0 ~)1 8~111118 8~. (15-13) ~~1.13110 2~(0, 18 ~01.1110 38
(0(115 - ~1~)2~ + 1~/~)

1311 (0(1 = (115
_ ~1~)((02
_ ~2)
_ ~1~/~ (15-18)
3110 111~ ~~3~ ~01138~ ~311 ~~ ~01.1110 ~(0111 8~. (15-8)~
11/1 = 11 (( = (1) (15-19)
111~ ~~3~ (~~~(8~ ~01138~ 0~~~1108 011111~ 03111~1118 (3110,0, 3110 111~ ~1.1((~111 ~3~10(,
‫ﻣ‬
0. ~0( 3 81~~11 ~311.1~ 0~ 0, 111~(~ 18 311 0~111111.1111~311.1~ 0~ 03111~1118 (3110, 00, ~111~11
~111111111111112~ 111~ ~~3~ ~01138~. 1-10~~~~(, 111~ 011/ 0( ~3(1~8 ~1111 0 3110 1111111111121118
111~ ~~3~ ~01138~ 1113)11101111111111112~ 111~ 011/0(. 1118 11~~~883()110 1113~~ 3 ~0111~(011118~
et
~~1~~~11 111~ ~~3~ ~01138~, 11/1, 3110 011/0(. ~~~1.1((3)1 (1) ~(0~08~0 10 111111111112~
111~ ~(001.1~1 11/1(011/0() 3110 111~ 0~111111.1111
0~81811 ~1.1(~~8 3(~ 8110~11 111 ~18. 15-14,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
10
rin
6 ~/
/ /~.
4
ee ./
/ ,,.-
,,.-
(~)0 .)/
/ ,,.-
gin
,,.-/
2 ,,.-
./
‫ﺔ‬ 0.8 -
En
.............
sy
~~-
~..........~
...-
,,.-
,,.- (~..,/~1)0
1,/.(00
0.6 --- ~~........

Ea
0.4 ~............00
w.
0.2
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~~--........
‫ﺷﺩ‬
............
.........
0.1
4
~-
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 6 8 10
1,,~.~8.~
~()~~6,,.18.~0~. ~0
..-1~11..~15-14 011.1/1111/115111100~~ 1111(11/11~.~(5

~0( ~0/1111(0/1115~0~51~11. (~~11(0011~~0
~(0/11 ,,,,,. ~~~11((11~. ..01111/1111/11 5111100~(5~0( 110~~( 5~/111~011011~10(5,,.1~~~ 7,(//15-
(/~(/0/15 0/11/111/1.5(,~.4/1/1//~(/(/0/15. ~01. 1~8. ~0. 5, 1972, 1111.503-510.101~. 7. (91972
0~ 1~~~)
58~. 15-4 523

‫ﻣ‬
~11~(~ (/1)/(/( 15 111~ 3~~(3~~ ~3111~ 0~~( 11111~(1 300 (/015 111~0~1111111111
~3111~ 01 ~11((~01
et
13~10( .
111~ ~0~(~)1 510(~0 10 111~ 10011~10(, 1.,, ~111~11 15 1(3051~((~0 10 111~ 501100~(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
~3~3~110(, ~, 15 01551~31~0 (110511)1 10 111~ 501100~( (~51510(. 11115 ~0~~( 1055 15
0~~~00~01 00 111~ 5~11~1110~ 1(~~11~0~)1 300 1030 ~11((~01. ~0( 111~11-~0~~( ~00-
ng
~~(1~(5, ~11~(~ 111~ 501100~( 1055 15 51~0111~301, 3 00001551~311~~ 501100~( ~111~11115~5
30 ~0~(~)1 (~~0~~()1 1(30510(111~( 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-15 ~30 1111~(0~~ 111~ ~1(~1111
ri
~111~1~0~)1. ~11~0 111~ ~(11113()1 ~11((~01 (15~5, 111~ 10011~~0 ~0113~~ ~2 15 ~05111~~ 300
0100~ 1)1 15 (~~~(5~ 0135~0. 11111~ (~~0~~()1 ~11((~01 01 0100~ 1),,, 513(15 10 1311, 111~
ee
10011~~0 ~0113~~ ~2 0~~0111~5 0~~311~~ 300 0100~ 1)1 ~00011~15, (~111(010~ ~0~(~)110
111~ 0~ 511~~1)1.
gin
~~3111()1~ 15-2
‫ﺔ‬ 111~ (~~0~~(~ ~11((~111 01 3 0100~
111011~1311~~ 18 1. = 50 ~11.
En
38 8110~11111 ~1~. 15-1218/8.

111~ 111~111~0113~~ 18 ~$ = 220~. 111118 11~~~883(~ 10
1/11111111~ ~~3/( 1(31181~111 ~0113~~ 10 1.5 11111~8 111~ 111~111~0113~~, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3)
0~1111111111~3111~ 01 ~11((~111 13~10(
~3~3~11311~~,
~0113~~.
~~ (0)
(10~ (0)
8111100~( (~8181311~~, ~~ (~) 3~~(3~~
0~111111111103111~111~ 13~10(,
= 20.4. 3110 111~~1(~1111
00~ (~) 8111100~(

0.1)/0.1~ 3110 (1) 11111131(~~~(8~
asy
80101100 /8. = 20.4.,1. = 50 ~11, ~$ = 220 ~, 3110~~ = 1.5 )( 220 = 330~.

~~/~$ = 1.5, ~1~. 15-14 ~1~~8~
(3) 111~ 0~1111111111 ~11((~11113~10(, 0.0 0.75.
=
E
(0) 111~ 0~1111111111 03111~111~ 13~10(, 00 = 0.4.

(~) ~(0111 ~(). (15-16), 111~ 8111100~( ~3~3~11311~~ (~1111 0. = 0.0) 18
w.
~ = 1. (~ )
0.~$
‫ُﺭ‬
(15-20)
ww
( 20
)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
= 50 0.75)( 220 = 0.735 ~~
(0) ~(0111 ~(). (15-11), 111~ 8111100~( (~8181311~~ 18
~ = 20
~ (15-21)
= 2
)(
0.4 /~0.735 = 6.6 0
524

(~) ~~0111~~. (15-10),
106
(00 = 164,957 ~(10/8
~50 )(
0.735 =
~~0111 ~1~. 15-14,
‫ﻣ‬
(/1)
)( )(
220 164,957 = 31.9 ~/,.,..8
(/( = 0.88~5(00= 0.88
t
(1) ~~0111 ~~. (15-14), 10.~ 1016(11 ~~~~~8~ ~011(1~~ 18
.ne
= 0) = 6.6
)(
1) (( 20 = 132 ~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
~~301()(~ 15-3
g
~0 ~~-801.100~~ ~1~~1.111(18 80.0~010 ~1~. 15-11~ 0.(18 ~ = 0.75 ,.,..~, ~ = 6.60, (100
rin
10~1.11 ~011(1~~, ~5 = 220~. 10.~ ~1~~1.1111001.1~1(10~~ 18 1- = 50 ,.,..1-1. 0~1~~11110~ 10.~
((1) ~~(1/( 10~~(1~0 ~011(1~~, ~,,~ (0) 10111(11(/1)/(/(~ (100 (~) 111(1)(11111.1111
(/1)/(/(.
= 6.6 0, ~ = 0.75 ,.,..~, 1- = 50,.,..1-1, (100 ~5 = 220~. 13)18~160~ 18. =

80(01100 ~
0, 10.~ 10~(1~0
ee
~011(1~~ (1~~088 10.~ 0~~1~~ ~(10 0~ 0~1~~11110~0 1~0111 ~~. (15-8),
gin
1)(() (0( (0()~-~( (15-22)
= ~5 - ~5( ~08 - 810
~
‫ﺔ‬ ~~0111 ~~. (15-13),
En
(
(15-23)
= 0, 0~ 1~0111~~.
sy
10.~ 1016(11 (/1)/(/( ~(10 0~ 101.100 ~110.~~ 1~0111 ~~. (15-23) 0)1 8~1110~
(15-15) 0)1 8~160~ 18. = 0
Ea
(15-24)
( 10.~ 6111~ (1, ~0.1~0. ~(10 0~ 001(110~0

10.~ 10~~(1~0 ~011(1~~ ~111 0~ 111(1)(11111.1111
(11 = (1.
w.
~110.~~ 0)1 8~160~ ~~. (15-23) ~~1.1(1110 2~~0, 0~ 0)1 8~160~ 18. = 0 10 ~~. (15-18), 18
101.100 (18
‫ُﺭ‬ww
2~(0
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1(10 (0(1 _ (15-25)

(02 ~2
(02 _ ~2
~08 (0(1 = (15-26)
(02
+ ~2
2~(0
810 (0(1 = (02 + ~2
(15-27)
58~. 15-4 525

(15-28)
-28~
(15-29)
1 - 282
0111~~~111131111~ 8~. (15-23) ~101 ~~8~~~110 (, 3110 8~11111~ ~~113110 2~~0, (/1)/(/( ~111 0~
31 ( = (,,,~0.~11
‫ﻣ‬
1113)(111111111
t
.ne
0~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
(15-30)
ng
51108111111111~ 10.~ ~3111~ 01 (,,, 111 8~. (15-23) 3110 81111~111~111~ 10.~ 8111~, 3110 ~08111~ 1~~1118
~1~10 10.~ 1113)(111111111~3111~ 01 (/1)/(/(,
eri (15-31)
ine
~0~ (1113)(11111111110 0~~11~, (/((/1)/(/()/(/( 11111810~ ~08111~~ 11 ( ~ (,,, 3110 8~. (15-30) ~1~~8
10.~ 11~~~883~~ ~0110111011 38
‫ﺔ‬ 8~11311011 (15-31)
~0.~11 (
sy
En
g
18 ~3110 10~ 8 ~ 0.5.

= 0 18 0013111~0 1~01118~. (15-23),
0~
~0~ 8 ~ 0.5,
0~ 8 ~ 0.5
(/1)/(/( ~0.1~0. 0~~0111~8 1113)(111111111
(/1) (/1) 115~

(/( = (/(
~
= 112~ =
5
10~ 8 ~ 0.5 (15-32)
1.,
/11..
Ea
(~0
/ ~
(3) ~~0111 8~. (15-9), ~ )( )( 10-6)

= 6.6/(2 50 = 66,000 3110 1~01118~.
(15-10),
w.
())0
106
=
~50
)(
0.75 = 163,299 ~30/8
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~~01118~. (15-11),8 = (6.6/2) ~ = 0.404, 31101~0111~~. (15-12),

‫ﺷﺩ‬
())
= 163,299 ~1 - 0.4042 = 149,367 ~30/8
~~0111 8~. (15-29), (1
= 15.46 , 8~ 10.~~~10~~,8~. (15-28) ~1~10810.~ ~~3)( ~0113~~,
11,, = 220(1 + 0.36) = 299.3 ~.
(0) 8~11311011 (15-24) ~1~~8 10.~ 11111131(/1)/(/( 01 (220 )( 6.6/50)
= 29 ~/, 8.
(~) 5111~~ 8 ~ 0.5, 8~. (15-31) 80.01110 0~ 118~0 10 ~31~11131~ 10.~ 1113)(111111111
(/1)/(/(.
~~01118~. (15-30), (,,, = 2.16, 8 3110 8~. (15-31) (/1)/(/( 38 31.2
~1~108 111~ 1113)(111111111
~/, 8.
526

‫ﻣ‬
t
~ 1..30510..111~.. 15 00..111311)1 ~000~~1~0 10 111~ 10~1.11 510~ 01111~ ~00..,~..1~..5. 000~..
.ne
51~30)1-5131~ ~00011100, ~0~..~)1 15 510..~0 10 111~ 1113~0~11210~ 1001.1~130~~, 1.,,,,, 01
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1..30510..111~.., 300 5~11~1110~ 011111~ 51.1~~1)1 ~..001.1~~5 3 1..3051~01 ..,0113~~ 10 111~ 10~1.11
01111~ ~00..,~..1~... ~ ~3~3~110.. 1113)1 0~ ~000~~1~0 3~..055 111~ ~..11113..)1 0.. 5~~0003..)1
ng
01111~ 1..30510..111~.. 10 1111111111~ 1..3051~01 ..,0113~~ 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-163, 300 10
~..3~11~~ 3 ..~515130~~ 15 3150 ~000~~1~0 10 5~..1~5 ~1111 111~ ~3~3~110.. 10 1111111 111~
1..3051~01 ..,0113~~.
15 ~1..,~0
000~..
0)1
51~30)1-5131~ ~000111005, 1)5 =
eri
11,,, 510 ())( 300 111~ 1113~0~11210~ ~1.1 ~01
ine
0,/ .
1 ,,, ...,,, 510 ())(
17
0,( =
‫ﺔ‬
11111~ 5~11~11 15 11.1..0~0 011 31 ())(
5~11~11-01115
sy
E ng
/(0 =
= 8, 111~ ~3~3~110.. ..,0113~~ 31 111~ 0~~10010~ 01
(15-33)
Ea
(15-34)
w.
111~ ~()1.11~31~01 ~1..~1.111 01.1..10~ 111~ 1..3051~01 ~00011100 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-160 300
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
111~ ~3~3~110.. ~1.1 ~01 15 ~)(~..~$5~0 35

‫ﺷﺩ‬
0 (15-35)
(15-36)
56~. 15-5 527

~11111011131 ~000111008 1- (( = 0) = -10 300 1)~(( = 0) = 110. 111~ 1(3081~01 ~0113~~
1)0(0 ~30 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 ~(0111 ~()8. (15-35) 300 (15-36), ~0( 1100~(03111~~0 ~000111008.
~ 03111~10~ (3110 0~ 3 = 0.518 00(111311)183118~3~10()1. 111~ 30(1)1818 ~30 0~ 81111~11~1~0
0)13881111110~811131103111~10~1~0010~ 10 2~(0, 1.~., /) = 0, (0(, ~ = 0). ~(). (3-20),
~111~1118 81111113(10 ~(). (15-35), ~30 0~ 3~~11~0 10 0~1~(11110~ 111~ 1(3081~01 ~0113~~,
..0((). 111~ 1(3081~01 ~0113~~, ..0(0 18 111~ 83111~ 38 111~ ~3~3~110( ~0113~~, ..~(().
.,(/) ~ .0(/) ~ 110008.,,,,/ + /,

) /.~ 81~ .,,,,/
‫ﻣ‬
(15-37)
1/2
115+ 15 1-
~)
t
810 ((00( + ~)
(
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
11,,, (81026 + (02~,,,~~0826)1/2 810 ((00( +~)
ng
(02 1/2
(05
11,,, (1 + ~082 6) 810 ((00( + ~) (15-38)
~2
eri
ine
(15-39)
‫ﺔ‬
1~ (00 ~
En
(0, 111~ 1(3081~01

sy
g
~0113~~
(00
10 ~().
=- 1
~1-,,,
(15-38) ~111~11 ~111 0~ 1113)(111111111
~11~0
(15-40)
~08 6 = 0 (0( 6 = 900) 18
11/1= 11,,, (15-41)

Ea
10 ~(3~11~~, (00 / (0 300 111~ 1(3081~01 ~01138~, ~111~11 ~111 0~ 1113)(111111111

~11~0 ~08 6
= 1 (0( 6 = 00), 18
w.
(15-42)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
0810~ 111~ ~0113~~ 300 ~11((~01 (~1311008111~ 10 3 ~3~3~110(, 111~ (~()111(~0 311101101 0~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~3~3~1130~~ 10 1111111111~ 1(3081~01 ~0113~~ ~30 0~ 0~1~(11110~0 ~(0111
~=~ (15-43)
11/1(00
5110811111110~
~(). (15-42) 10 ~(). (15-43) ~1~~8118
1011,,,
~ = (15-44)
11~(0
528

0
7,,
+ . 51
~.~1
~$ ~0
8
)
-0 -)
~1~11..~ 15-17 ~()111.,,~1~/1( ~1(~111( 011(- ~1~11..~ 15-18 ~()111.,,~1~/1( ~1(~111(
1/1~ 5~1(~/11/1~ 0/1 (/1~ 511~~1~. 011~ (0 10~0 015~0/1/1~~(10/1.
‫ﻣ‬
~0~ ~1111 111~ ~3~3~110( ~01111~~1~0 3~(088 111~ 1(311810(111~( 8~~01103(~, 111~
1113)(1111~111111813111311~0~8 ~3~3~110( ~0113~~ ~1110~~~110 011111~ 111813111311~0~8 3~ 111~~1
t
~0113~~ 31 111~ 111813111 01 8~11~11111~ 011 111~ 111~~1 ~0113~~. 111~ ~((~1~31~111 ~1(~~11
e
0~(111~ 8~11~11-01118 8110~11111 ~1~. 15-17, ~11~(~ 1.18 111~ ~((~1~31~111
8~~~1~ 1110~~1311~~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~1~5 111~ 1~3~3~~ 1110~~1311~~ 01111~ 1(311810(111~(.
0110~( 110(11131 0~~(311011, ~11~(~~ 15 510(~0 111 111~ 5~~~1~ 1110~~1311~~ 3110 111~
1~3~3~~ 1110~~1311~~ 01111~ 1(311510(111~(. ~11~11 111~ 1030 15 015~01111~~1~0, 1(31151~111
rin
~0113~~5 3(~ ~(00~~~0 0~~ 10 111~ ~11~(~~ 510(~0 111 111~ 1110~~1311~~5. 111~ ~((~1~31~111
~1(~~11 0~~ 10 1030 015~01111~~11011 18 5110~11 111 ~1~. 15-18.
~)(301)))~ 15-4 ee
~ ~3~3~110( 15 ~0/1/1~~1~0 3~(055 01~ 8~~01103(~ 01 311 111~1111(3/1810(111~( 38 8110~11 111
~1~. 15-163, ~11112~(0 03111~111~ (~8181311~~. 111~ 8~~01103(~ ..,,0113~~ 18 11.
= 120~, 60
gin
1-12. 11111~ 1113~11~62111~ 111011~1311~~ (~1~((~0 10 111~ 8~~01103(~ 18 1.,,.
= 2 1111-13110 111~
111~111811~~1~ 10 111~ 1(311810(111~( ~(11113(~ 18 018~01111~~1~0 31 311 311~1~ 01 9 = 1800 01
‫ﺔ‬ 111~ 111~1113~ ..,,0113~~, 0~1~(111111~ 111~ (3) 1111631 ~3~3~110( ..,,3111~, 110~ (0) 1113~11~62111~
~11((~111, 10~ 3110 (~) ~3~3~110( ..,,3111~10 1111111111~ 1113)(111111111
10 11,, = 300~.
80)01100 11. = 120~,

1111-1,3110 00 = 270 )(
sy
En
11,,. = 0
60 = 377 (30/8.
)(
1(31181~111 ~3~3~110( ..,,0113~~
120 = 169.7~, 9 = 1800,1= 601-12, 1.,,. = 2
(3) ~(0111~~. (15-33), 110= 169.781119 = 0.

(0) ~(0111~~. (15-34),
Ea
11,,. 169.7
10 = - ~08 9 = )(
001.,,. 0.002 377 = 225 ~
(~) 11,, = 300~. ~(0111 ~~. (15-44), 111~(~~111(~0 ~3~3~11311~~ 18
w.
(7 )( 169.7
= 225 3002 )( 377 = 1125.3 /1.~
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
15-6 ~01.,..~6~ ~~0,..~~,..~0~ 8~ 5~1.~~~()~ 0~00~5 ~~0

~~,.. ~1.-0)(~0~ ~ ~~~5,..0~5
111~ 5~1~01~111 0100~5 1113~ 0~ ~5~0 10( ~(01~~11011 3~31051 1(3051~01 0~~~0113~~5.
111~5~ 0100~5113~~ 10~ 10(~3(0 ~0113~~ 0~1 ~~11-0~1111~0 (~~~(5~ 0(~3~00~11 ~0113~~.
111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~5 01 5~1~111~1110100~5 3(~ 5110~11 111 ~1~. 15-19. ~0(111311~, 111~
5~~. 15-6 529

8~8./11()~,,9
~0~.8.98. ~2
~
.,,1~11..~ 15-19 ~118.(8.(.~(15/1(5 01 5~)~11-

(0) 8~/1100~ 11.1/110100~.
‫ﻣ‬
0~~(3110~ ~0101 11~5 0~10(~ 111~ ~0~~ 01 111~ ~113(3~1~(1511~ ~11(~~ 300 0(3~5 ~~()1
5111311 ~11((~011(0111 111~ ~1(~1111. 1-10~~~~(, ~11~0 30 0~~(~0113~~ 3~~~3(5, 111~ ~0~~
et
~0101 15 ~(055~0 300 111~ (~~~(5~ ~11((~01 110~ 111(011~11 111~ 5~1~0111111 10~(~35~5 5110-
0~01)1, 111~(~0)11)1~1~311)1111111110~ 111~ 1(3051~01 ~0113~~ 10 1~1~~ 111~ 00(11131 ~0113~~.
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
111~ 5~1~0111111 0100~ (0( 511~~(~55~() 1111151 0~ ~3~301~ 01 01551~3110~ 111~ 511(~~
~0~(~)1 ~11110111110011~ 1~111~~(3111(~ (15~. ~3~11 ~~11 01 3 5~1~0111111 0100~ 15 00(111311)1
(31~0 31 3 (1115 ~0113~~ 01 25 ~, ~1111 3 ~13111~10~ ~0113~~ 011)1~1~311)1 72 ~. ~0(
~(01~~1100 01 0~ ~1(~1111, 111~ 511~~(~5100 ~1(~111115 ~013(12~0 35 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-203.
n
10 3~ ~1(~11115 35 10 ~1~. 15-200, 111~ 511~~(~55~(5 3(~ 000~013(12~0, 50 11131111~)1 ~30
1111111 0~~(~0113~~5
~013(12~0 511~~(~55~(5
10 00111 01(~~11005.
35 5110~0 eri
10 ~1~.
~0(
15-20~
11 3 0~ ~1(~1111 01 240 ~ 15 10 0~ ~(01~~1~0 ~1111 25- ~ 5~1~0111111~~115, 111~0
e 111(~~-~1135~
~30 0~ 115~0.
~1(~11115, ~)1~-~000~~1~0-
240/25 = 10 ~~115 ~01110 0~ (~()111(~0 300 111~ 10131 ~13111~10~ ~0113~~ ~01110 0~ 10
gin
)(
72 = 720~. 10 ~(01~~1 3 510~1~-~1135~ 3~ ~1(~111101208 ~, 60 1-12, ~1111 25-~
5~1~0111111 ~~115, 208/25
)(
‫ﺔ‬9
101~(031
=
18 ~~115 ~01110
35 ~0111~3(~0
10 ~~11-0~110~0
= 9 ~~115 ~01110 0~ (~()111(~0 10 ~3~11 01(~~1100
~3~3~1130~~,
0~ 0~~~553()1
En
10( 000~013(12~0
10 111~ ~~-501100~(
1113~011110~5.
511~~(~55100.
111~ 5~1~0111111 0100~5
~1(~11115.
10 ~(01~~110~
00 0011111111111~
1-10~~~~(,
3 0~~1~~,
300 10131 01 2
011~ 10 10~
0.1)/0.( 10 111~ 53111~ ~)(1~01
111~)11111111111~ 1(3051~01
111~ (~11301111)1 0130 ~~
~0113~~5
~1(~1111
15 0~11~( 11130 11131 01 5~1~0111111 0100~5.
sy
~3(1510(5 3(~ 000110~3( ~3(1301~-1111~~030~~ 0~~1~~5, ~00515110~ 01111~131-0~10~

~3(11~1~5, 5~~3(31~0 0)1 30 0)(10~ 111111 0( 10511131100. ~5 111~ 3~~11~0 ~0113~~ 15
Ea
10~(~35~0, 111~ 111111 0~~0111~5 ~00011~11~~ 300 111~ ~11((~01 110~ 15 10~(~35~0. 111~
~11((~01 15 ~)(~(~55~0 35
w.
(15-45)
‫ُﺭ‬
+ 8.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~) ~0~8.~~280 .~~88-()~8.58

()~0.8~.~0,,
530

~11~(~ /( 15 (1 ~0051(101 (100 1115 111~ (1~~11~0 ~011(1~~. 111~ ~(110~ 0~ ~ ~(1(1~5 0~1~~~0
30 (100 40.
111~ ~0~~( ~00~~(1~(5 (0(1)1 0~~~10~ 5110(1 ~1(~0115 0( ~(10115 (100 111~ (~5011(101 ~(1011
~0((~015 (0051 0~ ~1~(1(~0 ~01~~1)1. ~(151-(1~110~ ~05~5 (1(~ 00((0(111)1 05~0 10 ~(01~~1
111~ 5~(01~0000~10( 0~~1~~5. ~5 111~ ~(1011 ~0((~01 10~(~(15~5, 111~ ~05~ 0~~05 (100
‫ﻣ‬
~1~(1(5 111~ ~(1011 ~0((~01 10 ~~~ (011115~~0005.
t
15-7.1 (= 5.819
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
111~ 5~(01~0000~10( 0~~1~~5 (0(1)1 0~ ~(01~~1~0 0)1 ~(1(~~011)1 ~1100510~ 111~ 10~(111005
0~ 111~ ~05~5 (15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-21. 110~~~~(, 111~ ~05~ (0(100~(1~10(~(5 (~~0(0(0~00
~1(1~10~ (1 ~05~ 10 5~(1~5 ~1111 ~(1~11 0~~1~~ (15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-22. 111~ 1001~100(11
g
~(01~~1100 ~111~11 ~~((0115 0~11~( ~00(010(11100 0~1~~~0 (1 0~~1~~ (100 115 ~05~, (1110~5
rin
50~~(10( 011112(11100 0~ 111~ 0~~1~~ ~(1~(1011111~5 (100 ~(01~~15 ~(0(0 5110(1111(00~11 ~(10115
(~.~., 111(00~11 11 (100 14 10 ~1~. 15-22(1). 111~ 5~(01~0000~10( ~05~5 (1(~ 5110~0 10
~1~. 15-23. ee
~11~0 111~ ~(1011 ~0((~01 (15~5, 111~ ~05~ 1~(0~~((110(~ (1150 (15~5 001111 = 1/11, (11
~111~1111(0~ 111~ ~05~ (0~115 (100 (1(~5 (1(~ 0~~~10~~0 (1~(055 111~ ~05~. 00~ 10 111~ (1(~,
gin
‫ﺔ‬ ~1
~2
sy
En
~~1/5
~1 (3,0
0,,,
~~56
(8.) ~0,,(~0~~60 ~6~(~1~6~ (0) (3,0 ~~0~~6~

Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
58~. 15-7 531

111~ 1111~~(/(10~~ 0~ 111~ ~05~ 15 10~(~(15~(/, 111~(~0)1 (~(/0~10~ 111~ ~0((~01. 1-10~~.,,~(,
(10 (1(~ .,,011(1~~ 15 ~0(111~(/ (1~(055 111~ ~05~. 111~ ~~0~((11~(/ 11~(11 .,,(1~0(12~5 111~ ~05~
~1~111~01, (~501110~ 10 10~(~(15~(/
(1(~ 1~0~111 (10(/ ~0(111~( (~(/0~1100 0~ 111~ ~0((~01.
111~ ~011101(111.,,~ ~~~~~115 111~ ~)(110~1100 0~ 111~ (1(~ 10 (1 .,,~()1 5110(111111~. ~11~0 111~
(1(~10~ 15 ~0111~1~1~ 10 11111~ (,, 111~ ~(1011 15 ~1~(1(. 111~ ~(151~( 111~ ~05~ ~1~(1(5, 111~
111~11~( 15 111~ (1(~ .,,011(1~~.
111~ ~1~(1(10~ 11111~ (~ 15 111~ 50111 0~ 111~1110~ 11111~, (..,, (10(/ (1(~ 11111~, (,,.
(/71 15
(/~~~0(/~01 00 111~ 10(1(/ ~0((~01, ~11~(~(15 (,, 15 (/~~~0(/~01 00 111~ ~0~~( ~(1~10( 0(
‫ﻣ‬
~(1((1111~1~(5 0~ 111~ ~(1011 ~1(~011. 111~ ~(1011 15 00(111(111)1 ~1~(1(~(/ 0~~0(~ 111~ ~(1011
~0((~01 (~(1~11~5 115 ~1(51 ~~(1/( (10(/ 111~ ~(1011 ~0((~01, ~111~111111~11111(1.,,~ 60~0 1~ 111~(~
~(15 00 ~05~, 15 ~(111~(/ 111~ ~,.05~~~(/1/~ 1011/( ~11,.,.~11(. 11115 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. 15-24.
et
111~ ~0((~01-11111~ ~0~~5 0~ (/~.,,1~~5 (10(/ ~05~5111(1)10~ 05~(/ ~0( 111~ ~00((/10(11100
0~ (1 ~05~ ~0( (1 (/~.,,1~~. ~1~0(~ 15-25(1 5110~5 111~ ~0((~01-11111~ ~11(1((1~1~(1511~5 0~ (1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
(/~.,,1~~ (10(/ 115 ~05~, ~11~(~ 111~ (/~.,,1~~ ~111 0~ ~(01~~1~(/ 0.,,~(
111~ ~1101~ ((10~~ 0~
0.,,~(10(1(/5. 11115 1)1~~ 0~ ~(01~~1100 15 00(111(111)1 05~(/ ~0( 10~-~0~~( ~00.,,~(1~(5.
ng
~1~0(~ 15-250 5110~5 111~ 1110(~ ~01111110(1)1 05~(/ 5)151~11110 ~111~11111~ ~05~ 15 05~(/ ~0(
5110(1-~1(~011 ~(01~~1100 (11 111~ 0~~10010~ 0~ 111~ ~(1011
~ (10(/ 111~ 00(111(11 0.,,~(10(1(/
ri
~(01~~1100 15 ~(0.,,1(/~(/ 0)1 ~1(~011 0(~(1/(~( 0( 0111~( ~0((~01-111111110~ 5)151~111.
1~ ~ 15 111~ (~5151(10~~ 0~ 111~ ~(1011 ~1(~011 (10(/ / 15 111~ 1051(101(10~005 ~(1011 ~0((~01
0~1~~~0 111~ 1051(101 0~ ~(1011 0~~0((10~
ee (10(/ 111~ 1051(101 0~ (1(~ ~)(110~1100, 111~ ~0~(~)1
~~(/ 10 111~ ~1(~011 ~(10 0~ ~)(~(~55~(/ (15
gin
(15-46)
‫ﺔ‬ En
E asy
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
...)~..~ 15-23 $~1111~011011~10( (115~5. (~~17700,/,/~~0, 0)117~711//55/0,, 0/117/,/5/1 ~/~~/7/~(1/

1-.1(1~/1/,,~5, 1./0,., ~,,8/(1,,0,)
532

~
~
~
~
/
0
~.--~ .. .~
‫ﻣ‬
~~~~9 ~~~~~
... 1,,, -./ 18 ---.
... ,.
et
~
~ 8~68~1~9 (~1116,
(0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1110~ (~8181(111~~, ~, (~111(11118 ~01181(1111, 10~ ~(1111~ 0112( 18 ~(0~0(11011(1110 10~ ~11~(8~
1~~ 10 10~ ~1(~1111. 10~ 12( ~(1111~ 18 1~(111~~ (18 10~ /~(-(/1,0/18/1 ~11~,8)1 (111~ 18 (~-
rin
12( ~0(1((1~1~(1811~
8~0118101~ 10( 111~111118 10~ 1118~. 10~ 1118~ 111(111111(1~111(~(8 8~~~11~ 10~
0110~ 1118~ (111~ ~18. 15-26 800~8 10~ 1~~1~(11 ~0(1((1~1~(1811~8 011~ 1118~8, 1~~~8 11350.
111 8~1~~11118 (1 1118~ 11 18 11~~~88(1(~ 10 ~811111(11~ 10~
ee 1(11111 ~11((~111 (111~ 10~11 10
8(11181~ 10~ 10110~1118 (~().111(~111~1118~
1. 111~ 1118~ 1111181 ~(1((~ ~01111111101181~ 111~ ~~~1~~ ((11~~ ~11((~111.

gin
2. 10~ 12( 1~1-111(01180 ~(1111~ 0110~ 1118~ 0~10(~ 10~ 1(11111 ~11((~111 18 ~1~(1(~~
‫ﺔ‬
1111181 0~ 1~88 10(111 111~ ((11~~
~~~1~~
3.
4.
.
10~
10~ ~~(1~
sy
En
(1(~ ~011(18~
12( 0110~
1118~ 1111181 0~ (101~ 10 ~11081(111~
1111181 0~
~~~1~~ 10 0~ ~(01~~1~~.
10~ ~011(18~,
1~88 10(111 111~ ~~(1~
(111~( 10~
~011(18~
(1(~ ~)(1111~11011.
((111118 01 10~
Ea
..,
-.. 061/1~6
~~8~8~(6~15(~~
w.
/
---
‫ُﺭ‬
---
-... ~--- --...
ww
.....
..... --~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
--- ~~0(6~(~0~ ~
0~ 1~56 ~
~
~
(,5 0 (,5
10-2 10-1 10 10-2 10-1 10 100
(8) 80111~~8(6~~0(8~((0~ (0) 8~0(1-~(~~~~(~~0(8~(~0~ 0~~~
533
58~. 15-7

‫ﻣ‬
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
5/11~00/(1 /0, ,,,0~~~1/79 /-/19/1 ,,0~(1, 5(11711~0/70/1~~0, 0(1~1~(15 ~...~~.~ (~,0,... 5~~~( ~~~,0,.~0~5
~3)(~01~01 ~.01.5. ~0(1398 ~31~09= 290.,,-
~00~0~015 ~0 8588= ~3~14= 1976 30(/ 1~~ 269.4.
ng
~5,.. ~3)(~01~0118518(/ 1)83~ ~011398 450.,,-
~ ~8~1~~~~318 0~ 500~1 ~/~~~ ~1 ~31~095 30(/
~3)(~01~01 (/.~. ~0(1398 ~31~09 (1../~~15015) 160.,,-
~8~~~~~31~00 0~ ~21 ~~1-0~~ 30(/ 3~~ ~0~1398
~03~3~18~151~~5 3~8 3~3~ ~30~8.
~3)(~01~01 3~~~09~0~1398~0~ ~~ 5~1)1)~,,,.,,-0~1398~ 240.,,- 490.,,-
/=0~ ~3~~31~00 ~0 3~~/09 ~0~1398 ~~10 ~~ ~1)1)~,,, .,,-0~1398
eri
/~,.0~.,..4(0/.,.
.,,- ~ 100 + 1.63 .,,-5
(-./0(~ 1.. .,./1.,,/$(0,$/(/,.0(/~$ 8,8 ,8(~,,, 8~~,89~ ~~,,8(1( 0,,1//1//6(/.1$6$ 8(8 ~
(//(8(/ /,, ,,/11.5. ~1./,,6/1(. 01.1,//19 $(880)/ $(8(6 0/18,/1(1017 (/18 (/.1$81111./$( ~08~8 .,,- ~ ~83~ 3~~ ~0~1398. .,,- ~ ~~ 5~1)1)(,,,.,,-0~1398
(10( /)8 0/18,/1(80 ,.,, (1)(08$$ 0( /($ (11(1)(/,.,,/.1/11,.111.5. ,./1(/,.,9. ~ 5
/=~5~09 /=3~10~ 1.25
(4./0(8 2.. ,/18 111(1)(1171/.1/11
08/1 (6111,,8,/1(/.1,8 8/1(/ 08/1 (8111/18(/1(/.1,8 ,1$8
ine
/=0~~8 ~00~~09 ~~~~80~ ~1)~31~09 ~3~10~ 31 5 01/5 1.2
8/)0~8 8111/)18/11. 0/ (1 /(1$(1 8(6 0,,.(,.~8/ 0(151917 /18,/11118(8($. ~81.1(,.0,,
5110()/(/ 08 (8/(817 0/./,,,.,9 //7$(/1//8(/017 (0 8/1$()(8 ,./1/1( (/18 $/18~,.,,.8(/
,8(//19$ 8(8 /70( (1)(08808(/. 50(718 (0,,,,
0/ /18/11.$/,,/( 1778., 08 /1808$$8,..,.
.~ ~~~,0,... ,0,~0 ~~~~,0,~ (~,0,...5~~~( ~~~,0,.~0~5

‫ﺔ‬
,../1~ ,-350 5~,.~~5 01 5~~1~0000~10,.
~700 ,.1., ,0 ,,.9. ~-5.
~3,1 ,,~010~, ~~5 ~()~~0~.

13010 = 250
,,,
105~5 8,.~ 8~8~~80~~ ~~1/1 ,700
~001~810,. 105~5 8~,.880~ 1~11~0, 10( 0~(118/15~0,,8~ 0~18~~5 (818( 10 ~898
~.12. ~0( 8~8~1,.~~8~, 1/18,.(118~ 8/10 (118~/1(3,,~~(3( 5~~~~1~~(31~0,,5 0,,
.0 00,,-,,,~.,. ,,.,, 00,,-,0., .00 ,,,.1,. ,.~., ..9. /.350-450.

(1) ~~5 ~()~~0~.
~13010 = 250~
,,,
sy
(1)
En
g
~,,,)(
~0~0~
~055
~3)(/01~01
~3)(~01~01
,8~901=
~~0-,,,~~(~(3 (2)
(2,
~,,,2,
~31) ~8(11)8~31~~8=
~31) 18(11)8~31~~8 ~~58 300~8
.0.,,,~
.1120
,,,2,
~2, (2)
~~~5
.0.,,,~
.1240.,,,
(2, (2)
,,,2,
~~5
3010~801
~0.05
1000~
750~
1709 (5.95 02.)
.350-150 175 155 17 1600 7000 16000 1) ~8)(101~01 ~~,,~,,1 ~8~~~~,,9

.350-200 210 190 28 2100 10000 20000 30.~~1..,,. ,,81~~3~ ~0,,....€~1~0,,
~00~~,,9 ~5~,,9 1~51 8~~3,,9€01€,,1
.350-250 250 230 28 4800 20000 40000
Ea
85 8588~ ~8~14~ 1976

.350-300 315 290 35 9000 34000 70000 ~0,,~~~10~5 1.010 1.6.4/01012
.350-350 355 320 35 13000 50000 100000 8113~~01€,,1.
.350-400 400 350 40 20000 75000 160000 2) ,....,..()~~3~
....3~~€50112181 20
.350-450 450 400 42 30000 110000 220000 1~01€5 ~31€~ ~~5 ~~~~~,,1
,
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
.. .. -
59(232).10,11
ww
...
32.6(128).113. ,
‫ﺷﺩ‬
41.3 (1.62)
1-
13(051)(11,0
85 (334)
--,
,,,~. ......... ~-4 1.3
..,
1 (1
.6 2 ~ (11..
1/1~11..815-26 ()313 5/1~~1 011~ 1115~,1~..,~ 11350. (~0~,(~5)1 011/1(~,/1(1(10/1(1/ 8.~~-

(111~,)
534

500 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net
450 ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬
~400
~1
~~350
~.3 300
.,,
~,,,
250
~~~..
200
~150
‫ﻣ‬
100
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 10
,-~,,,~ 5
-
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
,.350-450
,.350-400 ,.350.450
,.350-350 ,.350.400
,.350-300 ,.350.350
,.350.300
,.350-250
~~,.013~~~0()~(311/1~ 1~01~
,.350-200
10,,,5~~~5 3~ 2/1.51 ,.350-150
rin
., 10.
1 ~=1*~
.-=
~~~....
/
ee
~....
-.,. 10.
0)
....
- ...../ / /~,.350 25,
~,.350200
0
gin
/ / / ,.350-150
‫ﺔ‬ 103
()(05()8~1~...,~~~5
104
5.,,0101~1(.~31 ~3~~1 ~~((€/11
sy
En
- /1..
,.350 450 ~0... ~3~~€5~20~......
--
==,.350-400
_
= ,.350 350
01~~1~()~.., ~ ()€8~ 0...,, 0.8
_ ,.350-300~ .......
~~01~1 01 ~~1-011
(8) 5..,,0101€1(.~8~
~0/10~1~0/1
18(.)~1
,.350-250 .......-
Ea
(0) ~~~~..,, .45..,..0101€1(.~8~ ,8~~1

- ,.350-200
,.350-150
~ 0
~
(.)0
w.
~ 103
~
~
0-
‫ُﺭ‬
- 0
~
ww
.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
,.. 5 3- 2
018~ 0()€.-818 9 ,...01€ ~
102
102 103 104
~(05()~1~...,€ ~~5 5..,.010)€1(.~8~ ~80~1 ~0((€.,1
- /14.
58~. 15-7 535

‫ﻣ‬
ng
~0)(,011..,011 (.011.5. ~0~(098 (0(,09~ 290-.,,
~8)(,011..,011 (85(80 ~88~ ~0~(898~ 450-.,,
~8)(,011..,011 0.~. ~0~(898 (0(,09 ((_/8~150115) 160-.,,
/(0,1~0~/,.,,..,/..
~8)(,011..,011 8(~,09 ~0~(898 10( ~~ 5..,~~~.,, -.,,0~1898 ~ 240-.,, 490-.,,
ri
~0(8 1.. -,-,,.,,./5~0,5/(//00(1$ 0,~ ~0//0,0~(10 1/1 (10,/(10398 ~/.1((€(1( ((1(1/195
~0( ~8(,8(,00 ,,, 8(~,09 ~0~(898 .,.,,,(()
~/1//€ (/1585 3(8 ~3//0,3(~ //1 ,./71.$. ~/),,8/1( (3(//195. 0/.1(1119 5(830.,,- ~~ 5..,~~~.,, -.,,0~(898
$(8(8 0()8((1(10(1 (/18 (()$(1 171/.1$( /10( 08 0~8,0(80 1/1 8)(~8$$ 0( ,.($ -.,, ~ 100 + 1 .63 -.,,
~ 5
/713)(//71/.1/71 ,./71.$. (3(//19.
~()0(8
ee -.,, ~ ~88~ 8(~ ~0~(898, -.,,5 ~ ~~ 5..,~~~.,, -.,,0~1898
~0(8 ~
2.- ,/18 (113)(1/71/1/71 ~3(.) (8/71(.)(1(8(/.1(8 3/10 ~0() (8/71(.)8(8(/.1((1 ,/58
300..,8 3/71/)/€//1( 0/ (3 (/.158 3(8 ~,./(1~0/ 085/9/1 (.)8(31118(8($. ~3/.1(10/1 ~..,5,09 ~8~(0(~ 1.25
5/10/.1/(/ 08 (3/(811 0/1(1119 /(/$(8//8(1011 (0 8/15/1(8 (/18( (/18 5(.)8~1(180 ~0(~8 ~00~,09 ~..,((001 ..,~(8(,09 18~10( 8( 5 011/5 1.2
gin
(3(/11953(8 110( 8)(~88080.
,-~ (0~~.6.(.. .6.~0 ~(0~~.6.~ ~~.6.(.. 5~(0~~ 1=~~.6.,-~0~5
,-~€ ,..,..350
5€..-~€5 0~ 5€01~~0,.,0~~10..- 1~5€5 ~,-€ 0 8~~80~€ ~~1~ ~700
‫ﺔ‬
1(10~~810,-1
~--67.
~.90 0 -66.
~0..-
,-0 ~0.,,/1~€1€
~8~1 ,,~(1108~
5€5 8~,-€80~
€~€~1,-~~8~,
/38..-1 .,
1~11€0, (0..- 0.(11€,.,5~0(18~
1~€,-/118~
11108... 800
~/,15(..,~~0~,
,-8(110=250~
80(1
(1)
0(18)~5
/3...€1~)(
..-818..- 10 ~09€
/11€~/18,,~~0~
,.~..
8.9.
~/,15(()~~0~,
,-8(110 =
5/3€~~1)~81.0,,5
~.,..,..350-900.
450~
(1)
En
/,1~)(
(818..-
~0,.,0~
~055
10
~8)(,011..,011
~8)(,011..,011
~8)(,011..,011
(10(
~~~.~~(~
~21
08~,~8
~(3 (2)
~8~
~8~
(8011~8(8(..,(8~
(8011~8(8(..,(8
9(8~,(81,000~
0110..,,,(00
,0,~~ ~21(2)
.31120...,~~5
(80,8~~.,,
~,0,~~
(,58
.,.,,,(()5(800
(0
800~8
(0(8(,00.)
~21(~)
.31240...,~~5
80110,80(
~8~80,~,(.,,~ 15009 (52.5 01.)
~---------
~0,~5
1000~
750~
~~~,.,
asy
1(.0.25 1(.0.25 ~.0.25

,,350-400 400 350 60 8 35 80 1) ~.3)(~(11~(11 ~~~~8,,1
~8~~,.,~,,9 ,
,,350-500 -00 430 64 19 80 170 80~~~1,.,, ,,.31~~8~ ~0,,....8~1~0,,
,.,.350-600 630 540 75 35 000~,09 0,(09 1.,1.,,,09.,.,,801
150 300
~,.,.350-700 710 580 77 .35 8588~ ~.3~14~1976.
50 200 420
,.,.350-800 800 2) ,-,.,~~~8~ ....81(.)85 0~ ,2181201~(11~
660 82 70 300 650
E
,.,.350-900 900 740 97 ~8180 ~~5 ~(.)(~8(11.

100 400 850
w.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
536

..
,
‫ﻣ‬
200
25 30 35 40 45 50 55
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
1.5
7
~,
rin
~7
... ~~10. ~..350 900

.
~-
ee ..350 800
..350-700 ~/
..
..350-600
..350-500 7 (/
0 ..350-400
... 10(115= 5 3 2 1.5
,.010~ 0~(1~31(~9
= ,-((11(1
gin
11~~
‫ﺔ‬ 10.
103 104
~~05~8~1~ ~ ~,.,.,5 5 0101(11~~~0~
sy
~0011 ~0~~(1,,1 -
En
,.,
105
103
102
~~05~(1~(~ ~ ~~5
103
~~/
5..,..(10)(11~(~8(
104
~3011 ~0~~~~1 -
/)..
~0~ 3~085~120~......
0)0~1.~~..,.. 1~€0~~..,, 0.8
(..(,,,.1 01 ~01.011 ~0,,0(1*00

Ea
.., (8) 5..,..0101€1(.~0~ 1=00~1

(0) 1=0(~ ~5..,,01,,,€1((~8~ 100~1
.
0
~(.)
w.
1 10.
..
0-
-.. 10
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
0 ~,,
...
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~(05~€~1( € ~~5 5..,..01~1(.~~ 1=30~1~((€01 /4, ~(05~€~1( € ~~5 5..,.,,,,,,€1((~8( 1=3 (1 ~0((€01
- - /4.
.=.9.5- ~21 (.,81 81)0981~ ~8~.51.~$ (240~-) .=-9.6 - ~01-011 ~...3~3~18~.$1.~$(240~-)
58~. 15-7 537

+
0,,,
...120..~ 15-27 ~..01~~()011 0)1 ~..0~03..

~1..~(111.
‫ﻣ‬
10 50111~ 3()()11~311005 11 1113)1 0~ 0~~~553()110 300 3 5~(1~5 1001.1~130~~ 10 1111111
et
111~ 0.//0.( 01111~ 131.111 ~1.1((~01 300 10 3~010 ~)(~~551~~ 0.//0.( 51(~55 00 111~ 0~~1~~ 300
11.15~. 1-10~~~~(, 11115 1001.1~130~~ 1113)1 311~~1 111~ 00(11131 ()~(10(11130~~ 01111~ ~00-
~~(1~( .
111)1(1510(5 113~~ 1110(~ 0~~(~1.1((~01 ~3()301111)111130 11131 011(3051510(5. ~5 3
(~51.111, /115 1110(~ 01111~1.11110 ()(01~~11(3051510(5 11130 111)1(1510(5. 131()013( 1(3051510(5
rin
3(~ ~310-0~()~00~01 300 ~1.1((~01-~001(01 0~~1~~5. 111~ 1113)(11111.1111~011~~10( ~1.1((~01
15 0~()~00~01 00 /15 035~ ~1.1((~01. ~5 111~ 131.111 ~1.1((~01 (15~5, 111~ 1(3051510( 1113)1 ~0
01.11 015311.1(31100 300 111~ ~011~~10(-~111111~(
ee ~0113~~ ~111 (15~ ~1111111~ 131.111 ~1.1((~01,
()3(11~1.113(1)111111~ 035~ ~1.1((~01 15 001 ~1130~~0 10 ~0()~ ~1111111~ 10~(~35~0 ~011~~10(
~1.1((~01. 11115 5~~0003()1 ~11~~1 1113)1 ~31.15~ 111~11~( ()0~~( 1055 ~111110 111~ 1(3051510(
01.1~ 10 111~ (1510~ ~011~~10(-~111111~( ~0113~~ 300 1113)1 031113~~ 111~ 1(3051510(, ~~~0
gin
11101.1~11111~ 131.111 ~1.1((~0115 001 51.1111~1~01 ~001.1~1110 111~11111~ 11.15~ 300 ~1~3( 111~ 131.111
‫ﺔ‬
~1.1((~01.
51510(5
~(0~03(
1111.15 1351-3~110~
1.100~(
1(3051510(5
131.111 ~000111005.
En
~30
15 1.15~0 10( ()(01~~110~
111~ 311101.101 01 ~0~(~)110~01~~0
sy
11.15~5 1113)1 001
0~ ()(01~~1~0 0)1 3 ~(0~03(

0~ 3()()(0()(131~
~1(~1.1115 0( ~~1.11()111~011.100~(
15 100 111~11 300
10 ()(01~~110~
~1(~1.111 35 5110~0
111~ 00(11131
10 ~1~.
131.111 ~000111005,
()(01~~1100
01()013(
15-27.
1(30-
~11~(~
~1(~1.1115 ~30001
~
0~ 1.15~0. ~ ~(0~03( ~0051515 01 3 111)1(1510( ~1111 3 ~0113~~- 0( ~1.1((~01-5~05111~~

11(10~ ~1(~1.111. 111~ ~(0~03( 111)1(1510( 15 ()13~~0 3~(055 111~ ~00~~(1~( ~1(~1.111 10 0~
()(01~~1~0. 11111~ 131.111 ~000111005 3(~ 5~05~0 300 ~(0~03( 111)1(1510(
Ea
10 15 11(~0, 3
~1(11.131 5110(1 ~1(~1.11115 ~(~31~0 300 111~ 11.15~ 110~, ~1, 15 010~0, 111~(~0)1 (~11~~10~ 111~
~00~~(1~( 1(0111 0~~(~1.1((~01.
w.
~05~815 3(~ ~0113~~ ~001(01 0~~1~~5~ 300 35 111~ 131.111 ~1.1((~01 (15~5, 111~ ~31~
~0113~~ 0~~05 001 0~ ~1130~~0. 111~ ()~3~ ~1.1((~01 15 1)1()1~311)1 111(~~ 11111~5 111~
~001101.101.15 (3110~. 11111~ ()~3~ ~1.1((~0115 001 ~)(~~~0~0 300 111~ 11.15~ ~1~3(5 ~1.11~~1)1
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~001.1~11, 31351-3~110~ 11.15~ 1113)1 ()(01~~13 ~05~81. 1-10~~~~(, 3 ~(0~03( ()(01~~1100

‫ﺷﺩ‬
15 3150 (~~0111111~00~0.
~0 3~ ~1(~1.111155110~0 10 ~1~. 15-28, ~11~(~ 111~ 10()1.11~0113~~ 15 11 = ~,,,, 510 ())(. 11

111~ 5~11~11 5~ 15 ~105~0 31 ())( = 8, 8~. (6-15) ~1~~5 111~~1.1((~0135
/ = ~ 510 (())( + 8 - ~) - ~ 5//1 (8 - ~)€-~(/1- (15-47)
538

‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬ _~0
~11~(~ ~= 130 -1 (())1.,/~). ~181.1(~ 15-28 0~8~(10~8 111~ 1011131 ~1.1((~013110~ 0~8100108
‫ﻣ‬
0~ 10~ ~31.111. 1~ 10~(~ 18 3 ~31.1113~(088 10~ 1030 38 8110~0 10 ~18. 15-29, .8~. (15-47),
~01~0 ~30 0~ 3~~11~0 ~110 30 1011131 ~1.1((~01 0~ 10 3110~ 0~8100108 0~ 10~ ~31.111, 81~~8
10~ ~31.111 ~1.1((~01 38
t
~
e
1 = 810 (())( + 6 - ~) + (10 - ~) 810 (6 -
~)~-~(/1- (15-48)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
10~ ~31.111~1.1((~01 ~111 0~~~00 00 10~ 1011131 ~1.1((~0110, ~0~~( ~3~10( 0~ 10~ 800(1-
~1(~1.111~310, ~, 300 3081~ 0~ ~31.1110~~1.1((108, 6. ~181.1(~ 15-30 800~8 10~ ~1.1((~01
rin
300 ~01138~ ~3~~~0(1118 01.1(108 10~ ~31.111~000111008 10 30 3~ ~1(~1.111. ~0( 3 111801)1
1001.1~11~~ ~31.111~310, ~ = 900 300 ~-~(/1- = 1, 300 .8~. (15-48) 0~~0111~
11,,,
~08 (())( + 6))
1 = -10 ~08 6 +
ee
7,
(~08 6 - (15-49)
gin
11,,,
‫ﺔ‬ En
/ = -1 0 + -
7,
(1 - ~08
())( ) (15-50)
asy
‫ُﺭ‬ w .E
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
58~. 15-7 539

3110 8~. (15-50) ~1~~8111~ 1113)(111111111~~3)( 131111 ~11((~111,
‫ﻣ‬
())( - /0 + 2~ 1./2, ~111~110~~11(8
= 10. .8111111 ~(3~11~~, 011~ 10 03111~111~ 111~ ~~3)( ~11((~111 ~111 0~ 1~88 111311 11118.
et
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
111~ ~11((~111 01 3 0~ ~1(~1111111 ~1~. 15-3118 ~1~~11 0)1
/ = ~5
(1
_ ~-8.//1.)
~ (15-51)
n
~1111 311 1111631 ~11((~111 01 /0 31 111~ 0~~11111111~ 01111~ 131111 ~11((~111 38 8110~11 111 ~1~.
15-32, 111~ 131111 ~11((~111 18 ~)(~(~88~0
e 38
eri (15-52)
gin
111~ 131111 ~11((~111 3110 111~ 1118~ ~1~3(111~ 11111~ ~111 0~ 0~~~110~111 011 111~ 11111~
~011813111 01111~ 131111 ~1(~1111. 11111~ ~(08~~~6~~ ~11((~111 18 10~, 111~ 1118~ 1113)11101
‫ﺔ‬
~1~3( 111~ 131111 3110
~11110111 0(~3)(111~
6111~ ~113(3~1~(186~8
8111~~ 111~ 0~ 131111 ~11((~1118 00
3 810~1)1
En
(18111~ 131111 ~11((~111

111~ 131111 ~11((~111.
1101113~~
111~
1113)1 ~(0011~~ 3(~8
1118~ 1113111113~111(~~8 8~~~11)1111~
10( 3~ ~1(~11118 3110 111~(~ 18 110 ~~111~31~111 ~11(~~8
113111(31 ~~(1001~ 2~(08,
~0116111101181)1
111~ ~)(611~6011
~11((~111-
10( 0~ ~1(~11118.
01111~
3(~ 18 1110(~ 01111~1111. ~0( ~1(~11118 0~~(3611~ 1(0111 0~ ~0113~~, 111~ ~0113~~ (31111~ 01
sy
111~ 1118~ 81101110 0~ 1)1~1~311)1 1.5 6111~8 111~ ~~111~31~111 3~ (1118 ~0113~~. 111~ 1118~
~(01~~6011 01 0~ ~1(~11118 (~~111(~8 ~3(~1111 0~81~11 111311 11131 01 3~ ~1(~11118.
Ea
~~301)).~ 15-5
~ (11$~ 1$ ~01111~~1~0 111$~(1~$ ~11/1 ~3~/11~ 1/1~~1$10~ 0(

1~~~ 530~~ 1111/1~ $111~1~-~/13$~
w.
(1111 ~011~~~1~~ 3$ $/10~11 111 ~1~. 4-33. 1/1~ 111~111~0113~~ 1$ 208 ~, 60 112, 3110 1/1~
3~~~3~~ ~11~~~1110( ~3~/11/1~~1$10~ 1$ 1. = 400~. 1/1~ ~31111~$0( 1/1~~1$10~$3~~ 1.,(/0-.)
‫ُﺭ‬
= 540~, 1.,(~~5) = 850 ~, 12( = 300/(.,425318.3301$, 12-../( = 4650 /(.,42~, 31101.5~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
= 10 /(~ ~11/1 ~~3~~11~0 1110~~ = 0, ~/11~/1 ~111 0~ 1/1~ ~3$~ 1( 1/1~ ~$~ 0~~11$ ~11/1111 3
/131(-~~~1~. 1( 1/1~ ~~$1$1311~~ 0( (31111 ~1~~11111$ 11~~11~101~ 3110 111011~1311~~ 1$ 1..
= 0.07
11111, $~1~~11/1~ ~31111~ 0( 3 $1111301~ (11$~ (~0111 ~1~. 15-26.
80.111100 11. = 240 ~, /. = 60 112. 1..~111$1~~3111~ (11$~,1~~~ 11350-600. 1/1~

$/10~1 ~1~~1111~11~~~111 ~/11~/1 1$ 31$0 /(110~11 3$ 1/1~ ~~0$~~~11~~ ~01$ $~111111~1~1~31(31111
~11~~~111 1$
11. )( 1000
1,0 = = 240 9095 ~
2 2,. )( 60 )( 0.07 =
540

110~ 1/1~ 540-~ 1115~ 1~~~ 11350-600 (1110 150 = 9095 ~, 111/1,.15-26.6 /1,1~~51/1~ 111(1)(111111111
~~(1/( 1115~ ~11~~~11101 8500 ~, ~/11~/115
1~55 1/1(1111/1~ ~~(1/( 1/1~~1510~ ~11~~~111011.5~ =
12( 01280 /(,425 (1110 101(11 ~1~(1~111/1,11111~01 (0 =
10 /(~. 111/1,11~~15-26.5 /1,1~~5 1/1~ 1115~
12-../( ~(11111/1,
011/1~ 1/1~~1510~ 11111510~ 115~0. 11
8 1115. 5111~~ (0 15 1~55 1/1(1118.33 1115, 1/1~ 12( )( 103
)( 103 /(,420, 1/1~11 (11 (0 8 1115, 1/1~~1510~ = 4650
1/1~~1510~ 12-../( = 4650 =
12( ~(11111/1,011/1~ 1115~. 1/1~ 12(
~0.008 = 416 /(,425, ~/11~/115 48.6% /11/1,/1~~1/1(1111/1~
(1110 ~~(1/( 511~/1,~~11~~~111~(11111/1,5
011/1~ 1/1~~1510~ (1~~ /11/1,/1~~1/1(1111/105~ 011/1~ 1115~. 1/1115
1/1~ 1/1~~1510~ 5/101110 0~ ~~01~~1~0 0~ 1/1~ 1115~.
(1 (1115 ~1.1((~01 ((160~
,.,,01~. ~5 (1 ~~0~((11 (1.11~ 011111.11110, (11(151-(1~6.0~ 11.15~ ~1111
‫ﻣ‬
~()1.1(11 0( 1~55 111(10 111~ (1~~((1~~. ~1.1((~01 ((1110~ 01111~ 111)1(1510( 0( 0100~ ~111 00(111(111)1
~(0~10~ (10~()1.1(11~ ~(01~~600 1.100~( 1(11.111~000111005.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
~(01~~1~01(01110~~(~1.1((~015 (100 0~~~011(1~~5. 111~
111~ ~0~~( ~00~~(1~(5 1111.1510~
)1.10~1100 1~111~~((111.1(~ 01 ~0~~( 5~1111~0001.1~10( 0~~1~~5 1111.1510~ 111(1101(110~0 ~111110
rin
111~1( 111(1)(11111.1111
~~(111155101~ ~(111.1~5. 111~ 11~(11 ~(001.1~~0 0)1 111~ 0~~1~~ 111(1)1 0~
~(10 (1150 0~
1((1051~((~0 10 111~ 11~(11 510~5 0)1 (11( (100 11()1.110 ~00110~. 1-1~(11 ~1~~5
1.15~0. 111~ (~~~(5~ (~~0~~()1 ~1.1((~015 (100
ee 015~000~~1100 0110(10 ((100 51.1()()1)1110~)
~(11.15~ ~011(1~~ 1((1051~015
01.1~ 10 ~0~(~)1 510(~0 10 111~ 110~ 1001.1~1(10~~5.
(1(~ 00(111(111)1 51.1~()(~55~0 0)1 111~ 5(1111~ ~~-501.100~(
111~ ~011(1~~ 1((1051~015
~~()11111()0(1(101
gin
~1(~1.111, ~111~1115 1.15~0 10( 01.1/01 ()(01~~600. 111~ 501.100~( 0~51~0 15
10 1111111111~ 01.1/01 (100 ()~(1~ ~011(1~~ 1((1051~015 ~111110 111~ 111(1)(11111.1111
((1110~5. 5~-
‫ﺔ‬
1~011.1111 0100~5
~1.1((~01
10(
~
()(01~~1100
()(01~~60~
(~()1.11(~0.
(100 ~(1(1510(5
1(151-(1~110~
1.100~(
1((1051510(5
sy
~(10 0~ 1.15~0 10( 1((1051~01

11.15~ 15 00(111(111)1 ~000~~1~0
En
1(11.111~00016005.
(100 0111~( ()(01~~1100
10 5~(1~5
1-10~~~~(,
~011(1~~ 51.1()()(~55100.
~1111 ~(1~11 0~~1~~
11.15~5 111(1)1 001 0~
111~(105, (~.~.,
(1 ~(0~0(1()
10( 0~~(-
(10~()1.1(11~
111(1)1 0~
Ea
5~1111~011011~10~5.,, 1~~~ 1,(1/15(1~(10/15 011

w.
1. ~. ~~~11~~(1~, ..0~11111111115111100~~510~ ~0~~~

503-510.
1110-1(5(,)1 ,41111/1~(1(10115, ~01. 1~8, ~0. 5, 1972, ~~.
‫ُﺭ‬
2. ~. ~~~11~~(1~, ..5~1~~11011 01 5111100~~ (1110 ~1(1111~5 10 0~111111~~ 1/1~ 0~51/1,11 011~(11151510~
ww
5~11~/1111/1,~011~~~1~~5.,, 1~~~ 1,(1/15(1~(10/15 0/11/10-1(5(,)1,41111/1~(1(10115, ~01. 1~16, ~0. 4,

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1980, ~~. 513-523.

~011~~~1~~5.,, 1~~~ 1110-1(5(,)1 0~11~,(1/
3. ). 13. ~1~~, ..0~51/1,11 015111100~~ ~1~~1111510~ 1/1~~1510~
,41111/1~(1(10115 ~0/1/~,~11~~ ~~~0,0-, 1969, ~~. 485-489.
..~ 5111100~~ ~01111/1,11~(11101110~ 001/1 ~0~~~ 1~(11151510~5 (1110 010 ~~~
4. 1. 0110~1(1110,
111~~~1~~.,, 1~~~ ~011/~, ~/~~(,0/11(5 511~6(1/15( ~011/~,~/1~~, 1984, ~~. 42-53.
5. ~. 0. 51~~11 (1110 ). 0. ~. ~~/(, ..51110~ (1110 (1~~11~(111011 0111011-1111~(1~ 111~11-011 5111100~~

10~ ~0~~~ ~1~~1~0111~5 5~11~/1~5.,, 1~~~ 1,(1/15(1~(10/15 0/1 1/10-1(5(1)1,41111/1~(1(/0/15, ~01. 1~22,
~0. 3, 1986, ~~. 471-477.
541

6. ~. ~.-1~/11 (1110~. (1. ~~~0~.-~,~/~~(,.1~ ~1-/5~5. 1.,0110011=~~1~.- ~~.-~~.-1111181.,10., 1984.
7. ~. ~. 1-10~~, ~. (1. ~~~0~.-~, (1110~.
~. ~11.-8~, ..0~
1118111~1118~1111~011011~10.- ~1.-~11118.,,
/~~~ 1,.01150~(10115011 /11()1-/5(,.)1.4~~/1~0(10115, ~01. 1~22, ~0. 3, 1986,
~~. 483-489.
~~~1111~.-8, 5~/111(0/10-/1((0,. ~~~ ,4~~1/((1//0115 1-/(1/111000/( (~0. 1-11350). ~1
8. 1111~.-11(111011(11
5~~1.11100, ~(1111. 1111~.-11(111011(11
~~~116~.-8, 1972.
=
‫ﻣ‬
15-1. ~/1(11 18 (1 /1~(11 8111)(7
et
15-2. ~/1(1118 1/1~ ~1~~1.-1~(11 (111(1~0~ 01 /1~(111.-(11181~.- 1.-0111 (1
~0~~.- 8~1111~011011~10.- 0~~1~~7
15-3. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~.-~~(111110118 10 0~ 1(1)(~11
111 111011111111~(1 0~~1~~ 011 (1 /1~(11 8111)(7
15-4. ~/1(1118 (1 /1~(11 ~1~~7
15-5. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 /1~(11

~1~~87
15-6. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~(11~.- ~001111~7
rin
15-7. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 018(10~(1111(1~~8 01 011 ~001111~7
15-8. ~/1~ 181111~~~88(1.-~ 10 0~1~.-111111~ 1/1~ 11181(1111(111~01.18

)1111~110111~111~~.-(111.1.-~ 01 (1 0~~1~~7
15-9. ~/1(1118 (1 ~01(1.-12~0 8111.100~.-7
15-10. ~/1(11 18 (1 11011~01(1.-12~0
ee
8111100~.-7
15-11. ~/1(1118 1/1~ ~(1118~ 01 .-~~~.-8~ .-~~0~~.-~ 1.-(11181~111~011(1~~7
gin
15-12. ~/1(11 18 1/1~ 1~~1~(11 ~(1111~ 01 0(1111~111~ 1(1~10.- 10.- ~~ 8111100~.-7
15-13. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 111~ ~011810~.-(1110118 10.- 1/1~ 0~81~11 01 0~1111111111~~-5111100~.- ~0111~011~11157
‫ﺔ‬
15-14.
15-15.
15-16.
15-17.
~/1(11
~/1(11
~/1(11
~/1(11
18 1/1~ ~(1118~ 0110(10-510~
En
15 1/1~ ~(1118~ 01 511~~1~-810~

1.-(11151~111~011(1~~57
1.-(11151~111~011(1~~5 7
(1.-~ 1/1~ ~/1(1.-(1~1~.-1511~5 01 8~1~111111110100~57
(1.-~ 1/1~ (10~(1111(1~~8 (1110 015(10~(1111(1~~5

sy
01 8~1~1111.1111~011(1~~ 811~~.-~55~.-57
15-18. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~/1(1.-(1~1~.-1511~5 01 ~(1.-1510.-57
15-19. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ (10~(1111(1~~5 (1110 015(10~(1111(1~~8 01 ~(1.-1810.-8 111 ~011(1~~ 511~.-~58101187
Ea
15-20. ~11(1115 (1 111~11111~11111~ 01 (1 11.18~7
15-21. ~/1(11 18 (111 (1.-~111~ 11111~ 01 (1 1115~7
15-22. ~/1(11 18 (1 ~)~(1.-111~ 11111~ 01 (1 11.15~7

w.
15-23. ~11(11 15 (1 ~.-05~~~11~~ 1(11111~11 ~1117

15-24. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~011510~.-(1110118 111 5~1~~1111~ (1
1118~ 10.- (1 8~1111~011011~10.- 0~~1~~7
‫ُﺭ‬
15-25. ~11(11 15 (1 ~.-0~0(1.-7
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
15-26. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~.-001~1118 01 ~.-01~~1111~ 01~01(1.- 1.-(11151810.-5

0~ 1118~87
15-27. ~/1(11 (1.-~ 1/1~ ~.-001~1118 011118111~ 0~ ~1.-~1.11187
15-1. 111~ ~0~~.- 1088 111(1111~ 1/1~.-1510.-, 1~~~ 53088, 15 8/10~11 111~1~. ~15-1. ~101 1/1~
11181(1111(111~0118)1111~11011 1~111~~.-(1111.-~ .-15~ (100~~ ~(18~.
542

1500
1000
500
2 3 4 5
0
‫ﻣ‬
15-2. 10.~ ~0~~( 1055 111 311 1~ 10.~(1510(, 1~~~ 530~~, 15 50.0~11 111 ~1~. ~15-2. ~101 10.~
111513111311~0115)1111~110111~(11~~(3111(~ (15~ 300.,,~ 10.~ ~35~ 1~(11~~(3111(~. (1-///1(.. ~~-
t
~(0)(1(1131~ 0~ 11.,,~ (~~1311~1113( ~1115~5 01 ~()1131 011(311011.)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e
g.n
2000
1500
rin
1000
500 ee
0 2 4 6 8 10
gin
‫ﺔ‬
15-3.
15-4.
10.~ ~11((~111 ~3.,,~10((11 10.(011~0. 311 1~ 10.~(1510(, 1~~~ 530~~,
~10110.~ (3) ~0~~(
300.,,~ ~35~.
1055 3~31115111(11~, 3110
En
(1-///1(.. ~5511(11~ ~0~~(
111011~1311~~ 15 ~ = 20
15 50.0~11 111~1~. 14-20.
())) 111513111311~0115)1111~110111~(11~~(3111(~ (15~
1055 011(111~ 111(11-011 3110 111(11-011 35 (~~1311~1~5.)
10.~ (~~0.,,~(~ ~11((~111 01 3 0~.,,1~~ 35 50.0~11111 ~1~. 15-12 15 /,, =

1-1. 10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~ 15 1/, = 200
30 ~ 3110 10.~ ~1(~1111
-.,,,. 111115 11~~~553(~ 10
asy
(3)
1/(1111 10.~ ~~3/( 1(31151~111 .,,0113~~ 10 1.8 11(11~5 10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~, 0~1~((11111~ 10.~
())) 0~11(1111(11 03(11~111~ 13~10(, 1)0~ (~) 5111100~(
0~11(1111(11 .,,3111~ 01 ~11((~111 (3110, (/0~
(~) 3.,,~(3~~ (/1)/(/(~ 3110 (0 11111131 (~.,,~(5~
~3~3~11311~~, ~~ ((1) 5111100~( (~5151311~~, ~~
.,,0113~~.
.E
10 ~ 3110 10.~ ~1(~1111

15-5. 10.~ (~~0.,,~(~ ~11((~111 01 3 0~.,,1~~ 35 50.0~11 111~1~. 15-12 15 /,, =
200 -.,,,. 10.~ 5111100~( (~5151311~~
111011~1311~~15 ~ = 80 1-1. 10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~ 15 1/, =
))~1~((11111~ 10.~ (3) 03(11~111~
w
15 ~ = 2 0 3110 5111100~( ~3~3~11311~~ 15 ~ = 50 ~.

(3110, 1)~ ())) ~~3/( 1(31151~111 .,,0113~~, 1//,~ (~) ~11((~111 (3110, (/~ ((1) 3.,,~(3~~ (/1)/(/(~ 3110
‫ُﺭ‬
(~) 11111131(~.,,~(5~ .,,0113~~.
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
15-6. ~11 ~~-5111100~( ~1(~1111 35 50.0~11111 ~1~. 15-11~ 0.35 ~ =

1.5 ~, ~ = 4.50, 3110 10.~
-.,,,. 10.~ ~1(~1111111011~1311~~ 15 ~ = 20 1-1. ))~1~((11111~ 10.~
111~111.,,0113~~ 15 1/, = 220
(3) ~~3/( 10(~3(0 .,,0113~~, 1/,, ~ ())) 11111131(/1)/ (/(~ 3110 (~) (113)(1(1111(11(/1)/(/(.
15-7. ~11 ~~-5111100~( ~1(~1111 35 50.0~11 111 ~1~. 15-11~ 0.35 3 ~1(~1111 111011~1311~~ 01 ~ = 20
-.,,,. 1111 15 11~~~553(~ 10 1/(1111 10.~ (113)(1(1111(11
1-1. 10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~, 1/, = 200
-.,,,/ (3) 5111100~( ~3~3~11311~~,
(/1)/(/( 1020 5 3110 03(11~111~ 13~10( 151) = 0.4, 0~1~((11111~ 10.~
())) 5111100~( (~5151311~~, ~.
~~ 3110
50 1-1.
15-8. ~11 ~~-5111100~( ~1(~1111 35 50.0~11111 ~1~. 15-11~ 0.35 ~1(~1111111011~1311~~ 01 ~ =
-.,,,. 1111 15 11~~~553(~ 10 1/(111110.~ ~~3/( .,,0113~~ 10 1.5
10.~ 111~111.,,0113~~, 1/, = 220
543

11111~51/1~ 111~1.11,,,0113~~, 3110 1/1~ 03111~111~ 13~10(, 0.

= 9500, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (3) 5111.100~(
~3~3~11311~~, ~~ 3110 (/)) 5111.100~( (~5151311~~, ~.
15-9. ~ ~3~3~110( 15 ~01111~~1~0 10 1/1~ 5~~01103()1 01 311 111~1.111(311510(111~( 35 5/10~11 111~1~.
15-163, ~11/12~(0 03111~111~ (~5151311~~. 1/1~ 5~~01103()1 ,,,0113~~,
~5 = 208 ~, 60 1-12,
3110 1/1~ 1113~11~112111~11101.1~1311~~(~1~((~0 10 1/1~ 5~~01103()115 ~~,
= 3.5 1111-1. 111/1~
111~1.1151.1~~1)110 1/1~ 1(311510(111~( ~(11113()1 15 015~01111~~1~0 31 311 311~1~ 01 8 =
1200 01
1/1~ 111~1.113~ ,,,0113~~, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (3) 11111131~3~3~110( ,,,311.1~,
~0~ (/)) 1113~11~112111~
~1.1((~111, 10~ 3110 (~) ~3~3~110( ,,,3)1.1~ 10 11111111/1~1113)(11111.1111
1(31151~111 ~3~3~110( ,,,0113~~
10 ~,, = 350 ~.
‫ﻣ‬
15-10. 1/1~ ~1(~1.111111 ~1~. 15-18 /135 3 1030 ~1.1((~111 011
10 ~ 3110 1/1~ ~1(~1.11111101.1~1311~~
~ =
15 ~ = 50 /1-1-1. 1/1~ 111~1.11,,,0113~~ 15 0~ ~11/1 ~5 = 200~. 1/1~ 5111.100~( (~5151311~~
t
15 ~ = 1.5 0 3110 5111.100~( ~3~3~11311~~ 15 ~
= 50 /1-~. 111/1~ 1030 15 015~01111~~1~0,
.ne
0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (3) 03111~111~ 13~10(, 8~ 3110 (/)) ~~3/( 1(31151~111 ,,,0)13~~, ~,,.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
15-11. 5~1~1111.11110100~5 3(~ 1.15~0 10 ~(01~~1 3 1/1(~~-~/135~ ~1(~1.11135 5/10~11 111 ~1~. 15-20~.
1/1~ 1/1(~~-~/135~ ,,,0113~~ 15 208 ~, 601-12. 111/1~ ,,,0113~~ 01 ~3~/1 ~~1115 25 ~, 0~1~(111111~
ng
1/1~ 111.11110~(01 0100~5.
15-12. 1/1~ 1030 ~1.1((~111 31 1/1~ 0~~11111111~ 01 3 131.111 111 ~1~. 15-29 15 10 =
10~. 1/1~ 3~
,,,0)13~~ 15 208 ~, 60 1-12. 10.~ (~5151311~~ 3110 11101.1~1311~~ 011/1~ 131.111 ~1(~1.111 3(~ ~ =
15-13.
5 1111-13110 ~ = 1.5 0, (~5~~~11,,,~1)1.
eri 111/1~ 131.1110~~1.1(5 31 311 311~1~ 01 8

0~1~(111111~ 1/1~ ~~3/( ,,,311.1~01 ~(05~~~11,,,~ ~1.1((~111111 1/1~ 11(51 /1311-~)1~1~.
1(~~~31 ~(00. 15-12 11 ~
= 0.
= 450,
ine
15-14. 1/1~ ~1.1((~1111/1(01.1~/1 3 11.15~15 5/10~11111 ~1~. ~15-14. 1/1~ 10131 /2(
011/1~ 11.15~15 5400
~25. 111/1~ 3(~111~ 11111~, (~ 0.15 3110 1/1~ 111~11111~
11111~, (,,,
= = 0.05 5, 0~1~(111111~ 1/1~
~~3/( 1~1-1/1(01.1~/1 ~1.1((~111, 1,,.
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
g
Ea
15-15. 1/1~ 1030 ~1.1((~111111~1~. 15-32 15 10 = 0~. 1/1~ 0~ 111~1.11

,,,0113~~15 ~,
= 220 ~.
w.
1/1~ 131.111~1(~1.111/135 311 11101.1~1311~~01 ~

= 2 1111-13110 11~~11~10)~ (~5151311~~. 1/1~
10131 /~( 011/1~ 11.15~ 15 4500 ~25. 1/1~ 3(~111~ 11111~ 15 1.5 11111~5 1/1~ 111~11111~11111~.
1)~1~(111111~ 1/1~ (3) 111~11111~11111~, (,,,~ (/)) ~1~3(111~ 11111~, (0~ 3110 (~) ~~3/(
‫ُﺭ‬
1~1-1/1(01.1~/1
ww
~1.1((~111, 1,,.
‫ﺷﺩ‬
544

‫ﻣ‬
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬
10 3 510~1~-~1135~
sy
E
(
ng
~1(~1.111 35 5110~0 10 ~1~.
11~
= ~ + ))(
~-13,
~/~-6
111~ ~1.1((~0115 ~)(~(~55~0 35
(~-1)
2
~11~(~ 2 = (~2 + %2)1/23006 = 130-1 (%/~). 111~ ~0~~( ~30 0~ ~01.100~(0(0
Ea
~ = 111~05 6 (~-2)
~11~(~ ~05 6 15 ~311~0 111~~0~€,. /(1~(0,., 300 6, ~111~1115 111~ 30~1~ 0~ 111~ 1030
w.
1(0~~030~~, 15 /(00~0 35 111~~0~€,. /(1~(0,. (111/5/€.

‫ُﺭ‬
-)
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
0
(..899~.,9,
~/
0~ (..880~.,9.~/
(0) ~/1850~ 0~89~801
...1~0..~ ~-1 510~1~-~/185~ ~1(~(111.
545

‫ﻣ‬
et
~~
(0) ~~0150~ 0~019~01,,,
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
~ 111(~~-()11(15~ ~1(~1111 ~0051515 01111(~~ 510115010(11 ~011(1~~5 01 ~()11(11 01(1~011110~5
ng
(100 111~ ()11(15~ (10~1~5 0~1~~~0 111~ 1001~1011(11 ~011(1~~5 (1(~ 1200. ~ ~-~000~~1~0
10(10 ~000~~1~0 10 (1 111(~~-()11(15~ 5011(~~ 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. ~-2(1. 11111~ 111(~~ ()11(15~
ri
~011(1~~5 (1(~
~(1 ~/1~
ee
~ /0 ~/1 / - 1200
gin
~~ = ~/1 / -2400
‫ﺔ‬
111~ 110~-10-110~ ~011(1~~5
~(1/0
~/0~
=
=
En
~(1
~/0
(1(~
-
~/0
~~ =0
0 ~/1 /300
~/1 / -900
=
=
~~ /300
~~ / -900
= =
asy
~~(1 ~~ - ~(1 011/1 / -2100 = ~~ / -2100

111115 (1 110~-10-110~ ~011(1~~, ~~, 15 0 1101~5 01 (1 ()11(15~ ~011(1~~, 11/1. 111~ 111(~~
110~ ~11((~015, ~111~11 (1(~ 111~ 5(101~ (15 ()11(15~ ~11((~015, (1(~
E
- ~(1 ~/1
((1
= 28 = 2 / -6(1
w.
(1~ (1
~ 11/1
‫ُﺭ‬
= =
ww
(/0 /-1200 - 6/0

‫ﺷﺩ‬
2/0~ 2/0
1~ = ~ =
~/1
/ -2400 - 6~
2~ ~ 2~
111~ 10()111 ()0~~( 10 111~ 10(10 15
/1 = ~(1/(1 ~05 6(1 + ~/0//0 ~05 6/0 + ~)~ ~05 6~ (~-3)

~0( (1 0(11(10~~0 511()()1)1, ~(1 = ~/0 = 11~ = ~/1, ~(). (~-3) 0~~001~5
/1 = 11/1(/(1~05 6(1 + //0 ~05 6/0 + /~ ~05 6~)
546

‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ e t
g.n
~0( 1101111111~~0
10110, 2,, = 2/) = 2~ = 2, 8,,
= 1,, = 11--,~~. (~-4) 0~~0(11~5
~ = 3~,,1,, ~05 8
rin
~1--
3011-- ~05 8 = .~3~1--11--
/1 ~05 8 (~-5)
~ ~-~01111~~1~0 10110 15 5110~11

ee
111 ~1~. ~-311, ~11~(~ 111~ 1111~ ~01111~~5 11(~ 111~
511(11~ 115 111~ 1111115~ ~01111~~5. 11111~ 111(~~ 1111115~ ~01111~~5 11(~
gin
~1-- ~ = ~,, ~
‫ﺔ‬
111~ 111(~~ 1111115~-~0((~1115
sy
En
11(~ ~
~ 1--/ - 1200 = ~,, / - 1200
~1--/ -2400 = ~,, / -2400
- ~,, ~1--
1,,/) = = 8,, = 1,, / - 8,,
~,,~ 2 ,, / -
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
-1,, = -1,,/) - -1~,,= 01,, /-300 - 8,, = 11--/-300 - 8,,

- - - / -1500 - 8/) = 11--/ -1500 - 8/)
1/) = 1/)~ - 1,,/) = 01,,
/-2700 - 8~
1~ = 1~,, -1/)~ = 01,, /-2700 - 8~ = 11--
1111115~ ~0((~111.
111~(~10(~, 111 11 ~-~01111~~1~0 10110, 11 1111~ ~0((~11115 0 11(11~5 0111
547

111~ 10~01 ~0~~( 10 111~ 1030 18
~ = ~(101(10 ~08 8(1 + ~0,100 ~08 80 + ~0(110(1 ~08 80 (~-6)

~0( 3 03130~~0 80~~1)1, ~(10 = ~00 = ~0(1 = ~~, ~~. (~-6) 0~~0((1~8
(~-7)
~0( 3 03130~~0 1030, 2(1 = 20 = 20 = 2, 8(1
= 80 = 80 = 8, 3001(10 = 100 = 10(1
= 1/0, ~~. (~-7) 0~~0((1~8
‫ﻣ‬
~ = 3~/01/0~08 8
(~-8)
1~ . 3 ~ ~1 ~ ~08
,,.,,-
et
= 3~ ~ ~08 8= ~ 8
0
g.n
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
1-/0(~. ~~0311008 (~-5) 300 (~-8), ~111~11 ~)(~(~88 ~0~~( 10 3 111(~~-~1138~
~1(~011, 3(~ 111~ 83((1~. ~0( 111~ 83((1~
~1138~ ~0113~~8, 111~ 110~ ~0((~018 10 3 .1-
~000~~1~0 1030 3(~ 0 11((1~8 11131 0( ~-~000~~1~0 1030.
n
e eri
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
548

‫ﻣ‬
t
rin
ee
gin
~
‫ﺔ‬
~()03110115~
0110~(
En
(113~11~11~ (111~ 15 5110~11 111 ~1~.

10 111~ 3(~3 ~011510~(311011,
sy
13-1. 1~ 111~ (113~11~11~ ~1~10 15 0111~0((11 3110 110((1131

3 (113~11~11~ ~1(~01115 ~113(3~1~(12~0 0~ 111~ ~0110~111~
~ /3~ (13-1)
/3 ~1/ (13-2)
Ea
~ = ~.~0 (13-3)
~ = 1-/1= 1// (13-4)

w.
~11~(~ ~ = 60)(, ~~0~(5

‫ُﺭ‬
ww
/3 = 60)( 0~11511~, ~~0~(5/(112 (0( 1~51(5)

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1/ = (113~11~112111~~0(~~,
3(11~~(~-10(115/(11~1~(
~ =
~~((11~301111~ 0~ 111~ (113~11~11~(1131~(131
10-7)
31( (= 4,,.
)(
~0 = ~~((11~301111~ 0~ 111~
~. = (~1311~~ ~~((11~301111~ 0~ 111~ (1131~(131
~ = (113~11~10(11011~~ ~0(~~, 3(11~~(~-10(115 (~1)
1-/ = 110(110~( 0~ 10(115 111 111~ ~1110111~
1 = ~0((~111 111(00~11111~ ~1110111~, 3(11~~(~5
/ = 1~11~111 0~ 111~ (113~11~11~ ~1(~011, (11~1~(5
549

‫ﻣ‬
et
(~-5)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~0~~~ 1-1, 300 /, 3~~ 10~ ~3~0~11210~ (0~~~ 300 1~0~10 0(
/10 8~~1100 ~~8~~~11~~1)1,
10~ ~~111~130~~ 0( 3 ~3~0~11~ ~1~~111118 ~~131~0 10 10~ ~3~0~10~011~~ (0~~~
300 (11)( 0)1
rin
ee (~-6)
gin
(~-7)
‫ﺔ‬
10~ ~~~~~301111)1 0~~~008 00 10~ /3-1/ ~03~3~1~~1811~ 300 18 00~~311)1 ~11~013~~~~
~1~. ~-2.
En
1030 1031 0( 10~ 31~. ~ 1)1~1~31/3-1/ ~03~3~1~~1811~ ~01~018 000110~3~ 18 800~0 10

~0~ 3 13~~~ ~3111~ 0( /.1, ~ 0~~0~~8
0( (11)(. ~0 31~ ~3~ 18 00~~311)1101~0011~~0
sy
~~~)1 8~311, ~~8111110~ 10 01~0 ~3111~

10 11~1110~ 3~01101 0( (11)(,
~ ~3~0~11~ ~1~~1111~110 30 31~ ~3~ 18 800~0 10 ~1~, ~-33 300 10~ 30310~0118
~1~~1~1~ ~1~~111118 800~0 10 ~1~. ~-30. 10~ ~~111~130~~ 0(
10~ 31~ ~3~ 18
Ea
(~-8)
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
550

‫ﻣ‬
(13-9)
e t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~11~(~ /8 = 1~11~1110~ 111~ 31( ~3~
/~ = 1~11~1110~ 111~ ~0(~
./18 = 3(~3 0~ 111~ ~(088 8~~11011 0~ 111~ 31( ~3~
= 3(~3 0~ 111~ ~(088 8~~11011 0~ 111~ ~0(~
rin
./1~
111~ 10131 (~10~1311~~ 0~ 111~ 1113~11~11~ ~1(~011 18
~ =
ee~8 + ~~
11100~1311~~ 18 0~611~0 38 111~ ~0)( 1111~3~~ (1-.) ~~( 3111~~(~,

gin
~= 1-/~
1. = (13-10)
‫ﺔ‬
~)(301())~ 8-1
En
1 1
(13-11)
asy
111~ 113(301~1~(8 01111~ ~0(~ 111~1~. 8-33 3(~ /8 = 1 111111, /0 = 30 ~111,..48 = ..40 = 5
)( 10-31112,,..,
= 350,3110/ = 2~. ~31~1.1131~ 111~ 11101.1~1311~~11 (3) ~, = 3500,3110
(0) 111~ ~0(~ 18 10~31, 113111~1~ ~, 18 ~~(~ 13(~~ 1~110111~ 10 111111111~.
.E
)( 10-7 3110 ,..,

80)1.111011 ~0 = 470 = 350.
(3) ~(0111 5~. (8-8),
w
1 )( 10-3
~8 = )( )(
159,155
470)( 10-7 5 10-3
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~(0111 5~. (8-9),

)( 10-2
30
~0 = )( )( 10-7 )( )( 10-3 13,641
3500 470 5
~ = 159,155 + 13,641 = 172,796

~(0111 5~. (8-11),1. = 3502/172,796 = 0.7111.
(0) 11 ~ = 00, ~0 = 0 3110 ~ = ~8 = 159,155,1. = 3502/159,155 = 0.7711.
551

1~ 3 511111501031 ~0113~~ 0~ 1)
= ~ 111
5111 0)(
= -0 ~. 51110)(, 15 3~~11~0 10 10~ ~0(~ 111
~1~. ~-33, 10~ 1111)( ~311 0~ ~011110 ~(0(11
€7~
~ 111 5111 0)( = - 1-1 €7( (~-12)
‫ﻣ‬
(~-13 )
~ -0~. ~
~
111
-~---~
- - -
4.44/1-1
(~-14)
ng
270/1-1 270/1-1
10~ ~~3~ 1111)(, ~111, 0~~~1105 011 10~ ~0113~~, ~(~()11~11~~, 3110 10~ 1111(110~( 0~ 111(115.
~()11311011 (~-14) 15 ~3110 1~ 10~ ~0(~ 15 1101 53111(31~0. 1~ ~~3~ 1111)( 15 01~0, 10~ ~0(~
ri
(113~ 53111(31~0 3110 10~ 1111)( ~111 1101 0~ 511111501031. 1~ 10~ (3110 0~ ~0113~~ 10 ~(~-
()11~11~~ 15 (11311113111~0 ~011513111, 10~ 1111)( ~111 (~(113111 ~011513111, ~(0~10~0 1031 10~
ee
1111(110~( 0~ 111(115 15 1111~0311~~0.
gin
‫ﺔ‬
1~ 3 5~~0110
~-3 3110 10~
5~~01103(~
~(1(113(~
~1110111~,
~0(~
~1110111~.
3110 5~~01103(~
En
~311~0
15 ~)(~11~0
1015
10~
15 500~11
~1110111~5,
5€~011€7(1,.)1 ~111€71118, 15 300~0
~(0(11 511111501031 ~0113~~,
111 ~1~.
(~5~~~11~~1~,
~-4.
10~
3 ~0113~~
10 10~
~111 0~
1~ 1-1/1 3110 1-1. 3(~
~(1(113(~ ~0113~~,
~0(~ 111 ~1~.
111011~~0
111(115 011 10~
~/1,
111
3110 5~~-
asy
01103(~ ~0113~~, ~., 3(~ (~131~0 10 ~3~0 010~( 35
~/1 /. 1-1/1
- = - = - = (1 (8-15)
E
~. //1 1-1.
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
---.-
1
~
-.
1~.
- - -, - --
552

8282
+ 1.2)(2 +
))(,.,,
8~. = ~..
...1~..~ ~.5 8()111...31~111 ~1..~1111 011..3115-

10../11~.. .
‫ﻣ‬
111~ ~()111~31~01 ~1(~1111 01 3 1(30810(111~( 18 8110~0 10 ~1~. 13-5, ~11~(~ 311111~
~3(3111~1~(8 3(~ (~1~((~0 10 111~ ~(11113(~. 10
(~1~( 3 8~~0003(~ ~3(3111~1~( 10 111~
~(11113(~ 810~, 111~ ~3(3111~1~( 18 11111111~11~0 0~ (12. 111~ ~()111~31~01 ~1(~1111 ~30 0~
t
(~1~((~0 10 111~ 8~~0003(~ 810~ 0~ 01~1010~ 311 ~3(3111~1~(8 01111~ ~1(~111110 ~1~. 13-5
e
~1111 (12. %1 300 %2 3(~ 111~ 1~3~3~~ (~3~130~~8 01111~ ~(11113(~ 300 8~~0003(~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~10010~8, (~8~~~11~~1~. ~1 300 ~2 3(~ 111~ (~818130~~8 01111~ ~(11113(~ 300 8~~0003(~
~10010~, %,,, 18 111~ 1113~0~11210~ (~3~130~~, 300 ~,,, (~~(~8~018 111~ ~0(~ 1088.
111~ ~3(1311008 01111~ (111)( 011~ 10 3~ ~)(~1131100 ~3118~ 1~0 1~~~8 011088~8 10
111~ ~0(~~ (3) 11~81~(~818 1088, 300 (2) ~00~-~11((~01 1088. 111~ 11~81~(~818 1088 18
rin
~)(~(~88~0 ~111~1(1~311~ 38
ee (13-16)
~11~(~ /(,, 18 3 11~81~(~818 ~0081301 ~111~11 0~~~008 00 111~ 11131~(131 300 /3 )( 18 111~
~~3~ ~3111~ 01(111)( 0~0811~. .2 18 111~ $1~10111~12 ~0081301, ~111~111138 3 ~3111~ 011.6
gin
10 2. 111~ ~00~-~11((~01 1088 18 ~)(~(~88~0 ~111~1(1~311~ 38
‫ﺔ‬~11~(~ /(~ 18 111~ ~00~-~11((~01
~0(~ 1088 18
En
~0081301 300 0~~~008 00 111~ 11131~(131.

(13-17)
111~ 10131
(13-18)
asy
1-/0(~. 11 3 1(30810(111~( 18 0~81~0~0 10 0~~(31~ 31 60 1-12 300 11 18 0~~(31~0 31

3 111~11~( 1(~()11~0~~, 111~ ~0(~ 1088 ~11110~(~38~ 81~0111~3011~.
‫ُﺭ‬ w .E
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
58~. 8-2 553

‫ﻣ‬
5~/~0/1//19 (=/.1/10~/0/15 0(
ng
00/1~8,,~8,,5
ri
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
111~ 001~0101
(1110 111~ 111~01 ~011(1~~
En
(1 ~011~~(1~(
(0(
0~~~1105
~0((~111).
011111~ 5~11~11111~ ~(111~(11 01111~ ~011~~(1~(
8111111(1( 10 1111~(1( 5)151~111, 111~ 001~01
5~11~11~5
((0(1111111~5
asy
01 (1 ~011~~(1~( ~(111 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 111 1~(1115 01 111~ 111~01 ((0(1111111~5, 0)1 5~~~1(0111
1110111~11~(111011. 111~ (1(((111~~111~111 01 (1 5111~1~-~11(15~ ~011~~(1~( 15 5110~11 111 ~1~.
~-1(1. 1111,(6) (1110 1,(6) (1(~ 111~ 111~01 ~011(1~~ (1110 ~0((~111, (~5~~~11~~1)1, 111~ ~0(-
(~5~0110111~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ (1110 ~0((~111 (1(~ 110(6) (111010(6), (~5~~~11~~1)1. 111~ 111~01
E
~0010 0~ ~1111~( (1 ~011(1~~ 500(~~ 0( (1 ~0((~111 500(~~.

w.
~0~1399 50(1...~9. ~0( (1 ~011(1~~ 500(~~, 111~ 001~01 ~011(1~~ 110(6) ~(111 0~
(~1(11~0 10 111~01 ~011(1~~ 11,(6) 0)1
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~-1 )
~11~(~ 5(6) 15 111~ 5~11~11111~ 1011~11011 01111~ ~011~~(1~( (15 5110~11111 ~1~. ~-10. 5(6)
0~~~1105 011 111~ 1)1~~ 01 ~011~~(1~( (1110 111~ ~(11111~ ~(111~(11 01111~ 5~11~11~5. 11 81,
82,83, (1110 84 (1(~ 111~ ~(11111~ 51~11(115 10( 5~11~11~5 (21, (22, (23, (1110 (24, (~5~~~11~~1)1,
111~ 5~11~11111~ 1011~11011 15
5(6) = 81 - 84 = 83 - 82
554

~0~1/9,19,
~-----1 ~191
~(1(6) 01 . 6
1 .. 2..
1
~194
~.. 211
~~8
~..,0(6) 5(6)
~~.. 2..
6
0
~02
‫ﻣ‬
1..._____-1 -1
(~) ~0~1/9,.9, 51,~~1~,9 (~) 5~(1~~~~91~~~1~0~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
~.(8)/,(6) = ~0(8)/0(6)
rin
~0(8) /.(6)
5(8) = = (~-2)
~.(8)
ee /0(8)
/.(8) = 5(8)/0(8) (~-3)

gin
00~~ 5(8) 15 ~00~0, ~0(8) ~30 0~ 0~1~(11110~0. ~0(8) 01 10~0 0~ 111~1030 1111~~0-
‫ﺔ‬
30~~, ~1 ~5 /0(8)~ 300 /.(6) ~30 0~ ~01100 ~(01118~. (~-3).
~
~0051301,
8.,1 50 ~8.
En
10 111~ ~35~ 0~ ~11((~01 5011(~~, 111~ 10~111 ~11((~01 (~1113105

/.(8) = /. 300 111~ 0111~111~11((~01 /0(6) ~30 0~ (~131~0 10 10~111 ~11((~01 /.,
sy
/0(8) = 5(8)/. (~-4)

~0(6)/0(8) = ~.(8)/.(8)
Ea
~.(8) = 5(6)~0(6) (~-5)

w.
~.(8) /0(6)
5(8) = = (~-6)
~0(8) /.(6)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
111~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~1100 0~ 3 510~1~-~1135~ ~1111-0(10~~ 10 ~(1~( 10 ~1~. 8-23, 15 5110~0

10 ~1~. ~-2. 1~ 81 300 84 3(~ 111~ ~3110~ 51~0315 ~0( 5~11~11~5 (21 300 (24, (~5~~~11 ~1~,
555

~91
0 /
1(
~194
/
1(
8(9)
1
0 1(
‫ﻣ‬
..1~11..~ ~.2 5~1((1110~ 1110((100 01 510-
-1 ~1~-))11~5~ 11111-0(10~~ 10.,,~((~(.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ et
g.n
=1 ~0( 0 ~ 8 ~ 10
=- 1
rin
~0( 10 ~ 8 ~ 210
1~ /0 15 111~ ~1100(101~01(11 ~(~()11~0~~ 0~ 111~ 10~~(1~(,
8
ee= ())(
= 210/0( (~-7)
gin
00
.4
‫ﺔ‬ 5(8) = 20 +
En
2
8,, = -
10
1(
_ ~
,,-1,2,...
(.4,,
10 5(8) 510~8 (/8 = -~10

~05 ~8
4
+ 8,, 510~8)
~0( ~ = 1, 3, ...
(~-8)
011~ 10 11(11~-~(1~~5~0101~1(~, .40 = .4,, = 0.

sy
8110511111110~.40, .4,,, (1008,, 10 ~(). (~-8) ~1~105

Ea
00
5(8) = -4 ~ 510 ~8
(~-9)
10 ,,=1,3,5,... ~
w.
1~ 111~ 10~111 ~011(1~~, ~111~1115 0~, 15 ~,(8) = ~5, ~(). (~-1) ~1~~5 111~ 0111~111~011(1~~
(15
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(~-10)
~111~1115 111~ 5(101~ (15 ~(). (8-9). ~0( (1 111(~~ ~11(15~ ~011(1~~-5011(~~ 10~~(1~( 10 ~1~.
8-5, 111~(~ (1(~ 111(~~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~6005~ 51(8) 81 - 84,52(8) =
= 83 - 86, (100
53(8) = 85 - 82. 111~(~ ~111 0~ 111(~~ 110~-10-110~ 0111~111~011(1~~5~0((~5~00010~
10 111(~~ 5~11~1110~ ~011(1~~5, 0(101~1~ ~,,0(8) = 51(8)~,(8), ~0~(8) = 52(8)~,(8), (100
~~,,(8) = 53(8)~,(8).
556

111~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~1100 0~ 3 510~1~-~1135~ 0(1~~~ (~~11~1~( 15 111~ 53111~ 35 11131 0~ 111~
510~1~-~1135~ ~1111-0(1~~~ 10~~(1~(. 1~ 111~ 10~111 ~0113~~ 15 ~((8) = ~,,, 510 8, ~()5.
(~-1) 30~ (~-9) ~1~~ 111~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 35
(~-11 )
4~,,,
~ ~05 (11 - 1)8 - ~05 (11 + 1)8
‫ﻣ‬
= (~-12)
10 ,,~1,3,5,... 211
2~,,, 1 1
et
= - 10 ( 1 - ~05 28 + -3 ~05 28 - - ~05
3 48
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
1 1 1 1 . . .)
+ - ~05 48 - - ~05 68 + - ~05 68 - - ~05 88 +
5 577
2~,,, ~~05 ~ ~ . . .)
rin
28 - 48 - 68
(1
= - ~05 ~05 -
10 3 15 35
2~,,, _ 4~,,,
= 10 10,,,
~ ~
~052 2/118
1 4/11 -
ee1
(~-13)
~()1131100 (~-13) 15 111~ 53111~ 35 ~(). (2-63). 111~ 11(51 ~3(1 0~ ~(). (~-13) 15 111~
gin
3~~(3~~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 30~ 111~ 5~~00~ ~3(1 15 111~ (1~~1~ ~0051301 00 111~ 0111~111
‫ﺔ‬
~0113~~.
~0(
3(~ 51(8)
3 111(~~-~1135~ (~~11~1~( 10 ~1~5. 2-183 30~ 4-93, 111~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~11005
~1135~ ~0113~~5 3(~ ~(1,,(8),

sy
En
= 81 - 84, 52(8) = 83 - 86, 30~ 53(8) = 85 - 82. 1~ 111~ 111(~~ 10~111

~0,,(8), 30~ ~~,,(8), 111~ 0111~111 ~0113~~ 0~~0111~5
(~-14 )
Ea
111~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~1100 0~ 3 510~1~-~1135~ ~1111-0(1~~~ 10~~(1~( ~1111 51011501~31 ~1115~-

w.
~1~1111110~11131100 (5~~~) 15 5110~0 10 ~1~. ~-3. 111~ ~3110~ ~1115~5 3(~ ~~0~(31~~
3(~ 111~ ~3110~
0~ ~0111~3(10~ 3 ~0510~ ~3~~ ~1111 1(130~1113( ~1115~5. 1~ 81 30~ 84
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
51~0315 ~0( 5~11~11~5 (21 30~ (24, (~5~~~11~~1~, 111~ 5~11~1110~ ~110~1100 15
‫ﺷﺩ‬
00
./1
5(8) = 20 + _~ (./1,, ~05 118 + 8,, 510 118) (~-15)
,,-1,2,...
557

‫ﻣ‬
ri ng
ee
gin
-((
2
~,, = - 5(6) ~08 116 06
‫ﺔ‬ 10 10
4
= -10 10
4
-((/2
,.2
5(6)
En
~08 116 06
,..
+1
asy
= -.,. (1 (11
~08 116 06 (13
~08 116 06
/1
4
= -1110 ~
111~ 1,2,3,...
(( -1)111 811111~111) (~-16)
E
011~ 10 ()11(1..1~..-~(1~~ 8~111111~1..~, /3,, = ~0

w.
~(). (~-15) ~1~108

‫ُﺭ‬
5(6) ~~,, ~08 116
ww
,,= 1,3,5,...
‫ﺷﺩ‬
00 /1
4
= 1110,,=1~5,... ( 111~~,3,... (-1)111811111~111~08116
)
(~-17)
1~ 111~ 111~111 ~011(1~~ 18 ~,(8) ~5, ~()8. (~-1) (1110 (~-17) ~1~~ 111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~
(18
~5 ~
,,= 1,3,5,...
~,, ~08 118 (~-18)
558

11111~ 111()111~01138~ 18 ~,(6) = ~,,. ~08 6, ~()8. (~-1), 3110 (~-17) 81~~ 111~0111()111
~01138~ 38
00
~0(6) =~,,. ~ ~,,~08

,,= 1,3,5,...
116 ~08 6 (~-19)
00
~
=
~
2 ~
,,~1,3,5,...
~,, (~08 (11 - 1)6 + ~08 (11 + 1)6)
‫ﻣ‬
= 0.5~,,.(~1(~08 0 + ~08 26) + ~3(~08 26 + ~08 46)
. . .)
et
+ ~5(~08 46 + ~08 66) +
~~1 ~,,-1 + ~,,+1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
_~~
g.n
= + ~ ,,. ,,-2,4,6,... ~08 116 (~-20)
~ 2
111~ 11(81 ()3(1 01 ~(). (~-20) 18 111~ 3~~(38~ 0111()111~01138~ 3110 111~ 8~~0110 ()3(118
rin
111~ (1()()1~ ~01138~. ~()11311011 (~-20) 18 ~3110, ()(0~10~0 11131111~ 111()111~01138~ 3110
111~ 8~11~111118 11111~110113(~ ~08111~ ~3~~10(1118.
111 111~ ~38~ 01 8111~ ~3~~8, 111~ 111()111~01138~ 18 ~,(6) = ~,,. 81116 3110 111~
8~11~111118 11111~11011 18
ee
00
5(6) = ~ ~,, 8111116 (~-21)

gin
,,=1,3,5,...
‫ﺔ‬ ~0(6) = ~,,.
~,,.
En
~
00
,,~1,3,5,...
~,, 81116 8111116 (~-22)
~
sy
= 2 ,,=1,3,5,... ~,, (~08 (11 - 1)6 - ~08 (11 + 1)6)

Ea
= 0.5~,,. (~1 (~08 0 - ~08 26) + ~3(~08 26 - ~08 46)
+ ~5(~08 46 - ~08 66) + . . .)

w.
(~-23)
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
559

‫ﻣ‬
0
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
g
~11~11 111~ 8~11~11 51 111 ~1~. 2-13 18 ~108~0 31 ( = 0, 111~ ~113(~111~ ~11((~111 01111~
~3113~110( ~311 0~ 1011110 1(0111
Ea
(0-1 )
w.
~111111111131 ~0110111011~ 1)~(1 = 0) = 0.

08111~ 111~1.,31113~~,8 1301~ 0-1, ~~. (0-1) ~311 0~ 1(311810(111~0111101.,31113~~,8 001113111
01.5.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
3110 801~111~ 10( 111~ ~11((~1111(.5) ~1~~8
1(.5) = (0-2)
~(.5 ~ ~)
560

....~8...~ 0-, 50~~ ~~...~~~,5
,..~,6.~5~0~~,6. ,..~0~5
1(1) ,.-(5)
1
-
5
1
-
52
‫ﻣ‬
~-0/.1
-
5 +
~~5111
et
~1 -52 ~2
+
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
5
~05 ~1 -
52 + ~2
1.(1) 5,.-(5) -
,.-(0)
rin
52 ,.-(5) - 5,.-~) -
1..(1)
,.-. (0)
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
1)0(() =
1 (/
1 0( = ~5 (1 - €-,./)
(0-3)
(0-4)
~ )0
(
111 111~ 81~30~-8131~ (31 = (0),
Ea
15 = 1(( = (0) = 0
~0 = 1)0(( = (0) = ~5/~
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1~0 1~~1~31 ~1., ~1(~11118 3(~ 8110~11 111 ~1~8. 2-23 3110 7-33. 111~ 1(31181~111 ~11((~111
111(011~11111~ 111011~10( 111 ~1~. 7-33 ~311 0~ ~)(~(~88~0 38
~5 = 1)1.- + 1)8. + ~ = 1., + ~ 1 + ~ (0-5)

~~
58~. 0-2 561

~111110111~1~00011100=1(/ = 0) = 11. 10 1.,~.,1~~~,800111~100( 8, ~(). (0-5) 0~~0111~8
~ ~
-2 = /.., 8 1(8) - /.., 11 + ~ 1(8) + -
5 5
‫ﻣ‬
(0-6)
et
~11~..~ ~ = ~/ /..,
1~~108 10~~..8~ 1..~08(0..1110( ~(). (0-6) ~1~108
~
1(/) (1 - ~-~()
= -2~ + 11~-~( (0-7)
rin
10 111~81~~0~ 81~1~ (~1 / = 00), 1. = 1(/ = 00) = ~./~
1( 111~..~18 0010111~1 ~11 ~0100 111~10011~10.., (1.~., 11 = 0) ~00 ~(). (0-7) 0~~0111~8
ee (0-8)
gin
‫ﺔ‬ En
111~ 1..~081~01 ~11 ~01 111..011811111~~~.,11~110.. 10 ~18. 3-2~ 18 ~)(.,..~88~0

sy
~8
~. = 11~ + 11,, = /.., ~1

~/
+ ~~ .1/ 0/ + 11,,(/ = 0) (0-9)
Ea
~111110111~1~000111008=11,,(/ = 0) = 0 ~00 /(/ = 0) = 0. 10 1.,~.,1~~~,81..~08(0..111,

~(). (0-9) 0~~0111~8
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
(0-10)
~11~..~ (0,,, = 1/~(/..,~)

111~ 10~~..8~ 1..~08(0..111 0( ~(). (0-10) ~1~108 111~ ~11~..8108 ~11 ~01 ~8
.(/) ~ ~.
~ 5.0 (00./) (0-11)
562

(0-12)
~0((~111 01/,,. 3.110 1111113.1 ~3.~3.~110( ~0113.~~

~111...~ ~1(~011 ~110 3.111111113.111100~10(
01 ~0 18 800~11 111~1~. 3-183.. 10~ ~3.~3.~110( ~0((~11118 ~)(~(~88~0 3.8
(0-13)
‫ﻣ‬
~110 1111113.1~0110111011= 1(1 = 0) = /,,. 3.1101)~(1= 0) = ~0. ~01~= 111~1~. 3-183.,
~018 800~11 3.8 ~~03.110 -2~5. 1111...3.~13.~~,8
00(113.111015, ~~. (0-13) 0~~0(11~8
et
~5 1 ~0
- = 1, 5 / ( 5) - 1, /,,. + - + -
5 ~5 5
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
3.110 801~111~ 10( 10~ ~0((~111 /(5) ~1~~8
~5 - ~0 5 /,,. (0-14)
( )
/5=7 +22
rin
22
1..- (5 + 00,,.) 5 + 00,,.
~0~(~ 00,,. = 1/~(1,~)

10~ 111~~(8~1(3.11810((1101 ~~. (0-14) ~1~108
ee
.(,) (1/, - 1/0)
~ 5.. (0-15)
gin
~ (.,,,,,1) + 1~ 005 (.,,~,)
‫ﺔ‬
~110 10~ ~3.~3.~110(
sy
~0113.~~ 3.8
En
(0-16)
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
563

‫ﻣ‬
ri ng
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
0110~(
3 ~~(1001~
51~(0)1-5131~
En
~01101110115,
1011~11011 0111(11~
111~ 001~01
0~1111~0 0)1
~0113~~ 01 ~0~~( ~011~~(1~(515, ~~11~(311)1,
asy
(~-1 )
~11~(~ 115 111~ ~~(1001~ 11(11~
11/15 111~ 1(~()0~11~)1 01111~ 001~01 ~0113~~ 111 112, 111~ 311~013( 1(~()0~11~)115
E
2,,-
(1)=-=2,,-/ (~-2)
w.
1
3110 ~(). (~-1) ~311 0~ (~~(111~11 35
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
1)0((1)() = 1)0((1)1+ 2,,-) (~-3)

111~ ~00(1~( 111~0(~(11 5131~5 11131 3 ~~(1001~ 1011~11011 1)0(1) ~311 0~ 0~5~(10~0 0)1 3
~011513111 1~((11 ~105 311 111111111~ 5~(1~5 01 5111~ 3110 ~05111~ 1~((115 011(~()0~11~)1 /1(1),
~11~(~ /1 15 311 1111~~~(. 111~(~10(~, 1)0(1) ~311 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 35
1)0(1) = 00 + ~
,,~ 1,2,
(0,, ~05 /1(1)( + 0,, 5111/1(1)() (~-4 )
564

~11~(~ 0.0 15 111~ (1~~((1~~ ~(1111~ 01111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~, ~0(().
(1110 0,, ~(111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0 1(0111 111~ 10110~111~ ~)(~(~5510115 ~
(~-5)
(~-6)
(~-7)
‫ﻣ‬
11 ~0(() ~(111 0~ ~)(~(~55~0 (15 (111(111(11)111~(1111111~11011,111~5~ ~01151(11115 ~(111 0~ 0~1~(111111~0
t
0)1 (1 5111~1~ 1111~~((111011. 11 ~0(() 15 015~0111111110115, ~111~1115 111~ 11511(111)1111~ ~(15~ 10(
e
111~ 0111~111 01 ~011~~(1~(5, 5~~~((111111~~((1110115 (0~~( 111~ ~1101~ ~~(100 01111~ 0111~111
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~011(1~~) 1111151 0~ ~~(10(111~0 10 0~1~(111111~ 111~ ~01151(11115, 0.0, 0.,, (1110 0,,.
0.,, ~05 11())( + 11())(

0,, 5111
0.,,
rin
,, + 02,,) 1/2
= (0.2 (~-8)
( ~0.~ +
1.,~1115 0~1111~ (111 (111~1~ ~,,, ~1105~ (10)(1~~111 510~ 15 0,,,
ee 0~~0511~ 510~ 15 0.,,, (1110 111~
11)1~01~11115~ 15 (0.~ + 0~)1/2. ~5 (1 (~51111, ~(). (~-8) 0~~0111~5
0.,, ~05 11())( + 0,, 5111 11())( = (0.~ + 0~)1/2 (5111 ~,, ~05 11())( + ~05~,, 5111 11())()
gin
(0.~ + 0~)1/2 5111(11())( + ~,,) (~-9)
‫ﺔ‬
51105111111111~ ~(). (~-9)
En
11110 ~().
~11~(~
(~-4),
~,,= 1(111-
111~ 5~(1~5
1
(~~)
111(1)1(1150 0~ ~(111~11 (15
(~-10)
asy
~0(() = 0.0 + ,,~ 1,2,.. 5111 (11())( +

~~,, ~,,) (~-11 )
.E
~11~(~ ,, ~= (0.~ + 0~)1/2 (~-12 )

~,, (1110 ~,, (1(~ 111~ ~~(1/( 111(1~1111110~ (1110 111~ 0~1(1)1 (111~1~ 01111~ 1111111(1(1110111~ ~0111-
w
~011~111 01111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~, ~0((), (~5~~~11~~1)1.

‫ُﺭ‬
11111~ 0111~111 ~011(1~~ 11(15 111~ 11(111-~(1~~ 5)1111111~1()1, 111~ 11111110~( 011111~~((1110115
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~1111111111~ ~1101~ ~~(100 ~(111 0~ (~011~~0 51~11111~(11111)1. ~ ~(1~~10(11111(15 111~ ~(0~~(1)1

0111(111-~(1~~ 5)1111111~1()111111~ ~(1~~10(111 5(111511~5 111~ 10110~111~ ~01101110115~
~0(() = -~0(( + 1/2) (~-13 )

0( ())() ())( (~-14)
~ 0( = - ~ 0( + 10)
565

1111118~ 0( 111~ ~05111~~ 11111(-~11~~, 0111 ~11115~ 5111(1~0 0)1 1/2 $ (0( 70 (110) ((0111 111~
~05111~~ 11111(-~11~~. ~ ~11~~(0(111 ~1111 11 11111(-~11~~ 5)1111111~1()1 00~5 001 1111~~ 111~
~~~0 1111(111001~5(11111115, 11 = 2, 4, 6, . . .) 1100 ~055~55 001)1111~ 000 1111(111001~5
(11111115, 11 = 1, 3, 5, . . .). 011~ 111~ 11111(-~11~~ 5)1111111~1()1,111~ 11~~(11~~ ~11111~15
2~(0, (1.~., (10 = 0.) ~~111111005(~-6), (~-7) 1100 (~-11) 0~~0111~
(1,, = 11 1)0(() ~05 110)( ()( 1270

~ =~ 1)0(0)€) ~05 110)(()(0)(), 11 = 1, 3, 5, ...
‫ﻣ‬
11 = 1,3,5, . . .
et
00
1)0(() = ~ ~,, 510 (110)(+ ~,,)
,,= 1,3,5,...
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬ sy
En
Ea
w.
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
566

‫ﻣ‬
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
/...15~1/19 0( 80171(1/.1~8,, /=1,,09,,81715
1/1/8~-/=18 8/3.5/8/3.
g
rin
ee
gin
‫ﺔ‬
20 ~~5
30 01~ ~~~~(20), ~~~~0(20), 8(100)
sy
En
********* ~~08-1 **********
40 ~~~ 0~1~0~~ ~~~ ~~8~~ ~~~~0~~.10~

1..
50 ~~1~. ..~0. 0~ ~~15~5 ~~... ~(31~ ~~~1~
Ea
60 1~~0. ~~
100~)( 1 ~55 ~~(30 1 1..
70 ~~ 1~. ..~00~ 1(3~ 100
80 1~~0. ~~~ ,2- ..
~0~...1~... ~0~~~1~1~0~51 ~0... .,.~5 ,1- (300 ~0... ~0
w.
82 ~~1~. ..~15~ 0~
83 1~~0. ~~
..~ 19~~5~ 0~51...~0 ~(3.../11001 ~ ~0(11~00~0~ 1 ~55 ~~(30 100..
84 ~~ 1~.
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
85 1~~0. ~~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
87 ~~5
90 ~1=4(*~.~(11)
97 ~~1~. ..1987 ~0~~...19~~ 0~ ~.~. ~(35~10..
98 ~~ 1~. ..~19. 4-14 ~~-0~ ~00...~...~~...
~ 1~~ ~01 ~0...(11
~~~..
100 0~~.~~=(~1/~~)*~~~
110 ~~~.~=(~1/~~)/2
120 ~~~~(1)=~~~.~-0~~.~~/2
130 ~~~~0(1)=~~~~(1)*180/~1
567

140 0(~1~0=0(~1~~*180/~1
170 ~0~ ~=2 10 ~~
180 ~~~~(~)=~~~~(1)+(~1/~~)*(~-1)
190 ~~~~0(~)=~~~~(~)*180/~1
210 ~()(1 ~
220 ~~~)(=1
230 ~=0
240 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
250 ~=((05(~~~~(~))-(05(~~~~(~)+0(~1~~))+~
‫ﻣ‬
260 ~()(1 ~
270 ~0(=(~~~)(/~1).~/(5~~(2))
290 ~~=0
et
300 1~=1
310 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
320 (=0
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
330 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
340 (=(05(~.~~~~(~))-(05(~.(~~~~(~)+0(~1~~))+(
350 ~()(1 ~
rin
360 8(~)=(2.1~/(~.~1)).(
365 1~ ~(=1 1~(~ ~~1~1 ..8(..~..) ..8(~)
=
380 ~()(1 ~
381 ~~ 1~1 ..~0. 0~ ~~ 15~5 ~~,..~81 ~-~~~ 18
382 ~~ 1 ~1
..
~00~ 181= 10,, 1,,(8)( ..
~~~
ee =
..~~
=
383 ~~1~1 ..~~158 ...,.01=~
.,, 089,..885
= ..0(~1~0
gin
384 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
386 ~~1~1 ~~~~~1,, 089,..885
= ~~~~~0(~)
387
388
390
400
405
410
‫ﺔ‬ ~()(1 ~
~~ 1~1
11=8(1)/5~~(2)
~~
5()~=0
1 ~1
~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
..
..~~5
~...8,..898
0~1=~~1=
En
~~,,08018,,1=81
sy
...011=898
1 ,,~~1=
.,,
~
~~,..,..8,,1=
0~
85
~~5
~
1,,~~1= ...011=89~ =
0~ 0~ 1080
..~0(.100
~~,..,..8,,1=
= ..11.100
420 5()~=5()~+8(~).8(~)/2
430 ~()(1 ~
Ea
440 15=5~~(5()~)
450 ~~1~1 ..~~5 1,,~~1= ~~,..,..8,,1= 85 ~ 0~ 0~ 1080 ~~,..,..8,,1=
=
..15.100
460 ~~=11/15
463 0~=1
w.
465 ~~ 1 ~1 ..015~ 18~~,,1= ~8~1=0,.. = ..0~

470 ~~1~1 ..~0...,8,..
~8~1=0,.. =.. ~~
‫ُﺭ‬
500 (~0
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
~~0~-2 ..........
30 (1..5
30 01~ 51..(25), ((25), )((90), ~(90), ~1..~~(25), ~1..~~0(25), 8(50)

40 ~(~ ~(-0( (0~~(~1(~ ~(1~ 51~()5010~1..~~~
50 ~~1~1 ..~0. 0~ ~~1585 ~8,..~81~ ~~~18 1..
60 1~~()1 ~~
70 ~~ (~1 ..~00~ 181=1~,, 1,,(8)( 1855 1=~8,, 1 1..
,
80 1~~()1~~~
568

~0,.. ~(5 ,1- 8~0 ~0,.. ~0 ,2- ..
82 ~~1~1 .,~151= 0~ ~0~,..1€,.. ~0€~~1~1€~1=51
83 1~~1.11 ~(
100..
84 ~~ 1~1 ../-119~€51= 0€51 ,..€0 ~8,../110~1~ ~001~0~€~1= 1€55 1=~8~
85 1~~1.11 ~,..
87 (~5
90 ~1=41*~1~(11)
97 ~~ 1~1 ..1987 (0~)/,..19~1= 0)/ ,... /-1. ~85~ 10..
98 ~~ 1~1 ..~ 19. 4-15 ~(-0( ~0~~€,..1=€,.. ~ 11=~ 51 ~~501081 ~~/1..
100 ~5=2*~~
102 10~=.001
‫ﻣ‬
104 ~0~ ,..=1 10 ~5
106 5~(,..)=((-1)~/1)*~5/~1
108 ~()(1 ,..
et
109 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 51(~ 2
110 ((/1)=/1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
111 ~()(1 /1
112 ~0~ /1=2 10 ~5 51(~ 2
113 ((/1)=-(/1-1)
114 ~()(1 /1
rin
116 ~ ( 1 ) =~/1~
118 )((1)=~1/2
119 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 ee
120 ~0~ 1=1 10 50
122 /-(=1+1
124 )((/-()=(~(1)-((,..))/5~(/1)
gin
126 ~(/-()=~/1~*51~()((/-())
128 )()(=~85()((/-()-)((/-(-1))
‫ﺔ‬
130 1~ )()((10~ 1/-1(~ 134
132 ~()(1 1
134 ~~~~(/1)=)((1)
136 ~()(1 ,..
138 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5
sy
En
140 ~~~~0(/1)=~~~~(,..)*180/~1
142 ~()(1 /1
220 ~,..~)(=1
Ea
230 ~=0
240 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 51(~ 2
250 ~=((05(~~~~(/1))-(05(~~~~(/1+1)))+~
w.
260 ~()(1 /1
270 ~0(=(~/1~)(/~1)*~/(5~~(2))
‫ُﺭ‬
290 ~~=0
ww
300 1~=1
‫ﺷﺩ‬
310 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~/1

320 0=0
330 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 51(~ 2
340 0=((05(~*~~~~(/1))-(05(~*~~~~(,..+1)))+0
350 ~()(1 /1
360 8(~)=(2*1~/(~*~1))*0
365 1~ ~(=1 1/-1(~ ~~1~1 ~8(~~~) = ~8(~)
380 ~()(1 ~
569

381 ~~1~. ..~0. 0~ ~~15~5 ~~... ~81~-~)(~1~ = .~~

382 ~~ 1~. ..~00~ 18~ 10,, 1,,0~)( = ..~~~
384 ~0~ ~=1 .0 ~5
386 ~~1~. ~~~~~1,, 0~9...~~5 = ~~~~~0(~)
387 ~~)(. ~
.. ~~~...89~
388 ~~ 1~. 0~~~~~ 01 ~89~ 1,, ~ 0~ ~~5 1,,~~~ ~01 ~89~ = ..~0~. 100
390 11=8(1)/5~~(2)
400 ~~ 1~. ..~~5 ~~,,08/11~,,~81 1,,~~~ ~~ ~,,~ 85 ~ 0~ 0~ 1080 ~~ ~,,~= ..11. 100
405 5(.1~=0
‫ﻣ‬
410 ~0~ ~=1 .0 ~~
420 5(.1~=5(.1~+8(~).8(~)/2
430 ~~)(. ~
et
440 15=5~~(5(.1~)
450 ~~ 1~. ..~~5 1,,~~~ ~~ ~,,~ 85 ~ 0~ 0~ 1080 ~~ ~,,~ = ..15.100
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .n
460 ~~=11/15
463 0~=1
ng
465 ~~ 1~. ..015~ 18~~,,~ ~8~~0... = ..0~
470 ~~1~. ..~0~~... ~8~~0... =.. ~~
500 ~~0
ri ~~06-3 ..........
ee
2 ~~5
4 ~~~ 501~~10,, ~0... ~)(8~1~ 6-4
gin
5 1~~(.1. ..0~~~ ~ ~~6~~ 1~ 0~6~~~5 1 .., ~~~ 1
10 ~~~=~~~1.3.1415927*/180
20
30
40
42
‫ﺔ‬
15 1,.,,~(.1. ..1 ,.,,~(.1. ~0~ .~6~ 1 .., ~5
1,.,,~(.1. ..1 ,.,,~(.1. ~~~~(.1~,.,,~~ 1 .., ~
En
1,.,,~(.1. ..~0~0 ~~51.~,.,,~~ 1 .., ~

1~~0. .. ~0~0 1~00~. ~~~~
~1=4.~.,.,,(11)
1~ /11~ 1 .., ~
asy
45 ~=2.~1.~
50 )(~=~.~..001
55 ~~1~. ..1~~~0~,.,,~~ 0~ ~0~0 1~00~.~,.,,~~ .., )(~
=
105 ~~=~.~()(~/~)
E
110 ~~1=180.~~/~1
120 ~~1,.,,. ..~0~0 ~,.,,6~~ =.., ~~1
w.
130 0~~6=.25
140 06=0~~6.~1/180
‫ُﺭ‬
152 8~.1=~/-/
ww
170 ~=1
‫ﺷﺩ‬
180 ~1=(~/)(~).(~~~-8~.1)
190 ~2=~)(~(~1)
195 ~)(=51,.,,(~~~-~~)
200 ~3=~2.~)(
210 ~4=51~(8~.1-~~)
215 ,.,,=~+1
217 1~ ,.,,=1000 .~~,.,, 360
220 ~~=~85(~65(~3)-~85(~4))
222 1~ ~~(.001 .~~,.,, 360
230 8~.1=8~.1+06
570

245 1~ ~4(0 .~(~ ~4=0
250 00.0 180
360 8(.=180*8(.1/~1
365 ~~(~. ..()(.(~0(0~ ~~(3(..( =.., 8(.
380 .1=0
384 0((..=(8(.1-~(..~)/180
390 5(.)~=0
400 5(.)~~=0
402 (..=(..*.001
410 ~.=~(..~+0((..*.1
‫ﻣ‬
420 .=~./~
430 )(=-.+~(..~/~
440 )(=)(*~/(..
et
450 )(1=()(~()()
460 )(2=5(~(~(..~-~~)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
470 )(3=)(2*)(1
480 )(4=5(~(~.-~~)
490 )(5=)(4-)(3
495 (~ )(5(0 .~(~ )(5=0
rin
500 )()(=)(5*)(5
510 ~~=)(5
540 5(.)~=5(.)~+)()( ee
550 5(.)~~=5(.)~~+~~
555 .1=.1+1
560 1~ ~.)8(.1 .~(~ 800
gin
570 (~ ~.=8(.1 .~(~ 800
580 00.0 410
‫ﺔ‬
800 5(.)~=5(.)~*0((../~(
810 5(.)~~=5(.)~~*0((../~(
811 5(.)~~=5(.)~~/50~(2)
820 ~1=~*~+)((..*)((..
830 ~1=5~~(~1)
sy
840 (~=(~5/~1)*5~~(5(.)~)
En
850 (0=(~5/~1)*5(.)~~
860 ~~ (~. .. (~= .., ( ~, .. (0 .., (0
=
Ea
870 )(=8(.1-~(..~+.5*5(~(2*~(..~)-.5*5(~(2*8(.1)
880 ~0=~5*5~~()(//~1)
890 ~~(~. ..~~5 0,-=-0(.).~(.). ~0(...~(3( =
.., ~0
w.
900 ~=2*(~*(~*~ .
905 ~~ (~. ..0(.).~(.),. ~~(~ =.. , ~
910 ~~=~/(~5*(~*5~~(2))
‫ُﺭ‬
.., ~~
ww
920 ~~1~,. ..~~~~ ,-=-~00~ =

‫ﺷﺩ‬
930 (~0
**...*.-*** ~~(3-4 **********
5 ~(..5
8 ~~(~. ..()(8~1~ 6-7..
10 (~~(.),... (~~(.),. (..(~~ ~0(... ~(3~ 1 .., ~5
.., ~
30 (~~(.). ..(..0~0 ~(5(5.~~~( ~(~ ~~~5( 1
45 (~~(.),. ..0((..~~ ~~(3(..( (~ 0((3~((5 1 .., ~(..~1
571

70 )(=4*~.~(1.0)
80 ~~~=~~~1*)(/180
90 1~=5~~(2)*~5/~
91 ~)(=)(-~~~+51~(2*~~~)/2
92 ~0=~5*5~~(~)(/)()
93 ~~1~. ..00.~0. ~0~ .~()~ ~~~ ~~. (6-35) .., ~0
100 ~5=360
110 0~~=)(/~5
120 50~=0
‫ﻣ‬
122 50~=0
124 50(=0
130 .)=0
t
138 .1=~~~
.ne
139 1~ .1))(/3 0~ .1=)(/3 .~~~ .1=)(/3
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
140 ~=0~~*.)
150 1~=0
ng
155 1(=1~*51~(~-4*)(/3)
156 1~ ~~~)2*)(/3 ~~0 ~(()(-~~~) .~~~ 1(=0
158 ~~=1~-1(
160 50~=50~+~~*~~
162 50~=50~+1~*1~
164 50(=50(+1(*1(
170 .)=..1+1
eri
ine
180 1~ ~).1 0~ ~=.1 .~~~ 300
200 ()0.0 140
300 .2=)(/3
‫ﺔ‬
320 ~=0~~*.)
322 1~=1~*51~(~)
324 1(=1~*51~(~-4*)(/3)
330 ~~=1~-1(
340 50~=50~+~~*~~
sy
En
g
342 50~=50~+1~*1~
344 50(=50(+1(*1(
350 .)=..1+1
Ea
360 1~ ~).2 0~ ~=.2 .~~~ 400

370 ()0.0 320
400 .3=~~~+)(/3
w.
405 ~=0~~*.)
410 1~=1~*51~(~)
411 1~ ~~~))(/3 ~~0 ~(~~~ .~~~ 1~=0
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
412 ((=0
‫ﺷﺩ‬
416 ~~=1~-1(
420 50~=50~+~~*~~
422 50~=50~+1~*1~
424 50(=50(+1(*((
430 .)=..1+1
440 (~ ~).3 0~ ~=.3 .~~~ 500
450 (~ ~))( 0~ ~=)( .~~~ 500
460 00.0 405
500 .4=)(
510 ~=0~~*.)
572

512 1~=1~*51~(~)
514 1(=1~*51~(~-4*~/3)
520 ~~=1~-1(
530 50~=50~+~~*~~
532 50~=50~+1~*1~
534 50(=50(+1(*1(
540 ..1=..1+1
550 1~ ~)14 0~ ~=14 1~~~ 600
560 1~ ~)~ 0~ ~=~ 1~~~ 600
570 6010 510
600 ~~1~1 ..~ 0~ 5~~~~~5 = ..,..1
‫ﻣ‬
620 1~=50~(50~/..1) .., 1~
625 ~~1~1 ..~~5 ~~~0~ 0~ ~~~5~ ~ =
630 1(=50~(50(/..1)
t
( .., 1(
635 ~~1~1 ..~~5 (0~~~~1 0~ ~~~5~ =
e
640 1~=50~(50~/..1) .., 1~
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
645 ~~ 1~1 ..~~5 ~~~0~ 0~ ~ 1~~ (0~~~~1 ~ =
648 ~0=1~*~ ..,
649 ~~1~1 ..~~5 ~~~0~~ 0~ 001~01 ~~~5~ ~0~1~6~ = ~0
650 ~=1~*1~*~*3
rin
660 ~~ 1~1 ..001~01 ~0~~~.. . ~
670 ~~=3*~5*1~
.., ~~
680 ~~ 1~1 ..~0~1-~~~ = ee
690 ~~=~/~~
.., ~~
700 ~~1~1 ..~~~~ ~~(10~ =
900 ~~0
gin
********* ~~06-5 **********

‫ﺔ‬
5 (~5
10 ~~~ ..~~6-5..
30 01~ ~~~~~(20), ~~~~0(20),
En
40 ~~~ 0~1~0~~ ~~~ ~~6~~ (~~(0~~110~

8~(100), ~~(100),
1..
~(100)
asy
50 ~~1~1 ..~0. 0~ ()~1585 ()8... 081~ ~~~18

60 1~~01 ~~
1..
70 ~~ 1~1 ..~00~ 18~ 100 10(8)( 1855 ~080 1
80 1~~01 ~~~ ,1- 800 ~0... ~0 ,2- ..
.E
82 ~~1~1 ..~15~ 0~ ~0~...18... ~08~~1~180~51 ~0... ~~5

83 1~~01 ~( 100,.
84 ~~ 1~1 ..~ 19085~ 0851...80 08.../0001 ~ ~()(111)0080~ 1855 ~080
w
85 1~~01 ~~
87 (~5
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
90 ~1=41 *~1~(11)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
97 ~~1~1 ..1987 (0()~...190~ 0~ ~.~. ~85010..

98 ~~1~1 ..~19. 8-11 10..,8...~8... ~1~0 ~01~0...01 ~~~..
100 0~~1~=(~1/~~)*~~~
105 0~~1~0=0~~1~*180/~1
110 (~~1~=(~1/~~)/2
120 ~~~~~(1)=(~~1~-0~~1~/2
130 ~~~~0(1)=~~~~~(1)*180/~1
170 ~0~ ~=2 10 ~~
573

180 ~~~~~(~)=~~~~~(1)+(~1/~~)*(~-1)
190 ~~~~0(~)=~~~~~(~)*180/~(
210 ~~)(1 ~
220 ~5=1
225 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
230 ~=0
234 8=0
240 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~~
250 ~=51~(~*(~~~~~(~)+0~~1~/2))+~
‫ﻣ‬
253 8=~05(~*(~~~~~(~)+0~~1~/2))+8
260 ~~)(1 ~
265 ~~(~)=((4*~5/(~*~1))*51~(~*0~~1~/2))*~
et
270 8~(~)=((4*~5/(~*~1))*51~(~*0~~1~/2))*8
272 ~(~)=5~~(~~(~)*~~(~)+8~(~)*8~(~))/5~~(2)
273 1~ ~~=1 1~~~ ~~1~1 ~~~(~~~) ~ ~~~(~), ~8~(~~~) = ~8~(~), ~~(~~~) = ~~(~)
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
275 ~~)(1 ~
381 ~~ 1~,. ..~0. 0( ~~ 1585 ~8~ ~81 (-~~~ 18 = ..~~
382 ~~ 1~,. ..~0~ 181=10(1 1(108)( = ..~/1~
rin
383 ~~1~,. ..~~158 ..,10~~ 1(1 089~885 ..0~~,.~0
=
384 ~0~ ~=1 ,.0 ~~
386 ~~1~,. ..()(..~..1(1089~885 ..~~~~0(~)
=
387 ~~)(,. /1
388 ~~ 1~,. ..
ee 0( ..
~ ~(108~8(11=81 ~/15 0~~~~1= ..,01 ~898 1(1
~ 0~ 1(1~~1= ..,01
~898 = ~ (1 ) * 100
390 ~)(=~5*5~~(~~*0~~,.~0/180)
~ 0( .. ~)(*
gin
400 ~~1~,. ..~/15 0~1=~~~ ..,01~898 85 0~ 1(1~~1= ..,01~898 100
=
410 ~~=(5~~(~)(*~)(-~(1)*~(1)))/~(1)
420
425
430
440
450
460
‫ﺔ‬ ~~1~,.
50/1=0
~0~ ~=2 ,.0 ~/1
..~8~00(11~
50/1=50/1+(~(~)/(~~2))~2
~~)(,. ~
0~=5~~(50~)/~(1)
(8~~0~
sy
En
1(1 ~ =
~
~~*100
465 ~~1~,. ..0151=0~1=10(1 (8~~0~ 1(1 ~ =

..
0~*100
500 ~~0
Ea
********* ~~6-6 **********
5 ~~5
w.
10 ~~~ ..~~6-6.,
30 01/1 ~(25).~(100).~(90),)((90),~~~~(25),~~~~0(25).~~(50).8~(50)
‫ُﺭ‬
40 ~~/1 5~~~ ~~6~~ ~~~~0~~,.10~
ww
‫ﺷﺩ‬
50 ~~1~,. ..~0.0( ~~1585 ~8~ ~81( ~~~18 1..
60 1~~0,. ~~
70 ~~ 1~1 ../100~18~ 10(1 1(108)( 1855 1=~8(1 1 1..
80 1~~0,. ~/1~
82 ~~1~,. ..~15~ 0( ~0~~18~ ~08((1~18(11=51 ~0~ ~~5 ,10 8(10 (0~ ~0 ,20 ,.
83 1~~0,. ~~
84 ~~ 1~,. .,~ 19~851= 085 1 ~80 ~8~00(1 1~ ~001~(18(11= 1855 1=~8(1 100..
85 1~~0,. ~/1
87 ~~5
90 ~ 1= 41 ~,.~ (11)
*
574

0)( ~. ~. ~85~ 10..
91 ~~ 1~1 ..1981 ~0~)( 19~~ 5~~~..
98 ~~1~1 ..~19. 8-13 10 8 ~8 ~1~~
100 ~5=2*~~
105 10~=.0001
110 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~5
115 5~(~)=((-1)~~)*((~5+2)/~1)
120 ~~)(1 /1
121 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~5 51~~ 2
122 ~(~)=/1+1
124 ~~)(1 ~
‫ﻣ‬
125 ~0~ /1=2 10 ~5 51~~ 2
130 ~(~)=-/1
135 ~~)(1 ~
t
140 ~(1 )=~/1~
.ne
145 )((1)=~1/2
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬
150 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5
155 ~0~ 1=1 10 90
g
160 ~=1+1
165 )((~)=(~(1)-~(/1))/5~(/1)
rin
110 ~(~)=~~~*51~()((~))
115 )()(=~85()((~)-)((~-1))
180 1~ )()((10~ 1~~~ 6010 190 ee
185 ~~)(1 1
190 ~~~~(/1)=)((1)
195 ~~)(1 /1
gin
200 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5
202 ~~~~0(/1)=~~~~(/1)*180/~1
‫ﺔ‬
206 ~~)(1 /1
220 ~5=1
225 ~0~ ~=1 10 ~/1
230 ~=0
234 8=0
240 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 51~~ 2
sy
En
250 ~=~05(~*~~~~(/1))-~05(~*~~~~(/1+1))+~
253 8=51~(~*~~~~(/1+1))-51~(~*~~~~(/1))+8
Ea
260 ~~)(1 /1
265 ~~(~)=((2*~5)/(~*~1))*~
210 8~(~)=((2*~5)/(~*~1))*8
212 ~(~)=50~(~~(~)*~~(~)+8~(~)*8~(~))/50~(2)
w.
213 1~ ~~=1 1~~~ ~~1~1 ..~~(..~..) = ..~~(~), ..8~(..~..) = ..8~(~), ..~(..~..) = ..~(~)
215 ~~)(1 ~
..~~
‫ُﺭ‬
~~ 1~1 ..~0. 0~ ~-..1585 ~8 ~81 ~-~)(~ 18 =
ww
381
.. .. ~/1~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
382 ~~ 1~1 /100-..18~ 100 10(8)( = ..

383 ~~ 1~1 .. ~-..158 ~ 10~~ 10 089 885
384 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5
386 ~~1~1 ..0(../1..10 089 885 = ..~~~~0(/1)
381 ~~)(1 /1 ..~( 1 )
388 ~~ 1~1 ..~-..0080180~81 ~/15 0-..~~-..~ 01 ~898 10 ~ 0~ 0~ 10~-..~ 01 ~898 = * 100
389 ~)(=0
390 ~5=1
391 ~0~ /1=1 10 ~5 51~~ 2
575

392 ~~=~~~~(~+1)-~~~~(~)+~~
394 ~~~,. (1
396 ~~=~5*5~~(~~/~1)
400 ,,~1~,. ..~(15 00~~0~ ...01~898 85 ~ 0~ 0~ 10~0~ ...01~89~ = 11 ~)(.100
408 ~~=(5~~(~~*~~-~(1)*~(1)))/~(1)
420 ~~ 1~,. .1~8...010,,1~ ~8~~0... 1,, ~ = ..
~~* 100
425 50(1=0
430 ~0~ ~=2 ,.0 ~(1
440 50(1=50~+(~(~)/(~~2))~2
‫ﻣ‬
450 ~~~,. ~
460 0~=5~~(50~)/~(1)
465 ~~/~,. ..015~0,..~10,, 1=8~~0,.. 1,-, ~ =..
0~*100
et
500 ~~0
********* ~~06-7 **********
5 ~~5
10 ~~~ ..~~06-7..
30 01~ 5~(25),~(25),~(100),~(90),~(90),~~~~(25),~~~~0(25),~~(50),8~(50)
rin
40 ~~~ 5~~~ ~~6~~ ~~~~0~~,.10~
50 ~~ 1~,. ..~0. 01= ~ 15~5 1,-, ~~~ 1=1,..5~ 60 0~9,..~~5 1..
60 /~~0,. ,.,,~ ee
70 ~~1~,. ..~00 18~10,, 1,,0~)( 1~55 ~~8,-, 1 1..
80 1~~0,. ~~~
82 ~~1~,. ..~15~ 01= ~0 ,..1~,.. ~0~1=~1~1~,,~51 ~0,.. ~~5 ,1- 8,-,01=0,.. ~0 ,2-
gin
..
83 1~~0,. ~~
84 ~~ 1,.,,,. ..~ 19~~5~ 0~51 ,..~0 ~8,..00,, 1~ ~0/11~0,,~,,~ 1~55 ~~8,, 100..
‫ﺔ‬
85 1~~0,. ,.,,~
87 ~~5
90 ~1=41*~,.~(11)
En
97 ~~ 1,.,,,. ..1987 ~0~)/...19~~ 0)/ ~. ~. ~85~ 10..

98 ~~1~,. ..~19. 8-15 1,-,...~,..~~,.. ~1~~ 0001~1~0 5~~~..
sy
100 ~5=2*~~
105 ,.0~=.0001
110 ~0~ ~=1 ,.0 ,.,,5
Ea
115 5~(~)=((-1)~~)*(3*(~5+1)/~1)
120 ~~~,. ~
121 ~0~ ~=1 ,.0 ~5 5,.~~ 2
w.
122 ~(~)=~+1
124 ~~~,. (1
125 ~0~ ~=2 ,.0 ~5 5,.~~ 2
‫ُﺭ‬ ww
130 ~(~)=-~
‫ﺷﺩ‬
, 135 ~~~,. ~
.,
136 ~~,.=2*,.,,5+2
38 ~~,.=,.,,~,./2
1 0 ~(1)=~~~
1 ~(1)=~1/2
15 ~0~ ~=1 ,.0 ~5
155 ~0~ 1=1 ,.0 90
160 =1+1
165 (~)=(~(1)-~(~))/5~(~)
170 ~(~)=~(1~*51,.,,(~(~))
576

175 ~~=~85(~(~)-~(~-1))
180 1~ ~~(.0~ .~~~ 80.0 184
182 ~~~. 1
184 ~~~~01)=~(1)
186 ~~~. ...
188 ~~~~(~5+1)=~1/3
190 ~~~~(~5+2)=2*~1/3
192 ~~5=~5+1
194 ~0~ ...=~~5.0 ~~.
195 .1=~~ +1
‫ﻣ‬
196 ~~~~(...)=~1-~~_~~(.1)
198 ~~~. ...
200 ~0~ ...=1 .0 ~~.
~~~~0(...)=~~~~(...)*180/~1
t
202
e
206 ~~~. ...
220 ~5=1
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
225 ~0~ ~=1 .0 ~...
230 ~=0
234 6=0
240 ~0~ ...=1.0 ~~. 5.~~ 2
rin
250 ~=(05(~*~~~~(...))-(05(~*~~~~(...+1))+~
253 8=51~(~*~~~~(...+1))-51~(~*~~~~(...))+8
260 ~~~. ... ee
265 ~~(~)=((2*~5)/(~*~1))*~
270 8~(~)=((2*~5)/(~*~1))*8
272 ~(~)=50~(~~(~)*~~(~)+8~(~)*8~(~))/50~(2) ~~(~)
gin
~~~(~), ~8~(~~~) ~8~(~), ~~(~~~) =
273 1~ ~(=1 .~~~ ~~1~. ~~~(~~~) =
275 ~~~. ~
381
‫ﺔ‬
382
384
385
386
~~1~. ..~0.0~ ~~15~5 ~~~ ~81~-~~~1~
~~ 1~.
~~ 1~.
~0~
~~1~.
..
00~ 18~ 10(1
..~(191 ~5 8~~
...=1 .0 ~~.
~~~...~1(1 0~9~~~5
1
=
..~~.
(10~)(
En
=
1 (1 0~9~~~5
=
~...~
~~~~~0(...)
..
asy
387 ~~~. ... ..~ ( 1 ) *100

..~~(10801~(1~81 ~...5 0~~~~~ ...01~89~ 1 (1 1. 0~ 0~ 1 (1~~~ ...01~89~ =
388 ~~ 1~.
389 ~~=0
390 ~5=1
.E
391 ~0~ ...=1.0 ~~. 5.~~ 2

392 ~~=~~~~(...+1)-~~~~(...)+~~
394 ~~~,.. ...
w
396 ~~=~5*50~(~~/~1) ..
1~,.. ..~...5 0~~~~~ ...01~89~ 85 1. 0~ 0~ 1 (1~~~ ...01~89~ = ~~*100
‫ُﺭ‬
400 ~~
ww
408 ~~=(50~(~~*~~-~(1)*~(1)))/~(1)
‫ﺷﺩ‬
..
420 ~~1~,.. ..~8~010(11~ ~8~~0~ 1(1 1. =
~~*100
425 5(.)...=0
430 ~0~ ~=2 .0 ~...
440 5(.)...=5(.)...+(~(~)/(~~2))~2
450 ~~)(. ~
460 0~=50~(5(.)...)/~(1)
..
1,..,..
..0 1 5~0~~ (1 0~*100
465 ~~ 10(1 ~8~~0~ 1 1. =
500 ~,..0
577

‫ﻣ‬
t
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ .ne
ng
eri
ine
‫ﺔ‬
81001008.0,~. .6., 1-/0~.
80 50118, 111~., 1964.
818.0, 8. ~.,
En
g
0. 1-1010., 11,./11~/()/~5 /111/~,.(~,.0,.~~/(5.

01
1-/0 1(. 0. 1(11-/(), .411 /11(,.00~~(/011 (0 110~~,. ~/~~(,.011/~5. ~01~0~81~~, ~~81

~~~ ~0~/(= 10011 ~1)~~
51188~)(, .611~)3110=10011 ~1)~~ 80 50118 1,10., 1983.

sy
~5 /(1, ~., 1(. 0 1-/52/(~, 1.1~51.5, 1-/0 5. ~ 8..1, 110~~,. ~/~~(,.011/~5. 81103))~81= ,6./(30~111131
1(1300, 1980.
Ea
0 , 5. ~., 110~~,. ~/~~(,.011/~5 ~ ~011(,.0/. ~~81011, ~3.= ~~81011 ~110)180111~~0., 111~.,

1985.
0 ~18, ~. ~., 110~~,. 1)/00~ (1110 7/1)1,./5(0,. 0,.~~/(5. 51~,,,~113~~, 1-1~~18, .611~)3110= 11181111111011
w.
01.6)~~1~1~3) .611~111~~~8, 1979.

010~ 1-/, 5. 8., 1-/0 ,6.. 5.~0()1-/101-/, 110~~,. 5~/11/~0110~~(0,. 0,.~~/(5. ~~~ ~0~/(= 10011
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
~1)~~ 80 50118, 111~., 1984.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
010~ 1-/, 5. 8., 0. ~. 5/..10~01-/, 1-/0,6.. 5.8 0()1-/101-/, 110~~,. 5~/11/~0110~~(0,.1),./1/~5. ~~~
~0~/(= 10011 ~1)~~ 80 50118, 111~., 1975.
0~11~,.(1/ ~/~~(,./~ 5~~ /.1(111~(1/ 6(/1 ~(/. 08 101-/ 1-/, 0. ~., 1-/0~. 8. 00/..0101-/, .611~)~~000
01118, ~.1.= ~~~1111~~-1-13)), 111~., 1982.
00../..1108, 1. ~., 110~~,. ~011(,.0/ ~/(/1 50//0 5((1(~ 1)~1//~~5. ~~81011, ~3.
~~8(011 ~110)180111~
~0., 111~., 1985. =
1-1100~ 1-/1-/, 1(., 8(15/~ 11,./11~/()/~5 01110~~,. ~/~~(,.011/~5. ~~~ ~0~)(= 5))~111~~~- ~~~)3~, 1986.
1-11-/ 10/(,.6. ~., 1)~5/811 0150//0 5((1(~ 110~~,. 5~()()//~5. ~~~ ~0~)(= ~311 ~081~3110 ~~11100)0
~0111))311~, 111~., 1981.
578

1-10~..., ~. 0., 5~8. ..41111//~(1(/0115

1/(1110000/(. 8~~1111(10, ~(111~~ 1111~(11(111011(11 ~~~11~1~( ~0(-
~0((111011, 1974.
1-10~..., ~. 0., 5~111/~0110~~(0, /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5. ~~~ ~0(~~ ~(111 ~081((111(1 ~~1110.01(1 ~0111-
~(111~, 111~., 1986.
1(1-088, ,.,,., ..4 /3(15/~ 0~/0~ 70 /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5. ~~~ ~0(~~ 100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118, 111~.,
1984.
1(1.181(0, ,.,,., 50//0 5((1(~ /)~ ~0(0, /),/11~5. ~(11110(1(1~~, ~(188.~ 10.~ ~11 ~(~88, 1969.
~(11(1~110.~(1(1, 13~(~80.1(~, 811~1(111(1~~~0((1~-1-11111300~
1.~1-/1)10~, ~. ~., /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5.
~0111~(111~ (0.1(.) 1.1(1., 1981.
‫ﻣ‬
1.1001-/~~1), ~., ~011(,0/ 0/ ~/~~(,/~(1/ /),/11~5. ~~~ ~0(~~ 8~(111~~(-~~(1(1~, 1985.
1.11-/1)8~~, 1. ~., ~1-/1)~. 1-1. ~~8811), ~/~~(,0111~~11(111/~5 (1110 ~/~~(,/~(1/ ~(1~11/11~1)1. 811~1~-
~00(1 01~~8, ~ .1. ~ ~(~1111~~-1-1(111, 111~., 1986.
et
1, ~10, ~. ~., /10~~, ~01111~,(~, 1/(1110000/(. ~~1~(00(011~0., 0111. ~ ~(111(1(11(1110~11~((11 81~~1(1~
~0111~(111~ 1.1(1., 1976.
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~~21)~, ~. ~., 711)1,/5(0, ~011(,0/. ~0.1~0.~81~(, ~~81 81188~)(, 811~1(111(1~100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118
1,1(1., 1973.
~)1~/0~01111~,(~,5. ~(11110(1(1~~, ~(188. ~ 10.~ ~11
~~~1.1~~~, ~., 711~ 711~01)1 (1110 /)~5/811 0/
rin
~(~88, 1972.
~1.1~..8~, 1. ~. 0., 711)1,/5(0, ~011(,0/ 0/ ..4~ ~0(0,5. 0)(~0((1~ ~~(~(1111011 ~(~88 1,1(1., 1973.
,.,,., /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5-50//0 5((1(~ ~0(0, ~011(,0/. ~~81011, ~(1. ~ ~~81011
~10~~~~1-/, ~.
~1101180.111~ ~0., 111~., 1980.
~101-1-~, 13. ~., 711)1,/5(0, /111(15~ ~011(,0//~0
ee ~01111~,(0,5 (1110 ~)1~/0~01111~,(~,5. ~~~ ~ 0(~~
100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118, 111~., 1971.
gin
~~~~~00~...~, ~., ..411 111(,00~~(/011 (0 711)1,/5(0,5 (1110 711~/, ..41111//~(1(/0115. 1.011(1011~ ~(1~-
‫ﺔ‬ 111111(111
~~~88~
~1~10, 1,. ~.
~1101180.~(8 1.1(1., 1978.
11011, 1970.
~0810, ~.
~, ~.
5~8.
1. /10~~,
8., /10~~,
1,011(1011~ ~0.(1~111(111~ 1-1(1111.1(1., 1982.
/)~5/811~,5
sy
~/~~(,011/~5-711)1,/5(0,
En
~118/11~~,/118
1/(1110000/(.
~011(,0//~0
~1118011(~0., ~(1. ~ ~~81111~0.0118~
(15/118 711)1,/5(0,5,
/10~~, /0, ~/~~(,/~
81~~1(1~
~ 0/. 1, 1.011(1011~ ~1111(1((11,1(1.,

~0(0,5.
~0(~0((1-
1970.
8101-/, ~. ~., 711)1,/5(0, /)~ /),/11~5. ~~~ ~0(~~ 100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118, 111~., 1981.
80-1~10~10~, 1., 8.~~(///~, 0,~~/(5-711~0,)1 (1110 /)~5/811. ~~~ ~ 0(~~ 100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118,
Ea
111~., 1965.
810~10~1-/8, ~. ~., ~1-/1) 0. 131-00~., ~00~,11 /)~-(0-/)~ 5~/(~1111100~ /10~~, ~01111~,(~, 0,~~/(5.
~~~ ~0(~~ ~(111 ~081((111(1 ~~1110.01(1 ~0111~(111~, 111~., 1985.
w.
8...10~101-/, ~. 8., ~/~~(,/~(1/ ~(1~11/11~5 (1110 /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5. ~(1~111~0.(1111, 13~(~80.1(~, 811~-
1(111(1~~(111 ~081((111(1 ~~1110.01(11,1(1., 1983.
‫ُﺭ‬
711)1,/5(0,5-711~0,)1 (1110 ..41111//~(1(/0115. ~~~
ww
81.1~~1-/1)81, ~. 1(., ~1-/1) 1(. 1(. 81.1~~1-/1)81.

‫ﺷﺩ‬
~0(~~ 1-1(1181~(1~(~88, 1984.

,,0~~, ~01111~,5/011. 111(11(111(1~0118,111(1.~ 1-10~(1((1
1 ~~...10~, ~. 8., /1,/11(/11/~5 0/ 50//0-5((1(~
~. 8(11118 ~ ~0111~(111~, ~1101180.~(8 111~., 1985.
~101-1-8, ~., 5((1(/~ /10~~, ~01111~,(~,5. ~~~ ~0(~~ 100.11 ~11~~ ~ 80118, 111~., 1962.
~11-1-1~~813. ~., /10~~, ~/~~(,011/~5, /)~11/~~5, /),/11~,5 (1110..41111//~(1(/0115, ~~~ ~ 0(~~ 1-1(1181~(1
~(~88, 1987.
~001), ~., 5~/(~11/118 /10~~, ~01111~,(~,5. ~~~ ~0(~~ ~(111 ~081((111(1 ~~1110.01(1 ~0111~(111~,
111~., 1981.
579

‫ﻣ‬
t
rin
ee
gin
~~
‫ﺔ‬ 0~1,,,~5, 339
~11~~~111-5011~~~,
sy
En
363
81))013~
(~011((). )
)1111~110111~31151510~5 (8115)
0~ ~3111 01, 424
111011~11011 /11010~5, 340

))~~10~/11311~~ ))3~3/11~1~~5 01, 424
5)111~/1~0110115 /11010~5, 369

51~(0)1-5131~ ~/13~3~1~~1511~5 01, 413
5.,,,,11~/1111~~/13~3~1~~1511~5 01, 418
Ea
~11~1~
810~/(111~ /1100~, 4
~0/11/11111311011 0~ 0,,,~~13)), 49
8~~3/(00.,,,,11 ,,,0113~~, 434
0~13)1, 57, 79
(15))13~~/11~111, 30
w.
~)(1111~11011, 145
11~111~, 79
~3))3~11311~~, ~0/11/11111311011, 74
‫ُﺭ‬
))0.,,,,~~ 13~10~, 545
ww
~/10))))~~ 0~1,,,~5, 313

‫ﺷﺩ‬
10~~11~, 372 ))0.,,,,~~ ~0111~01 01, 313

~ ,,,31311~/1~ 0~~3/(00.,,,,11, 469
~~~~11~~311,,,~ 0~3/(~ ~0111~01 01, 315
~/1~051311~ 0~3/(~ ~0111~01 01, 317
8 1.,,,,0/1011~-~1130~3111, 319
~/10))))~~5
835~ 5))~~0, 298
~13551~31, 205
81))0)3~ )1111~110111~31151510~5 (8115)
1/11))1115~-~0/11/1111131~0, 205, 210
035~ 0~1,,,~ ~0111~01 01, 436
/1111111))/135~, 321
0313 5/1~~1 01, 426
~~50113111 ))1115~, 212
580

~/10~~~(5 (~0/1(0.) ~0111(01 (~0/1(0.)
51~~-00~11, 180 ,,,011~~~ ~110 1(~().11~11~)1, 358
,,,0115//1~(12, 358
51~~-11~, 186
1/1)1(1510(, 204 ~0111(011~(5
~0(11(11111~11011, 49, 56 ~~ ,,,011~~~, 137
~11)(111~()1, 61 ~01)1~011-~01111~~1~0, 160
~~~~~110(5, 74 5111~1~-~/1~5~ 0101(~~11011~1, 142
~0(11~1~(11~111~()1, 67, 266 5111~1~-~/1~5~, 145
~11((~111, 65 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ 0101(~~11011~1, 157
~)(1~01~1 ~1115~, 69 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ 11111-~~,,,~, 154
‫ﻣ‬
10(~~0, 57 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ /1~11-~~,,,~, 148
1(11~1115~, 60 1111101(~~11011~1, 140
1111~-510~, 69
~011,,,~(1~(5
et
10~0-510~, 69 ~~-~~, 10
11~111(~1 0( 1111~, 57 ~~-0~, 10
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
(~5011~111 ~1115~, 64 0~-~~, 10
5~11, 58 0~-0~, 10, 180
5011, 215 011~1, 78, 87
11(11~, 58 11)10~~/(, 285
rin
,,,011~~~, 61 11111,77, 84
~0(11~111~( ~(0~(~(115, 567 11111-0(10~~, 287
~0111(01 ee /1~11-0(10~~, 287
~0~~11,,,~, 365 011~-().11~0(~111, 77
~11115~111(~11011, 439 ~115/1-~1111, 287
0~5~ 0(1,,,~, 436 5~(111-, 77

gin
~/10~~~(, 313 5111~1~-~/1~5~ ~0111(011~0, 78
‫ﺔ‬~105~0-100~, 323, 365, 376
~11((~111,
~)(1111~11011
1(~().11~119,
361
(111~(0~0(11~111~(,
011-011, 138
~11~1~,
356
108
332
sy
En
5111~1~-~/1~5~
5111~1~-~/1~5~
5111~1~-~/1~5~
5111~1~-~/1~5~
5~11~/1111~
1/1(~~-~/1~5~
011~1,
11111, 84
5~(111, 80
5~(1~5,
11111~110115 01,
011~1,
87
105
90
554
~/1~5~-10~/(~0-100~, 330 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ 11111, 101
~/1~5~, 140 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ /1~11-~~,,,~, 95
~/1~5~-015~1~~~(11~111, 246 1/1(~~-~/1~5~ 5~(111, 99

Ea
~0~~(, 313 1~0-().11~0(~111, 77
~(0~0(11011~1 0~5~, 437 ~001111~, 514

~1115~-~101/1-(1100111~11011, 112 0)110(~~0 ~1(, 516
w.
(~~~11~(~11,,,~ 0(~/(~, 315 0)1 /1~~1 ~1~~5, 517
(/1~051~11~ 0(~/(~, 317 11().1110, 516

‫ُﺭ‬
(010( ,,,011~~~, 349 ~(0~0~( ~1(~1111, 538
ww
~11((~111 ~~111, 470, 514

‫ﺷﺩ‬
5111115010~1 ~1115~-~101/1 (1100111~11011, 114

511~ ~0~~(, 351 ~)1~10~011,,,~(1~(5
51~10( ,,,011~~~, 347 5111~1~-~/1~5~, 166
5)1(11(11~1(1~~1 ~11~1~, 110 1/1(~~-~/1~5~, 168
11~, 156
111(11-011, 437
0
111(11-011, 436 0~(11~111~ 1~~10(, 21
,,,~~10(, 365 0~(11~111~ (~110, 21, 522
581

0~ 0(1,,,~8, 296
~/10))))~( ~0111(01, 313
~108~0-100)) ~0111(0) 0(, 323 ~3~10(
1111~(0~0111))111~( ~0111(01 0(, 332 (18))13~~111~111, 30
))/138~-10~/(~0-100)) ~0111(01, 330 01810(11011, 229
8111~)~-))/138~ ~0111(01, 300 (0(111, 30

8111~1~-))/138~ 01131-~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01 304 /13(1110111~, 30, 228
8111~1~-))/138~ (1111-~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01 , ,303 /(1))111 ))0~~(, 30
0,,,~(0(1,,,~, 417
8111~1~-))/138~ /13)(-~3,,,~-~011,,,~(1~(
‫ﻣ‬
~0111(01, 301 ))0~~(, 107, 545
(1))))1~, 30
8111~1~-))/138~ 8~1111~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01, 302
1/1(~~-))/138~ ~0111(01, 307 80(111~88, 384
et
1/1(~~-))/138~ 01131-~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01 309 1(3118(0(111~( 1111112311011 , 30
1/1(~~-))/138~ (1111-~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01, ,308 ~31111 ~11((~111
1/1(~~-))/138~ /131(-~3,,,~-~011,,,~(1~( ~11/1 3~ 8011(~~, 538
~0111(01, 308 ~11/1 0~ 8011(~~, 540

))(08))~~11,,,~, 531
1/1(~~-))/138~ 8~1111~011,,,~(1~( ~0111(01, 308
0~ 111010(8 ~111~(8
rin
038~ 8))~~0 0(, 298 3~, 45
~/13(3~1~(1811~8 0(, 297 0~, 44
(1~10 ~0111(01 0(, 298 ~1(111~ ~1(~11118 0( 1/1~(1810(8, 507
~0(~3(0 0(~3/(00~11 ,,,0113~~, 469
1113~11~112311011 ~/13(3~1~(1811~8
ee
0(, 298
~011(1~( 31131~818, 564
8~(1~8, 299
,,,0113~~ ~0111(01 0(, 298 ~(~()11~11~~
gin
0~30 2011~, 255 03(11))~0 113111(31, 522
0//0/, 456 (~80113111, 21
‫ﺔ‬ ))(01~~11011,
0100~8
~/13(3~1~(1811~8
474
0(, 383
~01111111113110110(, 33
(381 (~~0,,,~(~, 387
sy
En
(111~111~, 21
111103(11))~0 113111(31, 522
~118~8
~11((~111/11111~ ~/13(3~1~(1811~8
0313 8/1~~1 0(, 534
0(, 533
((~~~/1~~1111~, 17, 23, 228 ~118111~, 531

~~11~(31 ))11())08~, 386
1~3/(3~~ ~11((~111, 384
Ea
))3(311~1 ~01111~~1~0, 408

))~((0(111311~~ ))3(3111~1~(8 0(, 388
5~/1011/(~, 387 031~ ~/13(~~, 451
w.
8~(1~8 ~01111~~1~0, 406 0108, 494

018))13~~111~111 (3~10(, 30 ~/13(3~1~(1811~8 0(, 494
‫ُﺭ‬
01810(11011 0313 8/1~~1 0(, 495
ww
(3~10(, 229
‫ﺷﺩ‬
8111100~( ~1(~1111 0(, 502

10131 /13(1110111~, 229
0(1,,,~8
3~, 339
0~, 296, 369
81311~ 1((3111~(, 350 1-13(1110111~8
81311~ 5~/1~(01118, 350 10~~81-0(0~(, 229
0111~ ~~~1~, 10 (~011~11011, 248
011/0/, 456 1-1~31 8111/(8, 514
))(01~~11011, 476 1-1010111~ ~11((~111, 469
582

~05~818 (~0/1((/.)
~~(10(111(111~~ ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 01, 445
11101.1~11011 111010(8, 340 81~(10~-81(11~ ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 01, 442
~1.1((~111 ~0111(01 01, 361 ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 01, 444
8~11~111118
11~10-~~(1~~111118 01, 358 ~051018, 452
1(~~1.1~11~~ ~0111(01 01, 356 ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 01, 453
~~(10(111(111~~ ~11(1((1~1~(1811~8 01, 341 0(11(1 811~~1 01, 454
(010( ,,,011(18~ ~0111(01 01, 349
811~ ~0~~( ~0111(01 01, 350

81(110( ,,,011(18~ ~0111(01 01, 347 0
‫ﻣ‬
,,,011(18~ (1110 1(~~1.1~11~~ ~0111(01 01, 358
011-81(11~ ~1.1((~111, 469
,,,011(18~, ~1.1((~111, (1110 1(~~1.1~11~~ ~0111(01
0~11~01.1~1~(8, 462
01, 364
111,,,~(1~(8, 11, 226
e t
(11.1)(111(1(~-~01111111.11(11~0, 265
‫ﻛﺗﺑ‬ g.n
~0111~1~111~111(1(~-~01111111.11(11~0, 266
~1.1((~111-801.1(~~, 273, 274 ~111~11-011 ,,,011(18~, 441
11.111-0(108~ 8~(1~8 (~8011(1111, 256, 260
~0~~( 0~,,,1~~8, 8
8(1111 01, 226

~0~~( ~1~~1(0111~8, 1
rin
11(111-0(108~ 8~(1~8 (~8011(1111, 255, 261 ~0~~( 1(1~10(, 107, 545
~~~1.1(((1~, 266 ~0~~( ~1.118~8, 519
8~(1~8 (~8011(1111, 251 ~0~~( 81.1~~11~8, 284
ee (1~, 290
811181~-~11(18~ 0(108~, 230, 235, 555, 557
111(~~-~11(18~ 0(108~, 233
0101(~~11011(11, 289
,,,(1(1(101~ 0~ 1111~, 276 0101(~~11011(11 (1~, 291
gin
,,,011(18~ ~0111(01, 239, 247 0~, 285
,,,011(18~-801.1(~~, 274 (~8011(1111 (1~, 291
‫ﺔ‬
1801(111011
01 8(11~ (1110 0(18~ 0(1,,,~, 461
/2( 10( 11.181118,401
En
(~8011(1111 0~, 288

8~11~11~0 11100~ (1~, 290
8~11~11~0 11100~ 0~, 285
~(08((11118, ~0111~1.11~(, 567
~(01~~110118,
0~ ~(0~0(1(,
514
538
asy
~1.1((~111, 531
1.(11~111118 ~1.1((~111, 469
,,,011(18~, 527
1.~1-111(01.1811 ~11~(8~, 533
~1.118~ 1((111810(111~(, 462
.E
~(1811~11~ ~1(~1.1118, 549

w
~(1110
~001.11(111011
0(1111~1118, 522
‫ُﺭ‬
1(~~1.1~11~~, 182
ww
(~~1111~(111011, 30
1110~)(, 114, 240
‫ﺷﺩ‬
11.1(118, 25
11100111~0 81111.18010(11 ~1.118~-~10111, 245
~~(1~1(111~~
1111.1111~1~-~1.118~-~10111, 241
~1(~1.11(111118 ~1.1((~111, 89
~1.118~-~10111,112, 181, 240
~01111111.11(111118, 49
81111.18010(11 ~1.118~-~10111, 114, 243
8~11~11(01101.18, 370
1.111110(111 ~1.118~-~10111, 241
~~~0,,,~(~0 ~11(1(8~, 385
~05~818, 440
0(11(1 811~~1 01, 446 ~~~1111~(8, 15
8(11~ 0(1,,,~ 01, 452

0(108~, 33
583

~~~11(1~15 (~011(0.) ,..
~11~11110~51~11 0(, 44
~01111011~0, 10, 77
13() ~11311~~15
~((1~1~11~~, 30
1111116()035~ 5131, 38 5111~1~-()1135~, 161
5111~1~-()035~ 0110~~, 33, 557, 559 5~11~010110115, 164
5111~1~-()035~ 031(-~3,,,~, 29 10~1111311111()~0311~~, 518
101~~-()035~ 0110~~, 41 111~1111311~5151311~~, 391, 515
~~~11131015 10~111131 11111~ ~011513111, 517
‫ﻣ‬
00051, 193 1111~511010 ,,,0113~~, 441
011~/(, 190 111~1151015
011~/(-00051, 196 35~111111~111~31, 483
et
~1.1/(, 199 01011~~60113111100~, 482
(1~03~/(, 196 ~11313~1~11511~5 0(, 468
5~11~0111~ 11100~, 189 0313 50~~1 0(, 486
~~13~5, 50110-5131~, 132 (351 5~11~11111~, 480
~~5151311~~ ~81-~01111011~0, 484
011-5131~, 451 (11111~ ~11~111150(, 507
rin
111~111131, 391, 515 ~31~ 355151~0 111111-0((, 3
~~,,,~15~ ~1111~111, 470 ~31~ ()101~~6011 ~11~11115, 509
~~,,,~15~ 1~~0,,,~1~, 385 ee ~31~-111111-0((, 481
11~1113~6,,,31~0, 484
()31311~1 0()~1311011 0(, 507
5 ()~1(01111311~~ ()313111~1~15 0(, 485

gin
()1135~-~0111101, 480
5311113611~ ~1131~~, 418 1~,,,~15~ ~011011~611~, 482
‫ﺔ‬
511(), 341
5111100~15, 459, 520
11011-01551()36,,,~, 524
0()6111111110~51~11 0(, 523
5()~~0
035~, 298, 357
sy
En
5~11~5 0()~136011
5136~ 111011~6011, 3, 483
111111-0(( 0(, 479
111111-0110(, 472
1~0-11311515101
0(, 504
11100~1 0(, 470

1~()~5 0(, 479
5~11~1110110115, 340 11111~
51311~ 1(13111~1 011,,,~, 350 3,,,311301~ 111111-0((, 61, 206
Ea
5136~ 5~0~101115 011,,,~, 350 ~11~1111111111-0((, 61

5~11~0~5 ~011111111136011, 206
3~ 5136~, 11 0~13~, 419, 473
w.
01011~~601131, 143 (311, 445

0~ 51311~, 11, 130 (01~310 1~~0,,,~1~, 386,403
5111~1~-()035~ 3~, 125 1~,,,~15~ 1~~0,,,~1~, 384, 400
‫ُﺭ‬
ww
1111~~-()1135~ 3~, 127 115~, 445, 473

‫ﺷﺩ‬
1111~~-()1135~ 1~,,,~15111~, 127 51013~~, 419

5~11~11111~ (1111~6011, 36, 554 111111-0((, 5, 425, 492
5~11~1110110115 11101015, 369 111111-0(( 0~13~, 445
~105~0-100() ~0111101 0(, 376 111.11-011, 424, 473
~~1111011~3110101, 370 11111~ ~011513111, 325
()~1111311~111-1113~11~1, 375 51013~~, 419
1~111~1311~~, 374 101(,/11~
5311~111-()01~, 373 0~,,,~10()~0, 342
584

Power Electronics Circuit Devices and Applications by Muhammad PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Electronics Circuit Devices and Applications by Muhammad PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

1-1 ~~~11~(1110115 01 ~0~~( 81~~1(0111~5, 1

1-3 ~0111(01 ~113((1~1~(1511~5 01 ~0~~( 1)~~1~~5, 8

1-4 1~~~5 01 ~0~~( 81~~1(0111~ 0(~0115, 8

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

3-3.6 1.0(10-510~ ~0(0(0111(11100, 69

3-4 ~0(0(0111(11100 0(~1111 0~51~0, 71

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

4-6 51(1~1~-~11(15~ 5~(1~5 ~0(1~~(1~(5, 90

0~51~(1 0~ 51(111~ 5~11~11~5, 133

~~~1~~ 00~5110(15, 134

6-1 1111..000~110(1, 137

~..1(1~1~1~ 0~ ~11(15~ ~0(11..01, 140

6-4 51(1~1~-~11(15~ 13101(~~11011(11 ~0(11(011~..5 ~1111 ~~51511~~ 1.0(105, 142

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

6-10.1 510~1~-~1138~ ~)1~10~00~~(1~(8, 166

111)1(1810( ~110~~~( 0(~11118, 204

7-7.4 ~~800301 ~1118~~110~~~(8, 212

~~~1~~ 011~811008, 222

8-1 101(0011~1100, 226

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

9-2.2 ~~5011(11110~ ~0~~( 511~~11~5,288

9-3.1 5~11~11~0-~00~ ~~ 110~~( 511~~11~5,290

9-3.3 13101(~~1100(11~~ 110~~( 511~~11~5,291

~ 4~~~~ 10 ()~ ()~~~~5 296

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

10-3.2 $111~1~-~1138~ $~1111~011~~(1~( 0(1~~8, 302

~...~~,.~~ 11 ~~ ()~~~~5 339

11-2 11101.1~11011~010( 0(1~~8, 340

11-2.3 ~010( ~0113~~ ~0111(01, 349

11-2.6 ~1.1((~111 ~0111(01, 361

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

51.1111111(1()1, 377 ‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺭُﺷﺩ‬

13-2.2 5~11~0.111~ ~0.(1((1~1~(1511~5, 418

13-3 ~0~~( ~05~815, 440

13-3.3 ~~(10(111(10~~ ~(1((1111~1~(5, 445

13-5 5~(1~5 (1110 ~(1((111~1 0~~((111011, 457

13-7 1501(111011 01 0(11~ (1110 13(15~ 0(1..,~5, 461

13-7.1 ~1.115~ 1((111510(111~(5, 462

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

14-1 1111(001.1~11011, 468

15-1 1111(001.1~11011, 514

15-4 ~~~~(5~ ~~~0~~()11((11151~1115, 521

15-7 ~1.1((~111 ~(01~~110115, 531

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

0~(115 ~1111111~ (1()()11~(1110115 0150110-51(11~

1~(1115 01111(11-011 11111~, 111(11-01111111~, ~11((~111, (1110 ~011(1~~ 11(11101111~ ~(1()(1011111~5.

~1111111~ (1~(111(101111)1 011(151~( 5~11~11111~ 0~~1~~5, 111~ (1()()11~(1110115 0111100~(111111~(0-

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

~~-1)05 0( 311 ~5-005 2 0( 3 0()~(31111~ 5)151~(11, 511~11 35 113~ ~~, )(1 0( ~ 1.

1)(. ~11113(11(1130 1-/.. ~351110

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

~)(2-16 .13~5 ~)(6-12 .13~5 ~)(11-6 .13~5

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

11~~ 10 111(10~ 111~ ~0110~10~

~..~0 .8..0~~111.1..81-~08~-1-11.11(0(10 1081111.11~ 0~ 1~~110010~)1

511(111101.111. 1(11(10-~00~0..01(1 001..,~..811)1, ~(10(10(1

1-1 ~~~11~(1110115 01 ~0( 811(0111~5, 1

1-3 ~0111(01 ~113((1~1~(1511~5 01 ~0( 1)1~~5, 8

1-4 1~~~5 01 ~0( 811(0111~ 0(~0115, 8

~1 00~5110(15, 134

6-4 51(1~1~-~11(15~ 13101(~~11011(11 ~0(11(011~..5 ~1111 51511 1.0(105, 142

7-7.4 ~~800301 ~1118110~(8, 212

~1 011~811008, 222

9-2.2 ~~5011(11110~ ~0( 51111~5,288

9-3.1 5~11~11~0-~00~ 110( 511~~11~5,290

9-3.3 13101(1100(11 110( 51111~5,291

~...,. 11 ()~~5 339

13-3.3 (10(111(10 ~(1((1111~1~(5, 445

15-4 ~~~~(5~ ~0()11((11151~1115, 521

~1111111~ (1~(111(101111)1 011(151~( 5~11~11111~ 015, 111~ (1()()11~(1110115 0111100~(111111~(0-

(0011(1100 11~3110~ 011~38001( 0310~8

08~85 800,5 ~,,8.~8.~/85/5

- ~00~9~9,.5. ~ 0~-0~ ~011~~(1~( 15 (1150 /(110~11 (15 (1 ~/10/1/1~, 0( 5~/1~/1-

..1~0..~ 1-8 510~1~-~035~3~- 3~ ~00.,,1.

2. ~(011100 01 .()0( 0~.,,1~~5

1. ~. 0. 110~1, ..111510(1~111 (1, 11(~5~111 5111111511110111111(~11(0511~~15,,, //1(~/.,1(1(10/1(1/ ~011/~,.