B

!=

Q _ n ) ; 9 ( n+ 0 g
(=<=D=H:9 8G Biiaf_
(=<=D=H:9 8G Biiaf_
(=<=D=H:9 8G Biiaf_
 ?:6? 8BAF:?<:=EB
F
GDQMJ ?< @INDI<Iy<
?=

=@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@GG<)

:F8E=GBF C:?B F:A<BE

9B@ 9 H 6 E G : '
Eu= 9: CBEGH;6? : 9B 6?;6EI: : F:A<BE
9: 8:HG6)
`c@ o g h n >JKD<?JN ?J h o h h ] = cg
o
7=7?=BG<:86 E:6? 9: C6E=F)

GDN=J<)
I< GJCB;E6C<=6 EB??6A9=6A6)
+2.3&

(=<=D=H:9 8G , > / / 0 ? :
(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ / A B UQ
 ABG=8=6 9B @6AHF8E=GB
g[$`fD?< ?JN <CI<@N ®<NN>D@F>DNN) ?<N <MO@N è ?<N G>OO`n<N)
OJHJ 5( @ 3+í

? _ ni^im im <o]nil_m Kilnoa[_t_m ^_ ko_ n_gim hi*

nc]c[ É ko_ jo^_gim ]ihmofn[l) kh jlcg_clim ko_ _n`*
]l_pÖl[! ]ig li[cm ch^cpc^o[Ç[á mi\l_ [m i\n[m ^i N`]+
?+ ?o[ln_) `n:O[" àm ^icm >nclãhcmn[m >ihn_gjil~h_im
Al+ =_lh[l^i) ^_ =lcni _ ?o[ln_ Ioh_m cJ G_}$ J
jlcg_cli him m_aochn_m n_lgim 7 @m]l_p_i & i Nl+ ?+
?o[ln_' [faohm nl[n[^im jil gocni \ig _mncfi) _g
[lnc]of[l ^i `c_f >ihm_fb_cli ) ^i \ig aip_lhi ^[)
N H2_UjM ) ^_ ko_ _o pc ohm al[h^_m `l[ag_hnim _g og
fcpli j_ko_hi) _ goc [hncai8 _ ^[ Hcm_lc]ál^c[) ko_
ç[ko_ff_ n_gji `il[ß nc^im _g al[h^_ _mncg[ +++ ^_l(
]bio og fcpli ^_ ][p[fa[l _ ^ig[l \_g og ][p[fi+
?o[ln_ Ioh_m ^_ G_[" >[j+ r c n ^[ >blihn][ ^[(*
ko_ff_Hih[l]\[ ^ct7 + + + I[ cchao[ f[nch[ _m]l_p_i [f(:
ohm fcplim ^_ ]ict[m gil[_m) _ _hnl_ _ff_m og nl[n[^à
ê i l_acg_hni ^[ EomncÇ[ _ ^im J`fN]c[_[ ^_fc[) ^_ ko_
> L A j[ln_ m_ pÑ [ch^[ h[ >[m[ ^[ Nojjfc][Ç[ß+ @m]l_*
Q_i ionli nl[n[^i ^clcac^i | M[chb[ mo[ goÜb_l) ]odi
ncnofi _l[ ^i G_[f >ihm_fb_cli+ A_t ionli fcpli j[l[
im big5m ko_ [h^[! [ ][p[ffi) _g ko_ j[l_]_ ^[lc[
[faohm jl_]_cnim ^_ \_g ][p[fa[l _ aip_lh[l im ][(
±[ffim(
Al+ =_lh[l^i ^_ =lcni ]ihn_hn[h^i*m_ ]ig ^ct_l
ko_ pcl[ al[h^_m `l[ag_hnim _g og fcpli j_ko_hi _
goc [hncai) m_g him ^_]f[l[l m_ _mn_ fcpli _l[ cgjl_m*
mi io g[hom]lcni) _ _g ji^_l ^_ ko_g _rcmnc[) j[l_*
( >_ n_l pcmni _mn_m `l[ag_hnim him g_mgim ]á^c]_m _cn`
ko_ []b|l[ [m K_l_alch[ÇiÖm ^[ N_hbil[ ^[ I[t[l_n`n
f [ ?i[Ç[ß ^_ ?+ Ao[m Miojchbi) _ jil cmmi h[3 koc*
n_l[ ^`_cc[l*hi= ^Ñfc_m g[cm ]cl]ohmn[h]c[^[ hinc]c[+
( /

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
`` CJOD>D< ?JH<IPN>MDOJ+
?o[ln_ Ioh_m ^_ G_[ã) [i ko[f ^_p_gim i m[\_l
ko_ i M_acg_hni ^[ EomncÇ[ _l[ _m]lcni _g f[ncg) i
ko_ Al+ =_lh[l^i ^_ =lcni him nchb[ ^_cr[^i cahil[l)
h[è É gocni g[cm _rjfc]cni ^i ko_ _ff_8 jicm m_h^i h[â
g_him b[\cf ]blihcmn[ ko_ `cfáfiai) `[f[ ]igno^i \_g
fca_cl[g_hn_ ^_ og fcoli) ko_ d[ hi m_o n_gji ^_pc[
m_l jl_]cimi) [i g_him j_f[ [hncaoc^[^_ _ j_fi [o]nil+
En`[m m_d[ ko[f `il [ ][om[ ^[ i\m]olc^[^_) ]ig koÑ _m*
n_m ^icm [o]nil_m m_ _rjfc][ã) im ionlim ko_ mj fb_m m_*
_oÜl[ã) mio\_l[! [ _mn_ l_mj_cni mig_hn_ i ko_ _ff_m
fb_m _hmch|l[â+ A[lc[ _ Niom[ ]ijcio _r[]n[g_hn_
?o[ln_ Ioh_m) jimni ko_ i h[^ ]cn[mm_) _ mi\l_ i
n_mn_gohbi ^i g_mgi ?o[ln_ Ioh_m mÑ `oh^io i f[*
\ilcimi ?+ <hnâhci >[_n[hi ^_ Niot[ _g no^i i ko_
mi\l_ cmni _m]l_p_i h[ Ccmnilc[ B_h_[fáac][+
O[f _l[ [ hinc]c[ ko_ b[pc[ ^im _m]lcnim ^i Nl+
?) ?o[ln_) ko[h^i Ei[^ Al[h]i =[ll_ni ^_j[lio h[
fcpl[lc[ ^[ >[lnor[ ^†@pjl[ ]ig og[ al[h^_ ko[hnc(
^[^_ ^_ i\l[m ^_ j_ko_h[ _rn_hm[!) ]igjimn[m j_fi
^cni Hih[l]b[) ]odim ncnofim ]ihmcahio h[ mo[ =c\fci*
cb_][) _ ^[) ko[f+?+ <hnihci >[_n[hi ^_ Niot[ im ]i*
dlcio h[m Klip[m ^[ Ccmnilc[ B_h_[fáac][) _ cgjlcgci
g_mgi [faog[m ^[m l_`_lc^[m i\l[m) mi\l_ og[ ]ijc[
Çfi >ih^_ ^[ èlc]_cc8[) UFWF VZJ& ^ct _fc_) IJ YTIT XJ
KNFc UJWHF [+ RJRjWNF IJ XJZX UWJHNTXTX YWFGFQMTX& YFl
INLSTX IJ JXYNRFeFy(
?_mn[ mo]]chn[ _rjimcÇ[! j[l_]_ ]iffcacl*m_ ko_
Al+ =_lh[l^i ^_ =lcni _ ?o[ln_ Ioh_m h[^ pÜl[ã g[cm
^i ko_ im `l[ag_hnim ^i GTR LT[JWST IF OZXYNeF. _
Ei[^ Al[h]i =[ll_ni) jl_n_h^_h^i+^[l*him i ][n[fiai
]igjf_ni ^[m +_\l[m ^i Nl+ ?+ ?o[ln_) h[ã n_p_ j[*
]cÖh]c[ j;l[ i)) [][\[l 8 jicm ^ct hi `cg ^i ko_ him
nl[hmgcnnci J TZYWFX RZNYFX TGWFX &[ch^[ ko_ \l_p_m'
IJ RZNYT JSVJSMT J JWZINHFl( ?ciai =[l\im[ ^_i*him +
g_him ko_ Ei[^ Al[h]i =[ll_ni8 _ ?+ <hnihci >[_n[*
hi+ ^_ Niot[ ) ko_ cgjlcgci [faog[m) ^_ ko_ im^ic[
jlchX_clim h[ã ^_l[â hinc]c;) him ncnofim ^_ ionl[m) h[``

(=<=D=H:9 8G * % ) ) $ (&
 + M 3 L' *K *- - & . 4 2 ' 1 *3 / " 5

m_ ]ih`ilg[ ]ig =[ll_ni h_g ]ig =[l\im[8 [i g_mgi

j[mmi ko_ _g ionlim nÜnofim) _mn_m ^icm åfncgim [fao*
g[m p_t_m n[g\Ég m_ h[ã ]ih`ilg[! _hnl_ mc+
< l[m[! ^_mn[ ^cp_la_h]c[ m_ _rjfc][) m_ ]ihmc^_*
l[lgim ko_ hi G_[f >ihm_fb_cli) og ]_lni hog_li ^_
][jÜnofim hip[g_hn_ _m]lcnim Ü[t - `oh^i ^[ i\l[) _
ko_ ]ig _ff_m gcmnolio i [o]nil) .+é ionlim ][jÜnofim
ko_ j[l[ ionl[m i\l[m nchb[ `_cni+ /+( H_gálc[m _ [lnc*
aim [pofmim ko_ [ ionlim l_mj_cnim _ _g ionlim n_gjim
nchb[ ]igjimni 8 _ ^_ no^i il^_hio [ko_ff_ nl[n[^i)
]ig i ko[f h[! Jj m[ncm`_t |m chmn[h]c[m ^[ F[chb[
?+ G_ihil) g[m [ch^[ i`f`_l_]_i h_ff_ | mo[ f_cnol[
g[nÉlc[m ko_ _hn_h^_i ji^_l_g m_l*fb_ [al[^[p_cm _
jlip_cnim[m+
?[koc m_ pÖ ko_ _mn_ jl_]cimi nl[n[^i n_g [ p[h*
n[d_g ^_ ]igjl_b_h^_l _g mc og al[h^_ hog_li ^_
]igjimcÇiÖm [pofm[m ^i m_o [o]nil) _ `c][ [i g_mgi
n_gji _rjfc][^i ]igi h|! jio][m ^[ko_ff[m H_gálc[m
o_ Ei[! Al[h]i =[ll_ni _ ?+ <hnihci >[_n[hi ^_
a iom[ []b|l[! h[ >[lnor[ ^†èpil[) `[t_g _`c_] nc pÅ*
g_hn_ j[ln_ ^i G_[f >ihm_fb_cli+
N_d[ ]igi `il) i ]_lni É ko_ im p[lcim _m]lcnil_m
òg_) m_aoch^i [ [o]nilc^[^_ ^_ =lcni) `ct_l[! g_hÇ[!
k[ko_ff_m nl[n[^im) ]ihpc_l[! ko_ ^_ ni^im _ff_m h[^[
N_ m[\c[ ko_ _rcmncmm_ c| h|ko_ff_m SEL ONR! cmni É) [h*
n_lcil_m a ^_m]i\_ln[ ^_ Ei[! Al[h]i =[ll_ni 7 _ n_h*
^i SjX _h]ihnl[^i h[ lckoÜmmcg[ =c\fcinb_][ M_[f ^im
g[hom]lcnim ^_ K[lÜn` i >á^c]_ h+( 1 7* * 1 ) ]ihn_h^i [m
^o[m i\l[m g[cm ]ihmc^_l|p_cm ^i Nl+ ?+ ?o[ln_) dof(
a[gim ko_ `[t_gim \ig m_lpcÇi ^[h^i | fot _mn_ jl_*
]cimi gihog_hni ^[ himm[ [hnca[ fcnn_l[nol[ Kilno*
`o_t[+
@ jicm _mn_ >i^c]Ñ og pifog_ _g `ifci al[h^_)
_m]lcni _g clÇla[gchbi _ _g ainbc]i) ]ig +,2 `ifb[m)
io ,// j[ach[m)) jil m_` i m_o p_lmi ^[ ofncg[ `ifb[
_g \l[`c]j) _X][^[ j[ach[ _g ^o[m ]ifogh[m+ @mn_ >i*
^c]_[]b[*m_ _h][^_lh[^i _g g[llikocg _h][lh[^i

(=<=D=H:9 8G
zW IBG=8G6 9 Z @6AHF8E=GB'
]ig [m [lg[m ^_ Al[hÇ[) ]igi gocnim ionlim ^[ko_`l
'[ =c\fcinb_][+ J g[hom]lcni ko_ _fc_ ]ihn_g É _pc*
^_hn_g_hn_ Pg[ ]ijc[) jil_g `_cn[ ]ig [ g[cil j_l*
`_cÇ[! _ fori) ko_ já^_ ^_m_d[l*m_ _ ]ih`_lc^[ ]ig i
g[cil _m]lojofi) i ko_ 3_ pâ ^_ [faog[m j[f[pl[m _(`]
m_h]c[_m [i m_hnc^i) _ [nÉ E_nnl[m ko_ jil _ha[hi -
]ijcmn[ l[l[m p_t_m nchb[ igcnnc^i C [m knc[_m m_ []b[!
_m]lcn[m ]ig [ g_mg[ nchn[) _ ]ig i g_mgi ][l[]n_l
_hnl_ [m fchb[m ^i n_rni+ I_ff_ h[! b[ l[mj[^_cf[) h_g
_g_h^[) [ h[! m_l_g [m jio][m ko_ []cg[ ^cmm_gim-
_ _mn| j_l`_cn[g_hn_ ]ihm_lp[^i+ < f_nnl[ ][jcn[f) io
m chc]c[f ^_ ][^[ ][jcnofi) É ]oc^[^im[g_hn_ ^_m_hb[((
^[ ]ig nchn[m ^_ ^cp_lm[m ]il_m) _ _mn_m ^_m_hbim _h*
lcko_]c^im gocn[m p_t_m ]ig icli8 im []]_mmilcim ^_f*
f_m i]]oj[! ni^[ [ _rn_hm[! ^[ ]ifogh[ _g ko_ i ][*
jcnofi ]ig_Ç[8 no^i h[ `ilg[ om[^[ him g[hom]lcni!
li[cm j_l`_cnim ^[ko_ff_m n_gjim+
J ko_ i Nl+ ?+ ?o[ln_ ]ilijl_b_h^_i ^_\[cri ^Ñ
ncnofi ^_ G_[f >ihm_fb_cli) ]igjiÖ*m_ ^_ og[ ?F[TF)
ko_ i]]oj[ [m jlcg_cl[m nl_m j[ach[m _ jlch]cjci ^g
ko[ln[) ]odi l_mni `c][ _g \l[h]i8 ^_ og <WTQQJL%$
kå_ jlch]cjc[ b[ n_l]_cl[ `ifb[ _ [][\[ hi WJHYT ^[
o[ln[ _ ^_ +*- ][jcnofim ko_ i]]oj}! ^_m^_ i [YYXg
- [ `ifb[ . [nÉ [i WJHYT ^[ `ifb[ 30 + _g ko_ [][\[ [
à\l[+ I[ m_aoh^[ ]ifogh[ ^[ g_mg[ j[ach[) `Ü][! -+
fchb[m Ñg \l[h]i) m_ao_g*m_ ^o[m `ifb[m) cao[fg_hnÑ
_g \l[h]i) _ hi WJHYb ^[ `ifb[ 33 ]ig_Ç[ ]ig i g_m(:
gi fori _ j_l`_cÇ[! i fcpli ^[ @hmch[hÇ[ ^_ \_ch ][ô
Q[`a~l ) i ko[f i]]oj[ [nÉ i g_ci ^[ jlcg_cl[ òán[hc(ô
h[ ^[ `ifb[ +,2 + z i ko_ dofa[gim mo``c]c_hn_ j[l[ m_
ji^_l `[t_l c^_c[ ^_mn_ \_ffi g[hom]lcni) j[l} i ko_
gocni [do^[l| i KFH XNRNQH) ko_ m_ [dohn[ [ _mn[ jl`_*
g_cl[ _^cÇ[!+ ! X
K_laohn[^i i =c\fcinb_][lci) jil kç_g cmni _!*
]l_p_ ) m_ jil p_hnol[ _mn_ _ ionlim jl_]cimim g|hnn}*
]lcnim) ko_ =_ []b[! h[ =c\fcinb_][) mÉlc[! ^]X_mjáfcâ
^i Nl+ ?+ <hnihci) Klcil ^i Bl[ni8 io m_ _rc`]nc\

(=<=D=H:9 8G
 ABG=8=6 9B @6AHF8E=GB) J >=
a[g[ g_gálc[ ^i gi^i jil ko_ ^_cf_m m_ `ct_l[ []koc*
mcÇ[õ8 l_mjih^_i) ko_ h_hbog[ hinc]c[ b[pc[8 g[m
ko_ n_h^i >if\_ln) ko[h^i koct `ilg[l _mn[ =c\fci(
nb_][) _m]lcni [ ni^im im [a_hn_m ^cjfig|nc]im _ ]ih*
mof[l_m ^[ Al[hÇ[) j[l[ ko_ ]igjl[mm_g ni^im im fc(
pli5 _ g[hom]lcnim l[lim ^[m h[Çá_m _g ko_ l_mc^c[!)
_l[ h[nol[f ko_ _ff_mÜÉÉÜ_g [^koclc^im jil _mm[ i]][*
mc[ã) _ l_g_nnc^im j[l[ K[lcm j_fim [a_hn_m ^[ Al[hÇ[
_g Kilnoa[f+

(=<=D=H:9 8G F 7 " A A 0 ? :
(=<=D=H:9 8G Biiaf_
 ?:6? 8BAFF:?<:=EB)

è.... hig_ ^_ himmi m_hbil dbç rj^ ]ig mo[ Xl[Ç[+

è ^_ mo[ gos m[h]n[ g[^l_ himm[ m_hbil[ m[h]n[ g[l
lc[+ >ig_Ç[mm_ i nl[on[^i k m_ ]b[g[ f_[f ]ihmm_fb_c*
li i ko[f `_t ?+ @^o[ln_ j_ff[ al[Ç[ ^_ ^_im M_s ^_
Kilnoa[f _ ^i <fa[lp_ _ N_hbil ^_ >_jn[+ <ll_ko_lc*
g_hni ^[ Hos _r]_ff_hn_ M_shb[ ^ih[ G_ihil mo[
giEb_l+

çH osni jl_t[^[ _ [g[^[ M[shb[+ N_hbil[) pim g_

l_nwl_mn_m ko_ dohn[g_hn_ pim g[h^[mm_ m]l_o_l [f*
ao~m ]iom[m ko_ [oc[ m]lcjn[m) j_l \ii l_acg_hni ^_
him_[m ]ih]c_h]c[m _ piihn[^_m+ è jimni X m[c\b[ al[*
Ç[ F [himmi XJSMTW) ko_ ^_ ni^i [o__m gos ]igjlc^i
]ihb_]cgNni ]ig oclnoim[ bom[hÇ[) m[ncm`[t_h^i [oim(
[i ^_m_di+ >ihmmsl_s ko_ m_lc[ g_fbil `_c]ni _g `ilg[
^_ boL mii nl[]n[^i ]ig [faoçm [^cg_hnim+ @[mmc i `ct
jil oim ]ájf[t_l _ `cfb[l 3hi `[t_h^i [faoç mj[Çi ^_
]oc^[^im ]ig l[ti[^i j[mm[g_hni ^_ nÖji+ @ [_mc jil
m_hncl ko_ jÖmm[h^i ]igi mi\l_mni _s ^_ m]l_o_l m[*
\_lc[ g[cm ^_mn[ gil[f _ oclnoim[ m]c_h]c[+ @ ko_ g_
`[l| ao[l^[l ^_ `[t_l ]iom[m g[f `_cn[m) jil m__l_g
]ihnl[Ül[m ^i ko_ m]l_pi) [ch^[ ko_ m_c[ i\l[ j_l[ _o
`[t_l jio]i j_ln__]_hn_ jimni ko_ [ ni^im _mn[^im m_c[
h_]_mm|lci m[\_l ]igi ^_o_g m_aocl oclno^_m ao[l^[h*
^imm_ ^_ j_][^im) _ ionlim `[fc]cg_hnim+ @ ^_mc jil
[faoçm ^_mn[ j_ko_h[ G_cnol[ m_ ji^_lÖ jl_mn[l []l_*

(=<=D=H:9 8G ,% # # $ (&
& 9 72/7 198<<27425;9#
]_hnÅ^i _g mo[m \ih^[^_m ]ig f_cr[g_hni ^_ gosnim
_llim8 jil ko_ ^[m i\l[m \l_o_m) _ mcgjl_t_m) im+^_
hig al[h^_ _hn_h^_l) _ jio]i m[\_l) g_fbil [jl_h*
^_g ko_ ^[m mincf _ [fn[g_hn_ m]lcjn[m+ @ [ himmi m_*
hbil ^_im) _g al[h^_ g_l]__ n_llc[ m_ ^_ gdhb[ oc^[
`_cnim _ ^c]nim gosnim `cfb[mm_g jlio_cnim[ _hmmch[hÇ[ )
_ hoh][ i ]ihnl[cli+ >[ m]lcjni b_) <ko_f ko_ `[t i
j_][^il _g m_o oco_l ^_ g[[i ][gchbi nilh[l ao[[Ç[
mo[ [fg[ _ m__lfb_[g ]o\_lnim _ l_f_o[^im al[g chof*
nc^i^m ^_ j_][^im+ @ ^ct himmi m_hbil ^[ko_f 9w ao[l(*
^[l m_om g[h^[gÖnim _ im Ömmch[l ko_ m_l[ ]b[g[^i
al[h^_ hi 0_o M_shi+ Kil_g [dh^[ cd i g_o ][ll_ai)
g[cm m_c[ gimnl[l j_l i\l[) _ j[f[il[ [faç[ j[ln_)
^_m_ci ]i\l[l ^_ g_`_]cgÖni ^im ]d `[tÖ f_cnol[m ^_
\i[m _ oclnoim[m _hmmsh~Ç[m) jil n[f k \_g odo_h^i
j_l mo[ g_l]__ h[ ko_ff[ ]ihn[ o_l^[^_cl[gÖn_ m__l
]ihn[^i+ @ jilko_ i _hnÖ^cgÖni b_ himm[ oclno^_ gos
jlch]cj[f) m]l_oc ^_c bo~ \l_o_ l_j[lncÇ^) _ i g[cm
`os [dohn[h^i m_a)3 g_fbil jo^_ `[t_l+ @ jil m__l_g
[faoNm ]iom[m mi\l_ mc nÉji b[ m]lcjn[m) h^ f_o[g n[f
`ilg[) ]igi m_ ni^[m dçn[gÖn_ mi\l_mn_ jlijimcni `i(
lig il^_h[^[m+ <dh^[ ko_ [fao~m l_tiiÖm o[~ ^i\l[(
^[m) m_c[g_ l_f_o[^i) jilko_ i `[Çi) ko_l_h^i ni^i
g_fbil ^_]f[l[l) [o_h[i _g n[f f_cnol[) jil g_him
Ü[fc[g_hni ^i\l[c f[m) 9w ih^_ ]^o_g m__l gdhao[^i hi
m]l_o_l ^_ms 7 jilko_ ^_ gchb[ g[[^ `is ni^i jlcg+(
m]lcjni ncl[h^i [m ]iom[m ^_ `il[ _g _d nl[f[^[^[m)
^_c Di n[hni g_ hig ao[l^_s) n__h^i g[cm n_NÇig ^i
\Ö gimnl[l [mmomnÅ]c[ ^i ko_ m]l_oc[ 9w [ `l_gim[ _
ao[l^[^[ g[h_cl[ ^_m]l_o_l+ Ki^_ffi__m m_oim jl[t
]b[g[l f_[f ]^mm_fb_cli jil`d [dh^[ Ü' g_ h^ [nl_o[
]_lnc`c][l X ^[ Nni^im \iim ]^mm_fbim) =_s `d f_[fgÖn_
b_ ni^i m]lcjni ko[hni g_o j_Xhi m[\_l) _g\[la[^i
_g ni^i a__l[f l_acgÖni ^_ domncÇ[ ]imm_fbim) _ ni^[m
ionl[m jlio_ÖÇ[m ^_ g_om M_chim _ N_hbilci ji^_
j_l][fÇ[l j_l[ ji_l n[f i\l[ [mmc \l_o_gÖn_ _g m]lcj*
ni [Z]\`Q [faoÅm OZ`^M^ ^Q ji^â \â ]MdZM] 1 h^ ;"

(=<=D=H:9 8G 9N;;= WQ
 9 7; /K# 1$8*<27425;$# '
n[[_m j_l[ m]l_o_l+ @ `cfb[si jil bo`c <+ =+ >+ ^_ f_[f*
^[^_+ >[ b_ Ü_c]fi jlch]cj[fgÖn_ jl[ m_hbil_m _ aìn_
^_ mo[m ][m[m cd h[ nb_ilc][ ^_ n[[_m `_c]nim - l_mj_cni
^im m[\_^il_m) jil giÇim ^_o_gim m__l ]ãn[^im jl[ im
1'o[[_m+ < ) = ) > ) b_ mo[ jlájlc[ NmmchNÇ[+ @ g[cm jil
E\i <+ m_ ji^Ö Ön_h^_l im ji^_l_m _ j[criÖm &w ][^[i_`n
^_ him b[+ @ j_l bi =+ i al[h^_ \Ö ko_ j_l][fÇigi[
m_aoc^il_m ^[m hclno^_m _ \á^[^_m+ @ jil bi >+ ^i[
g[fE_m _ j_][^im himmi ]ill_acgÖni+ Kil 9w ^_mn[m nl_m
j[ln_m g_mnol[^[gÑn_ _ h`f [mmc j_l il^Ö b_ g_o jli*
jimcni ^_ g[cm nl[on[l ]ã ^_oc^[ jlin_mn[Ç`n) f_crN^i
ni^i [i ]ill_acgÖni ^[ko_ff_m [X j_ln__]_l+ >[ mi\l_ffi
g[cm m]l_oi jil ko_ mchni _ o_ci) h[ g[h_cl[ ^_ him*
mi oco_l y j_l mno^i ^_ fcolim) oÖ _hmmchi ^_ f_n_l[ò
^im) ji^_mm_ ^ct_l ^_ f_[f^[^_) OM j_l ^_l_cni ]ihbi*
]cgÖni ^_ himmi ji^_l) m[\_l) ko_l_l) g_gálc[) ÖnN*
^_l) oiãn[^_) m_aodh^i) _ jimmodh^i hclno^_m) _ ^im
j_][^im) _ ionlim `[fc]cgÖnim ]ig _g_h^[ him [ocm[h*
^i m_ gòP_g [ himmi m_hbil ^_im _ [[m) j_mmi[m ko_ m[
^_o_ G T A Q D A Q # @ jil c' [i jl_m_hn_ ^_ mo[ g_l]__ nâ
_mn[ oclno^_ ionila[^[ _g _mn_m M_shim `cnl_ m_hbil_m
- m_loc^il_m) g[lc^im) _ gifb_l__ n$j_l`_cn[g$_ io*
nlim hâ m_s hÖ ioÇi k g[cm g_fbil ^_fc[ bdom_g ^im
ko[[_m jicm E??E DERRA BNA GQA[A g_ NTSNQGNT jlf]cj[f
l_acg_hni) g_ mchni gosni i\lca[^i ^_[ mÖjl_ gÅ*
n__l _ ao[l^[l [ ni^im _ [lim g[cm j_l i\lca[Çá ^_
l[h^_m l[tiiNm _ l_ko_cdgÖni ^_ gdhh[ \i[ pihn[^_(
` il_g g_ jl[t [mmc ^_fn[ m__l hig_[^[ jil n[f ko_ i
hig_ ^_mn_ g_o m]lcjni ]É]il^_ ]ig [g[h_cl[ _g &E
j_l g_l]__ ^i m_hbil ^_i_%g_ nl[\[fbi m_gjl_ odo_l+
>~jl_ jl[ mm_ g_fbil ñn_h^_l ^_ m_ f__l ni^i ^_ ]i*
g_Çi) j[mmi) _ jio]i) ^_ ][^[bo`` o_t \Ö [jihn[^i)
_mn[h^i g l[ti[^i nÖji \_g ^_mjimnim im k f__l_g _
ioodl_g+ >[ f__[^imm_ ^iinl[ aoct[) _hn_h^i ñw [im
f_n_c[^im üj[l_]_l[ g[cm msgjl_tg_hn_ `_cni+ @ [im io*
nlim) Sl c[g \ii ^_hnÖ^_l) jil `d n[[_m f_cnol[m [im &d
^_ m_gXb~n_ hi]h n_Ö \ii ]i[b__cgNnj) g[cm mig j_l[

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
. * ?:6RO 8BAFF:?<:UEB)
m__n_g _h[mch[^im) k j_l[ ^_mj_h^_l nÖji) io m_ ^_m*
_h`[^[l ]igi fcoli ^_mnilc[m _g k i_h n_h^c g_hni jio*
]i nl[\[fb[ jil i_h n_h^_l io m_ hÖ\l[l+ @ jimni k [
[jlcg_cl[ j[l_Ç[) Sm m_hnclÖ jlio_cni ^_i o__l) h_g
iohdl) m[c\bÅ ko_i f__l ^im \iim fcolim _ \i[ ]ão_lm*
m[Çãg) `[t []l_]_hn[l imm[\_l _ oclno^_m ]ihoi ]l_]_
i]ilji) k hç][ m_ ]ihb_]_) m_hã j[mm[h^i j_l nÖji.
^_ j_khi k _l[) m_ []b[ al[h^_ _ i ^_fa[^i Tilhd^i+
@[mms ]ig [al[Ç[ ^i m_hbil i\ii mno^i FIKHADN ]ig
\i[ n_ÖÇig ) ^_ mclijl_t) `[t m[\_^il) ^i k \_g hig
odo_ nÖj_l[^i) _ oclnoimi+ @ ^_ n[f f__l [o_gim nl_m
jlio_cnim) Klcg_cli ^_mj_h^_l [ko_f nÖji _g \_g `[(
t_l+ N_aoh^i []l_]Ön[l _g \i[ m[\_^ilc[+ O_l]_cli jil
i]oc^[^i) ko[h^i _mn_h_l i]]limi) [oÖ^i fÖ\l~Ç[ ^i
k E__i) hig m_ i]]oj[l Ö [faoçm hig iiim jÖmm[gÖnim)
Nn_ l_nilh[h^i [i k [jl_h^_l []l_]Ön[l _g \ii m[\_l
_ oclno^_+ Kl[t_lgd[ k im f__^il_m ^_mn_ nl[on[^i n_*
o_mm_g [li[h_cl[ ^[[\_fb[) k j[mm[h^i j_l l[gim ^
`ifb[m) h[m `fil_m g[cm ]omnog[ ^_jiom[l+ @ ^[ffs `cfb[g
c[ln_ ^_ m_o g~nsgÖni+ @ h`f m_c$ n[[Ñm ]igi [ko_f(
¶ _m \c]bim k f_cr[h^i ni^[m ]iom[m ffj[m h[m g[cm Çod[m
`cEb~ mo[ aio_lh[hÇ[+ @ _mni m_ ^ct jil ko[hni [fao`fm)
o__h^i ko[[_m ko_l j_mmi[m) io f__h^i j_l fcolim)
[ko_ff[m ]iom[m ]âmmsl[g _g k jimm[g [o_l \ii _rÖ*
jfi) _hmmshi) _ [ocm[gÖni+ @ k []bÉ _ o_c[g `[fc]cgÖ(
nim) j[mm_g j_l _ff_m) m_gjl_ l_ao[l^[h^i [i g[cm
jlio_cnimi) _ ^cahi ^_ fiooil+ @[ko_mn_m [[\_fb[ ^_(
o_g m__l [jlijc[^im) im ko[[_m jil []b[lÖ _g _mni L
m]l_oi [faoÅ ]iom[ k fb_m j_t[8 g[cm ]ãmmsl_g [[mo\*
mn|]c[ _ \i[ n_ÖÇâ k [i gosni m[\_l hÖ `ilg[ ^_ll[*
ti[l)% jilko_ l_mao[l^[h^i [i ^_mo[cli ^[m j_mmi[m
_g _mn[^i) _hn_h^_l _ mincff_t[) ]ig ^Ñ3_ci k l[ti[(
^[g_hn_ jlioo_mm_ [im g[cm k i ocmm_g _ l_]_\_mm_g
[faoç \ii ]^mm_fbi fÖ\l~Ç[ io [ocm[gÖni+ <]il^_c ^_
f_o[l _mn[ il^_g ^_m]l_o_l h[ a__l[f g[h_cl[ ^_ himmi
`[ff[l+ KilÖ \_g m_s ko_ [fah| f_cnol[ hig ji^_ [ni(
^im cao[fg_on_ jl[t_l ][ n_Ö mi\l_ffi nân[ ^_`_lÖÇ[ ]i(

(=<=D=H:9 8G 9N;;= WQ
 J G@<G >JINN@GCNDMJ+ 2
gi ^i aimni ^[m oc[h^[m _ ioodl ^im min`m 7 @ [ `d ^_m*
jl[t [ [Eaoçm jil fb_ j[l_]_l m]ol[) ionlim [doWa[g
jil msgjl_tgÖn_ `_cn[+ @ [im k `[fc[ ]ihnl[ m_o jli*
jimcni _ g[h_cl[ ^_ odo_l) jio]i ^_ffi m_ ]^nÖnig+ @
jimni < [gosnim _mni há j_t[) [\[mn[g_ himmi N_*
hbil m[\_ gshb[ n_ÖÇig) _ 9w m_c[ `_cni [himmi jl[t_l+
@ n[f nl[on[^i g_ j[l_]_ ko_ jlch]cj[fgÖn_ ^_o_ j_l*
n__]_l j_l[ big_Öm ^[ >iln_ 9w [fÇoN ]iom[ m[c\\[g
^_ m_g_fbÅn_ m]c_h]c[) _ ^_m_cÖ odo_l oclnoim[gÖn_)
jil [ [im ionlim \_g j_hmmi k hig gosni fb_m j_t[
^_i f__l) hÖ ioodl+ @ [mmc ]igi m_ `[t_g `l_im ^_
`_cÇiá_m ^_mo[cl[^[m) _ im k bç[m \_mn[m hÖ _h`l_Å) [m
ionl[m m~ Ö _ff_m \_g [^_lÖÇ[^[m) m_g_fbÅn_ m_ `[t
h[m gil[[_m Ömmsh[hÇ[m) Ånl_ [m ko[[_m _mn[ ^_o_ m__(
]ân[^[ _ cd [ gosnim jil ]b[~) io [fao~ ]iom[ m]ol[)
nnã jl_t~) ji^_l[ m__l ]d [faoçm jil im Ömmshim _ [oc*
m[gÖnim 9w ^_im `dl_h^i _g _mn_ nl[on[^i m_l[g m]lc*
jnim ^_ g[f `[t_l m_ l_`l_[lÖ) _ jl[ oco_l oclnoim[gÖ*
n_ m_l[g _h^otc^im [ko[f mj_l~Ç[ hÖ jio]i g_ []l_*
]Éhn[ \ii ^_m_ci ^_i nl[t_l [jlio_cnim[ j_l`_cÇig+
?[ ionl[ j[ln_ gosnim mig n[[_m ]igi [ko_ff_m \c*
]bim k f_ct[h^i ni^[ ]iom[ \i[) _ \_g `_cn[) [f h`f
]ihmmsl`n m_hig ih^_ []b[lig k jl[mgÖ) io ^_ k m][l*
h_Ç[g ) ][ ERSN FIKHAL jil RET L<SIL<SN# 2 APTERSER!
\_g g_ j_t_lc[ Ew i hig f__mmÖ) ]ihb_]_h^i k h__ff_
[mm[t ji^_lâ []b[l j_l[ bom[lÖ ^_ m_om g[[im ]omno*
g_m+ z jil kh[hni _mni m]l_oi) ]igi ^cni b_) jil
]igjlcl oimm[ pihn[^_ ]ig g_o jl[t_l _ ^_m_h`[^[*)
g Ön_) cdl_h^i AAKGT_0 [jlio_cn[l _ [hÖao_g Öj__]_l)
^_i f__l _ ioodl \_g m_lc[ cw `imm_g m]om[im) jilko_
mig ]_lni `d o__g jio][m ]iom[m) h_g i\l[m ^_ " fb_
jl[t[) hÖ l_]_\[g jlio_cnim[ _hmmsh[hÇ[) @mm_g_fbN*
n_ `[t_g im g[cm ^_ ni^im him `[fc]cgÖnim _g 1' gos*
nim mig ^_llc\[^im ) _ h[m oclno^_m ^_+k \_g hÖ bo*
m[g+ KilÖ m_om doctim mi\l_ n[[_m f_cnol[m hÖ ^_o_g
m__l ]l_o^im+ Act nl[ff[^[l Ö _f [faoçm ]_lnim ][jcniffim
PZ`_]Z^ fcolim [Z] g_ [M]QOQ] \`Q `[tc[g ^_]c[l[Çih

(=<=D=H:9 8G 9N;;= UQ
` 9 72/7 198<<27425;9#
ë [do^[ hi k m]l_oc[+ @ hi ]^j_Çi ^_ff_m mm_^_gimnl[
^ih^_ ][^[b`f+ b_ ncl[^i) `cfb[h^i _g _mni _rÖjfi ^[kc
[onil ^i fcoli ^i [g[hn_ k ]_ln[m _mnálc[m _g _f m]l_*
o_i ^_ k m_ `cfb[g al[h^_m) \iim ]ámm_fbim _ [ocm[gÖ*
nim+ è ]ihb_]_h^i g_[ m[\_l j_l[ _mni h`f mo`c]cÖn_)
hig _s jil `cj[]\i m__l [do^[ ^_ n[[_m ^cnim _ m__l_g
[mms iájlc^[m[Nc_ [kos nl[ff[^[^im jimni k i m_o gos
\ii _ h[qimi l[ti[l hi jil gsg m]lcjni `[Ç[ al[h^_
[\[nc lhÑni) jil k g[o kli [jlio_cn[l [im k i oclÖ ][
ò_h]i\lcl _mn[ gdhao[^[ g[h_cl[ ^_ g_o m]l_o_l+
1FUNYTQQT <WNRJNWT
IFX UFWYJX IT STXXT JSYJSINRJSYTë
? ô ân_h^cgÖni himmi m_aoh^i gchb[ ^_]f[l[ÇÅ b[
ëncc j[ln_m+ Klcg_cl[ ^[jl_h^_l j_l [ko[W ÑnÖ^_gim _
òjlÖ^_phim \_g _ ]_^i i k him ^ct_g _ j_l m]lcjni
*io ^ionl[ aoc_[ him b_ ^_gimnl[^i+ < _mn[ j_ln__]_
_ihn__l i]is^[^i _ _mn[l \_g _hn_hni) hi ko_ ^_(
m_c[gim ^[jl_h^_l) io ^[l l_jimn[) ]imnog[h^ihim
[hio[g_hn_ [jl_h^_l [ko_ff[m ]iom[m k j_l[i _mn[^i
_g k `ilgim j_ln_h]_l_g+ N_aoh^i ^_ ll_h_g\l[l)
j_l k \_g _ nÜÜa[gân_ him f_g\l[ i k m[\_gim) o__*
gim) _ ioodgi5) jÑmm[gim) _ il^_h[gim `[t_l) _mn[
l_]_\_ [do^[ ]omnog[h^i[m_ [`cfb[l [fancÅm ]iom[m h[
g_gálc[) ]ig lsc[ hiin[^_+ @j_l imm[\_l ^[ [ln_
g_gil[ndi[ \_g il^_h[^[) g[cm n_hbi 0 m_ []l_]Ön_)
k i ]ihnl[ cli) ]igi [faoçm ^c[N 7 O_l]_cl[) do^c][nÜo[
j_l [ko[f ^[gim \ii _ ^_l_cni docmi) hi k jÑmm[gim)
ò__gim) _ ''oc gim) hâ ^_moc[h^i jil [gil) i^ci) _
n_gil) m_ail~Ç[) jlio_cni) j_l^[) jl[t_l) io m[hb[)
ao_l^~^i njã _ il^_g ]ig ^_oc^[ Ö`\lg[Çã ^im `_c*
fim 8 `__g him ]ßmm_fb[h^i m_aoh^i n[f ]iom[ l_9wl_+
@[kmn[ jil [gil ^_hi_mi m_hbil ^_im _ [`_cÇihc ^[m
ògln]p^_m ]5 \ii m[\_l) ]imnog_ ^im `_cnim) ^_ \_g g
gdfbil m_ []l_]Ön[+ Lo[ln[ `co`cnÜo[ j_l+ k migim []\[x
^il_m ^_ hio[m £iÉÇiiÖm ko[f k[_l ]iom[) @ ògm

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
 $ 72/7 1$8<<07425;$ +
`_cnim _ i\l[m ]`[msl[lgim hioim ][gdhbim j_l[ j_l*
][EÇ[l i him jl[t) io him ao[l^[lgim ^i k l_]_[*
gim+ < _mf[ m_ ji^_ [jlijlc[l ni^i [ocm[gÖni _ j_l*
]_\cgÖni [hn_ ^i `_cni) _ ^_m ko_ migim _g _ff_+ @
j_l[ \ii [ocm[gÖni m_ l_"l[ h[nol[f mincf_t[ ^i Ön_hx
^_l) ]ig \i[ hÖ\l[hÇ[ iihncho[^[) ^i ko_ ^_g[h^ô
][^[\oç `_cni+ è ^_m_ci al[h^_ j_l[ im [][\[l j_l`_c(
n[g_hn_ ]ig n[f l_]_i ^_ gdhao[ _ `[ff_]cgÖni hig
m_ i]oj[h^i _g ionl[m ]iom[m ko_ nilo_g i]oc^[^i)
io ^_fcaÑn_ i\l[ ^[h^i m_g n[l^[hÇ[ ^_oc^[ _r_]oÇ"
hi k ioo_l \_g j_hmm[^i+ < kochn[) ^_]f[l[^il j_l
[ ko[f ^_]f[l[gim) _ _hmjsh[gim ni^[ ]iom[ j_l j[å
f[ol[) m]lcjni) _ ionl[m ^_]E[l[ÇiiÖm ^_ ko[fko_l m]c_h(
]c[ io _hmmsh[hÇ[) ao[l^[h^i _g ni^im himmim `_cnim -
\i[m) bih_mn[m ]ihn_h_hÇ[m) _ ]_lcgihc[m) m_aoh^i
][^[\oL \_) _i `_cni ^_g[h^[) j_l[ _mn[ o[c gosni
]ihncho[^[g_hn_ ko_l_l m[\_l) ni^[ ]iom[ l[ti[^[
m_c[+ ao[l^[h^i [ko_ff[ j[ff[ol[ 8rko_ n__h^i h[ ]io[
i j__ [dh^[ ^_m_c[gim ^[jl_h^_l j_l ko_ m_ ^_gimnl[)
]igi ^_o_gim m_gjl_ n__l _mn[ n_ÖÇig8 jil ko_ ^i
\ii [jl_h^_l h[]_ \ii m[\_l _ a_cni ^_hmmsh[l+ è j_ô
l[ m[\_l ]âo_g jl_aohn[l [mmc jlcg_cli) j_hm|^i ^[m
]iom[m! C N L N mig ! _ òg[h_cl[ ko_ mi\l_fc[m ^_o_ n__l
]ig [m ionl[m ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m [_mci j_lf__]_in_m) _ [im
ionlim ko_ ^_o_g m__l jl_açn[^im) _ y j_l mc _ ^io*
nlim [jl_h^_l hig md[ _gj[]bi ^_i _hmmsh[l _ jl[nc*
][l him ][mim ko_ \ig `il+ N_rn[ _r_]onec[ j_l ko_
\_g _ jl_mn_gÖn_ ^[gim [_hr_]oÇig iko_ him ]âjl_)
_ []il^[gim ^_ `[t_l) hã in[l^~^i) jimji_h^i j_l
f_cr[gÑni) jlcaocÇ[) _ gdhao[ ^i ]il[Çig) Öj[ihi)
fcod^[^_) [o[l_t[) hÖ him nilo[h^i j_l ionli ]oc^[^i
io `[hn_mc[+ @_mn[ j_lnm_Ç_g ^[l \i[ il^_g _g ni^[
]iom[ ko_ j_l him [n[gim ^i\l[l io g[h^[l 9w m_ `[Ç[
`[t_h^i nl[t_l [^_ic^[ `sg+ @[ko_mni mj_]c[fg_hn(
[jlo^Ö]c[ j_ln__]_+ N_sncg[) ^[ `clg_t[ _ j_pmm_o_lX
Ç[ jifc[ ko[f migim `clg_m Ö himmim \iim jlijimcnim) _
i\l[m) h" [m jimji_h^i) io f_cr[h^i hi " [__gim `

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B (&
- 9 72/7 198<<27425;9#
b_ \_g _ ]=jl_ ^_ m_ `[t_l+ @[ko_mn[ j[ln_ m_ l_Üdl_)
Sm m_ ncal[l h[m ^_n_lgdh[ÇiiÖm ^[m ]iom[m _ ioodh^i
\_g [m j[lf_m ]ig ^_bol[^i ]âmm_fbi) m_ ^_o_ []il*
^[l i ko_ ]ão_g ^_ `[t_l+ @i \_g []il^[^i hig i*
go^[l jil g_^i) _gj[]bi) [o[l_t[ io oiihn[^_ YZX
l[ti[^[ ^_ ]igjl[t_l [ionlÖ+ @mn[m ^o[m j[ln_m [dh^[
ko_ mcgjl_tgÖn_ hig m_c[g j_l[ m_ [jlijlc[l [i _h*
n_h^cg_hni) jil ko_ m_ l_Xl_ j_l[ _ff[m oclno^_ ^i ]i*
l[Çig) jil_g ]ihmmsl[h^i ]igi jil _f _mn[m oclno^_m
^_ m__l \ii _r_]onil _ `clg_ m_ []l_]_hnÅ _ g[hn_ã
]ig [al[Ç[ ^i N_hbil) [m jom hi ]ihni ^[m ionl[m8
momi m]lcjn[m _ j_l ao[l^[l _ []l_]_hn[lgim Hm [g_l*
]__ ^_ himmi m_hbil ^_im _g ni^[m _mn[m j[ln_m ^i _h*
n_h^cg_hni) ko[nli ]iom[m) m_hni m__lig gosni h_l*
]_mm[lc[m+ Klcg_cl[ _ g[cm jlch]cj[f k ]ihb_Ç[gim [*
o_lgim j_l mo[ mj_]c[f al[Ç[ ni^i hi`_mi \_g) _ m_g*
jl_ ^[h^ifb_ fiooil_m ^_g[h^_gim ko_ him [do^_ _
[]l_]_hn_ _g ni^i ]igi m_c[gim ^_mjimnim j_l[ i g_*
fbil m_locl+ N_aç^[) ko_ ao[l^_gim nâj_lÅÇ[ Ö ]ig_l
_ \_o_l _ ni^im himmim `_cnim+ O_l]_cl[) ko_ hig m_c[*
gi5 o_h]c^im ^_mil^_h[^[gÖn_ _g [faç[ j[c râ ^[gil
n_gil) _ [mmc ^[m ionl[m ko_ [^c~n_ m_ ^cl[g+ Lo[ln[
.w ^_m_c_gim gosni j_l][fÇ[l _ [o_l ni^[m _mn[m j[lò
n_m ^i _hn_h^cgÖni jl_t[h^i[m gosni [o_h^i jil al[h*
^_ gdhao[) `[fC]cg_hni j_l[ [ oc^[ jl_m_hn_ _ ko_
mjl[gim m__l ^_m`[ff_]c^i _g ][^[ bo`n ^_fc[m+ @ jil k
gosni m_ j_l][fÇ[ ^i - lsci _ ]ã nc ho[^[g_hn_ b_ ^_*
m_c[^i) ^_ ko[hni l_]_\_gim h[nol[fgÖn_) m_ n[f [`_c*
em n_o_lgim jio]i m_ j_l^_l[ _ j_l[ [do^[ ^[ ko_f
m_g iko[f ni^i b_ h[^[ ^_ \_g _g g_fbil m_gjl_
[o[hÇ[l_gim+ @ gosni b_ h_]_mm|lci h[ s^[^_ hio[
[o_l mi\l_mni \i[ Ömmsh}Ç[ ]igi m_ ^ct hi fcoli ko_
`_t b{ `cfbi ^_ mcl[]*b ko_ ]b[g~ _]f_mc|mnc]i ih^_
%[\[h^i [mm[\_^ilc[ _ iÖn_h^_g_hni _h]ig_h^[ ko_
u iai ^_ himm[ gi]c^[^_ [ _ffi j_l [`_cÇig him _h]fc*
h_gim) _ h[ o_fbc]_ []b[l_gim [^ofÇol[ ^_ff_+ >[ mi*
d\l_mni g_ j[l_]_ ko_ o_l^m^_cl[gãn_ m_hncgim iko_

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 A A 0 ?:
 $ 72/7 198<<27425;9# -
m_ PUd ^i -di \ii RV oÖ mj[hnimi Q ^Q j[lf_ ^i]_ _ ]ig
al[h^_ ]ãmmiff[Çig+ @ ^i Dgcdai ]d ]ig `ifa~Ç[ oâ _
j[ln_ ]ig mj[hni _ [mmc imm[\_l _ [m oclno^_m ]ig nl[*
\[fbi m_ [jl_h^_g) ao[l^[g _ m_ao_g+ @^_3ko_ [Q]
g_l]__ ^i m_hbil ^_im [faoÅ j[lf_ [_ff[m m_ j_l][fÇ[)
jl[t_l) ]ãn_hn[g_hni _ \i[ `ifa[hÇ[ b_ m_hnc^[ mN*
jl_ h[ oc^[ jl_m_hn_ ]ig al[h^_ mjl~Ç[ j_l[ 9w [nÖ^_(
gim+ @ im j_][^im ni^im hi jl_mÖn_ gimnl[g ^_f_cn[*
Çig Q [`cg m_l[ ]â ^iil _ nlcmn_t[+ Kil_g [dh^[ ko_
j[l_Ç[ nl[\[fbimi [jl_h^_l _ O`^W`XM]^7Q [[m ^cf[Ç
j[ln_m ^i _hn_h^cg_hni ni^[oc[ ]omnog[f[m ^_o_gim)
jicm ni^im m[\_^il_m _mni ]ihmm_fb[g) _ g[h^~) jimni
ko_i hig `[Çig) ao[l^[h^i [ko_ff[ j[ff[ol[ ^_ himmi
m_hbil ko_ `[Ç[gim iko_ him _hmmsh[l_g) [dh^[ ko_i
[mms hig jihb[g j_l i\l[+ <ll_j[lncg_hni ^[m bc^[(
^_m ji^_l_gim [jlijlc[l _mn[m j[ln_m ^i _hn_h^_l) _
[m bc^[^_m má j_l gosn[m g[h_cl[m l_j[lnc^[m) g[m
bo~ ko_ ji_g im f_n_l[^im ko_ \_g g_ j[l_]_) ]b[*
g[ d`[h]c[ [n[[ pcd+ Åhim) jo_lc[) [n[[ rcccd) [n[[ rrd+
[]fiff[]_h]c[) g[h]_\c[) [n[[ ]ckoi_hn[) o_fbc]_ [n[[
frr m_hsog [n[[ Drrr+ @ ^[ffc [n[[ `cg ^[oc^[ ^_]l_jc(
^om+ @ [ko_mni ]ih]il^[ ]ig i ^cni ^_ l_s ^[ocnt hi
[[fgi ko_ ^ct [oc^[ ^i big_g ôi\l_ [n_ll[ b_ KVV <DNB!
Q m_ g[cm j_l[im ^_m[jimm[^im icn_Ön[+ @^[ffc [o[hn_
nl[\[fbi _ ^iil+ @[ko_mn_ him ^_o_ ncl[l ^[ko_ff[ msg*
jl_t _hnÑhÇig ko_ [cao`cm j_hmmig) ko_ [ail[ odoâ
im big_Nm g_him ko_ o_ocN _g nèjà ^_ himmim [oiim)
iko_ j_l _mn_ m_ gimnl[ \_g i ]ihnl[cli jil cd gosnim
oco_g _mn[ s^[^_ _g l[ti[^[ ^_mjimcÇig+ è im ^i]ni*
l_m ^[m f_r j_l mo[ l_j[lfcÇig ^[m bc^[^_m ]ig _mni
]ih]il^[g) jil ko_ [hn_ ^[ osh^[ ^_ himmi m_hbil
c} g[h^[o[g im big_Öm [jiom_hn[l ^_ frr ~him) _h*
n_h^_h^i ko_ [n[ [ffs m_ ^_oc[ ]ihn[l j_l oc^[) ]igi
|i jl_m_hn_ m_ `[t+ @o `[Çi ^_fc[m ionl[ l_j[lncÇig ^_
m_n_ _g m_n_ /him) ko_ ]ig_mn[ _gj[ln_ m_ ]ih]_ln[)
j_l [go^~Ç[ ko_ a__l[fg_hn_) _g im g[cm o_ci+ I[
jlcg_cl[ [im m_n_) m_ go^[g im ^_hn_m+ N_aoh^[ ^_ rcccd(

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
 +* J G@<G >-I5N@GC@DM-+
mig _g bc^[^_ j_l[ ji^_l_g ][m[l+ O_l]_l[ ^_ OOB
ko_ [][\[g ^_ ]l_]_l+ Lo[ln[ ^_ rrpccd ko_ j_l][f(
Çig [ni^[ `ilÇ[ _ o_l^[^_cli `ilhdg_hni ^i ]ilji+
Lochn[ ^_ rrrp _g ko_ m_ j_l][fÇ[ j_l`_cni _m`ilÇi)
]ihmm_fbi _ h[nol[f _hn_h^_l+ @^[ffs [o[hn_ j_lmm_g_*
fb[hn_ ^_ pcc _h m_n_ ~him) _hn_h^i ko_ o[~i ^_]_h^i
j_l ionlim ^_al[[im h[nol[fg_hn_ [dh^[ ko_ hig m_
o_c[ n[g ]f[li) [n[[ ]igjlcl i]ihni ^_ frr ~him _g
ko_ ^_o_gi5 `[t_l `cg ^_himmim ^c[m j_l[im `_cnim ^[
jl_m_hn_ oc^[+ @h[ko_ff_m ^_al[im jlcg_clim ko_ mig
^_ ]l_]_l) [m j[ln_m ^i _hn_h^cg_hni m_ ^_o_g bom[l
>ig_Ç[h^i h[ jlcg_cl[ fiai ^[ jl_h^_l) _ h[ m_aoh*
^[ o_t[l [g_gilc[ _g l_n__l [fao~m \i[m _hmmsh[hÇ[[
h[nol[fg_hn_ _ j_l [faoçm \iim [ocm[g_hnim+ @ [mms
bcl ]l_]_h^i j_l ni^[m ionl[m j[ln_m ko_ ]ig [al[Ç[
^_ himmi m_hbil _g ko[hni [s^[^_ ji^_ gdfbil [do^[l
]ig \i[ oiihn[^_) ]omnog_) _hmmshi) _ ]ão_lmm[Çig)
m_ [do^_) i ko_ h[nol[fg_hn_ ^_][^[bo~ j[ln_ l_]_(
\_gim+ h_g ko_cl[gim ko_ im \ig_Nm ^[ ko_f n_gji
_l[g g[sil_m+ >[ m_ oclig im immim [hncaim) ionlim
m_g_fb[hn_m m_ []b[lág+ @ n[f b_ ^[ `ilÇ[ _ ^_ ni^[m
ionl[m ]iom[m) jil ñw [il^_h[hÇ[ ^_ himmi m_hbil [h^[
j_l igoh^i `[t_h^i go^[hÇ[) ^[h^i [fao~m ]iom[m
^[o[hn[a_g _g boç n_gji [bç[ n_ll[) _ ^_jicm [io*
nl [ ) g[m ni^i b_ iko_ `il) ][hig b[ bs ]iom[ hio[
5ii ]__i) ]igi 0 AKKAL NL \_g ^_]f[l[ j_l _oc^_hn_m
l[tiiNm hi çoli _]f_mc[mn_m+ @ jil_g ]ig \ii _m`il*
Çi m_gjl_ him nl[\[fb_gim ]ig [g_l]__ ^_ ^_im j_l[
[o_l [ko_ff[m j[ln_m ^i _hn_h^cg_hni) ]igi [m ioo_*
dãl[ [ko_ff_m ko_ oclnoimim `ilãg) jicm [mmo[ g[[``
hig b_ g[cm `l[][ h_g [\lcoc[^[ j_l[ hiffim ionlia[l
ko_ [hn_m _l[) _ him migim ^_ n[hn[ bc^[^_) _ ni^[
Jonl[ \i[ ^_mjimcÇig j_l[ m[\_l jl[nc][l ko[f ko_l m[*
\_l _ oclno^_ ]igi _ff_m _lâg+ m_ ^_ himm[ g[fÜ]c[
^_f_cr[hlÖni) io ^_m]ihm_ln[^[m oiihn[^_m YZX RZ]XZ^
nilo[^im+

(=<=D=H:9 8G pX+iiLf_
 B ?:6? 8BAFF:?<:=EB) >Å

1FUNYjQNT >JLZSIT
IT JSYJSIJW J RJRjWNF+
M o `[Çi ^_`_l_hÇ[ ^i _hn_h^cg_hni) m_aoh^i himmi
]omnog_ ^_ `[fE[l [i _hn_h^_l jil ko_ i_hn_h^_l j[l*
n_g im f_n_l[^im _g ko[nli l[gim +5+ _hn_h^_l [a_hn_
jimmco_f) mj_]of[ncoi) _ jl[nc]i) @ ^_mni ocd bo`c nl[o*
n[^i ko_ f[la[g_hn_ `[ff[o[) g[m jil g_ j[l_]_l) ko_
hig gosni j_ln__h]_ | g_o jlijimcni+ D_cri ^_`[t_l
mi\l_fEi g[sil ^_]f[l[Çig+ H[m ko[hni [i \ii _hn_h*
^cg_hni m_aoh^i himmi ]omnog_ ^_ `[ff[l m_ l_ko_l_
g[cm al~^_ g_gálc[ _ \i[ oiihn[^_+ @ h[ g_gálc[
`[Çi ^o[m ^_`_l_hÇ[m) b`c[ ko_ j_ln__]_ [[fg[ l[]ci*
h[f _ ionl[ [[m_hmmo[fc^[^_) @m ni `cfbi j_l iko_ [_m*
j_lc_h]c[ g_ ^_gimnl[ ) ko_ ^[faç[m ]iom[m nlcmn_m
[o_gim f_g\l[g_hni+ ko_ hig l_]_\_gim [faJo m_h*
nc^i) [ko[f f_g\l[hÇ[ g_ j[l_]_ jlch]cj[fg_hn_ [[][*
\_Ç[ j_ln__h]_l) è [kh_ff[ g_^_m j_l ocmn[ ^_j_mmi[m
ioocdl ^_ j[cc[ol[5 nl_mj[mm[ [i ]il[Çig ]igi m_ i*
`_cni jl_t_hn_ `imm_) ko|^i _f m_ h_g\l[ E imm_hnc[+
@g i `cfb[l ^[faç[m g__tchb[m ko_ []ilji c[ nilo[lig
RE ^_nf[m [o_gim bç[ RWLOQEX f_g\l[hÇ[ MNL `[t `il(
Ç [ ) @mm_[m o__gim) jil ko_ n[f ocmn[ l_jl_m_hn[ iko_
c[ m_hncgim) `[t g[hc`_mn[ go^[hÇ[) jil nl_mj[mm[l_g
_mn[m f_g\l[hÇ[m) _ m_g_fb[hn_m _g \_g _ hi ]ihnl[c*
li [i ]il[Çig) _ nilh[l [mm_hncl i ko_ c[ m_hncgim
H[m hi knc_ j_ln__]_ [i dhn_h^cg_hni ^[ a__l[f g_gá*
lc[+ \_ ^_ c_t_l ]ihn[ [ko[f m_ ^_j[ln_ _g gosn[m ^_*
`_l_hÇ[m ][ boçm `cfb[g fini ko[c ko_l ]iom[ ko_ io*
fc_g _g =_hn_hÇ[ _ hig ^_ ni^i [f_n_l[+ @ionlim j_l
_]ihnl[cli+) [fao`cm \_g m_ f_g\l[g ^[m _mnálc[m) Q
f_cnim ko_ m_ j[mmi(ô _ ^im hig_m jlijcim hig ji^_g
m__l F\l[^im) jio]im []b[l[g _l[ ni^i j_l`_cnim) g[m
[\[mn[ ko_T m_ c[g Ñl[mi[^[ g[h_cl[+ @ ko[hni g[cm
`]l j_l[i _hn_h^cg_hni ^[l[ al~^_ [o[hn[a_g) ?i[
`in_[c ]_[mn_nce' X jil al[h^_ ko_ [faoÉg [mmshn[+

(=<=D=H:9 8G F 7 " A A 0 6 :
6& 9 72/7 198<<27425;9!
ko_ h`f][ _g _ff[ gosni m_ ]ih`s) jil ko_ `[ff_]_ fc*
a_cl[g_hn_) ã^_ ]igjl_ j_l hcopn[m aocm[m _ jil_g
m_gjl_ m_ jlio_d[ _g ni^[ ]iom[) ko_ \_g ji^_l)
^_ji_l [m ]iom[m _g m]lcjni io g[h^[l ko_i f_g\l_g
]igi m_ j_hm_[qm_ ko_[ `l[][ n_o _mm_+ >[ m_aoh^i n_*
hbi jl[nc][^i _mn[ b_ [g[cm ]_ln[ g[h_cl[+^[[ln_ g_*
gil[fco[) [dh^[ ko_ \_g m_s ]igi hionl[ gosn[m p_(
t_m jl_mn[ _g nÖji ^_ h_]_mmc^[^_ [im ko_ [\_g m[\É)
m_ n__g l[ti[^[g_hn_ [ h[nol[f+
1FUNNZQQT ?JWHJNWT
IF IJHQFWFeTR IFX ZTTSQFIJX(
I i mm[ m oiihn[^_m m_ ^_j[lnÉg ^_ gosn[m g[h_cl[m)
m_aoh^i m_hncgim ^_fc[m ^_mo[cl[^im ^_m_dim) g[m hi
fcoli ^[m ]iff[Çiã_m ^im m[h]nim j[^l_m m_ ^_gimnl[ ko_
a__l[fg_hn_ mig ko[nli+ Klcg_cl[ ko_ ]b[g[ ][lh[f+
N_aoh^[ mjclcno[f+ O_l]_cl[ nc\[ jl[t_hn_cl[+ Lo[ln[
j_l`_cn[ _ oclnoim[+ @`cfb[h^i al[h^_ j[ln_ ^i ^cni fc*
oli ]ig [faoçm [^cg_hnim) [m ^_]f[li h[ g[h_cl[ m_*
aochn_+ < oiihn[^_ ][lh[f ^_m_d[ ocÇi) `ifa[hÇ[ ^i
]ilji) _ ]oc^[^i [ll_^[h^imm_ ^_ ni^i j_lcai) ^_mj_*
m[ _ nl[\[fbi+ < _mjclcno[f ko_l m_aocl [ko_ff[m j[ln_m
Ø_g ko_ m_ g[cm dh]fch[g [m oclno^_m) @`[t [im kå_ m_
^_mjiiÖ [oc^[ ^_ll_fcacig l_]do_l_l ko_ d_doÖ odac_g)
c_[g) _ l_t_g) ko[hni g[cm ji^_l_g+ m_g h_boÅ
^_m]fcÇig+ @im ko_ [h^[g _g `_cnim ^_ ][o[ff[lc[ ko_
m_ jihb[g [ni^im j_lcaiim _ nl[\[fbim ko_ m_fb_m i`_*
l_]_l_g+ Iil[ [o_h^i l_ao[l^i [im ko_ m_aoh^i m_o+
_mn[^i _ ji^_l) fb_ mig l[ti[^im+ @ _mni g_^_m `[t
him ]os^[^im ^[fao~m i\l[m ko_ fb_ j[l_]_l_g \i[m)
_ oclnoim[m) ko_ m_ ^_mjiiÖ [_ff_m [mms ^_mnÖj_l[^[*
h[_hn_ ko_ hich n_Ñ ]os^[^i ^_ ]ig_l) ^ilgcl) I_g
^[ `ifa[hÇ[ il^_h[^[ ko_ i]ilji h[nol[fg_hn_ l_ko_*
l_+ @[m ^_mj_m[m ih^_ fb_ j[l_]_ ko_ b_ \_g+ >ihm*
m_fb[ ko_mm_ `[Çil[ fiai m_g hboç l_mao[l^i ^ikoi
mo[ `[t_h^[ ji^_ [\l[ha_l _ aio_lh[l+ @[ko_mn[m ^o[m

$*)*,*.(' &- Biiaf_

 9 72/7 1$8<<27425;$# %$
oiihn[^_m ]ihncho[^[g_hc_ m_ ]ihnl[lcig ^_hnli 5him)
m_aoh^i ][^[bço j_l ms []b[l[ mj_lc_h]c[ ^_ bo~ oiih*
n[^_ ^_ ko_i ]ihmm_fb[ `[t_l [fao~m ]iom[m) _ ionl[m
_li ]ihnl[cli+ ?~nl_ _mn[m ^o[m h[]_ [n_l]_cl[ jl[t_h*
n_cl[ _ nc\[ [ko[f jil ko_l_l [g\[m m[ncm`[t_l m_g h_g
boç [al[o[g_hni) ji^_ iko_ [mm_ao_ _g n[f mn[^i ko_
hoh][ if_cr[ odo_l \_g ) hÖ oclnoim[g_hn_) jil+ko_
_ff[ [mms ]ihmm_fb[ d_dç[l ko_ h[g m_hn[ hbo~ `ig_
h_g m_^Ñ+ @[mms ocac[l ko_ hig [c[ j_h[ _g mi`l_l
immiji) @ko_lc[ j_l][fÇ[l bihll[ ^_][o[ff[lc[) h_g m_
^_mji_h^i [ j_lcai im) h_g [nl[\[fbim _ [][\[l j_m[^im
`_cnim m_g `cfb[l al[h^_ ]oc^[^i E [o_l hig_ DE al[[*
^ i ) m_g `[t_l n[f ^_mj_m[ ko_ fb_ [fao~ gdhao[) io
_gj[]bi `_t_mm_+ @`sh[Eg_hn_ [mmc ko_lc[ m_aocl iko_
bo~ oiihn[^_ l_ko_l_ ko_ [[ionl[ hig ]ihnl[lc[mm_)
_ h[ ko_mn[ m_ [`clg[ ko_ b[ gosni g[f _g ko_ gos*
nim `[ff_]_g+ < ko[ln[ oiihn[^_ gosni j_l`_cn[) _
oclnoim[ hig m_ao_ m_gjl_ iko_ _mn[m l_ko_l_g @m*
m_ao_ gosn[m o_t_m iko_ hig fb_m jl[t) ni^i j_l ^_*
n_lgch[Çig ) _ g[h^[^i ^[ll[tig _ ^i _hn_h^_l+ @
^[kos m_ ^cm REGTJg_hni ^_oiihn[^_ ) ]igjlcg_hni
^_ g[f^[^_+ @iko_\l[hn[g_hni ^_fc[ `__t gosni al[h*
^_ oclfo^_+ @[ko_mni m_ `[t j_l+_mc[ aocm[+ <E big_g
odo_ m_aoh^i CADAHTY DAR SQER TNNMSADER jlcg_cl[m)
hig m_ aio_lh[h^i) h_g l_a_h^i j_l l[tili) io _h*
n_h^_l m_hig mifE[g_hn_ j_l iko_ _ff[m ^_m_c[g) ]ih*
o_g h_]_mm[lc[g_hn_ ko_mm_ j_l][ ^[ [fg[ io ^i ]il*
ji) jil ko_ bo~ ^_g[h^[ ]iom[m n[g ocdm) _ n[g \[c*
VAR ko_fiai g[hc`_mn[g_hn_ m_ ^_gimnl[g ^_llc\[l_g
big_g% [ni^i g[f+ @[ionl[ n[g [fn[m j_l ko_ fb_ ]- ;:
o5 ocdl [giln_) m[h^c]_) io _h`_lgd^[[_) j_l^c g_hni
^_ ni^[ mo[ `[t_h^[) jicm hig ao[l^[ ^_m]fcÇig hi
ko_ b[ ^_`[t_l+ @ [ ccd+ jil ko_l_l ]igjf[t_l [ _mn[m
[g\[m) _ [m ^_ni^i ]ih]il^[l iko_ `[t_l hig ji^_
jil m__l \[n[fb[ 9d himmi m_hbil ^_im him il^_hio jil
himmi jlio_cni) `[t m_aocl [m oclno^_m n[g `lc[g_hn_
ko_ c[ g[cm hoh]} nl[t_l[ [ko_f ko_ j_l n[f oiihn[^_

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
+. B ?:6? 8BAFF:?<:=EB)
m_ aio_lh[l [h_g boç \ii _mn[^i @[mmc i]igjlcg_h*
ni ^_mn[m nl_m `[t m_aocl _ ][cl _g al[h^_m _llim) _
h[f^[^_m+ @[ko[ln[ ni^i j_l i]ihnl[sli) jil ko_ ni*
^[fc[m ]iom[m ko_mm_ [jl_m_hn[g [i ]il[Çig ^_ ][^[
bo~ ^_mn[m nl_m [m i`_l_]_ [i _hn_h^_l ko_ dofao_ m_
mig ^_`[t_l) io f_cr[l+ N_aoh^i _ff_ ^_n_lgch[) gos*
n[m i_t_m hig m_ao_ i ko_ ^_g[h^[g) _ `[t i ko_
cfig ko_l_g) _[m ko_\l[ ^_ni^i+ @[mms ]igi im iolc*
o_t_m ko_l_h^i ]ihb_]_l [faoç ioli m_ b_ ^_l_]_\_l
io ^_ha_cn[l ig_n_g hi ]cg_hni _ [jl[n[ h[ ]_mm[^[)
@mm_aoh^i m_o= sm[g_m [ _ha_cn[g io l_]_\_g+ <mms
_=n[ ko[ln[ oiihn[^_ ni^[ff[m ]iom[m `[t) io f_cr[ ^_*
`[t_l j_l _rm[g_ ^__hn_h^_l _ l[tig+ Lo[h^i [oihn[*
^_ ][lh[f m_ ko_l ^_cn[l [[ko_ff[m ]iom[m c[ ^c_n[m) _
_mn[ hig fbi ]ihmm_hn_) g[cm `[t fb_ mi`l_l `[g_) m_*
^_ ) mihi) _ ^_mji_lmm_ [al[h^_m j_lcaiim _ nl[\[fbim)
^_mj_m[m) _ ]os^[^im ko[h^i i_hn_h[_l) _ l[tig ^_(
n_lgdhig 9w b_ \_g ^_mm_ `[t_l+ @_mmi g_^_m `[t [io(
nl[ mjclcno[f ko_ fb_ hig ^[ foa[l [ g[cm m_aocl m_om
[fnim _ al[h^_m ^_m_ci_) ^i ko_ i_hn_h^_l _ [ll[tig
g[h^[g+ >ihmmsl[h^i [^_mjimcÇig ^_ mo[ j_mmi[) _m*
n[^i ) `[tÖ^[+ @h[ko_mni m_ ^_mo[cl[ _mn[ ko[ln[ oiih(
n[^_) gosni ^[n_l]_cl[) jil ko_ [ko_ff[ hig ]ihmm_h(
n_ _g n[f aocm[ ]ihnl[^ct_l [m ^o[m jlcg_cl[m ko_ [f*
aoç [al[o[gÖni mÖ n[l[+ @[ko_mn[ ^_ni^i fbi ]ihnl[^ct
o[h^i ^_n_lgdh[ i_hn_h^cg_hni _ l[tig ko_ b_ \_g
- _i`[t_l [mms+ J ]ihnl[lc[ g_hni ^[ko_ff[m ^o[m oiih*
n[^_m) `[t gosni [i _hn_h^_l dofa[l ^_l_cn[gÖn_) iko_
b_ g_fbil ko_ m_ `[Ç[) j_l _mn[ aocm[) ko[h^i [oiih*
n[^_ mjclcno[f l_ko_l_) ko_ d_d`f_ io jil ]iom[ ko_ g_%
ncnilc[ j[l_Ç[) i\lÖg ^_mn_gj_l[^[g_hn_+ @ [][g[c
^_m_c[h[i ocÇi) _ jlio_cni ^i ]ilji l_f_g\l[ inl[\[(
fbi _ j_lcaii ko_ [_fe: m_ fb_ ji^_ m_aocl) `[t_g [hô
nl_m_c ho~ ]ihn_h^[) j_l ko_ m_ l_n_g ][^[bo~ ^_]ili*
jlcl iko_ ^_m_Ü[ _ ^`n foa[l [[ko[ln[ oiihn[^_ 9do_ [d[
fÑchji ^_ll_jl_m_hn[l _=ni [hn_ idosti ^[ll[tig _ ^i
_hn_h^_l) è m_aç^i mo[ ^_n_lgch[Çig [mms Ü[t _r_]k*

(=<=D=H:9 8G
 9 72/7 1$8<<27426;$# %)
n[l ikh_ m_hig `[lc[ m_n[' ]ihnl[lc[^[^_ hig ioo_m*
m_g) h_g m_ `[t h[ko_ff_m ko_ [mms \_mnc[fg_hn_ od*
o_g ) ko_ ni^[ff[m ]iom[m ko_ i^_m_ci ][lh[f l_ko_l_
m_ao_g [mm_o ji^_l) h_g _mmi g_^_m him ko_ oco_co
jl_mohnoim[gNn_ _ m_ afilc[g _g _mn[ oiihn[^_ ][l*
h[f hig him ]ihnl[lc[l) h_g fb_ h_g\l[l [faoÅ ]iom[
^i ko_ ^_m_c[g io l_]_[g) g[m ko_l_h^i m_g ^_m]fc(
Çig ]igjlcl ko[hni _mn[ oiihn[^_ mjclcno[f ^_g[h^[
][[Ö al[h^_m ko__^[m ^[m ko[[_m bc b[ gosnim _r_g*
jfim+ @ j_l [ko_mni k m]l_od) [faoçm ko_ n[hni hig
m[\Ö ji^_lig ]ihb_]_l ]igi ^_mn[m oiihn[^_m ]ihnc*
ho[^[g_hn_ migim nÑn[^im _ l_ko_lc^im+ @ ]igi [5
jlcg_cl[m nl_m hig ^_o_gim m_aocl g[m ni^im himmim
`_cnim _ ]oc^[^im aio_lh[l j_l [ko[ln[ `[t_h^iim ]ãm(
m_hnch^i _g _ff_m j_l ^_n_lgdh[Çig ^[ l_tig _ ^i
_hn_h^_l _ há ^ihimmi miff[g_hn_) g[m h[ko_ff_m `_nim
ko_i l_ko_l_g ^_ko_ hig [o_gim al[h^_ ]_ln[ mj_*
lc_h]c[ j_l \ii m[\_l [o_h^i ]ihmm_fbi j_l[[fg[) ]il*
ji) mn[[i) _ `[t_h^[) ^[m j_mmi[m ko_ l[ti[^i `il)
hig him n_h^i j_l`cim[g_hn_ h[ n__hÇig ko_ l_ko_l
l_g himm[m oiihn[^_m) i\_^__Ç[gim [mm_om \iim ]ihm*
m_fbim+ @[ko_5n_ b_ i][gdhbi ^[ ^_m]fcÇig ko_ _o(
MNRRA KIMGTAGEL ]b[g[gim o_l^[^_cli m c m i k j_l im
m[\_^il_m b_ gosni fioo[^[ jil nl[t_l im k m_ j_l _f*
f[ l_a_g ]ig [al[Ç[ ^_ ^_im [ni^i \_g) _ [ll_^[l
^_ al[h^_m li[ff_m+ @mmi\l_mn[ ko[ln[ oiihn[^_ `[t `ohl
^[g_hni [ll_[c jlo^Öh]c[ j_l ko_ m]ifb_gim i\_g ^i
g [f) ^im \__hm ig[sil) _ ^i g[f ig_him) _g ni^im
himmim jlijcim `[]nim+
1FUNYZQT =ZFWYT
HTRT RZ]YTX JWWFR SF RFSJNWF IJ XJZ ZNZJW UJW
FVZJQKF YJWHJNWF YNGF ZTTSYFIJ XZXT tHWNUYF+
C Z ] _QY_MjZX PQ^_M _Q]OQU]M _UNM `ZZY_MPQ' `QUZ w_Uc(
_Z^ Q]]M] QX ^^M XMYQU]M PQ `U`Q] [Q] Q^_M S`U^M) B^
Q^_MPZ^ SQQ]MWXQM_Q ^ZX OUY\__Z( C]UXQU]Z PZ^ B]MPZ(

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
 K\ 9 72/7 198<27425;9!
l_m _g ko_ m_ Nn_h^_g ]f_foaim) `l[^_m ^_ ni^[m il*
^__hm) _ im _lgcn[Å_m) jil ko_ m_o jlijlci _ jlch]c*
j[f i`c]ci ^_mn_m b_ j_l mo[m il[Çiç_m lia[l himmi m_*
hbil jil ni^im ionlim mn[^im) _ j_l m_om i`Ü]cim fio*
o[fi _ bihll[l j_l mo[m \i[m oc^[m _ ^_oin[m ]clcgi*
hc[m _ [im ionlim dhmmch[l j_l j[ff[ol[ _ \ii _r_gjfi)
_ gdhcmnl[l im m[al[ g_hnim+ N_aoh^i ^im ^_`_hmmil_m
im ko[[_m mâjl_ ^_o_g m__l jl_mn_m j_l[ ^_`_h^_l [*
n_ll[ ^_ni^im ]ihnl[clim [mmc ^im [o_lmm[clim ko_ ^_ `i*
l[ fb_ ko_l_g _gj__]_l) ]igi ^im mi\_loim _ g[f_]ci*
mim ko_ gil[g _g _ff[) ^_ko_ hã g_him _gj__]c*
g_hni gosn[m o_t_m l_]_\_g+ @[_mn_m ]ão_g hin_g l
ji ^[ j[t odo_l ]igi him ]ihmm_cbio m[ch dib[g) [o_h*
^i ]ihmmcl[Çig ^_ nl_m g[h_cl[m ^big__hm ]ig ko_
b~ ^_ ]ão_lmm[l +m+ im ^_\[cri mn[^i ko_ fb_m g[h^io
ko_ [faoçm ^_ff_m hig nlcfb[mm_g [im m_om m_g_fb[h*
n_m) h_g dhdolc[mm_g+ @ ^_ m_om m_hbil_m nlior_mm_g
\ii ]ihn_hn[g_hni ^iko_ fb_m ^_mm_) m[\_h^i ko_ h[(
ko_mn[m nl_m j[ln_m im g[cm `[ff_]c[g+ <ao[l^[h^imm_
^_`[ff_]_l _g _ff[m [jlioio i_mn[^i ^im ^_`_hmmil_m
hig ig[h^[h^i ^_mjl_t[l) h_g f_cr[l) m[\Ö^i ko_
b_ n[g h_]_mm|lci j_l[i \_g jo\fc]i ko_ m_g _f m_(
hig ji^_g [m n_ll[m _ m_hbilcim fiha[g_hn_ mijiln[l
_ ^_`_h^_l) ko_ ^im m_om io ^im mnl[hbim hig g[h*
^_g \om][l j_l[im ^_`_h^_l_g+ @[_mn_m ^_`_hmmil_m
mig ^[^im al[h^_m fc\_l^[^_m _ jlcocff_acim jil [al[h*
^_ h_]_mmc^[^_ [ ko_ j_l _ff_m ni^[ ]igohs^[^_ mã
[fao~m o_t_m hi n_gji [i al[h^_ g_mnl_ []illc^im+ @*
jil_g fb_m j_ln__]_ h[ j[t [jl_h^_l _ m[\_l n[[_m
g[hb[m ]igi hi n_gji ko_ ]igjlcl jimm[g _ m[c\b[g
\_g bom[l ^[ko_ffi jil ko_ mig [hnl_ im ionlim n[g
[o[hn_d[^im _ n_hb[g [lg[m _ ][o[ffim j_l[ _mn[l jl_m*
n_m ]igi ]Åo_g j_l[ fiai mi]ill_l ih^_ `il h_]_mm|*
lci jil m_locÇi _ g[h^[^i ^_ m_o m_hbil ji_h^imm_ [
j_lcaiãm ^_giln_ _ [ionlim al[h^_m nl[\[fbim _ ^_mj_*
cl`[\) g[hn__h^i a_hn_ _n[[_m ]ill_acg_hnim m_aoh^i
d[][^[bço j_ln__]_ ko_ bihll_g ill_[f mn[^i) mo[

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B WQ
 9 73#/7 1$8,<27425;$# %+
]iln_ _ m_hbilci+ O_l]_cli ^im f[ol[^il_m _ j_m][^i*
l_m ko_ [mmc ]igi j__m _g ko_ ni^[ [ ]iom[ jo\fc][
m_ g[hn_g _ mijiln[ mig ]b[g[^im [im ko[[_m j_l(
n__]_ _g _mni mÖjl_ ]ihncho[^[g_hn_ m_ i]]oj[l m__h*
^i gosni l_f_o[^im ko[hni m_ g[cm ji^_l `[t_l ^_ni*
^i ionli m_locÇi _ g[[i nlcfb[g_hni) g[m ^[lfb_m fo*
a[l `[oil j_l[ ncl[l_g j_l m_o nl[\[fbi [ko_ff_m `loc*
nim ^[ n_ll[ _ ^ig[l _g ko_ ni^im him aio_lh[gim+
Lo[lni ^im i`c]c[[_m _g ko_ m_ _hn_h^_g im g[cm jlch*
]cj[[_m ]Bmm_fb_clim) doct_m) l_a_^il_m) o__^il_m) m]lc*
o[~_m _ m_g_fb[hn_m im ko[[_m \iim f_[[_m _hn_h^c^im)
miffc]cnim n_g_hn_m [ ^_im ^_o_g m__l m]ifbc^im+ Loch*
ni ^im ko_ bom[g ^[faç[m [ln_m [jlio[^[m _ g_mn_l_m
]igi `Ümc]im) ]_ffilac[~_m) g[l_~n_m) n[ha_^il_m) [l*
g_c lim ) iolco_t_m _ [mms ^im ionlim ko_ mig j_l n[h*
n[m g[h_cl[m ko_ hig m_ ji^_lc[g \l_o_g_hn_ l_]ih*
n[l [imko[[_m ]ão_g \_g i f_[fg_hn_) _ ]ig ^_oc^[
^_fcaN]c[ bom[l ^_ mo[ \i[ g[h_cl[ ^_oco_l n:_ ni^im
_mn_m jil m_aocl oiihn[^_ nc\[) ^_ ko_ `[t _g i][jc*
noffi j[mm[^i g__hÇig) gosnim `[ff_]_g) jil ko_ [f
hig b_ o__h]_lmm_ [[ko_ff[ oiihn[^_ m_hih ko_l_l ^[
ko_f mn[^i ko_ ][^[boç n_g jimmocl _ fial[l i`ifa[^i)
_ m_aoli) _ hig mijiln[l im nl[\[fbim _ j_lcaiàm 1
[][^[boç gosni ]Jo_g+ @rNjfi ^_mni m_im il[^il_m
ko_l_g [m lcko_t[m) bihll[m) l_o_l_hÇ[m) fc\_l^[^_m)
m_aol[hÇ[ ^_mm[al[f domncÇ[ _ ^im `_cnim ^[ ao_ll[)) bo*
_[h^i ^_ jio][ _ `l[][ il[Çig hig ko_l_h^i j_l i`c*
]cim _ ]ill_acg_hnim bihll[l ^_im hÖ mo[m cal_c[m) hig
_hmmsh[h^i ) l_a_h^i ) gdhdmnl[h^i m[al[g_hnim [im
ko_ 3ig i\lca[^im) _ [ni^im ^[g _r_gjfi ^_m][h^[f*
fi ) _ ^_ jio][ ^_o[Çig _ g[f oco_l) n[[_m ]igi _m*
n_m ko_ [f m_ao_g m_hig _mn[ nc\[ oiihn[^_) ko_l_h*
^i [o_l [m bihll[m) lcko_m[m) ji^_lcim) mifnol[ ^_ ni*
^[m `ifa[hÇ[m) [im ^_`_hmmil_m _ ][m[^im ionila[^im)
mig mijiln[h^i m_om j_lcaiim) nl[\[fbim _ ^_mj_m[m+
>ihnl[ im ko[[_m ^ct m[h]ni [aimnchbi ko_ m_ ko_l_g
[f_al[l ]ig im a[h_ nim _ [m nlÜ\of[Çiã_m hig ko_l_g

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
 f`n J G@<G >JINN@GC@DMJ+
mijiln[l ]ig _ff_m+ @mm_hihc kocm_l_g m_aocl im \_g
[o_hnol[^im g|lncl_m j_l nl[\[fbim _ [`fcÇiâ_m [[mmo[
\_g [o_hnol[hÇ[ hig ji^_lig ocdl ]igi ^ct i[jim*
niffi j[offi) m_ `ilgim ]igj[hb_clim ^[m j[criâ_m [m*
ms imm_l_gim h[ afilc[ _n_lh[ ^[m ]ihmmi`f[Çiâ_m+ Jm
^_`_hmmil_m ko_ ni^[fc[m [o[hn[a__hm d[ ^_]f[l[^[m ]ig
ni^im jlcocf_acim ko_l_g jimmocl ko_l_h^i nl[t_l ][*
j[m ^_ \_aochim io [faoçm [ocnim _ g[h_cl[ ^_ il[^i*
l_m ) ncl[h^imm_ ^[m ^_mj_m[m) j_lcaiim _ nl[\[fbim ko_
[c fb_ `[t n__l n[f a_cni) m_hig _mn[ nc\[ oiihn[^_+
@[mmc ko[h^i ^_mNj[l[g [ibihll[^[ g[h_cl[ ^_mm_ô
Øoco_p _ m_f[hÇig [f[ol[l) io nl[on[l ^_ g_l][^[lc[
fi^i ^[ffc o_g i ko_ [boçm _ [im ionlim hoh][ ^_o_
Ü__l ]ihmm_hnc^i) m[foi m_ [faoç ^_`_hmmil j[mm[mm_% ^_
fr $him _ d[ \â m_ ioo_mm_ aio_lh[^i _g m[ g[h]_\c[
_ `imm_ nl[tc^i [`l[][ ^_mjimcÇig) [n[c \_g fb_ ^_o_
___l ionila[^i ko_ ]_mm_ ^[faoçm ][ll_aim ^_ ][o[ff[*
lc[ m_ [h_]_mmc^[^_ gosni hig i^_g[h^[l) _ ko_ h_
n_gji ^[j[t jil oco_l `il[ ^_ nl[\[fbim _ ]oc^[^im
`[Ç[ [fao~ bih_mn[ go^[hÇ[ _g m_o mn[^i) hig fb_
^_o_ m__l ]ihnl[^cni) ][ _g _mni m_ao_g ANOEMINL!
^im `cffimi`im ko_ im jlcg_clim rr ~him [jlijlc[o~ j_*
l[[jl_h^_l _g [ll_jo\fc][ ji^c[g m_locl+ @im rrrr
j_l[ m_loclÖ _ ^[ffc [o[hn_ [n[[`Üg ^_mm[ oc^[ j_l[ mm
l_jiom[l_g) _ il^_h[l_g j_l[ \_g [][\[l _l[ oclno*
^_m) `il[ ^_ g[ff_m) _ j_][^im) @jimni ko_ ^_ Drr
Nhim m_gjl_mm_ g[h^[lâ [jiom_hn[l ko_ [faoçm jil
m_o \ii m_locÇi _ g_l_]cg_hni m_ [^c[hn_g [faonn
jio]i n_hji hig mig ^_jl[mg[l) g[m [a_hf_ g[h]_*
\[ io koÖ [n[c bc^[^_ h^ mig ocdh^im _ [mmc ig_l_*
Ç[g) hç][ ^_o_ m__l ]ihmm_hnc^i bom[l ^_ n[f nc\_t[)
g[m ]imnl[ba_ffim ko_ nig_g _mn[^i [jlio[^i ) hi
njc[f odo[g m_aoh^i [ko_f l_ko_l_+ N_ ko_l_g m__l
il[^il_m [_mmi m_c[g ^[^im oco_h^i _g [jlio[^[ l_*
ëal[ ) hig bom[h^i ^_llcko_t[) l_h^[) hN fc\_l^[^_
^_][o[ff[lc[) _ m_ ]igi f[ol[^il_m m_g_fb[hn_ `[Çig
io n_hb[g n[[_m ]ill_acg_hnim j_l[ ^_`_h^_l _ bihll[l

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B WQ
 B ?:6? 8BAFF:?<:==_B) >/
m_o R E M H N Q ! _ [f_ll[ ]igi j_lmm[ `[t_h^[ ji^_l mijil*
n [ l ) ][ ih^_ j_l h_]_mmc^[^_ [\l[ha_l hig ji^_g
h_g mig ^_ ]ofj[l+ @o hig ]ihnl[^cai h_g jl[mgi
im ko_ l_t[g) d_do[g) io \_g `[tÖ^i ni^[m \i[m i\l[m
j_ln__]Ön_m [mmo[ g[h_cl[ ^_ oco_l) i`Ü]cim ^_ cal_c[)
[hn_m im fiooi _ [jlioi ]igi ][^[boç g_fbil ji^_l)
g[m n_hb[g im ^_`_hmmil_m ]d _mni ]ão_g `[t_l _ [m
ionl[m ]iom[m momi m]lcjn[m [_ff_m jÑlf__]_hn_m m_aoh*
^i m_om _mn[^im hig ^_mÖj[l[l+ @[mmc ^cai ko_ b_ \_g
^_f[ol[l _ ]lc[l_g \_mn[m _ a[[^im) g[m hã ^_ n[f
aocm[ ko_ 3_ ^_m_gj[lÖ ^_mm__l_g jl_mn_m j_l[ \_g
m_locl_g h[ ko_f mn[^i jil ko_ mig jlcocfcac[^im _
g[cm bihll[^im+ ?_mn[ aocm[ _g ][^[boç ^im ionlim
_mn[^im m_ ji^_lc[ m]l_o_l) g[m jil i_r_gjfi ^_mn_m
m_ _hn_h^_l[ ^_ff_m) ]igi ^_o_g bom[l) @i g[f ko_
ZJR ^_mn[ nc \[ oiihn[^_ b_ ko_ m_aocl [m j[ln_m ^i]_m
^i g_mn_l io i`Ü]ci _g ko_ odo_g _ f_cr[l i[g[laimi
m_g iko[f ^_c \_g hã ji^_g bom[l+ ?i ko_ j_lf__]_
[im m_hbil_m)% g[cm hig m]l_oi jil g_ hig fioo[ls
io ^i_mn[l jil ko_ ia[nig i ^_`_h^_) m_hig ko_ fb_m
^_]f[li n[hni ko_ himmi mn[^i b_ ^_ll_a_^il_m _ ^_(
`_hmmil_m+ @o_N^i iko_ j_ln__]_ [im ko_ ^_mn_m [h\im
^_o_g bom[l) o_l[g iko_ him ]ão_g ^_`[t_l) m_ \_g
ñom[lgim ^i ][ll_ai 9do_ j_l imm_hbil ^_im him b_ ^[(
^ i ) io m_ jil _mn[ nc\[ oiihn[^_ ko_l_gim fial[l [m
jlch]cj[[_m j_llia[nco[m ko_ him mig ionila[^[m) hig
bom[h^i ^im gos al[h^_m ][ll_aim [ko_ migim i\lc*
a[^im+ @]ihmmsl[h^i _mni) ]ihb_]_l_gim ko[hni mi*
gim ^Ühim ^_ll_jl_bÖmmig io j_l al[Ç[ _ g_l]__ ^i
himmi m_hbil ^_im ^_o_l^[^_cli fiooil+ @j_l[ ^_gim*
nl[l j_l ko[[_m oclno^_m ^_m_gj[l[gim [m nl_m oiihn[*
^_m hi ][jcniffi [hn_ ^_mn_ ^_]f[l[^[m) _ him l_a_gim
j_l [ko[ln[ m]l_oc i ][jcniffi m_aochn_ `cfb[h^i al[h^_
j[ln_ IT ccoli momi m]lcjni+

> +

(=<=D=H:9 8! J $ / 0 L#
;/ ! B ?:6? 8BAFF:?<:=EB

1FUNYTQQT =ZNSYT
JR VZJ XJ IJRTXYWF UJW VZJ ZNWYZIJX STX JSIJWJSeFRTY
F IJXJRUFWFW FX YWJX ZTTSYFIJX XZXT XHWNUYFX J XJLZNW
F VZFWYF(

#K i l _mn[m oclno^_m him l_n__gim ^_ m_aocl [m nl_m

oiihn[^_m ^_mil^_h[^[m) _ him l_a_gim j_l [ko[ln[
oclnoim[+ Klcg_cli n_gil ^[m j_h[m ^i dh`_lhi _ ^[m
f_r jl_m_hn_m jimn[m j_l im m_hbil_m) io j_l [ko_ff_m
ko_ mi\l_ him n_g ji^_l _ l_acg_hni+ N_aoh^[) ^_*
m_ci ^_a[f[l^ig ko_ mj_l[gim ^_]i\l[l _g _mn[ oc^[
_ ^_mjicm h[ ionl[ jil `[t_l m_gjl_ \_g _ him [ll_^[l
^_ni^i g[f+ O_l]_cl[ jil [gil ^_ himmi m_hbil ^_im
_ [`_cÇig ^[m oclno^_m >i jlcg_cli ko_ j_ln__]_ [i
n_gil) hi fcoli ^[m ]iff[Çãi_m m_ [jlijlc[ [[`_) ]l_N*
^i ko_ m_ g[f `_t_lgim m_g ^ooc^[ [o_l_gim jil _ffi
m][lg_hni _ j_h[+ @i m_aoh^i [ _mj_l[hÇ[ j_ff[ ko_
mj_l[gim ]ig al[Ç[ ^_ ^_im al[h^_m \_Öm _ a[f[l^ig
m_ \N _ oclnoim[g_hn_ oco_lgim+ @i n_l]_cli [][lc^[*
^_ j_l [ko[f m_ [g[o[ ^_im mi\l_ ni^[ff[m ]iom[m _
oclno^_m j_l jf[t_l [_f+ @mm_ [oill_]_ ni^[ ]ihm[ ]ih*
nl[Ül[ ^[oclno^_ jil hig ^_mjf[t_l [[ko_f ko_ mi\l_
ni^im b_ ^[g[l+ @ hig _g\[la[h^i ko_ ][^[boÅ ^_m*
n[m oclno^_m j_l ms b_ mo`c]c_hn_ j_l[ _h^_l_hÇ[l h[(
ko_ff[ l_[f ][ll_cl[ j_l jio]im m_aoc^[+ Kil_g [hnl_f( +
f[m b_ al[h^_ ^_`_l_hÇ[ jil ko_ [m jlcg_cl[m ^o[m j_l*
n__]_g [im ko_ ]ig_Ç[g _ jlimcao_g ^_ ocdl [i g[cm
j_l`_cni mn[^i+ @[ n_l]_cl[ ^i ko_ f_cr[h^i ^_mm__l
m_loim ko_ m_lo_g ]ig g_^i ^[m `_lc^[m ko_ j[mm[g
[]ih^cÇig ^_mm_loc^il_m ko_ d[ mj_l[g jil m_o \ii
m_locÇi a[ff[l^ig) _ ^[ffs o__g [i mn[^i ^_ \ii _
f_[f `cfbi ko_ ni^[m ]iom[m ^_ m_o j[^l_ b[ jil mo[m)
_ jil_g hõ n[hni jil n_h`il ^[m j_h[m) io mj_l[hÇ[
^_ a[ff[l^ig imm_lo_g bihll[g _ l_]_[g ]igi jil
^_l_cni [gil8 hi ko[f b[ n_gil g[cm ]ihncho[^i ^[*

(=<=D=H:9 8G , 7 A A 0 ?:
 9 72/7 198<<27426;9# &%
hid[l ko_g gosni [g[) jil hig fb_ `[t_l ^_mjf[t_l)
io lidhao[h^i m_ j_l^_ i[gil ^i ko_ ji^_ m__l hi
5_loi iko[f [ifbi miig_hÜ_mm ao[l^[+ @[ko_mn_ b_
m_gjl_ ao[l^[^i jil ko_ ^_hnli _g mms n_g [ko_f
al[h^_ [gil ko_ j_l gdhao[ ^_ jl_m_hÇ[ hig `[f_]_ô
g[m _g ni^i fia[l [mm_hn_%^_ko_ j_l`_cn[g_hn_ [g[
j_l[mm_ ao[l^[l ^_ ni^[ ]iom[ [mm_o jf[t_l ]ihnl[Ül[ _
h[ mj_l[hÇ[ m_ b[ g[cm [oih^im[g_hn_ jil ko_ g[cm
[g[h^i b[ g[sil ^_m_ci) @hc[cm ^_m_c[h^i jicm iko_
^_m_c[ mj_l[ l_]_\_l m[ mj_l[hÇ[ ]ão_g m__l ^_g[sil
m_hnc^i) è ko_g m_lo_ jil n_gil) [do^[ i^_m_ci) _
i [gil `c][g fcol_m j_l[ m_ dohn[l+[ionl[ ]iom[ _ ]l_*
]_h^i gosni `[lig j[mm[l [`ilÇ[ ^i n_gil) @ko_g
miig_hn_ jil [faoç a[ff[l^ig m_lo_) [ch^[ i[gil fb_
`c][ fcol_) j_l[ ji^_l [o_l g[sil m_hnc^i _ ^_f_cn[*
Çig ) _gjl_m_hÇ[ ^ionli \_g) ko_ g[cm [g_ ^i ko_
^_m_c[) [ko_ffi ko_ mj_l[) g_m ko_g ^_ni^i ]il[Çig)
ni^[ oiihn[^_) _ ^_ ni^[m `ilÇ[m [g[l) ni^i _hmms
n_ g ) @jil_g hig m_ ji^_ ^_m[n[l) gdhao[l) h_g
`[t_l ]iom[ ]ihnl[Ül[) ^_ ko_g [mms [g[) jil ko_ n_*
g_ ]igi ^cmm_) gosni _ ]ihncho[^i) jil [ko_f n_gil
ko_ h[]_ ^i al[h^_ [gil _ [mms mj_l[ _ m_ [f_al[ _
DEKEISA! < [g[l _ m_aocl) ^_ \i[ oiihf[^_ m_g ]ih*
nl[^cÇig) [ko_f ko_ j_l n[f ALNQ b_ ASADN @[[f_g
^_mni) if_a[g_hni h[[`_cÇig ^[m oclno^_m _ ]ihncho[*
^[ bom[hÇ[) ^_fc[m `[t godni j_l`_cn[g_hn_ l_`l_[l ^_*
ni^i g[f _ j_][^im) him ko[[_m ][~_ im mm_aoc^il_m
^[m nl_m oiihn[^_m d[ ^_]f[l[^[m) @[^_l_hÇ[l aoc[l) _
l_a_lmm_ j_l [ko[ln[) j_ff[ ko[f him jl[p m_gjl_† `[*
t_l [ko_ffi ko_ himm[ l[tig ^_gimnl[l ko_ b_ g_fbil
jil m_locÇi ^_himmi m_hbil _ ao[l^[ ^[m oclno^_m+ @[*
PTERSN m]l_od jil `[t_l [fao~ ^_]f[l[Çioc ^_mn_m nl_m
`l_im) im ko[[_m ][^[boç ^_o_ nl[t_l _g m_o ]il[Çig
jil m_hncl _ ]ihb_]_l _ ao[l^[l \ih^[^_m _ oclno^_m+

(=<=D=H:9 8G F 7 A A 0 =:
 ++ B ?:6? 8BAFF:?<:=EB)

1FUNQZQQT >J\YT
ITZYWF IJHQFWFeTR VZJ KTeT XTGWJ FX ZTTSYFIJX(

EIOig _g\[la[h^i ko_ [^_]f[l[Çig momi m]lcjn[ ^[m

oiihn[^_m \_g g_ j[l_Ç[) @o `[Çi m_aoh^i _g gsg
_ him ionlim m_hni ionl[ l_j[lncÇig a__l[f) _g _mn[m
ko[nli j[ln_m) m_aoh^i ^_]f[lig [m [fg[m o_a_n[nco[)
m_hm_nco[ _ l[]cih[f @ ko[ln[ ^ifcol_ [foc^li ko_ g[h*
^[ ]igjlcl ni^[ ]iom[) ko_ jil himmi jl[t_l `[t_gim+
< oiihn[^_ ko_ j_ln__]_ [[j[ln_ o_a_n[nco[ ko_ b_
m_g_fb[hn_ [[ko_ n_g [m [loil_m ^_g[h^[ m[o^_ _
g[hncdg_hni) ^_]ig_l) \_o_l) ^ilgsl) _ o_mncl ]ig
[m ionl[m i\l[m ^[ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^[oc^[+ <mm_hmm_nco[
ko_ ]ig [^[m \_mn[m ]ih]il^[) ni^[m ionl[m ]iom[m
ko_ j_ln__Ç[g [[m ^it_ j[criã_m ^[gil) ^_m_ci _ ^_*
f_cn[Çig) J^ci) [oill_]cg_hni _ nlcmn_t[ H[hm_^ãim)
mj_l[hÇ[) _ [nl_ocg_hni) N[hb[) ^_m_mj_l[Çig _ g_*
^i+ ?[m ko[[_m _hn_h^i m]l_o_l [mms ^_]f[l[^[g_hn_
ih^â m_ []_ln[l) jil ko_ mig h_]_mm[lc[m ^_ m[\_l
[ko_g m_g_fb[hn_m ]iom[m kocm_l [o_l \ii ]ihb_]c*
g_hni @[ko_mn[ m_hmm_nco[ n_g ^iom ji^_l_m +! + ^_*
m_c[^il _ ionli ko_ ]b[gig bcl[]co_f+ <i jlcg_cli
j_ln__]_g [m jlcg_cl[m m_cm j[crii$m j_l _mn[ aocm[)
ko[h^i [fao~ ]iom[ him jl[t [o_gimfb_ [gil @mm_
[ko_lc[gim jimmocl ^_m_ci+ @^_mko_[ fial[gim ^_f_c*
n[Çjg _ ni^i _mni j_ln__]_ [i\_g @hh[ j[ln_ ^i g[f
ko[h^i [fanc~ ]iom[ ]Öhncgim ]ihnl[cl[ [himm[ ]ih]c_h*
]c[ bihll[ m[o^_ jlio_cni io jl[t_l [o_gimfb_ i^ci _
m_ ^_fc[ him ko_lÜ[gim ao[l^[l _ o__gim ko_ him m_*
ao_ `cfb[gim [oill_]cgÖni _ m_him \_g m_hncgim nlcm*
n_t[+ @ ^ct_g ko_ ni^i _mni jli]_^_) ^[ j[ln_ ^_m_c[*
^il) jil ko_ [g[h^i _mn_m \_Öm) [o_gim i^ci [mm_om
]ihnl[slim _ ^_m_c[h^i im [oill_]cg_hni [koÖ ^_fE_m
him [ll_^[+ @ ko[h^i m_hnclgim [j_l^[ ^_ff_m jl_mn_m
j_l[ ocdl io ko_ c[ l_]_\_gim) j[^_]_gim nlcmn_t[)

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
 9 72/KI 1$8<,27425;$# &'
]igi [ _mj_lc_h]c[ \_g ^_gimfl[+ ko_ hig nig[g
^im j_][^im al[h^_ m_hnc^i ko_g him [g[ ao[l^[l [*
]ih]c_h]c[ _ [mms ^[ bihll[ _ ^[m ionl[m j[ln_m+ @ji*
l_g ni^i [[j[ln_ ^_m_c[^il) ^_o_ m__l [jlijlc[^i jil
ko_ ^[ffc n_g m_o h[]cg_hni+ @ko[h^i him o__gim
]iom[m n_g_lim[m ]ihnl[Ül[m _ ko_ [mm[hb[) io nlcmn_t[
him ko_cl[ ^_llc\[l) >ihmmcdl[^[m m_aoh^i ms) [jli:
jlc[hmm_ [[j[ln_ bcl[]co_f h[m ko[[_m ji^_gim n__l
\i[m nl_m g[h_cl[m j_l _mn[ aocm[) N_i `_cni b_ n[f _g
ko_ hig b[ l_g_^ci) ]ig g[hmmc^i^_) `cfb[l j[]cÇh*
]c[+ @mm_ ji^_ [o_l ]i\li) \i[ mj_l[hÇ[) _ ]ihnl[ [m
]iom[m al[h^_m) _ `iln_m) al[h^_ _ \ii [nl_ocg_hni+
Jonl[m nl_m b[bc _g ]ihnl[) `cfb[h^i ^_mil^_h[^[ m[*
hb[ io nl_mn_t[) ih^_ hig b[ ]i\li) h_g ]ill_ac*
g_hni+ ?_mj_l[l ^i ko_ ji^_ j_l \ii _m`ilÇi _ ]ihm*
m_cbi [o_l Ög_h^[ o_h]_lmm_ [g_^i ko[h^i ]igjl_
_m`ilÇi+ @[mms _mn[m m_cm j_ln__]_g [[j[ln_ bcl[]co_f)
nl_m [i \_g _ \ii a_sni ^_fc[) _ ionl[m nl_m [i ]ih*
nl[cli+ @j_l ko[hni _g _mni m_ l_oifo_ [g[sil j[ln_
^_ ni^im himmim `_cnim g_ j[l_]_ \_g ]ihmmcdl[lgim
m_gjl_ ]igi him aio_lh[gim _g _mn[m j[criièm+ @*
ko[h^i `[ff_]_lgim) io him n_hn[lN) m[\_lgim ^ih^_
h_g ) j_l[ him ]ihl_a_l) _ [ocm[l) ]ig [al[Ç[ ^_ him*
mi m_hbil+ <NBQERSN HE DATEQ ERSE ATIEAL]SN ) jicm
[koc m_ m_ i`_l_]_ ko_ hig ]l_[gim im nijim ^_ him*
mi j[l_]_l) jil ko_ `[t_g al[h^_ go^[hÇ[ h[ oiih*
n[^_) j_l[ ^_mjimcÇig ]iljil[f io ^i mNnc^i ko_ i]i*
l[Çág `cfb[) @mm_ ][^[boç \_g ]ihmmcdl[l _ n_o_l l[*
ti[^i Ön_h^_l _ f_g\l[hÇ[ ) o_l[ ko_ [faoçm `_cnim fb_
j[l_]_g al[h^_m `iln_m io j_lcdaimim ^[][\[l) jil n__l
_g _ffi hig \i[ _`l[][ oiihn[^_) io n[f m_nilh[l) jil
l[tiã_m ko_ fb_ ^ca[g io ]oc^[^im ko_ ^_mms `cfb[ _
[mms jil i]ilji _mn[l g[f ^_mjimni+ @[ko_f g_^_m `_c*
ni ) io m_o m_g_fb[hn_ n_g _g n[g j_ko_h[ ]ihn[)
ko_ hig `cfb[ ^_c ^ooc^[) g_^i) h_g _gj[]bi) [hn_
fca_cl[g_hn_ i_hn_h^_ [][\[l+ Kil_g hig b_ ^_ll_a_l
j_l n[[_m gim nl[hÇ[m ^_ ^ijji ]il[Çig ko_ gosc[,c

(=<=D=H:9 8G F 7 " A A 0 ? :
,. B ?:6? }8BAFF:?<:=EB)
o_t_m o__g ^_mn[ j[ln_ mÖmm_nco[) g[m ]ihmmcdl[h^i [m
l[tiiNm jil ni^[ j[ln_) E_g\l~^imm_ ^[m ko_ j[mmio)
_ m[\_ ko_mm_ j[mm[lig ) ioodh^i \iim ]ihmm]Ebim)
m]ifb_l ]ig [al[Ç[ ^_ himmi m_hbil iko_ b_ g_fbil+
@mmi\l_ [ko_ffi hig m_gio[) m_g ]_lni `oh^[g_hni)
h_g ]ol_ ^_mmch[[_m) mihbim) h_g nijim ^[oiihn[^_+)
g[m ]ihnchi_ m_gjl_ Ö m_o \ii i\l[l) mj_l[h^i \i[
]ih]fo5ig ^i gsm_lc]il^cimi m_hbil ^_im) _g ko_ b_
`cg _ j_l`_cÇig ^_ni^i mcmi) ^cm]l_Çig _ o_hnol[+ <*
n_l]_cl[ oiãhn[^_ l[]cih[f _g ko_ im big_Öm) ]ig im
[hdim j[ln_]cj[g ) ]ãmm_fb[ _ g[h^[ jlch]cj[fg_hn_
iko_ j_ln__]_ [ni^[ ao[l^[ ^_ oclno^_m _ [bihll[ _
jlio_cni _ ]ig ^cm]l_Çig [mm[o^_ _ jl[t_l) >ihmmcd*
l[h^i iko_ b_ g_fbil) jil [m ]iomm[m j[mm[^[m) jl_*
m_hn_m ) _ ko_ mig jil ocdl+ < ko[ln[ ^i fcol_ [foc^li)
]igi m_hbil Nnl_ ni^[m g[h^[ ]ig him]i iko_ 3_ `[*
Ç[ _g n]^[ff[5 ]iom[m) ko_ j_l himmi m]ifbcg_hni `[*
t_gim+ Jm _r_gjfim ^_mn[m oiihn[^_m) ][^[boç Ömms
\_g im ji^_ o__l) g[m jil g[sil ^_]f[l[Çig) jihbi
_r_gjfi ^i ko_ j_l o_t_m j[mm_s) m_g h_g bo~ oiih*
n[^_ ^_ sl [gihn_ io ][Ç[) j_l[ `ifa[l) ko_ j_ln__]_
[imm_hnc^i ^i ]il[Çig+ @[ ionl[ o__h^i n_gji ]ih*
nl[cli) ko_l ^ilgcl) ]ig_l) io l_jiom[l) m[ncm`[tÖ^i
[i jlio_cni ^i ]ilji) ko_ o_g ^[ o_a_n[nco[) @[ll[*
til[ ^i ]ihmm_fbi ko_ [bo~ _ [ionl[) hig m[ncm`[Ç[)
g[m ko_ g_ f_o[hn_ fiai) _ c_cr[h^i igihn_ _ ][Ç[)
p[[ ^_m_g\[la[l [faoçm `_cnim h_]_mm|lcim+ @mn[m oiih*
n[^_m ni^[m nl_m [jl_m_hn[^[m [hnl_ him j_l [ko_ff[ ^i
fcol_ [fos^li) ]igi m_hbil) ^[gim [_r_]oÇig) iko_
j_l himmi m]ifbcg_hni `[t_gim) @ j_l _mni m_ ji^_
]ihb_]_l) ]igi migim l_ko_lc^im a__l[fg_hn_ ^_mn[m
nl_m oiihn[^_m) i\l[h^i ni^i j_l ^_n_lgsh[Çig ^[
ko_ff[ ko[ln[ ^i fcol_ [fos^li @hi ]ihmm_hncg_hni
^_fc[ _mn[ ij_][^i _ oclno^_+ @jil_g m_ l_ko_l_ ko_
[oclno^_ ^[ a__l[f domncÇ[) m_c[ _g _ff[ m_gjl_ ]igi
[jlo^_h]c[ hi _hn_h^_l @ ASEL OEQA hÇA h[ j[ln_ ^_*
__c[^il _ [`iln_P_t[ h[ j[ln_ bcl[]co_f+ Lo[h^i ^ct_g

(=<=D=H:9 8G F 7 A A 0 ?:
 9 72/7 198<<27425;9# &*
ko_ m_aocgÉni ^_oiihf[^_ b_ ]igjlcg_hni ^_g[f^[ô
^ _ ) _hn_h^_mm_ ^im ^_mbil^_o[^im ^_m_cim ko_ j_ln__(
]_g [[o_a_n[nco[ _ m_hmm_nco[ jil ko_ ]igjhl iko_
[oiihn[^_ l_ac^[ _ ]ih]il^[^[ ]ig [ll[tig) \_g l_*
ko_l_ ]igjlcliÉni) b_ ^_oclno^_ _ hig `[ff_]cg_hni+
@[mms [ko_ffi ko_ i]il[Çig oclnoimi ^_m_c[) [o_h^i
`oh^[g_hni h[ `f_ io j_l dh]fch[Çig ^[fao[ oclno^_ EE
b[ h[nol[fg_hn_) hig m_ ^_o_ ]ihnl[^ct_l+ Ki^_ ]ig
\i[ n_gj_l~Ç[ m_aocl iko_fb_ jl[t) `[t_h^i ni^[ ]io*
É[ ]ig ^_fc\_l[kig ^i _hn_h^_l) _ hig jil ]igjlcl
m_om ^_m_cim+ >[ m__h^i fb_ ]omnog[^i fcol_g_hn_ ^_(
]igjl[t_l m_g l_al[ jil [m ]iom[m ko_ \_g fb_ jl[(
t_g h[m ionl[m m_ [m ^_mil^_h[^[g_hn_ ^_m_c[l) [mms
ko_ll| ko_ fb_ m[ncm`f[Çig [i ko_ _f ko_l+ @ jil _mni
[ko_ff[ oiihn[^_ ^ifcol_ [foc^li j_l [ko[f ^ct_gim)
gdhb[ l_tig g_ ^_gimnl[ ko_ _l[ \_g `[t_l n[f ]io*
m[ @ll_ko_lc[ ko_[ `_t_mm_) g[m _o [ hig koct `[t_l
@_m_aoc [^_f_cn[Çig io gdhb[ oiihf[^_ g_ ^_g[h^[*
fc[ _mni jil g_o jl[t_l+ @_o%hig koct o__h^i ko_ b_
g[f jil `[t_l iko_ b_ \_g+ ^_o_ m__l j_l[ oco_lgim
pclnoim[g_hn_) dh]fch[^[ _ ]ih]il^[^[ mNjl_ [j[ln_ ^i
_hn_h^_l _ l[tig 8 ][ ni^i ko_ j_l m]ifbcg_hni m_ `[t)
j_l oiihn[^_ i`[t_gim+ @[dh^[ ko_ m_ ]ihnl[^ca[g
[fao~m piihn[^_m) m_gjl_ ionl[ ]ihjlcgim+ Kil_h^_
^ct m_h_][ ncl[[_ [m m]om[Çiâ_m [caoN hig _ll[ j_l `il*
Ç[ ) ni^[ i\l[ ko_ `[t_gim nilj_ io bih_mn[) m_gjl_
m_ `[t j_l oiihn[^_) @hn_h^_mm_ ^i fcol_ [foc^li) ko_
[mms ]igi imm_hbil ni^[ff[m ]iom[m ^_n_lgch[ _ g[h(
^[+ @jil_g _mn[ ]`no_g [o_l gosni \_g domn[g_hn_
il^_h[^[ [im ^_ \ii _ oclnoimi _hn_h^cg_hni ]igi
^cni b_+ @j[l[ m_ o__l ko_ m[g al_ailci ^_]f[l[ ko_
j[ln_]cj[gi5 ^_mn[m nl_m [fg[m o_a_n[nco[) ko_ j_l*
n__]_ [[m jl[hn[m) m_hmm_nco[ [[m \_mn[m) _ l[]cih[f
[im [hdim) g[h^_c [koc nl[ff[^[l j[ln_ ^bo`n igdffc[
mo[ ^[ `_mn[ ^[[m[ohÇig ko_ [_mn_ jlijimcni g_ j[*
l_]_ ]ih]il^[l+
?

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
YJ ) ?:6? 8BAFF:?<:=EB)

1FUNQT`T >JUQNRT &

IF MGNKSO@PN IJ XFR 5WJLTWNT XTGWJ THSYFSLJQMT
IJWWJHZRGJSQNGZX ZSIJHNR IYHNUZoN (
K i m ni ko_ im ^c]cjoffim n[l^_ ]l__l[g [ll_mmoll_cÇig
^i m_hbil+ `cig `is n[hni mo[ `l[ko_t[) iigi `is [i
^_jicm himm[ `clg_t[) ì[ _ff_m ^ooc^[h^i [ll_mmoll_c*
Çig j_l gpcsnim [laog_hnim fb_ `is ^_gimnl[^[ im
k[[[_m koN^i im him f__h^i iihb_]_gim ko_ ionl[
]iom[ m__l hig ji^_) m_hil[ ko_ j_l mo[ ^ois^[ mi*
gim iih`clg[^im) g_him g_ [jlio_cnio g[lc[ g[a^[f*
c_h[ [ko[f ioosh^i ]_^i ]l__i+ ko_ nig[m ko_ fihai
nÖji nficcs^io+ >[ jil ]_lni _ff_ ^oos^[o^i im Çcah[[_m
^[m ]b[a[m ^i ò_hbil j[fjio+ @^ihimmi j_cni []b[a[
^[himm} ^oos^[ ]ilnio) g[cm j_l[ ^_]f[l[l [o_l^[^_
cf[ll_mmoll_cdÇig ^i m_hbil ^_o_gim ^_hin[l [ko_ffi
ko_ m[g fo][m ]ihn[) ^ct_h^i _h]inh_å^ifb_m g[h^io
ki_ ^_ cblfg __hig j[lncmm_g) @g[cm [^c[hn_ ^ct) ko[
jl_m_hn_ _fc_m m_ f_o[hnio _ boÅ hoo_g ihl_]_c\_i
^[hn_ im m_om ifbim) hin[^_ [m j[f[ol[m8 >ihmmcdl[^_
im g_mn_lcim) ]ig_h^imm_) ]ig_i) _ [m]_h^_i +m+ ko_
ji^e: _`_]ni ^i ]ig_l [o_l^[^_ ^[ ][lh_ m_ ^_gimnl[ô*
_ _ ) _ g[m m[g g[l]i ]^n[ ko_ [hn_ ko_ imm_hbil mi*
\cmm_ [im i__im) M_jl_b_h^i im ^c]cjiffim ^_ ^ol_t[
òf_iil[Çig _ ^_ dh`_^_ffc^[^_+ @g [ko[f ]iom[ ko_
[o_gim [f ^_>ihmmcdl[l m_hih ko_ jil n[hni imm_hbil
_mnihi_ im ^c]cjiffim l_jl_b_h^_i ko[h^imm_ ]iljil[f*
g_hn_ ^_ff_m j[lnci) jil n[f ko_[m j[ff[ol[m ko_ j[l(
nch^imm_ fb_m ^_tÜ[ _g im ]il[Çi^_m [im iooshn_m g[cm
[l^_hn_g_hn_ c`c][mmN) [ko[f ^ol_t[ ^_ ]il[Çig [mms
l_jl_bÑ^c^[ ioÇ[gim [ko_ffi ko_ [gi_mn[h^iim fb_!
nÜcmm_+ Cc^_oim j_l ni^i igoh^i _ jl__a[^_ i[o[haÉ(
fbi [ni^[ ]lc[nol[+ K_lo_hnodl[ dlg[Nim gosni [g[^im
9``cm[h]ci [o[ha_fbi [oc[ ^_mm__l jl__a[^i [[m ]iom[[
m_g mcmi) io [[m [hdg[fc[m \lon[m jil [ko_ffi ko_ mm[
^ct+ jl__a[^_ [ni^[ ]lc[nol[) g[m m_ \Ö ]ihmmcdl[lgim

' GXiiL f_
 9 72/7 1 9 8 < < 2 7 4 2 5; 9 # ,1
m]b[l_gim ko_i big_g j_l hig_ b_ ]b[g[^i ni^[
]lc[nol[) ][ [5 j_^l[m b[g m__l) g[m hig oso_g)
h_g m_hn_g+ @[m b_lo[m _ [m [loil_m b[g m__l _ [c(
h_g) g[m hig m_hn_g) pco_g ^cai hig j_l [fg[
^_mm_hnc^i) g[m j_l o_l^ol[+ >[ m[g j[offi ^ct+ @ no
big_g m_g m[\_l) [ko_ffi ko_ m_g_[m) hig m_l[ os*
od`c][^i m_ jlsg_cli hig gill_l+ Qco_ ^cai [ko_cci
ko_ gill_ j_l[ ko_ m_c[ osoc`c][^i) _ [mms [m j_^l[m
mig) g[m hig ocdi_g @ [m [loil_m mig _ oco_g s
m[[m hig m_hn_g) [m \lon[m [hsg[ffc[m mig) oco_g _
m_hn_g ) g[m hig b[g) ^_m]nnÇig+ Kil_g ^_ni^[ ]lc[(
nol[) [fao~ ]iom[ n_g ibig_g ][ _f n_g ]igoç8 [__ô
]ig [m j_^l[m) Oco_l ]ig [m [loil_m) m_hncl - ]ig [[
[hsg[ffc[m) Ön_h^_l) ]ig im [hacim+ @jicm n_g [fao~
]iom[ ]igoç ]ig ni^[ ]lc[nol[) []_l][ ^_ [fao~ j[l(
n_ ^i big_g b_ ]b[g[^i ni^[ ]lc[nol[) _lai [ni]ni
]l_[nol[ b_ jl__a[^i jil kh_ [ko_f_ \_ _hmmsh[^i
jiffi ko[f ni^[ff[m ]iom[m _g [n_ll[ mig% ]lc[^[m @^[*
ko[f ni^[m j_l bo~ m_g_fb[hÇ[ [fb_[m hig mig+
1FUbZQQT T]YFZT
IJ VZFYWT RFSJNWFX VZJ TX MTRJhX XTR LJJWFQRJSYJ(

8x 9 l_j[lncÇil[ miÅi m]lcjn[ ^i _hn_h^cg_hni) g_ j[*

l_]_ \_g ^_ m[\_lgin j_l[ ]ihb_]_l Iim _ im ionlim
_g ko[[_m j[ln_m migim j_l al[Ç[ ^_ himmi m_hbil
^_im l[ti[^[g_hnò [o``^[^i[ _ _g ko[[_m `[ffc^im) ][
j_l gshao[ ^_ n[f ]ihb_]cg_hni gosnim XJ dofa[l[
jil \_g _hn_h^c^i; ko_i hig mig jil ko_ `[ff_]_g
hi ko_ fb_m l_[cm ]igjl_) [l`h^[ ko_ ^ionl[m j[ln_m
m_c[g Ñ \ii mn[^i+ @ j_l i]ihnl[cli ionlim n__g ko_
mig gshmo[^i= ^i _hn_h^cg_hni jil \_g hig [jl_h*
^_l`n ih ^_]f[l[l_g iko_ ^ct_l ko_la @hi ko_ [[m io*
nl[m j[ln_m j_ln__]_g m_a[h^i m_o mn[^i i`Ü]cim _ bc(*
^[^_) j_l ]imnog_ _ m[\_l ^[m _mj_lc_h]c[m) m[\_g _
ò[n_h^_g g[cm jlio_ccim[gmhn_) ko_ imnl[m IJ j[ff(*
? /

(=<=D=H:9 8G 9N;;= WQ
&, 9 72/7 1$8<<27425;$#
ol[m gosni [\[mn[^im+ è jil_g ]ig l[tig ^_o_g m__l
]b[g[^im ^_ g_fbil _hn_h^cg_hni _ g[cm m_mo[^im+
>[ i mcmi m_aoh^i himm[ ^_l_cn[ ffao[a_g) hig _mn[
hi _hn_h^_l _ `[f[l miig_hn_) g[m _g \_g _ oclnoi(
m[g_hn_ i\l[l) j_l[ ko_ m_ l_ko_l_ ]igjlcg_hni ^[m
m_n_ j[ln_m ^i _hn_h^cg_hni momi m]lcjn[m) io ko_ m_
[d[g _g \i[ mi`c]c_h]c[ j_l _mn[ aocm[ jimmosh^i [m
jlch]cj[_m oclno^_m ]ig l[ti[^[ jl[nc][ ^im `_cnim _
m]c_h]c[m ko_ [][^[\oç mn[^i m_ll_ko_l_) [oÖ^i \i[ _
]b[N oiihn[^_ ]ig ^_l_cn[ n_hÇig _g ni^[ff[m ]iom[m
@i _hn_h^_l al[h^_ _ mincf ]ig \ii _ga_hbi [ni^i
ko_ fb_ ]igjl_ _ jl[t ^_ `[t_l+ @mmi\l_mni ]ihmmcli
_g a__l[f ko[nli g[h_cl[m ^_ ni^im big__hm+ Klcg_c(
l[g_hn_ [fao=m ^_ j_ko_hi _hn_h^_l _ m[\_l ^_ g[[m
_ l_o_mm[^[m oiihn[^_m+ DNn[f b_ ni^i g[[i _ m_g io(
nli \_g) `il[ ^_mm__l ]lc[nol[ ^_ himmi m_hbil ^_im+
N_aoh^[ ionlim ko_ n__g al[h^_ _hn_h^_l _ m[\_l
]ig g[ff_]cim[m oiihn[^_m `il[ ^_ domncÇ[ ^_l_cn[+ @*
n[[_m [dh^[ ko_ n_hb[g [faoÅ j[ln_ ^_ \_g) mig g[cm
^_]ofj[l _ g[cm _gj__]co__m ko_ im ionlim m_g_fb[h(
n_m [im ^_gihsim ^_mmincf _hn_h^_l _ l_o_m[^[m ÖnN*
Ç[iÖm dh]fch[^im m_gjl_ [ni^i g[f ]igi _ff_m ) im
ko[[_m [dh^[ io_ j_l [faoç n_gji [][\_g al[h^_m
`_cnim _ i goh^i j[l_Ç[ ko_ fb_m oÖ [ni^i m_o jl[t_lô
hig m][j[lig ^_ mo[m _g_h^[m @ ]_ln[g_hn_ [m g[cm
^[m o_t_m im o_ci l_]_\_l h[ os^[ jl_m_hn_ m_om a[*
f[l^iâ_m) [dh^[ ko_ n[l^_g j_l im m_al_^im ^_ himmi
m_hbil ^_im @[ ionlim o_g n[g ]_^i _ ]f[li) ko_ [ni(
^im ^_os[ m__l al[h^_ _ \ii _hr_gjfi+ O_l]_cl[ [f*
aoLm ko_ mig ^_]olni _hn_h^_l _ m[\_l) g[m n__g [m
oiihn[^_m ni^[m domn[m _ ^_l_cn[m+ @mn_m mig ]b[g[^im
d\iim bigÖ_m msh[jl_t_m _ ^_ \i[ msgjl_t[) [im ko[[_m
himmi N_hbil ^_im gosn[m o_t_m jlio__ ]ig [mmo[
g_l]__ g[cm f[la[g_hn_ _ g_fbil ko_ _ff_m m[\_g ^_(
g[h^[l) h_g jÖmm[l+ Lo[ln[) ionlim ko_ mig ^_ gos
al[h^_ %_ mincf _hn_h^_l _hni^[ff[m j[ln_m momi m]lcjn[m
_ mo[m oihn[^_m mig \_g ]b[~m) domn[m _ ^_l_cn[m _h*

(=<=D=H:9 8G , 7 A A 0 ?:
 J G=<G >JINN@GC@DMJ+ %)
ni^im `_cnim ]ig `clg_ `c_) [gil) n_gil) \i[ mj_l[h*
Ç[ ^_ himmi m_hbil ^Éim) _ ao[l^[ ^[m oclno^_m+ O[[_m
]igi _mn_m m[g g[cm j_l`_cnim ko_ ni^im ^_ko_ jio*
]im m_ []b[g+ @jlijlc[g_hn_ mig ]b[g[^im m_mo^im)
jlo^_hn_m) ^cm]l_nim) _ ^_ \ii _hn_h^cg_hni m_aoh^i
o_l^[^_cli ]imnog_ ^_himmi `[f[l ^[ko_ff_m ko_i \_g
_hn_h^_g+
1FUNYTQNT STZRT
sFX KOSX VZJ WJXLZFWITR FX UFWYJX IT XNXT+

! 3 _l[ \_g _ ohnoim[g_hn_ i\l[l) ^immcmi) jlo^_h(

] c[ ) ^cm]l_Çig _ \ii _hn_h^cgNni m_ l_ko_l_ mo`c]c_h(
]c[ ^_ ko_l_l) ji^_l) m[\_l J \_g ko_l_l o_g ^[
oiihn[^_+al[h^_) \i[ `clg_) ^_ffca_hn_ K_l[ mi`c]c_h(
n_ ji^_l m_ll_ko_l_ \i[ ^_mjimcÇã ]iljil[f) ^[ `[t_h(
^[) ^i n_gji ]ig jimmosg_hni ^_oclno^_m h[nol[[_m
al[]cim[g_hn_ j_l himmi m_hbil ionila[^[m+ ?imm[\_]
j_ln__]Ö ]igjlcg_hni ^[m m_n_ j[ln_m momi m]lcjn[m)
jl[nc][^[m j_l \i[ ]iho_lmm[Çig _ ocmn[ ^_fcolim ocl*
no imim ^_ ko_ m_ [c[ j_ln_h]_hn_ m[\_l) m_aoh^i [j_m(
#+% `il ]ig _cr_l]c]ci [mms \_g ]ihncho[^i ko_ ^[m
]iom[m [mm_o i`c]ci j_ln_h]_hn_m hig mii g_i n_ j_l
_hn_h^_l g[cm =>LG=G_GK ][mim ko_ m_ i`_l_]_l_g ]&e
hb_Ç[g g[cm ]_ln[g_hn_ _ j_l _mj_lc_h]c[ m[c\[ iko_
^_o_ `[t_l+ @i ]ilji _ h_g\lim j_l \ii ]omnog_ m[c(
\\[g m_locl ii ko_ ]igjlcl+ @mmi\l_ ni^i b_ h_]_mm[*(
lci ) ko_ himmi m_hbil ionilao_ \iim n_lgim _ [][\[(
gNnim _g ni^im himmim `_cnim) m_g iko[f ni^i m[\_l)
ko_l_l) _ ji^_l b_ ^_jio][ o[ffc[ ][ j_l j_ko_h[m
i][mciã_m b[g ^iod^[ _ ^_m_c[^[ `cg @j_l ionlim fc(
@>BJG( []ihn_]cg_hnim `il[ ^_himmi ko_l_l) ji^_l) m[*
\ _ l) mig _mnilo[^im+ @jil giil ^_]f[l[Çig ]ihmmcdli
IM> a__l[Eg_hn_ ko_ j_l _mn_ mcmi) ^cm]l_Çig) _ jlo*
=X<B:" > \ii _hn_h^cg_hni) ko_ ni^i `cfbi jil bo~>
<GMK: V>@ oh^i \i[ g[h_cl[ ^_`[ff[l) [dh^[ ko_im hi(

(=<=D=H:9 8G " '# # $ (&

'c 9 ></5d 19KS<<27025;9c
g_m m_ gi^_l[ l_ao[l^[gim []ckoi `cd[+ Klcg_cl[ mi(
\l_ ni^[m jlc[_cj[f) jil [o_lgim al[Ç[ _ [gil ^_o im*
[: m_hbil [ko[f m_^[ _ ionila[ [im ^_fsgji _ \ii ]i*
l[Çiiô+ N_aoh^[ jil ]i\l[l bihcl[) [ko[f m_ j_l][f][
jql f[t_l al[h^_m `_cni_ ^_ ao_ll[) _ h[ j[t oso_h^i
hncnoimhg_hn_ ]ig \i[m g[hb[m _ m[\_l+ @jin n__l*
l[im al[h^_ mn[^i) aio_lh[h^i himm[ ][m[) _ `[t_h^[
\_g _ al[h^_g_hn_+ O_l]_cl[ jil oso_ll[im _g m[å*
^_ _ \i[ ^_mjimcÇig ^_himm[m j_mmi[m) iko_ [m g[cm
o_t_m him b_ ionila[^i jil oso_ll[im \_g l_ac^im _g
]ig_l _ \_o_l+ @ ni^im ionlim `_cnim ]ig l[ti[^i nl[*
\[fbi _ `ifa[hÇ[ ^i ]ilji) _hn_h^_l) _ oiihn[^_)
n_gj_l[h^i iô ]os^[^im) m[hb[m( _ nlcmn_t[m ]ihmm_*
fb[h^i[im _g himmim j[^_]cg_hnim ]ig `cmc]im) _ mi*
filac[~_m )) m[\_^il_m ) i\_^_]_h^i) ao[l^[h^i m_om
]ihmm_cbiô; _ g[h^[^im+ Lo[ln[ jil []l_]Ñn[l him mn[*
^im W n_nl[m _ `[t_h^[m iko_ m_ `[t ji_h^imm_ \ii jli*
pcdg_hni hi VFJ ioh_lgim @ ]ig \i[ ^_fca_h]c[ _
[ocm[g_hni him ^_mji_lgim [ni^[ ]iom[ ^_himmim [*
o[hÇ[g_hcim kh_ [im mn[^im ^_][^[boç ]^o_hb[g
n__h^i ^_mj_t[m l[ti[^[m j_l[ himm[ l_h^[ Lochn[ jil
]ihnnh[[^[g_hn_ mn[lgim _g \i[ f_^c]_) iko_ l[osni
jil al[Ç[ ^_himmi m_hbil m_b[) jil \_l[ ao[l^[lgim
[m kh[nli `Üdm io n__hÇiiÖm momi m]lcjn[m) m[\_h^i `cfb[l
bih_mnim mj[Çim _ `ifa[hÇ[m) hig him ^_llc\[h^i h[m
]ihm[[ ]ihnl[Ül[m) j_l m[hb[m) hidim) io ]os^[^im+
@ ]iô himmim [gsaim io j_mmi[m [him ]b_a[^[m) \_g
_ f_^[[l_hn_ m[\_h^i ]`no_lmmhl+ @jil_g im ko_ oso_g
\_g _ ^_l_cn[g_hn_ ao[l^[l_g _ m_aosl_g \_l[ _ f_*
^[l[_hn_ _mn[m ]shkoi `fdm io n_ÖÇiiÖm) ^_o_g m__l
dofa[^im j_l m_mh^im) ^cm]l_nim) jlo^_hn_m) _\_g _h*
n_h^c^im+ @im ko_ boÅm m_ao_g _ ionl[m f_cr[g) m_*
aoh^i [ko_ff[m im fioo_g) m[foi m_ `il jil [jlcg_cl[
j[ln_) ko_ b_ [gil ^_himmi m_hbil ^_im+ >[ _mn[ j_l
ms m[ncm`[t j_l ni^[m+ @mm_g ^c[ ni^i io_ m_ j_hmm[
m__l mcmi ^cm]l_Çig) io jlo^Öh]c[) b_ ^_ jio]i o[c*
fi]) @]_ln[g_hn_ _o o_di [faoãm) dofa[^[m ko_ mig

(=<=D=H:9 8G " ! # $ $ (&

 9 72/7 198<<27025;9# '%
gos m_mo^im) jil m[\_l_g \_g `[fc[( h[m ]iom[m) ]ig
[fao~ m_mm_a[^[ ] ih_mn[ iihn_h_h]c[+ ko_ hih _ma[[l*
^[ch [m jlch]cj[[_m ^_mn[m `cdm) im ko[[__ _o [mms hig
dofa[lc[+ èjil_g jom _mni _g ]]lcjni ]ig [m ^_^[l[(
?eToJF ^i _o n_h^c g_hni) g_gilc[) _ oiihf[^_) mi]i
òEc]n[m+ j_l[im ko_ _mni hig n__g al[h^_ jl[nc][) [o_*
]_g ^_mms _ ^ionl_g lidfbil iihb__cg_hni+ @jil kò[h(
fi [ jlch]cj[f j[ln_ ^i mcmi) jlo^Öh]c[) ò ^_m]lcÇig)%
nc_ [o_lgim ffj_t[ ^_ ]il[Çig) j_l ki__m_ a[[hÇ[ _
ionila[ ill_shi ^im ]__im) _ ^_n[f agm^[ ò_o `ih^[(
g_hni) _mn[ jlch]cj[fg_hn_ 9_g him ncl[l _ [`[mn[l ^im
j_][^im) j_l[ ko_ him b_ h_]_mm|lci ^_ff_m \ii ]ihb_*
]cg_hni+ Kil_g m]l_oi _mn[ bl_o_ _ mig[lc[ ^_]f[l[*
Çig) j_l[im ko_ mi\l_cf[m jio]i _mno^[g) i ji^_l_g
[o_l _g a__l[f ]il[ [fainfm ]ihm[_c\im _ [osm[g_hnim+
èmm_ jl_aohn[l_g im ko_ b_ l_[ih[ io òsl_g im fcolij
ko_ f[la[g_hn_ i\ ^_]f[l[g) ji^_l_g ]ih [al[Ç[ . i
m_h`__l ^_im fca_cl[g_hn_ m__l [osm[^im+ <ko[f ao[h^[
^im j_][^im j_l[ ni^[m _mn[m j[ln__ \omi m]lcjPm hi[
b_ c[g h_]_mm[lc[ ko_ m_g ò_nn[ ]iom[ ^_\Ñ hig ji^_ô
h i m `[t_l) h_g jimmosl+
% >ijnnic`i IJHNRT
IF IJIFWFeTR kWJZJ ITX UJHFITX& J UWNRJNWT
IF XTGJWZF(
XA[f[h^i jlcg_cli ^[ mi\_lo[ ko_ jli]_^_ ^[ jl_ô*
òohÇâ _ ^_m_ci ^_jlijlc[ o[hn[a_l[) j_l ko_ j_hmm[*
gim kô_ [m òiom[m nlior_gim) io ji^_gim nl[t_l [[c*
ao`n \i[ `cg m_g _mj_]c[f [do^[ _ al[Ç[ ^_ hi_mi m_*
hbil+ j_l[ \Ñg ^_ himm[ [fg[) m[o^_) _\ii jlio_cni)
io oclnoimi jl[t_l) ko_l_h^i m_g_fb[lòfo]É`_f ko_ ^cm*
m_ _o\cj_c) _ m_l_c m_g_fb[hn_ [i gos [bi _ [ko_mn_
mii j_hmm[g_hni [_ [`clg[ m__l [[ti ^_ òo[ ko__^[
èhi3mi m_hbil _l[ ]ihnl[ ^_mn_ ^cmm_ ñko_ %N_g ij[^l_
]iom[ hig ji^_lc[ n`[[_l) è i [jimnif`i hig migim òi*
Ü_ic_hn_ ]os^[l [fao[Xiom[ ^_hjm) [mms iigi ^_oi_)

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B (&
'& 9 72/7 198<<27425;9#
g[m himm[ mi`c]c_h]c[ ^_ ^_im b_+ N_aoh^[ ko_im \_Öm
him o__g j_l himmim g_l_]cg_hnim io ko_ himmi mm_*
hbil him b_ _g [fao~ ]iom[ i\lca[^i j_l[ him a[f[l*
^i[l m_locÇim) io [faoçm \__hm ko_ jil m_o [gil `[*
Ç[gim + @j_l[ ncl[l n[c n_hÇig [_tc[ i[jimniffi+ Ii
jil [m i\l[m ^[ domncÇ[ ko_ `_t_gim) li_m jil [fo[
al[h^_ gsm_lc]il^c[ him FEXERSE m[foim imm_hbil him
g[h^io) ko[h^i ni^[m ]iom[m \_g `_t_l^_m ) ^ct__ m_l*
oim m_g jlio_cni migim+ O_l]_cl[ ko[h^i jl_mogsgim
ko_ migim Ö [faoÅm ]iom[m gosni [o[hn_d[^im @jil_g
]ihnl[ l[tig [m FEXELN0 io im ionlim ^_mjl_t[gim)
^im ko[[_m m_ ^ct) <m ]iom[m g[cm FNQSER ko_ ns hig
\om][l[m+ @[m g[cm [fn[m hig m]if^lchb[l[m ) @hig
n_hn[l[m imm_hbil n_o ^_im) Öhi _o[ha_fbi ^i `[lct_o
ko_mm_ ]b_aio [i [fn[l) ^ct_h^i m_hbil al[Ç[m n_ ^io)
jilko_ hig mio n[f ]igi ko[[_m ko_l big__hm g[n[*
^il_m) lio\[^il_m) io ]igi Ñmn_ jo\fc][hi+ >[ _o
d_doç ^iom ^c[m h[ mig[h[ _ ^_ ko[hni _s ^io [^ctc*
rh[) _i jo\fc][hi ^_fiha_ _mn[h^i) im ifbim [i ]__i
Iig m_ [nl_oc[ ^[f_o[hn[l ^ct_h^i [g_l]_[n_ ^_gsg
j_][^il+ @himmi m_hbil ^_n_lgsh[ ko_ _mn_ jo\fc][hi
mm_ j[lnci gosni g[cm domni ko_i `[lcm_o ko_ ^_mjl_*
t[o[) [dh^[ ko_ fb_ ^_mm_ al[Ç[m ^im \__hm ko_ m_hnc[
_hmms+ @ ^[ko_mn[ mi\_lo[) mig ionl[m ^o[m ^_`_l_h*
Ç[m+ CoÅ ko_ mm_ ]b[g[ mjcccno[f) _ ionl[ n_gjil[f
<_mjclcno[f m_ f_o[hn[ j_l ][^[boÅ ^[m aocm[m momi m]lc*
jn[m) jil [[ti ^[m oclno^_m _ \ih^[^_m+ @[ n_gjil[f)
_g ji^_l_m) lcko_t[m) mincff_t[) g[hb[m \ii j[l_]_l)
`iln_ff_t[ ^_ ]il[Çig _ ^i ]àlji ]ã \i[ ^_mjimcÇig
^_c+ @[mms ^_ni^[ ]iom[ ko_ [_mn[ os^[ j_ln__h]_ @nN
_mn_ j_][^i ionl[m nl_m ^_`_l_hÇ[m Klcg_cl[ ko_ ][s[*
gim _g _f j_l j_hmm[g_hni f_cr[h^ihim _l[ _f d[t_l
j_lfiha[^[g_hn_) io j_l ]ihmm_hnsg_hni ^[ oiihn[^_
^_n_lgsh[^[+ N_aoh^[ j_l j[ff[ol[m m]lcjn[m) io gim*
nl[hÇ[m _ ]ihn_h_hÇ[m+ O_l]_cl[ j_l i\l[m ko_ FAXE"
gim) g[h^[gim) io ]ihmm_hnsgim jil MNRRA o[hn[*
LJR _ g[f io [\[nsg_hni ^ionl_g+ @^[m jlcg_cl[ô

(=<=D=H:9 8G , > / / 0 ? :
 9 72/7 198<<27425;9# ''
^_`_lÖÇ[m < O_l]_cl[ a__l[fg_hn_ `[f[h^i b_ nnc[[+ @*
[mm_aoh^[ j_il @ [ n_l]_cl[ ^cm]l_Çâ mjclcno[f n_gji(
l[f+ @n[g\_g ^_mn[ n_l]_cl[ ^i j_hmm[g_hni ^c]ni
liimnl[hÇ[) _ i\l[m) n[hni _mn[ h[ ^_`_l_hÇ[ ^im `_cnim
ko_ m_ hig ji^_g \_g ^_]f[l[l) ko[f m_c[ j_il) g_m
jil ni^[m j[ln_m) ]ihb_Ç[gim ko_ ji^_gim _g _mn_
j_][^i ][sl) iko[f gosni ^_o_gim ^_ll_`l_[l) m_ \_g
j_hmm[lgim) hi ko_ m_ ^ct ko_ himmi m_hbil [im mi*
\_loimim ]ihnl[^ct) _ im ^_mj^i_ ^[ m__^[) _ [f_o[hn[
im igsf^imim+ @jil ko_ _o os gosnim ni][^im ^_mn_
j_][^i ]ig mo[m jl_mohÇiã_m g[f ]ihn_hn_m ^_m[al[*
^_]c^im j[mm[l_g nlcmn_m _ nl[\[fbim[m oc^[m) `ct _mn_
]ihmm_fbi [domi m]lcjni ) iko[f g_ j[l_]_ ko_ o_g
[ll[tig m__l [kos nl[fE[^[^i+
1FUNYZQQT B7&
IT INHYT HlXXJQMT+
OAi^i \ii+ bigNg j_ff[ al[Ç[ ^_^_im ^_o_ n__l _h*
n_hÇig ^_nl[t_l m_gjl_ [hn_ m_om ifbim) im \_Öm _
[[_l]__m ko_ l_]_\_ ^_ff_+ @_mmi g__mgi ^im m_hbi*
l_m+ @h[m \i[m i\l[m) _ m_locÇim ko_ fb_ `[t_g m_om
[gsaim _ m_loc^il_m+ @mm__l m_gjl_ ]ihn_hn_ ^i ko_
b[ jicm cb_ o_g j_l NQDEMAM[A DN REMHNQ ^_im ko_
hig ji^_ Ü[Ef_]_l+ >ihmmcdl[h^i ]igi b_ `[f_]c^i ^_(
`clg_ `_ _ \i[ mj_l[hÇ[) _ al[h^_ ][lc^[^_) [gil ^i
m_hbil mi\l_ ni[[ff[m ]iom[m+ @j_ffi m_o [_ff[m ]igi
b_ l_tig +@_mmi g_^_m ^_o_ ]ihmmcdl[l him j_][^im Q
_llim ko_ ]ihnl[ _f `_t) _ h[ gshao[ ^[\i[ jl[nc][
]ihnl[ m_hbil_m _ [gsaim _ m_loc^il_m io [f^_g_him
ko_ hig n_g `_cni []_l][ ^_ff_m n[hni ko[hni ^_os[
j_l ko_ fb_ [d[g al[h^_ i\lca[Çã j_l[i gosni [g[*
l_g ) io m_locl_g ) @ao[l^[mm_ gosni ^_j_hmm[l) [o_l
_g _mn_ goh^i) os^[ h_g ]iom[ j_l`_cn[ ][ _mni hig
ji^_ m__l) jilko_ himmi m_hbil in_g il^_h[^i j_l[[
mo[ m[h]n[ afilc[) g_m ^i ko_ ioo_l m_c[ ]ihn_hn_ @*
`nig l_mao[l^_ [i ko_ fb_ gshao[ j_l[ ]igjlcg_hni

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
-. B ?:6? 8BAFF:?<:=EB)
^_ m_o ^_m_ci) ]l__h^i m_gjl_ ko_ b_ gosni li[cm ^i
ko_ g_l_]_ @^[koc fb_ h[]_l[ ]ihncdho[^i _ al[h^_
[^_im _ [im m_hbil_m n_gjil[[_m [gcaim _ m_los^il_m+
>ihmmcdl[h^i ko_ fb_ `[t_g jlch]cj[fg_hn_ \_g+ jil
mo[m \ih^[^_m _ hig n[hni j_l m_om g_l_]cg_hnim)
<i_l[ bogsf^[^_ _ j[]cÖh]c[ h[m ]iom[m ]ihnl[Ül[m+
>[ m_gjl_ fb_ j[l_]_l[ ko_ g[cm g[f g_l_]c[) io gdh*
ao[g_hni ^_ \_g jil m_om j_][^im _ ]ofj[m ^i ko_
l_]_\_+ N_l[ m_gjl_ gos ]ihn_hn_) jicm _hn_h^_ k o _
[[f_g ^im g_l_]cg_hnim b_ a[f[l^i[^i \_g nl[on[^i
_ m_losh^i * @^[ kos fb_ ocdl[ \ii jl[t_l ]ihncho[^i
]ig gos \i[ n__hÇig _ al[h^_ ][lc^[^_ []_l][ ^_ni*
^im* ?_mni m_hn_g i]ihnl[cli im ko_ ]ihncho[^[g_hn_
nl[t_g [hn_ im ifbim ^[ mo[ g_gálc[) ]igi mig \iim
_g oclno^_m ^_ al[h^_ g_l_]cg_hni) [hn_ ^_im ^_l_c*
nim m_loc^il_m [mm_om m_hbil_m) ^_ [fni _ al[h^_ fchb[(
a_g) _ha_hbi) _ m[\_^ilc[) [o_h^i \i[ ]âo_lmm[Çig
[]_l][ ^im [gcaim _ m_loc^il_m+ @jil_g ]ih]fo^_g
ko_ ni^[fb[m ]iom[m fb_ ^_o_li ocdl [i ]igjlcg_hni
^_mm_om ^_m_cim m_hnch^i gos ni ko[f ko_l ]iom[ ko_
[mms [][\[l) io jimmosl hig ji^_g io ^_ ]ihnl[Ül[
ko_ fb_m m_c[ `_cni) ][ _hn_h^N ko_ ^_im _i goh^i
_ll[g gosni ko[h^i ni^i hig o_g ]igi fb_m j[l_]_
ko_ b_ l_tig+ >[ _mn_ ]os^[^i _m]ih^_ ni^[m m[m
gshao[m _ `[ED_]cg_hnim+ @[hn_ [g_gilc[ ]ihncho[*
^[g_hn_ [jl_m_hn[ ]iom[m ^_ m_om jlch]cj[[_m g_l_]c*(
g_hnim) [hoç ^_oclno^_m ^[[fg[) ^i ]ilji) ^_mmo[
eih_mn[ _ \i[ jl[nc][) [ionlim m_locÇim `_dnim _ \i[
^_mjimcÇig j_l[im `[t_l+ @[mmc _g m_g_fb[hn_ j_hmmihô
m_gjl_ h[m ]io_[m ^_mmo[ o[hn[a_g hig fb_ h_g\l[h(
^i m_om j_][^im g[ff_m _ `[ff_]cg_hnim+ @^[kos o_g )
hoh][ gosni al[^_]_l_g im \__hm _ li_l]__m) bihl*
l[m) _ m_locÇim ko_ fb_m m_c[g `_cnim) ko_ _hn_h^_g
_ n__g ko_ gosni li[cm g_l_]_g+ @[mms mig h_g\l[X
^im ^[m ]iom[m ]ihnl[cl[m) io ^[ gshao[ ko_ b[g ^i
]igjlcg_hni ^_mm_i ^_m_ci) ko_ [dh^[ ko_ ionl[m gos(
ni[ [d[g ^_ac[h^_ g_fbilc[) hig [m ji^_g m_hncl -

(=<=D=H:9 8G _O; ; = WQ
 9 72/7 198<<27425;9# ')
g_m h[ko_ff[m ]ihnl[Ül[m) nl[t_h^i m_gjl_ mo[m h_g*
\l[hÇ[m _ ^_m_cim i]]oj[^im ncl[fb_m i \ii _ oclnoimi
jl[t_l _ `[t_im ^_m]ihb_]c^iô ]ig jio][ j[]cÖh]c[ _
]ihn_hn[g_hni s _ gos `l[]im _g ][lc^[^_) jil ko_
_hn_h^_g ko_ ]iom[ hig l_]_\_g al[]cim[g_hn_)
g_m ko_ ^[+ko_ffi) kh_ mig g_l_]_^il_m [fao`f j[ln_
n_lig+ @_mni im `[t ]ihncho[l) [mms |mj_lim m_gjl_)
nlcm>_m _ _hal[nim ]ig [ff_o[hn[g_hni ^_ n[f jl_moh(
Çig _ ^_m_ci ^[o_l_g ni^i iko_ ^_mn_ goh^i ko_lcig
ko_ m_gjl_ j_cil[li ^_g[f _g j_sil) [n[[ ko_ [][[(
\ig mo[m j_him[m os^[m) io ko_ imm_hbil ^_im himmi
al[h^_ `Ümc]i _ g__mnl_ im ][mncao_ ]ig n[f mi`l_[^[
ko_ im `[Ç[ ]ihn_hn[l ^_ gos ni g_him) ih^_ ^ig[cm
hig ji^c[ m__l ]ihn_hn_m+ @ko[h^i [mms lcd[g_hn_ mig
][mnca[^im) ko_l_h^i _f ko_ l_]_\[g Ng_h^[) `[ffim
YTWSFW [i jlcg_cli ]os^[^i momi m]lcjni) _ ]ihb_]_l
i\_g _ çclno^_ ko_ d[t _g Ñf _gh[ko_mnÉ n[hni g[f
_ `[ff_]cg_hni+ Jonl[ ]ihmmsl[Çig ^_o_gim mi\l_mni
[o_l+ >ihmmcdl_ ][^[boç [ ]oln_t[ ^[op^[ jl_m_hn_) _
]igi _g _ff[ nl[t jil ][\_^[f) m_aoh^i i^c]ni ^_ m[fû
f[g[g [ff_al[lmm_ _ `[t_l \_g @ko_ ^_ff_ hig ^_o_
f_cr[l hâ ^_mj_h^_l m[foi ]ig mj_l[hÇ[ ^[o_l giil
a[[hÇ[) [mmc ko_ hig ]_mm_ ^_ NBQAQ RELOQE \_g _g
ni^[ ]iom[ ko_ ji^_l) m_hig jil [f ko_ g_fbil m_c[+
@^i jl[t_l ko_ ihig j_l][ ^_]il[Çig) h_g `cfb_ nlcm*
n_t[ io hidi) m[foi jil n[f ]iom[ j_l ko_ [d[ mj_l[h*
Ç[ ^_ himmi m_hbil ^_im ko_ ]i\l[l[ ]_hni jil bo`c)
hi jl_m_hn_) _ h[ èg os^[ j_l^ol[o_f) m_aoh^i ko_
ji _o[ha_fbi j_l _ff_ `is jlig_ns^i( g[m jil i]ih*
nsho[^i ]os^[^i ^[ h_g\l[hÇ[ ^[m jlájlc[m oclno^_mô
\ih^[^_m _ ionl[m [o[hn[a_ãm _g ko_ j[l_]_ m__l
[]l_]_hn[^i ^cah[m ^_ al[h^_ a[ff[l^ig) [gil) Z`
ò_locÇi ]ig mi\_ci m_hnc^i ^im [al[oim) _hdolc[m) `[f*
fc]cg_hni) ^_ll_o_l_hÇ[m) io m_losÇim [o_h^i al[h^_
_ lcd[ n_ÖÇig ^[o_l [faoÅm ]iom[m n_gjil[[_m jil ]ig(
d'lcl ]i\cÇ[ ^[ ][lh_ ^im ifbim _ mi\_lo[ ^[ os^[) `[m
<nncsni _Z]`M] YZ \_g `[t_l+ @i jl[t_l gjsni [jioko_h*)
@ /

(=<=D=H:9 8G 9N;;= WQ
'* 9 72/7 198<<27425;9#
n[ ) io ^_ni^i ncl[ jil ]igjlcl oiihn[^_ m_g io cli
oclnoimi `oh^[g_hni+ =_g b_ osmni ko_ ]ig himm[
`ilÇ[) _ ji^_l) ]ig [al[Ç[ ^i m_hbil ^_im) ^_o_ m__l
f_cr[^i+ @jil ko_ os gosnim big_Öm _ll[l_g jil hcdlcX
ao[ ^_ ko_l_l) io m[\_l_g [mms l_a_l m_om ]il[Çii_m
j_l _mn_ m[h]ni _ oclnoimi ]os^[^i) gosni jlio_cnimi
_g _mn[ os^[ j_l[ ko[fko_l _mn[^i) _h][gshb|^im
gos mj_]c[f ^i m[fo[g_hni ^[m himm[m [fg[m ) ]ig
[al[Ç[ ^i m_hbil ^_im) _ ^_ himm[ m_hbil[ m[h]n[ g[*
lc[+ jil m_o m_losÇi _ himmi \_g) m]l_os _mn[m jio][m
j[ff[ol[5 jil [ocm[g_hni ) f_g\l[hÇ[ gshb[) _ ^[c*
ao[m j_mmi[m) ko_^_n[[_m `_cnim n__g j_ko_hi ]ihb_*
]cg_hni+
1FUNYZQQT B77(
2F ZFd LQTWNF%
OS[[g afilc[ hi fcoli ^im mn[nonim _ him ^[m _inn[*
ÇiiÖm ^im m[h]nim j[^l_m) m_ ^_]f[l[ [j[ln[^[g_hn_
^[ mi\_lo[+ jil jlch_cj[f j__[^i) [dh^[ ko_ j_l gos*
nim m_ jihb[ jil m_o l[gi @ n_g h[]cg_hni ^_jl[t_l
^_mil^_h[^[g_hn_ `cfb[^i ^_mmo[ g_fbilc[) io ko_i
^_m_c[ gosni ^[o_l @^immi\_ci ]ihn_hn[g_hni ^_ jlá*
jlc[ oiihn[^_+ ih^_ _ ]igi hig ^_o_+ @j_l nl_m j[l*
n_m m_ ji^_ `cfb[l+ Klcg_cl[ ^[m oclni^_m) àb mi\l_
`oh^[g_hni ^_fc[m N_aoh^[ ^[m ]iom[m g_[~m) [mms ]i*
gi ^[ `l_gimol[) `ilÇ[) lcko_t[) gihn_m) ][Ç[m) di*
aim) _ ionl[m ]iom[m m_g_fb[hn_m O_l]_cl[ ^im g[ff_m
_ j_][^im ko_ d[ `_t bom[ io b_ ^_mjimni j_l[ i\l[l)
]ig_h^i) \_o_h^i) gosni mi\_ci) _ ^ilgsh^i ]ig
dh_fb_l_m) g[f g[nÅ^i) `_lch^i _ g_hnch^i) _ha[*
h[h^i ) _ ionl[m i\l[m l_o_mm[^[m `[t_h^i ) ^_ ko_
gosnim `cfb[g [mm[t `ifa[hÇ[ ^_mbil^_h[^[+ @mm_ a[*
\[g ^_fc[m f[la[g_hn_ ]igi m_ `imm_g ^cahim ^_ fio*
oil) io ko_ jil _ffi) [hnl_ j_mmi[m oclnoim[m) g_l_*
Ç[g m__l jl_t[^im+ @ni^[m _mn[m nl_m g[h_cl[m him mig
^_`_m[m <jlcg_cl[) j_l imm_hbil ko[h^i m_om ^c]cjoffim
QQ a[\[oig) jil ko_ im ^_gihsim fb_ i\_^_]c[g QX

(=<=D=H:9 8G , 7 A A 0 ?:
 9 72/7 198<<27425;9# '+
m_o hig_+ @_f fb_m ^cmm_ ko_ ^[ko_ffi hig `cfb[mm_g
jl[t_l) g[m ko_ m_ [ff_al[mm_g+ jilko_ m_om hig_m
_lig m]lcjnim him ]__im+ @i [jimniffi l_]ihn[h^i [m
pclno^_m _ g_l]__m ko_ ^i m_hbil l_]_\_l[) ^cmm_ ko_
_g m4 jil _ff[m ni^[m hig `cfb[lc[ afilc[ m_hig _g
mo[m _h`_lgc^[^_m jil n[f ko_ gil[mm_ _g _f [oclno^_
^_ rj^+ @jil [mm_aoh^[ g[h_cl[ m_ ^ct hig m_ afilcd
i`iln_ _g mo[ `iln_ff_t[) h_g lc]i _g m[ lcko_t[) kcc^
m_afilc[l hi m_hbil [d[ afilc[) _hhi _]]f_mc[mnc]i) hig
fiocc_m ibig_g jil m[ `l_gimol[+ @i[jimniffi) hig
[ko_f ko_ m_ fioo[ b_ jlio[^i) g_m ko_g ^_im fioo[
@jil [ n_l]_cl[ m_ ^ct) ko_ im m_g_fb[hn_m aN[Çig
afilc[ ^_g[[i hig_) jil m[ ]ih`omig+ @ii m[fgi)
jil ko_ n_ afilc[m _g g[ffc]c[) jil m__l_m ji^_limi
j_l[ g[f i\l[l+ @^[ ko_mn[m nl_m aocm[m _ll[gim j_l
]oc^[^i) ]igi momi b_ ^c]ni ^[ mi\_loc[) _ j_l j[f*
f[ol[) a[\[h^ihim @ `[^[h^i ^_ n[f g[h_cl[ ko_ ^[*
gim [[ti j_l[ him a[\[l_g) @j_l i\l[m `[t_h^i [f*
aocnm ]iom[m j_l l[tig ^_o[~ afilc[ jlch]cj[fg_hn_ `c*
fb[^[ jil ][^[boÅ ^[m nl_m j[ln_m momi m]lcjn[m) _ ^_*
n[[_m g[h_cl[m ^_j_][l+ <jlcg_cl[ ko_mm_ `[t jil `oh*
^[g_hni ^_ oclno^_ b_ g[[+ @[ m_aoh^[ ^[m g_~[m
b_ j_il+ @[ n_l]_cl[ ^im g[ff_m b_ gopni j_il+ @^_*
o_mm_ [\[n_l _mn[ o[Å afilc[ j_hmm[h^Üi hi ^c]ni ^_
a[ff[gÅ ko_ ni^[ff[m ]iom[m ^[od^[ jl_m_hn_ m[g o[s*
^[^_) ^ct_h^i ko_ ][h^i oclgim ]iom[m j_l him `_c*
]n[m) ^_ko_ him ko_l_gim) g[cm ko_ b_ l[tig) io
]igi hig ^_o_gim) [ff_al[l+ Iig [him m_hbil) hig
[him) g_m [i n_o hig_ ^io afilc[) hã\l[h^ihim i^c*
]ni ^i _o[ha_fbi+ ko_ himm[m i\l[m oclnoim[m hig `[*
Ç[gim) jil m__lgim fioo[^im ^im big_Nm) ][ j_l^_*
l_gim ia[ff[l^[g ^_himmi j[^l_ ko_ b_ him ]__im+
Kil_g ko[h^i i\_g ^ionl[ aocm[ m_ hig ji^_ `[t_l)
h_g m_ ^_o_ ^_f_cr[l) g_m `[t_ffi jil jl[t_l [imm_*
hbil ^_im jlch]cj[fg_hn_ m[\_h^i kå_i ^_o_gim m_l*
pcl) m_aoh^i i^Ü]ni ^i [jimniffi j_l ^_`[g[ÇiiÖm _
\i[ `[g[+ Jonl[ g[h_cl[ b_ ^_ o[- afilc[ gosni ^QX

(=<=D=H:9 8G _O; ; = WQ
:. $ 72/7 198<<:742K29F
jlio_cni ^ì jio]i l_][^i _g ko_ foos nim ^im k o _ mig
]b[g[^im _hn_h^c^im ][tn_ j_l `[hn_mc[l_g hi ko_ hig
j_mmoã) hÖ _m n[l[ ^_mjimnim j_l[[ o_l) \oçm _g mn[ *
^im) ionlim _g lcko_t[m) ao_ll[m) o_h]cg_hfi) ì os*
^[ ]ig ocÇi l_jiom[^[) @ ^_mn[m `[hn_mc[m l_]_\_g `i¶O
a[hÇ[m _ m[h^_o jl[t_l ko_ im ncl[ ^_j_hmm[l_g _ i*
\l[l_g hi ko_ fb_m ]igjl_+ @mmi\l_ n[[_m `oh^[g_h*
nim ) ]iom[ hig n_g ^i\l[l j_l[ ^[l [_ro]oÇil[) h _g
g_n_l _g jlio_cnim[ il^_h[hÇ[+ @[n[f ]os^[^i ]b [g [
i[jimniffi) _m]ilcfcn[m io mifn[g_hni ^_ `[hn_mc[) k o _
j_l[ ]iom[ hig o[') ^_ ko_ him _h]ig_h^[ ko_ him
ao[l^_gim ]igi ^i\l[ _gj__]co_f _ m_g jlio_cni+
>[mm_ ^[ j[ff[ol[ i]]cim[ ^_o_gim ^[l ]ihn[) ^_n[U
]os^[^i _ ^_mj_m[ ^_ n_gji) hig j_hmmi ko_ `cko_
jilmm_ ^_g[h^[l+ @j_l[ _mni g_ j[l_]_ ]iom[ \_g
jlio_cnim[) _mno^i ^_\i]Em fcolim) _g ko_ [oihn[^_ m_
nilh_ [j_hmm[l) ]_mm[h^i ^im ionlim jlio_cnimim j_hm*
m[gÖnim) _g ko_ b_ ^ios^imi [nol[l ]ihncho[^[g_h*
n_+ @ko_g io o_l ^_m_ci j_l ms hio[g_hn_ m]l_o_l [f*
ao~ ]iom[ ko_ g[f hig m_c[) h_g m_ ^[h^i g[cm [n[c
_mno^i io m]l_o_l jil `iacl_g [im h_]_mm|lcim ]os^[*
^im _ nl[\[fbim ko_ [mm_o _mn[^i ]ão_g) o[c j_l[ _m*
n_ ^_m]ilhsg_hni ^[ oiihn[^_ _ j_l[ ncl[l hicim) m[*
hb[m) `[hn_mc[m+ @[]l_]Ön[l m_gjl_) ]ig [al[Ç[ ^_ò
himmi m_hbil ^_im _g \ii m[\_l _ oclno^_+ @j_l[ _m(
oso[l _mn_ j_][^i ^[o~[ afilc[) n|\_g b_ \ii l_ch_(
- ci) hig `[ff[l) m]l_o_l) io ^[l [[ti ko_ m_ `[ff_ m_g
Qii `oh^[g_hni j_l[hn_ him) _g himmim jlijlcim `_c*
nim+ @h[m ]iom[m `_cn[m ]ig _hn_hÇig [_ oclno^_ )
]ihmmcdl[l [ko_ff[ j[ff[ol[ ^_ ^[os^) ih^_ ^ct ko_i
m_hbil ko_\l[hn[l[ im immim ^[ko_ff_m ko_ `[t_g m_om
`_cnim jlch]cj[fg_hn_ jil jl[t_l_g [im big_Öm) gimò
nl[h^ihim ko_ hig f_cr_gim [him g__mgim `[t_l ]io*
m[ ko_ m_c[ ]â jlijimcni ^[o[~ afilc[+ @^_jicm ko_
[mms ]ig_Ç[lgim him nl[\[fb_gim ^_[m [][\[l ]ig
m_l[_fbÅn_ l_asg_hni ^[oiihn[^_) ^_ n[f aocm[ ko_
hig nilh_ _g o[- i ni^iPim `locnim ^_himm(( inl[m)

(=<=D=H:9 8G 8 A A 0 ?:
 J G@<G >JI N@GC@ !$J+ "(
@[_mn[ giln[f j_Çihb[ ^ct m[g dib[g ][ms[hi) ji^_*
l_gim fca_cl[liÖn_ `oacl) m_]ihmcdl[lgim ^_ ni^i j_l*
^_l) hig mii i`locni ^im himmim nl[\[fbim) ko_ `_t_l*
gim ]ig jlijimcni ^_o[[g afilc[) g[m m_l_gim ]of*
j[^im ^_al[h^_ j_][^i i\lca[^im [j[a[l) [mms ]igi
m[]lcfÉacim j_l nilg_hnim _n_lh[[_m) m_aoh^i [ko_ff_[
ko_ ]ig chdolc[ ^_ ^_im) [i\l[ ko_ ioo_lig ^_`[t_l
jil m_o l_mj_cni ) g[cm [kosm_lig i\l[l j_ffim bi*
g__hm) [o[hÇ[h^i [afilc[ ^i goh^i mi\l_ [ ko_f ko_
b_ ]ihb_]_^il) _ _m]if^lchb[^il ^[m ]iom[m m]^^c^[m+
Kil ko[hni _mn_ j_][^i ^[o[Å afilc[ gosnim _ha[h[
j_l ]ih]il^~][ ko_ b[g ]ihmmcai) _ [ko_ffi ko_ i]i*
l[Çig jil _ff[ ^_m_c[ `[t_l) io ^ct_l) j_l l[tig m_
ko_l _h]i\lcl) gimnl[h^i ko_ b_ i\l[ g_lcnálc[ `[*
t_ffi [mms) jil ^[l \ii _r_gjfi [im ionlim) iko_ hig
b_ o_l^[^_) jil ko_ ijlÜh]cj[f h[]cg_hni ^[o[[g afi*
lc[ jli]_^_+ CoN jlio[ ]_ln[ mi\l_mni g_ j[l_]_ jli*
ji_l ^_ hig `[t_l) io ^ct_l [ko_ff[ ]iom[ j_l [fao`\
n_gji _ m_i `[t j_l l_ko_lcg_hni ^i ]il[Çig ]ig [*
ko_ff[ o[Å `ifa[hÇ[) []b[l[ n[f j_h[ ko_ hig m_ ji*
^_l[ ^_ffi \_g ao[l^[l) _ ko[h^i `il m_hnc^[ ^_o_mm_
]ihb_]_l) ko_i h[]cg_hni ^[o[N afilc[ jli]_^_) g[cm
ko_ ^[ll_tig) jicm hig i\_^_]_ [i ko_ _ff[ g[h^[++
@^[ffs [o[hn_ ao[l^_mm_ gosni ^_mm_g_fb[hn_ `[t_l) _
`[Ç[ ]ih]c_h]c[ ^i ko_ [mms `_t_l) io ^cmm_l+ @mm_ osl
k ]igjl_ ^_mm_ ]ihnsho[l) ^ca[ _g m_o ]il[Çig) [9(
ko_f ^c]ni ^_ m[g \_lh[l^i) ko_ jil _ff[ ihig ]ig_*
Çio ) hè if_cr[l[ ^_`[t_l+ @ ko_ ^[ko_ffi [him hig ^[*
gim afilc[) g[m [i hig_ ^_ himmi m_hbil) _ ni^[os[
bom[l ^_ffi jio]i) m_ [h_]_mmc^[^_ himm[) io ^im io*ò
nlim) ihig ^_g[h^[l b_ [g[cm m_aol[ j[ln_+

(=<=D=H:9 8G = 7 A A 0 ?:
.* * ? : 6 ? 8 B A F F : ? < 7 =E B &

1FUNYZQQT B *788
2T HFXT HR V UWJXYF FZFc LQTWNF(
< _ ]ihnb_o^i D N fcoli ^[m ]iff[Çiâ_m ko_ ij_][^i
^[o[Å afilc[ j_l o_t_m [jlio_cn[ _g l_`l_[l im j_][^im
][lh[[_m+ @mni b_ ko[h^i [faoç m_f_g Ö ]ihn[ ^_\ii
_ al[h^_ hig_+ J ko[f m__h^i n_hn[^i ^[ forolc[) \_*
o_^c]_ io m_g_fb[hn_+ >ihmmcdl[h^i ]igi m_ i\l[mm_
[ko_ffi ko_ ^cmm_l[ o_h]_h^imm_ [n[c j_][^i) j_l^_lc[
mo[ `[g[ ^_ ko_ gosni m_ jl_t[) f_cr[ ^_i `[t_l) _
jimni ko_i hig `[Ç[ jil [ko_ff[ `sg ko_ ^_o_lc[ +m+
jlch]cj[fg_hn_ jil m_locÇi ^_ himmi m_hbil+ Kil_g
]ãn[^i b_ jil \_g) _ jil \_g `_cni m__h^i [mms n_h*
n[^i f_cr[l ^_g[f `[t_l+ @jl_mn[ _mmi g_^_m m_aoh^i
[lhsg j[l_]_ j_l[ mijiln[l ^_mbihll[m) j_l^[m) io
g[ff_m) ko[h^i [faoç j_hmm[) io fb_ ^ct_g ]igi _g
_ffi i\lio) oclnoim[g_hn_ \_g) j_ff_d[h^i jimni ko_
o_h]c^i io g[cm `_lc^i `imm_+ @[fao~m ]iom[m ko_ \_g
mijilnio) io [ ko_ l_mjih^_i j_l `_cni) io ^c]ni ]i*
gi ^_os[+ @[mms _g ][mim m_g_fb[hn_m) _ff[ `[t g_*
him m_hncl ig[f l_]_\c^i jil i]ihn_hn[g_hni ko_ `cfb[
][^[ boç ^i ko_ `[t+ @[]_l][ ^_mni) _o ]ihmmcdli boÅ
jl[nc][ ko_ o_ci n__l [gosnim ko_ m_ n__g _g ]ihn[
^_ \iâm _ oclnoimim) [ ko[f g_ j[l_]_ gosni _ll[^[+
>[ _ff_m _mn[h^i _g [mm_mm_ai) io \_g [o_hnol[hÇ[
j_hmm~ kå_ hig mig n[[_m ]igi ko[[_m ko_l ionlim
big_Öm) g[m mig ]igjlc^im ^_oclno^_m+ @jil_g ko_
mi\l_ im ionlim ^_o_g m__l bihll[^im _ jl_t[^im+ @*
ko[h^i lsdi j_l n_hn[Ç® ^_ [faoç j_][^i [ko_ gosni
3_ dh]fch[g mig l_ko_lc^im) f_cr[hmm_ o_h]_l n[g `l[*
][g_hn_ ]igi [ko_ff_m ko_ [hn_ ^_mjl_t[o[g) _ jil
j_][^il_m [ocÅ+ @mm_ [fao_g im ko_l ][mnca[l) io ]ihm*
m_fb[l [ko_f ko_ hig ko_lc[ ]^mm_hncl m__l nb_o^i _g
]ihn[ ^im ionlim) `cfb[ jil mo[ ^_m[]ofj[Çig) ^ct_l
ko_ b_ big_g) _ ko_ fb_ ]iho_g m_hncl iÜd im ionlim
m_hn_g) `[t_h^i ]igi _ff_m+ Ji ko_ _hn_hÇig n[g

(=<=D=H:9 8G " ! # # $ (&

 9 72/7 198<<27425;9# (%
_ll[^[ _g }\iffim _mn[^im) h[ \i[ o_hnol[) ih^_ j_l
al[h^_ l_`l_[g_hni ]ig g_gálc[ ^im `[ff_]cg_hnim m_
^_os[ nl[t_l i]il[Çig _g al[h^_ [mm_mm_ai ^_ ]ih*
n_hn[g_hni _ l_jiomi ^_ bochdf^[^_ f_cr[ffi dh]b[l ]ig
jlájlc[ jl_mohÇig ^_ mo[m oclno^_m _ `[ff_]cg_hnim
[fb_im+ @h[m n_hn[ÇiiÖm _mko_]s^im ^[ \i[ n__hÇig
_ jlijimcni ko_mm_ [os[ h[ m_aol[hÇ[ f_cr[lmm_ o__h*
]_l ]ihmm_hnsh^i _ `[t_h^i [ko_f g[f k [hn_ [oill_*
]c[g @im ko_ n[f i\l[oig a__l[fg_hn_ _lig ^_ff_
jl[mg[^im+ @mn_ b_ boç al[h^_ `oh^[g_hni ^_j_][l
_mko_]sg_hni ^[ko_f \ii ^_m_ci ) _ jlijimcni ko_ ^[n
oclno^_m [os[gim+ ][ \_g b_ osmni im g[cm ^im j_][*
^il_m [mms ][cl_g+ jil ko_ [][mns^[^_ ko_ j_l [faoçm
b_ fioo[^[ _ ^_m_c[^[) ocdh^i [mm__l lcci n_hn[^im)
[nilh[g n__l _g j_ko_h[ ]ihn[+ @i []il^i ko_ ]ig
FQLZd UJXXTF gosni m_ ^_m_c[o[ ao[l^[l) j_l m[hb[
_h`l[g[^im) hig m_ n_g jil g[f ocdl ]ig _ff[ _g
^_m[]il^i ) m_ ^i jlijimcni _ \i[ n__hÇig j[mm[^[
hig o__g j_l`_cni f_g\l[g_hni @[mms him m_g_fb[h*
n_m ][mim j_l gshao[ ^_ n[f oclnoim[ fÖ\l[hÇ[ m_ `[*
t_g im g[cm ^im j_][^im+ @[m j_mmi[m o_l^[^_cl[g_h*
n_ [g[^il_m _ m_aos^il_m ^[m oclno^_m n_Ö [jl[nc][
]ihnl[Ül[ +m+ MN ARRNAAEGN BNA TEMSTQAM[A RELOQE m_
n__g _g ]ihn[ ^_ ko[[_m ko_l ionlim big__im `[ff_*
]c^im) _ j_][^il_m ^ct_h^i iko_ ^cmm_) i\_g [o_hno*
l[^i j[^l_ m[g `l[h]cm]i) m__i^i jl_aohn[^i ^_ m_om
`l[^_m ko_ dofa[o[ ^_mms _ ^_ boç jo\fc]i j_][^il ko_
fb_ `is gimnl[^i+ @_f l_mjih^_i ko_mm_ [os[ jil j_il
ko_ _f+ ^cmm_lig _ff_m ko_ n[f j[ff[ol[ _l[ ]ihnl[`_cn[
jil ko_ \_g _l[ ocmn[ ko[hn[ ^_`_l_hÇ[ ^_c [i ionli
_l[ ]ihb_]c^[+ @_f [`clgio ^ct_h^i ko_ m_ himmi m_(
hbil n[hn[ al[Ç[ kosm_l[ ^[l [ionli ]igi [_f jil m[
g_l]__) ionila[l[) ko_ g[cm j_l`_cn[g_hn_ ]ig m[
`ilÇ[ _ oclno^_m h[nol[[_m fb_ l_mjih^_l[ j_l i\l[m
oclnoim[m ko_ _f+ @[mms im ko_ mshn_g _ m_ao_g _g
m_om ]il[Çiá_m o_l^[^_cl[ bogsf^[^_) hoh][ fb_m `[f*
f_]_ ^_l_c f[ l[tig j_l ko_ [hn_ ^_im m_ []om_g _ [(

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
 16 J G@<G >JI$N@GC@DMJò
`[$n_g [jl_mohÇig ^_mms _ g_[im jl_Çi ^iô incnlim+
1FUNQZQM B@88(
=ZJ KFQNF IF INJYF ZdF LQTWNF%
&Lo[hni ^_mjl[t [himmi m_hbil [n__hÇig ^_mm_ n__l
][^[Poç [mms g_^_m _g l[osni) im ionlim ^_m jl_t[ hm
^i) Hicimnl[i [ko_f _hr_gjfi ^i `[dcm_o ) _ jo\fc][hi )
ko_ [i n_gjfi `[tc[g il[Çã) ko_ j_l m_g_fb[hn_ jl_*
mohÇig _ ^_mjl_ti i jo\fc][hi j_l bogsf^[^Ñ `ic ^i
m_hbil jil g[cm domni dofa[^i+ @[`_mn[ ko_ `_t ij[^l_
[i `cfbi ^_a[mn[^il ko_ ]ih`_mm[h^i m_o `[ff_]cg_hni
^ctc[) hig mii ^cahi m__l ]b[g[^i n_o `cfbi) ^[ dhmms*
h[hÇ[) ko[hni jl[t [i m_hbil ]ih`_mm[lgim himmim `[f*(
Ec]cg_hnim ]ig ^_op^[ bogsf^[^Ñ+ @]igi h[ \i[ [h(
^[hÇ[ b_ jlio_cnim[ n[f n_hÇig <mms im oclnoimim m_5x
^i n_hc[^im h5/ n__g [g[h_cl[ ^im iinlim big__h_p
][ m_ j_l ^_m_ci ^[Eao~ gifb_l mig* l_ko_lc^im gimú
nl[h^ifb_( mo[+ g[[ oiihn[^_ ko_ ^_o_ m_aosl icw `[t_gc
im ionlim) _g n[f n_gji gos oclnoim[g_hn_+ M_mjih*
^_ [mms g_^_m ko_ hig m_n_g jil n[f ]igi _cf_m8+
]ihmmcdl[h^i im \__hm _ g_l]__m ko_ ^i m_hbil ^_i=*
n_g l_]_\c^i ^[h^\fb_ [Eaoç ]ihb_]cg_hni ^_c m_hn`nc*%
aTM ^i \_g: _ `áfa[hÇ[+ ^[m oclno^_m) ]ihb_iÑ^i ko_ m_(
`_mm_ o_hic^i n[f n_hÇig j_l^_lc[+ @ko[h^i ji_g ^boç
j[ln_ [`ifa[hÇ[ ^[kj_f j_][^i) io m_g_fb[hn_+ @^ioxü
ncm ko_ `[h[ ^_mjl[t_l [i m_hbil ^_im( j_l^_l[ imah[h*
^_m \__hm ^i jimmocl ^[oclno^_ [_f ]ihnl[Ül[) _ i]ih*
n_hn[l[_hfi: ko_ ^_mms jil _ff[ _ihnsho[^[l[_hn_ m_hnq)
]_mm~^indocÖic^_ni^im oso_hn_m) ]ihnl[^ct ]ig al[h^_(
^_mjl_ti [i+* j_][^i ) ^ct_h^i( ko_ hig m_ n_g jil n[f
]igi ko[[_m ko_h ionlim big__hm)+ ][) g[cm ko_l m_*
aocl [oclno^_ ][ m_ o_h]_l [_ff_ ]igi `[t [g[silj[cp(
n_ ^_ff_m+ @^_mni m_( ]ihn[ ^i ^c]ni m[h_ ni `l[hicm]iô
ko_ [__h^i n_hn[^i j_l ^_m_ci+ ^[o_l gifb_l _ `cfbimp
hig m_hn_å_ _g+iihn[ ^im ionliô j_l[ m_ o=]_l) RJt
^nj[_o_ç`_`cäboÄ al[h^_ j__cc[n _ JDEP=N j_ko_h[m( [hnl_c

(=<=D=H:9 8G ) A A < ?:
 9 72/7 198<<27M2K;9# ('
[m ko[[_m ^_mo_mnc^i m_ f[hÇio) ^ct_h^i [mms g_^_m
ko_ ]ili _ff[m _g fia[l ^_gifb_l _ `cfbim `ifa[mm_+ <m*
m[hb[) dhdolc[m) [al[oim) ]igi m_ ^_o_g ^_mjl_t[l+
DHimmi m_hbil i^_gimnl[) g[h^[h^i ko_ [g_gim ko_g
him li[f `_t_l+ @il_gim jil [ko_ff_m ko_ him j_lmm_*
aocl_g) _ j[l_gim bo~ ko_cr[^[ ko[h^i him ^_l_g
m [ ionl[) dh^i ^i\l_t ][gshbi ]ig koÖ him j_l `ilÇ[
j_l [fao`n mj[Çi f_o[) ^[h^i [mm[s[ ^_al[^i) [ko_g
him `cfb[ ig[hni+ @hi ^c]fi fcoli ^[m ]iff[ÇiiÖm m_ f__
^_boç gãd_ ko_ _l[ ^i_mn[^i j_l ]_lnim dh`c__m) im
ko[[_m fb_ ^_tc[g ko_ gimnl[mm_ msh[f ^_\ih^[^_ ko_
[os[ _g m[ f_s+ Jko[f l_mjih^_i ) _mn_ oim ^io ko_
&mii `clg_ _li \ii [mm_mm_ai ^_g_o ]il[Çig) jil ni^i
g[f ko_ li_ `[t__m _ ^ct__m) h_g iliio_l_c ]ili [al[ò(
nÇ[ ^i m_hbil ^_im) [dh^[ ko_ liisni li[cm m_c[+ @[ m_*
g_ Eb[hn_ n_gji jl_mn[ liosni n__lmm_ ][^[boJ _g n[f
]ihn[ ko_ hili h_ j_l[ m_ o_h]_l ]ig [g_l]__ ^_
^_im) h[m nÖn[Çiâ_m ko_im ionlim o_h]_g+ @ko_ [f_g*
\l[hÇ[ _g n[f n_gji momi m]lcjn[+ o_hb[ ]igi [do^[X
^il j_l o[~ afilc[+ >ihmmcdl[h^i ][^[boç i_mn[^i _
`[g[ ko_ n_g _ n__l ^_m_c[) hig _lij__]_) g[m [jli*
o_cn[+ @mm_g_fb[hn_ jl_mn[ liosni h[m j_ff_c[m _ al[h*
^_m `_cnim) ][^[boç m_ n__l _g f[f ]ihn[) ko_ h3 b[
j_l _f ^_j[mm[l lishao[ ]ilii jil ko[f ko_l ionlim bi(
g__hm+ @[m liifb_l_m j_l[ m_ ao[l^[l_g) ko[h^i l_ô
o_l_g ]ihnl[ mo[m bihll[m) io j_l m[hb[ mig n_hn[*
- [m j_l[ `[t_l io ^ct_l ]iom[ ko_ hig ^_o_g+ @n$ni
rh_ j[l_]_ ko_ [himmi m_hbil ^_mjl[t him ionlim ][miò
[o[Å afilc[ ko_ gosni ]f[l[g_hn_ him gimnl[ n[[_m
ò\[nsg_hnim h[m ]iom[m ^_ko_ him ko_l_gim afilc[l _
a[\[l ko_ \_g ji^_l_gim ]ihb_]_l ]igi _ff_ ko_l+
^_ ni^im himmim \__hm [_f m__l_g ^[^im fiooil_m+ @ko_g
m_ kosm_l afilc[l) Ö _f m_ afilcd+ @^i jl_mogscl hig
j_hmmi ko_( [fao`n m_ ko_cl[ _ m[c\b[ \_g l_ao[l^[l
ko_mmk hig []b_ `[ff_]_l ih^_ li[cm ]ilijlc[ m__l j_l(
KJNYT& m_ ni^[ mh[ mj_l[hÇ[ hili jim_l N himmi m_hbil)
[mms in__h^i hi ]il[Çig _ j_l j[ff[ol[ ]f[l[g_hn_

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B f_
 (( 9 72/7 198<<27425;9#
i]â`_mm[h^i+ @ ]igi n[f n__Çig [o_h^i jlch]cj[f _m*ô
`ilÇi _g m[ al[Ç[) ni^im al[h^_m _ \iim `_cnim [him
jimmso__m) ji^_gim ]ig_n_l _ ]ihnsho[l) mj_l[h^i
[o_l ^sos^[ ]ih]fomig+ @ji^_l_gim [mms ^ct_l jil
^[l \ii _r_gjfi) ijlijimcni ko_ [o_gim ^_ him ao[l*
^[l ^i j_][^i _ ]iom[m g[f `_cn[m) ]igi m[g j[ofi
^ctc[) ko_ hoh][ m_lc[ ko_ _f c[ g[cm _g [f `cfb[mm_
, filc[ m_hig _g h[ ]lot ^_ himmi m_hbil dbç rj^+
óko_ [giln_) os^[) [hdim) ji^_lÜim) h_g ionl[ ]io*
m[ ij[ln_lc[ ^[mmo[ ][lc^[^_+ @i gos psnolcimi _ ^_*
al[h^_m oclno^_m @fll_s g_o m_hbil _ j[^l_ ]od[ [fg[
^Éim [d[ _mn[h^i [hfl_ ac\[fn[l _ [fd[tcl[ _g gshb[
jl_m_hÇ[ ^_g_om dllh[[ãm im d`[hn_m ^ig j_^li) ^ig
hÉllcko_) _ i]ih^_ ^_\[l]_fcim) _ ^im ^imm_o ]ihmm_(
fbi) m__h^ifb_ jil gosn[m l_ti$_m ^c]n[m j_l [faoLm
^_ff_m ]ihnl[clim ^_ himm[ n__hÇig) [`clg[h^i koÉ hig
^_os[ nilh[l mi\l_ ]_jn[) ^_ko_ m_f_o[hn[lc[ ]ili al[h(
^_ `ilnoh[ jil im gos nim msh[[_m) o_hnocl[m ]ihnl[nl[m
ko_ ioo_l[ j_l giln_ ^[ gos oclnoim[ M[shb[ gdhb[
m_hbil[) _ g[^l_) _ n_gji ]ihnl[cli) ko_ gos nim
^c[m h! ]ihmm_hnci ko_ `cfb|mm_gim ijilni+ @al[h^_
j__n_h_hÇ[ ko_ h[ `lin[ _l[+ _f ^cmm_ ko_ i]il[Çig
hig fb_ ]imm$nclc[ ^_ j[lncl [n[[ jlio[l ni^[ mo[ `il*
Ç[+ @ko_ g[cm ko_ls[ gill_l _g ijlio[l `[t_h^i m_h
^_o_l ko_ ^_n[c aocm[ m_ j[lncl) ][ ^im msh[[_m _ oõ*
nocl[m im \iim biig_Nm hig b[g `[t_l ]ih G[ ih^_ `im*
m_g ]_lnim ko_ i\l[g ^_l_cn[g_hn_ g[cm ^_os[g ]ihò
ncho[l [n[[ g[cm hig ji^_l_g+ @ ko_ hig _g\[la[hò
^i ni^[m mo[m l_tih_m ]ig [al[Ç[ ^i m_hbil ^Éim _h(
n_h^c[ `cfb[l []c^[^_+ @jil mo[ g_l]__ `is `_cni g_*ò
Dbil ko_ m_ ji^c[ j__hmm[l+ @[mms igos _r]_fÉn_ ll_dl
b_hllcko_ ^_ bchal[n_ll[ g_o jlcgi ko_ ^Éim [c[ h[
\[n[fb[ ^[d_lh ]oln ^cmm_ [\[ff[h^i ]ihnl[ m_om dhgcdaim
ko_ [][m[ ^chal[n_ll[ hoh][ jil _f j[a[lÜ[ boç hi\l_)
ko_ o_h]_lc[) io gill_lc[ h[ ko_ff[ \[n[fb[+ @jlioo_
[himmi m_hbil ko_ jil m_o \ii _m`ilÇi `ic o_h]_^il ^i
jlch]cj[f ji^_l ^_`l[oÇ[ ]ig isni gsf ]ig\[n_hn_ô

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B f_
 9 72/7 198<<27425;9# ()
j_l ni^[ m[[ a_hn_+ è^_mn[ aocm[ [ko_ff_m ko_ o_l^[*
^_cl[g_hn_ _g ms ]ihb_]_l_g n[f n_ÖÇig ko[h^i os*
l_g ko_ ]igjl_ ji^_g ]ig l_h_l_hÇ[ ^_oc^[ [himmi
m_hbil ^_im \_g ^_]f[l[l m_o ^_m_ci) _ oiihn[^_) g[m
him ionlim n_gjim mi\_c[ jl_mohÇig) a[\[g_hni) _
o[c afilc[ j_l[ [jl_m_hn_ os^[) _ `onol[) nl[t liosn[
j_l^[ ]ig jio]i jl[t_l) _ jlio_cni n_gjil[f+ @[*
ko_mn[ _hmmsh[hÇ[ g_ j[l_]_ jlio_cnim[ ^_mm__l m]lc*
jn[ j_l[ m_ ]ihb_]_l _g ko_ n_gji jl_mn[) io _gj__*
]_ [o[è afilc[) n__lgihim _g al[h^_ _ j_ko_h[ ]ihn[
_ ^_ him [fao~ ]iom[ ^_ \ii jlijimcni ^ct_lgim) io
him ][ff[l+
1FUNYZQQT B4"(
N2F fZJOF(
2 [ Öo_d[ h_g ^_mjl[t_l) ^[m [o[hn[a__hm) io dao[*
fÅÇ[m jil himmi l_mj_cni ko_ o__gim _g ionl_g+ @jl[*
tcg_hni ^_mm_om g[ff_m) j_l^[m) _ [\[nsg_hnim+ @[*
ko_mni _mmi g_^_m m_ `cfb[ j_l ionl[m nl_m j[ln_m ]igi
[mmi\_lo[) _ o[Å afilc[ +m+ ^[m oclno^_m) ]iom[m g_[~m)
_^im g[ff_m+ @n_g mj_]c[f `oh^[gÖni [g_o docti _g
mi\_lo[) o[$ afilc[ ) ì ^_mbil^_h[^[ ]i\cdÇ[+ >[i mi*
\_loimi ko_l_h^i _g ][^[boN+ ^[m ]iom[m C E 8 A ^cn[m
^[m ionl[m c_o[l [o[hn[a_g jiffim ^_mjl_t[l å__h^i
ko_ im dao[fig) io fb_m E_oig g_fbilc[ jil [\[ns*
g_hni ^[oiihn[^_ _ jlijimcni l_]_\_g al[g ^_mjl[*
t_l @^_mn[ aocm[ im o[~afilcimim jil ijl[t_l ko_ `cfbN
^[m [o[hn[a__hm ko_ j_hmm[g [o_l_g mi\l_ im ionlim
^_ ko_ mo[m oiihn[^_m mig gosni [ff_al_m) ]ihn_hn_m)
o_É^imm_ cao[f^[^im) io ko_ im o_h]_g hi ko_ _ff_m
j_h5m[oig ko_ ni^im io im g[cm o_h]c[g) É fb_m o_g
_mn_ ^_mjl[t_l lcd[g_hn_ m_hnsh^i hi ]il[Çig) io `ic*
aÅÇ[ ^i g[f _ [\[nsg_hni ^im m_g_fb[hn_m+ @i ]i\cd*
Çimi ^_ ko[f ko_l ]iom[ ^_mbil^_h[^[g_hn_) jil ko_
ni^i `d gosni ^_m_c[ j_l[ ms jlch]cj[fg_hn_ ko_lc[)
o__h^i ko_ ionl_g in_g) io j_l][fÇ[ g[cm ko_ _f)
_( m_ [facqn ]iom[ mj_]c[f [fao_g jimmo_ ^_ko_ [oiih*

(=<=D=H:9 8G 7 @ B UQ
.! B .;>=H ?-'ó5`_\D>EuH-;
fpab pb jffvql `lkqbkqb ildl ieb kbj lppbkqfjbkql `f^
àrbg^ mbo ar^p j^kbfo^p+ Er^ mlo rbbo ^p `lrp^p a^
r^kq^dbj ^lrqobj ^rbo) al nrb ieb klkf mo^w+ > lr *
qo^ mlo biib klkl ^p qbbo _bj ^ppv `ljl nrbof^+ GBppbl
pbkqvjbkql lr abpmo^wbo) eb crka^al pl_ob rboqrabp)
_l^p j^ke^p) lr ^`ob`bkq^jbkql abq^^bp _bàp nrb el*
kbpq^jbkqb pb mlabj ^r bo) klj abpbf^kal nrb lp
mboabppb nrbj lp qbj ) olbp pbkqbj mlo biil pbrp c^ iif*
bf jbkqlp b abpbflj ablp pbdrfo) mlo lp ^rbo `ljl bi*
fbp q^i àrbg^ _b rfoqrlp^ mbo^ nrbklp `èrva^ l^mlpqli*
il afwbkal nrb rbj ab klppl pbkelo mbo^ `ob`bkq^o*
ollp bj _à c^wbo+ Bklp bpq^alp abpqb jrkal ^jrvqlp
c^w ^`ob`bkq^o bj _bàp b rfoqrabp+ >^p pb abpql nrb
rbbjlp bo^ lrqobj) ob`b_bjlp q^i pbkqval nrb klp
mo^wbof^ nrb biib ^p mboabppb) lr j^fp klj mbo`^iÖ^p*
pb+ Bpql bj dbbo^i eb mb`^al +a^ àrbg^) qfo^kal `boqlp
`^plp pmb`f^^bp nrb ^lp ibqbo^alp mboqbk`bj ab`i^o^o)
ab nrb ^rbjlp ^idrë abpmo^wbo) mlo ^do^kab mboa^
nrb abq^^bp _bàp mbo lrqobj mlpprvalp ob`b_bo mlabo*
jlp Klj mbkppl nrb pbf^ mb`^al) ^ppv `ljl abjbbp*
qof^p k^qro^^bp) rfoqrabp) b _bèp à drboo^ nrb ^g^j
bgkcfbbp b lrqo^p `lrp^p pbjbie^kqbp ) j^p a^nrbiGb^
nrb mbo ^cbfÖlj abrbjlp ^j^o) do^kab j^i) b ab
kf^iibåflp^ rllkq^ab pb ibr^kq^ ab pbrp _bàp klp abp*
mo^wbo lr abpp^p mboa^p b ^_^qfjbkqlp pbbojlp ibalp+
ìpûb ^èrbg^ eb alp j^iibp nrb lrqobj c^w lr eb abp*
mlpql `lpqrj^al ab co^bo) nrbj q^i pbkqb boo^ jrvql)
`lkqo^ lp nr^^bp pb afw àklp^ijl) klj nrbfo^p ^rbo
àrbg^ alp j^iif`flplp) kbj abpbgl abppbdrvo lp c^wbü
alobp abj^ia^abp) mlo nrb ^ppv `ljl cbkl qofdlp^*
jbkqb pb`^olj+ B^ppv `ljl ebor^ klr^ ildl ^pvke^
m^pp^olj+ Bqlal ^nrbpqb p^ijl jlpqo^ _bj `ljl alp
pbjbie^kqbp klj abrbjlp ^rbo àrbg^) kbj lp nrbobo
^oobjba^o+ Bnrb lp pbdrvalobp al `^jvkel a^p rfoqr*
abp abrbj rfrbo pbjmob bj _l^ pmbo^kÖ^+ B^rbo abü(
mo^wbo mlo lp lrqolp pbbobj ^r^kÖ^alp mlo ol^Z l_o^o+
ç ihk ^Qh l^^k^f ehnnZ]hl ^ ik^sZ]hl) ghf ihk ]^ó

*)*.*1('! &0!% - - ) * (
 K HA=H ?•J5OAHDAPA-+ 14
¥bf^ojLp pbjbie^qb) kbj nrboâ^jlp nrb biibc` clppbj
abi il ^_^qfalp o mlo jbao^ojlp mbo q^i j^kbfo^() jbp7
mlo klp abpmo^wbo a^p llrp^p j^i cbfq^p) bpql klj e ü
j ^i) kbj mb`^al) ibfu^kal qlal ^l growl ab klbpl(
pbkelo aÜlp) B^lp nrb mboqbb`bj `^Qobdl abgrid^o)
mo^p^f^o+ `^pqfd^o klp cbfqlp ^feblp+ Mb`^jl^ bj bpq^
ãrbg^ _^a pàqf^l ab `lo^Ölj) ov gl ) b `lkqvkr^al+ :U
_^a c^âi^ojlp j^i bj ^_^qvjbffql alrqobj) ^d l_o^k(
al `lkqo^ bi mbobpq^ rllkq^ab) Bppbdrkal clo l`^pl v
c^o^ kl bool j^vlo ^`ob`bkq^jbkql+ Bpqb mb`^al pl(
d^pq^) b+qfo^) mbo `^ohi^ab mbo ^n^^i ^j^jlp klppl(
pbkelo pl_ob qla^E^p `lrp^p b klpplp mollubjlp `ljl
k l p ) abnrb rvko^ abpbf^okslpiebp qlal _Ü nkb mbo^ fet
nrvpbojlp( Bal nrb lrrbobj klp^ffbdo^Q) B^p `lkp^(
`lkqo^vo^p nkb mbo^ klp) klj abrbjlp nrbobo mbo^i
bf,bp ^p k(^; abpbf^ojlp) jb^ abpmo^wbjlp abrbbov
lr p^_bo nrb ^p q Ü o ll m^ab`bj+ Era mo^qf`^ jb mü(¶
ob`b molrbfqlpü abdr^oa^o pl_obpql nrb nr^kal pbofqvo
jlp bkkl5 abpmo^^bo a^p* ^foqrabp b _b3p nrb% rbg^jl^
bj lrqobj ) pbjmob bj klpp^p rllkq^abp loobcbof^jlü
^^ `rim^ kl^p^) @lkppqvo^kal klpplp( c^ëb`vjbkql^) mlm
nrb pbjbie^kqb klj mbo`^iÖ^o^l^ b mboqpp^o `lkqvkr^(
a^jbkqb \hfh mbo kl^ l^^k^f Ñmge]Z]\ó ) B nr^kal
kl^ ,_fqlp al jrfqa_ k㶠mlabojl( ^`e^f( o^wlj abobfq^ü
bj nrb q^kql klp `rimbjlp+ 6 TTaRP ST klppl pbkelo
aÜlp pbfü _rp`^a^) p^_bkal nrbnr^kaã bj pbr pbo(
rfÖl clojlp) nr^^bp abk bjlp) bi( klp a^fc^ ^`rbii^pü
llr^^^ nrb _bj abplâ^jlp) b p^_b mbj klp pbbobjf
j^fp kb`bppÄof^p' Bmlpql nrbÄl `lo^Ölj q_i pbrqfaã;
lr abpmo^wbo) klfff mlpp^jlp ild`l%qfo^o)ï ^q^objlp pbj(ü
mob bqkf bpqf^ qbbooÖlj[ df;^oa^kof_klp jkvql aác^ii^o
k bk ol_ obo bj `lkqo^ a^nrbi aÜnlb klp pbkqvjlp `âl(
bbqcqval a^ àlbgcqq Gippb,ilkd^jbkqb ovgl klp qbrbojl(
bj; bpql mf[mlpël) `(lj pl^ jbkpbb pbobjlp c_q^ ab((
qral7 bjm^`el; abpqb oqcqâiibqoflwl mdb^al+ Bo^b kl^¶ qàq^r
mlo l( `^q^alp ) _bào j^i;dûÇÖ^al- nrb ^lkqsbj; kbg^û%
jl( mlEegvo) âátljtcilfüü ú^qbjlo^( Ä^; cfÜ )( nrb*abc

*)*.*1('! &0! -A//1 KE

15 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDA.NK+
qlal oq^i ^rbobjlp mbk^) p( jfpbof`loaflp^jbkqb klj*
clo obiibr^a^ b alp _bàp ^rbobjlp d^ii^oalj pb mào
lrqolp mb`^alp klj mboabojlp+ B nrbj abpql pb ibj*
_o^o clo^ pbo^ aàrbg^ nrb pb cfie^ abrbbojlp ^lrqobj+
mbo jàqfo) bkd^k^o) b lrqolp j^iGbp c^wbo) mbo`^iÖ^o)
elkoo^p) b _bàp qbjmlo^^bp+ Kbj a^ abpmlpfÖlj mbo^
j^i l_o^o) nrb rbf^jlp bj lrqobj a^r^kq^dà) klp
abrb rfgo q^i pbkqfal) `lkppfgo^kal `ljl `^a^ erë ^ppv
klj mlab nr^kql abrb `^pqfd^o) nrb c^of^ pb mbo^ biil
j^fp ab5mlpql clppb+ Bq^^bp mbkp^jbkqlp bj _l^ qbbk*
Ölj ) cfoj^alp d^pqlj jrvql q^i mb`^al+ Pl_obpql a^
Prbg^ ) jb m^ob`b mbo ^p m^ii^ro^p ab klppl pbkelo feë
um92 nrb afppb alp l_obfolp nrb ^abpr^fo^a^p lo^p al
af^ clolj ^ird^alp) pb jlpqo^ lcrka^jbkql abpqb j^i*
ib`flpl mb`^al) b pbr `lkppbiel a^ `ro^) b dr^oa^ abf)
mlo nrb ^rbkal ^nrbiibp mofjbfolp ^pplia^a^) mlo nrb
pb ^rbeboèj rbbkal nrb lp aboo^abfolp lrrbolj lr(
qol q^kql) nrb do^`flp^jbkqb ieb nrfpbolj a^o) mlo
abpmo^wbo al _bj ^iebl nrb ^biibp klj qo^wf^ bjmbb(
`fjbkql) pb nrbfu^r^j `lkqo^ lnrb ^biibp `èmofa^(ü
jbkqb cbwbo^ lnrb bo^ l_ofd^al+ >lp nr^^bp obpmlk*
abkal `è obmobebkpplj) mlo nrb pb rbbk`f^j mbo bpq^
obrbpp^a^ rllkq^ab) afwbkaliebp nrb mlfp ^biibp p^qfp*
c^wf^ `ljl bo^ qebral nrb ^rv^ abc^wbo) kbj avwbo
pl_ob lnrb ^lp lrqolp do^`flp^jàqb ab pbr _ll mi^wbo
nrbof^ a^o+ Sbabp lcrka^jbkql a^rboa^abvo^ àrbg^)
¨ ;bp^o al _bj ^iebl ! mlpql nrb ^idrN bjmbb`fjbkql
eb klj mlpp^ qo^wbo) b ^oobmobebkpplj al pbkelo) ^ql*
alp nrb abif^ erp^j eb afbq^) mlo 9g klp ob`b_bjlp
abf do^`flp^jbkqb pbj ljbob`bo kbj ^idrÇ `lkpqo^k*
dfjbkql( rva^) p^rab) b klppl pq^al nr^i nrbo nrb
bi pbf^) bj nrb klp cbp jrvql do^kabp jbo`bbp+ Bklp
pbj `lkeb`vjbkql `lkqo^ bi mbo _l^p m^ii^ro^p) klj
ieb a^jlp ^brfal ^do^ab`vjbkql) j^p mlo lnrb ieb
mo^w ab c^wbo ^lp lrqolp) klp ^qlojPq^jlp+ Bq^i pb c^w
jrvf^p rbwbp `lkqo^ lp pbkelobp) nrb ab ^idrëp ab
mbnrbk^ `lkq^) b Gvke^dbj mlap bj jrvql j^vlo

*)*.*1('! &0! HFKKM b^

 K P+AòH ?KJOOAHDAENK+ $ 16
RSADN PTE LEQECEL& 0 MNL Cg_RIJQAMDN PTEL FNQNL
MEL NR NTSQNR LEKHNQER PTERRW EL GQAMDE CNMSN ONQ
AKGTh )''LEMSE APTE TEIA FAXEQ LAIR ATAMSAGEL ONQ
OQAXEQ DERRET REMHNQ$ EK QECEBE SAMSA OEMA%PTE NR FA%
XEL KETAQ SQABAKHNRA TWDA$ FAKKAMDN LAK CNMSQA DENR E
APTEK CNL PTE TWTE& 0NTSQNR PTE DETIA REQTIQ$ NT
ROECIAKLEMSE ALAQ ANR PTAAER APTEKKA QEOQEHEMRRNL
RTRN RCQIOSA LTWSN CNMCNQDA &R& QECEBE NPTESE HE DE%
QEW SALEMSE FE ISN $ 0DN PTE DENR E APTEK CNL PTE TW%
TER GQACINRALaSE ANR NTSQNR PTEQ DAQ MNL SE CTQER&
.A RE SIQAQLNR MNRRN OEMRRALEMSN DE CTWDAQ MN BEL
PTE ANTSQEL RE FAX$ REQA AFARSADN DE REMSIQ$ ONQ EKKN
EM T EJA$ NIZ LTWSN DETELNR FAXEQ$ ONIR DENR NCNMSQA#
DIX& 0NR EVELOQNR MNR DELNRSQAL ALAMJFERSA OEQDA
PTE JAX EL SAI OECADN&

8P_Xcd[[^ J ; > (
% 9 P bP]WP+

/ A WQA RET OQNOQcN MNLE EL MNRRA KWMGTAGEL HE

RAMHA$ PTE TEL DE HTh AQQETASADN FEQTNQ DE CNQA_NL
NQ DEROQAXEQ PTE REMSE CNL DEREIN DETWMGAM_A& /EK#
0 I M!CEL E TEHEQNL LTWSNR LAKKER$ CNLN DIX RAL
JNHAL CARIAMN MN KITQN DNR RSASTSNR$ PTE ERSA LNQAMDN
EL MNR CEGA NR NKHNR DAAKLA CNL SQEETAR LTW bOEE%
CITEER$ MNL KEIXA ATEQ JTWXN DEQEISN DE DIRCQE_NL $
MEL MERSA DEHNMERSA CNMSELOKA_NL$ MEL KEIXA ONRRTIQ
LADTQEXA DE CNMRREKHN$ MEL CNMRREMSE REEQ NR HN%&
LEEMR PTWMHNEIQNR DA RAMCSA TWDA$ MEL QESEEDNQER
DA JTRSI_A$ Mb QECEBEDNQER DEROIQcSTAK E TEQDADEIQN KT%
LE $ ONQ PTE DIX NOQNOHESA$ SNQTADNR LETR NKHNR OEKKA
RAMHA$ 0APTERSE CNMSQADIX SNDA H IQA$ FNQA DA PTEKIA
PTE RE FIKHA CNMSQA NR OECADNR$ E DE MNR ONQ CNMRREM%
SIQ EL EKIER& 0DERRA LEDER RAMHA PTAMDN MNR QEPTEQE
E AFICA E CNRSQIIGE& 0DECKAQAMDN APTEKKA OAKKATQA DE
RAL OAT KN PTE DIX ARRAMHAAETNR E Mf PTEIQAAER OECAQ$
^ hllhe ghf RE ihgaZ RNBQE MNRRA RAMHA$ DIX PTE DNT#
2

*)*.*1('! &0! 7B//1 IE

 _bK  HA = H ?KJO5AHDA.THK+
qo^ pb klj abrb bkqbkabo) pbklj a^ prpl afq^+ @^
klk^ bkqbka^jlp nrb klp eb a^al ird^o mlo `lrp^^
nrb o^wl^a^p m^obÖlo^ ^rbo p^ke^ `ljl ^ppv pbf^ nrb
nr^i nrbo* `bd^ lp lielp a^ o^wqc) mlfp nrb abcbobkÖ^
pbo^ mbo^ qfo^o ^rfpq^) mlbo ^kqb lp lielp m^pq^ ab
`eë_l) lr alrol) @boql eb nrb ^ppf ^erÇ `ljl ^lr*
qo^ ^rfpq^ bj_^od^ ^nrbii^ qfo^a^) ildl mbo^ `^vo bp*
q^jlp jrvql ^m^obie^alp+ Bppbjbie^kqb c^w biG^ nr^k*
al ab klp pb ^ppbkelo^ mlo nr^i nrbo `lrp^+ Bab`i^o^
j^fp nrb abpqb pl i) ^nrbi af`ql klj abrbjlp àqbkabo
nrbppb klj mlke^ pl_ob klppÅ p^ke^+ @^ pb^ ibfu^ppb*
jl5 aro^o bj klp ^q^^ bi mlpql) mlabof^ pbbo nrb
mol`baboâ^jlp ^kqb nrb pb mlpbppb ^rvkd^kÖ^ Bmlo
nrb laf`ql ^mlpilifl klp j^ka^ lo^o `lkqvkr^a^jbkqb
b pbj bkqobmlvjbkql Blppbkelo afw nrb bpq^kal ^kqb
l^iq^o) pbklp Gà_o^o nrb klppl goo^^Çl qbj ^idrë bp*
`^ka^iil `lkqo^ klp nrb ibfubjlp klpp^ lcboq^ b klp
r^^jlp ob`lk`fif^o `lj bi+ Bppbklp ^ppv j^ka^ `lj
klpplp goj^Çlp) ^kqb nrb lcbobÖ^jlp klpp^p lcboq^p) b
^`loa^o `ljl blkppàqfof^¶ nrbj ^q^^ lppli mlpql `lj
mb`^alp mlabppbjlp bpq^o bkco^j^alp bj bii^) lo^kal
^l pbkelo nrb ab klpp^p lcboq^p klp j^kalr `bpp^oü
^q^^ nrb `lj biib pbf^jlp ob`lk`fif^alp+ Mlobj afw
nrbpbb abrb ^nrbi af`ql bkqbkabo al pli a^grpqfÖ^) g%
ablb klppl lnr^i pbklp rfo Prliqlp bj p^ke^ klp qfo^o^
lirjb a^ pr^ do^Ö^+ Bppbobjlp al `lkql a^nrbiibp al
nrb eb ^`ofmql nrbl pli pbiebp mlp kl jbl af^ mlq
^bbobj abf abpbjm^o^alp+ Lrqol bkqbkafjàql ab`i^o^
nrb o^wl^a^jbkqb mlabjlp cfie^o mlo lirjb a^ abp`if(
clj nlb pb mlbj b `bd^ ^lp nrb jrvql bpqlj ^`bplp
bj bpqb mb`^al) Bmlobj `lk`irab nrb klj mlab pbj
f^ff`fjbkql ^rbo ild^o bj lrqolp `^plp) clo^ al prpl
p`ofmqlp +p+ nrb klp ^pp^kebjlp `lkqo^ ^p qbkq^Öllàp
al mb`^al) }ab klp pb^p klj `lkqo^afwbjlp) b abif^
jbabp pbklp pbdrb) ^cf`^) b `lpqo^kdb+ Lrqolp qbbj
nrb ^id^fp rbwbp ^pp^ke^ eb molrbfqlp^ mlo nrb Un\
ë[mZk ^p \hnlZl jbielo ^ fZbl ik^lm^f^gm^+ çihk Z\hh'

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !KE

 L IB>I @LKPPBIEBQOL+ cc
úloa^kÖ^ abpqbp af`qlp) br c^Öl q^' ab`i^o^Ölqk nrb
mbo^ mb$pl^p jrv rfoirlp^p) ^pp^ke^ eb _bj p`rp^a^)
mlo nrb erp^kal a^p rfoqrabp `ljl abrb) ^p `lrp^p
F^o^ mbocbfq^jbkqb+ Bkè ieb ``qrbj abpp^ke^ pbbobj
^gra^alp) mlo nrb ^rfoqrab a^ abp`ifÖlj) jlpqo^ lnrb
e b _bj ab c^wbo+ B^cloqbiibw^ pbj lrqol ^drvielj ab
p^ke^ bpmboq^a^ `lj abpbfl ab grpqfÖ^) ieb c^o^ qlal
`ljmofo `ljl obwlj clo+ @^ `boql eb ^p rfoqrabp mbop*
^v pbbobj ^_^pq^kqbp) mbo^ lrfoqrlpl qlal _bj l_o^oü
pbj ^gra^ nrb kb`bpp^of^ ieb pbf^ a^ p^ke^) j^p ^^*
nrbiibp nrb k^qro^ijbkqb plj jÇpplp) b jrv _bkv*
dklp nrb ^idrN klj nrbfo^j abpmo^wbo) B^lp co^`lp
ab`lo^Ölj) jliibp) abibfu^alp) mlpmlb alobp al nrb
klj `èrbj) b mobdrfÖlplp jrvq^p rbwbp iebp ^molrbf(
q^ bj lp bpcloÖ^o b ^drÖ^o) `lj q^kql nrb kÆ `bdrbü
b^QaT mlfb lr clo`b lgrfwl a^oobwlj+ Bmlo nrb mbo bi(
i^ boo^jlp bj klppl `rva^al) c^if^) `lkqbkbkÖ^) ^
l_o^ mbo^ `lkeb`bojlp pbklp `bd^ ) lr cloÖ^) @lkppfg*
aT `^a^_rë lnrb klp c^w màpp^o) c^ii^o) b l_o^o nr^kal
^qbrbojlp) b abpnrb abklp pb m^oqfo) b pbl _bj k^'
dr^oa^ojlp pbj ^cbfÖlj pbkqfkal lgrfwl nrb pl_o^
klpplp cbfqlp mbo afdk^p mbppl^p alrqlofa^ab eb a^alû
mlabobjlp `lj ^do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo _bj `lkeb`bq
pb pljlp abif^ pqlor^alp lr ^gra^alp+ Bmbo lp boolp
m^pp^alp klp ^rfp^o mbo^l af^kqb+ Bppb abif^ j^i klp
^`e^ojlp) klj a^kal ird^o kbj ^rqlofa^ab ^klpplp
`rfa^alp abrbjlp `lkqbbo l c^ii^o) bl_o^o nr^kal àklf
clo+ Bppb `lkeb`bojlp nrb `lj bii^ klj qobpp^vjlpü
^ klp ^molrbfq^ `lj do^kab qPql) klj ibfubjlp ab
mbkpp^o) c^ii^o) ^gka^ nrb ^ppvkq^jlp+ Mlobj `lj _ll
obpdr^oal pbdrkal clo ^mbppl^) cbf`ql) b ild^o+ Bppb
klp rbebo a^p jra^kÖ^p alp qbjmlp `lkqo^ klppl mo^*
wbo) Ba^p `lrp^p a^ cloqrk^ `lkppfgobjlp `lkqo^ `dt
]^b ^pp^ke^jlp) b abpbf^jlp ^rbo rfkd^kÖ^) mlo ^p
mboa^p) b abpmo^wbo nrb mlo biil ob`b_bjlp+ Bppbdrl*
al obwlj `lkqo^ lp qbjmlp) nrb klj c^wbj j^fp nrb
mbo klppl pbkelo iebp eb loabk^al ) kè ^rbobjlp crfc`(
#"

*)*.*1('! &0! QB//1 IE

 2/ - HA=H ?KJOOAH_eAENK+
a^jbkql abklp ^pp^ke^o) b jrvql jbklp `lkqo^ bi
nrb qla^ii^p c^w b loabk^) jbielo nrb mbo klp mla5
pbbo mbkpp^a^p+ B`lj q^i mbkpp^jbkql) lr abqlal pb
ibfu^o^) lr ^klp ^qlok^objlp bkqbkabkal nrb klp kbj
mlo pbbojl5 bj ^nrbi `^pl j^i pnrbbkÖ^alp) Babpql
klj qbbjlp obwlj abklp ^pp^ke^o) mlfp klj eb bj
klppl mlabo) `^ rbj mbo loabk^kÖ^ abklppl `of^alo
lnr^i klj abrbjlp `rim^o+ Bppb clo mlo klpplp mb`^*
alp ) mbkpp^kal `ljl mbo klp pbo^j àjbka^alp) `lj
pr^ do^Ö^ mboabobjlp ^pp^ke^ lr ^ppbkqfobjlp abklp
molrbfqlp^jbkqb) ^rbkal abiibp `lkqofÖlj `è molmlpf(
ql abnr^kql _bj mlabojlp) j^fp klj lp c^wbo+ B^*
nrbpq^ j^kbfo^ jb m^ob`b molrbfqlp^ mbo^ mo^qf`^o à
qlalp `^plp nrb pb ob`ob`bobj mbo nrb E^ p^ke^ pbf^*
jlp obnrbofalp+ Berë ab qobp jlalp pbbkal abif^ qbk*
q^alp abrbjlp qbbo mofjbfol b jbielo eb rbk`bi^)
qfo^kal^ abqlal mbo jbo`bb alppbkelo ab klpplp `lo^*
Ölèbp) b l_o^o klpplp cbfqlp `lj _ll obmlrp^jbkql+
Pbdrkal pb al `lo^Ölj ^klj mlabojlp qfo^o) abrb*
jlpi^ plcob^o) b bp`lkabkal^ c^iibjlp) b jlpqobjlp
o^wl^a^ `lkqbkbkÖ^ `ljl pb ^klj qbrbppbjlp Q b o` b f*
ol pb q^j mlabolplp klj clojlp bpm^`bjli^) `^ii^k*
alklp) lr klp ^m^oq^kal) ^ppv nrb qfo^kalklp al ^^wl)
ql^fp ifdbfo^ jàqb klp mlpp^jlp mlbo bj _ll ^<pbppb{
l) mlo klj c^wbo) lr afwbo `lrp^ boo^a^+ B^nrbpql
F brbj ^ppv l_o^o lp nrb pb qbjbj abqobpp^vo `lj bH
G^ `ljl ^âql e b) `^ lp lrqolp nrb mbo pmbofbk`f^p f^
m^pp^a^p `lkeb`bjlp nrblp ^gra^ à `boqlp `^plp) b
klj qlor^ c^iibj b l_oà `lj bii^ lnrb grid^obj mlgo
_bj+
8P_Xcd[[^ J I => &
9 ^ W^Sh^û

A b p q b mb`^al vo^ pb mlabj ^molmof^o lrqo^p qg+ m^â*

ulèbp+ L afl) Qofpqbw^) K l fl ) Mbw^o) Abpmo^wbo) Prv(
a^ab+ Mlpql nrb pbdrkal j^kbfo^ dbbo^i a^ klpp^ UP[XP
erë abpqbp kljbp pb afw mlo lrqol P jrvqlp ird^obp)

*)*.*1('! &0! -A//1 IE

 3 HA=H ?KJOOAHD>ENK+ 20
^jvj OAQECE nrb klo^ molmof^jbkqb plj ^molmof^alp
^l mb`^al a^ vo^) mlo nrb ^idrÇp rbwbp rbbj pbj bi*
i^+ Bmlobo^ klj abobfq^jbkqb pb mlàb mlo pbrp o^jlp
^kqb pl_obppv ab`^erë jb m^ob`b o^wlj abqo^rq^o+
Mofjbfol al lafl) lr pbdrkal klpp^ ifkdr^dbj) j^i
nrbobkÖ^ nrb eb erqq `lkqvkr^al abpbfl ab j^i mboa^
^_^qvjbkql ab _bj alr qobj mbo nr^i nrbo drfp^ 2
qffgo ieb mlpp^+ Bm^ob`bjb nrb dbbo^ijbkqb pb e^ mbo
bpq^p pbfp m^oqbp+ Mofjbfol mlo boolp) j^iibp b mboa^p
Nrb klp p" cbfqlp afqlp lr loabk^alp `lkqo^ klpp^p elko*
o^p) mbppl^p) `lrp^p) b rllkq^abp lr mbkpp^jlp nrb
^ppv cl v ) lr pmbo^j biibp) lr klp n pbf^+ Pbdrkal mlo
àrbg^ nrb ^rbjlp+ Qbo`bfol mlo pmbo^k`^ a^idrë d^^k*
q^ ab elkoo^) molrbfql) lr mo^wbo 9z al ol^f alrqobj
pmbo^jlp+ Nr^oql mlo `berjbp nrb a^Gdrbj pb e^ `lo^
obwlj lr pbj bii^+ Nrfkql mlo dbbo^i abp^`loal) b ab
[ T g ) drboo^p) _^kalp) b lmbkvlèbp) ^ppv `ljl umÇ^lp)
b jlrolp) gkdobwbp) b co^k`bwbp) dbicibp) b db_bifgp+
Pbuql mlo erë k^qro^i ^rloob`fjbkql a^ mbppl^) mo^qf*
` ^ ) lr dbfql nrb ^idrëp qbbj abnrb ^lrqolp q^kql
^rboob`b nrb al pbr _bj ieb mbp^) b al j^i ieb mo^w+
> bpq^p pbfp m^oqbp jb m^ob`b nrb pb mlabj obarwfo
qla^p j^kbfo^p abj^i nrbobkÖ^p Bj ^p nr^^bp `ljl
af`ql e b ) boo^jlp mbo mbkpp^jbkql) c^if^) `lkqbkbk*
Ö ^ ) b l_o^) a^p nr^^bp klp mlabjlp dr^oa^o `a ^do^*
Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo ablp) pbj bj q^i `rva^al ilkd^*
jbkqb klj nrvpbojlp q^oa^o) lr pb abklp qfo^o lklj
mlabojlp) objbqbiil ^ppbr grfwl) mbafkalieb nrb SAK
rllkq^ab klp qfob) pl_ob q^i `^pl) l_ob lnrb bi p^_b
nrb eb _P ^gka^ nrb klppl abpbfl ^i nrbfo^) `^ al
nrb ^bi mo^w) pljlp) lr abpbf^jlp pbjmob pbbo `lk*
qbkqbp+ B`^a^ rbw nrb klp rbebo q^i obkbj_o^kÖ^ ab
j^i nrbobkÖ^ alrqobj) c^Ö^jlp nrb klpp^ cvj al `rf*+
a^al pbf^ bo^ mbafo ^ablp nrb klii^ qfob) b nrb klp
bk`^jvkeb l_o^o pbjmob bj bpql b qla^p lrqo^p `lr*
p^p7 lnrb ^bi j^fp mo^wbo+ A b qla^p m^ii^ro^p) `lkqb*)
qqáÖ^Ö8 E l_o^p klp abrbjlp `lkqbbo clo^ a^nrbii^p nrb

*)*.*1('! &0!% " # # $ " (

21 K HA = H ?KGOOAHDA_NK+
mbo abobfql b o^wlj c^wbo mlabjlp) Bppl_obpql klj
abrbjlp obdbo mbo klppl grvwl plii^jbkqb) jbp `è
^`loal b `lkppbi_l alp nrb bj q^^bp `^plp c^wbiil ab*
rbjlp+ Bppbdrkal clo lcbfql ^rbo pl_obf `boq^ b a bqbo*
jgk^a^ qbbkÖlj mbo abobfil) lr o^wlj ^molr^a^+ > *
drboo^ alp jlrolp qbke^jlp nrb eb _bj ab^ c^ wb o)
mlfp nrb ^ppÇq^ fdobf^ ^ppv labqbojgk^) Bklj a^ ir*
d^o ^co^nrbw^ al`lo^Ölj nrb c^Ö^ `lk`fbk`f^) lkab
^rbo pbklj abrb+ Bppl_obii^ br rv c^wbo er^ nrbpqlj
n mbo biibp pb afwf^) pbbo cbfi^ bj bpi^ drfp^ A fwf^j
mlo nrb o^wlj c^of^jlp `lkqo^ biibp mbiibf^) lr jlrb*
of^jlp drboo^) mlfp plmloq^r^jlp ^kqob klp rvrbobj
grabrp) b lrqolp jlrolp i^^bp `ljl biibp) `^ pb qlalp
^nrbiibp mofjbfol j^f^ppbjlp) lr qljÄppbjlp ^klpp^
ibv+ o^wl^al iebp m^ob`bof^ nrb lp drboobÄppbjlp) j^p
plmloi^o bpqbp) b j^q^o biibp) mlo iebp l`rm^o) b cffe^o
^p qboo^p) klj m^ob`bof^ grpq^jbkqb cbfql+ >nr^f obp*
mlkal nrb ^ppf `ljl biibp mbo mlabofl qbjmlo^i b ab*
if_bo^Ölj ab pr^p rllkq^abp `lkqo^afwbj klpp^ cfb a^*
nrbii^ drfp^ mboqbb`b ^lp pbkelobp `lkqo^of^o ^l qbj *
mlo^i mlabofl ) bmlbiilp abppl ^l_bafbk`f^ a^ p^kq^
fdobf^ bj ^nr^i bii^ klj lp jPa^ cloÖ^o mbo^ cfie^obj
klpp^ ibv ) j^p nrbo nrb pbf^j abq^i drfp^ pldbfqlp
nrb pb ^idrëp ^bii^ pb nrfpbppbj qlok^o ifrobjbkqb
lmlabobj c^wbo+ Bmbolp lrqolp ^lp umÇ^lp) klfl lr
j^i pbklj c^Ö^+ Bmlobj jrv grpq^jbkqb klp b qlalp
pbkelobp `^qelif`lp ieb abrbjlp c^wbo drboo^ mbo^ qlo(
k^o pr^p qboo^p ^l_bafbk`f^ a^ p^kq^ j^aob fdobf^ ) b
mlbo `j if_boa^ab qlalp ^nrbiibp nrb ^klpp^ cfb nrf*
pbobj rfgo nrb ifrobjbkqb lmlpp^j c^wbo+ Blp lrqolp
^lp umÇ^lp klj c^qglfk bjmbb`fjbkql) Babp nrb plj
bj klppl mlabo) klj eb o^wlj c^wboiebp j^fp mobj^
a^ cg mbo lpp^kql m^aob clo j^ka^al+ Mlo nrb ^ppv `l*
jl `^a^erë af^ `lkqo^ lp abpl_bafbkqbp ^lp j^ka^alp
a^ p^kq^ fdobf^ pljlp `e^j^alp bj ^gra^ ab _o^Öl
p^do^f) Babp nrblp c^wbjlp l_babb`bo ^bii^ mboqqÜ`b
abqbojgk^o lnrb abiibp pb c^Ö^) abpp^ drfp^ `lj krfv*

*)*.*1('! &0!" % # # $ , (
 - HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ FX
ql ol^vlo obwlqk mbo^ obpqfqrfo ^p qboo^p bj N lkljb
ab klppl pbkelo geë umè clv Glrr^al nrb mbo lp gkâfbbp
mbo qbjmlo^i mlabofl plj cloÖlp^jbkqb l``rm^alp )
lpp^kql m^aob jrv abobfq^jbkqb klp obnrbob) b `lj
moljbqvjbkql abqÇq^p mboal^kÖ^p klp bkarw mbo^ c^*
wbojlp q^i drboo^) a^ nr^i pbbo grpq^) mboppl^ ffbi `lk*
qo^ pbr j^ka^al8 klj abrb ^rbo arrga^ ) `lj q^kql
nrbl mol`bavjbkql abif^ pbf^ `lj _l^ ibàÖlj ) b grp*
q^jbkqb cbfql mbo q^^bp mbppl^p ^nrb `Lrbke^+ B bppl
jbabp eb a^p lrqo^p grpq^p drboo^p) nrb lp pbkelob^
`lj lp al pbr `lkppbiel ^`loa^j abc^wbo+ |^ bj bpqb
`^pl ^lp lrqolp al pbr obvkl ^nrb mboqbb`b abl bj
bii^ pborfo klj `årbj j^fp p`liaofke^o) j^p pbj à_^o*
dl mlabj j^q^o cbofo b olr_^o) pbdëal mbo pbr obv b
pbkelo clo loabk^al+ @^ qlal bpql eb mbo qlalp abobq{
c^ abqbojvk^al) nrb lp nrb qbbj lcf`fl ab abcàpplobp
labrbj c^wbo) erp^kal mlobj ab mfba^ab nr^kql j^fp
mlabobj `5 obdr^oal ab pbr pborfÖl) k^nrbiibp `^plp
nr b mbo _llp `lkcbpplobp b ibqbo^alp klp clo abqboolg*
k^al) ^ppv klp lrqolp klj ^abrbjlp j^fp ^i^od^o mlo
pbdrfojlp klpp^p rllkq^abp al nrb biibp ^molr^obj+
Mlabjlp abj^ka^o grpqfÖ^ nrb klp c^Ölj bkqobd^ a^p
`lrp^p klpp^p) lr bjbka^ al uk^i ob`b_fal) ^gka^ nrb
pbf^ R^\ jloqb) j^i) b mboa^ alr qobj) pb q^i abj^k*
a^ abobfq^ clo+ Mlpql nrb ^p j^fp a^p rbwbp pbf^ l_o^
jbofqãof^ objbqbo ^p gkgrof^p) b mboa^p nrb klp plj
cbfq^p) j^p mbo nr^i nrbo a^p m^oqbp prpl afq^p) nrb
j^i nrbobkÖ^ bkq klp `lkqo^ lrqobj pbkqfojlp) a^
rllkq^ab mbo ^j^kbfo^ prpl p`ofmq^ lr mbo lrqo^ nrb
o^wl^a^ pbf^) klp qo^_^iebjlp ab^ qfo^o+

8P_Xccp[^ J I = !>(
9 P caXbcTiP(

/ ^ SQIRSEXA$ afw p^j gle^j `^pf^kl) kl ifrol alp bp(

q^_bRf`fjàqlp) b klp a^p `lii^Ölãbp alp pÑqlp m^aobp
nrb kl^ abrbjlp Ty ^do^Ö^ 9Gl pbkelo ablp dr^oa^o

*)*.*1('! &0! HcKKM H^

3- K HA =H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
`ljl alp j^fp mofk`fm^^bp mb`^alp Bl mlèb) b ab`i^*
o^ s `^a^erë alp afilp ifrolp mlo `^_bÖ^ ab mb`^al
mofk`fm^i) `e^j^kal ?hf^Åh abjloqb+ Bafw nrb plj
ar^p j^kbfo^p ab qofpqbw^p) Er" nrb rbj) b mol`bab
ab rfoqrab+ Lrqo^ ab mb`^al+ B^nrbpq^ nrb rbj al
mb`^al) abm^oqb bj lrqo^p ar^p abcbobkÖ^p+ ErÇ nrb
âf`^ abmlfp nrb pb m^oqb ^pp^ke^ mlo ^mboa^ nrb ob`b*
_ b ) lr mlo labpbfl nrb klj `ljmofl >lrqo^ k^`^
a^idrë nrbfurjb pbj o^wlj nrb bpq^ k^ rllkq^ab)
lr abp`bkab a^ abpmbo^Ölj B ab`i^o^ nrb e^ ef erÇ
dbbo^Ölj abqofpqbw^ ^nr^i klj qo^w ^ij^ al mb`^kqb
`loobfÖlj ab rfa^) kbj àjbka^ alp mb`^alp) fZl
jloq^i abpmbo^Ölj ^nr^i klj ibfulr `^vj c^wbo mbbk*
abkÖ^ abmlfp al ljb`fafl) kbj ^gra^p abmlfp a^ qobf*
Ölj ?rp`^o `^jgkel ab p^qfpc^Ölj) jbp qolrubl ^ppbbo
mbkaro^al bj i^Öl( Bmlobj bj bpql ^qofpqbw^ eb ab
grid^o molrbfqlp^) nr^kal klp mbp^ alp mb`^alp) lr
pljlp ^`bkafalp bj abpbfl a^ mbocbfÖlj) lr*nr^kal
`lk`b_bjlp ^`lkqbjmi^Ölj a^ _bj ^rbkqro^kÖ^ nrb
eb mlo rigo) a^nr^i afw l^mlpqliil m^ril >nrbii^ qofp*
qbw^ nrb eb pbdrkal ablp) l_o^ mbbkabkÖ^ pq^rbi mbo^^
p^rab+ >qofpqbw^ al pbdib) l_o^ jloqb) j^p ^nrbii^
qofpqbw^ nrb l_o^ mbbkabkÖ^ pq^rbi mbo^ p^rab) l_b*
afbkqb eb) do^`flp^) erjgialp^) j^kpp^) pr^rb) m^*
` fà qb ) ^ppv `ljl ^nrbii^ nrb abp`bkab ab ablp) b pb
bpqbkab b lcbob`b ^qla^ allo al `loml b al pmofqr pbj
`^kpp^Öl mlo abpbfl ab mbocbfÖlj+ B^ppv `ljl iba^
mliil pbr molrbfql) b ob`of^a^ obqbj qla^ do^`flpfa^(
ab) b ^c^_fifa^ab B qbj bj pv jbbpok^ qlaliilp corf*
qlp al pmofql) lp nr^^bp `lkq^ l^mlpqliil) afwbkal)
`^ofa^ab) mi^wbo)+ m^w ) ilkd^jgkva^ab) _lka^ab) _b*
kfdkfa^ab) cfb) jÑppfaèlp) `lkqfkàk`f^+ J^p bpq^ lr*
qo^ eb jrv ^pmbo^) pbj m^`fàk`f^) aro^) `eb^ abo*
o^k`lo) b `elol pbj molrbfql) b a^ abpmbo^Ölj mb(
k^i+ B^nrbi nrb ^_o^Ö^o obkbdll a^ gkarüqof^ p^ra^*
r b i) b nrb_o^kql mbo allo) ^ppv `ljl `lrp^ pbj o^*
flj ) b c^wbl ^kqobmlbo klj pll ^bcf`^`f^ a^ lo^Ölj)

*)*.*1('! &0!! - - ) , (
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 24
j^p ^g^a^ c^w br^`r^o qlaliilp corfqlp pmfofqr^^bp nrb
afppbjlp) lp nr^bp ^lrqo^ plr_b a^o) mlo ^nr^i `lrp^
clo^ a^nrbii^ nrb eb qlj^a^) lr mlo mbkabkÖ^ p^ra^*
r bi) lr mbo pqral abmbocbfÖlj) lr mlo abpbfl a^p `lr*
p^p nrb plj mlo r"go) qla^ lrqo^ qofpqbw^ ^ppv `ljl
a b jloqb eb ab dr^oa^o+ B^ppv `ljl ^l pmofqr alclo*
k vwl) lr ab cfi^odrf^ nrb eb ^r^obw^) lr a^ fo^ ab
klpplp `lo^Öèlbp abqlal eb ab ^qofk`^o ^ppv pmofql a^*
qofpqbw^ nrb klj eb pbdrkal aÜlp) abrbjlp ^cirdfo+
Bmbo^ pb mlabobj qfo^o lr rbk`bo qla^p dbbo^Ölèbp
abqofpqbw^ afw bpq^p m^ii^ro^p >nrbpq^ jrv bkd^klp^
m^fuë ^ppv abklp clo^ i^kÖ^o mlabobjlp) pb ^rllkq^ab
klpp^ mbo ^mfofqr^i `rfa^al `lkqfkr^a^jbkqb l``rm^a^
^bpmboP`^ al nrb e^ abppbbo b ^`ãkqbjmi^Ölo^ a^ mol*
jbqfa^ _bj ^rbkqro^kÖ^) ibrÄq^ojlp mbo ^nrbpqb jl*
al qla^ii^p dbbo^Ölçbp a^p qofpqbw^p) ^ppv ^p nrb a^i*
drÇ p^ke^ m^pp^a^ abp`bkabj) `ljl ^p nrb mbo ibfu^*
jbkql a^idrë d^^kÖl) lr mboa^ ^klp cbfq^ rbkelj)
lr ^p nrb a^ abp^oo^wl^a^ rllkq^ab) b abp`lk`boq^a^
mol`babj ) lr ^p nrb mbÖlkebkq^j abpmbo^Ölj klp
b`arwbj ) klp mlabobjlp _bj pl_obmlf^o `lj obp*
dr^oa^jbkql a^p mboaro^rbbp `lrp^p nrb e^j abrfgo
pbjmob ibalp) b klj jlrbafÖlp aro^objlp) kbj ab
`^plp nrb ^`lkqbÖlj mobpbkqbp) abpmobp^alp kbj alp
_bÜp pbobjlp ibr^kq^alp erci b l lrqol ^ppv `ljl `lr*
p^ p`loobd^rbi) b nrb ^pvke^ m^pp^ `lkqbjmi^kal )
B^jgj m^ob`b ^`bo`^ abpq^ pbkqbkÖ^ nrb ^qofpqbw^ qbj
dbbo^ijbkqb bpqbp k^`fo^bkqlp+ Mofjbfol bcj^fp mofk`f*
m^ijbkqb abjbal abjloqb) abplkoo^) allo) lr m^ab*
`fjbkql pmfofqr^i b `lomlo^i+ Pbdrkal) ab p^ke^ klj
rgkd^a^+ Qbo`bfol) aboovgl abpbfl klj `ljmofal lr
mboilkd^al+ Nr^oql) ab klgl nrb ob`b_bjlp mlo abplko*
o^p) jloqbp) mboa^p) mofplabp) albkÖ^p) b obqfgjbk* g
ql p ) b prva^ab+ Nrfkql a^ abp`lk`boq^a^ `ljmobfpplj
nrb rboa^abfo^o^bkqb albkÖ^ ab erjlo jbkbk`lofl pb
`e^j^ Pbuql) mbo c^ii^p) `èrbopp^Öa ab qofpqbp mbop*
pl^p) lr abp`lk`boq^al `rga^al nrb ^abpmÜo^Ölj ab*

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !IE

25 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDASK+
CNBQAQ B N A $ Mb KEDA TIDA$ MNR DEQQTBAL& 9EQ CADAk
HTA DERSAR GTIRAR LAIR E LEMNR QECEBELNR SQIRSEXA RE#
GTMDN AR AFEI_NNbR E OAIVNNER PTE LAIR EL CADA HTD
QEWMAL& 0OEQA SNDNR ERSER LNDNR$ QNTW OQIMCIOAK QE%
LEDIN HE NRRTRN RCQIOSN DE ATEQ ROEQAM_A EL MNRRN
REMHNQ$ AJTDAMDNMNR DAR NTSQAR MASTQAAER AJTDAR P T E
OEQSEECEL AN ONDEQ TE>ESASWTN$ REMRREKITN$ E QACIN%
MAK$ CNLN OEQ ROEQIEMCIA E BNN CNNRREKHN CADAHTh QE%
CNMHECEQ PTE HE LAIR OQNTEISNRN CNL BNN ERFNQ_N E
GQAL DERCQI_NL&

8P_Xcd[[^ J = J (
( 9 D9E=AI9 HL= UdY <F=C= <F@LDFI KE=E=;FIAF
= <=A ?L9I=;A$

9 N Q PTAMSN REW PTE LTWSNR FNQNL$ RNL$ E AN DIAMSE

RE QAL SNCADNR DERSE OECADN DE SQIRSEXA PTE OQNCEDE
DA TNNMSADE DIRCNMCEQSADA PTE AN OQEREMSE CHALAL
EL NR LAIR DNR CARNR DNEM_A DE HTLNQ LEMEMCNQICN $
DN PTAK DIXEL NR ]RICNR PTE TEL DE LTWSAR LAMEIQA
OEQFTMDALbSNR$ E REMSIDNR DERTAIQADNR$ LAIR DESQER
AMNR CNMSIMTADNR$ FTW DEI LTWSN REMSJDN$ E OEQ RO E %
CIAI LEQCEE DE MNRRN REMHNQ DENE NTTE OEQFEISA RATDE$
CNL ASEEM_NL PTE OQILEIQN RCQETI$ DE AKGMhR DERSA
BQETE E RWLOQEX KEISTQA$ FIKHAQEL OQNTEISNRA EMRWMAM%
_ A $ E ATIRALEMSN $ OQEOTR DETNR RCQETEQ NCNL E_N$
OEQRREGTILEMSN$ E CTQA PTE DEI NTTE$ ONQ SAK PTE
LWMHA ROEQIEMCIA ANTSQNR REIA EQELOQN& . A MNL HE
OEPTEMN CNMFNQSN$ E QELEDIN ANR PTE RNL DERSN SNCAQ%
D N R$ RABEQEL CNLN NR NTSQNR REMSIQNL NPTE EKKER OA%
DECEL $ E NTTEQNL CNLOQIDA RATDE$ ONQ PTE HTh& ANR
RETR OQIMCIOAAER REMSWLEMSNR HE OEMRRAQEL PTE NT%
SQEL IAL AIR MTMCA SAK REMSIN PTE FNERE SNQMADN ARRET
BNN RSADN EL PTE AMSER EQA& 0ONQEL ERSA DEREROEQ^_l
HE HT] GQAMDE OAQSE DN RET REMSILEMSN* DAPTAK ONQ
NPTE RCQETN QAXNADALEMSE RE DETEL SIQAQ$ E SAL BEL
FIKHAL GQAMDE CNMFNQSN OEMRRAMDN PTE hnmkhl DE GQAT#

*)*.*1('! &0! % , # 0 0 !IE

 ë HA=H ?Ke_OOAHDOEN'+ Om
`E èiÑal) E nrb plol q_bralp bj o^wl^a^ bpqfj^ â_olj
abpql pbkqfalp) mlo nrb klol pb abpmobw^j q^kql ^ppv
jbabp mlo ob`b_bobj q^i mbkpp^olbkql `lj q^kql m^*
ab`fjbkql ab qofpqbw^ nr^kal mbk^p^j nrb q^^bp mbp*
pl^p f^ q^i m^pp^olj) mlo nrb bpqb abpmobwl nrb `^*
of ^erë abbpv e^) _b erj do^kab ^^wl abppr^ qofpqbw^
lnr^f qfo^al) b ^rga^ nr^i nrbo m^oqb* ab _l^ pmb o^kÖ^
ildl `ljbÖ^ a^rbo p^rab b pb c^w jrvql abpmlpql mb*
o^ ob`b_bo mbo ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo ablp mbocbfq^ `ro^+
Nr^kal br bo^ 9&b uufg ^klp Bioobv jbr pbkelo b m^(
aob `qcmofal ab jrvq^p rfoqrabp) `rg^ ^ij^ ablp ^f^
abpmlbkal5pb mbo^ cfie^o ^`fa^ab ab `bmq^) j^kalrjb
nrb qbrbppb `^oobdl) al `lkppbiel) grpqfÖ^) b a^ c^*
wbka^) nrb bj p^ `loqb pb &o^rq^r^) mlo nrb q^kql
^rbof^ ab qo^_^ie^o klp cbfqlp nrb mboqbb`f^j mbo^ pr^
efa^ nrb alrqolp pbj do^kaÜ kb`bppfa^ab pbklj bk*
qbkaf^ `ro^o+ Br g^lqe `lkpfgo^kal jgke^ klr^ efa^ab)
b mlr`l p^_bo) `lj abobfq^ l_bafbk`f^) `ljl mbo
fkbo`bb ab ablp pbjmob bj qlal ieb dr^oabv) B ab pf
m l o do^kab rllkq^ab nrb ^rf^ abppb mol`babo mbo lafû
` ql cbf`ql+ Ob`b_f pbj lrqol obdr^o^l qlaliilp af`qlp
`^oobdlp ^lp nr^bp jb mrw ^ppv) clo^ ab_l^ abp`if(
Öl j ) nrb k^ mofjbfo^ nr^obbpj^ nrb ildl rbbl c^wf^
q^i rva^+ Lp j^fp alp ^f^p) _bj `bal bo^ ibr^kq^al)
b jfpp^p lrrva^p bo^ k^ olii^Ölol) ^q^^ olbl af^) lr
^`bo`^) b rfgke^ `ljbo+ Bppl_ob jbp^ a^r^ lafbk`f^p)
mbo _ll pm^Öl Boobqo^v^jb ^^`^jbo^) b ildl ^^p ar^p
lo^p mlp jbl af^) lp al `lkppbiel b rbbalobp a^ c^ü
pbka^ bolj `lj olvdl+ B^qro^r^ `lj biibp ^q^^ +fu+
lo^p a^klfqb+ Babpnrb m^oqqã `lj lp lcf`f^^bp ab jg*
ke^ `^p^ bpq^r^ +ug+ lo^p+ J lkqb) `^Ö^ jrg mlr`l er*
p^r^) Bl m^^Öl al af`ql pbkelo) rbpfq^r^ mlr`^p lb(
wbp+ B^nrbii^p mlo rbbo lnrb bi c^wf^ b abolgj ieb a^o
`lkq^+ Bpq^ rva^ `lkqvkrbv ^q^^ m^p`l^) nrb_o^kal
q^kql jvk_^ rllkq^ab nrb f^ klj pákqv^ ^idrë mo^wbo
jb b_bd^o ^l `lo^Ölj a^nrbiib pbkqfal nrb ^kqb c^*
wf^( BmbfJp^r^ nrb ^nrbiil AA jra^kÖ^ DA eva^ab j^
3 R

*)*.*1('! &0!* % # # $ " (

3- - HA=H ? K J O O A H D A EN K +
rfgke^) B nrb ^ppv bo^ `ljrë qlalp) mlobj abiil jb
klj `ro^r^) jbp q^kql jb `^oobdlr nrb cviebv mlo
do^kab mbk^ klj mlabo kl `lo^Ölj pbkqfo ^idrë a bû
obfql pbkqvjbkql ab _l^ clid^kÖ^+ B`lj bpql ^qofpqb*
w^ jb `ljbÖlr ab`ob`bo) klj `lj `boql crka^jàql)
jbp abnr^i nrbo `lrp^) nrb ^^wl pb abppb) lr a^i*
drÑp c^kqbwf^p pbj o^wlj+ B nr^kql j^fp ^lp `rfa^alp
jb a^r^) q^kql `lj j^vlobp pbkqfalp jb pbdrf^+ K "
mlabkal bkqbkabo nrb a^iif jb rfgke^) mlo nrb br qo^*
_^ie^r^ bj ^nrbiibp `^oobdlp mlo ^p o^wlèbp prpl a f*
bq^p) q^j ab_l^ jbkqb nrb klj mlaf^ mbkpp^o nrb
j^i olb rbebppb mlo l_o^o kl nrb olb mo^wf^) b qÑ `lk*
qbkqb bo^ abl c^wbo+ Bj ^nrbpq^ mbk^ rvrv ^`bo`^ ab
abw jbpbp) ^qbjmlp) b j^fp) b jbklp Bmlo nrb laf*
`ql O bv) jbr pbkelo pb rbl ^`bo`^ a^ `fa^ab abifu_l^)
lkab q^i mbpqbiibkÖ^ bo^ nrb mlr`lp af^p m^pp^rlj nrb
jb klj c^iq^ppbj P mbppl^p `lkeb`fa^p nrb abqo^j^p
^alb`f^j) b jloof^j* Bmlo bpql ^qofpqbw^ nrb ab q^k*
ql qbjml bj jgj pb `of^r^) j^fp pb al_olr+ B erÇ
af^ jb abr do^kab pàqvjbkql bj erÑ mbok^) b jb cbw
q^i allo `lj nrbbkqro^) nrb jb mlp bj do^kab ^iqb*
o^Ölol+ Bcrv ildl objbaf^al) nrb mbo do^Ö^ ab klppl
pbkelo) bj_obrb pm^Öl ob`l_obf p^rab j^p cfiebf erë
q^koovgl màpp^jbkql `lo^ ob`bl abjloqb) nrb kè pll*
jbkqb qbjv ^nrbii^) jbp ^nrb qlalp p`rp^o klj ml*
abjlp) mbkpp^kal k^ _obrbw^ a^ rfa^ mobpbkqb+ B^nrbi
mbkpp^jàql bkqolr bj jbr `lo^Ölj) nrb mbo pbfp jb*
pbp erë mbnrbkl pm^Öl) krk`^ labi mrab ^c^pq^o) qf*
o^kaljb qlal mo^wbo) b ^`ob`bkq^kalo^b ^j^vlo qofp*
qbw^) pbdrkal jbr grvwl nrb ^rbo mlaf^+ Bpqb jb
qo^wf^ q^kq^p klr^p mbk^p nrb pbof^ i^odl abp`obrbo) b
`ljm^o^o klj ^p mlabof^ mlo nrb qla^âi^p allobp mbo^
bpq^ olb m^ob`bof^ p^rab) a^nr^i klj ^rv^ pmbo^kÖ^
ab dr^ob`bo+ Bppb `lj ccb b `lk`fbk`f^ jb nrbof^ `lk*
cloq^o mbo labjra^jbkql a^qofpqbw^8 o^rvql bo^ qlor^*
al ^ppv nrb ^qlal j^i a^^ij^) b al `loml olb abooC*
_^r^ Bmlo q^i qbjlo pb mlab _bj afwbo) lafÖil al d^q$

*)*.*1('! &0! -A//1 IE

 • HA=H ?¶JOOAHDAENK+ 3.
Nrbj qbjb ^jloc`b mboab nr^kql rvrb Bbj lrqol il+
d^o+ Nrbj ibjb ^jloqb mboab l mo^wbo a^ rva^+ Bab
cbfql klj lrrbo^ `lkppbiel) objbafl) kbj bpcloÖl n
jb r^iibo^ pbdrkal bkqbkal) mlo nrb `lj âfpf`lp) `lk*
cbpplobp ) b^jvdlp c^ii^r^) b klj mobpq^r^ `lrp^ @^
alp objbaflp) a^p `ro^p klj pbkqf^ r^kq^gbj+ B `è*
cloqlp ob`b_f^ q^j mlr`lp `ljl ^nrbi nrb mbo bkcbo*
jfa^ab jloq^i) alp cfp^`lp abpmbo^al) ob`b_b a^p m^i*
i^ro^p) nrb ieb afwbj) lr nrb mbo grpqfÖ^ eb grid^al
nrb ildl jlfo^) `^ klj jbklp ^nrbi qbjlo) pbdrkal
bkqbkaf^) bo^ mbo^ jvj pbjmob ibj_o^al) b pbkqfal)
jàp ^do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo ablp) b ab klpp^ pbkelo^
p^kq^ j^of^) jb lrqlodlr `lkeb`fjbkql nrb bo^ gkcfo*
jga^ab) b qbkq^Ölj al gkjfgdl) qlal `rva^al boo^al)
nrb jb rfgk_^+ Babqbojvkbv klj p^vo bj `lrp^ clo^
a^ mo^qf`^ ab jbr rvrbo) nrb br ^rv^ mlo _l^+ B Pb'
bh p^_f^ jbo`bbp ^l pbkelo) nrb mbo afdklp alrqlof*
a^ab bo^ ^molr^a^+ Bppb j loqb) rfa^) p^rab) lr bk*
cbojfa^ab jb rbebp5b) k^ nrbii^ nrfp nrb jb ^`e^ppb
Bj bpq^ qbbkÖlj crv ^ppv cloqb) nrb lp `lkppbielp
a^idrNp câpf`lp nrb jb afwf^j nrb _brbppb rvkel mlr*
`l ^rdr^al) alojfppb `lj jliebo) b ibfu^ppb do^kabp
`rfa^alp) qlalp abpmobwbf) ^rbkal qla^ jgke^ pmboPÖ^
bj kl pbkelo) b pr^ jrv p^kq^ j^aob Bbpql mbo m^o*
qb a^ o^wlj) b a^ ccb plii^jbkqb) `^ lppbkqfal) b ab*
pbfl al`lo^Ölj qlal bo^ aboof_^al ^j^f c^wbo+ Bj bp*
q^ do^kab albkÖ^ arobv lqbjml prpl p`ofmql `^ii^kal*
olb `lj bii^) mlo nrb ^mlr`lp b mbppl^p `boq^p alrql*
ofa^ab c^ii^r^ B ab clo^ bj qla^ jgke^ j^kbfo^ ab
kgrbo c^wf^ mbnrbk^ jra^kÖ^) kbj jlpqo^jbkql al*
drb pbkqf^+ Bbpq^kal bj q^i bpq^al) ^jrv rfoqrlp^
O^vke^) jvke^ pbkelo^ b j^aob nrb ablp ^g^ ab mbp*
qbiibk`f^ pb cfklr) al nrb br cfiebv ^ppv do^kab pbkqf*
jbkql nrb mboaf qlal ob`bl) ^bcf^ bj p^ gkcfojva^ab
pbjmob olb `ebdrbv) B ^ppborv pbj ^idrë bjm^`el)
`ljl pb q^i allo kè pbkqfppb B^nrbpql clv `ljbÖl ab
jgke^ `ro^+ mlo nrb pbkqfkal bii^) ibfubf abppàqfo ^jvfk

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !IE

3/ K HA=H ?KJOO_\HDAENK+
B rblo nrb ^idrr pm^Öl clo^ ibfu^al) al af`ql `rfa^*
al ) b ob`ob`bljb mlo ^idr^ pmbo^kÖ^ nrb rfgof^ ^mbo*
cbfql `ro^jbkql+ ´cfiebv j^fp erÇ j^dfk^Ölj jrv
molrbfqlp^) `^ mbkppbv nrb klppl pbkelo jb ^^r^ q^k*
q^ mbk^ bj jbr `lo^Ölj mlo c^wbo àjbka^ ab jbrp
mb`^alp) b c^iif`vjbkqlp) nrb jvfelo mbo^ jvj bo^
plcobo ^nrbif^ `lj m^`fàk`f^) b rfoqrlp^ j^kbfo^) `^o*
ob`b_bii^ k^ lrqo^ kva^) lr k^ nrbpq^ mbo abpelkoo^
^ibvg^jbkql lr q^^bp mboa^p nrb _bj bjbka^o krk`^
pb mlabj) b mboa^p nrb a^nrbiib j^i `ljl clppb) p^Pl
mbo jbo`bb ^l pbkelo ablp) `lrp^ klj jb cf`^of^+
B^nrbpqb mbkpp^jbkql jb abr bpcloÖl ^mbiibf^o `lj
q^i `rva^al) `ljl c^of^ `lkqo^ nr^i nrbo `lrp^ `lk*
qo^vo^) lr qbkq^Ölj nrb jb rbebppb Babpql cviebv
do^kab bpcloÖl `lj m^`fàk`f^ b _l^ pmbo^kÖ^ nrb plj
qobp `lrp^p mbo^ q^i `^pl jrvql kb`bpp^k^p+ Mlobj
abmlfp ^qrobf `lj ^af`q^ albkÖ^ ^`bo`^ ab qobp FX]^b
klj q^j ^cf`^al) j^p `^a^rbw jbielo^kal) krk`^ ml*
obj pbkqfkal erqf pll mi^wbo `ebd^o ^l `lo^Ölj ifrob*
jbkqb `ljl ^kqb c^wf^+ B^`^_^al laf`ql qbjml mbo
pmb`f^i jbo`bb ab klppl pbkelo ablp+ Br lrêb ^`boq^*
jbkql abpq^o mlo pm^Öl ab alp jbpbp clo^ a^cf`^olbk*
qlp) b bj _l^ abpmlpfÖlj ab p^rab) b `lj _l^p cli*
d^kÖ^p pbj cfie^o `^a^erë a^nrbiibp `lkppbielp alp cf*
pf`lp) kbj lrqo^p jbbwvke^p Pr_vq^jbkqb pbkqv `eb*
d^o ^l `lo^Ölj `ljl abrv^+ Bm^ob`f^jb nrb a^nrbi*
i^ drfp^ nrb mbo `^a^oolj eljbj mboab l abobfql dlp*
ql a^p rf^ka^p) b abpmlfp `l_o^) nrb ^ppv mboabo^) E
ob`l_o^o^ laf`ql pbkqfal a^p clidÇÖ^p) b mo^wbo+ Ba^iigo
^r^kqb br crv ^ppv mbocbfq^jbkqb p^cil) `ljl pb abq^i
pbkqfjbkql krk`^ clo^ ^q^`^al) B^l mobpbkqb do^Ö^p
^ablp) br jb qbkel bj dbbo^i mlo j^fp ibal) nrb bo^
^kqb) nrb a^ afbq^ gkcfojva^ab clppb pbkqfal) GBhql
mlo klj cfie^o ^nrbi mo^wbo ^ppv ovgl bj ^idrÑ^ `lr*
p^p) `ljl c^wbj lp a^ klr^ eva^ab) `^ _bj mbkppl
nrb abp`g m^pp^ q^i klj pb cfie^) jbp mlo do^kab `rp*
qrjb ^p `lrp^p `lkqo^fo^p nrb jrv q^p rb^b^ jb a^rlJh

*)*.*1('! &0! QB//1 6E

 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 30
do^j qlor^Ölj) `lj pbdrol b obmlrp^al `lo^Ölj ^p
m^ppl+ B^ppv `lkppfgo^kal l_bj a^r^kq^dbj nrb pvk(
ql abpq^ qbjmbo^kÖ^) b cloqbiibw^ jb qbkel k^ `lkq^
5QOK 3`ofmq^) lnrb rlp p`obrl mlo ^`ob`bkq^o ^lp aÄ
qofpqbw^ dbbo^i qbkq^alp) _l^ pmbo^kÖ^ nrb jrvql iebp
c^iib`b) ^nr^i eb crka^jbkql ab pr^ `lo^) b p^rab(
Bmbo bpq^ drfp^ LTW qlp ^alb`bj ab qofpqbw^ nrb pbj(
mob obgk^ bj pbrp `lo^Ölèbp) b mlo ^k¢ mlabobj pl(
cob o) b abpmbo^obj ab p^rab) pbj^qlj) lr pb r^Ñl
^mboabo lkab krk`^ m^ob`bj Erëp mlo mboa^p nrb lr(
rbolj ) `lrp^p ab rbodlkÖ^ nrb iebp ^`lkqb`bl) klfl)
lr jbal) nrb pl_bfl) b llkqfkr^a^jbkqb pbkqb* Mlobk(
ab br bkqbkal nrb jrvqlp kl nrb pl_obpql qbkel p`ofû*
m ql) b ^af^kqb p`obrl) ^gka^ nrb mbo crka^jbkql abp(
k^vo^alp pvkqlj ^qofpqbw^) abrÜj `lj ^do^Ö^ ab ablp
^rbo bpcloÖl `lkppbGel) T ^rfp^jÆql Ry V o^kal m^oqá
ab_l^ pmboÇÖ^+ *

8P_X[d[[^ J J (
9 ^b PPi^b _Ta `dT bT PRaTRtXP ^bbT]cXS^ S^ Wd\^a
\T]T]R^aXR^ T S^b aT\TSX^b R^]caP T[[Tb(

L p mofk`fm^^bp ^^wlp a^ jgke^ ^c`rab clv qo^_^ie^ojb

abppbkqfo mbo nr^kq^p m^oqbp jb kfgke^) b ^`ob`bkq^of^
laf`ql pbkqfjbkql ) B^`ebv nrb mogk`fm^ijbkqb a^p
ar^p nrb clo^j l`ljbÖl +p+ Bpq^o bj ird^o ab mbpqbi(
ibkÖ^) lr ^`bo`^+ B jb a^o pl_bg^jbkqb ^lp Acf`^alp)
b do^kabp `rga^alp) mbo qbjml mboilkd^al) abqlal lrü
qol klfl) abpmo^wbo) b p^ke^ ab nrb lrrbppb ovgl pbk(
qfal) jb qlok^a^ ^nrbii^ ibj_oÑÖ^ a^jloqb `lj pbr
ob`Ül) qofpqbw^) b qfo^jbkql abqla^ clid^kÖ^) Alrqo^
nr^inrbo albkÖ^) abpqbjmbo^jbkql a^ `ljmobfpplj)
j"dr^ ab alojfo) pl_bflp qo^_^ielp al `loml) b al db*
grNp pmb`f^Gjbkqb abmÇ b ^rdr^) ab corfq^) lr pbjbû
ie^kqbp Bbppl jbabp aboobqlbo ^p l_o^p a^ kb`fppfa^ab
mbo nr^i nkbo drfp^) alp qbjmlp _orp`lp b `lkfo^folb
^l nrb abpbf^r^ pbkqf^ bjmbb`fjbkql abjb ^m^oq^o

*)*.*1('! &0!! - - $ , (
31 - HA=H ?KJOOAHDAEAK+
pll) mlo bpq^o mbkpp^kal ^`e^r^ jrv `lkqo^fol) mlpql
nrb ^rllkq^ab) mbo rbwbp jb abjÑa^r^+ A^p rf^ka^p)
lr mbo jbr `rpqrjb) crv ^ppv obdfal) nrb krk`^ abi*
f^p ^`ebv do^kab jra^jbkql+ B mbo rbwbp `ljv^ a^*
nrbii^p nrb lp cfpf`lp `e^j^j j^kbk`lof`^p) b klj
jb c^wf^j cloÖ^) mlobj jrv ql klj ^p erp^r^+ Bl_b(
rbo a^rd^ pbkqf nrb c^w mbo^ q^i allo) bjmbb`fjbkql)
j^p lrvkel _à ^rdr^al bkqbkal nrb eb jbielo nrb
lppbj ^rdr^) mlpql nrb lp cfpf`lp pl_obpql j^fp ilr*
rbj) klj `lkeb`àal nrb mbo bi krk`^ rvo^j ^mbocbf(
q^ `ro^) j^p mlo bj_^od^o lbkibkabo c^w l`lo^Ölj
klj pbkqfo q^j ovgl ^nrbi `rva^al nrbl j^fp ^qlo*
jbkq^ B^lrqolp nrb `lj ^_brbaf`b plj al `lkql a^*
nrbiibp nrb mbo ibaf`b pb qlok^j _rdflp) lr `^Çbp)
mlo nrb ^`fabkq^ijbkqb ob`b_bj q^i mo^wbo) lr ^_b*
q^jbkql alp pbkqvalp mbo^ klj m^ab`bo q^kq^ qofpqbw^)
`ljl mbo^ mbnrbkl pm^Öl ildl qlok^j ^ppbkqfo q^k&^
jvkdr^ a^nrbi rgkel) n `ljl `lpqo^kdfalp) qlok^j
^bi abq^i drfp^) nrb lkab pb `rva^j `ro^o aberÇ gkcfo*
jfa^ab) `^b k^ pborvalèb a^ _brbaf`b) mbo nrb pb
mboabj jrvqlp a^p ^ij^p) b `lomlp) b c^wbka^p+ Ml*
obj abc^wbo q^i `lrp^ nrb pbf^ afdk^ aboobmobebkpplj)
^nrbj qbj abpbfl ab_bj rvrbo) klj jbklp nrb `^*
a^erÇ a^p `lrp^p mofk`fm^^bp bj bpqb `^pl qo^w bj*
mbb`fjbkql+ Bmlobj pbdrkal jbr grvwl abqla^ `lrp^
j^i cbfq^) nrb lrrb q^i pbkqfjbkql pb abrb dr^oa^o)
b krk`^ mbo `lkppbielp abcfpf`lp) lr alrqo^ mbppl^)
kbj abpbfl nrb ^g^) nrbvo^ c^wbo mb`^al) kbj pb rb*
w^o ^j^^l +`rpqrjb) mlo mbkpp^o nrb mbo^ bpql ieb pbo^
objbafl) mlo nrb al êvrbo _bj ) b rfoqrlp^jbkqb bj
dbbo^i) _l^ j^kbfo^ pboob`b_à do^kabp alrp _bàp Mof*
jbfol nrb klppl pbkelo ^lp pbjbie^kqbp molrbb j^fp
ab pr^ do^Ö^+ Pbdrkal nrb pbjmob rfrbj bj jbielo
pmbo^kÖ^ nrb mbo^ qlalp `^plp ab qofpqbw^p b klglp
jrv ql mobpq^ Bl af`ql Obv jbr pbkelo b m^aob) `rg^
^ij^ ablp ^g^) mbo `fknrl Çklp abpql clv jrgql pbkqf*
al ) ^rbkal mofk`fm^i crka^jbkql mlo erÇ `^abii^ a^*

*)*.*1('! &0! NN:KE

 K HA=H ?KJOO>HNAENK+ 32
k^a^ nrb l jloabl+ Bq^i mbk^ pbkqf^ bj abpbj_^od^o)
nrb erë af^ ob`b_bkal erÑ bkcloj^Ölj) klj p^_bk*
al pl_ob nrb bo^) l`lo^Ölj klj Geb nrbof^ `lkppbkqfo
nffó k^ j^Çl ^qbrbppb+ Bmlo bi lnrbobo cloÖ^o) `lj
prlobp Geb rbl q^i ^colkq^jbkql) nrb mbocloÖ^ ie^ cbw
ibfu^o+ B`ljl ^i^kÖlr pl_ob erÑ `^j^ cf`lr mlo bk*
qlj clo^ abq^i pbkqfal) `ljl pb `lrp^ abiil klj pbk*
qfppb+ B^nrbi p^kql @lkabpq^_ob mbo pbjbie^kqb) lrrb
^nrbpqb pbkqfjbkql) mlo pl_bg^jbkqb pb a^o ^lp+ `rv*
a^alp b abpbj_^odlp P q^kql) nrb mlo pbjbie^kqb pb
nrbobo cloÖ^o mbo^ lrrgo ^idrÑ mbppl^ abpq^al) ieb rfg*
ke^ q^i d^pq^jbkql nrb bi `lkcbpplr nrb g^ mlo biil
bpqbrbo^ bj mlkql ab `^vo bj qboo^+ B erë b l lrqol)
klj pb m^oqfkal ab pr^ j^kbfo^ rfoqrlp^ abrvrbo ob*
`b_bolj __^ p^rab+ @lkqo^ qlalp bpqbp ^`lkqb`vjbk*
qlp) br jb qo^_^ie^r^ ab p^_bo pbrp `lkqo^folp) b ob*
jÜaflp `lj lp nr^^bp mbo do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo) jb
^gra^r^ ljvielo nrb mlaf^ abpq^ drfp^+ A^ mbpqbiibk*
Ö^ jb ^c^pq^r^ b ^mobkaf objbaflp mbo^ `ro^o) b mbop*
pbor^qvrlp lp jvielobp nrb mrab p^_bo+ NrÇal alp
`rva^alp pbkqf^) nrb olb qlok^r^ `loll _bj mlaf^ mlo
cfie^o _l^p clid^kÖ^p loobjbaf^r^ Bppb bo^ ab jrvqlp
^cf`^jàqlp ab abpbj_^odlp ) mbo jlkqb) b `^Ö^) NRL
clo^ mbo af^p ^ka^ppb) lkab olb klj obnrbofppP ^`e^*
k^ do^kab jbielo^jbkql Mbo^lp klglp jbbwvke^ jrv
molrbfqlp^ pbkqf^) c^if^ ab_llp) b p^dbp ^jvdlp) ibbo
mbo _llp ifrolp ab rfoqrlp^p bkppvk^kÖ^p) nrb c^iibj
^molmlpfql al nrb _bj clo ql`^al+ Abpq^o pll olb
dr^oa^r^) p^irl mlr`l qàml mbo ^idrÇ kb`bppva^ab+
Bppbjmob ^`ebf olrv molrbfqlp^ _l^ l``rm^Ölj ab*
elkb5qlp) b o^wl^alp qo^_^ielp al `loml b+^l bkqPabo
+mbo^ q^^bp pbkqfalp b ^l`flpfa^ab jrvql `lkqo^foÄ+ +Pb
l`loml pbkqf^ abpqàmbo^al) qo^_^ie^r^ mlo jb obarwfo
^_l^ qbjmbo^kÖ^ Bppl_ob qla^p bpq^p `lrp^p ^rv^ bpq^
+mo^qf`^) nrb nr^kal qlok^r^ ^^nrbii^ jrv j^iib`flp^
obkbj_o^kÖ^ `lj d^pq^jbkql ab `lo^`lj ildl ieb
ï`ãppfgo^r^ lcrka^jbkql8 Bppb mlaf^ pàqfo alkab bo^ `lj

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !IE

33 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
objbaflp `lkqo^folp ieb molrfg^ Bppbl klj bkqbkaf^
mbkpp^r^ nrb bo^ abpqbjmbo^kÖ^ k^qro^i al `loml )
^nr^i àjbka^a^ ^nrbi mbkpp^jàql b qofpqbw^ jb ibfu^(
of^+ Bâfie^r^ mlo biil bj jvj ûm^Öl `lj jbklp ^*(
colk q^ jbkql+ ™ jvkdl^ al alojvo `ro^r^ mbo plkl
o^wl^al nrb abmlfp cfie^r^+ Kl _brbo mrp obdo^ dbb*
o ^ i) ab do^kab qbjmbo^kÖ^ bj nr^kqfa^ab) b _bj ^r*
r^al+ L qo^_^iel pl_bfl `lj clid^kÖ^ o^wl^a^ àjbkû
F ^r^) B^ qbjmbo^kÖ^ alp qo^_^ielp) b al bkqbkabo)
rllkq^ab) b al `loml) mbo^ _ll obdfjbkql al mo^wbo)
b _l^ abpmlpfÖlj a^j do^kab ^r^kq^dbj) mlo nrl
qla^ dlrbok^kÖ^ pbj bpql) klj jrvql mobpq^ Mlobj
`^a^erë dr^oa^kalppb a^ co^nrbw^) mobdrvÖ^) pbdrv*
jbkql ab rllkq^ab) lr r^Ç dilof^) nrb plj cëa^jbk(
qlp ab c^iib`bobj bj ^j_^ii^p m^oqbp) bj qla^p `lr*
pap ^ppbr mlabo `lj ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo pbdr^oab alp
boolp mbo pl_bfl) lr c^iib`fjbkql+ @^ mlpql nrb abiibp
^idr^ `lrp^ 3bkqv) klj pbv nr^^bp plj mblobp) kbj
j^fp mbofgdlplp+ Mlobj bj bpql jrg pmb`f^ijbkqb ab(
sb obdr^oa^o) nrbj _bj obdfal) p^Çl) b ibal) mbo
ukbo`bb al pbkelo abpbf^ rvrbo+ Bgbgë^o krk`^ ibfubv)
ïbdrkal jbr `rpqrjb mlo nrb lm^ab`fjbkql ab erë
af^ mbo lrqolp ob`b_f^ `loobdvjbkql+ >erp^kÖ^ a^p
foli i^p `ljërp mbo^ bpql ^`ebv jrvql molrbfqlp^)
o ùbj qlal `^pl nrb jb ^qofpqbw^ ob`ob`f^) ^bii^p jb
qlok^r^) qlj^kal^p bj o^wl^a^ j^kbgo^) pbdrkal bqq
pbkqf^) nrb `çrfgke^ ^abpmlpfÖlj bj nrb br bpq^r^8
BppPmob abif^ jb ^`ebv mbo^ bpql abdo^kab r^kq^dbj)
mlobj lnrb _bj bpqbrbo ab p^rab) mrod^o) p^kdof^p)
b rljvqlp) abrb jrvql p`rp^o) nr^kalppb _bj mlab
c^wbo+ @èqo^ l qbjml `lkqo^fol mbkpp^r^ nrb rfgke^
mbo loabk^kÖ^ ab ablp) b nrb mlobj `$ m^`fàk`f^ l
abrf^ plcobo ^qbkabkal mlo pbr `loobdfjbkql) `lkppfg*
o^kal ^j^kbfo^ prpl p`ofmq^) kl mb`^al a^ vo^ pl_ob
[jra^kÖ^ alp qbjmlp) b m^ob`bljb jrvql do^kab ob*
j bafl) Rkq^ nrb erP sbw _3 jb pbkqv) b ^rbojb mlo
û^Pl+ Bmlpql+ nrb jb abpmlfp ^nrbi `rva^al qlok^ppb

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !KE

 K HA=H ?KJOOAHGAENK+ 34
^lv^l mlo ^`fabkqb nrb a^ albkÖ^ cf`^r^ ^nr^i pbjmob
jb qo^_^iebv mlo ^abp mobw^o+ Bmbo q^^bp ^rvp^jbkilp
br jb dlrbokbf abq^i drvp^ nrb mbo jvpbof`loaf^ ab
klppl pbk,flo ablp) B ab pr^ klrv p^k`q^ j^aob) br
crv b pll abiil `loll af`ql eb bj qla^ _l^ p^rab+ B^*
nrbii^ qofpqbw^ nrb rbj ab olrvq^p m^oqbp grkq^jbkqb)
lr mbo ^fdrë qbjml `lkqvkn^al jb m^ob`b olrg cloqb
ab plmloq^o) b ^rbo pl_obii^ _ll objbafl+ @^ppb rb*
ebo jloqb ab q^^bp mbppl^p ab nrb ^g^ollp ovgl pbkqfk*
al mbo nrb `lkrbj qo^wbo all) b ibfu^o cbpq^p) q^kdbo)
b rbpqfo _l^p olrm^p) ab nrb pb ob`b_b m^oqb ab cli*
d^kÖ^ ) b rbj klpp^ albkÖ^) b ab lrqo^p mbppl^p `eb*
d^a^p `lj mboa^p) abpmbw^p) ^ nrb _bj pb molrbbo
pbklj mlpp^) b pb c^wbj ^idrÑp q^^bp `lrp^p nrb+ ql*
`^j k^ elkoo^) b _ll pq^al qlal grkq^jbkqb) lr ^`bo*
`^ ) `ljl bpql cbob bj qla^p m^oqbp) mlr`lp ppb ml*
abj bj q^Z qbjml _bj dlrbok^o+ Mloá pbdrkal jbr
grvwl) bpqb eb pbr mofk`fm^i objbafl) ^rbojlp cfoo^bw(
of^ cfb) mlo ^nr^i `ob^jlp nrb qlal rbj mbo loabk^ko
Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo) nrb eb clkqb ab grpqfÖ^) b mfba^*
ab ) b olgpbof`loaf^) mlo nrb abrbjlp a^rbo bj biib
_l^ pmbo^kÖ^ nrb olrvql qvo^ qla^p qofpqbw^p mlpprgkal
`^ofa^ab nrb +mlo qla^ii^p `lrp^p a^ rfa^ mobpbkqb klj
`lkppbkqfo^ ob`b_bo q^i qofpqbw^ nrb klp bjmbb`fjlr[
gql) kbj do^kab qlor^Ölj mlpp^j qo^wbo+ B nr^kal
q^^bp pb ^`lkqb`bobj) lr nr^f nrbo lrqo^ qofpqbw^ mbkp(
p^o abrbjlp nrb eb mbifbg^ `lkqo^ fg klp `èrbj ^oj^o+
Mofjbfol a^p qobp rfoqrabp RTRN p`ofmq^p) bk`ljbka^ko
fal olrv pmb`f^fjbkqb ^klppl pbkelo) qlalp klpplp cbfo
` fl p ) af`qlp) b mbkpp^jbkql) mbo bpollii^p) b l_o^p
kfoqrlp^p a^kal `^oobdl ^lrqo^p _l^p mbppl^p PTER-EQ
jbieÑib mlo klp lc^Ölol+ @^ bpql eb `boql) nrb r^i
jrvql bj qlalp bpqbp `^plp+ Pbdrkal erp^o a^p `^o*
ab^^bp rfoqrabp +p+ moraàk`f^ mbo^ klp dr^oa^o) b mol*
rbbo lkab `ãrbj) grpqfÖ^ mbo nrb klj c^Ö^jlp) af*
d^jlp ) lr mbk5pbjlp mlo `lrp^ nrbklp rbke^ `lkqo^
o^w^j b abobfql Qbjmbo^kÖ^ `lj î l_objlp qla^p

*)*.*1('! &0! HFKKM e^

 35 K HA=H ?KJOO>HDAENK+
`lrp^p q^j qbjmbo^a^jàqb `ljl pb abq^^bp `lkqo^folp
klj clppbjlp drboob^alp+ Cloqbiibw^ mofk`fm^ijbkqb
mbo^ plmloq^o lp `lkqo^folp b klp molrbbo bj qlal `lj
^do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo) alp j^fp molrbfqlplp objbû
aflp Qbo`bfol `ljmob molrbbo ^pp^rab al `lomå mlo
nrb br qbkel pbkqfal ^l nrb ^gka^ nrb q^^`üp cbfqlp
mbo jlpqo^kÖ^ _bj pbflj plmloq^alp ^`çmobfpplj pb*
d^pq^) b abp`lk`boq^) mlo nrb `èrbj abl objbaf^o)
^ppv nrb `lj ^jbo`bb ab ablp pbf^ pbjmob bj _ll
pq^al) mlo nrb ^pp^rab) b cloqbiibw^ al `loml) a^ dbb*
o^ijbkqb do^kab ^gra^ mbo^ lbpcloÖl al `lo^Ölj) pbbk*
al ^`ljm^ke^al abqla^ii^p rfoqrabr prpl p`ofmq^p Bab*
rbklp pbjmob ibj_o^o) nr^kqlp pbjbie^kqbp pbkqvjbk*
qlp) b qofpqbw^p g^klp m^pp^jlp) b lrqolp `^a^erë af^
plmloq^j) b qlal bj cvj ) mbo jbo`bb al pbkelo ablp
pb `loobdà mbo^lp nrb rfoqrlp^jbkqb pbdlrbok^j Bq^i
abrbjlp pmbo^o nrb ^klp pb c^o^ pb_à b r^iibkqbjbkqb
mbiGbf^ojlp `lkqo^ bpqb j^iib`flpl mb`^al) ^rbkal pmb*
o^kÖ^ bj klppl pbkelo ablp mbo abqbojvk^Ölj a^oo^*
wlj ) mlpql nrb ^co^nrbw^ b ^boof_^jbkql al `lo^Ölj
plj lnrbfo^ `lkppbkqvo) kbj `ob^jlp nrb pbjmob
bj nr^kql aro^o ^ibj_o^kÖ^ aro^o^ lppbkqfal mlo abf*
i^ k^`bo) `^ klj eb ^ppv) mlo nrb 3bdrkal kl `ljbû
Öl eb (af`ql) ar^p plj ^p ibj_o^kÖ^p+ Eë^ al `lo^*
Ölj ) Blrqo^ a^ `^_bÖ^ b mlo nrb a^nrbii^ nrb al
`lo^Ölj mol`bab rbj do^^j m^oqb ab q^^bp pbkqfalpü
^nr^f jrv ifdbfo^jbkqb ^p j^fp a^p rbwbp m^pp^) klj
eb mbo^ `obbo nrb ^ppv arob) `ljl ^nrb a^ m^oqb a^*
`^_bÖ^ mofk`fm^ijbkqb pbkqvjlp Bmlobj qbke^jlp
nrb ^iibj_o^kÖ^ mofk`fm^i a^nrbi cbfql nrb eb crka^û
jbkql a^ qofpqbw^ cfnrb lppbkqfal m^pp^o^ mlo q^i ibj*
_o^kÖ^ klj m^pp^o ^ppv ovgl ^l `lo^Ölj bljl mbo ^q*
drcq qbjml eb pbkqva^) j^p mbo ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo) b
_llp ^rvp^jbkqlp qlal pb abrb p`obrbo nrb rbke^ ^*
mbocbfql `ro^jblql+

*)*.*1('! &0! % , # 0 0 !IE

 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDGENK+ 36

8P_X[d[[^ J J = (
9 P caXbcTiP `dT b^QaT _TRPS^b) ^d dXacdSTb
cT\ ]PRh\T]c^(

Q Q b gl lrqo^p ar^p j^kbfo^p a^ qofpqbw^ nrb e^j `lk*

qo^folp k^` ùjbkqlp) erÇ ab j^iGbp b mb`^alp) ^lrqo^
ab rfoqrabp) abpmlpfÖlj abif^p b _l^p kf^ke^p A^mof*
jbfo^ nrbobkal ^idrëp ^rbo qàml ^_^pq^kqb mbo^ `lj*
mofo pbrp j^^lp abpbflp bj d^^kelp klj abobfqlp) rvk*
dÇÖ^p `lkqo^ grpqfÖ^) clid^kÖ^ `lj mb`^al pbl ^rbo
klj mlabj pbkqbj ^idrëp ovg^ qofpqbw^) `^vkal bo^
q^j do^kab bool `ljl pbl abcbfql cbwbolj+ Babpq^ dv*
p^ lrqolp nrb mlo ^idrÑ _l^ qbbkÖlj ibfu^olj m^pp^o
pbjbie^kqbp `lrp^p) cfie^j `lkqvkr^al ^oobmbbkafjbk*
ql `lj qofpqbw^) mlo lp j^iibp nrb klj ^`^_^olj)
`lkppfgo^kal `ljl m^pplr q^i qbjml bj nrb mbabolj
p^qfpc^wbo ^ppbrp j^^lp abpbflp+ Bpqb jb m^ob`b jrv
do^kab b j^dkvcbpql bool) nrb k^`b ab jvkdr^a^ cfb)
@^ppb qbrbojlp mlo abqbojgk^al ) nrb abqlal j^i
^rbobjlp mbk^ ) pb abf `ljmofa^jbkqb klj clojlp
`lkcbpp^alp) b ^oobmbkafalp) `lj kolmlpfql abl j^fp
klj c^wbo `ljl klp mlabo^ mbp^o al nrb ibfu^jlp ab
`ljmofo+ Bppb `lkppfgo^ojlp `^j mlr`^ clid^kÖ^ ab*
q^^bp `lrp^p cf`^) b ^l_ofd^Ölj ab q^kq^ mboa^ pmfof*
qr^i) b qbjmlo^i) f^ j^fp klj mbkppl) nrb lkab _l^
qbbkÖlj obgk^o) mlpp^ `^_bo q^i qofpqbw^) ^kqb ^rbo^
`lkqfkr^al mo^wbo ) qbàal ^klppl pbkelo bo^ do^kab
jbo`bb PTEQEI il ^ppv ifro^o ab i^Ölp q^j ^m^obie^alp+
>ppbdrka^ m^oqb eâb a^idërp nrb abpbf^kal pà abp`ofm*
Ölj ^rbo qla^p rfoqrabp abpmlpfÖlj abif^p) b _l^p j^*
ke^p ) `ljl ^p jbielo rbb ^`^a^erë) B nr^kal ^idrÄ
klj mlabj q^j mbocbfq^jbkqb `l_o^o) cfie^j p^ke^
abppv) `lo^ jbklp mobÖl) al nrb ob`b_bj abploabk^*
a^ qofpqbw^+ Blp nrb mbo pbjbie^kqb drgw^ `^Çb) eb
`lj àrbg^) lr jvkdr^ abpp^_bo+ @^ abrv^j mbkpp^o
nrb qlalü pljlp l_ofd^alp abklp dr^oa^o abmb`^al) b

*)*.*1('! &0
4- K H H = H ?KJOO#HDAENK+
ab c^wbo `lrp^ qlomb) lr afdk^ ab q^i mo^pjl) nrb
qo^d^ bj mbb`v jbkql bo^ klppl _ll kljb ) pbdrkal
^nrbi bpq^al bj nrb cloo^lp) ibo^_o^kalklp ^nrbiibp
afqlp) nrbj c^iib`bo bj erë mb`^al) bo^ qlalp eb af*
dkl ab`rim^) b j^fp nrbj pr^ c^j^ abpmobp^) jvw(
nrvkel eb+ Mlobj ^gka^ nrb abrbjlp ^rbo bpq^ dr^o*
a^ k^p rfoqrabp abpmlpfÖlo^ abif^p) b j^ke^p al `lo*
ml ) klo^ mlabj pbbo abqlalp mbo fdr^i mlpprva^p) pb(
drkal afw l^mlpqliil) nrb abm^oqfjàql abdo^Ö^p plj
nrb a^ lpmfofqr `ljl ieb mo^w >erN aberÇ rfoqrab) b
^ lrqol a^ lrqo^ mlo q^i nrb qla^ii^p nrb mbocbfq^jbk*
qb cloè grkq^p bj klppl pbkelo) pbf^j mbo m^oqbp à klp
`rqolp ^`e^a^p+ Mlobj `^a^erë pb qo^_^ieb pbjmob
`lj p^ do^Ö^ a^rbo b `l_o^o ^p j^fp b jbielo nrb
mlabo) dr^oaÇalppb abc^wbo `lrp^ `lkqo^ pr^ rllkq^*
a b ) lr nrb ^klp) b ^idrbj qo^d^ j^dkvcbpql aìmkl+
fB nrb a^idr^p q^kql klj ^g^) pb rfo eb clo^ o^wl^*
a^jbkqb abmb`^al) jvkdr^) b abobfql) mo^pjl mlo
klj pbbo ^ppv mbocbfql) krk`^ ob`b_^ q^i qofpqbw^ nrb
Geb mlpp^ c^wbo bjmbb`fjbkql) `lkeb`bkal nrb ^bi
eb a^al qo^_^ie^o pbjmob mlo ^p `l_o^o) b n kç mlab
rfgo ^j^vlo `ljmofjbkql ab `^a^erP al nrb ablp lo*
abk^o+ @^ mlpql nrb lp ^mlpqliilp clppbj `ljmofalp
ïal pmfofqr p^kql) klj clolj qlalp fdr^^bp bo^ mobb(
*d^o) p`obrbo) kP jvii^dobp ) b pbjbie^kqb pb c^w bj
qlalp bpq^alp) `^mbo abpmlpfÖlo^ alp `lomlp) efa^abp)
b rfoqrabp ^ nrb k^qro^ijbkqb `^a^ erë k^`b abpmlp*
ql) lr pbdrkal l af`ql alp bpqoliildlp nrb ^p mo^kbq^p
mbo loabk^kÖ^ ab klppl pbkelo l alq^olj) `èrbj nrb
bj pr^ rfoqrab) _l^ j^ke^) b rbkqro^ c^Ö^ r^kq^dbo^
Bklo^ eb mlobj abqbbo) nrb qla^p bpq^p `lrp^p klp
mlabj l_ofd^o) kbo^ `lpqo^kdbo ^mb`^oo^lp @^ pbbkaã
^ppv klj ^rbof^o^lp ifrob ^irvaol) b mbo `lkppbdrvk*
q b ) kbj abpjbof`fjbkql) lnrb ^pp^kq^ fdobf^ mbo `lk(
qo^fol abqbojvk^) b j^ka^ `obbo+ Mlobj `ljl prpl
af`ql eb `^a^erë pb qo^_^ieb mlo pbjmob ^r^kÖ^o k^p
rfoqrabp) jvkdr^kab klp â^iif`fjbkqlp) b `lj qlor^*

*)*.*1('! &0! QB//1 IE

 K IO =H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 4.
Ölj klj cfieb abploabk^a^ qofpqbw^ mlo qlalklj ^rbo
q^j `ljmofa^jbkqb `ljl _bj abpbf^+

8P_Xcd[[^ J J => (
9 P \PXb U^acT \P]TXaP SP caXbcTiP+

g>+^Fbj(a^p j^kbfo^p a^ qofpqbw^ bj `vj^ p`ofmq^p)

eb er^ jrvql j^fp cloqb) *nrb qfo^ lalojfo) b do^o^
m^oqb al`ljbo Bqo^w allo ^l `lo^Ölj `lj do^kabp
qobjlobp) b ^d^pq^jbkqlp B^nrbpql pb c^w mlo ^idrë
jrg pmf`f^i crka^jbkql abdo^kabp abp^ràqrgo^p) j^h
ibp) b mboa^p) b lrqo^p mlo ^oobr^q^jbkql a^idrÇp ab$o
`lk`boq^a^p c^kqbpf^p) ràb ^bpqb jbbpjl pbkqvjbkql
lnr^i eb q^j mbofgdlpl nrb jrvqlp mbo bpqb ^^wl rb{
ebolj ^ppb j^q^obj mboppv) lr k^qro^ijbkqb jloob*
obj mbo jvkdr^ ab `ljbo) b alojfo) b allobq nrb
mbo bpqb ^^wl ieb ob`ob`bolj+ B jrvqlp `^^ç bj p^k(
lf`b Mlobkab pl_ob q^j cloqb m^ab`fjbkql) lrqo^ `r(
o ^ ) lr objbafl) klj p^_bof^ a^o pbklj nrb ^ablp pb
bk`ljbkab jrv abrlq^jbkqb) b ^kbpp^ pbkelo^ rfo(
dbj p^kq^ j^of^) cfie^kal do^kab `lkqofÖlj abqlalp
pbrp boolp) b c^iif`vjbkqlp) pb `lkcbppb `ljmofa^jbk*
qb abiibp) Bpp^qfpc^Ö^ bj qlal `^pl nr^kql j^fp _bj
mlabo `lkcfojb ikhi h lbmh ab klj qlok^o ^lp i^\Z]h6
bj nrb clv `rim^al) kbj bj lrqolp+ B molmlbo bj
pbr `lo^Ölj abrvrbo j^fp ifjm^jbkqb nrb mlabo `lj
^do^Ö^ abklppl pbkelo ablp) `lkcloj^kal pr^ rllkq^*
ab ^l nrb ^biib j^fp molrrbo+ B`ebdrbppb ^l p^do^(;
jbkql a^ `ljrkelj `lj ^j^vlo ifjmbw^) b erjvi*
a^ab nrb pb mlabo ^m^obie^o) molmlbkal) b abpmlbk((
alppb ildl ^c^wbo ^idrPp do^kabp l_o^p jbofqãof^p pmbo
`f^^bp pbdrkal ^mbppl^ clo mlo `ljmi^wbo ^l af`ql p^*
kelo) mbafkalieb mlo jbo`bb nrb ieb mlke^ _ll ^ppbü*
ûb d l bj pbr `lo^Ölj+ Baf ^r^kqb dr^oabppb jrvql
abpq^o pll) j^fp pb%jmob ^`ljm^ke^al) ab _l^p) afp*
`obq^p) b abrlq^p mbppl^p) mbo^l ^gra^obj `lj ^do^(
al pbkelo) ^l plmloq^o bj _ll pf^al) ^okba^kam

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !IE

4/ K HA=H ?KGOOAHDAENK)
nr^kql j^fp mlabo qlal `rva^al a^ nrbii^p `lrp^p
m^pp^a^p) mobpbkqbp) b mlo rfgo) alkab q^i qofpqbw^
qbj pbr mofk`fm^i crka^jbkql) B k^ nrbpqbp `^plp `è*
rbj bpq^o jrgql ^l obdv jbkql a^ câpf`^ bj `ljbo)
_brbo) b qla^ii^p lrqo^p `lrp^p) nrb pbj mb`^al pb
mlabobj c^wbo) ibfu^kal gbgërp) b lrqo^p `bofjlkv^p
ababr^Ölj nrbl `loml b^rllkq^ab klj nrbobo plmlo*
q^ o) klj abpbjm^o^kal mlobj ^qfojbw^ a^ ccb+ do^kab
pmboÇÖ^ _ll molmlpfql b rllkq^ab al `lo^Ölj) j^p
qbke^ bj bpql q^i j^kbfo^) `ljl c^wá lp nrb plj
albkqbp alrqo^p bkcbojva^abp ) ^lp nr^^bp klj eb
`lkq^al mlo bool) kbj c^iif`fjbkql c^wbobj jra^kÖ^)
kbj bkk^ j^kbfo^ ab pbr rvrbo mlo dr^oa^obj loob*
dvjbkql nrb mlo lp câpf`lp ieb clo a^al) ^qbb nrb
mbii^ do^Ö^ ab ablp ) rbke^ ^_ll bpq^al ab p^rab)
^nr^i a^ pr^ jbo`bb mofk`fm^ijbkqb abrb pbbo pmbo^*
a l ) j^fp nrb alrqol `lkppbiel kbj obdvjbrql pbr 6
kà alrqolp eljbàp) ^gka^ nrb `^a^ erë mlobj pb ab(
r^ abpcloÖ^o nr^kql j^fp mlabo ^_rp`^o qlalp _llp ob*
jbaflp nrb mboppf mlabo `rva^o) Blrqo^p mbppl^p ab(
_bj ieb clo `lkppbie^al+

8P_Xcd[[^ J J ==> ( ü
9Pb _PacTb S^ TUPSP\tc^+

M l o nr^kql lbkc^a^jbkql eb erë do^kab ^^wl ab c^*

wbo rfgo ^qofpqbw^) Br `Çppfgobv) b kbo pmbofbk`f^ `l*
keb`f n pb ^rf^ mbo `vknrl drvp^p+ Mofjbvo^ mlo jrv*
ql l_o^o lnrb ieb klj mo^w+ Pbdrka^) mlo q^kql pl*
_bfl c^wbo ^idrÇ `lrp^ N ^l bkqbkabo mboqbbÖ^ nrb
^gka^ nrb clidrb bj ^`lkqfkr^o mbo ^cbfÖlj al `lo^*
Ölj ) bf abppg mbo `^kpp^Öl cfie^ bkcc^a^jbkql+ Qbo`bf*
o^) mlo klj qbbo nrb abpmbka^) lqbjml nrb ieb ab
^idrì clid^kÖ^+ Nr^oq^) mbo albkÖ^p nrb rbke^j ^l
`loml k^qro^ijbkqb) lr mbo ^idrë ^`lkqb`fjbkql+ Nrvk*
q^) mlo klgl) mbp^o) abpmo^wbo) ^rloob`vjbkql) prf*
a^ab nrb l^ k^\k^Åhf) lr mbo k^qro^i qofpqbw^ a^rllk*

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !KE

 K HA=H ?-JOOAHDA.N-+ 40 $
qciab j^i loabk^a^+ Bm^ob`bjb pbbo kb`bppÄofl) ^gka^
nrb lklo^b pbf^ dbbo^i `^a^ erë `lkeb`bo) nr^kal i^i
kbkqvo alkabieb rbj) b p^_boieb _rp`^o `lj ^do^Ö^
al pbkelo abobvqlp objbaflp) Bmbo^ jvo^ bj dbbo^i
^`ebv bpqbp+ >mofjbfo^ m^oqb _rp`^o q^i `lrp^ nrb jb
ab ^^wl mbo^ cfie^o mo^wbo) `^ q^' bkc^a^jbkql rbj
`lj abpmo^wbo+ Bmlocoib `arbqk `ro^iil mbo pbr `lk*
qo^ fol+ >ppbdrka^ mlo nrb pb dbbo^ ab `^kpp^Öl) clid^
plii^jbkqb ^_^pq^) ^ppv nrb bpq^kal bol ild^o ^m^oq^*
al ^idrcq pm^Öl bj nrb mlpp^ abp`^kpp^o) eb mbo^ biil
^_^pq^kqb objbafl) b nr^kql j^fp pb cfie^o bj `lrp^p
abcliÖ^kÖ^ pà `rva^al c^o^ j^vlo r^kq^dbj+ Bmbo ^*
qbo`bfo^ mlr`^p rbwbp q^i bkc^a^jbkql ob`b_bj lp nrb
_bj rvrbj+ mlo nrb p^_bj ^ppv obm^oqfo pbr qbjml
nrb krk`^ ieb c^iib`b bj nrbl _bj abpmbka^j+ @^
klj qbbkal `lrp^ `boq^ nrb c^wbo8 bj ibbo) p`obrbo)
c^ii^o) _bj lm^pp^olj+ Bnrb bpql c^iibÖ^ mbo pbr rfo*
qrlpl `rva^al e^j abiib _ll m^pp^jbkql `ljl pbob*
kbj ab `fmflj) nrb abppv afwf^) Klj pb pbkqfo jbü
klp pll nrb nrÇal pll bpq^r^) `^ mbo _llp `rva^alü
pbjmob ieb m^ob`f^ bpq^o _bj ^`ljm^ke^a^) jbp mbo^
lrqol p`rp^o q^i bkc^a^jbkql eb _ll `lkppbiel) klj
^rbo pl_b f^ clid^kÖ^ `å ^idrÑ pvkdrii^o `lrp^) mlo
nrb ifdbfo^jbkqb lp nrb ^q^f `rpqrj^j ob`b_bj bk*
c^a^jbkql bj qla^ lrqo^ `ljl ^nrbii^ klj mlabj
^rbo) Bmlobj l`lo^Ölj abrb pbbo ifrob b `rpqrj^kal
mbo^ nr^kal `ljmofo p^_bo _bj m^pp^o l qbjml `lj
`lrp^p abpr^fo^a^p `è`loa^kqbp ^ b i) b ^ppr^ rva^) ^p*
pv nrb klj mlabkal ^rbo ^idrÑp clid^kÖ^p) p^f_e^
ildl ^`e^o lrqo^p) Bmlo dbbo^i ^g^ _ll abm^oqfo) b c^i*
i^o `lj mbppl^p mboqbbk`bkqbp nrb mbo^ qlal bpq^al)
b va^ab eb pbjmob _ll m^pp^o ab qàml ^nrbj lcfie^
mlo clid^kÖ^+ Mbo^^ nr^oq^ abrbppb `lkppfgo^o nrb mlfp
rbj mbo ^^wl a^ bkibojva^ab `bpp^kal bii^ lbkc^a^*
jbkql m^pp^o^) B`loll plmloql cofl ) nrbàqro^) prlo)
qo^_^ielp) b pbjbie^kqbp) nrb ^albkÖ^ c^w m^ab`bo8
ARRW lbkc^a^jbkql nrb rbj `lj bii^ eb abpplmloq^o)

*)*.*1('! &0!" % - - $ , (
41 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
pmbo^kal pbjmob `è ^jbo`bb al pbkelo _l^ p^rab)
mbo nrb qlal ^rbo^ `loobdv jbkql+ Pl_ob ^nrfkq^ ab(
rbppb obdr^oa^o lnrb qbkel p`ofmql abpqbp pbk qf jbr(
qlp) b ab pbrp objbaflp) abppv ^rbo ibj_o^kÖ^ ab(
nr^kq^p rbwbp pbjbie^kqb m^pplr a^ nrbiil nrb j^fp
pbkqb bkc^a^jbkql Bnrb abmlfp qloklr ^ppbr _ll pq^(
al Bq^i abrb `obbo nrb pb c^o^ al nrb ^l mobpbkqb pà(
qfo llie^kal j^fp klp ^`lkqb`fjbkqlp nrb ^lrqolp pb
ob`ob`bolo^) b `ljl ab `lrp^p nrb m^ob`bj `lkqo^âo^p
pb qlok^olj bj do^kab jbielof^) mlobkab ^rbkal cfb
bj ablp) `lj pbr ^jlo) b _l^ pmbo^kÖ^ pbjmob ^*
qbka^jlp mlo `loobdvjbkql klp m^ab`vjbkqlp ^l `l*
o^Ölj) `loml) b rllkq^ab) mbo nrb plmloq^objl? j^fp
ibrbjbkqb q^^bp bkc^a^jàqlp ^q^^ nrb mbo p^ do^Ö^
qlalppb `loobd^ B`lkeb`v nrb lp ql`^alp ab q^i m^ab*
`fjbkql pbrp `rva^alp `lpqo^kdfa^jbkqb pbjmob plj
bj_^od^alp bj ^idrÑp `lrp^p nrb iebp a^j do^kab
mbk^ Blp lrqolp jra^jlp pbdrkal lp cbf`qlp pb ob*
`ob`bj) Bmlpql nrb mbo kb`bppfa^ab qbke^j mofk`fm^i
qbàÖlj ^erì `lrp^) m^pp^kal ^nrbii^) mbkpplj ifrob(
jbkqb bj lrqo^ nrb pb ob`ob`b) Bklj bj_^od^kal
nlb lp jrgql a^alp ^ ^idrj cliif`vjbkql ^ppv qo^d^j
b`rva^al bj bi bj_^od^al `ljl ^bpmbofbk`f^ _à ab*
jlpqo^ alp k^jlo^alp) `l_fgÖlplp b pbjbie^kqbp+ Ml*
gkbkab ef e^ q^i abcbobkÖ^) `^ ^lm^> ^bpm^Ölp pàqbj
mo^wbo Blp lrqolp `lkqvkr^a^ qofpqbw^ bj nr^kql mbkp(
plj Bppbkql mbo do^Ö^ abklppl pbkelo) nrb _l^ p^dbÇ
_bj m^ob`bkqb) b do^`flp^ jliebo `è nrb eljbj pbf^
`^p^al) b pb jrvql ^jbk eb do^kab objbafl `lkqo^
^qofpqbw^) b pbjc^a^ jbkql+ Bnr^kal jbr goj^Pl lgc*
cPqb alj mbaol abpq^ qboo^ pb m^oqfl) p^_bkal br nrb
^idrcq abpql pbkqf^ ieb cfw bpqb `lkppbiel ^grpl p`ofmql)
lnr^i ^gka^ nrb c^iib bj lrqo^p m^oqbp pl_obpqb `^pl
eb pbk mofk`fm^i crka^jàql Bj^kabvl ^nrf p`obrbq
mlo ^idrkp objbaflp mbo^ bpql molsbfqlplp bj biib pbb(
cs p`oâmqlp+

*)*.*1('! &0! HFKMM e^

 K H A = H ?K JOOAHD >f _^ 43

8P_2 J J = = ä > (
9 ^ R^]bbSW^ ` b^QaTbc^ STh P^ >UUP]cT S^\ CTSa^&

&0çkppbiel mbo^ rlp pl_bfl jb m^ob`b ûbobrbo) mlo

nrb ^rlpp^ do^kab _lka^ab) b afp`obÖlj olb c^w klol
p^_bo nrb ^rvp^olbkql rlp mlpp^ a^o) nrb mbo rlp olb(
felo klol pbg^^bp ^rfp^al) j^p mlo ^idrcf mlr`l `lo^(
mofo lnrb rlp afppb bj _obrb) bpil rlp p`obrl+ cf^gka^
nrb olr[ql `ãrfgke^ pbbo Polbka^al) b `loobdfal k^
pr_pq^k`f^ b jlal abp`obrbo mlo lmb f' kl qbolml b
^mobpp^) nrb ^rv^ ab lrqolp cbfqlp) Bmlo nrb plj
`boql nrb ^^bkqbkÖlj mofk`fm^ijbkqb lie^obbp) klj
nrfp pl_obfl j^fp qo^_^ie^o+ Qbjmbo^^b ^p ^cbfÖlãbp
7bch nrb mbo bii^p klj ab3bfbbp kbj c^Ö^^bp ^idrcq
`lrp^ `lkqo^ o^wlj) b abobfql) kbk; mlke^^bp q^j
ovgl ^rlkq^ab kl nrb rlp mlo ^idrbj m^ob`b nrb ab(
r^^bp obnrbobo) nrb klj pb `ljmovkal lnrb _bj ï
abobf q^jbkqb `rfa^^bp nrb oblrbobbp) olrvql bolmbbü
`b ^rlppl pq^al) b obmlrpl ab rlppl _ll `lo^Öljü
j^p qlal c^wbkal) b obnrbobkal `lol o^wl^a^ abedbl(
`f^ b _l^ afp`ifÖlj) loabk^^b ^ppv ^rllkq^ab nrb ^p
cigp alp cbfqlp) rfgkal ab nr^i nrbo drvp^ bpqb mobpqbq
b ^m^obie^a^ klj cfie^o q^i qlor^Ölj nrb rlp bolmbb(
`v jbkql mlpp^ qo^wbo+ K ^ p^ke^ bppl jbabp rlp `lj*
mob ^rvp^jbkql bj q^i drvp^) nrb `ljmo^^bp lnr^
afw l^ml5qliil >pp^ke^kalrlp b klj nrbfo^^bp mb`^o
Bc^obbp bpql a^kal pm^Öl ^^p bub`rÖlãbp abcbfql) !
af`ql nr^kal^ `lj rlp`l pbkqfoabp) p^irl bj lp `^plp
nrb kè ob`b_bj qobpm^ppl) b k^nrbii^p l_o^^b qbjmlü
o^a^olbkqb) `lkeb`bkal nrb ^rllkq^ab `lj bii^ nrbo
l_o^o pl_bfl * A^qofpqbw^ rlp ^rfp^^b nr^kql `lj ^{9
do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo mlaboabp Babpql bi pll eb ab
X^S^ jbb5qob J^p c^ii^kal al nrb ^klp mboqbb`b al)
_o^o) ^jvol m^ob`b nrb `lj pr^ jbo`bb `^a^ erci ml*
ab ob`b_bo do^kab ^gra^) pdr^oa^kal ^lp qobp mlabobp
H /

*)*.*1('! &0! -A//1 KE

 43 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
nrb plj àklp) abppr^p loabk^a^p clid^kÖ^p+ Bbpqbp
plj ) mofjbfol ab`obbo) b dlrbok^o l`loml pbdrkal al
pbkqfo) qbo`bfol al bkqbkabo) b o^wlj) Babrbbp abp*
p^_bo nrb mbo abpc^iib`vjbkql ab _ll pq^al ab `^a^*
erë abpqbp) ^qofpqbw^ rbj ^idrÇp rbwbp `lkeb`bkal
alkab) b lrqo^p kè p^irl ^nrbiibp nrb abppv q`bj( erÄ
do^kab gkarpqof^ mbo jrvql pmb`f^i do^Ö^) lr mbo jrv*
q^ do^kab mo^qf`^ ab `lo^Ölj obmlrp^al cg pb bu^jv*
kb pbj ^cbfÖlj mlo lnrb bi pbkqb+ B^lrqolp afdklp
ab ^rqlofa^ab lrrgl b qbbj ^mobkafal+ Bmbo^ bpql eb
abpp^_bo nrb lmlabofl ab `obp`bo) b dl+rbok^o obnrbob
`ljbo) _brbo) alojvo) b i^kÖ^kal clo^ qla^ pl_bdf*
alèb a^nrbiil bj nrb pb plpqbj abppb g^ j^kqbbo l*
`loml bj p^rab) b kb`bppÄofl ieb `èrbj qo^_^iel) b
clid^kÖ^+ Blppbkqfo abj^ka^ `lrp^p ivdbfo^p abm^pp^o
`lj mo^wbo `" qla^ abibfq^Ölj a^rllkq^ab) pbj ob*
dr^oaÇal pbbo _bj cb fql ) pbdrkal o^wlj b ibv al pb*
kelo ablp Bl al bkqbkabo obnrbob _bj c^wbo `lj cli*
d^kÖ^ bj `rfa^o ab `ljmlbo bj l_o^) b bj l_o^kal
b abpnrb l qbj cbfql kbj_o^kalieb nrb l cbw) pbbkal
l_o^ bkppv _l^ b _bj cbfq^) lr ieb m^obÖ^ nrb ifb q^i
^gka^ nrbl klj pbf^+ B^`^a^erÇ abpq^p m^oqbp) `lj(
mob obdbo jrvql _bj b afp`obq^jbkqb) ^nrbi nrb ab(
qofpqbw^ pb nrbo ^c^pq^o) b `lj ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo qo^w
pbr `lo^Ölj bj _ll ^ppbppbdl mlo nrb bj biibp plj
bpqbp qobp mlabobp) Bmbo ^^wl ab `^a^erë ob`b_bjlp
b^a^ af^ clid^kÖ^ pbdrkal mbo pmbofbk`f^ pàqvjlp B^p*
bh klp bkqo^ ^qofpqbw^) mlpql fz l klj `lkebÖ^jlp)
mlo qbbojlp ^cbfÖlj ^erÑ a^p m^oqbp) klj pbkqvjlp
lnrb a^ lrqo^ klp rbj k^`bkal) ^ppv `ljl erë ab*
rlql pbj &ifp`obÖlj) pbkqvkal bj pv do^kab clid^kÖ^
ab rfdfif^) lr ab gbgrcf) `rfaÇal jrvql mbo ^nrbil
mo^wbo ^ablp) nrb mboqbbk`b ^l mlabo a^oo^wlj) `lo*
obkal mbo pbr `^jvkel jrvql abploabk^a^jbkqb) klj
molrbbkal ^l nrb ieb abj^ka^j lp lrqolp mlabobp)
pb mbo pr^ pmb`f^i do^Ö^ klj clppb dr^oa^al ab nrb
bbrÇ c^wf^ jbob`balo) mlfp ^afp`obÖlj abpbfkm^o^r^)

)*.*1('! &0!" % - - $ , (
 K HR=H ?-JOOCHDA.N-+ 44
kbj pb p`rp^of^ ab`^fo bj qofpqbw^) b mboabo ^clid^k*
Ö^ nrb mbkpp^r^ a^r`o+ Bppf erë nrb abpbf^kal rvrbo
bj clid>Ö^ b clo^ ab qofpqbw^) mlo p^qfpc^wbo ^l nrb
obnrbob ^nrbi mlabofl ab `ob`bo) Bqla^ pr^ rva^ abp*
mbkabppb bj i^odl `lj bo) _brbo) b alojvo) c^iib`b*
of^ pbj arrva^ a^cfj nrb mbo ^nrbi `^jvkel mbo`^i*
Ö^o bkqbkab) mlo nrb qbbkal cbjbkÖ^ ^^nrbi pbkqfal)
abpbjm^olr lp lrqolp alrp nrb kl `lo^Ölj qbbj pbr
rvkelj) Bppbkqvkalppb c^iib`falp ab ieb a^obj lnrb
; brbj ^rbo) `èrbj nrb qo^dÇ qofpqbw^) lr jvkdr^ ab
_l^ ibaf`b) nrb ^rbo mlabo^) pb `^a^erë molrbbppb
`ljl abrv^) Bbpql a^kal j^fp ^l jbielo) b ^ppv `^*
a^erë lnrb mbo kb`bppva^ab obnrbob) B`lkeb`bkal
nrb ^klp eb a^al rvrbo mbo o^wlj bj r^kq^dbj) pl*
_ob qla^ii^p lrqo^p mlqàk`f^p ^bpqb mlabo a^objlp ^*
jlvlo m^oib a^klpp^ clid^kÖ^+( Bmlo nrb ^cfie^ mofk`f*
m^ijbkqb c^wbkal _bj) bj bpql abpmbkabobjlp ^ j^vlo
m^oqb ab qla^ klpp^ rva^+ Al pl_obmlg^jbkql a^idrëp
erjlobp nrb abpdlrbok^j l`loml) nrb ^bpqb mlabo
abppr^ dlrbok^kÖ^ mboqbb`b `lrbj obpdr^oa^o ) mlo
nrb ^idrÑfp rbwbp) rbj mlo bi ^qofpqbw^) j^fp klj
pbjmob) mlobj boolj jrvqlp nrbobkalppb ildl mro*
d^o ) lr p^kdo^o) `ljl plj qofpqbp B^qofpqbw^ klj eb
sbjmob a^iiv) j^p rbj a^ jvkdr^ ab klj a^o ^`^a^
erë abpqbp mlabobp lnrb _bj obnrbob) `^ pb j^i ab*
pbf^) klj ieb eb ablrqlod^o) j^p `lj afp`obÖlj) b
_ll `lkppbiel) rlp qo^_^ie^^b bj nr^kql mlaboabp ab*
`lkeb`boabp rlpplp abpc^ib`sjbkqlp) Blkablp mlabo*
abp cloÖ^o) cloÖ^vlp) " lkaâb klj `lkqbkmbo^kÖÄ)b
gkarpqof^ rlp c^wbb p`loobd^o) mlo rlp qlok^oabp ^^nrbi
dbfql nrb rlp _ll m^ob`b+ Bilrr^olj lp _llp nrb plj
bj rva^ B^nrbiibp nrb àppvk^kÖ^p bj ifrolp ^molr^*
alp ibfu^olj Bmlobj eb abmolrbbo) bj nr^i nrbo `^*
pl nrb ^qofpqbw^ rbke^) pbl `loml eb bj _l^ abpmlpf*
Ölj b +p^rab) mlo nrb ^gka^ nrb mbo ^nrbi 9$^^l +fflo^
+rbke^) ^ qofpqbw^ jbbpj^ qo^w) abploabk^kÖ^ al `lo(
ml) ^nr^i pbjmob obnrbob àjbka^)) mlo nrb^ c^w ^ ` t

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !KE

<# K HA=H ?KJOO>HD>ENK+
`bkf^o B^ppv nr^kal aboabp ^`^a^erë mlabo `lj _l^
afp`ifÖlj `lkeb`fjbkql) ^nrbii^p clid^kÖ^p nrb _ß
abpbf^) `lj ^^gra^ a^nrbi mbo nrb qlal _è pb `ljbÖ^
mboppbrbo^) b ^ ` ^ _ ^ rvrbobbb ibal bj bpq^ rfa^) b
`lj pmbo^kÖ^ a^rboabp j^vlo Gbaf`b a^ nrb e^ abrfgo
Bppl_obpql rlp `èrbj mlbo do^kab dr^^oa^ klp abplo*
abk^alp abpbflp) abnrboboabp c^wbo ^idrÇp `lrp^p > p
nr^^bp klj rigkal pbdrkal klpp^ rllkq^ab) `çrbj
mbo cloÖ^ nrb klp qo^d^ qofpqbw^ Bq^j _bj rlp abr bbp
dr^oa^o abmobprjfo nrb jrvql jbob`bbp) b ]y rlp c^*
pbj lnrb eb o^wlj) j^p c^wbb qlal _bj nrb m labo*
abp) `lkeb`bkal nrb j^fp klj mlabbp al nrb ablp
nrvpbo loabk^o+ B bpql jbabp a^p rllkq^abp) nrb k^*
a^ eb qlal rlppl nrbobo) kbj mlabo) mbo^ c^wbo lnr b
rvpboabp pb bi klj j^ka^ nrb rbke^ ^mbocbfÖlj B *
; bjbof`fjbkql5 `lkeb`cbb nrb lp klj qbbkabp) b n r b
j^fp rlp a^ al nrb a^o abrv^) pbdrkal rlpp^p l_o^p )
^rbkal pl_obpql er~ q^i d b fql ) nrb pb rlpp^ rllkq^ab
pb abp^qbkq^o bj do^kab ibaf`b) lr pb ibr^kq^o bj pl*
_bor^ mobprkÖã lr rÑ^ dilof^) ^mobpbkq^^b ^kqb rlp lp
c^if`vjbkqlp nrb abrlp `lkeb`bbp ab`^a^erë a^nrbi*
ibp qobp mlabobp ab nrb j^fp nrbo mobprjvo) lr pb
dilof^o) Bq^kql ^`e^obbp nrb klj qobpqlj_^kal mbo
rlppl mobprjvo lr ibaf`b pl_bf^ nrb abmlfp c^w `^fo
bj qofpqbw^ rlp qlok^obbp ^rlppl _ll pq^al ab `lo^Ölj
pm^Öl5l) b _bj ibal Bppb rlp rbbj ^jbrab q^^àp
kbj_o^kÖ^p cg jrvql rlp nrbobj aboof_^o bj ^_^fu^(
jbkqlp b jbklp mobÖlp ab rlpplp cbfqlp) mbppl^) lr
rva^) ildlrlp ^iÖ^^b a^kal dq^Ö^p ^ablp qo^wbkal ^^*
qkbjlof^ qlalp ^nrbiibp _bÜp nrb abf ^rbbp ob`b_falp
ab `^a^erë alp pl_obaf`qlp mlabobp B`lj abrval ^*
úo^ab`vo^bkql llie^kal bj biibp qfo^^b a^ jbjãof^
^nrbii^ kbj_o^kÖ^ mlo nrb bj bii^ jrvql aro^kal
mbo cloÖ^ rlp qo^wbo^ do^kab qofpqbw^ Bbpql c^wbb àjbk*
acial pbjmob k^nrbiibp boolp abnrb rboa^abfo^jbkqb
rlp pbkqfoabp `rim^al) qo^wàal ^kqb rlp ^kbj_o^kÖ(
a^ jvpboq`loaf^ ab klppl pbkelo) bj nrb abrbbp ^rbo

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !KE

 L IB>I @LK55BIEBFOL( 46
pbd^o^ pmbo^kÖ^) nrb ila^ii^p `lrp^p c^p mlo _bj a^ü
nrbiibp nrbl ^j^j) b pborbj) lr pborfo abpbflj)
pbdrkafw l^mlpqliil nrb qla^ii^p `lrp^p pb qlok^j ^*
_bj ^lp nrb qbbj molmlpfqlp ab p^k`qlp nrb eb qlj^o
abppr^ ol^j qla^iG^p `lrp^p nrb klp c^w nrb pa mlo
klppl _bj) @lkeb`bkal nrb ol^fp klp d^ii^oal^ nrb
jbob`bjlp B jbklp mbk^ al nrb pljlp `rim^alp B ü
qo^wbkal 3=mob `lj klp`l q^i qbbkÖlj b ^rvp^jbkql
`ci _l^ bmbo^kÖ^ ^ka^objlp `lj ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo
ukrvql ^ooba^alp abqla^p qofpqbw^p+ K l _brbo) c^wÜb
mlbo qbjmbo^kÖ^ bj rlpp^ `^p^) mlo nrb i^ clo^ lk*
abppb j^fp ^`rpqrj^ _rp^obj pl_bg^jbkqb bpq^ j^ke^
b abploabk^oppbe^j pblp _bj klj dr^oa^^bp Bc^olj
bpql mlo nrb ^rllkq^ab ieb _^ do^kab ^cbfÖlj) mbo
qlaliilp qobp mlabobp) mlo nr^kql bi pbkqb al nrb mboû
qbbk`b ^l mlabofl ab`ob`bo do^kab j^kqvjbkql abppr^
dlrbok^kÖ^ Bmbo^l pbkqvo do^kab ibaf`b bj lebrbo
`lj ^p c^if^p) b lrqo^p `bogjlkv^p nrb ^`rpqrj^j lp
nrb bj bpq^ dlilpf`b cfie^j clid^kÖ^ ab^c^wbo) b c^ii^*
obj bj bii^ Bnr^kil ^^oobwlj iebp m^ob`b nrb eb _bj
`ãrva^o pbrp ^jvdlp) b iebp qbbo `ljm^kef^+ Bmlobj
qbbkal q^^bp o^wlçbp) `lj crka^jbkql ab `rpqrolb a^+
qboo^ `cqrbkf abqobpp^vobj ) pb mbo klpplp `lkppbielp)
b ^kfp^jbkqlp `lj ^^gra^ al pbkelo) jrgql klj plj
@jbka^alp Pbbab j^fp ^rfp^al nrb k^p `lrp^p nrb lrü
Eboabp a^`^_^o) _rpnrbbp d b ffl ) `lj pm^Öl a^rllkq^(
a b ) kl l_o^o nr^kal `ljmofo) ^gka^ nrb pbf^ ^cf`^a^
k^ qbbkÖlj Bklj qbke^^bp nrb `lj qlaliilp elolbbkp
`cqrbj abklp ^rbo aerÇ drvp^) ol^p `lkeb`bb nrcfqÅ
qfkf m^ob`b nrb `^a^erci obnrbob pr^ j^kbvo^ ab l(
_o^o `lj biibp) b `èrbobp^o) o^^vlojbkqb pb eb pbkelo)
lr gdr^i Bmlobj dr^oa^kal klppl _ll bpq^al qo^e^ü
Ef^^b ablp `lkeb`bo+ Bppbdrlal abiibp `lkeb`boabp)
^ppv `lp dlrbok^^b) klkl mlobj nrb bj q^i dbfql m
ke^^bb cfk^f bkqbkÖlj) j^p û_o^kal bj bpql) mbo # ü(;
bobÖlj ^rbb rlpb^ pmbo^kÖ^ bj ^nrbi nrb klp ab^
Jkkv _l^ rÇlq^ab) b bkqbkabo) nrb bi llp abo^ ^p

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !IE

-- h HA=H ?-JO2AHDAEN-+
_l^p cfgp) b p^va^p bj qlalp rlpplp cbfqlp) bj q^i
drvp^ nrbl do^kab b _ll kljb nrb mbo bi ibr^^bp a^*
nrbpq^ qboo^ ) p`f^ pbjmob rboa^abfo^jbkqb mlo pr^
jbo`bb ab _bj bj jbielo ^`ob`bkq^kal+ Bmbo^ _ll
à`^jvkekjbkql) b ^gra^ abpqbp cbfqlp) ^`ebv mlo do^k*
ab objbafl b `lkppbiel c^ii^o `i^ol b abp`r_boql `lj
_ll p^dbp b rboa^abfol ^jvdl+ Bnrb pbf ^ klj aboof*
_^al ) kbj ql`^al a^nrbi c^iif`vjbkql abnrb eljbj
pb nrbof^ `loobdbo) b klj pb abrb c^ii^o `Æ jrvqlp)
^gka^ nrblp ^g^^bp mlo ^jvdlp) j^p `lj ^nrbi lr ^*
nrbiibp nrb mbo^ q^i `^pl p`lieboabp mlo jbielobp) B
j^fp `ebd^alp ^^dbbo^i _l^ qbbkÖlj Bppb mlabo ppbbo)
`lj lp nrb g^ a^nrbi `^wl lrrbolj pmbofbk`f^ mbo
do^kab erp^kÖ^ Bpplj à _ll pq^al obqlok^alp) lr nrb
9u;kqo^ bi pàmob pb _bj dlrbok^olj+

8P_(| J J I +
9 ^ ]^Y^ ) _TgPa ) STb_aPiTa) Pd^aaTRX\Tc^ T bdXYSPST(

?,&MSQE MNJN E SQIRSEXA$ ET FA_N SAK DEFEQEM_A$ ONQ PTE

ASQIRSEXA OEQ PTAK PTEQ OAQSE PTE TEMHA$ ARRW ELBAQ%
GA RELOQE CNMSWMTADALbSE NCNQA_NL $ PTE MNL DA
AOA_N DE ONDEQ EL AK BEL OEMRRAQ MEL FNKGAQ 0 N MNJN
HE ASbONR$ ARRW CNLN RE TEE MA LNQSE DAKGThR OAQEM%
SER E ALWGNR$ NMDE APTEK SELON PTE OEQ JTRSA FAKSA
NT KELBQAM_A RE REMSE$ NRRbSWLEMSN HE LTWSN QWIN&
9NQEL SAAER HI HA$ PTE OARRADN N DIA$ KNGN Q IJ$ FAK%
IAL$ E DEROACHADALEMSE MN PTEKHER OQAX OEMRRNIM&
0ASQIRSEXA MNL CNMRREMSE FAXEQ ARRI$ ONQ PTE HE HT;
DNNQ$ E CNMSWMTADN GARSA LEMSN CNL AOEQSAL`MSN DE%
CNQA_NL 0N MNJN MNL CNMSIMTADAQAEMSE$ RAKTN RE SAM%
SN RE ACQECEMSA PTE DEQQIBA EL SQIRSEXA 0SAK DEFEQEM_A
AE FAX AMSQE MNJN EN OEXAQ ONQ PTE N MNJN MN ROA_N
PTEN REMSEL $ FAX EL APTEK PTEN HA GQAMDE AKSEQA_NL
LNRSQAMDN LAHWFERSNR RWGMAAER b CHNQAQ$ RNROIQAQ$ E
NTSQAR LTDAM_AR DECNMSEMb_A$ NPhE MNL LNRSQA NOEXAQ

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !KE

 K HA=H ?-JOOAHDAEN-+* 5.
cfliG^jbkqb+ `^ _bj rbbjlp nrb a^p jloqbp a^idrëp
klp mbp^ jrvql) b klj klp aboof_^ q^kql nrb c^Ö^jlp
lnrb lklgl klp `lpqo^kdb c^wbo) b jbklp `^vjlp bj
qofpqbw^) kbj abGil ^rbj lp p^ke^) j^p molmof^jbkqb
pbkqvjlp kl `lo^Ölj erë mbp^o `lj ^pp^w abppbkqfal
B^nrbpql jbabp pb c^w nr^kal ^idrÑp `lrp^p _bj klj
c^wbjlp abmbnrbk^ `lkq^ @^ pb ^bdo^kabp plj qo^wbj
klgl b pb abj^vlo `lkqvkr^a^ qofpqbw^+ Labpmo^wbo eb
g^ jbklp) mlo nrb qla^ `lrp^ nrbppb c^w abnrb klp
klj mo^w) mlabjlp afwbo `lj rboa^ab nrb klp ab$ü
mo^w abif^) ^gka^ nrb pbf^ q^j ifdbfo^ nrb mlr`l pvk*
q^jlp+ Bl^rloob`vjbkql ^rbjl a^idrÇp mbppl^p nrb
abp^j^jlp) lr ab nrb ^rbjlp àrbg^) mlpql nrb pbf^
3 klpp^ pb`obq^ `^j^o^ al `lo^Ölj) b alp abp^do^`f^*
alp bku^_fgalp) lr pbkpp^_lobp) B^nrbpql al nrb c^*
wbj nrb ^klp klj mboqbàÖ^ kà klp qlorb) `^ pbklp
ql`^o) lr bj ^idrÇ `lrp^ qlor^o) lr bjmbb`bo lppbk*
qval nrb abiil lrrbojlp8 p^ke^) klgl) lr mb3^o) pb
abrb `e^j^o j^fp nrb ^rloob`fjbkql8 Bppl jbabp a^i*
drfip qbjmlp `lkqo^folp ^klppl mo^wbo nrb klj bjmbbo(
`bj ^idrÇ `lrp^) jbp k^qro^ijbkqb) lr mlo ^idrÇ o^*
wlj abp^`loalj abklpp^ `ljmobfpplj) lr rllkq^ab+
0A-RW eb _bj rfpil `ljl bpq^p `lrp^p plj ^kqobppv
^m^oq^a^p) ^gka^ nrb ercfp kljbp mlo lrqolp pb `rpqr*
jbj `e^j^o) j^p ^nrbifbp nrb erp^olj abq^i abpr^f*
ol ab rl`^_riilp) plr_bolj nrb qo^wf^j 5 ob^ifa^ab
rboa^abfo^ abcbobkÖ^) jrvq^p+ rbwbp rbbj pbj p^ke^
Bmlobj klj molmof^jbkqb pbdrkal jb m^ob`b mlo m^o*
qbp abif^ abrbj pbbo `lkq^a^p+ B^pprva^ab rlj abp*
`bkab ab `^a^erÇ abpq^p m^oqbp8 jbp eb erë pbkqfal
al `lo^Ölj nrb rbj a^ pbkppr^ifa^ab) b klj a^oo^*
wlj ) b c^w pàqfo ^^p rbwbp lp pbkqfalp a^ qofpqbw^ b al
klgl+ B lrqolp rbbj a^nrbii^p `lrp^p nrb ^eljbfgf
mo^w nrb pbg^j B ^idrëp `lj q^i ibj_o^kÖ^ nrb qo^w
mo^wbo b klj mbk^ B bj `^plp `boqlp pb jbpqro^ `lj
q^j do^kab klgl nrb c^w cf`^o bj qofpqbw^ Bmbo^ bkqbk*
abo bpql) klj `ljmob ibbo mbo lrqolp ifrolp) `^ mlrû

*)*.*1('! &0! NN:KE

5/ K HA = H ?KJOOAHDGENK+
`lp ^`e^olj nrb abiil c^iià) orbp `^a^_rë kbbkal lnrb
p`obrl `lkppfgob pbr `lo^Ölj kl nrb g^ mbo cbfqlp abp*
r^fo^alp qbj pbkqfal B mlabo^ rbbo b grid^o pb c^iil
`boql Mbo^ j^vlo ab`i^o^Ölj mlkel abpql bubjmolp+
Pb ^idrÑ mbppl^ mlo jbl pÖjvÖl b j^ka^al abjvj
pb m^oqb) b abif^ qbkel prva^ab @boql eb nrb abq^i
m^oqva^ klo^ bv p^ke^) klgl) mbw^o) abpmo^wbo) kbj
^rloob`vjbkql) `^ mo^wqkb abppbbo) b mbp^ookv^ pb*
klj clppb Bmlo pb m^oqfo ^iÖrÇp rbwbp) rbj q^i prva^*
ab nrb c^w `elo^o) b plpmfo^o `ljl pb clppb abklgl
Bmlobj jb m^ob`b bpqb kljb abpprva^ab q^j molmkl
nrb li^qvj kbj lrqo^ ifkdr^dbj nrb br p^f_e^ llj
eb mbo^ q^i pbkqfal pbjbie^kqb+ Abppb ^rbo ^idrPp rb*
wbp `lj mo^wbo b lrqo^p `lj klgl lr qofpqbw^ Bpql pb
c^w pbdëal jb m^ob`b) mlo nr^kql prva^ab molmof^*
jbkqb eb pbkqval nrb l`lo^Ölj cfie^) mlo pb ^`e^o
m^oqfal a^ mobpbkÖ^ a^idrÑ mbppl^ ) lr mbppl^p nrb
jrvil mbo ^cbfÖlj ^j^ lr lbpmbo^ `bal abppbbo+ Bbp*
pl jbabp alp qbjmlp b ird^obp bj nrb mbo abibâq^Ölj
jrvil clidlr) a vdl ) ^cbfÖlj b abibfq^Ölo^) mlo nrb
plj pà qv jbkqlp nrb ^l `lo^Ölj mboqbb`bj açab rbo*
a^abfo^jbkqb k^`b ^pprva^ab ) j^fp nrb a^oo^wlj )
kbj al pfpl Bnr^kal klp rbj ^idë^ kbj_o^kÖ^ a^i*
drcf qbjml bj nrb jrvql clid^jlp) klj dbbo^i) j^p
nrb qo^d^ ovgl pbkqval Bmlo `lkeb`bojlp lbpq^al bj
nrb pljlp pbbo q^kql jbielo[ klj abpbf^jlp qlok^o
^bi) mlo ibfu^o ln^b mlpprvjlp) q^i ibj_o^jbkql klp
c^w mo^wbo B^jvkdr^ al abpbfl mbo grvpl abqboo^vk^al
a^oo^wlj klp qfo^ q^kql ^nrbi pbkqval nrb c^w ^pprv(
a^ab) nrb j^fp pbkqvjlp ^clid^kÖ^ mlo klp kbk_o^o
bnrb m^pp^jlp nrb ^mbk^ a^jvkdr^ al qbjml lr mbp*
pl^+ B^nrbpq^ prva^ab eb pbkqva^ `lj mo^wbo) j^fp
nrb `&$ klgl kà( qofpqbw^ Nr^kal ^nrbii^ ibj_o^kÖ^ c^w
pbkqfo do^kab abpbfl) lrqlod^al mboqla^ j^vlo m^oqb
a^oo^wlj) abqlok^o ^q^f bpq^al) lr `arboppÇÖlj ) `lj
bpq^ prva^ab rbj klgl lr qofpqbw^) j^fp nrb mo^wbo
Bmlo nrb pl_obpq^ ibj_o^kÖ^ nrb qo^w prva^ab frrv ql^

*)*.*1('! &0!! - - ) , (
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDA_NK+ 55
^g\hkk^f ^kZ i^\Z]h) mkblm^sZ) ^ ]^lhk]^gZgÅZ) ]Z'*
nhhgeZ]^ e^f[kZg]hea^l ihk nbleZ ]ahfÑ^l ^kZhea_^k^l
\ZlZ]Zl) \Zgmr`Zl) \a^bkhl) hn i^k lZemZf^gmh ]hnmkZl
_ZebZl ^ \nr]Z]hl) Ze`ãZl i^llhZl \hkZ jn^ hnn^khf
Ze`ãZl _he`ZgÅZl jnZZ^l ghkZ ]^nrZf ) hn ih]^khf
\hfikb]Z f^gm^ Zn^k \hfh ]^l^bZn_m ^ he^bqZnZf ]^_Z*
s^k+ A ihk ^eeh ea^l n^kZ ]^l^bh ]^ mhkgZk ZmZb ^lmZ]h ^
\]n^kllZÅhf ghkZ Zn^g]h k^ik^g]bf^gmh ]h fZe jn^
_^s^khkZ) kZZl aZf ]^likZs^k ]h jn^ ghf \hfikrkhf
A lm^l ikhn^bmhlhl ZnrlZf^gmhl) i^gll^b ]^\eZkZk ]Z
[ h Z fZg^bkZ jn^ ]^n^fhl m^^k ^kZ mZe \Zsh Lkbf ^bkh)
a^ \hga^\^k \hfh i^k \hgmkbÅhf hl i^\Z]hl l^ i^k*
] hZf ) ^ l^f ^eeZ fnc ihn\Zl n^s^l hn gng\Z Aihk
jn^ mZe lhr]Z]^ \hf ]^l^bh ]^eb[^kZ]h ]^mhkgZk Zh
fZe jn^ _^s ikbnZ mh]Z \hgmkbÅhf ^ _Zs k^llnk`bk l^*
`ng]h ]b\mh ]^ lZf iZneh) Zjn^e fZe jn^ bZ ]^lmkhrkZ
ihk^g]^ Zllr \hfh ]h ZZsh ]Z f hkm^) i^kZ lÑik^ a^
]^`nZk]Zk ]^mZe iZbqhf ^ l^gmrf^gmh+ O^`ng]h) e^f*
[kZfhl ]^n^ jn^ ghllh l^gahk ZfZ jnÑ e^]Zf^gm^ ihk
^ee^ _Zs mh]Z h[kZ nbkmnhlZ) \Z QEPTEQERRE i^kZ [^f
l^ _Zs^k Ze`n~ \hnlZ jn^ l^ _ZÅZ \hf ^l\heabf^gmh) ^
]^e^bmZÅhkZ ) Aihk^g]^ \hfh ]^ebZ n^f Zkk^i^^g]rf^g'
m h ) hkZ^kb\rf^gmh ]h [^f jn^ _^s l^ i^k]^) A ? K I '
lbckZg]h ^lm^l fZeF^l) jn^ ]^mZe \nr]ZZh l^ k^\^[^kZ ;
$\hf Z`kZÅZ ]^ghllh l^gahk fnrmh ]^b ghl ]^n^fhl
`nZk]Zk) ?hf mZZ^l ik^\^[rf^gmhl jnZg]h n^kZ h]^*
l^bh ]^ mhkgZk Zh fZ! jn^ \hfikbh) Zkk^i^^g]rfÑmh
]h [^f jn^ _^ s ) hn ]hl ^kkhl jn^ e^bqhn ]^_Zs^k) eZg*
\Zeeh ]^n^fhl eh`h ]^ghl ]bs^g]h) ]^hl ^f f^n Zcn*
]hbkh k^l`nZk]Z) l^gahk mkb`Zm^ ihk f^ Zcn]Zk) hn |*
\Zkk^mZg]h ghllh \nr]Z]h Zi^gllZk ^f Z e) All^ nbk
jn^ l^ ghkZ jn^k Zkkbg\Zk g^f _Zs^k l\hkk^`Zk e^bq^h
\hkk^k Ze`n_e ihn\h \hf ^gm^gÅhf ]^h mbkZk ]^lmZ `nr*
l Z ) Zfh^lmZg]h Zllr f^]^l \hf Zjn^eeZ iZeeZnkZ ]^
lZkZ iZneh) jn^ _knb mh hnn^lm^l ]Z jn^eeZl \hnlZl) ]^
jn^ Z`hkZ l^gmbcl n^k`hgÅZ) ^ Z_rf ]^ebZ a^ f hkm^)
A eZ e \hgn^f l^gmrk ]Zl l^f^eaZgm^l ihk^g]^ ghf a^

*)*.*1('! &0!/ % " - - $ , (

51 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
abmboabo l_bj nrb mbo `lkqofÖlj al j^i Zeb^f hl ob*
`b_fal) kbj mbo ^oobmbbkafjbkil a^p `lrp^p mbo klp
_bj cbfq^p L d^ii^oaa nrb mbo jbo`bb ab klppl pbkelo
abi ^mbo^jlp bj l^a^ pbf^ qlok^al j^fp pbjmob c^ Ö^ *
jlp cfj ab q^^bp `rva^alp bj ilrr^o pbr p^kql klqkb[
mlo%klp obibr^o ^p do^kabp mbk^p k^ rva^ m obpbk qb)
abnrb bo^jlp mbo q^^bp cbfqlp jbob`balobp ) B ^ ppv
^mbo^jlp nrb pbf^ k^ lrqo^ Äooba^kalklp alp ^^wlp
nrb mlabjlp bj biibp) ^ pbjbie^kqbp `^vo+ B a l p
_bÜp nrb mbo p^ do^Ö^ cbwbojlp pbjmob iel qbke^jlp
bj do^kab jbo`bb nr^kql j^fp mlabo ^klpp^ co^nrbw^
Bc^wbkal ^ppv mbo pr^ do^Ö^ pbobjlp bj q^^bp `rva^*
alp clo^ abmb`^al) b qofpqbw^ mlbkal mlo biil klppl
`lo^Ölj b rllkq^ab bj do^kab ^ppbppbdl b `lkqbkq^*
jbkql Nrb ^pp^ke^ rbke^ pbj abpmo^wbo) mbp^o) k l *
gl ) lr qofpqbw^ ^mo^qf`^ _bj labjlpqo^ ) j^p mbo^
j^vlo ab`i^o^Ölj mlkel bubol mol+ Pb^idër qbj ^idrP
q^i Gf^kÖ^ `lj lrqobj ab nrb ieb mo^wbof^ m^oqfoppb
mbo jlrvjbkql a^rllkq^ab) lr `lkeb`bkal nrb pbofÄ
pbr molrbfql b ^nrbpql ^`e^kal o^wlj abobfq^ mbo^l
c^wbo) pb ^nrbi nrb ieb c^w q^i `lrp^ abnrb ^g^ p^ke^)
^ `lkeb`b alrqo^ m^oqb nrb g^ qbj abobfql crka^jbk*
ql mbo^ pb m^oqfo al nrb ibfu^o abpbf^r^) lr c^wbo j^i
^nrbj mlo àrbg^) `brjbp) lr pr^ r^kq^dP jrvql ieb
mo^wbof^) @boql eb nrb abq^i p^ke^) klj rbj abpmo^*
wbo dbbo^ijbkqb mlfp ieb mo^w) b jbklp) mbw^o) klgl )
kbj qofpqbw^ Bl bkc^a^jbkql eb abpr^fo^al abqlalp
bpqbp pbkqvjbkqlp) b rbj pbdrkal eb f^ ab`i^o^al kl
`^mfqlifl nrb abiib c^ii^ >nrbpq^p ab`i^o^Öllàp) rl^
p`obrl `lkppfgo^kal jbrp pbkqfalp) b alp lrqolp >^*
drkal jbr grvwl abjlpqo^) ^kqob bpqbp klpplp pbkqv*
jbkqlp) klp nr^^bp eb ab `lkppfgo^o nrb mlabjlp bo*
o^o mbo lp ^rbojlp klp `^plp nrb klj abrbjlp ovgl)
b j^fp qbjml nrb eb o^wlj Bppb mlo biibp c^wbjlp
abpbf^jl5 c^wbo q^i j^i ^klp lr ^lrqobj abnrb abr^*
jlp ^rbo `loobdvjbkql) lr c^wbo p^qfpc^Ölj `lj mol(ü)
mãpfql abppbjbie^kqb ^klpp^ mlabo klj c^wbojlp b klp

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !e^

 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 52
qfo^o `lj ^do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo a^idrP rllkq^ab b
qbbkÖlj nrb mlo p^ke^) j^inrboàÖ^) qofpqbw^) klgl)
mbw^o ) abpmo^wbo) ^rloob`vjbkql) prva^ab bj klp pvk*
q^j lp) ^nr^i klj eb ab`lkppiqfo) lr `lkppbie^kalklp
pbf^ nrb ^ibfubjlp mbo q^i mbppl^ nrb abr^jlp `obbo)
lr l_bab`bo+

8P_Xcd[[^ J J I = (
9 ^ _TRPS^ SP ^RRX^bXSPST(

A ^ l``flpfa^ab bj klppl ifkdr^dbj pbr kljb j^fp

^molmof^al eb mofdrvÖ^ >ppv nrb qlal bool a^ mofdrv*
Ö^ mol`bab a^ l``flpfa^ab+ Babii^ rbj j^i q^oab) b
co^`^jàqb `ljbÖ^o) `lkqvkr^o) b ^`^_^o ^p `lrp^p nrb
_bj b `bal pb abrbj c^wbo B^nrbpql mbo bpq^p pbfp
abcbobkÖ^p Mofjbfo^) mbo ^mboq^jbkql) bjm^`el) b
co^nrbw^ al `lo^Ölj+ Pbdrka^) al abpbf^o) b pbdrfo
pl_bfl rva^ clid^a^) b rvÖlp^+ Qbo`bfo^) ab mlpmlbo
lp cbfqlp+ Nr^oq^ mlo pbbo jlrbafÖl) b abj^^l ^ppbp*
pbdl) mbo `rva^al) c^if^p l``flp^p) b l_o^p pbj mol*
rbvql Nrvkq^) mlo ^rbo mbnrbk^ ibj_o^kÖ^) pbkqval)
b ^rvp^jbkql) mbo`b_fjbkql mbo^l nrb `èrbj c^wbo+
P buq^) mlo pbbo abibfu^al) colul) b q^oavkebfol bj ^p
`lrp^p nrb c^w+ Mbo qla^p bpq^p m^fqbp) lr `^a^erÇ
abif^p) ^jbr grvwl boo^jlp mbo l``flpfa^ab pbdëalppb
mlab pbkqfo) nrbj bj pv b klp lrqolp _à `lkppfgo^o
c`^nrbpâ^ obm^oqfÖlj c^Öl ^ppv _obrbjbkqb) klj bj*
_^od^kal nrb bj erë Gfrol nrb abpqb mb`^al) b alp
lrqolp qo^rq^ jrv `ljmofa^jbkqb ^`ebv abf uufffg+ ab*
cbobkÖ^p +p+ pm^Ö^jbkql alp _bàp nrb plj mbo^ c^wbo+
Bjrbiebkq^jbkql) lr mofdrfÖ^ >oobcbb`vjbkql al ^*
jlo ab ablp Mrp^i^jga^ab) nrb eb mbnrbkbw^ al `l*
o^Ölj Jlrvjbkql al `lo^Ölj Abp^ppbppbdl al `lo*
ml+ Abp^ppbppbdl a^ rllkq^ab pbj o^wlj) Fdklo^k`f^)
nrb QT \vkdr^ ab p^_bo L``flpfa^ab bj pmb`f^i+ Pl*
_bfl c^ff^o) R^Ñl c^ii^o) Jlojro^Ölj nrb eb j^iafü
pbo alr qobj J^^l `^ii^o+ Mbprjb mbo^ _bj c^wbo) Plkl

*)*.*1('! &0! -A//1 IE

 ,! @ R > F @-KP5BIEB.O-+
^^fbj a^oo^wlj Kbdofdbk`f^) nrb pfdkvcf`^ jvkdqf^
abafrfa^ pliif`fqfalèb ^`bo`^ alp cbfqlp molmofl^ Ibfu^*
jbkql al nrb eb qc^bral c^wbo Fkdo^qfalèb jvkdr^ ab
abr^Öè I^kdlo) nrb eb erÇ gkcfojva^ab a^ij^ | qfo^
al `lo^`lj qla^ ariÖro^ al mo^wbo pmfofqr^i Bjm^`e^(
jbkql ab _bj c^wbo) klgl abrvrbo) C^ff`vjbkql ab
`ljmofo mbbkaàÖ^ Bppb qà molmlpfql ab^klj c^wbo )
`e^j^ppb mb`^al) kl pmci p^k`ql) abpmbo^Ölj ab ablp)
b abppr^ jvpbof`loaf^ Bklj c^ii^kal j^fp abpq^p mlo
p`rp^o do^kab molifufa^ab+ A^ mofjbfo^ jvke^ abcb*
obkÖ^ +p+ al ^mboq^jbkql) àm^`el) b co^nrbw^ ab`l*
< A _ e L ) r? klj `ljbqbo lp cbfqlp ab nrb pb ob`obbbj
mbofdllp) do^kabp qo^_^ielp al `loml) b al pmcf Bmlp*
ql nrb pb `ljb`bj klj lp `lkqvkr^j kbj ^`^_è ^p(
pf _bj `ljl abrbj) kbj rva^ rfoqrlp^ mlaà mbo`^i*
Ö^o mbo^ nrb pb obnrbob _ll bpcloÖl @^ p`ofmql eb lo*
obvkl alp `bblp cloÖ^ m^ab`b) b lp cloqbp loolr_^j)
b q^oa^j jrvql pl_b f^jbkqb ^p bub`rÖllàp alp cbfqlp
`lj ob`bl al jbal) mboa^) lr abpmobw^jbkql a^idrÑp
mbppl^p) nrb qbj bo) b ob`b^o klj abrvÇ+ Bmlobj lp
co^`lp bjm^`elplp) b ^mboq^alp ab `lo^Ölj) klj ml*
abj do^kabp cbfqlp _bj ) b rfoqrlp^jbkqb ^`^_^o+ Pb*
drka^ al abpbfl a^rva^ rvÖlp^ b clid^a^ nrb `^v^jlq
bj lmb`^al a^ l``flpfa^ab) eb rvpql mbo lnrb pb ^cfo*
j^ ) lrvÖl pbbo pbjmob ^`ljm^ke^al `lj rv`fl Bnrb
eljbj clid^afl ^`^_^o^ bj molrbw^ abrfoqrabp) b _bàp
qbjmlo^^bp+ Qbo`bfo^ al mlpmlbo alp cbfqlp ^^ibj al
nrb `ljmob bj qlal `^pl pb ob`ob`b do^kab j^i) l ^
mb`^al+ @^ p`ofmql eb kã dr^oabp nrb c^Ö^p Bbpql
mol`bab `i^o^jbkqb a^ l``flpfa^ab Bqbj erÇ mo^qf`^
jrvql `boq^) mbo^ pb mlabo `lkebbbo lmofdrvÖlpl al
^drÖlpl @^ lp ql`^alp ab mofdrvÖ^ ^kqb nrbppb abp*
mlke^j mbo^ l_o^o ^p `lrp^p) pbjmob iebp m^ob`b nrb
qbbj do^kab pm^Öl b mlobj ^p mlpmèb Babpnrb plj
bj lcbfql m^ob`bikbp lqàml ^ppv _obrb nrb g^ klj ml*
abolj ^`^_^o b mlobj nrb jbielo eb cf`^o mbo^ lrqol
af^+ Lp abdo^kab ^drÖ^ c^wbj l`lkqo^fol mlofg ^kqb al

*)*.*1('! &0!" + # # $ , (
 K HA=H ?-JOOAHDAe#K+ 5P
`ljbÖl) bkqbkabj nrb m^pp^ lqbjml qofdlp^jbkqb) N
nrb eb _bj `ljbÖ^obj ildl pbj q^oa^kÖ^) b ^ppv
`lkqvkr^o+ Bnr^kal lp lrqolp ^`^_lj mbkpp^kal nrb
klj ^rbolj pm^Öl) biibp `obbj nrb ^gka^ mlaà j^fp
c^wbo) mlo jbielo) b j^fp `bal rvrbobj ^mbocbfÖlj
al nrb abpbflj Blp ab q^i qbbkÖlj pb lrrbobj p^_bo
b dbfql ab _bj bub`rq^o c^o^j j^fp `lrp^p bj _obr^
pm^Öl) nrb lrqolp bj jrvql j^vlo Blp nrb plj _ç
^drÖlplp qla^ii^5 `lrp^p c^wbj ab_ll pm^Öl) mlif^p `l*
jbÖ^obj `lj qbjml o^wl^al Blp mofdrvÖlplp abplo*
abk^a^jbkqb pb qofdP) mlo nrb pb abpmlèb j^Z b q^o*
ab ^l nrb e^j abc^wbo+ Lp nrb mofdrvÖlp^jbkqb l*
_o^j c^wbj af^p b klfqbp mbnrbk^p) afwbkal 9z klj
^`e^j qbjml ^_^pq^kqb mlo pb p`rp^o ab pr^p mofdrv*
Ö^p) lnr^i mboabj pbdrkal afw pbkb`^) a^rv^^ 6 eb
do^kab) j^p klp ^c^wbjlp `roq^) mlo ^pp^_bojlp j^i
b mofdrvÖlp^jbkqb obm^oqfo) b abpmbkabo+ >nrf eb ab
llkppfgo^o `ljl mlo klpp^ jvkdr^ ibfu^jlp a^mobkabo)
p^_bo) b mo^qf`^o rfoqrabp) _l^p j^ke^p mbo^ ^ij^ b
mbo^l `loml Bmboabjlp jrvql qbjml nrb g^ j^fp `l*
_o^o klj mlabobjlp+ Nr^oq^ kl jlrgjbkql b j^^l
^`pbppbdl) ^ppv boo^jlp mbo l``flpfa^ab) `ljl kl pl(
_bfl obmlrp^o @^ qlal bpq^ bj _bj bub`rq^o ^p `lr<
p^p nrb abrbjlp c^wbo) Q^kql boo^jlp mbo bpqb mb`^*
al nr^kal bj `^p^ do^kabp cbfqlp abrbjlp l_o^o) pb
abpmbkabjlp klpplp qbjmlp bj jlkqbp) `^Ö^p) cbp(
q^p) gldlp) b c^if^p) pbj molrbfql) `ljl bj[ g^wbo)
br alojfo+ B_à mbkppl nrb lp pbkelobp mbo bpqÜ gÇbp^p*
pbppbdl `^^à bj l``flpfa^ab) j^fp nrb mbo lrqo^ m^oo
qb+ B^nrbpql c^wbjlp mbo ar^p drvp^p) Er^ mb o^cbf*
Ölj nrb ^rbjlp ^bpq^p clidÇÖ^p prpl afbq^p Lrqo^ mlo
^mbk^ b qo^_^iel al pmofql) nrb plcobo klj mlabjlp
G?mlo iebp crdfo mlo l``rm^Ölj abpq^p `lrp^p) abpmbk*
abjlp lp qbjmlp ^ppv j^i b abpeloabk^a^jbkqb nrb
`lj abobfq^ o^wlj klp mlaà mlo biil jrvql `rim^o+
Appb afppbobj nrb ^mofdrvÖ^ jlpqo^ clid^kÖ^ bmlobj
ûlj ûgbrb `lk`loa^o pbbo `e^j^al ^lp nrb q^^bp llkü

*)*.*1('! &0! % , # 0 0 !IE

50 K HA=H ?KTOOAHDAENK+
p^p ab qo^_^iel abpmbkabj pbrp qbjmlp ^^ià al nrb
`èrbj >bpql obpmèal nrb erÇ mofdrvÖ^ eb ab qo^_^*
ie^o al `loml) b lrqo^ al pmë B^ppv) `ljl ^nrbi nrb
j^i b q^oab pb abpmèb ^^p l_o^p `lomlo^^bp nrb abrb
c^wbo) boo^ mlo bpq^ l``flpfa^ab) lr mofdrvÖ^) abpq^
rfp^ nrb _b `rim^al lnrb c^w pbjbie^kqb k^p l_o^p
F l bkqbkabo) mlpql nrb al `loml qo^_^ieb) `^ klj
boo^ mlo qo^_^ie^o `lomlo^ijàqb) jbp mlo klj c^wbo
kbj bub`rq^o mbo l_o^ al bkqbkabo lnrb abrb @^ bp*
qb mb`^al bpq^ bj ibfu^jbkql) b klj bj `ljbqbo+
Bmlobj do^kabjbkqb b mbo jrvq^p m^oqbp lp pbkelobp
boo^j lp b `^vjlp bj b i ) mlo nrb ^q^kq^p `lrp^p pl*
jlp l_ofd^alp ab _bj c^wbo ^p nr^^bp ibfu^jlp) lr
_bj klj `ljmovjlp mlo pbdrvo rllkq^ab rbk`bkal*
klp mbo co^nrbw^ B^ppv l_o^kal lrqolp cbfqlp bj nrb
klppl qbjml) lr _bàp abpmàabjlp kl nrb mlaboâ^jlp
_bj p`rp^o pbdëal pb mlabo^ rbbo bo^ erë ifrol nrb
`e^jÇ ab o^^oqvj mfobp) bo^ nrb ql`^ lp mb`^alp nrb
mboqbb`bj ^lp pbkelobp abj^vlo) b j^fp pljbklp bp*
q^alp) B`lo^l mlr`lp pb mlabof^j ^`e^o clo^ ab do^k*
abp `rim^p mlpql nrb alrqolp mbo jbo`bb al pbkelo
ablp bpqbo^ bo^ _l^ abpmlpfÖlj B`^vjlp bo^ q^i mb`^*
a l ) mbo `rva^alp) c^if^p) l_o^p pà molrbfql b clo^ ab
qbj ml) mbo nrb klp qlorÇ al nrb pljlp l_ofd^alp ab*
c^wbo Br klj afdl nrb cfie^o pm^Ölp o^wl^alp bj ^p
`lrp^p prpl afbq^p pbf^ l``flpfa^ab) ^kqb eb kb`bppÄ*
ofl) b `^a^ erë pbdrkal pbr bpq^al l abrb cfie^o) `lkp*
pfgo^kal pr^ abpmlpfÖlj al qbjml) ild^o) b ^p `lrp^p
nrb qbj ab c^wbo) ^ppv nrb lkab k^ plj^k^ bpq^kal
bo^ ild^o o^wl^al) b pbj pmb`f^i l``rm^Ölo^) ar^p lr
qobp rbwbp mlabppb _bj vo ^jlkqb) lr `^Ö^) nr^kal
`ljmofo mbo alrp lr qobp jbpbp) ^ppv ^^g^ bo^ pnrbb*
`fjbkql `ljl pb abiil pbkqfal klj qbrbppb) b ^ppv
abqlalp lrqolp pm^Ölp) b abpbkc^a^jbkqlp) mlo nrb
k^ pl_bf^ l``rm^Ölj a^p `lrp^p mbo nrb ibfu^jlp _bj
abc^wbo lnrb abrbjlp bpq^ lmb`^al+ Q^kql qbjml p`r*
fb q^^bp clid^kÖ^p) pbl _bj mlabo plcobo Bmlo nrb bj

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !IE

 K HA=H ?-JOOAHDA.N-) -6
qlalp mbo^ abpr^fo^alp cbfqlp ^rfoqrab b abpmlpfÖlj
klj eb fdr^i) molrbg^ o^wl^a^jbrqb ^l nrb pr^ `lj*
mobfp5lj) b mlaboflp a^ij^ obnrbobj b c^wbkal ^ppv
klj `^vo^ mlo biil bj bpqb mb`^al+ K l `rva^al p`lo*
obd^jlp p^kav^fkbkqb bj bpqb abp^ppbppbdl ) nrÑal
lppbkelo mbkpp^ `ljl obdbof^ ljrkal pbbkal m^aob
p^k`ql) b `^r^iibfol) pb clppb _fpml) ^rva^ nrb c^of^)
b lml_ob pb `l_o^ppb ofnrbw^ b lrbiel pb qlok^ppb ^p(
pbbo j lÖl) bpq^kal bj erÑ qboo^) pb bj lrqo^ bpqb*
rb5pb B^ppv à lrqo^p pbjbie^kqbp c^kqbpf^p mbo l``fl*
pfa^ab) ibfu^jlp do^kabp qbjmlp pbj molrbfql abp*
mbkabo) bj nrb mlabo^jlp mbkpp^o `lrp^p nrb klp
`ljmofppbj) lr `ljl ^`ob`bkq^kal bj rfoqrabp ibf*
u^of^jl5 j^iibp) b mb`^alp+ B `lkeb`bkal p^j m^ril
lj^i abpq^ c^kqbpf^) pbj molrbfql ieb `e^j^r^ abp`lo*
ovjbkql a^ rllkq^ab nrb mbo^ k^a^ r^f) `ljl prpl
eb af`ql) al nrb klp bk`ljbka^ nrb pbjmob klp dr^o*
abjlp B abq^i pliq^jbkql ab `rva^al pb ob`ob`bj
jrvqlp c^iif`fjbrqlp+ @^ bi ^`rpqrj^al ^bpq^ pliqro^)
pb kr^ ebobpf^) lr mbkpp^jbkql abqofpqbw^) r^Ç dilof^
`lj moãmof^ mobpëÖlj) b lrqo^p pbjbie^kqbp ovf^jbk*
qb cfie^) cZfZb> lklj nrbo ibfu^o ^q^^ nrb abqlal klj
c^Ö^ `^vo ^nrbi nrb q^i `rpqrjb ieb ibfulr ^rbo Bmlo
klp dr^oa^o ab q^i bool pbdrkal jbr grvwl) `lj ^do^*
Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo eb _ll objbafl) k~`^ ilkd^jbkqb
`loobo mbo q^^bp c^kqbpf^p) kbj cfie^o bj bii^p ^idrP
clid^kÖ^) jbp nr^kalppb ^mobpbkq^obj) lj^fp `bal
nrb mlabojlp) ^p ^oovk`^o jra^o) lr abpmobw^o) l`*
`rm^kalklp bj lrqo^p elkbpq^p l_o^p) lr `rva^alp)
@^l pliq^jbkql abq^i rllkq^ab) jbielo pbjra^) nrb
obcob^) kbj ^oofk`^) ibj_o^kalklp `ljl plj ab mlr*
`l molrbfql) b jrvql bjmbb`vjbkql Ba^nrbpq^ drv*
p^ boo^jlp mbo bpqb abp^ppbppbdl pb kl qbjml ab lo^o)
b lrrvo lcf`flp avrvklp) klp `lkppbielp molrbfqlplp)
c^ii^jbkqlp) lr abpbj_^odlp ibr^kq^jlp pqlof^p) ob*
`lkq^kal ièdlp bubjmolp Bbppl jbabp k^p l_o^p nr^k*
al klp l`rm^jlp k^nrbii^p nrb klj `çràb ^l qbjml
nrb ^i abrbjlp c^wbo+ J

*)*.*1('! &0! / % $ # $ , (
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAeNKb

8P_Xcd[[^ J J I = > (
SP `dh]cP T bTg[P ST)TaXqPb _Ta ` RPh\^b T\ ^RRc^bXSPST(

, nrvkq^ abcbobkÖ^ mbo nrb `^vjlp bj l``flpfa^ab)

eb mlo ^rbojlp mbnrbk^ kbj_o^kÖ^) pbkqfal) ^rvp^*
jbkql) b mbo`b_vjbkql mbo^l nrb eb _bj abc^wbofklp+
@^ pb clo mlo j^fp klo^ p^_bo) Pqbkabo) lr mlabo) klj
kbj abif^) jbp lkab ^rbjlp qlal bpql o^wl^a^jbkqb)
b kè a^jlp bub`rqlo^ lnrb abrbo^lp pbj arrva^ mbo
l``flpfa^ab) mofdrfÖ^ al bkqbkabo) lr al `loml boo^ü
jlp+ Pbuq^ nr^kal abibâu^a^jbkqb l_o^jlp lnrb ^dr*
Ölpl b `lj _l^ abifdà`f^ ^rv^jlp abc^wbo ?bj rfpql
eb nrb pb mlo klj ^rbojlp rllkq^ab lr j^fp kè ml*
abo lc^wbjlp) nrb q^i j^kbfo^ ab l_o^o a^ l``flpfa^*
ab rbo^+ Bbppl jbabp bj c^wbo q^oab lnrb `ljmob pbbo
cbfql `lo^ qbjml `^ klj eb jbklp bool abmofdrvÖ^
q^oa^o abppbi^kÖ^o ^alojvo) lr ^ppbkq^o ^`ljbo nr^k*
al `èrbo^) nrb klo^ pb ibr^kq^o ^l qbjml `èrbkvàqb)
b o^wl^al mlo nrb qlal mol`bab a^mofdrvÖ^ b l``flpf*
a^ab B^`bo`^ abpql jb m^ob`b _ll `lkppbiel) klj pb
obdbo mbo lppbkqfal nrb rbj al `lo^Ölj ) j^p mbo ab*
qbojvk^al grvwl albkqàabo) mlo nrb pb _bj klp ibj*
_o^o) b obdr^oa^ojlp ^l abpr^fol nrb klpp^ rllkq^ab
cqw bo^ ^p `lrp^p nrb l_o^jlp) b `ljl ^idrÇp rbwbp
jbpqo^ nrb plj ifdbfo^p a^ `^_^o) b ab do^kab elkoo^)
molrbfql) lr mo^wbo) b ^nrbii^p mbo ^oobcb`fjbkql) lr
qlor^Ölj abgi^) mbkpp^jlp nrb plj cloqbp) b mboilk(
d^alp mbo^ rfgoç ^ _l^ cvj) b clo^ a^ nrbiibp _bàp nrb
^lrqo^ rllkq^ab mbo jrvql abpbfl) lr abpmlpfÖlj j^fp
p^Ñ b ovg^ lr iba^ c^w pbkqfo) mlabjlp _bj `lkeb`bo
`ljl klj eb pbdro^ `lrp^) b abobfq^ c^wbojlp klpplp
cbfqlp) lr lp ibfu^o mbo lnrb klp l`lo^Ölj obnrbob
J^p lmlo nrbg^ m^pp^jlp) brbbjlp nrb lp lrqolp cb*
^bolj) grid^o lnrb eb _bj abc^wbo+ Klj ^colu^kam
mbo _kZjn^sZ ab nhhgmZ]^) kbj klp qlor^kal mlo qof(

*)*.*1('! &0 2NNGKE

 K HA=H ?KJOOOHDAENK+ 6.
d^lÖ^ `lj do^kab ^`ob`bkq^jbkql abif^ j^p abibojv*
k^kal pbdro^jbkqb lnrb eb _bj bj `^a^erë cbfql)
>hf pb ob`ob`bkal à bi q^i `^pl nrb pbf^ o^wlj c^wáo
Efra^jàql kl `ljbÖ^al klj ibfubjlp klppl molmlpfql
mlo pr^p jraÇÖ^p) ^kqb `lj _l^ abifdbk`f^ mbo do^Ö^
al pbkelo `lkqvkrbjlp ^q^^ rfgo ^cvk^i `lk`irplj ab*
ghllh abpbfl+ Pbr `lkqo^fol abpqb mb`^al abl``flpfa^ab
eb pbbo k^p l_o^p al `loml) b al bkqbkabo _bj ^drÖlpl)
brfoqrlp^jbkqb abpmbkabo qla^ klpp^ rva^ B^lp cbfqlp
nrb c^wbo+abrbjlp `lj o^wl^a^ abifdbk`f^ a^o _l^p b
mobpqbp bub`rÖllàp) cfie^kal pbjmob `lj _l^ rllkq^*
b b lp qo^_^ielp nrb klp j^fp `èrbke^j) pbdrkal ^*
nrbi bpq^al bj nrb clojlp @^ jrvql `boq^ pmbofbk`f^
jb m^ob`b alp nrb ibfu^j ab`^r^o) olÖ^o ^qboo^) lr
rgrbobj mbo _ll qo^_^iel ab pbrp bkqbkabobp nrb pbj*
mob pb qlok^j ^croq^o) bkd^k^o) b olr_^o lp eljbàp
G?^nrbpql rbj q^kql ab mofdrvÖ^ `ljl a^ `l_fgÖ^ abp*
eloabk^a^ L ibbo alp iflolp ab _l^p gkppvk^kÖ^p klp
qbjmlp bj nrb klj `èrbke^ l_o^o bj lrqo^p j^fp
`lkrbkvbkqbp cbfqlp olb m^ob`b mbo^ bpql _bj molrbf*
qlpl) obdr^oa^kal klpp^ rva^) b alp lrqolp mbo^ bk*
qbkabojlp lnrb ibbojlp) ^ppv nrb lp ifrolp klp ab`i^*
olj klpp^p l_o^p) `rva^alp) b pbkqfalp+ Bklppl `l*
keb`fjbkql klp c^Ö^ jbielo lbkqbkabo lnrb ab q^i
d`fbk`f^ ibbojlp b lrrvojlp B^ppv `lkppfgo^kal ^j^*
kbfo^ abklppl rvrbo `lol ^p ab`i^o^Öllàp prpl p`ofmq^p)
mlabobjlp `lkeb`bo nr^kql ab l``flpfa^ab b mofdrvÖ^
`ljlp ql`^alp+ B`lj ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo ablp abrbollp
dr^oa^o abif^) `ljl a^nrbi j ^i) nrb ^kqob lp mofk`f(
m^^bp mb`^alp eb `lkq^al) ab nrb do^kabp mboa^p mbo^^i*
j^) `loml) b c^wàa^ pb ob`ob`bj Blp c^iif`fjbkqlp
abif^ j^fp `^Çb bj `rim^ nrb kl j^i ab`boq^ j^if`f^+
>`bo`^ a bp ql eb ab p^_bo nrb lp ibdfpq^p mlèb bj klp
boolp nrb pb c^wà bpq^p abcbobkÖ^p `èrbj ^pp^_bo) ali(
il ) nrb eb molmof^jbkqb bkd^kl) lr j^i ^`fgkqb cbfqlf
@rim^ ab`i^o^a^ b jrvql ol^fp `i^o^ bj nrb ^idrcqp
c`iib`bj nrb eb qçql ^`bo`^ ab`rim^ `ljl ^n^biil nrb
J /

*)*.*1('! &0!" + # # $ , (
6/ - HA=H ?-JOOAHDA.N-+
mlo rlÇi^ab pb c^w Lrqo^ `rim^ `e^jlj ibrb B^j^fp
mbnrbk^ jrvql ibr b) ab nrb a^o bubkmolp ibful mlo
klj mbo ilkd^o+ Mlo abcbobkÖ^p abpq^p `rim^û eb abp*
p^_bo nrb pb lbool eb q^Z bj nrb erë _llkljbj abo(
o^wlo^ kë`^ `^vof^) eb `rim^ jrvql j^kvcbpq^) pb
mlr`^p rbwbp eb `i^o^) pb abiil _bj pbrlj mlabppç
dr^oa^o pbj do^kab ^rvp^jbkql eb `rim^ ibrb+ Pbbk(
al q^i nrb ^`lkqb`b mbo do^kab rbkqro^) b jrv mlr*
`lp abif^p pb ^rvplj) `lkq^ppb mlo jrvql ibrb `^glj
bj nrb klj e^ `rim^ Nr^kal c^iib`bojlp mbo ^idrÇp
a^p m^oqbp prpl afbq^p `lkppfgo^kal nr^i klp m^ob`bo)
^ppv `rimbjlp klp) b lp lrqolp Bk^nrbpq^p `rim^p ib(
rbp afwbj nrbl grpql `^^b kl afÄ pbqb rbwbp mlo q^o*
a^o ^idrë mlr`l bj `rva^al nrb _ll klj pbf^ j^fp
al n abrb) mlo c^ii^o) mbp^o) b mlo klj p^_bo kbj pb
ibj_o^o) lr ^rvp^o kl nrb `ljmob mlo ^idrÇ il or^*
Ölj ab p^ke^) ^iqbo$Ölj ab rÑ^ dilof^) kb`bppva^ab)
lr ^oobr^q^jbkql Bmlobkab ^`bo`^ abpqb mb`^al ab
l`Öflpfa^al `^a^erë `lkppfgob pb eb k^p `lrp^p nrb c^w
^ppv abibdbkqb `ljl abrb) b lp _llp b afp`obqlp bj
pbjbie^kqb c^wbj Bppb rvo nrb r^v o^wl^a^jbkqb mbo
obpmbfql abiibp abj^ka^kal ^klppl pbkelo pàmob ^gra^
mbo^ j^fp _bj c^wbo) al nrb l_o^ kè cfieb ovgl abp*
`lkqbkq^jbkql) ^gka^ nrb `lkebÖ^ nrb ^j^fp eb l_of*
d^al+ Bpdbbkal bf jbielo _bj lmlabof^ c^wbo) j^p
Ölkqfklb mbo pbr l_o^o `ob`bkal nr^kql mlabo ab_bj
bj jbielo) bkqbkabkal nrb mbo pr^ jbo`bb `ljl
clojbkql c^o^ jriqfmif`^o klpplp co^`lp jbof`fjbkqlp
Bnr^kalppb q^i j^kbfo^ klj qbrbo o^wlj eb nrb cfieb
abiil pbkqval b jrvql c^Ölj mlo pb `loobdbo Bmlo
mbkpp^o nrb mlabof^j afwbo nrb c^wbkal q^i ibfqro^)
Ö^v^ bj bpqb mb`^al ab l``flpfa^ab) mlo pbbo l_o^
mbo^ jvj qÇ mlr`l mboqbb`bkqb Obpmlkal klj olb
m^ob`bo ^ppv `lkppfgo^kal ^j^kbfo^ nrb pl_obiil qbkel
@^ bpql c^Öl mofk`fm^ijbkqb klp do^kabp lcf`vlp a^
fdobf^ nrb `rpqrjl alrrvo ^`^_^kal l nrb bv aboob(
w^o) lr bj ^idrëp mlr`lp pm^Ölp " jb pvkql clo^ aqfR(

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !IE

 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 60
`rm^ÖlÇbp) lkab cfiel bpql mlo clid^kÖ^) `ljl lrqolp
qbbj kl nrb iebp mo^w B do^Ö^p ^klppl pbkelo) lok^fp
aå qbjml jb pfkql ^ppv abpmlpql nrb klj+ ^rbkal
`lrp^p o^rvql pmb`f^^bp nrb jb `lpqo^kd^j `ljl nrb*
ol %p`obrbo bj bpql ^ppv ifrobjbkqb lc^Öl nrb lp lr*
qolp `rva^alp mlr`l jb qlor^j Bq^i jb c^wbj ^idrÇp
lrqo^p `lrp^p nrb jb mo^w al_o^o) b mbkpp^o) nrb mlo
^nrbi qbjml pP qlor^Ölj ^^nrbiil olb abpmlkel) `l*
fkl pb a^i klol qbrbppb `^oobdl) kbjrllkq^ab) Bnrbj
^ppv lmlabo c^wbo bkqbkal nrb pbkqfo^ bj biil mo^wbo
bj _l^ if_boa^ab b pbo^ pbjbie^kqb ^^rb `^Ö^alo ab*
jrvq^p obibbp nrb cfie^kal ^idrÇp) klol ibfu^ _bj ab*
cfie^o lrqo^p ) klj pb ob_lq^kal mlo `^Ö^o olrvq^p)
nr^kal mbo^ bii^ plj o^wl^a^p B^idrëp klj p^_bj
ol^fp aerÇ p`fbk`f^) lcf`fl) lr jbpqbo) kbj pb mlabj
a^o j^fp nrb ^erë pll `rva^al b `ç lrqol nr^i nrbo
pb qlor^j) lp nr^^bp mlo biil klj plj mbo^ abpmob*
w^o ) `^ mlabj q^j _bj p^_bo) b l_o^o lnrb Geb j^fp
`lj mob) n mlpql nrb a^i mlr`l p^f_e^j iebp c^w mb*
nrbk^ jvkdr^ B^oo^wlj jlpqo^ nrbl abrbj p^_bo
j^fp mbocbfq^jbkqb mlo ^nrbii^ m^ii^ro^ nrb ab`i^go^
`ljl pbbkal bj qbkql à jrvqlp cbfqlp ^rboollp jvk*
dr^ al p^_bo ab`^a^erë Blnrb afppb klppl pbkelo ^p*
p^k`q^ j^oq^ nrb mlo pbbo bj_^od^a^ bj olrvq^p `lr(
p^p) pb qlor^r^ nr^kal bo^ erÑ pll kb`bpp^of^ Bml(
obkab nr^kal cloollp bj pq^al nrbl abj^kab) lr q^i
cbfql pb ob`ob`bo) bj ^nrbi pli^jbkqb abrbjlp mbkp*
p^o) b `lkqvkr^a^olbkqb ^cf`^o klpp^ rllkq^ab ^ooba^k*
al^ abppb bkrlirbo bj lrqolp lnrb klj eb _ll abc^*
wbo ^nrbj l`lkqo^fol e^ `rpqrj^al) j^p q^^bp ev e^
nrb ^`^a^_rÇ `lrp^ p^_bj obm^oqfo pbr qbjml mbo^ l*
_o^o) b `rva^o `ljl abrbj Bmlo nrb qbkel abpbfl+
ab pbdrvo bpqb dbfql) b `lkafÖlj ) klj jb qlorl `lj
q^i p`ofmqro^) c^wbkall k^ j^kbfo^ prpl p`ofmq^+ Bk2
p`obrl bpql mbo j^kbfo^ bp`lii^pqf`^) j^p lnrb Gbbl
mbo Gfrolp abi^qvj) b abqla^ ibkdr^ i^afke^) al nrb
^idrÇ m^oqb pbkqb bkqbkab) \hg\hk]h \hf ^mo^qf`^ \hk*

*)*.*1('! &0!" + # # $ , (
 &# ( L IB>I DLHPPBIEBFOL+
qbp^Å k^ j^fp `çrbkvbkqb j^kbfo^ nrb jb m^ob`b B^p*
bh c^Öl bpq^ _obrb b pvjmobp ibfqro^) a^ nr^i jrvib
pbof^ `lkqbkqb nrb rlp molrrbppb) b ^idrëp mobpq^ppb
mbo^ pbdrvo ^nrbii^ qbbkÖlj nrb kl `ljbÖl rlp p`obo
rv B `lkppfgo^kal nrblp nrb ibbj dbbo^ijbkqb cbdr^oü
alj ^bpq^p cfgp +p+ Movjbfo^ mlo ^`ob`bkq^o bj rvo+qr*
a bp) olvkdr^o bj c^iif`fjbkqlp) mo^wbkal mlo biil ^ü
klppl pblelo) b ^i`ÅÖ^o k^ rfa^ mobpbkqb nrb pmbo^*
jlp) lnrb a^ do^`flp^jbkqb) ^lp nrb mbo P3^ jbo`bb
Jfbp mo^w _bj rvrbobj+ Pbdrka^ mlo `lkqbkq^jbkql
nrb cfie^) al nrb p^_bj+ Qbo`bfo^ mlo q^i p`fbkbf^
Nr^oq^ mlo nrbobo m^ob`bo p^_balobp Nrvkq^ nrbobk*
al ^idrÑ m^oqb ab qbjml _bj abpmbkabo Pbuq^ mlo pb*
jbie^kqb bj ibbkal ^kqobppv) lr ^lrqolp) cfie^o mo^*
wbo+ B^jvj m^ob`b pb ^cbfÖlj jb klj qlor^) nrb lp
ibbalobp abpqb qo^rq^al) ^idrÑp abif^p mbo bi mlabolj
mbo`^iÖ^o) mlobj jb mo^w abl p`obrbo+ Bppbjbie^kqb
ljrv bu`bi"qb) b rfoqrlpl obv jbr pbkelo b8m^aob `r*
g^ ^ij^ ablp ^g^) cbw erë ifroå a^p loÄ^ ab p^k`q^ j^(
k ^ ) b p^ijlp `boqlp mlo lp cfk^alp) b lrqol a^jllk(
q^of^ Bl gccPqb alj mbaol jbr pl_ob qlalp mobw^al) b
^j^al goj^Pl) ab`rglp cbfqlp b rfa^ jrvql plj `ll*(
qbkqb) `ljmlw l ifrol a^ rfoqrlp^ _bkcbfqrof^) b ^p lo^p
a^ `lkcfpplj B^nrbi elkoo^al Obv alj+^cclkppl bpqoli*
ildl nr^kq^p jriifalèbp) cbw ab ibfqro^p B^ppv O bv p^iû
i^ jlo^) b lrqolp k^ ibv Çqfd^) b alrqo^p `obbkÖ^p pbbk*
al bj ob^i bpq^al cfie^olj abpbfl) b clid^kÖ^ bj p`ob*
rbo pbrp ifrolp) al nrb iebp molrrb) lp nr^^bp j^
a^j mbo^ pbjbie^kqb c^wbo) klj mbnrbk^ ^rqlofa^ab
Bmlobj klj bkqbkal nrb pbf^ l``flpfa^ab) jbp ob*+
jbafl mbo^ qfo^o abiq^ jvj b lp lrqolp) nrb mbo bpqb
qo^rq^al nrvpbobj ibbo) lr pbjbie^kqb p`obrbo) klj
pb qlor^kal mlo b iil ) al nrb e^j abl_o^o `ljl do^*
Ö^p Zgh>lh pbkelo br c^Öl Boobnrbobppb ¥mbo^ dr^oa^o
q^i dbfql k^qro^i) `çafÖlj) b dbbo^i `rpqrjb bj `lr*
p^p abpr^fo^a^p) b if_boa^ab al `lo^Ölj nrb klj ^kab
bldbfql g^f abploabk^a^jbkqb ibd^al mbo ^idrÇ m^fü

*)*.*1('! &0! HcKKM e^

 K HA=H ?KI55AHDAENK+ 62
olj ) a^jlo) qbjlo) lr `^a^erÇ %a^p prpl p`ofmq^p
Bmbo^ e^p^o rfoqrlp^jbkqb abpq^ if_boa^ab) kb`bpp^*
of^jbkqb cbb jbpqbo doÄÖ^ pmb`f^i ab klppl pbkelo pbj
^nr^i `lrp^ _bj cbfq^ klj mlab mbocbfq^jbkqb c^wbo+

8PC 2 g g ] X Y )8
S^ _TRPS^ SPPdPaTiP+

L mb`^al a^^r^obw^ eb obm^oqfal bj iirolp ab `lkcfp*

ïllàp b alrqo^p bkppvk^kÖ^p bj jrvqlp o^jlp J^p bj
bpqb _obrb prj^ofl bj nr^qol dbbo^^bp pb abm^oqb+
Movjbfol) mbo nrb pb `l_fgÖ^ abpbf^ abqbojvk^a^jbk*
qb Bppb mbo`^qÖ^ lnrb klj abrb pbbo `l_fgÖ^al) ab*
pbf^al) lr mbpprval+ B^ nrbpql mlo ^`lrp^ pbbo nr^i
klj `arbj) lr mbo jlal ^l nrb c^w `lkqo^ grpqfÖ^ v
lr abp`èrbkvbkqb Pbdëal mbo nrb obqbbj ^p `lrp^p
nrb obpqfqrvo) lr a^o pb abrv^j) b ^nrbpql +mlo pbb*
obj j^i dr^kÖ^a^p) mlpprva^p) b mbo grpqfÖ^ ^`rg^p
abobfq^jbkqb plj) abrbobj pbbo a^a^p) lr à l_o^p ab
mfba^ab bj p^qfpc^Ölj) abpmbp^p) nr^kal ^m^oqb mlo
abpjbof`fjbkql ab obpqfqrvÖlj klj eb afdk^) lr klpü
blp _b"p klj a^jlp b abpmbkabjlp bj p^qfpc^Ölj ab
jbolbbp _l^p l_o^p pborvÖlp) l_ofd^Ölqfp) avrva^p)
moljgqvjbkql) `lrp^p jbofqãof^p) lr mlo c^wbojlp ^*
nrbii^p abpmbp^p nrb pbdrkal ^nrbi bpq^al bj nrb
clojlp klp `çrbj a^o) abpmbkabo) lr bjmobpq^o+ Qbo*
`bfol) nr^kalppb a^) lr abpmbkab) jvkdr^al) q^oab)
` $ j^^ rllkq^ab) m^ii^ro^p%) b `lkqbkbkÖ^ pbdrkal
plj ^p mbppl^p nrb a^j) ob`b_bj) b^p abpmbp^p nrb
c^wbj Nr^oql nrb c^w d^_^o) b obqo^bo ^nrbj _bj
UTi& lr ^oobmbàabo aln^b qbj a^al) lr abpmbpl+ B^*
nrbpql mbo pbkqfal al `lo^Ölj) jlpqo^jbkql abdbfqlp
lr o^wllcâp Mbo qla^p bpq^p m^oqbp `^a^ erë af^ pb c^*
wbj jrv qlp j^iibp b `^Pb bj do^kabp jvkÖr^p+ B^*
ï`bo`^ a^ `lk`vbk`f^) mbo obdqf^oal ab mbppl^p rfoqrl*
b^p a^p mofjbfo^p ar^p eb mofk`fm^ijbkqb abdr^oa^o
f ( ab klj ll_fgÖ^o kbj ^lbo lnrb --6. `|lbfk+ Bab(*

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !IE

63 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
obqbbo lnrb pb abrb obpqvqrvo m^d^o) lr abpmbkabo+
Bmbo^^ lmbkvlj al dbbo^i ml_ll klj plj jbklp
kb`bpp^of^p ^p lrqo^p ar^p+ Qbo`bfo^) b nr^oq^ mbo^
nrbj a^ c^j^ ab q^i rv`fl pb nrvpbo dr^oa^o) b mbo*
`^iÖ^o kljb ab do^^al B mlo q^kql klj mbkppbj lp
nrb plj _à dr^oa^alp k^p ar^p mofjbfo^p ^p nr^^bp
plj bj ob^ifa^ab mofk`fm^^bp nrb klj pbg^j mo^pj^*
alp bj laf`ql bool+ Pb^p fr b nr^oq^) _bj klj mo^qf*
`^obj) ^kqb lppbolj j^fp nrblp nrb _bj dr^oalj
^p ar^p mofjbfo^) b pbdrka^ b k^ nrbpq^p c^iib`bj) `^
jrfqlp plj nrb cfie^j jrvq^p `lrp^p `ljl k" abrbj)
b klj a^j kbj m^dlj lppbr `ljl plj l_ofd^alp
Bmlo a^obj) b abpmbkabobj bj lrqo^p m^oqbp i^od^*
jbkqb) `lj qbjml) `fofjlkf^bp) b m^if^ ro^p mbo qbb*
`bkqbp) pè mlo biil `e^j^alp j^fp do^^alp nrb lp nrb
pbjbie^kqb klj c^wbj) mlo jrv _bj nrbppb dr^oabj
abcâie^o) `l_fgÖ^o) b obqbbo l^iebl) b mlo m^d^obj
pr^p avrva^p `ljl clo o^wlj+ Blp nrb ^ppv dbbo^i*
jbkqb mbo q^i j^kbfo^ plj do^^alp) klj pb qbke^j
mlo clo^ abpqb mb`^al a^^r^obw^+ Pbk^p mofjbfo^p ar^p
c^iib`à) nrb plj mofk`fm^^bp) ^kqb pbj arrva^ boolr
j^fp nrblp lrqolp mlfp bj pbrp j^vlobp boolp plj
`rim^alp Blp nrb _rp`^j rfoqrab) klj `ro^kal jrv*
ql abc^j^ abif^p mofk`fm^ijbkqb pbdr^oalol Bmlobj
nrbj abpqb rf`fl pb nrvpbo `lj ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo
or^oa^o) ^rbkalppb `ljl `èrbj) b mlpprvkal if_bo^(
obw^) nrb eb erÑ rfoqrab mlpq^) b ab`i^o^a^ k^p bqe f*
`^p a^ofpqlqfiibp) ^ lrqolp jrv qlp ifrolp bj jbl ^kqob
p`^`bp^ b pl_bfl abd^pq^o) gk`ivk^kalppb ^j^fp abp*
mbkabo nrb ^jbklp+ Ba^nrbpq^ rfoqrab kl ifrol a^rfoü
qrlp^ _bkcbfqlof^) nrb jbr pl_ob qlalp mobw^al b ^*
j^al gojÑ^l lgcÇqb ^lj mbaob `ljmlp) eb _bj b i^o*
d^jbkqb qo^rq^al B^idrrp erp^j abif^ k^qro^ijbkqb 6
mlo nrb abppr^ k^Ölj ^bii^ plj gk`ivk^alp) Lrqolp
^gka^ nrb klj q^kql mbo k^qrobw^) `lj moraàk`f^)
^nr^i j^ka^ p`liebo ljbielo bj qlalp klpplp cb fql p
Ai^k cnlmbÅZ jn^ _Zs ]Zk Z\Z]Zan#+ \hnlZ hjn^ l^n a ^
 K HA=+H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 64
l_o^kal bj qlal grpq^jbkqb) dr^oa^j b c^wbj pl*
_obpql lnrb abrbj) mlpql klj q^j _bj `ljl ^*
nrbi nrb abppr^ k^Öè mbo`^iÖ^ q^i rfoqrab) ^rbkal o^*
wl^al pbkqval a^p lrqo^p mofk`fm^^bp Bpql afdl mlo pb
ab`i^o^o nrb qlal ^nrbi nrb i<ll abpbf^ pbbo) ^kbkerë
rv`fl pb abrb rbk`bo) jbp lo^ ieb pbf^ `lk`loa^kqb
lr `lkqo^fol) ^ppr^ k^qro^i gk`ifk^Ölj pbjmob pb^ abp*
cloÖ^o) `lj do^kab b _l^ pmbo^kÖ^ abl rbk`bo) b d^^k*
Ö^o _ll bpq^al a^rfoqrab `lkqo^fo^ abf Bklppl pbkelo
rbbkal `ljl nrbobjlp obpmlkabo ^l dbbo^i _ll abpbfl
nrb klp lrqlodlr ) ^`ob`bkq^o^ bj bi a^kalklp pr^
o^Ö^ mbo^ l_o^ojlp bj qla^ `lrp^ pbdrkal abrbjlp
F Imbo^lp nrb abpbf^j dr^oa^oppb abqlalp bpqbp c^iif`f*
jbkqlp `çrbjiebp qbjmbo^o pbrp bpq^alp bj dbkqb) b
qla^p lrqo^p( abpmbp^p nrb `lk`loabj bj o^wl^a^ j^*
kbfo^ `lj pr^p loabk^a^p obka^p+ @^ lkab q^i klj clo
`arfgo^ c^ib`bo bj `^a^ erÑ a^p afbq^p m^oqbp) mlo nrb
pb nrvpbo dr^oa^oppb ab klj cfie^o l^iebl) kà ^rbo lr
obqbbo `lrp^ `lkqo^ abobfql) b o^wlj m^d^kal nr^kql
abrb B^qla^p m^oqbp ab pr^p abpmbp^p `ljmofa^jbkqb
p^qfpc^wbo pÜ c^iif`vjbkql) rbbkal nrb ^abpmbp^ loab*
k^a^ nrb o^wl^a^jbkqb _bj pb klj mlab p`rp^o m^p*
p^ pl_ob ^oob`bmq^ mbo `lpqo^kdfjàql) ^gka^ nrb ieb
mbp `èrbj `^vo bj `^a^ erÑ a^ nrbii^p jvkdr^p nrb
¨ ;lo jbklp j^i jlrval mbo rllkq^ab) lr o^wlj p`l*
ebo) ^q^^ nrb ^p abpmbp^p `lj ^oob`bmq^ pbf^j qbj*
mbo^a^p ) `ljl afw _bok^oal) bj lqo^rq^al al obdv*
kfbkql a^ `^p^) lkab p`obrb nrb pb ^p oàa^p b abpmb*
p^p clobj gdr^^àp) nr^i nrbo `^pl klj mbkpp^al nrb
pb ob`obÖ^ `bal ^mlabo^ abpqolvo Bmlobkab ^ppv eb
kb`bppÄofl qbjmbo^o lnrb e^ abppbbo loabk^al nr^k*
alppb _bj mlabo c^wbo nrb qbke^ molrfgjbkql mbo^l
buqo^ loafkÄofl Bpql klj mlo `l_fgÖ^ abploabk^a^ kà
abpbfl abqebplro^o k^ qboo^) lp i^aollbkp lcroq^j) o^*
qlp l`l jbo^ ) cboordbj b qo^Ö^ ld^pq^j ) j^p mlo qbbo
`lj nrb mlpp^ dr^oa^oppb `lj ^jbo`bb al pbkelo
ablp alp boolp prpl af`qlp B^ppv abjvkdr^) mo^pjl)

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !b^

 65 K HA=H ?KJOO>HDAEGK+
rbodèÖ^) b bjm^`el Bkl qbjml nrb o^wl^a^koàqb pb
abrb c^wbo _bj eb c^wbobkppb jrvql j^fp i^od^p abp*
mbp^p nrb ^p loabk^a^p) ^q^^ lkab lcbfql abj^ka^o)
b `^a^ erë j^fp mlabo mbo _llp `^jvkelp mbo`^iÖ^o
Bmlobj jrvql `lj do^kab ^rvp^jbkql mbo`b_bo abka
`^fo bj j^vlobp c^iff`fjbkqlp nrbobkalppb dr^oa^o
alrqolp klj q^j do^kabp) b ^ppv plmloq^o ^idrÄp `lr*
p^p `lkqo^ pr^ rllkq^ab) b mo^wbo alp lrqolp nrb pbjû
mob j^fp p^qfpc^Ö^ ^l nrb pljlp l_ofd^alp) pbdrkal
ûâblp ab `èmofo b klp dr^oa^o Babpv AN al jrkal pb
dlrbokb k^ jvielo j^kbfo^ nrb m`ofbo mbo^ s qla^p
m^oqbp rvrbo rfoqrlp^o^bkqb `Ø r`oa^abfol _ll kljb
B^kqob ^p nr^qol m^oqbp abpq^ rffqrab prpl poofmq^p)
bcâiilplcl ab`i^o^) nrb mbo`^iÖ^o kljb abdo^^al pl_ob
qlal eb kb`bppÄofl i^od^jbkqb) b _bj a^o) b abpmbk*
abo) j^p bpql klj bj_^od^kal jrv pmf`f^ijbkqb `Ñ(
kbj ^lp pbkelobp mofk`fm^^bp dr^oa^oppb ab klj cfie^o)
kbj obqbbo l^iebl) plcoàal pr^p jÇ^lp alp _bàp klj
abobfq^jbkqb ^rvalp) lr obqbralp) `^ q^i obv illr^
jrgql ^ofbqlqfRbp kl ifrol ab pb`obqbp pb`obqlobfk B ü
-NL pbj o^wlj `^ mbo^ bj bpql j^i ab dlrbok^obj
plj bkarffalp mbo jrvqlp obnrbovjbkqlp abrllkq^ab)
b kb`bppva^abp pr^p b ^ieb^p ^nrb abpbf^j `ljmi^wbo)
Bmlo abpbfl ab mbo`^iÖ^o c^j^ nrb eb abdo^kabp cbf*
qlp) abpmbp^p) b jrvql do^^al B^`o``bkq^okàil ab*
r^Ç dilof^ mbo jrvqlp ilrr^jvk_bfolp nrb mbo^ bj
bpql jrvql pb i^od^obj `ç pmbo^kÖ^ ab pbrp molrbfqlp
^p CNNRAR j^i cbfq^p c^wbj afdk^p abilrrlo) jlpqo^kal
^pp^w abjrvqlp lrqolp pbkelobp mlo bubjmol nrb ^ppv
lc^wbj B^rbkal q^^bp ^gra^p `lj mlabo ifrob mbo^ l*
_o^o lnrb iebp mo^w) nrbj lrqobj c^o^ `aqbbo lppb*
kelo) pbklj ^jlo) b qbjlo ab ablp `lj rboa^abfol
abpbfl ab ob^ijáqb dr^oa^o grpqfÖ^ B`lkppfgo^kab nr^k*
ql dbbo^i j^i pb ob`obbb afq^f abploabk^kÖ^) b do^k*
abp _bPp) abqbbo pl_obpql _lb obdfjbkql R^\ abobfq^
s^wlol alp p^_balpbp b rfoqrlplp l^pbkelo nrb pl_obpqb
grpq^jbkqb TWTEQ do^kab ilfqrlo mbo`^iÖ^o b abablp mbo
p^ jbo`bb abrb pmbo^o _ll d^ii^oalj+

*)*.*1('! &0! -A//1 IE

 K HA=H ?KJOOAH>AeeK+ 66

8P_{dHT J J = J 8
9 P \P]TXaP S^ SPa _^a ]^bb^ bT]W^a ST^b(

FM*ls nrb ^kqob ^p do^kabw^p) ^nrbfi^p nkb mlo klppl

pbb_lo ablp pb c^wbj plj abj^vlo jbof`fjbkql a rfo*
fr ab) b afdk^p ^kqob mbppl^p sfoqrlp^p) abj^fp fobo*
a^abfol ill^lo) pbdrkal pb p`kbrb alp j^d^vâfllb [rb
^?qob ^p ^_o^p mbo nrb lkl^fp abjlpqo^j) pl^o k^p nrb
^klÖpl pbkelo mboqbb`bj Bmlobkab pl_obiil mbkppbg
abrlp c^wbo bpq^ _obrb ab`i^o^Ölj Mofjbfol ablrb
^rv^jlp c^wbo q^i abpmbp^) Pbdrkal bo^ nlb kplal)
Q bo`bfol mlo 9" cvj+ Nr^oql ^nrbj( Nrvkql`lo^l bk*
qb^al nrb k^p ^bf^ ob`b_fal+ Bnr^kql ^b mofjbfol af(
dl nrb abklppl molmofl ^rbo) _bj ^rval) b g^lpplval
mlo nrb p`ofmql eb Elkoo^ ablp ab qr^ pr_bq$`f^) bj
nrb pb abjlpqo^ nrb al ^iebl klj abrbjlp c^wbo lû
cboq^ ) kbj bpjlR^ B^cfoj^ppb n q^i lcboq^ eb pbjb*
ie^kqb a^nrbiib nrbl cviáb nrvpbppb j^q^o mlo lpp^`of*
cf`^o ^ppbr molmofl m^aob Mlobkab ^bpjlii^) lr lcboq^
a^`lrp^ _bj ^rva^ b mlpprva^ pb abrb c^wbo) mbo^
pbbo _à ob`b_fa^ Bppb a^p `lrp^p ^ieb^p pb cb`bo q^i
_l^ l_o^ nrb ob`b_b ^nrbi ^nrb ^bpjlii^ eb a^a^v
^lj ^molrbfq^ ^^nrbi nrb^ cl w) mlo nrb qlal abrbo^
qlok^o) b obpqfqrvo ^^nrbi `rgl eb B^biil grpq^jbkqbü
^i klj mlab c^wbo ) ^^frl bj `^pl ab do^kab kb`bppv*
a^ab mlo ^bloobo ^ebb`o^) rva^) lr p^lab a^idrÇ mbp*
pl^) ^rbkal cfojb mobmlpfq^ abâldl qlj^o ^c^wbo mbo*
cbfql m^d^jbkql ^ppbr ]h @K + @^ klj pb qlieb lmb`^al
pbklj p^qfpc^wbj b qlok^j l^rbo j^i d^^kÖ^al Bppb
^idrPp blrp^p abrbj) ^nrbfi^p plj j^fp l_ofd^a^p ab*
m^d^o) nrb c^wbo lrqo^p lcboq^p) kbj pjlii^) j^p ^b(
pv abrb b^a^era dlrbok^o pbrp cbfâlp) nrb p^qfpc^wbk*
al ^l nrb abrb klj `bppb abc^wbo lcboq^p) b bpjli*
i^p) pbdrkal mboqbbbbo^ ^ppbr bpq^al) b c^wbka^) mbo^
ob`b_bobj) mbo bR^p ^gra^ bj qlalû pbrp _bßp †bf pb*
d^kal ab jlal) afdrl nrb bj ^_^pq^kÖ^ `bal Ty pbü

*)*.*1('! &0! HFKMM e^

.-- K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
dobal iba^jbkqb mbo _l^ `lkppfgo^Ölj abibjml b Ql*
d^o bj nrb pb ^l cboq^) lr bpjlii^ abrb c^wbo+ @^
%`ofmql eb nrbj bp`^ppl pbjb^ ^ppv ob`b_bo^ Bppb clo
i^od^jbkqb ab_bbkÖlj ob`b_bo^ pbr d^ii^oalj ) al
`bal j^ka^kalklp eb nrb ffè q^oabjlp ab`ljmofo ^p
`lrp^p nrb mlo ablp molmlpbojlp c^wbo bj pbdobal)
mlo nrb lppbkelo j^ka^ nrb ^j^^l bwnrboa^ klj p^f*
_e^ lnrb cbwbo ^ab obf q^) iba^jbkqb mlo nrb l^mlpqli[
il afw nrb ablp ^j^ ^nrbj mlo bi) `lj ibaf`b a^ pr^p
bpjlii^p) b lcboq^p) mbo _l^ `lkppfgo^Ölj mlo dr^oa^o
^nrbi af`ql nrl qla^âi^p `lrp^p c^Ö^jlp mbo _l^ loab{
k^kÖ^ b `lkppbiel >l qbo`bfol) a^cvj mlo nrb labrb*
jlp c^wbo) m^ob`bjb nrb mlo pbbojlp a^nrbiibp nrb
lppbkelo ^l af^ al grvwl mlpbo ^^abbpqo^ m^oqb nr^k*
al mlo ^p l_o^p a^jvpbof`loaf^ mbo bi clojlp mobdrk*
q^alp pbbobj klpplp mb`^alp obibr^alp) mlo nrb ^ppv
`ljl ^^rdr^ ^m^d^ lcldl) ^ppv ^bpjlii^ ^m^d^ lmb`^*
al) ^rbojlp jrvq^p mbppl^p nrb lobj mlo klp) `^
p`ofmql eb nrb jrgql r^f ^lo^Ölj al grpql ^jberab
cbfq^) b lppbkelo mlo q^^bp klp moljbqb ^`loobo bj
klpp^p kb`bppfa^abp) `ljl klp cbwbojlp ^^pjvkdr^p b
mobpp^p ^ieb^p mlo pbr ^jlo Al nr^oql ^nrbj pb c^*
ol j ^ p lcboq^p al_ofd^Ölj) lr rllkq^ab) mofk`fm^i*
jbkqb ^lp p^`boalqbp) b ild^obp p^do^alp) mlo nrb
lppbkelo mbo biibp ^p nrvp b nrbo ob`b_bo B^p b$jli*
qbp ^lp mlpqlp bj kb`bppfa^abp mbo jvkdr^p) molrbw^)
alàÖ^) lr mofwlj) b ^nrbiibp nrb mbo bii^p j^fp rv*
rbj pmb`f^ijbkqb pb mlo klp e^j aboobw^o) lr lp ^rb*
jlp mlo ab_l^ b p^kq^ rva^+ Lp nr^^bp j^fp nrb lr*
qolp mbo klpp^p pjlii^p) b lcboq^p abrbj %bbo ^gra^alp
> l nrvkql ab `ljl klp pbf^ ob`b_fal) `obl nrb pbl
cbwbobojlp mlo ilrrlo b r^Ñ dilof^ nrb klp pbf^ af`ql
nrb g^ ob`b_bjlp klppl d^ii^oalj) Bppb clo bj _l^
qbbkÖlj `lj ^p `lkafÖllàp b j^kbfo^p prpl p`ofmq^p)
nrb `lrp^ ab _bj klj c^objlp nrb pà d^ii^oalj m^pû(
pb) mlo nrb klj pbo^ j^i pbj mbk^) lr p^qfpc^Ölj)
kbj _bj+ pbj ^rlkalpl d^i^oalj) lrqlod^al mbo ^jv*

*)*.*1('! &0! -A//1 IE

 - VbA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ eK E
pbof`loaf^ ab klppl pbkelo ablp nrb klp mrkv jbklp
nrb jbob`bjlp) b jrvql j^fp d^ii^oal^) pmb`f^ijbk(
qb pb eb cbfql `lj cfojb cfb) _l^ pmbo^kÖ^) b ovgl ^*
jlo b `^ofa^ab) `lj ^p nr^^bp lppbkelo ob`babl laf*
kebfol a^ rbie^ pl_obqla^ii^p lcboq^p jrvql j^globp
nrb ieb clo^j nr^kal bi lcbob`fa^p+ Bmlo erë r^pl
a^rdr^ cof^ moljbqbl nrb pbj _ll d^ii^oalj klj m^p*
p^o^ ab nrb abrbjlp qlj^o bpqbp ^rfp^jbkqlp Mofjbf*
ol nrb qla^ `lrp^ nrb `ljbÖ^ojlp ^nr^i abpbfbjlp
qo^wbo ^_l^ cfj ) pàmob pbf^ `lj pmb`f^i pjlii^ b lo^(
Ölj mlo q^i nrbl pbkelo klp qo^d^ q^i cbfql ^^nrbi qbo*
jl nrb p^_b mbo^ pbr pborvÖl pbbo jbielo) mlo 9g a^*
nrbii^ j^fp nrb alrqol bj qlalp klpplp cbf`qlp klp ab*
ffb mo^wbo Pbdrkal nrb `ljl `^vojlp bj ^idrN mb`^*
al ab nrb ^g^jlp pmb`f^i pbkqval ) mlo l^m^d^o ^bii^p
klp ^`loo^jlp pbki^oa^kÖ^ Qbo`bfol pb qbjbojlp bj
klp) lr bj lrqobj ^idrâf j^i bj ^rbpp^jbkql) lr
`lkqo^fol ^bpql klp qlokbjlp mlo q^i nrbl pbkelo klj
klp ibfub `^vo bj qbkq^Ölj) j^p nrb klp ifrob abj^i+
B^^ibj abqlal bpql mlo erp^o ab`^ofa^ab b `ljmofo ^p
l_o^p a^jvpbof`loaf^ nr^kql _bj mlabojlp pbjmob
abif^p erpbjlp+ Ba^ nrbpq^p pjlii^p b lcboq^p klj pb
abrb qbbo qbàÖlj nrb pbjmob pbf^j bj docqab `^kqf*
a^ ab) j^p pbdrkal clo lcbfil qbàÖlj mbppl^p) b ^abp*
mlpfÖlj ) ^ppv ^p abjlp) dr^oa^kal mlobkab bj `^a^
Wd} abpq^p m^oqbp ^p `lkafÖllàp prpl p`ofmq^p) c^wbkal
do^kabp abpmbp^p) nr^kalppb q^i `^pl _bj lcbob`bo "!
mlo ^jlo a^nrbi pbkelo nrb klp a^ nr^kql ^rbjlp
B^ppv ^c^Ö^jlp mbnrbk^) b abjlp bj mbnrbk^ `^kqv(
a^ab pbdrkal mbo^ q^i cbfql mbppl^ pb obnrbob) mlfp
pb c^w mlo ^nrbi nrb klj abpmobp^ `lrp^) ^gka^ nrb
mbnrbk^ pbf^ bbbkal cbfq^ abifjml b _ll `lo^Öè+

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !IE

eñZ ( HA=H* ^K J O O O H > meA K +

8P_X[d[[^ J J J
9 ^ _TRPSP SP [dgdaXP(

A ü mb`^al a^ irurof^ _obrbjàqb c^ii^kal) mb`^j

m^o rbbo) ^rrvo) c^ii^o) abpbfl mbkpp^jbkql) b l_o^
A^ rfpc`^ af( lppbkelo nrb pb klpplp lielp clobj pfo^*
mobwbp ^rbobjlb `lomlp ifjmlp b `i^olp) b pb fk^iib`f^*
i^P pb o^o^ qobbrlplp Al lrrvo c^ii^o pb afw nrb pb `lo*
oljmboÄ _llp `rpiro^bp mbo o^^^p c^ii^p b ^nrbpql ka
jbklp ^nrbj ^^ órrb `lj r^^^ bkqbkÖlj bk^mbb`b+
Al abpbfl pb p`obrû nrbo^ rvo ^jliebo b ^`lefgÖ^o)
g^+ mb`lr Bal `rfa^al Lkab clo ibr qebplrol pbo^ qb^
bls^Ölj Bbpql pbo^ nr^kal mbo pl_bfl) lr abploabk^*
al mbkpp^j@ql bo^ q^^bp cbfqlp abpmbkabojlp klpp^ rv*
a^û A^ l_o^ l^mlpqliil klp j^ka^ crdfo abqla^ irur*
of^ ) clokvpfl) b Ördfa^ab Bmbo^ dr^oa^ abpqb mb`^al)
klpbl mofo^bfol crka^jbkql abrb pbbo ^j^o) b mobw^`
rfodfgra^ab b `^pqfa^ab nr^kql pb k ^ fü mlabo c^wbo ^*
lbkal^ mlo do^kab rfoqrab) nrb o^rvql abpbf^jl^ pbj*
mob a^rbo) b mlpprvo Bmlo nrb qlal elo^bj `lo^ do^k*
ab abifdbk`f^ dr^oa^ lnrb o^rgql ^j^ b mobw^) nrP
bpq^ rfoqrab jrvql ^j^o) b mobw^o) mlo ^_bj dr^o*
a^o) pb ^c^pq^o^ a^p l`^pflkbp b ^^wlp mbo nrb ^mlpp^
mboabo Bppb `ebd^o^ pàmob ^lp `lkppbielp mbo nrb pbf^
j^fp ifjm^jbkqb mboppbrbo^a^) lrrvkal mbppl^p afdk^p
mbo p^_bo b lkbpq^ rva^ Brbbkal !f rolp ^molr^alp) b
mboppv `boq^p mo^qf`^p) _rp`^kal mbo^ j^fp mbocbfq^*
jbkqb `ljl abrb ^dr^oa^o mobmlbkal bo^ pbr `lo^*
Ölj + nrb g^ o^^fp `lo^ ^do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo aÜlp
krk`^ mlo l`^pfllPp lr qbkq^Ölj nrb ieb rfgo mlpp^ bo^
q^i mb`^al `^vo^) kâ^p Ärbo^ pbjmob ^nrbii^ j^fp mbo*
cbfq^ ibj_o^kÖ^ nrb ^p j^fp rfoqrlp^p mbppl^p abppr^
j^kbfo^ mlpp^j ^rbo Bk^nrbpq^ qbbkÖlj pbkqfkalppb
q^j cfojb nrb klj bkqbka^ mlabo pbbo aboof_^al ab
pbr _ll l_o^o) b molmlpfql) `lkeb`bkal bpql pbbo alj
pmb`f^i ab klppl pbkelo) nrb ieb lrqlod^ppbj jbov`f*

*)*.*1('! &0!" + # # $ * (
 K HA = H ñK__OOAH>AEGK+ W -0
jbkqlp pbrp) b mlab mbo j^(l ^rvp^jbkql b mb`^alp
mboabo) abrbpbb dr^oa^o ab qla^ii^p l`^pfllàp nrb mb*
o^ q^i `^pl bjmbb`bc mlpp^j) q ^ ü mbocbfq^jbkqb `ljl
pb bi mbkpp^ppb nrb bo^ jkv co^`l `lkqo^ bpqb mb`^al)
`obbkal pl_obiil q;llp `lkppbi_lp nrb ieb pbflj a^alp)
b bi ibbo) lr mbo pbr `rva^al ^`e^o mbo^ `lkeb`bo lp
$5/-5 bjmbb`frbbp) b bppl jbabp pb abrb dr^oa^o() al
nrb bi mbo pv pbkqvo nrb ieb c^w ^idrcq qbkq^Ölj) `^
fob kl `ljbÖl ieb abo ird^o ^av^kqb ieb pbo^ j^^ ab
qfo^o b rbk`bo Bmlpql nrb bj q^i dr^oa^ pbkq^ mbk^)
blkppfgo^kal nrb mbo`^iÖ^ mbo bii^ q^j mbocbfq^ rfoqr(
a b ) nrb mbo^ bpq^ rva^ lrqlod^ jrvq^ pbdro^kÖ^) qv*
o^kalklp abob^iibp) mboa^p mbofdllp) b qo^_^ielp d^l(
Ö^kal _ll kljb `lj do^kab pmbo^kÖ^ a^rbo mlo jbo(
`bb al pbkelo jrvqlp _bàp k^ rva^ mobpbkqb) b bj
cfj pr^ p^k`q^ dilof^+ Abrb ob`b_bo q^i clid^kÖ^ nrb
^mbk^ pbo^ mlr`l ?bkqfa^) b jrvq^p lbwqp pb ^iibdo^o^
pbbkal qbkq^al mlo pbkqvo nrb eb mlabolpl ab rbk`bo)
lr bj q^kqlp p^_balobp) b do^kabp mbppl^p qbj rbk`fü
9c^p+ Pl_obpql eb efqì obdo^ dbbo^q ab qåa^ic^p rfoqlabp
nrb ^p klj mlpprb `ljl abrb nrbj bj bfi^p klj
pbkqb j^fp mo^wbo b clid^kÖ^[ nrb mbk^ bft `lkqo^afwbo
^lp mb`^alp) pbrp `lkqo^folp+ @^ bj nr^kql pb dr^oa^
`lj j^vlo qo^_^iel b qofpqbw^ nrbo mo^wbo) mlpql nrb
alp j^cibp pb ^c^pqb klj lp c^wbk^l) pvka^ rvlb k^
m^oqb a^ `lkqfkàk`f^) ^nr^i mlobj eb _bj ab ilrr^o)
j^p klj mlpprb q^i rfoqrab) `ljl do^Ö^p ^klppl pb(
kelo) _bj rv bpq^ mo^qf`^o ^ mbpcqlpp bj bii^ qk$v _bj
^`^_^a^p `lj nrb lrrb dQ^kab ^cbfÖlj nrb r^iibkqb(
jbkqb l mbb^al ?br `bkqo^fol pbjmob `åqo^afppbolj)
b rbk`bolj) bp nr^^bp klj pliq^jbkqb plj abif^ dr^o(
a^alp pbj qofpqbw^) jàp qo^ûbj _ll ^rvp^jbkql al
qbj mbo^o l mo^wbo nlb pvkqbj k^ dr^oa^ a^ rfoqrab
qbj bkalppb (^vo mlo biil bj mb`^al ab qâ^cq dilofbr
B^`bob^ a bf) b a fü lrqolp pbjbieb^qbp klgl) b pvkqb
rkb `lkqfkr^a^jbkqb pb UbTc bj ^lp ercq q^fq^) pbdrk(
al laf`ql al ^mrVqlicl B^cgqqqi n^b eb ^b$cqqrj^aà

*)*.*1('! &0! -A//1 IE

.-1 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
^rbbk`bo pbjmob ^qovrval rbj ^l `^jml B jrv iv*
úobfo^jbkqb pb obkab ^nrbi nrb `rpqrrf^ pbbo rbk`fal
Bmloà r^f jrvql _ll `rpqrfkb) b do^kab cfojbw^ bj
rfoqrlp^ qbbkÖlj b molmlpfql `lj dr^oa^ `lkifkr^a^
alp bjmb`frbbp ^^wlp) `lkqo^ bpqb) b qlalp lrqolp mb*
`^alp) `^ mbo do^Ö^ abklppl pbkelo) lp nrb qbrbobj
pbfffmob abiibp pbolj rbk`balobp B^ppv `ljl ^idrN nrb
pl_b mbo^ jlkqb ^iql) pvkqb do^kab qo^_^iel ^q^^ nrb
pbâ^ bk`fj^ a b f) b jrvq^p rbwbp p`loobd^) b pb rbb
^`bo`^ ab `^vo Babpnrb eb bk`fj^ pb ^`e^ cfojb b cli*
d^al ) q^i pb c^w klp nrb rP^l abmlpi^ mbocbfÖlj a^i*
dr^p rfoqrabp) ^p nr^^bp pbj `rv^^al) _ofq^jbkql ab
rllkq^ab mlr`^p rbwbp pb mbo`^iÖã Bk^nrbii^p `ljl
rbbj ^_ll bpq^al ildl pb ^`e^j cfojbp) ibalp) b cli*
d^alp ) jrvql j^fp nrb lp l_o^alobp alp mb`^alp pbrp
`lkqo^folp ^Pa^ nrb ^l mofjbfol pbkqval pb jlpqobj
abj^vlo abibfq^Ölj) j^p mlo nrb l_bj a^p rfoqrabp
pbjmob `ob`b) b lalp rv`flp b mb`^alp qo^w `lkppfdl
pr^p mbk^p `èrbj ^nrbii^ _l^ clid^kÖ^ jrvql `ob`bo)
b k^ nrbpq^ c^iib`bo mlpql nrb pb ^l mobpbkqb q^kql
klj `lkebÖ^) mlobj afw lppbkelo ablp nrb lppbr gr*
dl eb _o^kal) blppbr `^oobdl eb ibrb+

8P_Xcd[[^ J J J =
9 P `dTbcx ` UPiT _^a ` P[Vdzb ]P dT[WXRT RPpT T [dgd'
aXP ST ]P \oRTQXP U^ax VdPaSPS^b(

P l _ o b ^dr^oa^ a^ `^pqfa^ab) `rpqrj^j mobdrkq^o)

'lo nrb ^idrëp rbielp nrb _bj pb dlrbok^olj bj bi*
o^ kl qbjml a^j^k`b_f^) `^volj k^ rbief`b) kl mb*
`^al pbr `lkqo^f Q N ) m^ob`bkal `lkqo^ o^wlj) mlo ^*
rllkq^ab pbbo j^fp co^`^) b ^abp`ofmÖlj abrv^ pbbo
bj j^vlo ^`ob`bkq^jbkql+ > l nrb obpmlkal pbdrkal
olb m^ob`b nrbq^i c^iivjbkql pb ob`ob`b mlo bpq^p m^o*
qbp+ Mofjbfo^ mlo pl_bf^ abpqbjmbo^kÖ^ ab _brbo mbo
nrb lbkqbkabo pb bkco^nrb`b ) ^`lk`fbk`f^ pb qlok^
fof^) labpbfl abq^i mb`^al pb ^`ob`bkq^ B^ppv pnrbb(
 K HG=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ .-2
bfal ab pbr _ll molmlpfql) qlok^ pbbo rbk`fal a^ nrbi
nrb ^kqb rbk`f^ Ba^ nrbpqbp pb afw kl ^r^kdbiel)
nr^kal lbpmofql Örgl eb iÑÖ^al clo^ mbo ^_pqfkàk`f^
b _ll obdvjbkql Ça^ mbo ild^obp pb`lp b clo^ abq^^bp
pl_bg^p erjga^abp ab_brbo rbbkal ^nrbii^ mbppl^ qlo*
k^o ^abploabk^oppb kl rvk_l ) afw qlok^ojbv ^`^p^
alkab p^v) b ^ppv plj cbfq^p ^p mlpqrjbfo^p l_o^p ab*
q^i eljbj mblobp nrb ^p mofjbvo^p Pbdrka^) mlojvk*
dr^jbkql ab cfb) B^nrbpql pb c^w bj ^idrëp nrbpbbk*
al j^k`b_lp qbbj ^ppv ovgl ^`obbkÖ^ ab klppl pbkelo
nrb jrv pvkdri^ojbkqb l^jlj b qbjbj) b mloà abû
pbflj pbjmob pbdrvo ^p rfoqrabp b qfo^oppb abqlalp mbp*
`^alp ) mlo `rgl crka^jbkql rvrbj pbjmob `^pq^jbk(
qb Babmlfp c^iib`bkal q^i cfb ) mbo j^^lp bubjmolp o^*
!^yTb klj `^qfiv`^a^jbkqb afbq^p) lr mbo pbr molmofl
obrbpp^al mbkpp^jbkql mlo lnrb alrva^j nrb ^af^kqb)
ablp c^o^) klj nrbobj ibfu^o lmo^wbo a^mobpbkqb rv*
a^) b `ljbÖ^kal pbkqfo ^abiibfq^Ölj a^ m^oqb pbkppr^iü
mofr^ppb ^oo^wlj+ +B^nrbpqbp plj qlok^alp ^^nrbi bpq^*
al qf_l) nrb kl bml`^ifmpb plj) j^fp nrb lrqolp albp*%
Sfalp+ Qbo`bfo^ mlo klj `lkqfkr^o ^dr^oa^ alp j^^lp
^^wlü b cfie^o ^cbfÖlj alrvalp^ `lj ^idrÇ q^i jliebo
ab nrb ^kqb pb `rpqrj^r^ dr^oa^o Bpql mlo mbkpp^o
nrb g^ eb mlpql mbo va^ab) b ilkdl `rpqrjb bj q^i
pbdro^kÖ^ nrb pbklj abrb dr^oa^o+ Bmlo nrb klr^p
^cbfÖllàp qo^wbj klrlp abpbflp) b lcldl nrb mbo ^oob*
a^jbkql ab ibke^ pb klj ^`bkaf^ mbo pbr ^`ebd^jbk(
ql ab`i^o^ pr^ bk`r_boq^ cloÖ^ B^ppv `ljl rbk`fal
9f^^b k^ nrbi i^Öl bj nrb mbo pbr j^^l ^rvp^jbkql
pb ibfulr `^vo ) klj dr^oa^kal ^nrbi `lkppbiel ab
p^k`ql ^dlpqvkel bj nrb abcbkab® nrb g^ j^fp klj pb;
^`lpqb ^`bo`^ a^idrÇ jliebo 4 abjlpqo^kal nrb kb`bp*
p^of^jbkqb `èrbj ^lp nrb `^pqfa^ab nrbobj dr^oa^o
nrb pbjmob pb ^c^pqbj abppr^ `lkrbopp^Ölj) klj abp*
bjm^o^kal bj* q^^bp cbfqlp bjm^`el) brbodlkÖ^ mlo+
nrb kl ifrol al obdvjbkql alp mofk`bmbp pb ^cfoj^
ngfb lp rbielp k^qro^ijbkqb plj j^fp pbj rbodlkÖ^)

*)*.*1('! &0! % , 0 !IE

EK ' K HN.H ?KJOOAHDAEDK+
nrb lp j^k`b_lp B^nrbpql pb c^w bj qlalp bpqbp `^(
plp prpl p`ofmqlp mbo bpq^ drvp^ Klj bj_^od^kal n r à
q^i qài^Ölkq ^lp j^k`b_lp j^fp rbwbp obnrbvo^) ^nrbi*
i^ jbabp abf^oab bj q^oab ^bj ^lp abj^vlo eva^al
Bppb lp klj ^`e^o jrv cfojbp bj ^nrbii^ cloqbiibw^ "
_l^ qbbkÖlj nrb ^kqb ^rv^ ^nrbii^ qbkq^Ölj nrb ^ f*
drÇ lo^ lp obnrbob ^`e^kal bj bi co^nrbw^ ab _ l ^
rllkq^ab) b rfoqrlpl molmlpfql `lj jvkdr^ a bj m ^ *
`el) b rbodèÖ^ `èrbo^ nrblp rbkÖ^ B^ppv `^^b a l k a b
Ñqb pb dr^oa^r^ b c^w lnrb `lkqo^afwf^ rbk`bkalppb ^*
nrbii^ obrbpp^a^ rllkq^ab ab nrb mbo q^kql qbjml cl *
o^ rbk`balo B`lkppfgo^alp _à lp bkubjmolp alp pbj b*
ie^kqbp pb `lkebbbo^ jbielo bpql nrb p`obrl) mlo q^y
nrblp abq^i va^ab pb dr^oabj ab`^vo mbo q^^bp m^oqb(
ibj_o^^alppb a^nrbi af`ql abklppl pbkelo) ^nrbi n r l
mboppbrbo^o ^q^^ cfj pbo^ p^irl+

8P_% J J J = @
9 ^ _TRPS^ SP aYd[[Rd

Prj^of^jbkqb bj nr^qol m^oqbp lmb`^al a^ drK^ %"

mlab m^oqfo+ Mofjbfo^) nrb lo^ o^wl^a^ `arbkvbkqb lr
loabk^a^ mbo^ `ljÜo lr _brbo klj nrbo ^dr^oa^o+
Pbdrka^ nrb lrbkqob ab`ljbo) lr _brbo abpbf^ pl(
_bi^jbkqb aè`ebo+ Qbo`bfo^ nrb rv^ka^p b _brbobp bp(
qobj^alp `l_fgÖ^ pbjmob aerp^o) Nr^oq^ nrb pl_bf^(
jbkqb `lj do^kab clid^kÖ^) b dilof^ c^w `ljbo b _b(%
rbo mbo^ biil mbo`b_bo b ^m^obie^o+ A^ mofjbfo^ k^û
`b abpl_bafbk`f^) b ^m^oq^^a^ `lkrbopp^Ölj ab _l^p(
mbppl^p) b mlo bpql klj dr^oa^o af^p abgbgërp _lql
`lkppbielp) b `rpqrjbp A^ pbdrka^) irurof^) ab^qà*
mbo^kÖ^ al bkqbkabo b al `loml jrv q^p gkcvojva^abp+
ì mbo^ qlal _ll p^_bo jrv q^ orabw^+ A^ qbo`bfo^ rbj
^lp obiivdflplp klj `çppbkqfo nrb rvr^j k^ molrbw^(
nrb mlojbqbolj) mlo nrb pb qo^_^ielj abqbbo `lfr
nkb p^qfpc^Ölj ^l nrb abpbflj B^lp nrb+ ofnrbw^p ml{
abj mlpcfrvo c^w pbbo molsbp j^i ^p abpmbkabkal blo

$/./4/7-, +6 '00-/+
 ë H > = H ?KJOOAHDNPK]+ E- U
`rpqlp^p rv^ka^p) b rvkelp nrb _bj p`rp^o) 33 qbjû
mbo^al^ clppbj ) mlabof^j+ A^ nr^oq^) rbj c^wbo ablp
al pbr rbkqob klj ^rbkal q^kql abpbfl) kbj `lkqf*
kr^al mbrpp^jbkql abmo^wbo ^l pbkelo `ljl ^bi 3 ^lp
d^od^kqlèbp `≠rbj) klj dr^oa^o lo^ `èrbkvbkqb) lp*
^l_bfl `ljbo b _brbo ì ^lp dlilplp rv^ka^p) _brbobp
bpqobj^alp `rp qrj^ o) b pl_bf^jbkqb bj `ljbo b _b*
rbo pbdilof^o Bmbo^ biil pbbo `lj abivdbk`f^ pbjmob
^rvp^alp) b nr^kqlp j^iibp abpqb mb`^al pb ob`ob`bj)
klj pb mlabj _bj ab`i^o^o) nrb mlo pbbo `lrp^ k^(
qro^i mlr`lp p`^mlj ifjm^jbkqb abppbrp i^Ölp kÄ j^k*
`b_f^) b jbklp k^ rbieg`b) pmb`f^ijbkqb bj _brbo)
`^ erfâp mbo ^cbfÖlj) lrqolp mbo co^nrbw^ gkâfojva^abp
aboov_^qkbkql ab `ljmobfpplj) `rpârjb a^ qboo^) cÜp(
q^ p) gldlp) b d^p^ie^alp pb r^^! `rp qrj^kal a3q^i
drfp^ nrb al rbkv^i abnrb pbklj dr^oalj rbbj ^*
jloq^i nrb g^ objbaf^o _bj klj mlaP+ Mbo^ dr^oaÄ
abpqb mb`^al) obdo^ `boq^ a``ljbo b _brbo klj 5Ü
mlab _bj abrvp^o) mlo labpr^fol a^p `èmobfppllàp)
qboo^p) b `rpqrjbp) j^p bpq^p obdo^p dr^oa^kal mlr(
bl pb abrb bj bi mb`^o Mofjbfo^ nrb `lj^) b _br^
mlo rvrbo) b klj nrbfo^ rvêbo mlo `ljbo b _brbo7
Pbdrka^ nlbppb dllbokb a^nlbii^ drvp^ nrbl cbwboáj
bp nrb dbbo^ijbkqb abppr^ j^kbfo^ lkab bi rvrb b^acX
^rvalp bj bpqb `^pl mlo _bj obdfalp Qbo`bfo^ nrb pÜ
dr^oab dloaro^) k^ p^rab) b pb clo pbkqfal loobdvü
jbkql nrb Geb clo a^al b `lkqfpbie^al mbo ^nrbiibp ^+
nrb `çrà l_babb`bo bj q^i `^pl) nrb pb qo^_^ieb abp*
pb dr^oa^o bj pmb`f^i alp nr^qol boolp prpl p`ofmqlp ^
nrb pborvo mbo abpbfl j^fp gk`ifk^al) klj pbdrfal
rl$q^ab) jbp mbo o^wlj pbjmob pb obdbkal) ^j$al
rfoqrab abqbjmbo^kÖ^ `ljl af`ql eb ab`^pqfa^ab) b
^rloob`bkal jrvql _brbaf`b) b abploabk^al `ljbo
mlo do^kab j^i nrb abiil pb ob`ob`b Babrb qbbo k^
rllkq^ab cfojb molmlpfql) nrb mlo albkÖ^) eva^ab)
jra^jbkql ab `ljmobfpplj) klj _br^ jrvql rvkel)
kbj mlr`l ^^rdr^al) j^p n mbo lrqo^p drvp^p lnZk

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
 .-ñ h HA = H ?KJOOAHDA.NKó
gkcfojva^abp pb mlpp^j `ro^o+ Dbi pbbo qo^wfal ^_ll
bpcloÖl) b ibaf`b) b p^rab) jbp krk`^ mbo objbafl
ab rvkel ^l nr^i mlke^ obdo^ ab nrb pb klj m^oq^)
p^irl pb clo mbo do^kab kb`bppfa^ab Bbpql mlr`^p rb*
wbp) b mlr`lp af^p) B kbbpq^ qbbkÖlj ovg^jbkqb pb
mlabo^ qbbo+ @lkppfgo^kal nr^kq^p jliebobp) b jlrolp
_brbj ^dr^ bj bpq^ qboo^ b `lj bii^ m^pp^j allobp)
b rbbj ^jrvq^ rbi_f`b) bj dbbo^i q^kql b j^fp p^Çlp
alp nrb _brbj rgkel Bnrbj _bj pb nrvpbo `rpqrj^o)
klj cfie^o^ mlo dr^oa^o q^i obdvjbkql do^kab qo^_^*
iel) mlo nrb klj eb k^qro^i q^i _brbo) jbp mbo er*
p^kÖ^ b mbo bii^ pb ibfu^+ @^ qlal o^wl^al `rpqrjb bj
bpqb `^pl eb _bj ifdbfol abj^kqbbo) b jrgql molrbf*
qlpl b qo^w do^kab _bj mbo^^ij^ `loml b c^wbka^ Bmb{
o^ pb dr^oa^o abnr^qol boolp prpl p`ofmqlp nrb abpqb
mb`^al mol`bab) bpqb jb m^ob`b _ll obdvjbkql+ Nr^k*
ql ^l mofjbfol ab g^kq^o) b `b^o) nr^i* nrbo mbppl^ abf
klppl bpq^al dbbo^ijb^ib abrb pbbo `lkqbkqb) gbgë^ka^
^nrbiib^ af^p nrb mbo ^fdobg^ clo j^ka^al) b ^idrrp
lrqolp ) mlo pr^ abr^Ölj+ Mbo^l pbdrkal) mlbkal
do^kab qbjmbo^kÖ^) kl `lj bo) b _brbo) klj pbf^ pl*
_bfl Bmlobj ^l gÑq^o b ^Ç`b^ _brbo ar^p) lr qobp rb*
ubp ^l j^fp+ B erÑ abpmlfp nrb `b^o) plii^jbkfb jb+
m^ob`b o^wl^a^ obdo^) b nrbj bpq^ mlabo p`rp^o à jrv*
qlp `^plp mobpq^ jrvql b pb _brbo pbf^ mbo _ll pm^Öl
^kqb nrb aroj^ B mbo^ dr^oa^o al qbo`bfol bool _b*
rbo rvkel8) lj^fp al qbjml `lj ar^p m^oqbp a^rdr^
B nrb pbf^ abid^al) b `ljl qbrbo erfâ nrb o^wl^al
pbf^) krk`^ _rp`^o lrqol+ A+l `ljbo ^gka^ nrb pbf^7
pborval q^j ^rlkalp^jbkqb `ljl nrbj lj^fp clo) ^*
m^oqb `boq^p rv^ka^p ab nrb ieb j^fp mo^w^) a^p lr*
qo^p _obrbjbkqb pb abpm^`eb+ Mbo^l nr^oql bool cfieb
`rpqrjb abpq^o mlr`l ^^jbp^ b ab klj c^ii^o bj rv*+
kelp) kà rv^ka^p) kbj l^ abibfq^kal pl_bfl bj bii^p)
b `ljbkal b _brbkal mbo kb`bppfa^ab j^fp nrb mlo
pmb`f^i ^cbfÖlj pb ^ooba^o^ a^ abifdbk`f^ b `rfa^al
nrb jrvilp bj bpql ^ppv qo^wbj) klj màpp^kal lrqo^+

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ .-6
pbbo j^vlo clid^kÖ^) nrb _bj `ljbo) b _brbo) lnrb
pbkqbj jrvql mbo `lkqo^fol ^nrbGibp ^nrb ablp lrqlo*
dlr ^rbobj pl_obil ^rfoqrab a^ qbjmbo^kÖ^+ @^ `boq^*
jbkqb biibp pbkqbj j^vlo mo^wbo bj rvrbobj loabk^*
a^jbkqb) klj pb aboof_^kal mlo ^cbfÖllàp nrb q^kql^
aboof_^j al nrb mlabj ^rbo qlal iflp dliilplp) bj `l*
jbobj q^j i^odl) `ljl biibp abpbf^obj) mlo nrb `bo*
ql eb nrbl mo^wbo al mlpprvjbkql a^p rfoqrabp) eb
clid^kÖ^ a^^ij^ o^wl^rbi j^vlo `lj al_ol nrb ^ab*
ibfq^Ölj alp mb`^alp pbrp `lkqo^folp Bmlo bpq^ ab`i^*
o^Ölj bj erÑ m^oqb <b jlpqo^ `ljl klppl pbkelo lr*
qlod^ k^ mobpbkqb rfa^ `bkql mlo erë ^lp nrb ibfu^j
^idrÑ `lrp^ mlo pbr ^jlo) `^ iebp a^ lmo^wbo al mlp*
prvo a^p rfoqrabp b `lkqbkq^jbkql ab^p bkppv pbkqfo
Babpmo^wfjbkql mlo bii^p a^p `lrp^p `lkqo^âo^p nrb ^lp
pbdrvalobp alp mb`^alp b j^iibp jrvql ^qlojbkq^j+
Bmlo n a^p `lrp^p ^i mofk`fm^ijbkqb klj mlpprvjlp
bb klj clid^kÖ^) b `lkqbkq^jbkql nrb abif^p cvie^jlp)
`lj jbob`vjbkql ab _bj mbo jbo`bb al pbkelo) lp
nrb ibfu^j pr^ rllkq^ab bj qlalp bpqbp mb`^alp prpl
p`ofmqlp) mlo c^wbo ^ppr^) ob`b_bj mbo bi a^p rfoqrabp
`lkqo^âo^p `bj) q^kql `ljmofjbkql abif^) @^ pbjmob
plj `cfqbkqbp) c^oqlp) b pbdrolp bj pr^p _l^p rllkq^*
abp Blp lrqolp lj^fp al qbjml plj abp`lkqbkqbp) ab*
pbflplp) b qbjbolplp abmboabo l j^i nrb pl_bf^jbkqb
^j^j) mobw^j) lr pbdrbj) mlo nrb ^p l_o^p al mb*
`^al) krk`^ aÑ ilkd^jbkqb `lkqbkq^jbkql) kbj pb*
droÑÖ^+ Pl_ob qlalp mb`^alp abrbjlp `lkppfgo^o klj
plii^jbkqb lnrb c^iib`bjlp `ljl pvkdrii^o mbppl^ )
jbp rbbkal bpq^al) lcâ`fl) efa^ab) b abpmlpfÖlj nrb
^rbjlp mbo^ c^wbo j^fp _bj ) b klp dr^oa^o al `lk*
qo^fol @åppfgo^kal bppl jbabp pb `ljmofjlp lnrb ab*
rbjlp ) lr klp dr^oa^jlp al nrb ^oo^wlj klp abcbk*
ab+ @^ pbdrkal plj qobp obdfjàqlp) erââ a^ moãmof^
mbppl^) lrqol a^ `^p^) b l qbo`bfol a^rfii^) lr obdkl)
^ppv bj `^a^ erë obdfjbkql e^ `boqlp boolp `ljl pb
_bj abjlpqo^ bj lifrol al obdfjbkql alp moâk`fmbp)

$/./4/7-, +6 / * ( ( ) ' -
 beK ^ @c6@ ?-JOO#HDAEN-+
bj nrb pb ab`i^olj lp mb`^alp) b c^iif`vjbkilp nrb
mboqbb`bj ^qlalp bpq^alp) lcâ`flp) b _va^abp B^jvj
m^ob`b nrb ^p j^fp a^p dbkqbp abpqbp obdklp) do^Ö^p
^) klppl pbkelo) pbdrkal ^co^nrbw^ a^ erj^k^f dbbo^(
Ölj ) o^wl^a^jbkqb pb dlrbok^j) kl fg mboqbb`b ^ppr^p
mbppl^p) jbb kl obdfjbkql a^p `^p^p b rvii^p k l ü q^j
_bj+ B^Gdrëp qbbj nrb ^do^kab ^rlka^kÖ^ k^qro^i lp
c^w pbbo jbklp `rvalplp b plqfgp mbo^ pb dr^oa^o a^p
jvkdr^p Bmlo ^ppbdro^kÖ^ b i^odrbw^ nrb e^j ab `l*
o^Öllàp klj pb ^rvp^j alp mbofdllp) b ol^iib^ nrb pb
mlabj pbdrvo+ Bmlobj pb ob`ob`b k^p `^p^p) b rvii^p
^idrÇ jvkdr^ ab klj _ll obdvjbkql( > `bo`^ abpql
br Ölkppfgol nrb dbbo^ijbkqb plj7 Fobp j^kbfo^p ab of(
nrbw^+ erÑ k^qro^i) lrqo^ ^oqbcfbf^i) b ^ qbo`b fo^ almb*
kvlj+ K^qro^i eb qla^ do^kab ^blêa^kÖ^ ab _llp ^^f(
obp) ^rdr^p) j^kqfgjbkqlp) b corfql^ a^ qboo^) al j^o)
b a^p lrqo^p `lrp^p kb`bpp^of^p mbo^^ rva^ alp eljbàp
=km^_b\bZZ^l ^p nrb plj cbfq^p mbo 3r^p jÜbpqof^p) ^
^oqbcâ`flp) b ^nrbii^p nrb mbo _l^p gkarpqof^p b p^_bo
d^^kÖlj b mlpprbj mbo j^kbfo^ abjbo`^a^of^ A b l(
mbkflj `e^jl ^lrol) b mo^q^) mbao^p) ^igçc^o) b pbû
pkbie^kqbp `lrp^p mlr`l mboqbb`bkqbp ^^ rva^) b mbo
lmbkvlj dbbo^i plj qebra^p bj do^kab mobÖl Babpq^p
ofnrbw^p bpqbp obdklp do^Ö^p ^klppl pbkelo plj of`lp
ab k^qro^i ofnrbw^ bj jrvqlp Gld^obp q^kql `ljl ^*
nrbi nrbl j^fp eb) j^p a^p lrqo^p ar^p klj i^rql
Bmlo nrb mlabjlp mlo bpq^p m^oqbp c^iib`bo) `èrbj
nrb `lkppfgobjlp loobdfjbkql nrb ^rbjlp bj klpp^
mbppl^) `^p^) pbkelofl) lr lcâ`flp pbklp clo bk`ljbk*
a^al mbo^ `loobdbo bj klpplp c^iif`folbkqlp) b kl [ ^ f
`lkqvkr^o `ç ^jbo`bb al pbkelo) b ^`ob`bkq^o+ B m lo
nrb jlo^jlp bj qboo^ ab rv^ka^p b _brbobp jrgql ^*
rlkalp^ `lkqo^ bpqb mb`^al ab dr^odPqlv`b klp `èrbj
^rbo j^vlo ^rvp^jbkql) b jrvql j^fp do^kab ^lp nrb
plj mlpqlp bj ob^i bpq^al mlo pbbobj pl_bf^jbkqb
mbo^ `ljbo) b _brbo obnrbofalp) b ifdbfo^jbkqb mlabû
obj c^iib`bo) abpv mlo pbr _ll bubjmol mlabobj mobp(
q^o ^jrvqlp) b mbo `lkqo^fol bjmbb`bo+

$/./4/7-, +6 5 * 2 2 ) 1 -
 è H 'ò H ?-GOO>HDA.N-+ ...

+ 8P_Xc^[X^ J J J ==> (
9P STUTaT]qP S^b YTYdzb(

L lo nlb 01! gbgr^p pbjlpqo^j pbboà `lk qo^f olp a^d^o*

cf*^kqrv`b) ^lp c^Öl+ ab`i^oÇÖlj ab qobp abcbobkÖ^p abi[
q b p ) ^p nr^^b5 bj qla^p `lrp^p jb^ccp pb mlabj ^`e^o
Movjbfo^ a^nrbiibp nrb plj _llp b ab jbof`fjbkql(
Pbdrka^ alp nrb plj j^^lp) b afdklp aboobmobbkpplkü
Qbo`bfo^ alp nrb kbj plj abilrr^o) lr albpq^o+ Nk^k(
ql ^^movjbfo^) plj _llp qlaåp ^nkbiib? nrb plj j^k*
a^alp mbo ^p^k`q^ fdobg^ klpplp mobiG^alp lr `lkcbppl*
obp+ B^nrbpql mlo ^rfoqrab a^ l_bafbk`f^) a^nr^i ^l
pbkelo j^fp mo^w nrb al p^`ofcf`fl ìa^ nrf eb ab klq^o
nr^kql boolj ^idrNp nrb c^kqbpvlp^jàqb nrbobj gb*
gë^o ^idlr5 af^p) nrb gro^olj) lr iebp mo^w) Gbfu^kaå
^nrbiib5 nrb ^fdobf^ j^ka^+ @^ppb qlal mlabj c^wbo U
_bj eb abl `ljmofo) Bppb c^iib`bo bj ^idra) nrb_obj
Äqb ^gro^ b `ljmo^j lnrb ieb j^kalj) nrb eb j^f(
mofk`fm^') mlo nrb eb obdo^ dbbo^i nrb gro^jbkql cbf*
`ql `lkqo^ _llp `rpqrjbp klj r^h Bmlobkab ^lbo ab*
nrb_o^o ljÑa^al Ü^ p^kb q^ fdobf^) mlc qljmofo lnrb
glolr ) klj eb o^wlj) mlo nrb*^gro^ klj mlab leof(
d^o ^c^wbo q^i `lrp^ mbo nrb pbf^j abpl_bafbkqbp ^^p*
gbkj`q^ j^aob fdobf^) b al nkbqloÇq^jbooql) abkbppb
cqwáo p^qfpc^`bkü pb q^f `^pl clo+ Pbdrka^ eb alp gbgrëp(
nrb mlo pmb`o^" abqf^Ölj pb dfo^kalj Lp nr^^bp ^gka^
nrb klj ^ppv) `ãjl ^lp mofjbfolp pbq^jlp l_ofd^alp)
mlobkaqb ^p pmbofbk`f^p7 _bj abjlpqo^j) `ljl ^klppl
ccÜkelo abfqbp mo^w) mlo `agl buPmol ^nrbiib^ 9q^ `fa^ab
kvrb clolj p^irlp a^ pbkqbkÖ^ ab pr^ abpqorvÖlj b
^ l br^kdbiel afppb klppl pbkelo a$âdrcl abjlkvlp)
`ccT pb klj `roÄrlj pbâflj mbo gbgr@qp b lqso^Öåj+
B q^i j^kbfo^ ab( gbvä^o) `ql nrb mbo O b`f^i eb cbfql)
j^i^ mofk`fm^ijbkqb pb* abrb bqqqbkabo c â `^at erë af^
å p n r b abiiáp _bj cqrÜ^j) `lkcoÜabj mbo pmbsfbklf^
_cc plj ^`ob`bkq^alob^ `qb rfoqrab+ b n^b ^_^qbkt

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
../ K HA=H îKJOO?b>GmNKb
olp mb`^alp) `ljl ^nrbiibp mbo nrb pb c^w erP do^k*
ab m^oqb abmbkabkÖÅ b p^qfpc^Ölj Qbo`bfo^ eb a^nrbi*
ibp nrb pb c^wbj mlo dr^oa^o rfoqrab ab qàmbo^kÖ^ mlo
_bj a^^ij^) `loml) b _ll bpq^al B^nrbpqbp mlpql nrb
bbf^j abj^fp mbnrbkl jbob`fjbkql) nrbj lp dr^oa^o
mbo mo^wbo ^^nrbi pbkelo ablp) ^nrb pbjmob jrvql
mo^w abqla^ _l^ mo^qf`^ abrfoqrabp) nè pbo^ pbj do^k*
ab d^ii^oalj) mlo nrb ái afw mbo lmolcbq^) nrb lgbgNr
nrb ieb mo^w eb jrv mofk`fm^ijbkqb bj `bpp^o abj^i
c^wbo Mlfp jrvql `bpp^ abj^iü nrPppb dr^oa^ abd^g*
d^kqlv`b) b _brbaf`b) b dr^oa^ _l^ qbjmbo^kÖ^ Bl*
^mlpqliil klp j^ka^) nrb pbf^jlp qbjmbo^alp b rv*
dvbjlp p^_bkal nrb klj mlabj _bj rvdf^o mbo^ pr^
p^ir^Ölj b qlal lrqol _bj kbj a^nrbiibp nrb f_b plj
bk`ljbka^alp) nrbj qbjmbo^a^jbkqb klj rvrbo+ Mbo
_l^ qbjmbo^kÖ^ a^_l`^) pb mbo`^iÖ^j qla^p _l^p câgp
Movjbfo^) nr^kql ^^`lk`fbk`f^) rbk`bkal ^nrbiib mb*
`^al mbo nrb lp movjbfolp m^obkqbp clolkq rbk`faln
Pbdrka^ a^ eèoo^ ob`b_bj ilrrlo ab erci) q^j _ll kl*
jb nrb eb afdkl abdo^j `lkqbkq^jbkql +p+ nrb plj
_bj pbkelobp ab pr^ _l`^) b pbdlrbokè _bj ) b afp*
`obq^jbkqb A^ qbo`bfo^ nr^kql ^^p mbppl^p _^j mbo
bii^ `lj ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo) j^fp mboilkd^a^ rva$)
`lj jrv q^ p^rab) >nr^oq^ a^ c^wbka^) klj eb arrv*
a^) nrb mbo qbjmbo^kÖ^ ab`ljbo) b _brbo klj pbf^
_bj obdfa^) b mbo j^^l obdvjPql abpdlrbok^a^+ A b
clid^kÖ^) nrb eb+ ^nrvkq^) jrvql j^fp mbo`^iÖlj)
mlo nrb pbjmob plj `lkqbkqbp abdr^oa^o _l^ qàmbo^k*
Ö^) b pb ^iibdo^j jrvql) rbÖobkppb clo^`a^nrbi o^v*
rlpl abpbfl bj nrb pbjmob rvrbj _brbalp) b dliil*
plp B^ppv lgbgrë nrbppb c^w b dr^oa^ mbo `^a^eë^ abp*
q^p `lrp^p eb _ll afdkl abilrrlo bqo^w jrv do^kabp
_bàp) mbo^p rva^p mobpbkqbp) b nrb pmbo^jlp+ Lnrl
_b j^^l pb c^w mbo lrqo^p qobp abcbobkÖ^p+ Movjbfo^
mbo jvkdr^ ab afp`ofÖlj) gbgë^kal q^kql nrb rbbj
mlo biil ^jloqb) p^kaf`b lr do^kabp gkcfojfa^abp a^n
nr^^bp plj rvpqlp q^j `i^olp buàmolp nrb klj `ljmob

$/./4/7-, +6 / * 2 2 ) / -
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHD5ENK+ +..0
pl_obiil j^fp p`obrbo Pbdrka^) mlo râq^ dilof^) nrb*
obkal ^idrâfp mlo biil alp eljbàp pbbo ilrr^alp Bmlo
bpql movk`fm^ijbkqb lc^wbj) boo^kal do^rbjbkqb) pb*
drkal pbafw klp pq^qrqlp ab p^j gleÑ l`^pf^kl) nrb
plj jrvql ab`rim^o lp nrb c^wbj pbjbie^kqb mlo ilr*
rlo alp eljbàp `^gkal bj mb`^al ab p^`ofiÜdfl) mlo
nrb ^nrbii^p `lrp^p nrb ^rv^j al_o^o mlo ilrrlo ab
ablp) j^fp ^p nrvpbolj `ljmofo+mlo ilrrlo a^p `of^*
qro^p+ Qbo`bfo^ a^nrbiibp nrb `lj p^ke^ b klgl klj
nrbobj `ljbo) kbj ^rbo j^kqfgjbkql kb`bppÄofl) l^
mlo ^c^wbo ^lrqobj) alp nr^^bp pb p`obrb) nrb a^j
ab`ljbo ^lp lrqolp ^j^odro^ bj pbr cbi àrliql B^*
nrbpqbp klj pbkqbj qla^ jvkdr^ ab`ljbo) b _brbo
mlo c^wbobj abpmbfql) lr cfie^obj ^idrÇ rvkd^kÖ^) ab
nrà ^abpbqç a^rbo+ Blp pbjbie^kqbp abppv) b alp l^*
qolp `ljbÖ^j pbbo ljb`fa^p Lp jb^Çlp pci mbo lrqo^(
qobp j^kbfo^p _obrbjbkqb p`ofmq^p Movjbfo^ mlo klj
qbbo nrb `ljbo) lr _brbo) `^ bj bpql klj e^ j^fp
mb`^al kbj jbo`bb pbklj nr^kql `lj p^ke^) lr m^*
`fà`f^ eb plmloq^al Pbdrka^ mlo klj ^rbo ^idr^ rllk*
q^ab) `ljl `lj c^pqfl dbbo^i) lr pmb`f^i ^jrvqlp ^*
`lkqb`b) bj nrb klj e^ c^iif`fjbkql) p^irl pb rbbl
¨ ;bo pbr ^^wl ) j^^ dlrbok^kÖ^) lr ^af^kqb) mbo^ pb
bvu^o rbk`bo) lkab mlabof^ `lkqo^of^o ^idrcf j^i abp*
pbieb pbdrvo+ Qbo`bfo^ mlo pbbo bkqbkql) b qo^_^ie^o
bj lrqolp cbfqlp B k^nrbpql e^ jbofql) lr abpjbob*
`fjbkql pbdrkal ^nrbi cbfql) mlo nrb ibfu^o ab`ljbo
@^ppb clo mlo l_o^p jbofqãof^p jbob`bo^+ B^ppf a^p lr*
qo^p pbdrkal clobj ^rbo^ pbr d^ii^oaè) j^p bj q^i gb*
gë^o pvjmob5jbkqb) klj eì mb`^al) kbj jbob`fjbkû
ql Bpql rlp p`obrl _obrbjbkqb) pbdrkal jb m^ob`b
mbo^ abpq^p j^kbfo^p abgbgë^o ^rboabp ^idrÑ bkcloj^(
Ölj ) mobdrkq^kal pb rlp molrrbo ^lrqol ibqbo^al nrb
j^fp mbocbfq^jbkqb rlp ab`i^ob ^j^kbfo^ b jbafa^ü
nrb pl_ob qlal qbjml) efa^ab) b abpmlpfÖlj abrbbp
qb b o) mbo^ nrbppb obnrbob j^fp `ljmova^ ib fq r [ ,

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
0.' Y # A= H ?KemOO_mm>>E#Kp

@lm+( J J J =)=>(
$( --, !
m û lrqo^ llkppfgo^Ölj mlabjlp _bj râgo ^`lkeb`v*
*jbkql ab klpplp c^GGf`v^fbkqlp) ûb mb`^alp pl_ob ^nr^i
prfvql _bj (b mlabof^ plobrbo) j^p mlo ^idrì rlpp^
bl clo j^Ölj bpql mlr`l b pfjmobwjbkqb rlp p`obrl
&Obdr^oa^o `ljl dr^oa^jlp b mlpprvjlp ^p sr rfoqrabb
msfkpfm^^bp *p+ fQb) pmbo^kÖ^) @^ofa^ab) Morabk`f^)
crpqfÖ^ Qbjmbo^kÖ^ b cloqbiibw^ Bal nrb rfojlp nrb
mbo jcfolbb fab 9klppl pbkelo) pljlp bj _ll bpq^al) b
bpclo`Üjlklp ab_bj( bj jbGelo) pbjmob ^`ob`bkq^o
b alb boolp klp albo) b `lkcbpp^kal) bkjbka^o) b p^*
qfpc^`bo Bppl_ob ^ccb abrbjbp `lrppfgo^o `ljl p^_bjlp
T f`lbbjlp bp ^oqfdllp b`pljmovjlp lp p^`o^jbkqlp)
dr^oa^jlp ^p lâabk^kÖ^p) b ülbovjlkv^p a^ ûlkbq^ f*
dobf^ ìl^jl \ fdcbg^p +b mbppl^p b`ibpfÄpqf`^p) b ab
j fd fl j ) plj gab^lp elkoq^ã^p _bj qo^rq^a^p) b kl
ûgrb `cfr^j ql_babbfa^p) b ^b$rbopp^Ölj)nrb ^rbjlp
llj mbppl^p flq^ a^ klpp^ `obbkÖ^) `lkqo^ abqbojvk^*
) fb j^ka^al alp klpplp msbR^alp ) lr `cqclppbobp
´^p bp`ljrkelcqbp) ûlokl ^p ûob`b^jlp) b abif^p klp
dr^oa^jlp) b qfo^jlp Brbbkal _bj bj `^a^ercf abp*
q^p m^oqbp lnrb abklp pbkqgmklp) b mlabobjlp bkqobk(
abo `lj ^do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo) `ljl bpq^jlp ^`bo*
`^ fa^klpp^ cfb @^afwpP`ff^dl bj pr^ bmfpqlic^ (zrb ^cib
pbj l_f^p eb jloq^ mbo nrb lp abjlbp ^ppv `obbj b
_^j qbjlo) mlobj l$rbj mbo^ klpp^ p^qr^Ölj /G ^cib
nrb lrrbpjlp ab_l^p) b rfoqrlp^p l_o^p pbf^ _bj ^*
óljm^k_^a^ Bppl_ob lp molrbfqlp nrb pb oblob`bj ab*
^rbkjlp pbd+ëal mbii^ p^k`q^ fdobf^ klp _b j^ka^alü
Nrrv ^^pbbpqob co^klfpnrl jbr `lkcbpplo bj WcuS 9mobb*
d^Ölj ) lbjl bj úúbpmrq^kal •erë um^Pl `lj 9erë eb*
sbgb) (nrb a^ lrfo^ r*va^ `lrp^ ieb klj mf^wâ^ `obbo )
afppb) ünrb grboa^ab lnrb afwf^*l_bobgb) *bi blrb^
klj mboaf^) mlo nrb ^_l^ pmbo^kÖ^ a^rva^ bqbok^)

$/./4/7-, +6 HFKKM b^
 L B?(f8 bLTPPBIRBFc`Lf ..3
ü ^abibff^Ölj af^p rfoRfabp nrb mlo biqb ol^fp pbdrv^)
ieb a^r^ j^fp mo^wbo) pbj ^idrë `ltqo^fol nrbû ^cåif*
d^lÖ^ alp mb`^alp) b al j^i c^wbo+ Bppb rbo^^ab bo^ (
lnrb klp ^cfoj^jlp a^rva^ mbo^ pbjmob) nrb mboab*
of^ mlo pl ( Äbp`obp^oÖ^ ^j^vlo mbca^ nrb+ mlabpf^ mbo*
abo Bmlfp a^ `obbkÖ( k^pp^ ^fdrâc` j^i) kbj abpmo^wbo
bj bpq^ rva^) kbj k^ lrqo^ pb klj ob`b_b) nrb j^fp
_bj[ b[clG$PÖ^ k0;++++ ++ Äglj mlo ^p o^plabp[pjl aflq^^
ìab^ fbfu^o ab `obbo) pbbkal rboa^ab) lnrb ^cfoj^ü
jlp ^lboq^j q^i j^i mboabkal bfp^vlo alp _b5p) ^oûüü
^^kco _bj abtbpq`^ nrb do^kab pfpl e b ) krk`^ q^i ar*
rva^ i^oa^o bj klpplp blo^Öllàp B mlo nrb jb m^obü
`bl jrvql mol^ bf qbp^ bk^pvk^k`^ü jb molrrb a ü rlii^
^bobrbo Bp^l_ob cq^qkbfoü al abpr^fol( a^p `obbkÖ^p
Br blkppfgol `ljl k^ cfb nrb+mboqbbk`b ^^p `lrp^p
`bGibpqof^^bp iq^ do^kabp jra^kÖ^p b abbr^qol 3 dbbo^i
Blp j^fp abqlalp a^nrbJ^ ibv ) pbfq^) lr ebobpv^)
`lk`loa^j bj _rÇ j^kbfo^ ab `obbo( B k^ abqbojv(
k^Ölj a^p rfoqrabp b mb`^alp) um^Plp) jlrolp) dbk*
qflp b Grabrp bj qlalp pbrp ifrolp) ^`bo`^ bj qlal pb
^`loa^j Bk^ qbbpÖlj `^ii^a^ nrb `^a^ _rë qbj bj
^br `lo^Ölj ) lp j^fp plj abp^`loa^alp ß^ ercqp kl^p
qbbj mlo j^i k bk qfo) @d^k^o) b _rioo^o) mlo pbrgmol(
rbfql) lrqolp _brbaf`b) b abploabk^al `ljbo+ G? ^iü
drëp p^k_^ ) j^i afwbo) p`pokb`bo) cfie^o rvkfo^k`^ü
klj `lkppbkqbj pbbo do^kab c^iGv`vjb^ql B^ppv lü
j^fp) ^gka^ nrbppb `^iibj) klj qbbj mlo mb`^al ^*
nrbiil ^nrb jrvql plj mbo ^cbfÖlj Gk`ifk^alp) lnrb
_b do^kab bool)% mlo nrbü pb ^idrbj grpq^fkàqb abpmf(
rvrbo) krk`^ abrb pl_ob qla^ `lrp^ nrb ^cfb alp ^oqf(;
dllp alp p^ds^jbkqlp a^p kfoqrabp b mb`^alp mboqbbk{
`b ^rbo qbàÖlj klr^) kbj obmolr^a^) jbp bpq^o pbjü
mob _bj cfojb k^ nrbii^ m^oqb) nrb ^pp^k`q^ fdobf^
pbdro^jbkqb j^ka^o* Blnrb mlo bii^ klj eb abqbo*ü
jvk^al) mo^w^klp j^fp qo^wbiil bj arrva^) nrb cfie^o
boo^a^ qbbkÖlj Ba^kalklp ild^o a b mlabojlp bj ^h
dr 2^ `lrp^p pbdro^jbkqb p`liebo) nr^i m^oqb klp molr(

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
 ..3 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
rbo) bj ^nrbpq^p pbj bjm^`el) `^a^erë p`li_^ lnrb*
ieb jv ielo m^ob`bo+

8P_Xcd[[^ J J J I
9 ^ `dT \T _PaTRT b^QaT PR^]RT_q^\ ST ]^bbP bT]W^aP
bd]RcP \PaXP(

P l _ o b ^arrva^ nrb pb fbj a^ `lk`bmÖlj abklpp^ pb*

kelo^ pÑ`q^ j^of^) pb clv pbj mb`^al lofdfk^i) br qb*
kel nrbppv mlo bpq^p nr^qol o^wlèbp+ Movjbvo^) mlo
nr^kql a^ pr^ m^oqb clv ab`i^o^al) nrb abif^ ieb cb*
wbppbj cbpq^) bumobpp^jbkqb kljb^kal) `g a^ `lk`bm*
Ölj ^`e^j^ppbj) b ^ppv obw^ppbj pbr lcf`fl) lnrb
pbklj j^ka^of^ pb clo^ bj mb`^al) lr bj bii^ klj
lrrbo^ pmb`f^i movrvibdfl ^ppbrp m^obkqbp lrqlod^al)
mlfp k^ nrbi qàml bo^ `of^qro^ a^ij^ o^`flk^i kè bo^+
Pbdrka^ pb nrvpbo^ nrb clo^ cbfq^ mbo p^kbqfcf`^Ölj )
nr^kal ^^ij^ clv `of^a^) klj j^ka^o^ q^i cbpq^ pb cb*
wbppb bj q^i qbjml) mlo nrb a^nrv ^ppbr k^`fjbkql
blj klrb jbpbp) j^p abrbo^ppb c^wbo ^^nrbi nrb pb(
drkal dbbo^i lmbkvlj) ^p ^ij^p k^p jlÖ^p plj `of^*
a^p+ Bmlfp pmb`f^ijbkqb clv j^ka^al 9g clppb ^dlo^
`biib_o^a^) jlpqo^ppb nrb mlo l movrvibdfl nrb clv
lrqlod^al ^ppbrp dbbo^alobp nrb pbj lofdfk^i mb`^al
^dbbo^ppà q^i cbpq^ ieb molrrb pbbo cbfq^+ Qbo`bfo^ nr^k*
al ^rbfklp Gvrob ^rqlofa^ab mbo^ ab klpplp pbkelobp
lr ^jvdlp) mlabo) ab ar^p `lrp^p erÇ) `obbo) b ^cfo*
j^o) ^^jvielo abrbjlp pbbo gk`ifk^alp) mlfp `ljl
^ppv pbf^ nrb ^fdobf^ klp a^ ird^o nrb qbke^jlp nrb
clv `lk`b_fa^ pbj lofdvk^i mb`^al) lr l`lkqo^fol)
Bj bpq^ nrb pbdrkal klppl m^ob`bo) eb abj^vlo mbo(
old^qvr^ pr^ b ab pbrp m^aob b j^aob klp abrbjlp
^cfoj^o+ Nr^oq^ mlo pb c^wbo abcbobkÖ^ ^kqob bii^ b p^j
gle^j) `^ abf pb c^w cbpq^ al k^`vjbkql) mlo nrb kl
rbkqob abppr^ j^aob clv p^k`qfcv`^al Babii^ mlo j^vlo
mboold^qvr^ abppbrp m^obkqbp a^ `lk`bmÖlj jlpqo^k*
al) nr^ ob`b_bolj q^j bu`biGbkqb movrvibdfl) `lk*

$/./4/7-, +6 * 2 2 ) / -
 - H A = H ? K J O O A H D A E NK + ..4
qo^fol al dbbo^i c^iif`fjbkql ab qlaliilp eljbàp) b
jliebobp+ MloÜj abobfq^jbkqb abif^ pb afw nrb clv
pbj j^iafÖlj ab mb`^al jloq^i) rbkv^i) b lofdfk^i
`è`b_fa^) Bmlfp br qbkel if_boa^ab mbo^ mlabo qbbo
nr^i qbbkÖlj abpq^p ar^p jb molrrbo ´rbgl nrb ^cbp*
q^ pb j^kalr à q^i qbjml c^wbo) Bmbo loabk^kÖ^ pr^
ab klpp^ pbkelo^ a^ `lk`bmÖlj clv `e^j^a^) Bj ^*
nrbpq^ m^oqfÖlj ^ppr^ do^Ö^ jb ^`loal pbjmob pbj
arrva^ qbbo b ^cfoj^o B^ppv c^Öl nrb eb kl `bbl) bj
`loml) b bj ^ij^ mbo jrv brvabkqbp o^wllàp nrb lp
ibqbo^alp abjlpqo^j) b mlo p`liebo ^nrbii^ m^oqb nrb
^jbr grvwl eb mbo^ bii^ ab j^vlo ilrrlo b mboold^qfr^
b ^nrbpq^ j^kbfo^ ab `obbo) bj qla^p bpq^p m^oqbp jb
m^ob`bl jrv pbdrol `^jvkel mbo ^do^Ö^ abklppl pb*
kelo mbo^l pbr p^k`ql obgkl Bmbo ^ rvrbojlp bj bpq^
mobpbkqb rva^ rvoqrlp^jbkqb @^ mbo erë mo^qf`l bubj*
mol) bpql _bj pb mlab `lkeb`bo) mlo nrb pb ^idrrp
`^jvkelp mbofgdlplp) b nrb klj p^^_e^jlp ^rbjlp
abm^pp^o) ^nrbi p`lie^jlp nrb ibr^j lp abj^vlo ^r*
qlofa^ab) mbo _ll p^_bo) b do^kab `rpqrjb B^ppv mlfp
^jloqb p`rp^o pbklj mlab mbo^ cvj abklpplp af^p) j^fp
_l^ pmbo^kÖ^ mlabojlp ^rbo) `èrbj nrb ^g^jlp cfojb
cfojbw^ a^ ccb ) klp ^oqfdllp b rfoqrabp) mlfp nrb lp
j^fp mbocbfqlp bpq^ bpqo^a^ ibrlj) ^molr^j) b pbdrbj)
c^wbkal pbjmob _bj) b dr^oa^kalklp ab plpmbfq^) mlo
ibr^o klpp^ `^oobfo^ abobfq^ Bmlo pbdrvo q^i qbbkÖlj)
`lkqo^ lp nrb qbj abpbfl `ljmofo) pr^p j^^p rllkq^*
abp) afwbkal nrb lp _bàp k^ rva^ mobpbkqb rbbj a^*
rbkqrfo^) b kè mbo loabk^kÖ^ abklppl pbkelo Br afdl
9. mbo p^ abqbojvk^Ölj `ljl qbj ^pp^k`q^ j^aob f*
dobf^) nrb ^lp _llp a^o^ pbjmob _bj) b ^p `lrp^p
`lkqo^âo^p pbiebp qlok^olj bj _l^ m^oqb `ljl afw l^*
mlpqliil+ Bppb ab rbkqro^ bpq^ abrv^j ^kqb ^dr^oa^o
_à rvrbkal bj `ljm^ke^ alp _llp) b rfoqrlplp) nrb
kl^i c^wbkal `lj lp j^iib`flplp) lr mê_if`lp mb`^al*
arb :P^ qçml nrb k^ nrbpql p`obrv++++++bj jvke^jvpo
lZ e^^khf ^iblmheeZ) ^ ZnZg`^eah) jn^ f^ iZk^\^h `kZf

$/./4/7-, +6 00(/+
ç.5 K H>='m ?KJOOAHDGENK+

Zkm^ _Zs^kO Zf^g ighihlbmh) ]hl jnZZ^l Z\hg\enlhf

^ ^lmZ IZgb`_^lmZl lhf Z6 h[kZl ]Z \Zkg^) Zl jnZZ^l
l[f _hkgrsbÜ) Ån`b]Z]^) ZnZk^sZ) enqnkbZ) ^ l^knr*
]hâ^ ] h ó r]hÖehl cmngbcsZ]Zl) ]^fZg]Zl8) kb_ZkbZ ) arkZ )
k^bqZ^) ]^lZ\hk]hl) l^bmZl) Ñn^cZl) hf^\b]Zl) [^n^]b'
-35) ^ hnmkZló \hnlZl Z^lmZl l^f^eaZgm^l) Zl jnZZ^ló
]£çh) \hfh cZ Zgm^ ]bll^) jn^ hl h[kZ]hk^l ]^ mZZ^ló
_^bmhl) hkk^bgh ]^ ]^hl ghf Zn^khf K _kn\_\h ]h Zikb*
mn a^ \Zkb]Z]^) i kZs^k) iZs) iZ\bÑg\bZ) `kZg]^sZ ]^'
^^kZÅhf ) [hg]Z]^ ) [^gr`gb]Z]^ ) fZgllb]h]^) __^;
li^kZgÅZ) \hgmrg^g\bZ+ ^Zlmb]Z]^ A lmh ]bs Z^iblmheeZ
^f jn^ [^f l^ ]^fhlmkZf Zl h[kZl jn^ aZgo ]^ _bgZ^k)
^ l^`nrk hl jn^ [nl\Zbmo hl k^bghl ]hl \^^hl+ A ]bs gh
^nZg`^eahm Jhf ih]^^l l^knbk Z ] ^ h l ^ Zh fZfhgZ+
Bhk^f ^mk nhl ]b`h jn^ g^f l^mZZ^l lZ]bZf^gm^ ñ n r *
]hlhl Ñ nhllZl ZefZl) ihk hjn^ Zn^^l ]^hhf^k a ]t
i^kZ nhllh \hkih) jn^ Zn^^l ]^ nblmbk) \^kmZf^gm^
ZZefZ fZbl a^ jn^ fZgcZk) ^ h \hkih fZl jZ^ n^lmb*
]nkZX KeaZZ^ Zl Zñk^l ]h \^^h jn^ ghf l^f^Zf) gà
^heaÑ) g^f ZcngmZf ^f \^ee^bkhl) ^ ghllh iZ]k^ \^e*
e^lmbZe Zl `hn^kgZ Rhl fZbl ^ f^eahk^l lhh^l jn^ ^ b*
eZ l ) jnZe ]^nhl hpmkhl Zllr \nr]hlhl ih]^ Z\k^Z^gmZ^
ñf lnZ `kZg]^sZ an{ \hnh]h) ^ ]Zl nrlmb]nkZl ) ihk
l^fik^ \nb]ZZ^l+ ?hgllbckZZ^ hl ebb^hl ]h \Zfih
Khfh \k^\^f ) ghf mkZ[Zeahf) g^f \hb[Ñ+ A n nhl ]bk'
V^ jn^ ghkZ lZem^fhf ^f mh]Z lnZ `ehkbZ a^ ^n[^kmh )
Zllr \hfh an{ ]^lm^l l^h _^gh ]h \Zfih jn^ ahc^ a^'
^ ]^fZgaZO gh _hkgh a^ ihlmh) ]^hl Zllr g^lm^ jbfg'
mh fZbl Znhl _ZkZ ]^ ihn\Z _b^+ Jhf jn^bkZZ^l' ihk^f
l^^k \hgmbgnZ]Z f^gm^ \nr]hlhl) ]bs^g]h jn^ \hf ^k^ó
f hó) hbd jn^ [^n^k^fhl) hn ]^ jn^ ghl \h[kbk^fhl
mh]Zl ^lmZl ñhnlZl Zl `Ñm^l ]^fZg]Zf+ ü^kmZf^gmK
ghllh iZ]k^ lZ[^ jg^ Zl Zg^^l f^lm^k) [nl\Z Z^ ihk^f
ikbf^bkh h_k^rgh ]^ ]^hl) ^ ZllnZ cnlmbÅZ l^fik^ A mh *
]Zl ^lmZl ^hnlZl ^hl l^khf Z\k^\^gmZ]Zl* gZ jn^lmh
f}gr`_^lmZf^gm^ l^ ]^fhlmkZ) jn^ ghf ]Zn^gmnkZ)
D^f i^k ^hZm^eeZÅhf ghl l^kZf hnmhk`Z]Zl ^lmZl \h''

$/./4/7-, +6 HFKKM H^
 ^ HA=H ?KGOO>HDA$ENK+ ..6
lZl i^km^^\^gm^l ZZnr]Z ik^l^gm^) kh^l ihk [nl\Zkfhl
ikrf^bkh l^n k^cgh) ^ ZcnlmrÅZ l^f ik^) hjn^ l^ _ZkZ
l^`nrg]h Zjn^eeZl h[kZl ]h likbmn) gZ ^iblmhbeZ ]^\eZ*
kZ]Zl) ^ e^bqZg]h Zl ]Zñ\Zkg^ A]hnmkZ `nrlZ ^lmh f^
iZk^\^ jn^]^n^f hl _ZZ^k eh`h cf^ fZgaZ_m) \a^`Zkfh*
ghl Zhl h_b\bhl i^km^^\^gm^l Zhl^knrÅh ]h l^gahk) ^
i^k mh]h h hnmkh ùm^fih) h[kZk ^f ghllhl g^`h\bhl)
`nZk]Ä]h l^fik^;cnlmbÅZbKn+lh[k^ jnZe \cn^k _^bmh+i^g'ó
ñZk ikrf^bkh l^ i^k ^e l^`nrk^fhl hkk^cgh ]^]^hl) hZ
] ^e ghl Z_ZlmZfhl) ^ jnZg]h [ h h ) ^ i^kZ l^`nrkfhl
ghl iZk^\^k lOik^ h\hgmrgnZk^fhl) h[kZg]h mh]h cnl*
mZf^gm^ ZmZZ hih^k \hf lZ `kZÅZ ^f ]^nr]Z ^ ]^l^b'*
]Z _rf ) ^ \hg\ehlhf+ AZn^g]h _b^ \^kmZ) ^ _bkf^ jn^
]^n^fhl ghllhl _^bmhl \hf mZe m^gÅ] l^`nrk) ^ jnZ
Zllr ghl ]^lihgaZfhl Z^een \hf lZ ` kZ Å Z ) ^ fZbl e^*
]hl \hf [hZ li^kZgÅZ) ^ l^`nkZf^gm^ ^gm^g]^kfhl
hjm'^ ]Çhl ]^k^bmh) ^ ibZ]hlh l^gahk jnrl^k ]^ghl hk'
]^gZk jn^ i^gllZk jn^ nÖkZf i^k_hkmngZ) g^f m\hZbhe*
eZÅhf ]^ ikZg^mZl+

8P_uZX<^ J J J I = (
FvQac ST_PacXSPb R^dbPb ` STdT\^b RaTTa&

è ? h g l l bckZfbh ^f ZfZg^bkZ jn^ ]^n^fhl b^ ^ k gZl \hh*

ñ Z l ]^g^llZ \k^^gÅZ) Zfrf iZk^\^ jn^ l^ iZkm^f ^f
ñr i j b_h ] ^ _ ^ \ Z l ihk jn^ ZllZghmZ b`k^bZ ghl fZg]Z
ùhk^^k hjn^ l^ è\hgm^f ^f h\k^]h) ^ gh jnr\mfjn^*nnQ)
^h n mkh ^ \^kmhl Zkmb`hhl^f hl jnZZ^3 ghf \]n^f [nZ*
'ëZk kZZ^M^l Zcg]Zjn^ hl N^r+fZgrlmZl fnr mZl ]^fhl*
) fZl i^k à[^]b^g\bZ l^`n kZ) ^ Zll^llZ`Z]Z f ^ ñiZ*
] ^\^ jh^ k^Zeef^gmh) ^ ;fZbl 9_hoZ ]^i^kb`h) ^ m#mZÅhf
$ih]^fhl ^ ]^n^fhl hk^^k 'jê^ i^k hnmkZ ]^fhl mkZgÅZ
]^kkZlhh]l 9AZllr *hnr $l\kbimë ^f ;an_m ik^^`ZÅhf ]^*
f ^lmk^ or^^gm^ ^f j n ^ ] Z k Z jbk^ i^kZZ nbcg]Z ]h Zb;*
1^ Zmià) Xu" ^kZ khZbl ^^`nkh ñZfXk_oa^ i^kZ ^lmZkû_bkf^
mnZ jh^ i^k lrfik^s m_[^]b^ghbZ) ;ghf \nkZg]h
$iZeeZnkZl 'ëk^^fñ^ \hf h ói^k $ZllZn\mZbb`khbZfZl b ó

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
cmh h HA=H ?KJOOAHD>ENK+
fZg]Z]h Agh ebnkh ]h+k^`rf^gmh ]hl ikrg\ri^l) hg*
]^ ]bs \hfh gZ r]Z]^ g h n Z) ghllZ K^ ]^n^ l^^k ^gl'
lrgZ]Z) ihk _ng]Zf^gmh ikrg\biZe) ]^\eZkZ \hfh l^*
ghnb ih]^ [^f ]^fhlmkZk i^k kZshf) g^f \hfik^ Z*

 ^gm^ ]^ghllZ fZg^bkZ ^lmh fnrmh l\he]krgaZk m^f^g*

h Zjn^eeZ iZeeZnkZ jn^hl l\he]krg[Z]hk^l ]ZfZ`^lmZ*
]^ ^m^kgZe l^kZf Z[Zmr]hl) ^ hjn^ l^ ]bs jn^ hl cnr*
sh5 ]^ ghllh l^gahk l^ ghf ih]^f \hfik^g]^k) g^f
i^k\ZeÅZk+ O^`ng]Z a^ ]hl lZ`kZf^gmhl jn^ lhf l^m^
+l+ >Znmblf h) ? kblf Z) ?à_bllhf ) OZ\kZf^gmh ]Zfrl*
l Z) Kk]^f ]h \ZlZf^gmh) Almk^fZ DngÅhf AZjn^l*
mZl Zllr \àn^f l^f ]nnr]Z \k^^k jn^ lhf ]^mZgmZ
nbkmn]^) ^ ih]^k \hfh i^k ZllZg\mZ b`k^bZ [^ ]^m^k*
frgZ]h) ghf [nl\Zg]h kZshf) fZbl ÅZZgÅZk hf^kb\r*
f^gmh ]Z _e^ ) i^k lbfik^s h[^]b^g\bZ+ AgZ jn^lmZl
]nZl iZkm^l) freeZ`k^l hn^g\^khf) ^ lhnb`Zkhf mh]Z
kZshf ) AZ jn^f hl ghf \k^^k ] b` h ) Zjn^e ]b\mh ]^
lZf `kb`hkbh jn^ ]Z ihk fZgr_^lmh khreeZ`k^) ghllZ _b^
l^ ih]^k \k^^k l^f freeZ`k^l \hkZ mZgmZl fhkm^l ]^
lÄ\mhl) a^k^lbZl) rih\kblbZl) \rlfZl) lrfhgrZl) \h*
fh ]^ebZl ^f lhfZ l^ _Zs f^gÅâ gh ebnkh ]ZZkãhk ]Zl
[ZmZeaZl) mh]hl Zjn^ee^l fZee^l i^k freeZ`k^l _hkhkZ
n^g\b]hl i^k hl jnZZ^l ghllZ Ö_^ l^ _ng]hn ikbg\riZe*
f^gm^ \hfh ]bs ghllh l^gahk) l^ Zfb ghf \k^^kZ^l)
\k^^]^ Zl h[kZl) ihk jnÉ lâ mZZ^l jn^ hnmk^f ghf Zl
_Zs+ AZllr hl Zihlmheehl \hfikb]hl Z^ lZg\m^likbmh ihk
fncmh jn^ ik^^`Zll^f Z__hkÅZ ]h \hn^kmbfÑmh ]^ mh]h
hihnhh _hr i^k freeZ`k^l) ihk^f Zhl ik^^`Z]hk^l kgnr
g^\^ll|kbh ea^ \ân^f 9v Zchf mZe nr]Z jn^ ghllh l^*
gahk i^k ^ee^l Zcn]^ lnZl ik^^`ZÅhà^l) \Z hl hnmkhl
jn^ [Ñ ik^^`hf ) ^ fZe nrn^f ]Zf Z[^n^k Zn`nZ Ån*
cZ mkbeaZ]Z \hf l^n fZZh nrn^k) \hfh ]bs lZf ` k^ ` h *
kbh gh ebnkh iZlmhkZe+ Lhlmh jn^ ghkZ n^cZfhl Zllr ^kZ*
kZf ^gm^ hl freeZ`k^l) \k^^k ]^n^fhl hl jn^ i^k Zlñ
^Ä\mZ b`k^cZ lhf ZikhnZ]hl l^f Ze`nÄ ]nnr]Z+ A j n Z e
jn^k jn^ \Z]Zan_e n r k) ea^ ]^n^ _Zs^k `kZg]^ Zcn]ZX
i^kZ klj arrva^o klp lrqolp) `ljl afwf^ p^k`ql ^dlp*

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ ./.
ivkel) mlo ^jloqb ab p^j ilrobkÖl+ Br rv er@ jrv*
ql `i^ol bj lp `lorlp al `^_l ab p^j rv`bkqb alp
nr^^bp ^cvoj^j lp nrb kolo^j k^ nrbii^ `lj^o`^ el*(
jbbkp ab fkrv ^kqfgd^ va^ab ^nrbl mobdrkqbv nrb
krk`^ rvolj bj biibp jra^kÖ^) mlo nrb plj alrp))
b kr`^ j^fp kbj jbklp Rbbkppb ^lp eljbbkp ob`b_bo
lm^j nrb F_b i^kÖlj) b ^dr^oa^j qPppbdrol) b ab
mobql `ljl pb clppbj ^rbp jÇpp^p+ Bpql k^qrobw^ klj
`lkppbkqb nrb qÑql mlabppbj rvrbo mlo nrb k^ Gbbka^
al af`ql p^k`ql cbw jbbkÖlj nrb alrp `lorlp dr^oa^*
olj lppbr `loml a^p lrqo^p ^rbp) b `^^bp nr^kal kl(
`^jml clv i^kÖ^al) b ^dlo^ rbbo ^nrbiibp nrb krk`^
plj kbj j^fp kbj jbklp) `ljl af`ql e b) pbj ^alb*
`bobj ) kbj c^wbobj jra^kÖ^ bj pr^ j^kppvallb m^*
ob`b `lrp^ jrvql j^o^rvielp^ Bppb afppbobj nrb lp
`lorlp rvrbj jrvql) `ljl bj dbbo^i pbafw) b mlobj
klj eb jvii^dob) afdÇjb alrqolp pbjbie^kqbp) mlo
nrb krk`^ lp rv) kbj lrrv abiibp c^ii^o+ Pb qlalp q^k(
ql rvrbppbj mlfp nrb c^wbj dbbo^Ölj) `ljl qla^p
lrqo^p ^rbp) jrvqlp j^fp pbof^j Bmlfp ^ppf kè eb b
^nrbpql j^dkvcbpql pb abjlpqo^) `lkrbj `lkcbpp^o ^*
qlalp nrb eb do^j j^o^rvi_^ B^lp umÇ^lp nrb eb
jrv brgabkqb jvii^dob Bppb afppbobj nrb lp cfielp ^*
moàabj alp m^aobp) ^idrÇp rbwbp pbof^ j^fp) lr jb[
klp nrb alrp) lnrb pbklj rvr bj obkbj_o^kÖ^ alp
eljbàp+ B^ppv `ljl rbbjlp bpqb) abrbjlp `obboilp
lrqolp ^molr^alp mbo ^pp^k`q^ fdobf^ bj nrb ^klpp^
cfb lrrb jrg movk`fm^i crka^jbkql Qbo`bfo^ c^Öl a^p
rfoqrabp) ^ppv nrb ^g^jlp mbo rfoqrab lnrb mbo bii^
clo abqbojvk^al+ Bmlo nrb k^qro^ijbkqb mbo loabk^k*
Ö^ abklppl pbkelo bii^p mlabj plbo `lkeb`fa^p mbo ql*
a^p mbppl^p rfoqrlp^p) b bkqbkafa^p) _bj eb qo^_^ie^o(
jlp ab^p p^_bo b mo^qf`^o nr^kql j^fp b jbielo ml*
aáojlp Nr^oq^ eb al `lkeb`vjbkql alp mb`^alp pl*
_ob lp nr^^bp eb abpp^_bo nrb plj 3bqb pbdrkal dbb*
o^G abrvplj `ljl af`ql e b ) j^p qbbj jrvq^p abcb*
obkÖ^p+ @^ plj ^idrNp bj l_o^o) c^ii^o) lr mbkpp^oü

$/./4/7-, +6
 .// L IB>I @LHPPBIEBFOL+
lrqolp mbo ibfu^jbkql) b ^nrbpql mlo lcbfql pbbo `c^
dbbo^Ölj alp j^iibp b `lkqo^afwbo bumobpp^jbkqb ^ifbf
aÑ k^qrobw^) bj nrb qla^ _l^ o^wlj `lk`loa^)* b q^^bp
`lrp^p ev e^ [ j^fp klj plj j^i) nrb mlo pbbobj
abcbp^p b lc^iif`vjbkql a^ nrbii^p rbj mlo klj nrb*
obo p^_bo ^p `lrp^p nrb abrb c^wbo lr abif^p pb dr^o*
a^o Bmlpql nrb iel afd^j) mbo pl_bor^) b mobprkÖlj)
klj nrbobo `lkppbkqfo) b `obbo) pbdrkal mbo ^pp^k`q^
fdobf^ klp eb abqbojvk^al kl nrb `èrbj mbo l_baqbkü
`v^ pbj arrva^ ^rbo mlo mb`^al Bmbo _l^ abiifdbk`f^
qo^_^ie^o nr^kql j^fp* mlaboÜ mbo^ _bj `lkeb`bo b p^*
_bo qla^ii^p pr^p j^kbfo^p B`lj ^do^Ö^ al klppl pb*
kelo ablp pb dr^oa^o abif^p `lkppfgo^kal ^p `lrp^p "
pb j^ka^j b ^p nrb plj bk`ljbka^a^p j^fp nrb j^k*
a^a^p a^p nr^^bp pb avw nrb lnrbppb bk`ljbka^) b
klj j^ka^ pbl c^wbj ^molrbfq^) pbl ibfu^o^ klj `lk*
a^k^) b ^nrbpql abrbj p^_bo ^nrbiibp nrb o^wl^a^*
jbkqb bkqbkabj mbo `boq^ rfpq^ ab lrqlofa^ab ab qbu *
ql ^_^pq^kqb b klj mbo lmbkvlèbp ab alrqlobp B l p
nrb q^kql kè plr_bobj mbo j^ka^jbkql abmbppl^p ^*
molr^a^p pb obdbj+ >nrvkq^ j^kbfo^ eb alp abobfqlp)
pl_ob ^p if_boa^abp) b groafÖè a^ fdobf^ Bmlo nr^kql
^idrëp abpqbp p0 p`ofmqlp mbo ibqbo^alp) nrb pl_obiil
p`obrboè clolj `iÜofdlp) b nrvpbolj i^od^jbkqb c^rl*
cobw^o ^ppr^ m^oqb) mlpql nrbl cbwbppà `lj _l^ qbbk*
Ölj+ Mlobj bpql klj bj_^od^kal qlaliilp pbkelobp
bj bpq^ m^oqb qbbj `boq^p loabk^kÖ^p bj pr^p qboo^p
_^a `lkppbor^Ölj ab pbrp bpq^alp b _bkoabppbrp pr_*
af`qlp) mbo ^kqfdl `rpqrjb ^molr^alp nrb m^ob`bj
`lkqo^âo^p ^lmbkvlj abiibp) ^p nr^^bp bkqbkal nr b
`^a^ erë movk`fmb abrb dr^oa^o) mlo pborfÖl ab klppl
pbkelo ablp) `ljl cbwbolj pbrp ^kqb`bpplobp) pbdrk*
al bi `lj pbr `lkppbiel mlo jbielo ^`loa^o @^ p^j
m^^il nhe erÑ ^rqlofa^ab) nrb lp mobii^alp) `iÜofdlp)
T obifdflplp jrvql _bj abrbj `lkppfgo^o ^gka^ nrb ^*
qlalp mboqbbkÖ^) j^ka^ bj pr^ bmfpqlii^) nrb pbf^jlp
^ppv `lkql cvrobp) b klj nrb ^g^jlp rbbl ab if_boa^*

$/./4/7-, +6 2)&!00(/+
 K HA = H ?KJOOAHD>ENK+ ./0
ab) ab j^qif`f^) B `lj q^i `r_`oqro^ lp pbkelobp klj
pb abrbj bpqbkabo mbo^ _ofq^o lmovrvibdfl `if`^Z) j^fp
nrb pbrp ^kqb`bpplobp) kbfk a^o ird^o ^biibp nrb rv*
r^ok bj abpbkcob^al ^qobrvjbkql) `ljl ^idrëp nrb
_llp klj plj c^oflj) pb mbo lp pbkelobp kè clppbj
qbjmbo^alp) lnrb pbjmob pb abrb c^wbo `lj do^kab
qbk ql) b _ll `lkppbGel `lj obdr^oal al pborfÖl ab
ablp+
8P_Xcd[[^ J J J I = = (
9Pb ^dcaPb dXacdSTb) T bRXT]RXPb P`dT SP\ UT _Ta
STbdPXaPSPb \P]TXaPb(

@vlkppfgo^kal k^p abpr^fo^a^p j^kbfo^p nrb pb a^ ccb )

T `obbkÖ^ ^^p molcb`f^p) rvpllàp) plkelp) a^o ^rllk*
q^ab(rfoqrabp a^p m^ii^ro^p) mbao^p) b bor^p) pfdk^^bp
alp `bblp) b nrb pb c^wbj k^ qboo^) Bj mboppl^p b
^ifj^of^p) b qboobjlqlp) do^Ö^p pmb`f^^bp nrb ablp
lrqlod^ nrb ^g^j ^idrÇp mbppl^p B^bpqolii^wf^) kvÖol*
j^k`f^) dblj^k`f^) b lrqo^p pbjbie^kqbp p`fbk`f^p)
^oqbp) pmbofjbkqlp b ploqfiibw^p) abjlal abqobdbfq^o
mbo plqfiibw^ a^p j^Çlp) br k^qro^i j^kbfo^) klj `rp(
qrj^a^ Blrqolp mbo cloÖ^ ab k^qrobw^) ^idrë mlr`l
bj plj^ rlp nrbol p`obrbo) al cg pl_obiil bkqbkal) b
mbo^l mlaboabp pbdrfo pb rlp _bj m^ob`bo+ >idrNp
rbfl nrb qlal nrbobj ^cfoj^o `boq^jbkqb ) lr ^ppv
kbd^o) b `lrp^ klj Gebp mo^w qo^wbo bj arrva^ lnrb
jb m^ob`b jrv alrvalpl `^jvkel) mlo lnrb pb afw)
jbielo eb arrva^o) nrb ^qobrva^jbkqb) pbj abp`ofm*
Ölj abqbojvk^o Bmlobj pl_ob qla^p bpq^p m^oqbp ^(
nrbii^p `obbl nrb ^pp^k`q^ fdobf^ j^ka^ `obbo) klj
a^kal cib ^^p nrb abcbkab) b ^p lrqo^p qo^dl bj ar*
rva^) pbj jb ^cfoj^o abqlal ^`^a^erÇ a^p m^oqbp)
mlo nrb ^idrÇp m^ob`bj gjmlppfrbbp) b plj rboa^abf*
o^p Blrqo^p ^cfoj^j jrvqlp nrb plj pbj arrva^)
nrb qbkel mlo c^ipp^p) bkd^klp^p) b `lkqo^cbfq^p Bml*
obj lp nrb rbbj q^^bp abpr^folp) abrbj cfie^o mlo pb*
drol `^jvkel klo^ pb ^cfoj^o jrvql bj `^a^ erÑ abp(
N X

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
F/1 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDGENK+
q^p m^oqbp mbo qbbkÖlj) kbj m^ii^ro^) mlo klj m^ob*
`bo ^erëp jbkqfolpl) b ^lrqolp nrb `lj mbocf^ `lk*
qo^afw lnrb qlalp ^cfoj^j) mlo nrb bj `^a^ qÜoo^ qbbj
^idr0p `lrp^p) q^kql mlo `lkqo^fo^p nrb mlo jrvql
nrbppb ^cfojbj pbjmob mlo jrvqlp p^j ^rva^p) Blr*
qo^p `obbj q^j pbj arrga^ nrb e^fk mlo clo^ aboo^*
wlj) b `ljmovalp ab jrvq^ mbocf^ nrbj ^p klj `obbo
Mlo rbboabp abpql bkubjmolp) nrbj `lkq^o clo^ a^
qÜoo^ nrb mbaob ^äp rbb ^p ^dr^p b a^ lp pvk^^bp nrb
^q^^ uu _o^Ö^p) b j^fp ab plqboo^) pbolj ^`e^a^p c f *
nrb ^nrbpqb jlÖl mbaol) q^j pfjmobw) nrb ^ppv ^cfo*
j^ nrb ^p r bb) b mlpql nrb klj pbf^ abjrvq^ ^rql*
ofa^ab ) `ljl f^ bj ^if`b`bp ab `^p^p clv ^`e^al `bo*
ql pbj c^iib`bo `lrp^ bj ^iqro^) b k^ qÜoo^ pl_ob nrb
bolj crka^alp+ Ba^ jliebo nrb m^pp^ ab uff ^älp) nrb
kl Örjl ab erP j^Ö^^j ) lr pbjbie^kqb `ljbo) kl
af^ bj nrb j^fp i^odl `ljb pb j^kqbj) klj dlpq^k*
al `^okb) mbp`^al) lrlp) ibfqb) kbj lrqo^ _l^ rv^k*
a^) j^p `lj q^j mlr`^ `ljl af`ql eb) pbj rvkel pb
q^k^kqbj bj pll _brbo a^rdr^ pfjmobw) nrb eb gk`of*
avrbi Balp nrb dr^ob`bj lp jloafalp alp `^Ñbp a^*
k^alp mbo lp _bbkwbo B`ljl abrvkeÑ lp nrb lp r^Pl
_rp`^o) mlo lppbkqfobj kl `lo^Ölj ) pbdrkaãjb g^
`lkq^olk' alrp) m^aob) b cfiel Berë `^mbii^j jbr
nrb qbj bpq^ rfoqrab) b q^j _bj abm^o foÜ ^p jliebobp
pbj `^glj bj pr^ mobpbkÖ^) klj plj `lrp^p nrb pb
_bj `ob^fk Bab a^o ^^rlkq^ab) lnrb ^af^kqb pb ^`"*
qb`b) Br rv g^ `lrp^p q^j `boq^p nrb pbof^j jrv ar*
rvalp^p abbobbo+ B^ppv lrqo^p q^^bp rfoqrabp nrb klp*
pl pbkelo nrbo lrqlod^o ^^idr$p mbppl^p) klj pb ml*
abj `çmobebkabo mbo o^wlj+ Blcbool `^ial nrb k^
nrbpq^ + qÜoo^ q^kqlp `boqfcf`^j nrbl rvoa cfie^o) nr^k*
al clo^ pb afw mlo jrvql nrbppb ^cfojb) mlr`lp ^`e^j
nrbl _bj `obÜ Bppbjbie^kqb c^wbjlp klp alrqo^p nrb
jrvqlp abclo^ `lkq^j) mlo nrb ^p l_o^p a^ cbfqfÖ^of^)
b nrbppb afwbj ab`^qbâhje^) b p^_lv^ br cebp alr
mlr`^ cfb Kbj ^^nrbii^p n jrvqlp ^cfoj^j bj bpqbü

$/./4/7-, +6 ' 0 ( ( ) 1 -
 K H A = H ?KJO5AHDAENK+ ./2
obvklp mlo nrb lj^fp abqlal bv mlo bkd^kl b _rioo^+
Pl_obpq^p l_o^p abcbfqfÖlp jrv ilp `^Çb à do^kabp mb*
`^alp b pb ibfu^j `lj doÄa` j^i b abplelkoo^) `lkqf*
kr^o bj biibp) mlo iebp a^o câb) lr nrbobkal jlpqo^o
nrb plo^ cloÖ^alp nrb ^jbo^ ^idrëp jliebobp) b rv*
r^j `lj bii^p `lkqo^ `lk`fbk`f^) b pbr _ll bpq^al
a^kal bj molr^ nrb klj pb abrb mbkpp^o nrb _rë q^i
ifljbo^ `lkeb`bkal qÇql j^i) pb abi klo^ dr^oa^ppb)
klo^ pbbkal mbo cbfqfÖlp rbk`fal BafwP nrb p^p jlieb*
obp ieb m^ob`bo^ _bpq^p) b pbjbie^kqbp) ^cfoj^j ^p
jliebobp mlo nrblp j^ofalp Boobpmlkabkal ^bpil) af*
d l nrb jvke^ qbbkÖlj eb nrb pb a^j ^`lo^bo) b _b*
rbo `lrp^p mbo^ j^q^o) qfo^o l bkqbkabo) c^w rfgo ^albk*
Ö^p) j^p mbo^ ^j^o klj nrbol `obbo) mlfp lkrk`^
r v ) b ^oo^wlj jl klj `lkppbkqb) kbj mbo ^fdobf^ eb
j^ka^al nrbl `ob^ Bppb `lkppfgo^ojlp kl nrb l^o^lo
al rvkel c^w ^lp elo^bPp) _bo^ pb `lkeb`bo^ nrb qlal
kbj abppb ild^o b `lo^Ölj abpeloabk^a^jbkqb `lj
^idrÑ `lrp^) lnr^i klo^ p^_bj cloÖ^o) kbj c^wbo p`lo*
obd^o Bmlobj mlLb mlo pv q^i p`rp^) lr mbo ^vj^df*
k ^Ölo^ ^ppv lmbkpplj Bppl_obpql qbkel rvpqlp) b lr*
rvalp jrvqlp bkubjmolp mbo^ qfo^o q^i c^kqbpf^) lnrb
jb c^wbj qbbo bo^ bpq^ qbbkÖlf> Bppbdrkal jÜr `lkp(
pbiel nrbj bo^ q^i `^vo `lo^ ^^gra^ abklppl pbkelo)
mbo pbr bpcloÖl) b p^_bo) b mlabo) cfie^kal `lkppbiel
ab mÜoppl^p rfoqrlp^p pb bpclo`b) b klj pb `rob abcbf*
ïqfÖ^of^+ B`lj do^kab o^wlkl pb c^w grpqfÖ^ a^p mbppl^p
*nrb pbnrbobo^ qo^_^ie^o abq^f p`fbk`f^ crka^a^ pl_ob
jbkqfo^) bkd^kl) b _rioo^p) clo^ abqlal rfoqrlpl crk*
a^jPql Bmlobj jb mo^w qo^wbo q^^bp `lrp^p bj arrv*
a^%) pb^p j^dkfcbpq^jbkqb älo^ rfo Bk^ nrbif^p ^gka^
nrb ^p mlo¶`boq^p ^g^) c^ii^o mlr`l ^dbkqb bpqo^kdbfo^)
*b `lj o^wllPp _bj obdr^oa^a^p @^ klj rbk^ ab^p
`lkq^o q^kql molrbfql) elkoo^) lr mo^wbo nrb o^^fp
bjm^`el klj pbg^) ^rbobj mobprÖlj nrb klj eb rbo*
* a^ab lnrb afwbjlp) mlo nrb klp pbkelobp bpq^ rfoqm*
a b) ^kqob qla^p jrvql ob`b_b do^kab ilrrlo) lkab mlo

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 e^
./3 K H A = H ?KJOOGHDAENK+
bmb`f^i abif^ plj `e^j^alp giirpiofppfjrp) b pbobkvppv*
jlp) jlpqo^kal nrb plj ^ppv `i^olp bj rboa^ab) cl*
o^ ab _rioo^) bkd^kl) b jbkqfo^) nrb k92 abrbj bj
pbrp cbfqlp b af`qlp mlbo arrva^ mbkpp^kal nrb mlabj
`^vo bj q^^bp c^iif`fjbkqlp+ Bmlobj j^fp pbdro^ m^o*
qb jb m^ob`b pbjbie^kqbp `lrp^p klj jrvql ^p ^cfo*
j^o) kbj `lkqo^afwbo+ A^ bpqolklfkv^+) b lrqo^p p`fbk*
`f^p) lr ^oqbp) nrbj pb mlab jrvql ^cfoj^o) rbbkal
^idrÇp rbwbp mbo`^iÖ^o mbo bii^p q^j do^kabp rboa^abp)
b alrqo^p q^kq^p c^iib`bo+ A^p l_o^p k^qro^^bp) nrbj
`lkppfgo^o `ljl m^ob`bo^ gjmlppvrbi) ^nrbj krk`^
rvl _è_^oa^p) lr qoçlp) afwbobkieb nrb er^ mlr`^ ab
mlirlo^) mlab i^kÖ^o q^j do^kab mbao^ jrvql ilkdb)
`lj q^i cloÖ^) al nrb klp g^ klj mlbjlp arrva^) mlo
^`lkqvkr^a^ pmbofbk`f^ `lkeb`bo^ nrb abqlal klj ab*
rb `lkqo^afwbo lrqo^p pbjbie^kqbp) mlpql 9z ^p klj
rvppb B^ppv abrbjlp mbkpp^o alrqo^p pbjbie^kqbp l*
_o^p) ^gka^ nrb klp m^obÖ^j clo^ ab o^wlj) nrb ml*
abj pbbo rboa^abfo^p) j^p mlo q^kql klj abrbjlp
`obbo lrqo^p pbjbie^kqbp) pbklj nr^kal ^ppv ab`boql
klp clobj abjlpqo^a^p) kbj abjlp cfb ^lp cbfqlp) b
_rioo^p alp ^inrfjvpq^p nrb mbo q^^bp pbjbie^kÖ^p
jlpqo^j nrb lp abrbq^lp ^rbo mlo rboa^abfolp Bmlpql
nrb klj ^`boqbj abc^wbo nrb g^ rboa^abfo^jbkqb pb
cb w ) kbj alp nrb ^cfojÇ ^rbo lrol bk`^kq^al lnrb
qbkel mlo do^kab _rioo^) mlo brvabkqbp o^wlåbp b _llp
bkuàmolp nrb moliful pbof^j abp`obrbo+ Mlobj pl_obp*
q^p l_o^p a^ k^qrobw^) olbr `lkppbiel eb nrb ifdbfo^*
jbkqb klj pb `obÇ) mlo ^p jbkqfo^p) nrb ^idrëp nrb
m^ob`bj alrqlofa^ab pl_obii^p ^cfoj^j+ Kbj abqlal
pb `lkqo^afd^j) mlo ^p jrv j^o^rgielp^p nrb pb c^*
w bj ) b abrbkppb abqo^wbo bj arrva^) j^fpgk`ivk^*
alp ^^p klj `obbo nrb ^p ^cfoj^o) qbjbkal ^nrbii^
pbkqbkÖ^) nrbj abifdbfol `obb) eb abibrb `lo^Ölj
A^ dlvolp) plkelp) a^o ^^rllkq^ab) pvk^^bp al `bbl)
b a^ qboo^) ^idrë _ll eljà klj abrb c^wbo `lkq^ mlo
nrb pb klj mlab _bj bkqbkabo) nr^kal eb mbo k^q^*

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ ./4
o^i abjlpqo^Ölj abklppl pbkelo) qbkq^Ölj al gjfgdl
nrì k^qro^i mob`fbk`f^j) lr nrb rbbj mbo pvo^mobw
^`lkqb`fjbkql mbo jra^kÖ^ a^ `ljmobfpplj) lr c^i*
q^p m^pp^a^p) pà ^idrë pfdkfcf`^al Bmlo nrb+klj pb +
mlab ^j^vlo m^oib _bj `lkeb`bo) lok^fp pbdrol `^olg*
kel) _b klj `ro^o ab qlal bpql) Ü pbdrfo ^nrbi `lkp*
pbiel nrb afw) i^kÖ^ qbrp `rva^alp bj ablp) b bi qb
ob`of^o^+
8P_2 g g g ] d +
9 P b_TaP]qP(
@G
s[l_ob ^bpmbo^kÖ^ abrbjlp `èppfgo^o nrb mlabjlp bo*
o^o pl_bf^kal) `ljl c^wbj ^idrNp nrb `lkqvkr^a^jbk(
qb j^i rvrbj Bnrbobkal ^ppv erp^o) afwbj nrb abl^
eb q^j mfbalpl nrb qla^rv^ lp p^ir^o^ jrg pbj qb(
jlo) ^ppv lbpmbolj+ Lrqolp mlcib qÇq^ pmbo^kÖ^ bj
erë pll af^ nrb gbgr^j) lo^Öllàp nrb obw^j ) kljv*
c`^p nrb qo^wà) lr bj `boq^p olj^of^p nrb moljbqbj)
nrb pbj qbjlo pmbo^j ^rbo p^ir^Ölj) b ab do^kabp
j^Gibp pbbo dr^oa^alp) kç ibfu^kal abmb`^o) kbj pb
qo^_^ie^kal ab rvrbo rfoqrlp^jbkqb) bkqbkabkal nrb
^nrbii_ do^kab ^cbfÖlj nrb qbbj bj `^a^ erÇ a^nrbi*
i^p `lrp^p eb ^_^pqÇqb mbo^ iebp qfo^o qlal j^i) b iebp
pbbo lrqlod^al do^kabp _bàp) mlpql nrb k^p lrqo^p
`lrp^p rvr^j ^l `ljmovfkbkql ab pbrp j^^l^ abp^fl^
B^gka^ nrb mlo qlalp j^iibp klj c^wbkal p^qfpc^Ölj
^g^jlp a^rbo mbk^) b alp _bàp d^ii^oaqc Mlobj klj
^ppv do^kab b dbbo^i `ljl ^idrëp mlo bpq^p l_o^p pmb*
`f^^b5) abklj ^`^_^al jbof`vjbkql nrbobj pmbo^o
` 90 mlr`l bkqbkabo) ^p mobdrfÖlp^p rllkq^abü afwbkal
klppl p^ir^alo) b klj ^nrbiib nrb afw+ pbkelo) bkqo^(
o^ bo^ pbr obvkl) jbp l`z cbwbo ^ rllkq^ab ab pbr m^*
a ob) Ba^idrëp gbgr Lp nrb lp klj ob`b_bo^) mlo nrb
kL plj ^`ljm^ke^alp ab l_o^p rfoqrlp^p) alrqolp ieb
klj mo^w ob`b_bo lp p^`ofcâ`flp) mlo pbbobj àrliqlp
bj do^kabp mb`^alp+ >idrNp nrb bj pbr kljb `ro^j
uÄ bkcbojlp b abo^nkvke^alp ^ nrb afo^ lp klj `l(

$/./4/7-, +6 HFKMM b^
./5 K H° =H ?KJOOAHDGENK+
keb`b)* mlo pbbobj l_o^alobp ab j^ia^abp Bafw j^f^
nrblp rboa^abfolp lo^alobp) klj efolok _rp`^o feoin;)
kbj lrqol jlkqb) jbp bj pmofql b rboa^ab lo^olj
^l m^aob+ @^ bâ q^^bp nrbo nrbl ^alobj+ B^ppv mlo
bpq^p o^wlèbp pb jlpqo^ `ljl ^klppl pbkelo klj mo^w
nrb mlke^jlp bj bpq^p `lrp^p pmb`f^^bp klpp^ movk*
`fm^i pmbo^kÖ^) jbp bj bi Ry ibfu^jbkql abqlalp mb*
`^alp jloq^^bp) b pbdrvjbkql dbbo^i abqla^p rfoqr*
abp+ @^ mbo l_ofd^Ölj bj+ qlalp bpq^alp ppljlp qebr*
alp abklp dr^oa^o lr `ljmofo lnrb dbbo^ijbkqb klp
eb j^ka^al Mbo jvkdr^ a^ pmbo^kÖ^ boolj à dbbo^i)
nr^kal a^ p^ir^Ölj ^^p ^ij^p k^a^ pb kbj_olj) lr
^gka^ nrb ià_ob) mbo jvkdr^ ab cfb ) `lrp^ abiil klj
`ro0 ) lr mlo pb ^rbobj mlo q^j j^^lp nrb klj pmb*
o^j nrb klppl pbkelo lp mlpp^) kbj nrbfo^ p^ir^o)
lr jra^o ab pr^ c^iif`fa^ j^kbfo^ abrvrbo Bc^wbj bp*
ql bj pmb`f^i mbo erë bool abnrb mlr`lp p`^mlj B^*
nrbpql nr^kal a^idrëp c^iif`fjbkqlp klj pmbo^j ^rbo
@loobdvjbkql) mlpql nrb bj qla^p lrqo^p `lrp^p pb
bpclo`bj ^_bj) b rfoqrlp^jbkqb rvrbo) `^ erë alp
^oobr^q^jbkqlp a^ p^ke^ mbo nrb qobpm^pp^j ^p l_o^p
lr m^ii^ro^p nr^^bp klj abrbj) lrqolp al `ljbo b
_brbo pl_bfl) a^p ^cbfÖllPp a^p jliebobp) alp laflp)
àrbg^p) j^inrbobkÖ^p B^ppv ab `^a^erë alp j^iibp pb
qbbj mlo q^j `lpqo^kdfalp nrb mbkppÑ pbbobj mbo pr^
moãmof^ k^qrobw^) q^kql mbo l_ofd^Ölj pldbfqlp ^q^f
mb`^al) nrb mlo qlal pbr mlabo) krk`^ abf pb mlab*
o^j `ro^o) kbj àjbka^o) p^irl pb ablp jvo^`rilp^*
efbkqb lp `loobdbo mbo^l nrb biibp jvkdr^alp ab pmb*
o^kÖ^) g^ klj nrbobj qo^_^ie^o) mlo nrb ^ppv `ljl
rbk`falp bj pr^p rllkq^abp Bj pr^ pldbfÖlj pb nrb*
obj ibfu^o g^wbo) afwbkal nrb klj mlabj bj qlal
pbbo mbocbfqlp+ Brbk`falp mbo ^cbfÖlj b co^nrbw^) plj
`lkqbkqbp a^ j^kbfo^ abppbr rvrbo) qbbkal nrb klj
plj afdklp ab mboaro^rbi mbk^) kbj a^ mobpbkqb ob*
obmobebkpplj) mlo pbbobj aboof_^alp a^idrëp do^kabp
mb`^alp) pb alp lrqolp pbkqbj nrb plj bj _ll bpq^*

$/./4/7-, +6 ' 0 ( ( ) 1 -
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ ./-
] h) `lj ^idrÇ q^i j^kbfo^ abrvrbo nrb rfoqrlp^ m^*
obÖ^) lr afdk^ abjbof`fjbkql Klj pbàal ibj_o^alp
a^nrbii^ m^ii^ro^) nrbj bj erë mb`^al c^iib`b bj
qlalp eb `rim^al+

8P_Xcd[[^ J J J = J (
:\ \^bcaP\ Pb _PacTb _Ta `dT bT SP& T \dSP
]^bbP R^]SXq^\(

M b o ^ qfo^o c^kqbpf^ b arrva^) nrb klj mlabjlp râgo

^_ll bpq^al abqla^p rfoqrabp+ Br ^`el nrb mbo qla^p
bpq^p m^oqbp klp eb a^a^) b lrqlod^a^ `lkafÖlj) b
jrgq^p rbwbp jra^a^) pbdrkal bj klp b mbo lrqobj
_bj mlabobjlp pbkqfo) b `lkeb`bo+ A^ qboo^ `ljmobfp*
plj) Al Gbfqb) b rv^ka^p `of^Ölj Alp m^obkqbp k^*
Ölj A^p albkÖ^p b ^`lkqb`fjàqlp l`^pflj A^p mo^*
kbq^p `lpqbii^Ölj Alp pbkelobp b ^jvdlp `lkrbopp^*
Ölj Abklppl pbkelo ablp mbo pmb`f^i pmfo^Ölj klp eb
lrqlod^a^) `lkafÖlj) b afp`obÖlj >nrbpq^p `lrp^p
pr5l p`ofmq^p) nrb jra^j klpp^ afp`obÖlj) b `lkaf*
Ölj ) p`obrv bj pfjmobw ofj^kÖl) mlo pb jbielo ml*
abobj obqbbo a^p nr^^bp mlo ab`i^o^Ölo^) mlkel bk*
ubjmolp Movjbfol a^ qboo^ `ljmobgpplj Bpql rbbjlp
do^Ö^p ^klppl pbkelo) `ljl bj dbbo^i lp j^fp abql*
alp mloqrdrbpbp plol ib^^bp b ab_llp `lo^Öllàp) Blp
Qdobpbp) s^if bkqbp eljbàp a^oj^p) abdoÇab b_ll ob d f*
jbkql + bj pÑp fdobf^p) b `^p^pB ^ppv nr^^bp nrbo
lrqo^p k^ÖllPp qbbj dbbo^i jbkqb ^idrÑp rfoqrabp) b
c^iib`vjbkqlp) klj nrb qlaliilp aloobvkl) lr pbkel*
ofl fdr^ijbkqb ^p ^g^j) ol^p bj dbbo^i qbbj abiil
do^kab m^oqb+ A^p jra^kÖ^p nrb ^p rv^ka^p b ibfqb
c^wbj bj klpp^p `çafÖllàp `ljmobvpplçbp) lp cfpf`lp
pbf^j mobdrki^alpo) b ^bpmbofbk`f^ a^ doÇ qbpqbjrkel
> dbbo^i j^kbfo^ ab rfoqrabp b j^iibp nrb rbbjlp bj
^idqoÇp Gvke^dbPp) klp jlpqo^ nr^kql alp m^aobp() b
j^aobp cfie^jlp bj klpp^p `lkafÖllàp) bkqbkabo) b
sfoqrabp+ @^ _bj8 rbbjlp lp j^fp a^idrëp) _llp el*;

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
%!\
.0- K H A = H ?KROO>HDA_NK+
jbàp a^oj^p) lrqolp bkqbkafalp B^ppg ab _bj) b ab
`lkqo^fol) ibrlj `^a^ erëp pbr `^jvkel) bj nrb klp
jlpqo^ nrb cfie^jlp abiibp do^kab m^oqb a^p `lkaf*
Öllàp+ Nr^kql ^^p albkÖ^p b ^`lkqb`fjbkqlp) c^wbj
do^kab jra^kÖ^ bj klpp^ `lkafÖlj) b afp`ofmÖlj)
pb jlpqo^ jrvql `i^o^jbkqb mbo rfpq^ abjrvqlp pbpr*
alp) nlb pb qlok^j p^kabrp b lp qbjmbo^alp _brbalp)
b pbj _l^ dlrbok^kÖ^) b lp ^oafalp abco^`lp `lo^Öllàp)
b lp j^kpplp) b ero^vialplp) pl_borlplp B^nrbpql mbo
albkÖ^p) klglp) qofpqbw^p) T jra^kÖ^ abpq^alp bqk_bj)
b kl `lkqo^fo l Nrb ^p mo^kbq^p klp lrqlodrbj do^kab
m^oqb a^p llkafÖllàp mobdrkqbkppb lp bpqolEbdlp Lp
nr^^bp plj pliq^jbkqb m^oqb abpq^p) j^p qla^p nrbü
obj ^cfoj^o 9z plp plj a^a^p) lnrb ^bpmbofb^`f^ a^p
`lrp^p prpl afbq^p klj lrqlod^) b jbklp ^`^qeliqfb(
abqlojvk^Ölj nrb ab`i^ol el eljbj p^_balo pb+ ^p(
pbkelo^o a^p bpqobif^p Bppb clppb `llkqo^fol) kè ^pb(
of^jlp ifrob ^frvaol) kbj lgrvwl m^ob`bof^ abobfql)
nrb j^i rbebppb ^nrbj ^p `lrp^p cbwbppb mbo kb`bp^f(
a$ab) b klo^ pbof^ rboa^ab) lnrb pb afw l^ p^k`q^
plofmqro^) mlo nrb cbfpbpqb j^i) lrrb^qb q^' mbk^ Bmlo
nrb _bj d^ii^oalj) `^ pb qlal clppb `lpqo^kdfa^jbffQ
qb kbj mlo klpplp cbfqlp ^rbof^o^lp d^ii^oalj) lr mb*
p ^ ) jbp mlo loabk^kÖ^ a^p mo^kbq^p b alp j^ka^alp
b `lk55bfelp a^ klr^) b rbGe^ ib v ) pl_bflp pbof^j+ @^
pb qlal mbo q^G loabk^kÖ^ cbwbppb jlp) b klj mbo ab(
qbojvk^Ölj ab klppl ifrob ^frvaol) ^nrb pbof^ j^k*
a^o) b `lkppbie^o ^nrbj mbo pv j^fp mlabo klj qbrbp*
pb) ab nrb ^p{%mo^kbq^p klp lrqlod^ppbj Bmlobj eb
Übqbbo pbj arrva^ nrb ^p mo^kbq^p kl^ àarwbj) b
Ü^j gk`iq^^Ölj ^_bj) b ^j^f) `ljl c^wbj ^p lrqo^p
m^oqbp prpl p`ofmq^p) j^p klj bj q^i drvp^ nrb ieb
klj +mlpp^jlp `lkqo^afwbo `lj ^do^Ö^ abklppl pbkelo(
`^ mbo ^nrbii^ m^ii^ro^ ab p^j m^ril) lkab afw) cfbi
_b gablp( nrb kç `lkppbkqfo^ j^fp pbbojlp qbkq^alp al
nrb mlabsbjlp `lkqo^afwbo) pb jlpqo^ `i^o^jbkqb `lq*
jl a^p mo^kbq^p) b qb`i^p lrqo^p m^oqbp mlabjlp pbbo

$/./4/7-, +6
 K HA = H ?KJOOAHD_beNK+ .0.
bkarwfalp) b qbkq^alp) jbp klj `lpqo^kdfalp Mlo nrb
movk`fm^ijbkqb cf`^ qlal bj mlabo abklppl ifrob ^irf*
^ol) klj klp `lpqoÇdbkal ^mobafpqvk^Ölj) kbj mbo
p`fbk`f^ ab klppl pbkelo ablp+ @^ mlo pbbo mbocbfq^(
jbkqb p^_balo) p^_b qla^ii^p `lkp^p mobpbkqbp) mobqb*
ofq^p) b crqro^p+ Bmbo pr^ mbocbfÖlj ab grpqfÖ^) klp
ibfu^ c^wbo klpplp cbfqlp abq^i drvp^ nrb abobfi^jbkqb
mbo abpjbob`vjbkqlp) lp j^^lp ob`b_bj mbk^) mbo bi
a^a^ `lj mfba^ab) B lp _llp d^ii^oa^j `lj pr^ jbo*
RTT mbo ^idrÇ mbnrbk^ m^oqb abjbof`vjbkql) lr rfo*
qrlpü abpmlpfÖlj nrb kbbiibp pb jlpqo^ Bkpnrbpql k$
abrbjl^ arrva^o) mlpql nrb mbocbfq^jbkqb klj bk*
qbka^jlp `ljl qlal mlab pbbo Bm^ob`bjb do^kab pvj*
mobw^ cfie^o arrva^ kl nrb mbo ^pp^k`q^ fdobf^ eb ab*
qbojfk^al nrb pb `ob^) mlo klj pb mlabo bkqbkabo(
@^ abklpp^ k^qrobw^) `ljl l_o^ q^j afp`obq^jbkqb
nrbj lpkqbkab) b lmlabo a^ jbjãof^) r bbo) lrkvo)
`ebfo^o) dlpq^o) b j^fp pmb`f^i pbkqfo nr^i mbocbfq^*
jbkqb mbo o^wlj l mlabo^ abjlpqo^o) mlfp pb lnrl
prbjlp bj klp klj mbo`^iÖ^jlp mbo k^qro^i grâwl ? K *
I K ^p `lrp^p abklppl pbkelo) nrbobjlp mbocbfq^jbk*
qb bkqbkabo) b grid^o) mlobj qlal bpql nrb pb k l ü
bkqbka^ `ljl e b ) ^brbppb mbo l_bafbk`f^ a^ cfb ^lbc
mlo bkqàafal) `obbkal q^j pbj arrva^) `ljl pb mbo
`i^o^ o^wlj klp clppb abjlpqo^al `lkeb`bkal klpp^
co^nrbw^) b pbdrkal klppl jbof`vjbkql a^ erjvia^
a b ) b l_bafbk`f^) Bppl_ob bpq^ cloÖ^ a^p mo^kbq^p)
afwbj ^idrcfp nrb mlfp k^rvlp) `^r^iilp) ^oj^p) ^rbp)
`p^àp plj _ç afqlplp `ljl pbjbie^kqb klp eljbPp
klj c^o^j ^p mo^kbq^p) ^l^ nr^^bp br obpmlkal nrb
klj `lkqo^afdl nrb ^nrbii^p `lrp^p klj qbke^j ^i*
drÇ q^i g^corbk`f^ bj k^`bkÖp) c^wfjbkql) lr qbjml
bj nrb pb e^ abif^p pbkelovl) nrb j^dkvcbpq^jbkqb
pbklj rbg^ `ljl abpql e^j do^kccb m^oqb J^p bl qb*
kel nqqb mlo bp eljbÜp pbobj j^fp bu`bicáqbp `of^qro^p
nrb ^ppr^ `bpqbii^Ölj bj klp cbf`qlp movk`vm^^bp `lo*
ccfd b qla^p lrqo^ Bppb eb _l eljbj p^_balo pb ^ppb*
O /

$/./4/7-, +6
 .0/ K HA = H ?K_mOOB+HDAENK'
kelob^ a^p mo^kbi^p mbo ^cloÖ^ âg al ivqfob ^irvaol

Y r^kql ol^fp c^olj ^nrbiibp nrb ^j^obol lppbkelo

blp) alp nr^^bp eb p`ofmql nrb qla^ii^p `lrp^p pbiebp
qlok^olol bo^ _bo^) Bmlo bpql eb abqbbo nrb ^p gk*
corbk`f^p pr^p kbj alrqo^ `lrp^) klj mlab qlor^o ^i*
drë abpp^ir^o pr^ ^ij^) kbj ieb c^o^ bj_^odl bol lp
lrqolp cbfqlp pb ^j^o klppl pbkelo b rvrbo rfoqrlp^*
jbkqb) mlfp ^p `lrp^p nrb m^ob`bj `lkqo^âo^p Geb plol
molrbf qlp^p+ A^ `èrbopp^Ölj al pbkelo b ^jvdlp `l*
oll pb o^ra^ klpp^ `lkafÖlo^) mbo pmbofbk`f^ _bo^ pb
jlpqo^) k^p `loqbp alp pbkelobp) Obvklp) b jlbp qb f*
olp) `ljl do^kab m^oqb alp pl_obaf`qlp) pbdrbj pbr
pbkelo) b ^jvdlp) @^ _bj rvpql eb do^Ö^p ^ klppl
pbkelo ) `ljl qlaliilp jlo^alobp abpqbp obvklp bol
qbjmlp alp Jrv rfoqrlplp obu jbrp pbkelobp m^aob)
b rf^aob) `rg^p ^ij^p bj p^ dilof^ ablp ^g^) ^rÇÖ^obj
bj do^kabp `lo^Öllàp) _ll obdvjbkql ab pr^p rva^p)
b lrqo^p j^ke^p b rfoqrabp) j^fp alnrb ^kqb bolj
B^p jliebobp ab pr^ `of^Ölj nr^kq^ ib^ia^ab dr^oa^(
olj qla^p ^ppbrp j^ovalp) alkab ^p j^fp alp obvklp
cfie^oç q^i bubjmol nrb ^kqob qla^ii^p al olëal) al
nrb bkclool^Ölj ^rbjlp) à dbbo^i jbob`bj do^kab
ilrrlo+ Bppb erë jlbpqbfol eb _bj obdfal bj abobfq^
abr^Ölj) nr^kqlp ^bi rbbj ab`rpqrolbp abpr^fo^alp)
qlalp pb qlok^j) mlr`l j^fp lr jbklp ^erÑ j^kbfo^
abnga^ b `rpqrjbp B klj eb j^o^rvie^ mlo`g qobp `lr*
p^p movk`fm^iolbkqb klp bkarwè ^_bj rvrbo +p+ Qbj lo)
Pmbo^kÖ^) B^jlo+ Mbo qbjlo) qbjbjlp ^p mbk^p mob*
pbkqbp b al grcbokl) nrb mlo klpplp j^iibp ob`b^jlp
a^rbo) Mlo ^bpmboÑÖ^) pmbo^jlp alp _bàp nrb cbwbo*
jlp ob`b_bo d^ii^oalj k^ rva^ mobpbkqb < b k^ p^k`q^
dilof^+ Mbo l^jlo abklppl pbkelo ablp) alp _llp pb*
kelobp) b ^jvdlp qàmlo^^bp b ^cbfÖlo^ a^p rfoqrabp ^p
ppbdrfjlp) b mbo`^iÖ^jlp Mlobj ^oo^w! jlpqo^ nrbl
obdbalo nrbl j^i+ `^pqfd^o) b d^ii^oal^o lp _llp b rfo*
qrlplp) ilrrÑal ^p rfoqrabp mbo m^ii^ro$g b _ll bk*
ubo^mol a^ pr^ rva^ bk`^jvke^o^pbrp pr_af`qlp rfo*

$/./4/7-, +6 / * ( ( ) ' -
  HA = H ?KJOO>HDA£NK+ .00
qrlp^jbkqb rvrbo) b nrb abrb c^wbo bj biibp do^kf
jra^kÖ^ ab `lpafÖlèbp >nrv eb ab `lkppfgo^o nrb pb*
plj plj Pjbka^alp lp j^vlobp ) b j^fp `ebdÄalp
nrblp lrqolp a^nrbii^ j^kbfo^ mlr`lp lppbolj Bk^
`ãrbopp^Ölj alp ^jvdlp). lnrb bT UPi bj jra^kÖ^
a^p `lkafÖllàp) jlpqo^ppb mbo ^nrbi bubjmol) s^v
erë r^^bp) `lj nr^^bp qb ^`e^obp q^i qb c^o^p Bpql
mlobj klj eb a^nrbi nrb clo ^ppv rfoqrlpl nrb lp lr*
qolp qo^pjra^ bj pr^fpbjbie^kÖ^) mlo ^idrÇ `lkm^kef^
plj pb jraÇal Bq^i eb `ljm^o^al ^l af^jlj) jbp
mlo nrb lp j^fp plj mbo^ j^i c^wbo) ^ppv jliibp `l*
jl `bo^ nrb ob`b_b ^p cbdro^p a^p `lrp^p nrb ^bii^
`ljmobjàal pb ^`ebd^j) do^kabp jra^kÖ^p c^wbj lp
pbjbie^kqbp mlo ^p `èrbkpp^Ölèbp `ljl mbo pmbofbk`f^
_bj pb jlpqo^+ > jra^kÖ^ nrb klppl pbkelo c^w mbo
pmb`f^f pmfo^Ölj lpp^fr^jbkql al GÇaoç nrb `lj Üi
mbkaf^ k^ `orw @èrboqfjbrql ab p^j m^ril nrb mbo^
moàabo) b ^qlojbkq^o lp um^Ñlp bo^ àrf^al ©ab p^j
j^qebr) nrb bo^ èw^kbfol) b lmboalj a^ j^da^kbii^)
`i^o^jàqb labjlpqo^j B^nrbpqb bubjmol ab mlr`lp
plj eb mbo^ p^kaf^jbkqb klp bpcloÖ^o) kà q^i `^jv+
pel pbdrvo @^ alkab jrvqlp pb mboabj) b mlr`lp pb
p^irlj) qlalp abrbof^j pbbo dr^oa^alp) jbp ^gka^
nrb `^v^jlp mbo lbubjmol alp prpl af`qlp) krk`^ ab*
rbjlp abpbpmbo^o+

8P_Xcd[[^ E(
9 ^ PdhbP\T]c^ _^a Pb _PacTb bdb^ bRaX_cPb&
T SP UXP]qP T R^]UXP]qP&

A ^ n r b p ql pl_obppv) pb abrb qlj^o ^rvp^jbkql klj

c^iiÇal a^ pmb`f^f do^Ö^ nrb mbobpv pll c^w jra^o ql*
a^p `lkafÖllàp) b afp`ofÖllàp nrb `^a^ erP a^p lrqo^p
m^oqbp mbo pv plj eb+ q^j mlabolp^ nrb ^j^f rvrbo
^ppv plj aboor_b) nrb a^p lrqo^p m^oqbp klj ob`b_^*
jlp q^j do^kab m^oqfb ab ^gra^ mbo ^nr^i `^a^ erë pb
`a r^iGbkqb qbbkÖlj) do^Ö^ al pbkelo ablp) nrvpb(

$/./4/7-, +6 '00-/+
.0' M H m e b CKGO_e>HDOeNKo
pv _bj bá cloÖ^o) mlaboÄ rbkbbkal mb`^alp moqk`vm^^b(
rvrbo pbjmob rfoqrlp^jbkqb Bmlobj klj abrbjl^
`^vo bj q^i abpmbo^Ölj mbo nrb klp ^g^jlp pppv mlo
PLdbfqlp a^idrë mofk`fm^i mb`^al) nrb abiib klj pmb*+
ibjlp `lj ^jbo`bb al pbkelo) klppl p^_bo) nrbobo &
` mlabo) nrb klp qbj lrqlod^al pbbo ërobp;6 úqb abû
Rbjlp pmbo^o bj p^ do^kab jvpbof`loaf^) nrb mbo ^lpü
plp qo^_^ielp b _ll bpcloÖl) rvrbojlp pbjmob) b ^`^*
_^objlp bj pbr p^k`ql ^borfÖl Bppl_ob ^bpmbo^kÖ^ br
rbgl boo^o ^idrëp mlo ^rbobj cf^kÖ^ b `lkcf^kÖ^ bj
nrbj klj abrbj) b klj ^cfie^obj abnrbj eb o^wl^)
cbÖl br abcbobkÖ^ `hbpqbp alk^ kljb^) nrb jrvqlp "' (
F_^j mlo erÑ `lrp^+ >cf^kÖ^ mboqbb`b ^^rlbffq^ab) b
mbo^ ^llkcf^kÖ^ pb obnrbob j^f^ p^_bo b mla^o) ^p^v
nrb klp cbf`qlp mbo nrb eb kb`fbpp^of^ movklfm^ijbkqb
_l^ rllkq^ab) cf^kÖ^ pb abrb ^rbs) jlp klp nrb ab*(
j^ka^j do^kab p^_bo) b mlabo) ^_b^ ûmboÇÖ^ nrb pn
e^ bj q^i l^pl) `lkcf^kÖ^ eb pbr molmsfl kljb Bml(
obj `qfrbj obdr^oa^o lnrb pb e^ aåk`^oobd^o b Z i^\Z'
pl^ nr^i eb Bppb clobj cbfqlp mbo^ nqrb ^_^pqb ^ll
^_l^ rllkq^ab) _rpnrbppb _llp ^jvdlp Bppb abj^ü(
a^obj cloqbiibw^ ab`lo^Ölj) al `loml) lr p^_bo k^qff(
ob f) b pjbklf^ kb`bppÄofl eb _rp`^obkppb q^^bp nrb
mbo^l cbfql p`[^^k mboqbbk`bkqbp ^^fbqk a^dbbo^i _lk(
a^ab l ^jlo nrb klp qbkelj Babpqbp `lj ^do^Ö^ al
pbkelo) pb abrb qbbo _l^ pmbo^kÖ^ kl nrb ieb clo bk*
`ljbka^al) b klp lrqolp nrb qlal bpql pbklj dr^o*
a^o) co^`^ b a^rbkqro^ Bpql P`obrv mlo jb m^ob`bo
molrbfqlpl ^rfp^okbkql mboqbbk`bkqb ^^bpmbo^kÖ^ nrb
abrbjlp ^rbo alp cbfqlp) ^lrqoà bk`ljbka^alp Bnr^k*
ql mboqbb`b ^klppl pbkelo ablp) ^bpmbo^kÖ^ `lj cvr^^
n `acf^kÖ^ abrb pbbo jrvql do^kab mbo ^drfp^ prpl
ï`ofmq^ @lkp^fgo^kal `ljl aberë pll mvkelj nrb k^
qboo^ pbjb^j) a^ qÑ do^kab ^orlo `lj jriêalÜb a(
mvkelèbp Bnrb ^ppv b j^f^ `ljmofa^fkb^qb klp ob^o
mlkabo^ `lj ^rlkalpl corf ql) ab nr^i+ nrbo _l^ l_o^
nrb mlo ^r^ do^Ö^ cbwbojlp) lr molmlpbojkü abâ^wbf

$/./4/7-, +6 '0! .+
 K HA=H ?KJOO>HDAENKo .02
m^ghf _r\Zk i^k ghllZ f rg`nZ) \hfh l^ ]bs ]^ekk^r
]Znb]) jn^ ea^ _hr \hgmZ]h ihk kbhllh l^gahk ihk h[kZ
]^f^k^\rf^gmh Zn^k ikhihlbmh ]^_Zs^k hll^n m^f ieh)
ih^mh jn^h lhf ih]^ll^ _Zs^k+

8P_Xcd[[^ E>(
F^QcT PSXUTaT]qP S^b TbcPS^b+

L h k jn^ Ze`n_el eZm^kZ]hl ^ hnmkZl i^llhZl jn^ nr*

Z^f Ñ k^eb`bhf) _ZebZf \hgmkZ hl ^lmZ]hl ]hl l^gahk^l)
ahgkÑ^l ]^ ebg`aZ`^f) kbjn^sZ ih]^kbh m^fihkZe) É
l^f^eaZgm^l) fhlmkZg]h jn^ lâ ]^ `kZl]^ ^fi^^\r*$
f^gmh \hfh \hnlZl ghf [hZl) hn ^f jn^ ZcZ g^\^l*
lZkbZf^gm^ i^\Z]h Ahl _Zs^f Zn^k i^jn^gZ li^kZgÅZ
]^ lnZ lZenZÅhf) ehnnZg]h lhZ fZg^bkZ ]^nrn^k ihk
f ncc^ l^`nkZ A hl c^cnãl) kb`beebZl) k^sZk) ihk h[kZl
^^kmZf^lmÇ [hZl) ohl _ZÅh ^l_mZ ]^\eZkZÅhkZ) ]h jn^
ñh[k^beh f^ iZk^\^) mbkZ]Z ikrZ\b iZekZ ^gm^ Z_hkÅZ ]^e*
bZ ]h ebnkh ]Zl \hDZÅhhàl Af ^e l^ \hgm^f jn^ mh]Zl
ghllZl h[kZl ^f mk^l ]^_^k^gÅZl l^ iZkm^f +l+ [hZl)
f ZZl) ^ f^Z~l) [hZl ]bs jn^ lhf nbkmn]^^ lhemZf^gm^
]Zl jnZZ^l i^kZll^ ih]^k^f \Kga^h^k) Z\k^nm^ mZZ^l
iZeeZnkZl) [^f ikrg\biZ! a^ Zjn^e jK^ i^kllr a^ [hh)
^ ghf i^k hnmkZ \hnlZ) i^kllr g^\^ll|kbh) g^f ihk
Z e ) l^fik^ a^ [hh jn^ gãg\Z l^ fn]Z) ^ m^f lnZ \Z*
G]Z]^ i^k]nkZml^b) Zllr jn^ ghf iZllZ ^f iZkm^ \hg*
mkZÖkZ) hi^k]rf^gmh) hn h^llZf^gmh ]^b ghf ih]^
jnrmZk `kZh]^ i^k]Z Ahjn^ _hk Z^e \hgmkZbkh) a^ Zllr
fZe ikbg\biZe jn^ lhf n^f bZ fZbl ^f Ze`n_b mÇih
Z[hZ iZkm^+ I Ze Z_bkfZ jn^ a^ \Zbk ^f i^\Z]hl i h k
jn^ ghl iZkmh ]Zjh^ebZ i^k_^bmZ [hg]Z]^ jn^ a^ ]^hl)
^ ghl \a^`Z Zh ]bZ[h ^f jn^ aZ \hfikrf^gmh ]^mh]Z
fZe]Z]^+ I^]^^g^bkZl lhf Zjn^~Zl \hnlZl jn^ l^ ih*
]^f ZcngmZk la h ~) ^ ZZhnmkZ iZbm^ l^`ng]h ]^l^bh) ^
ZmZr]kh ]Zjã^e j l ^ anlZ ]^beZl ; Zllr \hfh lhf ih]^ñ
kbhl) kbjn^sZl) ahgkkZl) _hkÅZ) ^f \hkih) lZl]^) _k^*
Z i Z k Z ) nr]Z' f hkm^) ikhn^ZZ) cg_^kfr]Z]^ ]h \hk*

$/./4/7-, +6 3 ( ( ) 1-
 F0.2 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAEEEK+
m l) ^p bkgrof^p+ gbgrëp) rfdfif^p) obw^o B^ppv qla^p
lrqo^p `lrp^p pbjbie^kqbp nrb pbdrkal ^`^ifa^ab) b
abpbfl ab ^nrbI nrb+ erp^ abif^p) mbabj qo^wbo ^_l^
m^oqb) lr `lkqo^fo^) mbo nrb Åp ofnrbw^p jrv q^p rb*
d^a^p ^molrbfq^j bj _à pbdrkal l^mlpqliil nrb bk`l*
jbka^ ^lp of`lp abpqb jrkal) nrb abà ab do^al ^lp
jvkdr^alp) nrb c^Ölj qebplrol ab_ll crka^jbkql)
mbo^l nrb e^ abrqgo mlo nrb ob`b_^j mlo ^p ofnrbw^p
rva^ mboaro^rbi Bppbdrkal l^r^kdbiel) _llp pè ^nrÜi*
ibp nrb c^wbj ^ppv ^jvdlp alp ^rbobp) abj^fp lp nr^^bp
afw ^bp`ofmqro^ nrb plj p^do^^bp +p+ jrka^k^^bp+ Bmbo+
`lkqo^fol bpp^p jbbpj^p ofnrbw^p ^`ob`bkqÇ j^i nr^k*
al^p ^grkq^j q^j plljbkqb mbo^^p dr^oa^o) b mbo^
klj rvrbo _bj `lj bii^p8 kbj ^p abpmbkabo bj kb*
`bppfa^abp alp jvkdr^alp8 Lmlabofl) elkoo^) cloÖ^
al `loml) b p^rab nrb plj jbab^kbfo^p) b `ãrbkeÄ
^_bj) b ^j^f) bpql ifdbfol eb abmolr^o @^ jrvqlü
alp p^k`qlp bj lrbiel b klrl qbpq^jbkql) erp^olj+
ab qla^p bpq^p `lrp^p+ @^ lrrbolj do^kabp afdkva^abp)
jrvq^p ofnrbw^p) cloÖ^p bj lp `lomlp) B `lj qlal
bpql clolj jrvql ^`ebd^alp ^ablp Bmbo `lkqo^fol lp+
j^^lp erp^olj j^i abpq^p `lrp^p) b ^p qlok^olj ^po
pborfÖl abj^ia^ab) b `lj abobfql clolj ^qlojbkq^*
alp) b jloqlp B nrb bpql ^ppv clppb `ljmoval afwbl
l ifrol alp Obu bj jrv qlp ild^obp) b lrqo^p bpqãof^p
ab`boq^ ^rqlofa^ab) bpql ^cgoj^olj) nrb ^rva^) b jlo*
qb pbf^j `lrp^p jbab^kbfo^p molrÇkl ^p k^`bkÖ^p ab
p^j gle^j _^rqfpq^) b abgra^p ErÇ abif^p clv q^j mol*
rbfqlp^ ^ppv jbbpoll nrb ^`ob`bkqlr mo^wbo ^jrvqlp
nr^kal k^`bl) pbdrkal ^nrbiil nrb eb p`ofmil a b f)
jrvqlp pb ^ibdo^olj bj pbr k^`vjbkql) b a^ rva^
al lrqol) _bj clo^ mbo^ b i ) pb klj clo^ k^al ^nrbi
eljbj+ A^ jloqb ab p^j gle^j) b alp lrqolp p^k*
`qlp ibbjlp Mob`flp^ eb ^jloqb alp p^k`qlp) ^kqb ablp
Ba^ jloqb abgra^p) b alrqolp pbjbie^kqbp) ^jloqb+
alp mb`^alobp) jrvql j^^ eb+ Nrb Zcg_bkf fa^ab `lo*
mlo^i pbg^ jbab^kbfo^ abjlpqo^l ^_bj ^rbk qro^kÖ^+

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
 K HA = H ?KJOOAH>AEmmK+ .-4
abf^w^ol) nrb bo^ `ebl aberÖ^o^+ @^ abpql klo^ klp
jlpqo^ ^bp`ofmqro^ lrqo^ rfoqrab) j^p mlo nrb plcobã
bj m^`fàk`f^ ^gkcfojva^ab `lomlo^i) jbob`bl ab pbbo
ob`b_fal bj kl pbl ab ^_o^Pl+ Nrb ^kolrbw^ b mboppv*
drvppllàp) b ^p gkgrof^p nrb pb`rkal* ^lmbkvlj al
mlrll pã j^^p) nrb pág^j molrbfqlp^p) b kb`bpp^of^p)
_bj pb mlab molr^o mlo lp p^k`qlp _^o^lqcbp) b klj
q^o^ pllo^bkqb) klj ^p bpnrfr^olj) j^p `l_fgÖ^oèk^p)
b plcoboèk^p mlo jrv ^iq^ rfoqrab Bcbwbolkppb ^olvdlp
abablp ) b ^i`^kÖ^olj mlo bii^p d^ii^oallàp a^rva^;
mboaro^rbi B^ppv l`lkq^ l^mlpqliil Br jb ^ibdol bj
jvke^p gkcfojva^abp) b bj lp albpqlp) b k^p olvk*
dr^p) b k^p m`oppvdrvÖllàp) b k^p ^kdrpqf^p mlo geë
umè @^ bj k^ gkcfojva^ab pb jlpqo^ lcloqb B^rfoqrab
bj ^gkcfojva^ab ppb jlpqo^ Mlobj ^nrbiibp nrb pb
Pu^iÖ^olj mlo do^kabp ofnrbw^p al jëal) elkoo^p) b
mlabobp) klj `ob^j nrb mbo`^iÖ^olj do^kab _bj ) l*
nr^i pbdrkal rboa^ab b bo^ ^p pllp rfoqrabp j^fp erqq
j bafl) mlo nrb ^ppv `lo^l ^^nrbiibp nrb abobfq^jbkql
e^p^j abif^p `ljl+ abrbj plj molrbfqlp^p) dbbo^kal
abppv l``^pfè ab_l^p l_o^p b corvql abrva^ mboaro^f
r bf) _bj ^ppv lp nrb abif^p erp^j j^i) plkieb? bj(
mbb`fsbbp) b pbj molrbfql) b aÇiebp l``^pflo^ abmb`^*
^ l ) b abjloqb+ B^graPal ^nrbpq^ qbbkÖlj kl af`âl
ifrol bT ab`i^o^ nrb ^lp jçgbp `arbj c^wbo qobp obkë*(
`f^Öllbp Movjbfo^ a^p molmofba^abp a^rva^ mobpbkqb
Pbdrka^ ab qlaliilp mb`^alp Qbo`bfo^ ab cfie^o `rva^*
al ab l_o^p clo^ ab kb`bppfa^ab nrb ^lp cbfqlp abpqb
jrkal mboqbbÖ^ >movjbfo^ afw nrb klj eb _l^ kbj
j^^ j^p jb^^o^ mlo nrb ^idrëp mbo bii^ mbo`^iÖlj
rva^ mboaro^rbi) b lrqolp l`lkqo^fol A^ pbdrka^ nrb
eb kb`bpp^of^) b a^qbo`bfo^ nrb k^`b a^p lrqo^p ar^p
Bj lrqo^ `lii^Ölj q^j _bj pb ^cvoj^ nrb mbo ^rva^
alp co^abp b alp gojvq^^bp ]y plj qlalp mboqbb`bkqbp
Bnrb mlobj `ç jrv do^kab bu^jvk^Ölj lp ob`b_f^j
mlo nrb ^lp nrb ^_bj dr^oalj) c^w râgo ^_bj ^rbk*
qro^kÖ^ B^lrqolp eb ^^wl abdo^kabp mbofdllp Bmbobp*

$/./4/7-, +6 % 2 2 . 1 -
.06 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
q^p o^wllPp `i^o^jbkqb pb abjlpqo^ nrb qlaliilp bpq^*
alp nrb ^fdobf^ klj obmolr^ plj jbÇ^lp Bj lp nr^^bp
nrbj _bj rvrbo) pb mlab `lj ^do^Ö^ abklppl pbkelo
p^ir^o) lr mbo `lkqo^fol) rfgo ^`lka^k^Öã Mlobj klj
hb ^idrë abqbbo bj abpmobwl) kbj lp lrqolp mlo abû
qlal pbdrolp Bab q^^bp `lrp^p mbo^^ rva^ mobpbkqb
Bnrb pmbo^jlp) erÑp pb gk`ivkÑ j^fp ^^m^oqb al_bj
Bl ^l `lkqo^fol `ljl plj ofnrbw^p) pq^alp) b mlab*
ofl ) nrb m^ob`bj j^fp `çrfgo ^^m^oqb a^_à ^rbkqro^k*
Ö^ abpqb jrkal Mloà jrgqlp rbebolj mbo `^a^erÇ abp*
q^p m^oqbp ^do^kab abpelkoo^) j loqb) ^ibvg^jbkql ) b
mboilkd^a^p movplèbp) kl nrb ^pp^w ab j^i m^pp^olj
bj bpq^ rva^ `lj mlr`l jbof`fjbkql a^ lrqo^ B^bpv
eb alp `^p^jbkqlp) cfielp) b qla^p pbjbieÑqbp `lrp^p
nrb rvpqlp pbrp bkubjmolp _à jlpqo^j `ljl plj a^*
nrbi jb^Çl bpq^al Bnr^kal pb `l_o^obj) lr mboab*
obj k^ nrbi i^ `lkq^ pbabrbj qbbo) `lkeb`bkal nrb
plj j^fp gk`ifk^alp ^^m^oqb al _bj ) lr al j ^ i) pb*
drkal ^p pàqvojlp mbo lnrb rbbjlp lr pmbo^jlp Bklj
nrb abqlal plj molrbfqlp^p lr bjmbb`vrbbp) mlo nrb
gkrvq^p a^j mbo qbjml do^kab _bj ^rbkqro^kÖ^+ B a b
mlfp qlal l`lkqo^fol kl nrb abjlpqoÇ `i^o^jbkqb `l*
u^l plj jb^Ñp) mlfp ^_bj) b j^i ifdbfo^jbkqb pb qlo*
?Ñ mbo^ bpq^ rva^ B^ppv mbo^^ lrqo^ `ljl mbo^^p ab*
`i^obÖlqqbp prpl p`ofmq^p) eb _à ab`i^o^al) mlobj eb
abqbbo pbj arrva^ nrb erp^o a^p rfoqrabp) eb rboa^*
abfo^jbkqb _bj) b _ll pq^al) mlfp krk`^ abif^p ^idrë
mlab j^i erp^o) b `^vo bj mb`^al) b ^`^_^al j^i+
Bila^p lrqo^p `lrp^p nrb c^Ö^jlp) L pq^al nrb qb*
ke^jlp `lrp^p plj jb^Pp nrb klp qo^wbj ^_bj) b
blkqo^fol) pbdrkal mo^w ^klppl pbkelo) ab^p ^abobk*
Ö^o) j^kqbbo) b ^`^_^o+ B `obbo abrbjlp nrb qlalp
ml35rvjl5 o^wl^alp bpq^alp mbo^ _bj rvrbojlp k^
mobpbkqb¶ rva^ b mbo^ `l_o^o ^lrqo^ `lj ^do^Ö^ abklp*
pl pbkelo pb mbo klpp^ jvkdr^ lr abp^rbkqro^ 9z a^
mb`^alp b c^iif`vjbkqlp ^p j^fp rbwbp pb ob`ob`b) klj
â_ojlp qlor^alp B `lkqvkr^kal `^a^erÇ bj lnrb mlb*

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
 - H_A=H ?KJOO>HDAENK+ +-1
Adha& abrb qo^_^ie^o nr^kql bi clo mbo^ rvrbo ibal) l
rfoqrlp^fkbkqb Blp lrqolp nrb o^wl^alp plj klj mi^p*
jb ) kbj pl_bfl ilrrb mlfp jb^Ñp plj) b klj abqlal
_ll^) lr j^^lp kbj ^ppv ^idrëp mbofgdlplp nrb qlalp
bj biibp pb mbo`^j) kbj lp lrqolp q^j pbdrolp nrb
jrvqlp 3 biibp ibfubj avo ^`lka^k^Ölj+ Bppb ^idrÜj
mlo va^ab) lr obnrbovjbkql ab pbr grvwl) lr rll^*
q^ab jra^o pbr bpq^al `lj pmbo^kÖ^ ^bjvielo rvrbo)
kè qbke^ nrb cfie^ rva^ pbdro^) j^p qÑ ^rrvalp^ `l(
jl ^kqb) mlo nrb bj qla^p j^kbfo^p abrvrbo e^ pr^p
clidÑÖ^p b mbk^p) qbkq^ÖllPp) b _ll ^ppbppbdl+ =l
nr^^bp `ljl `^a^erci pb ^rbo^) içd^ pr^ bumbkbk`f^)
b klj ^i labjlpqo^) mlo nrb klj qbbj qlalp `lo^(
Öllàp bj pbjbie^kqbp `lrp^p) erci pbkqvjbkql kl _bj)
^ kl `lkqo^fol Mlobj `lkeb`val mbiilp m^aobp ^kqfdlp)
klj bkd^i,f^r^j ^idrë mbo^ pbbo co^ab) lr gojvq^j)
j^p `lj do^kabp molqbpq^ÖllÜp lp ob`b_f^j ^ `lkclo*
q^ r^j qlalp bj pbrp _llp bpq^alp Blp bk`^jvke^rÅj+
mbo jrvq^p j^kbfo^p `ljl bj biibp pb ibr^ppP `lj ^*
do^Ö^ al pbkelo) `^jvkel ab p^ir^Ölj) pbdrkal pb
jlpqo^ mbo ^nrbpq^p m^ii^ro^p t bi `çqebra^p+

8P_Xcd[[^ E=>(
9 T \dhc^b T STbdPXaPS^b Uadhc^b SP _cRSTqP(

A b m l fp ab ^nrbic^ do^Ö^ dbbo^i al _^rqfpjl) b ab*

mlfp ^l _à mbocbfql) b mobÖ^^l al j^oqfofl nrb pb d^^*
ke^ mbo ilrr^jáql al p^kdrb) plj lp corfqlp a^ mbbk*
abkÖ^) mlo lp nr^^bp rbj ^ivjmbw^ alp mb`^alp+ @^
^pp^rab mboaro^rbi klj eb mbojbqfa^ q^kpplljbkqb
mlo ^nrbi kljb pvjmobw ab mbbkabkÖ^ a^ nr^i c^if^
l^mlpqliil) afwbkal ^ppv) c^wbab mbkabÖ^) b `èrboqb*
abrlp mlo nrb pbglj ab qolfalp rlpplp mb`^alp) Bpp^j
gle^j _^ rqfp q^ jbppbdbfol abklppl pbkelo) afw) c^wb*
ab màabkÖ^) b ^`ebd^oppb^ loobvkl ab ablp J^fp ^gk*
a^ nrb_o^kq^ppb lmbpl alp mb`^alp mlo abpbfl a^`^of*

$/./4/7-, +6 '00-/+
 .1- K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK'$
a^ab @^ ^`^ofa^ab bk`l_ob ^jriqval≠b alp mb`^alp+
Lrqolppv q^j _bo^ mlo ^p bpqklif^p) ob`b_bj jbbws*
gfe^ ^p klpp^p `e^d^p @^^ppv `ljl ^^rdr^ ^m^d^ lcl*
d l ) ^ppv ^bpjlii^ ^cld^ lmb`^al+ Bmlo ^`ervr^ a^p
i^dofj^p mbo`^iÖ^ lelo^bj obiibr^o^bkql ûilp mb`^alp(
pbdrkal ^nrbiil) G^r^obv bo^ `^a^erÇ a^p klvqbp l
wk br ibvql) b obd^obv l o^br bpqo^al `lo^ ^p jvke^p
i^dofj^p Bavw j^fp abjlpqo^kal nrb ^p klo^ qljlr
bj r^Pl+ >ooba^abrlp ab jvj ld nrb l_o^abp jÅFa^*
abp) `^ lppbkelo lrrvl ^rlw aljbr `elol+ Lrqolppv
mlo ^`lkcfpplj alp mb`^alp d^^ke^ppb mboalj abifbp)
`^ afw `lkcbpp^obv `lkqo^jvo^ ^p jske^p j^ia^a`p ^l
pbkelo) b qr mboal^pqb ^j^ia^ab abjbr `lo^Ölj ) b
bj lrqol ild^o+ @lkq^ qr mofjbfo^jbkqb ^p qr^p j^io
a^alp) mlo n pbg^p grpqfcf`^al+ Lrqolppv mlo ^idrâf kl*
gl al `lo^Ölj) b qlojbkql al `loml) d^^ke^ppb mbo*
alj alp mb`^alp @^ afw ^ppv) rbb ^jvke^ erjvGa^<
ab b ljbr qo^_^iel) b mboal^ qlaliilp jbrp mb`^alp
Bkf^vloo^bkqb bj àjbka^ ab `rpqrjbp @^ afw ^oob*
a^ab el j^i a^p rlpp^p `rva^Öllàp abjbrp lielp) `bp*
p^al g^ abc^wboabp j^i) ^mobkabab ^c^wboabp _bo^) _rp*o
`^ab grvwl) ^`loobab ^l ^mobpp^al) grid^ab l loclj a
abcbkabab ^rberr^) b molr^abjb Afw lppbkelo) pb cl*
obj lp rlpplp mb`^alp ^ppv `ljl `^orlj) bj_o^k*
nrb`bolj ^ppv `ljl kbrb) b pb clobj rbojbielp ^ppv
`ljl p^kdrvke^) pbolfk ^ppv `ljl i^Ç _o^k`^ B^gka^
^Åp rbwbp pb d^^ke^ mboalj alp mb`^alp mbo oldl alp
p^k`qlp) lkab afw 3^j gle^j ^mlpqliil) Nrbj p^_b
nrb pbr goj^Ñl mb`lr mb`^al) abo^^ka^ab mlo bi o^bo*
`bb) b a^o ieb e^ ablp rva^ Bl ^mlpqliil pÑ`qf^dl
a fw ) Pb ^idrââ ab rlp bkcboj^o `e^jb lp `iÜofdlp a^
fdobg^ b oldrà pl_obf erkq^kall `lj liivl p^k`ql bj
kljb aã pbkelo) b ^lo^Ölj `lj cb p^ir^o^ lbkcbojl)
b p^ir^iil^ lppbkelo Bppb bpq^ bj mb`^alp pbboieb^j
mboal^alp Jrvq^p rbwbp pb `lkpprjb ^j^dl^ alp mb*
`^alp) mlo jbof`fjbkqlp ab jvpbof`loaf^) b ab cib)
pbdrkal ^nrbiil mlo jvpbof`loaf^) b mlo cfb pb mobbdlj

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
 K 75./7 198<<2740IM9U .1.
lp mb`^alp+ Lr*qolppv jrvq^p rbwbp mlo `Çrbopp^Ölj
ab ^nrbiibp nrb pb p^irlj mlo lp klpplp ^ jlbp q^ jbk*
qlp) lr mlo mobbd^Ölfk @^l n cbw nrb lmb`^alo pb
`çrboq^ al boolo abppr^ `^oobfo^) p^ir^o^ pr^ ^ij^ ab
j l oqb) b bk`l_ofo^ bkppv jriqvalèb ab mb`^alp+ @^
lklppl pbkelo a¨/ ^ppv pb rlp mboal^oabp ^lp elolbàp
pbrp mb`^alp lrlppl m^aob `biifpqf^i mboal^o^ ^rlp lp
*rlpplp Mlfp g^ rbbabp nr^kq^p mloq^p ab LWREQICNQDIA!
û_ofl ^mfba^ab al klppl p^ir^alo) mlo nrb kbkerë cg
[0l_fgÖ^ p^rab mlpp^ pbbo nrb_o^kq^al bj abp^pmbo^*
Ölj ) nr^kal rfo n eb C^TWDADN AATWDA mlo q^kqlp
=ELEDINR# Pb afwbbp nrb klj mlabbp abc^wbo) lr abo*
ïobqbbo lp rlpplp mb`^alp mbo ^cbfÖlj ab gbgrëp mlo ^*
co^nrbw^ al `loml) klj mlababp afwbo lp jbrp dblielp
bkco^nrbb`bj mlo gbgrrp b ^jgke^ `^okb eb jra^a^
mbo ^PiTXuT& `^ br `lkfv^ `fgkw^ ^ppv `ljl m^j b l*
jbr _brbo bo^ jbpqro^al `lj `elol) j^fp `èmob nrb
lp ^g^ aboobjfgo `lj bpjlii^p Bppb klj qbbp nrb m^o*
i^p `lj lml_ob) `ljl nrbo nrb ^jvkdr^ a^ kb`bppv(
a^ab) b a^ molrbw^ klj p`rpb kbkerë abpq^ l_o^*)
nr^kal alp afrebfolp q^j plljbkqb a^jlba^ jbra^
nrb mãp ^rverr^) clolj j^fp mobw^alp) nrb lp do^k(
lbp all$p alp of`lp Bnr^kal mlo erë r^pl a^rdr^ cof^
molj bqb) lppbkelo d^ii^oalj mlo `boql m^ob`b nrb qb
mlaboÄp mrod^o mlo àjáa^ ab qbrp `rpqrjbp) b pb klj
mlabp rfgo ^mbocbfÖlj abrfoqrabp) mlo nrb klj mlabp
mbo`^iÖ^o `ljmofa^ mrod^Ölj abqlaliilp mb`^alp) qlj^
bj qv mf^alpl `rva^al a^mrod^Ölj alp mb`^alp ^ieblp
Pb mborbkqrvo^ qb nrbobii^p nrb klo^ qbbp j^kbfo^ ab*
ibfu^o ^nrbiil nrb ^p jbpqbo mlaboÄp bk`l_ofo lp mb*
`^alp `lj abpbfl ab`^ofa^ab+ >fka^ pbqb qlok^o co^`l
mbo^ bpql ^idr^ movdrvÖ^) lr j^ia^ab abrlkq^ab gk*
`ivk^qb `lj ^idrë abpbfl aberjvFa^ab Bppb klj ml*
abp ^G) _rp`^ objbaflp ab lo^Ölj b abooldlp ab p^k*
Rc^b _To^^p qr^p `e^d^p+ Bcâk^ijbkqb nrbj eb ^nrbi
`dT ]^\ mlab afwbo cfw ^qv `lkeb`bo ljbr mb`^al b
klj ^3`lu^av ^jvke^ j^ia^ab) mlo nrb mlo bpq^ `lk*

$/./4/7-, +6 ! %" " # !.+

F15 K .'.2=H ?KJO5#HDA.NK'
c¨55lj jbobÖ^jlp ^grkq^o l^i nrb pb pbdrb `è _l^ cbr*
w^ +p+ nrb qr ^_o^ka^pqb ^p j^ia^abp al jbr `lo^Ölj
>gka^ pbqb rbke^ rbodlke^ b klj qb ^qobrbp ^abp`l*
_ovii^p ^qb lp eljbàp) klj ibfubp ab^p `ècbpp^o `^a^
af^ `lj erjvia^ab ^^nrbi nrbppb klj mlab ^p`lkabo)
b afwbieb ^ppv) Br `lkebÖl ^jvke^ j^Ga^ab b ljbr
mb`^al pbjmob eb `lkqo^ jvj) ^qv pll mbnrbf) b cfw
j^i a^kqb qv @^ bpql ^`rpqrj^ p^ÇjPqb pbj mr_iv`^*
Ölj abrbodlke^) b mboal^ lp mb`^alp pbj molc^Ölü
^ka^ bj mlp bpqb abcbkaf jbkql jrvql mobpqbp) bj rv*
ql `boql) b ablp qb a^o^ pr^ do^Ö^ mbo nrb pbf^p bj
_ll bpq^al abrboa^abfo^ `lkcfpplj) `lkqofÖlj) b p^*
qfpc^Öl j) abr klp ^gka^ lrqfl jlal j^fp ifdbfol ^_lk*
a^ab ab ablp) b bpq^ ^gra^ aboobjbaflp) b mlpb^ bj
klppl ^irvaol nrb ob`b_^jlp lmboalj alp klpplp mb*
`^alp ) pbdrkal lllppl abpbfl afwbkal ^bi mboal^ ^kl^
^p klpp^p avrva^p) ^ppv `ljl klp mboal^jlp ^lp kl^*
ûlp abrbalobp Bmlo lrrvo ^idrNp c^ii^o mbo abpr^fo^a^
ïj^kbfo^ rlp p`obrv qlal bpql lrqlofw^al mofÖgm^i jbkqb
mbo ^nrbi ifrol prpl p`ofmql ^nrb abobfq^jbkqb abrb
pbbo a^a^ pl_obpql doÇab c f b ) mlo q^i nrb rvr^jlp
pbjmob `lj ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo ablp bj _l^ pmbo^kÖ^(
kç mlbkal ^`e^nrb ab klpp^p jvkdr^p ^l bpq^al nrb
mlpprvjlp) mlfp qlalp pè q^^bp nrb klj a^j qlor^
^nrbj _bj nrbo) b p^_b rfoqrlp^jbkqb rvrbo+ Bppb*
drkal ^nrbi af`ql ab p^j _bok^ial pbdro^ ^bpmbo^kÖ^
abrbjlp ^rbo bj klppl pbkelo nr^kal `lkppfgo^ojlp
nrb lâfiel jlpqo^ lii^al) b `e^d^p) ^ppbr m^aob) b
^ j^aob lp mbfqlp b obc^Öl ^l cfikl mlo ^rbo mfba^ab
alp mb`^alobp obdr^oa^kal nr^kql m^ab`b mlo klp
d^^kÖ^o mboaè klj mfafkal nr^kql j^fp molkql pbo^
mbo^ klp mboal^o pbiel _bj obnrbobojlp) ibj_o^kal*
klp nrb klo^ eb k^Ölj Gg ^g^ ablp ^ppv `e^d^al) `l*
jl ^rbo^lp klppl pbkelo `^a^ erë af^ bo^ lpp^k`ql
p^do^jbkql+ Lrqo^ `lkppfgo^Ölo^ jrvql abrb ^`ob`bk*
q^o ^_l^ pmbo^kÖ^ a^nrbiibp nrb qbrbobj abpbfl ab
^borvo ablp) dr^oa^kalppb ab j^ifbp) b mb`^alp) \Z]Z

$/./4/7-, +6 ' * 2 2 ) 1 -
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAETHK+ +.-
erci rbg^ nr^i àibkab nrb qbbj ^nrbiibp nrb pborà
_llp pbkelobp qbjmlo^^bp) of`lp) ab do^kab mlabo) b
rfoqrlplp+ Bmlobj _bj pb mlab `lkeb`bo ) nr^kql
j^fp k^nrbiib ^abrbj ^rbo nrb eb mbocbfq^ _lka^ab)
qlal mlabolpl) `ljmofal ab p^_balk^) `è gkcâga^ jv*
pbof`loaf^ Bq^^bb `lkppfgo^Öllàp) do^kab) _l^ pmbo^kÖ^
abrbj ^`ob`bkq^o k^nrbiibp nrb lrrbobj cvojb kb
`lj o^wl^a^ `^ofa^ab+

8P_2 E=G>(
9 P RPaXSPST+

+> *`bo`^ a^ `^ofa^ab eb ab`lkppfgo^o ^rb `ljl bii^

pbf^ ^j^o klppl pbkelo ablp pl_ob qla^ii^p `lrp^p) b
klpplp molrubjlp mlo bi `ljl klp Bal pbr ^jlo bi
SXbbT& nrb ^nrbi l^j^r^) nrb dr^oa^r^ pbrp j^ka^*
gkPqlp) b lppbdrf^) abrbppb obdr^oa^o abnrb drfp^ lp

e or^oa^jlp) lp nr^^bp pè bpqbp+ Lmovjbfol a^ klr^

bv >j^o^p Elkoo^o^p) Qbjbo^p) Ilrr^o^p ablp pl_ob
qla^ii^p `lrp^p7 Pbdrkal) ^j^o^p qbr molruvjl) ^ppv
`ljl qr jbabp+ Bl mofjbfol a^ I bv ^kqfgd^ Klj ^(
úlo^o^p abrpbp ^ieblp) kl nr^i pb bkqbkab qla^ pmb`f^
ab valii^qof^+ Pbdrkal) klj qlj^o^p) lkljb abablp
bj r^^ç bj qr^ _l`^+ Qbo`bfol p^k`qfcf`^o^p lpp^__^*
a l ) mbo lnr^i pb bkqbkab ^dr^oa^o alp af^p j^ka^alp
mbo ^fdobf^) b nrb pb abpmbka^j bj p^k`q^p l_o^p
Nr^oql eçoo^o^p qbr m^aob) b qr^ j^aob) b mbo bpqb
pb Pqbkab a^p mboppl^p nrb mbo qbjmlo^i b pmfofqr^i
avrval abrbjlp elkoo^o) b l_bab`bo+ Nrvkql) klj
ü^q^ o^ p) ^nrv eb ab `lkp?fgo^o) al cbf`ql) af`ql) rlci*
q^ a b) ^^wl) b `lkppbkqvjbkql+ Pbuql) klj c^o^p ^ari*
qÜofl ) b k^ nrbpqb eb ab `lkppfgo^o k^* j^kbfo^ prpl
d`ofmq^ ^`bo`^ a^p jLg^p) b `^p^a^p+ Pbmqvjl) klj
croq^o^p) kl nr^i mob`bmql pb bkqbkab qlal obqfgjbkql
a^idrÑ `lrp^ nrb mboqbbkÖ^ ^lrqobj) nrb kè pÜf^ _bj
mlpprva^ mbo ^nrbi nrb^ qbj ) b qla^ mboa^) b a^k^
^jfdrbj cbf`ql) mlo ^nr^i pbf^ kb`bppÄofl obpqvqrvÖljü

$/./4/7-, +6 ' &" " # !.+

#$$ 9 72/7 198<<27425;9#
Lvq^rl) klj afo^p `lkqo^ qbr moruvjl c^ippå qbpqb*
jrkel ) mbo lnr^i pb abcbkab qla^p jbkqfo^p) pmb`f^i*
jàqb ^p nrb ^klp) lr ^lrqobj mlabj Pmbb`bo bj mbp*
pl^) c^j^) _bàp) lr nrb_o^jbkql ab _ll mo^wbo) lr
rllkq^ab+ Klrbkl) klj abpbf^o^p ^jliebo ab qbr mor*
uvjl mlo pb ^rbo klj grpq^jbkqb) `^ abpbf^o ^idrÑ
`lrp^ mbo grpql qfqlifl) b ^j^kbfo^ o^wl^a^) klj eb
mb`^al kbj bool+ Bmlo nr^kql bi klp ab`i^o^ ^p `lr(<
p^p nrb p^^à al `lo^Ölj c^wboàklp ivjmlp) lr Örglpo+
@lkppfgo^o abrbjlp `ljl k^p alwb m^vulèbp g^ p`ofmq^p
nrb ieb mboqbb`bj klp dlrbok^jlp ^p nr^^bp plj bp*
q^p7 >j lo) Abpbfl) Babibvq^Ölj nrb mboqbbk`bj ^l
_bj k^ m^oqb abpbf^alo B^l pbr +j^i) l a fl) ^rloob`v*
jbkql) qofpqbw^ B^l _bj a^ m^oqb nrb pb `e^j^ go^*
`vrbi) lr abcbkpplo mboqbb`bj ) GVi^kppfalèl) pmbo^k*
Ö^) ^qofrvjbkql) B^l pbr j^i) p^ke^) abpmbo^Ölj )
jbal) lr qbjlo) bj `^a^ erÑ abpq^p m^vulçbp abrb*
jlp `lkppfgo^o `ljl klp dlrbok^jlp Bmlo nrb do^kab
m^oqb al _ll bpq^al al `lo^Ölj) bpq^ bj dr^oa^ alp
pbkqvalp +p+ rbbo) lrrvo) `ebfo^o) +q^kdbo) b dlpq^o)
eb _bj ab`lkppfgo^ojlp `ljl klppl pbkelo `lj biibp
pborvjlp) lr pb c^wbjlp l`lkqo^fol al nrb mbo klppl
do^kab _bj b molrbfql klp eb j^ka^al Bbppl jbabp
mbo c^i^o `rva^alp) b abpbflp Bilal bpql _bj `lkppfgü
o^al `lj ^p l_o^p nrb c^wbjlp pbdrkal ^nrbf bpq^al
nrb ablp klp abl) b `ljl mbo bii^p pbdrvjlp ^p do^k*
abp rfoqrabp) nrb mbo p^ rva^ klp qbj abjlpqo^a^p)
mlabobjlp _bj pbkqfo `ljl ^rbjlp ^movjbfo^ m^oqb
a^ `^ofa^ab Bmlo l^jlo al molruvjl) `lkppfgobjlp
nrb ^p l_o^p plj abjlpqo^Ölj a^ _ànrbobkÖ^) mlobj
obÖr^oabjlp `ljl `ljmovjlp bj qla^p ^p pbqb l_o^p
pmfofqr^^bp n r b+ mboqbb`bj ^^ijÅ +p+ a^o p^^ç `lkppb*
ie l) bkppvk^o _bj b rfoqrlp^jbkqb lnrb klj p^_b) T
bk`^jgke^o lnrb r^v) lr ^ka^ abpbk`^jgke^al) `lkp*
plii^o labp`lkpplii^al mborfpq^) m^ii^ro^) b l_o^) alboppb
al j^i) b mboa^ al pbr molruvjl+molrbbkalieb ç ql*
al qbjml lnrb _bj mlabo) old^o ^abl^ mliilp `^jv*

$/./4/7-, +6 ! %" " # !.+

 K HA=H ?KJ55AHDAENK+ .12
kc^^kqbp) b ^ka^kqbp pl_ob lok^o) c^wbo lo^Ölj mliilp
cvk^alb bj dbbo^i) b bpmb`f^ijbkqb mlo ^nrbiibp ^nrb
pljlp l_ovd^alp B^p sk `lomlo^^bp nrb mboqbb`bk ^l
`loml +5+ rbpqvo ^lp nrbl e^j jbpqbo) a^o ab`ljbo
^lp c^jfgkqlp) b ab_blbo ^lp pbalo$qlp) sfpfq^o lp bk*
cbojlp ) sfpfq^o lp bk`^o`bo^alp) a^o mlkp^a^ ^lp `^*
jvkebfolp) bkqboo^o lp cfk^alp) Bppb qlal bpql clo `lkp*
pfgo^al) b `lj bfib klpp^p l_o^p) c^if^p) b mbkpp^jbk*
ql^ _bj bu^jvk^alp `lj ^jbo`bb abklppl pbkelo ablp)
mlabobjlp pbkqvo `ljl ^rbjlp bpq^ mbocbfq^ rfoqrab
nrb pl_ob qla^p mbo bi eb j^fp ilrr^a^) lkab afw nrb
abif^ mbkabj ibu) b molcbq^p Bl ^mlpqliil nrb lrqo^p
m^pp^o^j) b ^nrbpq^ mbo^ pbjmob cf`^o^) b `ljl prpl
af`ql e b) ^gra^alp `lj cvojbw^ a^ ccb ) b do^kab _l^
pmbo^kÖ^ klp qo^_^iebjlp ab^ mbo`^iÖ^o) `lj pr^ do^*
Ö^) llf^fp mbocbfq^jbkqb nrb c^wbo mlabojlp Bppl_obp*
ql eb aÜ55^_bo nrb lp mlpprvalobp abpq^ rfoqrab) pbj*
mob qo^wbj bj pbrp `lo^Öllàp erN mol`ro^alo a^ m^oqb
abklppl pbkelo ablp) b alp molrufjlp) ^ppv nrb ^p
`lrp^p mbo bi loabk^a^p klp c^Ö^ cfie^o mlo jbielo cbf*
lqlb nrb mápp^o+pb mlabj) b klj plii^jbkqb lppvkq^*
j lp) jbp nrb pbrp cbfqlp ^qlalp ^`rpbjlp b abcbka^*
jlp mbo af`ql) b cbf`ql+ Bq^kl _bj ^klpplp molrufjlpü
`lj l o^blj clo) Bmlobj pb nrfpbojlp q^i rfoqrab pb*
dr vo) bpqb mol`ro^alo ^g^jlp dr^oa^kalklp abmo^pj^o
m bo af`ql) lqf mbkpp^jbeql lp cbf`qlp al pbkelo ablp
GP`^a^ erci eljà nrÇql rvojlp nrbl _bj c^wbo abrb*
jlp Qbkel `lkeb`fal nrb klj mlabj mlpprvo bpq^
rfoqrab b3q^p mbppl^p +5+ lp pbdrvalobp abppbrp mo^wb*
Q bp) b rlèq^abp) Lp `l_fgÖlplp abploabk^a^jàqb a^p
`lrp^p al pbr molrbfql) b ^rÇq^dbj) b lp pl_borlplp)
b abpmobw^alob5+ @^ pb ibboabp elÑ `lii^Ölj nrb c^if^
a^jvw^ab Bl ifrol nrb qriifl abif^ cbw) b mfpqlii^p abp*
pbkb`^) l qo^rq^al ab g+í ab ivke^kl) b `boqlp `^mfqli(
ilp+ a^ mo^qf`^ nrb dr^oa^r^jlp ^l jrv nbkmnhlh O bv
klppl pbkelo b m^aob `rg^ ^ij^ ablp ^g^) nrb ^af^kqb
pbolj p`ofmqlp sbobbp _à nrb q^^bp mboppl^p klj ml(

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 /+
.13 K HA=H ?KJOO>HDAE_mKñ
abj ^idrbj abobfi^jbkqb mbo rfoqrab ^j^o) kà dr^o*
a^o `^ofa^ab Q^kql molrrb ^klppl pbkelo nrb pbjmob
klp ^j^ppbjlp nrb mbo bpqb pfdk^i plii^jbkqb nrfp
pbbobj `lkeb`valp pbrp pborvalobp) avwbkal bj `pfl
rlp `lkeb`bo^j nrb pllbp jbrp aâ`fmriilp) pb erëp
^lp lrqolp rlp ^j^oabp B^`bo`^abpql eb abpp^_bo nrb
plj nr^qol j^kbfo^p aeljbàp) erëp nrb `e^j^j mo^*
wbkqbbfolp nrb ^qlalp nrbobj `ljmo^wbo) b^kvjdrbj
c^wbo `lrp^ nrb ieb mbpb+ Lriolp q^j ^dolp nrb `lj
^idrÑ mbppl^ pb klj ^`loa^j+ B^idrëp nrb `^a^erP
abpq^p m^oqbp j^fp plj ^`lpq^alp) måoáab klj c^o^ ab
o^wlj Bmlfp jrv rfoirlplp nrb abpbflj `ljmo^wbo
^qlalp nr^kal abobfq^jbkib mlabobj) b gflo ^idrëc
mbkpp^o klj ibfu^t abc^wbo ) b afwbo lnrb eb _bj
@lj bpqbp eljbàp klp abrbjlp ^rbo) `ljl ^nrbi N
^lp `^r^'il5 _bj p^_b qo^wbo ^j^Äl nrb `lkppqgo^kal
pbr dbfql ie^ qo^w _o^ka^) lr j^fp qbbkqb ^iq^ mbiia
`lRl ^ooq_^) lr j^f^ _^ful) b Ö ^o o^a^ Bnr^kal rbb
nrb mbo `^a^erÇ abpq^p drvp^p `lj jra^kÖ^ abcobl)
b _ll `rpqrjb lkè mlab _bj bkcob^Q m^oqbl abppv(
`^ q^^b5 _bpq^p ev _^ nrb g^ j^fp klj pbo^j _bj ^*
abobkÖ^a^p B^ppv nr^kal `ljbÖ^ojlp `lj ^idl^ mbop(
pl^ ab`arbopp^o qo^_^ie^kalklp `lj ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo
ab `lkeb`bo pr^ j^kbfo^) b ie^ dr^oa^o bj qla^ `lr*
p^ nrb o^wl^a^ pbg^) pbklj cloà a^nrbiibp nrb plj
abp^`loa^qvrl5) `lj qlalp abrbjlp ^rbo qbkÖlj ab(
klp pbjmob ^`loa^o) klj bj `lkq^ abpmb`f^^bp ^jv(
dlp) `^ mlr`lp mbo^ bpql mlabj pbbo ^`e^alp) j^p
`ljl rvojlp nrb `çrbj `èppfgo^kal pbr bpq^al) p^(
_bo) _ll dbfql b ^cbfÖlj nrb `lj biibp abrbjlp ^rbo)
j^p al ^pmbol) ^dol) ab mlr`l p^_bo) b j^i ^`rpqr(
ur^al) j^fp pbdrol eb m^oqfo abpp^ `lkrbopp^Ölj B`l*
fkl a^p _bpq^p nrb _bj bkcob^a^p klj mlabjlp klp
dr^oa^o nrb klj mbkppl nrb ^idrë pbj jlg pmb`f^i
do^Ö^ mlpp^ _bj bk`^jvke^o qlalqilp eljbàp nrb lr*
rbo aboobdbo mlo `rgl bubc^mol ab alwb ^mlpqlfilpü erë
pb m`oabl B^ppv alp lrqolp grkq^jbkqlp ab rfoqrlp^p

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
 K H A = H ?KJOOETmmAENK+ .1<
mbobplÄp ^idrqqp bT r^Ñl ^mboafÖlj) nrb g^j^fp klo^
mlabj pbbo _bj ^abobkÖ^alp Bl pbkelo kl ^r^kdbiel
klp j^kalr nrb nr^kal ^idrë ab j^i rvrbo mbo ^*
^^lbpq^Öllàp pb klj nrfpbo `loobdbo nrbl ^g^jlp mlo
j^^l b mr_of`^kl Bl ^mlpiliil ^ppv ab`i^o^) nrb `lj
lp pbjbie^kqbp kÖj abrbjlp `lkrbopp^o) mlobkab q^i
klj abrbjlp c^wbo p^irl `lkqo^ ^nrbiibp ab `rgl `lo(
obdfjàql mbo `boq^p molr^p clojlp abpbpmbo^alp Mbo^
`lkeb`bojlp nrb `^jvkel pl_obpql ibr^o^lp `lkppfgob*
jlp pb ^j^vlo m^oib) abklp pb abp^`loa^) b mlr`lp
_llp b rfoqrlplp `ãklp`l plj ^`loa^alp Bppbbkal ^p(
pv p^f _e^jlp nrb ^olvkdr^ eb bj klp) mlpql nrb m^(
obÖ^ lp abp^`loalp klj rigobj mbo klppl ^^wl+ B^ppv
mlabjlp _bj grid^o klp) b lp l^qolp `lkpfgo^kal nr^k*
qlp b nr^^bp pb abp^`loa^olj) b mlo nrb o^wlj) pl
lrrbojl5 q^i bkqbkabo nrb mbo ^cbfÖlj ka pbf^jlp
qlor^al5 ab mlabojlp `ã ^jbo`bb ab klppl pbkelo
_bj `lkeb`bo nrbj eb `rim^al) b ^rval q^i `lkeb`fû
jbkql) qo^_^ie^o abrbjlp ab mlbo _ll ^rvp^jPql) b
objbafl lkab `ljmofo+ Bj q^i drvp^ nrb rvr^jlp
pbo^mob bo^ `^ofa^ab) a^ nr^i pb afw nrb ^gka^ nrb
^g^jlp qla^p rfoqrabp) pb ^p klj mlpprvojlp) k^a^
klp ^molrbfq^olj B mlo ^rbo bpq^) nrb pb abrbj ibf(
u^o ^p l_o^p $M m^ob`bj rfoqrlp^p b ab do^j jbof`f*
jbkql B nrbj jlo^ `j `^ofa^ab nrb jlo^ bj ablp
b ablp bj biib+

'9GAKLCCF 2***+$
<9J D9E=AI9J <9D9I$

Dlkü6¨go^kal `ljl klppl pbkelo jb lrqlodlr rvrbo

pàmob pbj c^iif`vjbkql bj ^jvw^ab jrv pmb`f^i `lo^
lp jrv rfoqrlplp Obv l O^vke^ jbrp pbkelobp) m^*
aob) b j^aob `lg^p ^ij^p ablp ^g^ b `lj qlalp jbrp
goj^Çlp klj pvjmobwjbkqb `loll pborfalo) lr mbo l*
_ovd^Ölj ab avrval) j^p bj ^nrbii^ j^fp mbocbfq^
j^kbfo^ nrb l^qolp ^`e^o û b mlabppbj) cvoj^alp bj

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
.15 K HG=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
do^kab ^jlo b _l^p rllkq^abp abqla^ m^oqb `&c jrv q^

F r^oa^ abiil bkppvk^alp mbo ablp _ll bkubjmol alp

f`qlp pbkelobp b al nrb erëp alp lrqolp ^mobkav^jlp
ab q^i drfp^ nrb klj jb m^ob`bl nr^kal rv lifrol ab
qriifl) b lrqolp nrb abif^ c^if^j &G ^`e^r^ `lrp^ klr^
kbj `lkqo^âo^ ab nrb erp^r^jlp Bmlpql nrb ^ppv o^*
wl^o lklj plr_bo^) g^ kl `lo^Ölj ^nrbiil pbkqf^) b
mbo l_o^ erp^r^ Bj rv q^p+ do^Ö^p ^klppl pbkelo) mlo
klpp^p doÇabp rfoqrabp) b jbov`v jbkqlp ^kqob klp nrb
pbjbie^kqb pbkqvjlp o^wlj jb m^ob`b nrb ^idrÇ `lr*
p^ pl_obiil ab`i^ob `ljl a^p rfoqrabp prpl p`ofmq^p
Mlobj pbdrkal jbr m^ob`bo abif^) b a^p lrqo^p j^*
kbfo^p) a^ j^o) bpql mlr`l rlp p`obrl+ Pbr `ljbÖl eb
erë dbbo^i mo^wfjàql mlo avrval) _bj cbfqrof^) _lk*
a^ab) p^_bo) c^j^) lr ^idrë jbof`vjbkql B^nrbpql
a^ m^oqb al bkqbkabo) lr mlo pbkqfjbkql al `lo^Ölj)
a^r¨5q^) c^if^) _l^ do^Ö^ kl nrb c^w) lr mlo `lk`lo*
a^kÖ^ a^ `çmobvpplj) `^ifa^ab) lr km`bkÖ^p+ A^ iv
`ob`b ^q^^ pbbo mbo `^a^ erÇ abpq^p m^oqbp jrv pmb(
` f^ f) `lj lnr^i rbj ^jlo+ Babi k^`b abpbfl abc^wbo
qlal _bj nrb mlabo ^nrbj ^ppv ^j^) mlo clid^o àkl
c^wbkal) b pbbo abf ^ppv ^j^al `ljl bi pàqb) nrbo Ä*
j ^o) b l_o^o) ^cbfÖlj `lo^ q^i mbppl^ qk^vlo b jb*
ielo nrb pb mlabo ^rbo ) B `ljmovkal pbr abpbfl cfie^
abiibfq^Öè a^nr^i rbj `lkqbkq^jbkql) mbo lppbkqfal)
lr `lkeb`vjbkql al bkqbkabo @l dbbo^i `lkqbkq^*
jbkql a^j^o) pbbo ^j^al) mlpprvo) b ildo^o ^cbfÖlj
a^ nrbii^ mbppl^) nrb jrv pvkdrii^ojbkqb ^j^) c^w
pbkqfo `lkqvkr^al mo^wbo) kl nr^i rvrà lp _llp) b
rfoqrlplp ^jvdlp abrboa^abfo^ ^jvw^ab) `ljl abrb
pbbo ^kqob j^ofal) b jliebo) m^obkqbppbkelobp) pbo*
kvalobp) b jrv molmofl ^kqob lp nrb pb ^`loa^j mbo
do^kab ^cbfÖlj bo^ bpq^al) va^ab) rfoqrlp^ j^kbfo^
abrvrbo) b _ll abpbfl) molmlpfql) bkqbkabo) b rllk*
q^ab+ Al ^jlo nrb eb kljb dbbo^i jb m^ob`b nrb
k^`bj nr^qol j^kbfo^p a^qk^o) eljbÜp) b jliebobp)
mlo nrb a^p lrqo^p ^l mobpbkqb klj c^Öl jbbkÖç +5+

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDE_beN¶+ m1"
?bknrbobkÖ^ movjbfo^) abpbfl ab _bj c^wbo) pbdêk(
a ^ ) *>jlobp) qbo`bfo^) >jsw^ab) nr^oq^ A^p nr^^bp
jlpqo^ob v _obrbjbmqb ^idrÇp abcbobkÖ^p mbo^ `^a^erë
abppv) b alp lrqqlp `lkkb`bo abnr^iabii^p ^j^) lr
eb ^j^al+ B`ljã bkÑ `^a^erÄ klp abrbjlp ^rbo+ ?bk(
nrbqbkÖ^ eb q^j dbbo^ . kljb nrb ^qla^p mboppl^p nrb
j^i klj nrbobjlp) mlabjlp _bj avwbo nrb Geb nrb*
objlp _bj @Ä klp mo^w ab pê^ p^ir^Ölj) rva^) b
p^rab) b ab lrqolp jrv qlp _bÜp nrb klj pbg^j ^klp
`lkqo^folp Abpbfl ab_bj c^wbo eb g^j^fp pmb`f^i mlo
nrÜ mlr`lp qbbj q^i rllkq^ab ^qlalp) ^gka^ nrbl
mlpp^j _bj `ljmofo) b ^`bo`^ alp `ebd^alp lppbkqbj
Bmlobj eb g^ bj do^^l j^vlo) b j^fp bpqobj^al Lp
^jlobp bj ^idrÇ^p mbppl^p abpq^p ar^p m^oqbp pb abp*
^`loa^j ) mlo nrb mbo biibp mofk`fm^ijbkqb pb abpbf^
pl_ob qlalp pbbo ^j^al) ^rbo) b ild^o pPmob jrg `eb*
d^a^ ^cbfÖlj) `lj nrbj ^ppv ^j^ B jrv q^p rbwbp
`ljl `bdl lr cloÖ^al klj `ro^ abppbr _bj) kbj qb*
kqb l j^i ) b q^i c^w abif^ ) nr^kal mbo lrqo^ drfp^)
klj mlab ^`^_^o lnrb pl_ob qla^p `lrp^p pbjmob `lk*
qvkr^a^jbkqb j^fp abpbf^ B^ppv klj ieb nrbobo bj
q^i qbml _bj ) kbj abpbf^ abiel c^wbo) mlfp nrboâ^ pbr
`lkqo^fol) pb alrqo^ drfp^) kè mlabppb pbr abpbfl `lj*
mofo >jgw^ab eb abpr^co^a^ abqla^p bpq^p) b m^oqf`fm^
`lj bii^p) mlo nrb pbjmob nrbo _bj ^ppbr ^jvdl) b
krk`^ l`lkqo^fol) b ^ppv abpbf^ abfil c^wbo `lj qla^
`lrp^ mlo dr^oa^ a^ 3r^ `lk`fbk`f^ ^`ob`àq^jbkql a^
elkoo^) p^rab) molrbfql) b _ll mo^wbo Bmo^wieb jrv*
ql pbbo abppbr ^jvdl mbocbfq^jbkqb ^j^al) b ^rbo
llj bi pbjmob _ l^) b o^wl^a^ `èrbopp^Ölj Qbj ^ü
rÄkq^dbj alp movjbfolp) mlo nrb jrv pmb`f^i _bj
nrbo ^l ^jvdl) b ^ppv abpbf^ abiel c^wbo) `ljl mbo^
pv jbabp lnrbof^ Alp ^jlobp abpr^fo^) mlo nrb ^j^j
mcvk`fm^ijbkqb obdfalp mlo lbkqbkabo) b alp lrqolp
mÜo jlrvjbkql al `lo^Ölj) l abpbfl ab pbbo ^j^al)
^gka^ klj `lk`loa^ `lj ^jvdlp ) mlo nrb pbjmob
mlbkpplj nrbl plj) `^ alrqo^ drvp^ klj pb qboof^j

$/./4/7-, +6 HcKKM e^
 .2( ) - bb>=$H ?Km_OOA[D>ENK)
\f m Z e+ \hgmZ) ]hl jnZZ^l l^ ]bs jn^ lhf hnmkhl) *^n
^ Ze`nZ^ l^f^eaZgm^l kZshh^l ghl ebnkál cZ ]b\mh^ A Z *
_^bÅhf ghf ]^l^bhf Zllr krch) ^ \hgmrgnZ]Zf^gm^ Zk
ia^`Z]Z \hfh gZfhkZ]hl) g^f;ZQ! cr f 6 ihk+jn^ hZk
fr`h jnZg]h \hfik^ ]^ll^ iZkmbk ) )Zcg]Z jn^ ]^b lrg*
mZ lnr]Z]^ l^`nkZf^gm^ ^ [^f hllhihkmZ) fZl l^fik^
a^ ik^l^gm^ ^f mZgmh jn^ gh ebnkh jn^ ]^ebZ _^s mjeerh)
]bs jn^ g^f Zfhkm^ hl iZkm^ A]^lmh ^n ]hn [hh m^lk
m^fng[h `kZÅZl Z ]^hl) ihk jn^ h_rgZf^gmK ]hl ]b\mhl
l^gahk^l G ^r ^ NZrgaZ ghf f^ iZkmrkhf ]^ l^n Zó
fhk ) ihk jn^ Zllr ]^l^bh ]^ea^l _Zs^k l^knrÅh) ^ ikZ'
s^k \hfh l^ nr nhl _hll^f) ^ k^\^h Zjn^£FZl mh nlZl)
jn^ nrnÑ]h lZ[bZ jn^ ghf ZnrZf ihk [^f ) \hfh l^
]nnr]Zll^ ]^fh ih]^k^f Zh ik^l^gm^ \hgmkZ]bs^k A Z*
e^`kZg]hf^ _Zs^k Zl jn^ i^gllh jn^ea^l ikZs^f) hn
ikZs^kbZ) l^ gZ ik^l^gm^) nr]Z _hll^f) l^`ng]h frgaZl
h[kZl [^f Zl ]^fhlmkZf KcmÖ}ge^ ]hf i, f^n lh[k^
mh]hl ik^sZ]h) ^ ZfZ]h ckfZ~h* ihlmh jn^ _hll^ gh k^rP
gh ]ng`kbZ) \hf i^jn^gZ +m^^gÅhf ]^ mhkgZk Z^lmZ m^k'
k Z ) [O i^gllh jn^ l^fik^ \hga^\^h l^^k Zllr ik^l^g'
m^ ^f f^n \ÜkZÅhf ) \hfh _hll^ gZjn^e eh ` Z k) hg]^
^n ^kZ) AZ]n\jn^ZZ ]^[k^`hgaZ) frgaZ fnrmh ik^sZñ
]Z ^ ZfZ]Z ckf ZÄ) gng\Z bZf i^k_^bmZf^gm^ l^gmrM
frgaZ [hZ nhhgmZ]^) \hfh ]^ljn^ _hr ]^lm^l) aThac^`
iZkmb]Z Kl Zfhk^l lbfik^sf^gm^ fnrmZl n+^s^l m^^f
fZg^bkZ \hgmkZÖkZ) ihk jn^ _Zs^f ZfZk ]^jnÑ gà a^
ZfZ]h ) hn i^k kZshf lrgm^ jn^ ghf ]^n^ Zllr ]Zñ
f Zk) ^f jn^ fnrmh ]ZfrsZ]^ l^ ]^lnZbkZ+ Lhk^f lh*
[k^lmh m^gaZfhl mZe ]^m^kfrgZÅhf) jn^ [^f j n ^ k ^ b
ÅZ ]^n^fhl Zmh]hl ^f h`^^kZe ]^l^bh ]^ [^f _Zs^k
^f mh]Z \hnlZ jn^ [^f ih]^kfhl AeZl i^llhZl ZghZ
\a^`Z]Zl) hn jn^h f^k^\^f) mZe ]^l^bh ]^n^ l^^k+ fZbZ
ZnZgm^cZ]h+ K^ Zfhk^l ^f mh]h \Zlh ZcZfhl ihk ]nw
nr]hlhl l^ mZgmh \k^\^f ) jn^ \a^`n^f ) hn _hk\^f )
ihk jn^ l^ e^bqZkfhl ]^ghl k^`^k i^k ]^k^bmZ kZshZb'
^ [hh ^gm^g]^k jn^ nZee^k^fhl Aihbl ]^ee^l ^lmh n^bg
bZnrmh lhf ]^kk^^^Zk+ D ^ n^k]Z]^ jn^ _Zs^f `^gm^

&'&00-/+&*
$/./4/7-, +6!
 K HP£=H ?£KJOO>HDGeEeKb .2.
j^k`b_^ jbielo bT qo^wbo) b mbo`^iÖ^o ^idrÑp j^ke^p
`rpqrj^a^p k^p `^p^p alp pbkelobp+ >i^p mlo lmbofdll
nrb jrvq^p rbwbp abfqbp pb ob`ob`b `lrbj jrvql abp*
p^ mofplo^ pb dr^oa^obj lp nrb rfoqrlp^jàqb abpbfa
rvrbo+
8P_2 E ?
SP\P]TXaP R^\^ cT STdt P\Pa ^b RPbPS^b(

L + _bj `^p^alp abqla^p nr^qol j^kbfo^p) prpl p`of*

mq^p) ^jbr m^ob`bo pb abrbj ^j^o) b klj pbbkal
^çpv) klj `ebd^o^ ^ppbr mbocbfql pq^al) mlo nrb pl(
_ob qlalp eb oacblfk nrboboppb _bj) b ^3pv abpbf^o abl
c^wbo era ^l lrqol bo^ qla^p `lrp^p nrb o^wl^a^jbkqb
mlabobj+ Fc`pbbo j^ op nrb alrqobj ^j^alp) `lj ^cbf*
Ölj do^kab `lkqvkr^a^ Bmlo pr^p _lka^abp) rfoqr*
nTb ) b lrqolp do^kabp jbof`vjbkqlp pbbobj o^rvql
`lkq$qbp mbo Åc`fÖlj) bkqbkabo) b o^wlj nrb c^w rv*
rbo bj `lkqvrr^aÄ ibaf`b) nrb k^`b ab q^i `lkqbkq^(
ckbëkql) krk`^ g^ j^fp bj lo^p) b qbjmlp o^wl^alp erë
`lj lrqol pbkc^a^kal Bqlal _bj) elkoo^) p^rab)
_ll mo^^bo ab `^a^ erqf pb abpbf^o) b mlobf qo^_^ie^o
b c^wbo `ljl mlqc lppbr jbabp) b j^fp bj jrvq^p m^o*;
qÜp+ IEgal ^idrëp ^q^f bpq^al pvkifolj `ljl pb ^j^j
mbocbfq^jbkqb mbo qla^p nr^qol kcqkboo^p a^to^o) ^l
nr^i mbrppl`clbf mlr`lp plj abpmlqflp( abrfgo mbojvfE
úqj ab rfoclabp) p^_bo) lr _l^ rlkq^ab) nrb e^ bj
`^aÇ_rÑ a^p m^oqbp)+ j^p ^nrbifbp n üb ^q^f `ebd^obj
`lkeb`bo^j _bj nr^kql rboa^abfo^jbkqb p`obrl abp(
q^ ã`fbkc`fë% do^Ö^p ^klppl pbqâelo mbo klp _bj mo^qf`^(
a^p+ Al do^kab ^jlo ûb dÜbo^ fr ç cnojàql kl `lo^*(
Ölj nrb c^w `ob`boqla$gi^pm^vullàpg^ afbq^p) al ab(
pÜfl ) &qáibfqÅÖlj) p^ke^) qofpqbw^) b ^ppv a^p lrqo^p
bj qåaqq `lrp^ ab _bj 8 b al `lkqo^fol nrb jrvil mbo(
qbb`ච^nl*bj ^kf^o mbo do^kab ^jvw^ab) lr ovglp^jl(
oÜp+ } k^p.%j^fp a^p il_o^p )¥*mrga^alp) b c^iif`vjbkqlp
$ bicã qáo^ movk`vm^ijbkqb obpmbfql) mápp^kal `ljl
gmlo bil .d^ÅkÖ^ ilr8 máoab qcc$mo b^cbfÖlo^ ¥a^nrb ;^pnv

$/./4/7-, +6 ' * 2 2 ) 1 -
 )-* K H>=H KKJ55>HDAENK+
^j^) mbo `^a^ erÇ abpq^p j^kbfo^p Bjrvql j^fp pb
clo mbo ^j_^p grkq^jbkqb `ljl c^wbj lp jrv _bj
`^p^alp Bmlo ^do^j cloÖ^ abpq^p j^kbfo^p a^j^o) afw
pbkb`^ a^p ovg^p ^jvw^abp) b ^jlobp nrb pb+ klj ml*
abj cloÖ^o) j^p p^dbpjbkqb) nr^kal `ljmob mbo do^k*
ab afp`obÖlj pb c^wbj p`loobd^o B^nrbpql bkqbkal
nrb pb c^w `lj pmb`f^Z do^Ö^ abklppl pbkelo) ^nr^i
`lj klpp^p cloÖ^p pbjmob abrbjlp a^gra^o) nr^kal
rvojlp nrb klp c^w jbpqbo Bmão nëb o^wl^a^jbkqb lp
`^p^alp abrbj qo^_^ie^o mlo pbbobj ab pr^p jliebobp
_Ü ^j^alp) b qbjvalp klj pb qbbkal ^^nrbii^ m^iG^ro^
nrb jrv qlp avwbj mbo abâibfu^jàql) jvkdr^ abrllr*
q^ab) lr ab _ll p^_bo nrb pb+ klj nrbobj `loobdbo)
kbj ^rbo +_l^ dr^oa^ k^ j^kbfo^ nrb `lfk+bii^p abrç
abqbbo)+ mlo nrb g^+bkd^k^olj) nrà ^rv^j abkd^k^o )
lp nr^^bp klj mbkpplj nrb ^gka^ nrb^p qbke^j bj
p^p `^p^p klj qbbj pbrp `lo^Öl+làp ^`loa^alp mbo ab*
obf ql ^jlo ^pplr mo^wbo Mlobj pl_obil eb ab `lkppfg*
o^o) nrbl ^jlo rbj `ljl g^ afppb mbo o^wlj) lr mbp
abpbfl al`lo^Ölj B^ppv `èrbj pbbo d^^kÖ^al b j"*
qebral Ba^ m^oqb a^oo^wlj pb mbo`^iÖ^ mbo rf<qrab^9)
lrqo^p _lka^abp) b _l^p j^ke^p) `lj ^`ob`bkq^jbk*s
ql ab _ll bpq^al) qbbkal `lj bii^ bj qlal8_l^ j^*
kbfo^ bj ^elkoo^o ) b mobw^o ) p^_bkalppb `lk`lo*
a^o `lj pr^p rllkq^abp B^p lrqo^p mbo)qbjmbo^al[)
b afp`obqlp ^rgp^jbkqlp) b obibr^o) b `loobdbo B `l*
jl ^ bpmbofbk`f^ _bj abjlpqo^+n+rb lp+ 3br^bâif[qbp o^*
wl^a^ jbkqb `rpqrj^j >p j^fp rbwbp pbbo _bj ^j^*
alp) b mobw^alp) b l_bab`valp+ L `lo^Ölj mbElp s+
pbkqfalp cfie^ mofk`fm^ijbkqb ^jlo) b abgbfq^Ö!+ Bml*
obj `èrbj ablp bkd^ie^o) nr^kql `^a^ erëj bielo)
lr+ jbklp+ j^i mlabo) ^ppv+nrb `lkqbkqb pbjmob ^ifpq^
mbo o^wl^al m^ob`bo) nr^kql bj bi cl o ) Öèppfgopcqal pr^
_fa^ab) bpq^al) b abpmlpfÖlo^) mbo _ll+d b fql ) `loob*
dvt bkql) á qla^ `lrp^ nrb cbwbo Blrrvka^ mbiil jn^
c^ii^o) Ü ^ppv alp lrqolp pbkqfalp) ab nrb8 km^fp8 bj
pm^`f^i klj c^Öl jbkÖlj pbdrkammbo klp mma[jlp
 - H A = H ?KJOOAHDGENK+ F30
cfie^o bkubjmol ) qbbkal `lj bii^p ^nrbii^ j^kbfo^

' rb klp mo^wbof^ nrb bii^p qbrbppbj `lj klp`l) dr^o(

^kal ^nrbii^p abcbobkÖ^p) nrb ^kqob klp o^wl^a^jbk*
qb abrbj pbbo dr^^oa^a^p Bnr^kal bpql cão _bj dr^o*
a^al `lj mbocbfq^ ib^ia^ab) pbj ^nr^i qlal jrvql
klk^ eb abmobw^o) lp j^ofalp a^p _l^p jliebobp @obl
`lj ^Öo^Ö^ al pbkelo nrb pbo^j pbjmob ^j^alp) b
l_bab`falp `ljl abrP) mlo nrb a^p lrqo^p klj c^iil)
`lj nrb ^ablm do^Ö^p) klj qbkel `èrbopp^Ölj Bl
nrb abif^p knb m^ob`b) klj `lk`loa^ `" bpql nrb p`ob*
rl+ Pb afppbobj mlr`^p plj ^p _l^p) Br afdl nrb
jrvq^p bj bpqb `^pl) mlfp ^l mobpbkqb br klj pbf)
kbj lrÖl jliebo ab `^r^iibfol) kbj lrqol eljbgk ab
_l^ `lkq^ bj qlalp jbrp obvklp nrb ^g^ c^j^ `lkqo^â*
o^ ab pr^ elkoo^ bj dr^oa^ abib^ Fa^ab Bm^pp^olj ab
7bj jliebobp nrb bioobv b ^ O^vke^) jbrp pbkelobp)
m^aob) b J ^aob) `rg^p ^ij^p ablp ^g^) Bklp `^p^jlp
ab klpp^p `^p^p) b molrrb ^klppl pbkelo ablp nrb ^i{
drÇ nrb br p^f_e^) krk`^ c^iib`bl bj q^i bool abp nrb
âlv `^p^a^ Bm^ob`bjb nrb mlfp bj ^ka^kal mlo alk*
wbii^p a^idrÇ c^j^ `lkqo^âo^ pb afwf^) nrb pbjbie^kqb
nr^kal c^iib`bolj pbbkal `^p^a^p) pb avppbo^) Bmlo
bpql ) b lrqo^p o^wllPp abobfq^p nrb ^biil jb gk`ifkP
plj jrvql aÄppr^ m^oqb bj ilrr^o) b mobw^o ^nr`ii^p
nrb _l^p plj) `lkqo^of^kal ^lp nrb ^p mo^pj^j bj
db bo^ i) b abpilrr^j @^ mo^pj^obj ^idrPp nrb c^iib*
`bj `åjl klp c^iib`bjlp) mlabppb c^wbo) `lkeb`bkal

Z rb^p j^fp rbwbp k^`b ^movk`fm^i `rim^ abklp) mlobk*

b br a^p _l^p p`obrl bpq^ j^kbfo^) nrb `å bii^p mbo^
pbrp j^ofalp pbbobj abif^p ^j^alp) mobw^alp) b l_b*
ab`falp jb m^ob`b nrbppb abrb qbbo+ A^ `lkeb`fa^ mlo
_l^) p^dbp) b afp`obq^ jliebo nrb _à ^j^ pbr j^ofal)
klj eb o^wlj nrb pb qbke^ `brjbp) kbj arrva^ bj
dr^oa^ ab pr^ ib^ia^ab) ^gka^ nrb bi klj pàq^ bj pv
jrvq^ mbocbfÖlj mbo^ pbbo ^j^al) mlo nrb bii^ lc^w
movk`vm^ijbkqb mbo pr^ rfoqrab) b _lka^ab) mbii^ nr^i
^p pbjbie^kqbp iebp obibr^j do^kabp jvkdr^p) b c^iiv*

$/./4/7-, +6 [ h h M b^
 F21 h e [ Z e \h g ll^ea ^bkh +
`v jbkqlp) pbdrkal abpql dh kfrvqlp b _llp bkubj*
molp > lp nr^^bp kåj abrb c^wbo mbo gr v wl ) lnrb lr*
qo^p cbwbolj bj `lkqo^fol+ Bpql afdl pbdrkal jvke^
qbkÖlo^) ^gka^ nrb jrvqlp bkqbkavalp qbkelj lmb*
kvlj `lkqo^ff^ @^l ^jlo a^p pbjbie^kqbp) j^fp `a*
`lca^ `lj _bknrbobkÖ^ ab mbocbfq^ ^jgw^a^%+ nrb i^k*
Ö^ clo^ qlal qbj lo)b j^^ plpmbfq^ ab nrbj ^j^) mlo
rvrbobj bj clid^kÖ^ `lkqvkr^a^ ab do^kab `lkqbkq^*
jbkql ) nrb `lj ^jlobp) lp nr^^bp ab `brjbp jrvql
plj ^`ljm^ke^alp mlo ^rbobj crka^jbkql kl abpbfl
al `lo^Ölj) nrb klj ob`b_b `lj biibp abobfq^ pbdr*
o^kÖ^) `ljl a^ lbkqbkabo mbo _ll `lkeb`vccfbkql a^p
rfoqrabp+ Bl ^jlo a^ pbjbie^kqb jlEfbo+ B mbo^ bii^
nr^i lrqo^ mlab pbbo jbielo dr^oa^ nrb ^`ob`bkq^*
olbkql abppr^ _l^ rllkf^ab) ^nr^i o^wl^a^jbkqb jrv*
ql abrb `ob`bo) mlo ^do^kab `lkcv^jÖ^ nrb abif^ pb
qbj ) mlo p^_bobj nrb k^bb a^ _l^ qbbkÖlj nrb pbr
j^ofal e^ abif^+ Bqbkel rfpql mbo `boq^ pmbofbk`f^ nrb
c^w j^fp molrbfqlp^ dr^oa^ bj pbjbie^kqbp `lo^ ^`ob*
`bkq^o^bkql a^jlo ) mo^wbo) b l_bafbkqb rllkq^ab)
nrb krk`^ lp `brjbp mlabj c^wbo Mlobj mbo^ q^^bp)
obrbpp^a^ plpmbfq^) lr arrva^ bkpp^ ib^ia^ab) eb jrv*
ql+ p`rp^a^ B^`bo`^ a^p lrqo^p ^j^kbfo^ nrbppb abrû
qbbo klj p`obrl mlo klo^ mboqbb`bo do^Ö^p ^ablp ^*
jbr molmãpfql+ >kqob lp _llp ^jvdlp) b _bj `^p^alpv
bpq^p `lrp^p jrv kb`bpp^of^jbkqb pb obnrbobo^ Mof*
jbfo^ ib^ia^ab bj qlal `^pl) abcbf`ql) af`ql) b jlp*
qo^kÖ^+ Pbdrka^) pbdobal nrb krk`^ afd^) kbj acb
^Ökqbkabo lç p^_b) lr arrva^) pb ^ppr^ o^liebo) b ^û
jvdl mbab abpmo^wbo abppbbo p^_fal Qbo`bfo^) rboa_*
ab dr^oa^kalppb abqla^ jáqfo^ afdk^ aboobmobebkpblj
Nr^oq^ pbdro^kÖ^ nrb ^kqob ^j_lp pbf^ dr^oa^a^) mlo
mbocbfq^ qbbkÖlj nrb erë al lrqol pbjmob qbbj
^rvaâe) Nrvkq^ _l^ bkqobmbq^Ölj bj qla^p pr^p l_o^p)
m^âi^ro^p) b `lkqbkàÖ^) ^ppv nrb qlal pb cfieb ^^jgo*
Felo m^oqb a^ nrbi nrb pb qbbj bo^ `lkq^ ab _ll) b
rhqrlpl) mlo nrb lrqo^ mbppl^ klj mlab rboa^aqbfo^*

$/./4/7-, +6 / * ( ( ) ' -
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHD>ENK' .22
jbkqb ekp^o a^jvw^ab+ Pbuq^ _l^ mobprkÖlj ) nrb
abppv qbke^j) b erë al lrqol) nrb plj mbo^ l_o^o
ob^ijbkqb bj qla^p `lrp^p `lj jrv rboa^abfo^p rllk*
q^abp) `ljl _llp ^jvdlp l mbabj) b abrbj c^wbo+
Blkab bpql _bj clo dr^oa^al) ]y `obl cg `brjbp nrb
ab `llq^ pbglj ^iiv mlpp^j jlo^o+ Mlobj ^oo^wlj
_bj abjlpqo^ nrb lkab lp _^) klj _b ^nrbii^ j^fp
rboa^abfo^ j^kbfo^ ab ^j^o) mlo nrb `brjbp jb m^*
ob`bj erë ob`bl nrb ^idrë qbj mlo klj _l^ qbkÖlj)
lr plpmbfq^) bj cbf`ql) af`ql) _l^ rlLq^ab bj jvk*
dr^ pr^) b ^`ob`bkq^olbkql alrqoà) mlo `lk_b`vjbkql
ab pbrp c^iif`vjbkqlp) bj abpmlpfÖlkf ) rllkq^abp) bp(
q^al) do^Ö^) b pbjbie^kqbp Bj^fp mbocbfq^jbkqb mlo
`boq^p jvkdr^p) nrb k^nrbii^ mbppl^ ab nrb pb e^j
lp `brjbp plj `lkeb`fa^p bj _lka^ab) bkqbkabo) lr
_l^ rllkq^ab Bmlobj lkab q^kql `ob`bj nrb ^lo^ÖÑ
k92 fbfu^j cfie^o o^wl^a^ pbdro^kÖ^) `lj ^jvw^ab rÜo*
a^abfo^) klj pb mlabj _bj ^`loa^o ^gka^ nrbppb ^*
glj a^idrÇ 9g jrv ovgl mlo lrqol crka^jbkql ^jbj ;
`^ mlfp ^kqobppv `^_b q^i arrva^) klj mlab pbbo ^(
nrbfi^ mbocbfq^ ^jvw^ab nrb jrg ^`^_^a^jbkqb c^w ^(
j^o) b ^ppv `obbo pbj arrva^ nrb eb _bj ^j^al+
Nrvlql _b kb`bpp^of^ do^kab dr^oa^) b ^rvp^jbkql
k^ c^if^ mlo nrb ^iiba^ `çrbopp^Ölj obnrbob `lkqvkr^*
Ölj abif^ bj qla^ `lrp^) b j^kbfo^ o^wl^a^ @^ `ljl
afwbj nrb kl jrvql c^ii^o klj c^iib`b mb`^al) ^ppv
a^ jrvq^p rbwbp ^kqob lp ^jvdlp ^^wl ab bo^j afp*
`ãoaf^ ) mlobj abq^i drvp^ `çrà o^wl^o Çqob biibp " pà*
mob j^qbkeÇ ^rvoqrab a^ afp`obÖlj) dr^oa^kalppb ab
jbkqfo^ ) ilrr^jvke^) mbocf^) ^pmbo^ m^i^ro^) `lj
q^i `lkqbkbkÖ^) lr a^colkq^p) `^ii^o `lj abpmobÖl)
ibrbjbkqb oèmbo ^bpqlof^ `ljbÖ^a^) pl_bg^jbkqb 5-
crka^jbkql bj erÇ `lkqvkr^o mbo^ `ljvqvjbkql )
kbj obmlpq^p) ^iql c^ii^o) lr ^lrqobj abp`l_ofo) lkab
`ljmob pbdobal) j^i afwbo) qofpqbp c^ii^jbkqlp) abp^*
qbkql k^p `lrp^p abmbpl) co^`^p o^wlãbp) lr a^ mboi^*
a^ rllkq^ab) lkab `ljmob bpcloÖl) m^R^ro^p ab mb`^*
R !

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 .+
.23 K HA =H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
al lr abplkbpq^p) pbdrkal obnrbob lild^o) c^if^ jbk*
ql b mbppl^p j^if`flp^jbkqb ilrr^o ^lmvkvlj al ^*
jvdl pbj afp`obÖlj ^`lkqo^afwbo klj dr^oa^kal m^i*
i^ro^p) lr qbjml) c^ii^o clo^ ab molmlpfql Bab klj a^*
k^o _l^p o^wl^a^p âfgka^p lr `lk`irpllàp ^l nrb c^i*
f^j ) nrb jlpqobj mlr`l obdr^oal) p^_bo b pbkqval
Babrbj ^rbo) b jlpqo^o bj qla^p pr^p l_o^p b o^wllàp
do^kab ibj_o^kÖ^ al mofk`fm^i) _bj) p^rab molrbf*
ql ) _ll mo^wbo al ^jvdl) mlo nrb jrvql ibd^ pbjmob
Z _l^ b al`b m^ii^ro^) pbdrkal ^nrbi af`ql ab p^ii^*
gklj ) nrb ^ppbjbie^kqb grkq^ lp ^jvdlp+ B^ j^i lo*
abk^a^ pm^odb b `ff^ jrvqlp abp^`loalp b mbiibg^p Mlü
obj ^kqob lp nrbppb _bj ^j^j) do^kab dr^oa^ k^p
m^ii^ro^p _b kb`bpp^of^ `lj _l^p l_o^p pbjmob _bj
^`ljm^ke^a^p) pbj ^p nr^^bp o^wllàp klj plj jrv*
ql abmobw^o Bmlo " ^`lkqb`b cfie^o ó^jfdl bjm^`el b
abpmo^wbo) ab nrb eb cbfql b af`ql) `lj abobfq^ qàÖlok)
b nrbobkal pl_obiil jrvql o^wl^o pb ob`ob`bj bjm^(
`elp) ^oobcb`vjbkql a^ _l^ mo^qf`^) nrb ^kqobiibp pb
`rpqrj^) _ll `Çppbiel) jb m^ob`b jrv `bal abq^i
bpqãof^ p^vo) b g^j^fp bj bii^ mlr`l lr k^a^ c^ii^o
`^ klj `èrbj c^wbo) kbj erp^o ccqa^jbkql alkab k^*
`bk^) nr^kal) _bj bpq^ lmovk`fm^i) `^ jrvq^p rbwbp
rbj mbo qbkq^Ölj al gkjffdl avkcorbk`f^ a^p mo^kb*
q^p) lr mbo q^^bp pbdobalp abklppl pbkelo nrb klj pb
mlab p^_bo kbj bkqàabo Bmlobj eb jvielo lkab klj
e^ o^wlj abj ^i) klj ^`of^o mbo c^ii^olbkqlp i^odlp
pbj molrbfil) j^p `bal b p^dbpjbkqb p^vo ab q^i bp*
qãof^ ) b c^wbo cfj mbo _l^ j^kbfo^ bj lrqolp mbp^alp a
br ibalp c^ii^jbkqlp `lj do^`flpl) b qbjmbo^al pmbü
afjbkql nr^kal `^a^erë pb m^oqfo Bafw qrâivl Do^kab
_bj _b ibr^o r^kq^dbj Pqob lp eljbPp kl _bj o^*
wl^o) mlo nrb k^ nrbpql pl_ob qla^p `lrp^p biibp ^qbbj+
Bk^b j^fp a^p lrqo^p clid^kÖ^p ^p _bpq^p q^kq^ a bibfq^
`lj) b j^fp nrb klp ob`b_bj) j^p kl _ll c^ii^o klp
plii^jPqb ^.ildo^jlp Blp _llp ^jvdlp bj bEl j^fp
pbj `^kpp^Öl g b bkc^a^jbkql nrb qla^p abibfq^Öllàü

$/./4/7-, +6 n hhM e^
 K HA=H ?KJ55AHDAENK+ .2 +
pbjmob pb ^ibdo^j) mlobj `lj do^kab b _l^ abifdbk*
`f^ a`rbjlp qo^_^ie^o `lj ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo ablp mlo
_bj b p^dbpjbkqb l_bj c^ii^o mo^qf`^ojlp+

#(509:114 &'%
$(2(3,07( 6:, 8, +,:, 9,,7 5,7((8 )4(8 241/,7,8!
7,*,(7,2 2;1/47 8,:8 2(70+48!
M b o ^ lp j^ofalp jbielo pbobj qbjvalp) klj pbv)
mbo^^p pljbieÇqbp _l^p jliebobp j^fp molrbfqlp^ ob*
do^ ) nrb qo^_^ie^o mlo pbbo abif^p _bj ^j^alp) dl*
rbok^kalppb bj qlal rfoqrlp^jbkqb) mlo nrb q^i ^jlo
qo^w j^fp ob^i) b mbocbfql qbjlo a^klf^o ^nrbj arrv*
a^ plii^jbkqb ab mboabo ^idrÑ m^oqb a^ _l^ rllkq^ab)
b al`b `ãrbopp^Ölj nrb ^kqob biibp eb) nrb ^lrqo^p
UTahS^p kbj ^jb^Ö^p mlabj c^wbo+ B^nrbpq^p obdo^p
jb m^ob`bj mbo^ bpql o^wl^a^p+ J^p mlo nrb ^ppv `l*
jl avwbj lp ibdfpq^p) j^fp plj ãp kbdl`fbp nrb lp
kl`^_olp abpq^ drgw^ mbo^lp dbfqlp pmb`f^^bp nrb qbbj
eljbáp b jliebobp) klj pb mlabj mbo dbbo^^bp ^rv*
`^jbkqlp bj qlal obdbo) `^ erPp mobw^j j^fp bpq^al)
b rfoqrab) lrqo^p _bj m^ob`bo) b j^k`b_f^p) ^idrÇp
mbo _o^kabw^ ab m^ii^ro^p pb ^rfpÇ+ B _bj l_bab`bkal
c^wbj lnrb pbr j^ofal iebp afw Bq^^bp ev e^ nrb `5*
rbj ^^p rbwbp j^fp jlpqo^kÖ^ ab cloÖ^+ Mloà `lkppfg*
o^kal kl nrb bv p`oâmql) b ^ab^kqb pb afo^) abpq^p
j^kbfo^p a^j^o) b ^mbppl^ `lj nrb qo^rq^) `^a^ ercf
pb dlrbokb `lfkl ieb _bj m^ob`bo) klj pb qbbkal
j^fp ^l nrb p`obrl) nrb nr^kql mbo _l^ pmbofbk`f^
^`e^o molrbfqlpl bj p^ `^p^ @^ ljbr dbbo^i c^ii^o)
klj ^_^pq^ mbo^ `^a^ mbppl^ pmb`f^ijbkqb pbbo obdfa^
@^nrbpql afdl mlo ^idrë) ^`e^kal klj _ll jbr `lkp*
pbiel) jb klj mo^pj^o) `^ br p`obrl `lj _l^ qbá*
`lj lnrb _bj jb m^ob`b) è qbbkal nrb qlal p^_bo
^lp eljbàp) mbo^ pPmob ob^ijbkqb j^kqbbo ^jvw^ab
eb _^pq^kqb) `ljl afw qriivl) pbj do^Ö^ avrvk^i
Clobj ^nrbGibp nrb rvrboà bj biy^) klj ^ppbr p^_boü

$/./4/7-, +6 ! %" " # !.+

 qcfc - @L¨QP T F[E L >
kbj mcqqom ) jbogpÖvjbcqil) ol[rp ûabld a^bÖk qlal [^e%
Yflo) b dilof^ afwbkal b[a[er> af^) Ölkcvoj^ pbkelo
bpql nrb^p l_o^al mj lcq() M l ( lmqom< nrb mbo ob^i
^jvw^ab pb mlabj ^j^o) lp ifrolp g^ af`qlp) jrv _bj
ab`i^olj) `ljl amc rêqrlplp nrb ^g^j bkqbkafjbk*
qlp hvtvJn!LP) rb[f^abp `mk`moa^rbbp a+_rë molmlpf*
ql ) nrbobo) mlcm nrbcmo) b mlj 1mP lrqomp) _b mbocbf*
q^jbkqb dr^oa^a^) mlo nrb erëp p0 ab q^j `roql p^*
_bo ) Äpmbol!) ^domp ) pàpp^ì;mobp) lr abpbf^alobb ab
(r^ r^mq^dmj) nrm klj 3b mlabj gdr^ii^o `lj ^'dûì
mmppl^ lol _ml ^jlo) b `[rbopp^Ölj+ Lrqolp mlpmbf*
Fmplp nmb abqlalp mobprjbj lmblo) cfie^kal bfm pr^
^gra( q`hT[ 1fMql nb gq^iiv^) kmj âb cgbÖp ppm klom
nrbobp pbbgo bkd^k^al BkL oÖpdm^oa^gk ^lnfgm pbkbn^
afcp) ]^\ qbr ^jvdl qma^p Ömcip^p abif_bo^) b abqb(+
cifskp) fm^p abf movjbfom) bj pm jmpqo^) `ljm
q!i m^R^ro^ ^cfdv bj dbbo^â mmfm pb abrû cfie^o mlo nrb
alqmamp m0 abkbjlp ûmkcf^o) kÖj ieb cfie^o pbrp af`ql#
- cbfqlû [^jviemo m^oqbü kbj mbfqb Ölkcbo^fom) j^p `mo
keb`btql Ö^a^erë) ^ppv qmj^o mnrb c^w) m afw) ^r"al
+bj bpql ^nrbi ^rvp^jb^qm) nrb c^w" mp _llp jlkq^f((
olp) nvb `nkeblbkam ^rb^Ö`j( b rbbmal `ljl e(
clid^a^) `lkdpfgo^ lnrb e^ ûJ^wbo^dr^oa^kal bj dblo
o^' i^abfo^p) ^lp erpplp) plmbb ^lp mlo`lp) `ljv^a^p
^lp `borlp Gmklp `èpp[o^kal ^`lkavÖlj) p^_bo) ^jlo)
b ^^wl a^p mbppl^p `lj nrb mo^qf`^jlp) ^ppv bkqobmb<
qbjlp) b cfiebjlp plpmbfq^ pl_ob pbrp cbfqlp+ Alp ql*
`^alp a^ pm_bor^) r^Ñ dilof^) lr Öl_fgÖ^ k^p `lrp^<
abppr^ r^kq^dbj) b jbielof^) ml( ^rvpbjlp mlo nrb
^bpi^ `rrfv^a^ `ljl `borlp `loobj Ba^nrbiib^ nrb pÖ
sbk`bj) ^irurof^) d^od^kqlv`Ö) mobdlvÖ^) k^ nrbiil
ücqf^ ifdbfo^jbkqb qbke^jlp nrb mlabj c^iib`bo) i^ko
Ö^kalppb mbo lppl mbb abpqbp mb`^alp `ljl mlo`l `^kp*
p^al) nrb g^ lrqol `^jvkel klj nrbo ibr^o) Balp p^o
keralp) àrbglplp) abj^iib`flpl p^_bo) lr mb`lp) ^rfo
p^o klp abrbo^lp cy klj l_obj `lkqo^ klp obrbp^a^o
jbkqb `lkqo^fol k<rvq^^ rbwbp al nrb jlpqo^j ; pbjl*

$/./4/7-, +6 HcKKM H^
 K H?=A+ ?KJOO>mDAEGK+ .26
Ge^kqbp ^lp erplp 3 pbl qobrbpp^al `loobo+ Alp rfoqrl*
3-5 ^jg[lp klj abrbjlp arrva^o nr^kal klj rvojlp
l`lkqo^fol) mlo nrb plj `lrp^p `lkqo^fo^p ^rbiil mlo
^jgdl) b mlbo arrva^ bj pblp cbfqlp nr^kql eb a^*
rllkq^ab) mlo nrb kl mlabo) b p^_bo _bj pb mlab cf*
iqo^o arrva^) pbdrkal clo l cbfql) b lnrb al ^jvdl
pbkqvjlp Alp ^oqbfolp) b j^ffb`vlplp aboov_^alp ^lp
c^iiv`vjbkqlp plpl p`ofmqlp) cfie^o pbrp af`qbp) ^ cbf*
qlp ) ^^mblo m^oqb) klkü mbo^ lp kfid^o) j^p mbo^ abk*
ibp klp dr^oa^o) afp`obÖlj eb) B klj bj qla^p `l^(
pÑp jbp k^ nkbii^p bj nrb abr^jlp mbo o^wlj pbkqfo
plpmbfq^ Alp nrb _bj klj `lkeb`bjlp lp cbfqlp b af*
`qlp pb abrbj cfie^o) arrvalp^olàqb bkqobmbq^kal mb(
o^lp grid^o ^bjbielo m^oqb) b mbo^ klp dr^oa^o ^`lq^*
qo^fo^) ^ppv nrb mbkpp^kal ^_T^a nrb pl_obiil mlab*
of^j c^wbo) a^ nrbiil pbg^jlp molrvpqlp b ^rvp^alp)
mlo nrb mlr`^p) b `boq^p mbppl^p abrbj pbbo ^nrbii^p
mbo^ nrb pb klj abr^ cfie^o mbo`b_volbkql mbo^l `lk(
qo^fol al nrb pb jlpqo^ klp cbfqlp< arrvalplp Bq^^bp
plj lp rboa^abfolp ^jvdlp) lp nr^^bp movjbfolp abrP
pbbo mbo ilkdl qbjmb ^molp^alp) b _bj blkffl`valp
?abp nrb clobj _bqâf bu^jfk^alp) b cfie^albmlo pmb(
%`f^^bp ^lqvdlp) `lj biib pbdro^jbkqb g^iibj ) b `Ü*
qoboppbj b qo^rqbj qla^p `lrp^p) b pb mlo q^i lklj `l*
keb`bo) qbke^kppb bj `lkc`^ abnrbj ^j^o^) b mbo^
nrb jrvql _bj abpbfpj) jbp klj a^jvdbp) mlfp bj
pr^ _l^ rllkq^aqc mlbqb q^i arrva^' nr^f bj biibp krk*
`^ abrb `^_bo B^kqob lp _llp `^p^alp*) b ^jvdlp8
elkoo^) p^rab) molrbfql) b _ll mo^wbo ab `^a^elcq)
`ljl pbr molmofl(8 ob^ijbkqb abrb pbbo dr^oa^al) b
jrvq^p rbwbp j^fp; j^kqbbkal ^nrbii^ obdo^ ab qriifl)
nrb erë mlo lrqol klj UPq% `lrpü qlomb äbo^ obnrbv*
o^ nrbppb c^qg^ ?`e^j^ppb `llp^û qlomb lnrb pb c^w `lk*
qo^ `lk`fbk`f^) _l^ elkbpqfa^ab() abobsqr) bo^ âl j )
kbj `Lrbj ^kqob biibp qbjlo ab mbk^ nrb `e^j^j
pborfo) j^p ^nrbi nrbrbj a ü do^kabw^ al ^jlo nrb
c`w q^kql ab c^wbo abpmo^wbj ^nrbo^fjlv(ü ^j^( nrb(

$/./4/7-, +6 %, # 00 .+
.3- K HA = H ?KJO2AHDAENK+
lrqol qbjlo klj eb j^fp ob`b^al) `ljl pb r b b m b o
lp k^jlo^alp nrb arrva^kal abppb ^klg^o) `lk`fà`f^
klj pbkqbj ) ^elkoo^ abpmobw^j) abpqorà ^pp^rab) b
^c^wbka^ d^pq^j Bppb q^' ob`bl mlab bpql c^wbo) ^ _l^
b ib^i ^jgw^ab bj `lrp^p abobfq^p) b elkbpq^p ) kç jb*
klp c^o^) j^p bj ^p j^i cbfq^p) kè c^w q^lql) mlo nrb
lp ^jvdlp ^j^kppb gk`ovk^alp mbo o^wlj) b _ll grv(
wl al bkqàabo) `lj ^`loal al pbkqval) b ^cbfÖlj al
`lo^Ölj) mlobj qlal c^wbj `lj obdr^oal abgrpqfÖ^ b
qbjmbo^kÖ^) ^p nr^^bp dr^oa^a^p klj c^olj `lrp^
j^i cbfq^ ) kbj abpqbjmbo^a^jbkqb) `ljl ^nrbiibp 2
plj rbk`falp ^l abpbfl) b ibfu^kal afp`ob`lj qfo^alp
clo^ abpp^ if_boa^ab c^wà lp nrbiebp j^ka^j+ @^ ab
_rë boolo jrvqlp pb mlabj pbdrvo+ B^nrbpql cbw ^
O bv p^ii^jlj ibfu^o ^ibv abablp) b ^alo^o lp valiilp)
mlo nrb mboabkal abobfql grvwl ab`lo^Ölj) clv cbfql
pborl ab nrbj klj abrbo^) mbo `rgl obÖv jbkql pb
rbk`bl) mlo ^nrbiib boo^al qbjlo a^ klg^o ^nrbii^p
jliebobp) nrb ^ppv ^j^r^) mbo^ c^wbo nr^kql bii^p8
nrvpbolj) ^gka^ âz do^kab j^i clppb B^bpql _bj mbk^û
pl n mbo rvk_l jrvql pbof^ aboof_^al) mlo cg ab erë
^`loal bj pbjbie^kqb `^pl) jrv ql j^i c^wbj) `^ bi
^ppv abpqolvl) ^^ij^) `loml) b c^wbka^) `ljl q^^bp
^jlobp+ @^ erë) b l lrqol) pb cloobj pl_bglp) movr^*
olj l bkqbkabo) b ^oo^wlj) b c^wbj ^mbppl^ nrb abi*
ibp ^ppv _rp^ rvrbo _bpqf^ijbkqb B nr^kal q^i ^jlo)
cbw q^kql qbjbo ^bpqb O b v ) a^klg^o ^p jliebobp) nrb
^cfb mboabl a^ afp`obÖlj) b qbjmbo^kÖ^ klj erplr)
abdr^oa^o ^grpqfÖ^) b `lkqo^ q^^bp mb`^alp) j^kqbbo
ob^i cloqbiibw^ klj cbw `cqq^+ @ljl klj abrbjlp ^rbo
_l^ pmbo^kÖ^) nrb ^p _l^p jliebobp) mlo _bj ^j^o
pbrp j^ofalp) lp qbjbj j^fp) b jbielo) nrb mbo kb*
kerë lrqol qbjlo Bmlo nrb k^nrbpqbp `^mfqliilp prpl
p`ofmqlp) `lkppbiel dr^oa^o) a^ _bknrbobkÖ^ a^ jlobp)
b pbr ^^wl movk`fm^i) eb c^pq^o a^ `arbopp^Ölj) bj
^gra^ al nrb afdl) rlp j^kabv p`obrbo erë `^mfql [X^
al ifrol nrb cbw p^j qelj^p ab bnrfkl pl_ob ^j^kbfo^

$/./4/7-, +6 ' 0 ( ( ) 1 -
 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAE#K+ .3E
al `lkcbpp^o) nrb ^bpqob molmlpfql _bj ab`i^o^ lj^i)
nrb a^ `çrbopp^Ölj ^kqob mbppl^p rfoqrlp^p pb ob`ob`b)
mlo pb `lkeb`bobj) nrÇql j^fp pb c^o^) klp nrb q^^bp
klo^ plj) pb^ lrrbobj clo^ ab _l^ j^kbfo^ pmb`f^i*
jbkqb bj ird^o 9G klj pbf^ ab mobÖ^) lr pb clo jrv
`lkqvkr^a^+

#(509:114 &'%@
$4 5970.44 +( *=:,788(<42 +(8 241/,7,9 850709:((,8!
907(+4 +, /:> 97(:9(+4 +, 8(2 9/42(8 +9,6:;34

M l o nrb jrvqlp plj kbdifdbkqbp) b bpnrbb`valp ^*

`lkeb`bo pr^p j^^p ^cbvÖlLbp) b klj `ro^j `lkcbpp^f*
i^p) mbol `lj abifdbk`f^ ^p abrè k^ `lkcfpplj ab`i^*
o^o) b bpmif`^o) afpqfkq^jbkqb lp mb`^alp nrb abif^p
k^`bj ) mlo q^kql eb abklq^o `lkcbjbkÖ^) nrb bj
abpr^fo^a^p pb l``rm^ l`lo^Ölj al eljbj) lkab ^i*
F rDp eÇ ^cbfÖlj) b ^jlo pl_bfl ^ppv jbbpjlp+ Lrqolp
^j ^jlo ^^idrÇp mbppl^p B lrqolp ^^p elkoo^p al
fkrkal Lrqolp ^^p ofnrbw^p qbjmlo^^bp) B mlo nrb bp*
q^p `lrp^p qla^p b `^a^ erÇ abif^p plj ^ppv `ljl erN
jrol b m^obab Pm^`elp^ ^kqob ablp b ^^ij^) mlo bppl
nrb ^nrbi nrb ^idrë bjm^`el abpqbp g^ af`qlp e^) klj
mlab pbbo bk`^jvke^al `lj molrbfql kl `^jvkel ab
ablp) kbj c^wbo pr^ lo^Ölj mro^) pbj jbpqro^ alr*
qol mbkpp^jbkql BppvkdriG^ojbkqb Pqob qla^p) bpq^p
lrqo^p ^cbfÖllàp) nr^kal ^cbf`flk^al eb) `^ok^ijbkqb
^^fdrÇ mbppl^+ Babpq^ `ljmob mlo ^dlo^ j^fp `ljmov*
a^jbkqb c^ii^o) mlo nrb q^i ^cbfÖlj `ljl bpq^) bj*
_^odlr jrvq^p rbwbp) b ab mobpbkqb bj_^od^ jrvqlp
pmfkqr^^b5) pl Pbjbie^kÖ^ abpmfofqr^i ^jvw^ab) albp*
q^al a^ lo^Ölj) ` al corvql abpp^) ^nr^i mbo pr^ j^i*
ibw^ ) b mbÖlke^ jloq^i `èjlrb) b `lkqlor^ ^^ij^ al
lo^kqb+ B^mobpbkq^kalieb gkqbiib`qr^ijbkqb ^p cfdro^p
a^p mbppl^p) nrb mbo q^i ^jlo ^j^ B^p ^cbfÖllcfp abi*
â^p `èqo^fo^p ^l% pmofqr) pm^odb k^ _l`^ abf ^p m^ii^ro^p

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 /+
F 3/ - HA =H ?KJOOAHDAEQK+
]| h g Å h g ) ^ ]^gmkh gZ f^gm^) ^gÅnc}) ^f[Zk`Z)
h_kncmh ]^ebZ) ihk jn^ Zllr \hfh ZinkZ hkZÅhf inkb_b*
\Z ZZehjZ) ^ Zehf ^Z) _Zs^Z l^^k e^] Z) ^ _hkm^) ^ ^n'
`khllZZ i^k \Zkb]Z]^) Zllr ZZ_^bÅhf hhf erfiZ ]Z \Zk'
g ^ ) Ån cZ) ^ mhkgZZ g^`kZ) ^ _Zs^Z ^gmkblm^\^k) ^g_kZ*
jn^\^k) ^ l^\Zk ç ghf lhhf^gm^ ZZefZ) fZl Zcn]Z
h\hkih ^g\hkk^ ihk ZZsh ]Z \hfiZgabZ AllZl f^^lfZl
;^gZl libkbmnZ^l mkblm^ +\+ Aihk jn^ ^lmZ ]hnmkbgZ lbg`ne*
: Zkf^gm^ a^ ]Z]Z ) ^ hk]^gZ]Z i^kZZ jn^ee^l jn^ lhf
libkbmnZZ^l ) iheehl jnZZ^l li^\bZef^gm^ _hr l\kbimh)
lZb[aZf ^lm^l) jn^ i^kh jn^ ZZ_^bÅà \ZkgZe Zmh]hl ah*
f^^gl `^^kZef^gm^ l^bZ i^kbc`hlZ ^ ]^`kZg]^ ]Zfigh
Z^ee^l) ihk^f a^ fnrmh fZbl jn^ Zhnmkhg^g[nã I Zrhk*
f^gm^ jnZg]h mhf~ \àga^\^gÅZ) \ân^kllZÅhf) ^ _Z'
frebZkr]Z]^ \hf Ze`n~ fhea^k) jn^ a^) hn iZk^\^
libkbmnZe) ihk jn^ \hfh jn^k'jn^h _ng]Zf^gmh ]^mZe
ZfrsZ]^ iZk^ÅZ [hh ihk^f Z`kZg]^ _ZfrebZkr]Z]^) ^
\hga^\rf^gmh+) \hf mZZ^l i^llhZl) ghf a^ Ze l^ghf
i^kbc`hh [kZg]h) i^k cnosh ]^e^bmhlh) ^ fZe ^g\n[^k'
mh ) irgmZ]h ]^ \hehk ]^ [^f ) ZjnZe _ZfrebZkr]Z]^)
jn~mh fZbl \k^\^) mZgmh fZbl frg`nZ h_ng]Zf^gmh
ikrg\biZe ?h ikbf^bkh fhmrnh ^f j n ^ ) ^ ihk jn^ll'
^]bmZ Z_^bÅhf Z^ \hf ^Åhn) ^ Zllr \Z]Zn^s f Zbl) l^f
f Z`hZ) Zink^sZ ]^ anM) ^ ]h hnmkh) ^ \hkkhfi^ll^
^p m^gmZÅhhÑl ^f \Z]Z an~ ]Zl iZkm^l) ihk ZZsh ]h
\a^`Zf^gmh \hkihkZe) ghf l^gm^f ihk^f eh`h ^lm^
fZe gh \hf^Åh) ihk jn^ h [^ ^lm^bkh) jn^ a^ hZfhk
n^g^k^h) ikrf^bkh eZgÅZ Zl l^^mZl ^f a^knZ jn^ _^kÜ
]h\^f^gm^) ^ `^^kZf Zfhk A]^lihbl Zjn^eeZl jn^ e^*
nZf Zi^ÅhgaZ Almh ^f [k^n^ l^ iZk^\^ ihk jn^ eh`h
Zihn\h ]^n^^k ZmZgmZ ZfrsZ]^) jn^ cZ ghf ^ppv \hfh
_echl l^f \ZkgZe \ân^kllZÅhf Z\^k\Z ]h ikhihlbmh) ^f
jn^ \hf^ÅZkhf Zgm^l) Zllr \hfh ahf^Ol ]^\Zkg^ n^_k*
mb]hl) hheaZf) b ^l`nZk]Zf anã Zh hnmkh anlZg]h
]Ze`neZ k^hhf^g]ZÅhhÑl i^k iZeeZnkZl [kZg]Zl) b ab
E MQQKB \h[krg]h lnZl iZeeZnkZl ]^\hebhk ]^]^nZÅhf)
ihk jnÅ iZk^ÅZf l^^k ]bhmZi Åhf lirkbmnZe m^^gÅhf

$/./4/7-, +6 5 * 2 2 ) 1 -
 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ + Ñ/-
Cabpv `ljbÖ^j `^a^ erë abiibp qo^_^ie^o mlo rbbo) l
lrqol `lomlo^ijbkqb) mlo nrb ^ppbjbi_^kÖ^p `loml*
o^^bp nrb erë al lrqol qbbj gjmobp^p) k^[ c^kqbpf^p
lp abjlrP Boobnrbobj ^abj^ka^o erë rbbo l lêqol
mlpql nrb jbkq^ijbkqb pbjmob mobpbkqb pbf^ erë ^l
lrqol B^ppv ab mlr`l bj mlr`l ^abr^Ölj abpqbp b
^^jvw^ab pmfofqr^i qlok^ppb bj `^ok^i b `lomlo^i ^cbf*
Ölj B^p ^ij^p pr^p nrb ^kqbp prv^j c^ii^o `lj ablp)
pbj bjm^`el kbkerë) lr jbl) nr^kal lo^rlj g^ bk*
i$`b mllà ^kqobppv á ablp jbl) mlo nrb ^kqob mlcqb Å*
cbdro^ `lomlo^i erë al lrqol) p5 ^nr^i klj mlabj ^i*
drÇ `lrp^ lrqo^ mro^jbkqb mbkpp^o) kbj lo^o B mlo
bpql `l_obj b c^wbj `bd^ pr^ lo^Ölj) mlbkal ^kqobp*
Th b ^c^`b abablp) ^c^`b a^ `of^qro^ Bbj bp&l `ljb*
qbj bool do^kab) j^p jrv j^vlo bj nr^kql klj ç*
jbkaÇ ^nrbiil nrb abrv^j Pjbka^o `lkeb`bkal q^i
^jlo klj k^`bo ab`^ofa^ab) j^p ^kqbp plmlbkal pr^
o^wlj ^l pbkqfal gridÇ klj alrqo^ `lrp^ pbklj ab`^*
Pb]Z]^ mol`babo mbiil nr^i grvwl bkd^k^alp `rvaÇ+ B
jbkqvkal afwbj nrb erë rbb l lrqol nr^pv mobpbkqb
bj pr^ lo^Ölj B bpql `obbj nrb pb c^w mbo rfoqrab
ab ablp) nrb lp ^ppv nrbo ^mobpbkq^o mbo^ erë lo^o
mbiil lrqol B^ppv ^nrbii^ `lkpplii^Ölj nrb ab qlal eb
pbkppr^i) ^ nr^i ob`b_bj erë b l lrqol) bj ^nrbii^
obmobpbkq^Öã nrb ieb ^ppll c^kqbpf^ c^w) nr^kal lo^j)
`rga^j) b ^cfoj^j nrb iebp rbj mbo do^Ö^ pmfofqr^i)
b rfoqrab ab `vj^) lkab `boql eb) nrb bj bpqb bkd^*
kl `^Äb mlo pbbobj kbdifdbkqbp bj pb `lkeb`bo+ Blr*
qolppv mlo p`^okb`vjbkql al af^_l) `rglp p`^okelp) b
bkd^klp ) nrb pmb`f^ijbkqb k^p jliebobp abjlpqo^ mlo
nrb j^fp ifdbfo^jbkqb pb rbk`bj ^`obbo lp Pdbkelp
nrb laf^_l l_o^) kl bkqbkafjbkql) Ty q^kqlp nrb
nr^pv bmlpfrbi eb ^l elkfP p^_bf ilp) kbj mlabiilp `lk*
q^o ^p nr^^bp ^jbrab ^`lkqb`b nr^kal ^idrë q^i `l*
keb`vjbkql e^j nrb bpq^kal bj lo^Öè mlo ^^wl a^
cfdro^ `lomlo^i a^nrbiib nrb pbi_b jbkq^ijbkqb obmob*
pbkq^) pbkqvo erë ^oalo) b bpnrbbkq^jbkql) q^j ^`bpl)
U /

$/./4/7-, +6 " *# # $ +)
/31 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
nrb pl_bfl eb ì `lj cbjbkÖ^ `obbj nrb eb ^oalo
pmfofqr^i ) b cldl a^ `^ofa^ab dbbo^al mbo lbpmfofql
p^k`ql kl `lo^Ölj pbr mbo^ ^grrq^o ^j_lp lp rmfofirp
ß erë `lj ibd^iel ab`^ofa^ab) mbol nrb ^nrbiib cldl
eb j^fp cldl ab ^jlo iruroflpl b `^ok^i) pbdrkal pb
abpmlfp pb abjlpqo^ mbii^ mo^qf`^ pbdrvkqb abpv `lk*
cf^kal bj pv) b àqbkabkal nrb plj pmfofql^ijbkqb
erkvalp) bkqbkabj nrb g^ a^iiv bj af^kqb pà mo^pjl
kbj erë mlabj `lj pbdro^kÖ^ c^ii^o jrv ql b ^jbr*
a b ) b nrb mlobj kL mboabj kbkeë^ `lrp^ alp _bbkp
al pmfkqr mlo ^^wl ab abpmbkabo qbjml bj c^ii^o ^k*
qb d^^k_^j B `lj bpql _rp`^j mlo j^o^rvieå5^p
`lrqbf F^p) j^kbfo^p pvkdrii^obp) b `^jvkelp jrvqlp
mbo N erë ^l lrqol mlpp^ c^ii^o) ^ibd^kal) b ^`eÇal
`^jvkelp) b `^rp^p mbo nrb jlpqo^j pbbo kb`bppÄofl)
b molrbfqlpl abc^if^obj ^j_lp) mbol nrb lrqo^ `lrp^
kb erÇ klj pbg^ `^rp^ abpq^p q^j ^jbra^a^p c^if^p
pbklj ^do^rbw^) b j^iibw^ alp pàppr^^bp abpbflp) ^lp
nr^^bp g^ loo^`flk^i Fpqiql eb abqlal prgrd^al mbo bpq^
drvp^) lp jfwnrvkelp cbfqlp `bdlp mliilp abpbflp a^
`^okb lqbjml nrb ^kqb prv^j abpmàabo bj lo^Ölj) b
l``rm^ÖllPp pmfofqr^^bp) qlok^kppb ^mboabiil bj c^if^p
pbj molrbfqlp) b c^jviiv^ova^abp a^klp^p B^ppv ^p
mrova^abp abrvk^^bp `^j_^j bj `lkppbielp `^ok^^bp)
al nr^i pb abrà jrv ql albo) q^kql eb ^^p rbwbp lpp^*
_lo abpqbp m^oi^jbkqlp) nrb pb ^klvqb) lr lrqo^ clo*
Ölp^ `^rp^ klj klp bpqlor^ppb klj pb m^oqbof^ erë al
lrqol B^gka^ bkqlj qofpqb) b pbj q^iibkqb pb m^oqb
erë al lrqol) ^nr^i qofpqbw^ eb pvk^i j^kvdcbpql nrb
^jlo `^ok^i b klj lrqol eb ^nrbiib nrb lp ^grkq^ B
bj bpql mlabp `lkeb`bo ^avrbopva^ab) b abppbjbie^k*
Ö^ nrb e^ Çqob ^p `lkpplii^Öllàü avrvk^^bp b ^nrbii^p
nrb plj `^ok^^bp) b af^_ãif`^p) mlo nrb ^avrvk^i ab*
ibfq^Ölj) klj pb ^`e^ bj `lomlo^i mobpbkÖ^ }brqolp*
pv mlo bpq^ Ördfa^ab T\& nrb bpq^j brva^j nrbcebp
ka eb abplkbpql qla^p `lrp^p nrb iebp Çrlaq^ab a^ c^*
pbo+ B nrb qla^p `lrp^p iebp qâlj elkbpq^p pbdrkal

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 /+
 K HA = H ?KJOOAHD{ENKñ .32
p`ofmqro^) nrb afw) qla^ii^p `lrp^p plj ivjm^p ^lp
ivjmlp) qo^_^iebppb c^wbo ^idrëp ^`qlp) mlpql nrb ieb
pbg^j mbofdll j^kvdcbpil mlo ^nr^i o^wlj ^ppv `lj
gkpcigbkppvrbbp) cbf`qlp `^^à jrvq^p rbwbp bj do^kabp
boolp pbj qlj^obj abiil pbkqfal) `rvaÇal nrb iebp
eb a^al qla^ `lrp^ c^wbo) mlfp nrb plj pmfofqr^^bp B
mbol nrb abpq^ j^qÜof^) j^fp `èrbkvbkqb pbg^ `^ii^o)
nrb jrvql bj bii^ c^ii^o) mlobj klj mlab eljbj
qbboppb nrb ^idrÇ `lrp^ klj afd^) j^vlojbkqb a^
nrbii^p nrb klj e^ jrvql nrb ^`lkqb`bolj B bpqbp
pmfofqr^^bp abnrb c^iâ^jlp bkq^kq^ pÑaf`b abrbbo nrb
a^j abppv `lkppbkqvjàql erë ^l lrqol +p+ bi ^bii^ abp*
pb ibfu^oà ql`^o pl pmb`f^ ab `^ofa^ab) `lkqÇal erë
^l lrqol ldo^kab ^jlo nrbppb e^j) `e^j^kal kbp`f^*
jbkqb ^nrbi ^jlo `^ofa^ab B bj q^i ob`lkq^jbkql) b
abp`l_ofjbkql a^jlo) e^ do^kab `^ga) mlo nrb ab*
q^^bp `lkqlp rbbj pbbq^p nrb bjmbÖlbkq^j) b `e^d^j
jloq^ijbkqb lp `lo^Ölèbp a^jlo abploabk^al Blnrb
bj bpql mblo eb) nrb klj pll ^ablp) b ^lp Ñglp) j^p
q^j_bj ^lp eljbPp) b^lp af^_lp ^rloob`b) clolj ^R
drPp jliebobp `e^j^a^p pmfofqr^^bp bkci^j^a^p ab pmfo
ofqr abirurof^) nrb mlo p`rp^obj pr^ iruroflp^ `lkaf*
Ölj mobprjvolj afwbo nrb bj ^nrbiibp ^_o^Ölp) b
q^kdvjbkqlp Örglp b `lkqo^folp ^^mrobw^ a^ `^pqfa^ab)
^rv^j do^kab abpbgl abablp lnrb klj bkqbkal nrb
pbg^ pbklj erÇ c^_rii^ ab boolo mbo^ objlrbo b àarwbo
eljbj ^`ljbqbo) b `ljmofo pbjbie^rbbp j^iibp) b lr*
qolp mblobp pbj p`ormril ab `lk`fbk`f^) afjb qr nrb
mbo rbkqro^ bpql mlabof^p `obbo ^idrÇ nrb ql afppbppb
`r_boq^ ab bkd^klpl rbpqfal pb bpqb lr bpq^ nrb qb
pbjbie^j pmfofqr^^bp) Py bppl nrb m^ob`bj pbdrkal
qr `obbp+ @boql eb nrb lrqo^ `lrp^ klj abrbj c^wbo
kbj afwbo pb klj ^nrbii^ nrb al pmfofqrpp^k`ql mol`b*
a b) mlfp pbj arrva^ rboa^ab eb nrb al pmfofqr p^k`ql
klj mol`bab `lrp^ pbklj molrbfilp^) elkbpq^) b(klj
a^klp^ ) mlfp nkb `lk`loa^kÖ^ qbj lbpmfofqr p^k`ql
`lj lp ql`^jbkqlp Örglp) b_bvglp iruroflplp) lr nrb

$/./4/7-, +6 ! %" " # !.+

.3ñ K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
_feiiX i\Z\Y\ \d \cc\j [\fj @ hl\ gifl\`kf j\ j\^l\
Xkp e\d Xflki\d gfi ]Xq\i\j \jk\j Xlkfj) \ kfZXd\e'
kfj fl Zfejj\ekpcfj) hl\ Zfd d\dÑi`X c`f X[f Epdgf
jg`i`kl jXe\ kf X}laX|\ [X ZXie\) gfi kXekf ^iXe[\ gi\'
\le}[ _\ XklX) ]Xq\i kXdXe_X aeali`X Xf jg]k*jXeZcf
hl\ Zfek\j) \ flkfi^l\j X\c f]\[fi [X enZ
cloli`X)
fhlXc _X ^iXe[\ g\eX gf[Å Zfejj\ekpi fj [`XYfj @hl\
cflZliX _\ XklX dfc_\i Z_\X [\ pgfZi`j`X @Xlfii\\`[X
[\[\f\ g\iX [`q\i\j hl\ X[\cc\`kX}fd [\ klX }laX ZXi*
e\ _\ X^iX}X [\ klX ZfejjfccX}fd [`l`eXc) jXX\+\`^f
Y\jkX dXX [fj k\idfj [\ klX cloli`X XhlXc _\ kXd jf*
Y\aX hl\fj [\df\j [f ae]\ief efd Xgf[\d jf]i\i) e\d
XfgfikXi @\\cXj ZfljXj \ \do#gifj) aiieX|f\ d\lj efd
ífd j\d ZXljX jZi`gkfj) \d \jkf [feki`eX g\iX jXY\i
ZX[X _l]`) hl\ [\jkX l\e\ef\X X]\`}fd \ ]XdpcpXi`[X*
[\ jf Zfccfi [\ jg`i`klXcp[X[\ Xhl\i`[X ^iXe[\ \dYXi*
f j\ j\^l\ XXgli\qX [X Zfe]`jjfd) \ fiX}fie @XX Zfi*
; `x` cpdg\qX g\iX ]l^`i\d [\`cX Xj\p Zfdf [\ ZfljX
dfikXc) gfi hl\ _\ xjjp Zfdf Xl\c_X ]\iil^\d 8al\ _X
^mN ]fi}X j\ gf[\ XcpdgXi) \ k`iXi [XX`dX [\gf`j hl\
\d \ccX _l| l\q ]fi \eZXjZX[X) dXpfid\ek\ hl\ kXX\X
g\jjfXj \d hlXekf jfd ]\i`[Xj [\jk\ dXc) eleZX \d
gliX g\i]\`}fd j\ Zfe]\jjz @\jkf gfi hl\jj\ Xl\i^f*
e_Xd [\ [\jZfYi`i Xf Zfe]\jjfi \jkX ae]`idp[X[\ g\cÇX
hlXc _\ d\efj gi\qX[X Xap\jjfX jg`i`klXc @Xae[X kfdXd
l\i^fe_X [\ ZcXiXi Xj Z`iZlejkXeZ`Xj hl\ jfd Z_\^X*
[Xj X\jk\ Xdfi @ gfi\d) fl Xj ZXccXd [\kf< F ) fl Xj
Zfe]\jjXd `dg\i]\`kXd\ek\ _ljXe[f [\ gXccXliXj Zfccf*
iX[Xj) g\ccXj hlXX\j efd [\jZfYi`[f g\i]\`kXd\ek\ Xj
åfZZlgX}fÑ\j hl\ _Xd \d jlX XcdX) \ adX^peX}f[\j
kfig\j hl\ _Xd XZ\iZX [X g\jjfX hl\ XdXd kXd Y\d
fiXe[f Zfdf hlXc hl\i flkiX fYiX ]Xq\e[f) e\d X[\*
c\`kX}fd hl\ _Xe \d Xl\\e[f) fl \d c_\ ]XccXe[f) fl
\d$Jlkif Xlkf Z[ \ccX ]Xq\e[f) e\d [X e\^c`^\eZ`X jlX
0 l\' _Xd efd j\ Åd\e[Xe[f) e\d j\ X]Xjkx[f [\c`X) \
\ jlX Zfel\ijjX}fd) \ gi\jÅ}X e\d flkiXj dlpkXj
ZfljXj [\ hl\ \cc\j _Xd jg\i`\eZ`X hl\[Xd j\dg\\

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 c\
 K HN =H ?KE_OOGH>>E_mK' .34
[f\ek\j gfi efd hl\i\i jlX ae]`idp[X[\ i\c\lXi Zfdf
[\l\d vgfi \jkX iXqfd Xd\l[\ hl\i`Xd dl[Xi fZfe*
]\jjfi) \ dl[Xd [\]\`kf hlXe[f gf[\d) hl\[Xd gf*
i\d ki`jk\j) \ [\j\dgXiX[fj eX d\ek\) Xjjp g\i iX*
qfd |XX]\`}fd `dg\i]\`kX [X hlXc \cc\j d\\jdfj hl\*
[Xd [\jZfek\ek\j) \ Zfd i\dfijf [X ZfeZ`\eZ`X+ >f
hl\ g\fi _\) \jk\j hl\ [\lpXd YljZXi ]`j`Zf jg`i`klXc
\ek\e[`[f \ jg\ikf hl\ jflY\jj\ [Xi d\[`ZpeXÇ i\d\í
[`f Zfe_\Z\e[f X[f]`}X) \ Xj ZXljXj [\c`X) efd j\d\*
c_Xek\ efd YljZXd kXc HXj Xae[X j\ ZXjf XZ_Xd Xc^l]c
! hl\ Zfe_\ZXd \d Zfe]\jjXe[fjj\ hl\ kXc _\ gfi _lN
f\q j\ gfX\d Zfe]\jjXi X\c) dX`j [Xcp X[`Xek\) Xjjp
]f^Å [\` hl\ eleZX X\c dX`j kfieXd ã YljZXd Xflkifj
Zfe]\jjfi\j) p[`fkXj) c\`^fj) \ [\e\d Yl]k jXY\i hl\
efd Zfe_\}X X\e]\idp[X[\) e\d Xj ZfljXj [fe[\ eX'
Z\ @gfi \jjf efd gf[\d [Xi d\\qke_X [\lp[X @\jkf
Xlfe[X j\\i [`Zkf [\jkX dXk~i`X g\iX hl\ Xhl\cc\j hl\
\jkf \j^lXi[Xi\d) \ hlpj\i\d j\^l`i fZXdpe_f [X
c`dg\qX g\i \jkX [flki`eX kfd\d lffekX[\ [\ \eZXdp*
e_Xi g\ccX lpX j\d dXgfX) \ ]l^`i [X g\i`a^fjX g\j*
k\cc\e}X +j+ [X ]Xdpc`Xi`[X[\ jfY\aX [Xj Y\^lpeXj [\*
efkXj ) fl d#aXj <hlXc ]XdpcpXi`[X[\) \ ZÅl\ijjX}fd
efd gf[\ dpc_fi jZ``XXi) hl\ ]l^`e[f [\c`X) dlpkfj\
gf[\i`X f_fdZkd [\jkX j\\kX g\}f\ekX ]\i`[f hl\YiXe*
kXi g\i a\al]`j) lm^`XX) \ [\jZ`gkpeXì) \ fiX}f]`\j: hl\
\d hlXekf efd ]l^pi [X gi\j\eZ`X \ ZfigfiXc jg\Zkf
[X g\ijjfX) eleZX j\iX [Xhe\ccX ae]`iXpfX[\ ZliX[f)
Xek\j ZX[X f\q dX`j Zi\Z\iX XZ]ZX^X ef ZfiX}fd j\l)
gfi hlXekf _\ Yf\ ff]\jfc_f [\ XXX a\ifepdf < d\*
c_\i hl\ kl lpi\X [\ _fe\jkX kkp[X) \ [\ jXXZkX Zfe'
l\ijjX}fd) [\l\ccX XXdXi) dXj efd a' Xd\_l[\ fe[\
\ccX \jkX) ffigfiXcXÅk\) gfi hl\ Xd\_l[\ epj`kXj n
dfc_\i\j) Zfd\kf _\ [\ íloei`X) e\d gf[\j g\i X a*
D_fi Xik\ e\eZ\i fdfe[\ ffX Xj dçc_\i\\p hl\ ]l^pe*
[f [\c`Xj) hl\ Xkf[fccfj \lkifX g\\X[fX fYfl`\X gf[\
ZfekiX[`q\i) \ gXeXi Zf X \cc\j) XXj \Xk\ eÜag\[\ ]X*
j\j i\j`jkÅeZ`X) j\efì àX^pe[f [Xj X\c_XFì+ v \ X 8mke

$/./4/7-, +6 * 21-
 ! ! f c \ X c Z f e j j \ c_ b `i f +
kiX gXik\ [`q j\ Xdfc_\i ]fp gf[\ifjX Xl\eZ\i Xhl\c
+ aX \jkXlX ?J gXiXpjf) efd _\ j\d iXqfd gf[\i \d*
gXZ_Xi Xhl\cc\j hl\ Xae[X Xf gXiXpjf efd Z_\^Xifd
E@[`q dX`j efd gi\jldXj j\\i) fl \jkXi Zfd Xc^X#
dfc_\i jff \d cl^Xi j\Zi\kf) \ XjZÜ[`[f j\d al pq) \
k\jk\dle_X @[`q dX`j \jk\ d\[\j [flkfi efd k\ Xki\*
lXj jff Zfd dfc_\i dfiXi \d \jjX d\[\j ZXjX) e\d+
kfd\j Zfe]`Xe}X eX ZXjk`[X[\ \d hl\ Xek\j lpl\jk\)
gfi hl\ e[ \j kl dX`j ]fik\ hl\ jXd jXd ) eÅ dX`j jX*
Y\[fi hl\ jXccXdfd) Xjjp Zfdf [`q) hlXe[f Xhl\cc\j
ZXpifd) dX`j Xj`e_X ZXpiXj kl ) hl\ efd Xj gf[\i) b
e\d jXY\i) dXj gf[\j [`q\i) aX fZfigf d\l dfikf _\ '
@jj\d kXc j\ek`[f) efd Zfe]`\\j) gfi\d Xae[X hl\ Xjí
jp ]fjj\) hl\ gfjkf 8a ZXie\ dfikX j\aX) f[`XYf lplJ
_ \ ) Zlaf jfgif _\ [\ kXekX ]fi}X hl\ ]Xq Xi[\i Xj YiX'
jXj dfikXj \ fj ZXilffÅj Å ]f^f+ Dk\d [`q dX`j) kf[Xc*
cXj l`i^\Åj [\ ogá) \ df}Xj) fl `^lXcd\ek\ Xj Xd X'
fl `^lXcd\ek\ Xj c\`oX [\ Zfe_\Z\i) Xjjp Zfdf j\ [`j*
j\jj\ ) gfi hl\ Xhl\c hl\ [\jkX [ffi ]\i`[f _ \ ) ef`â
gf[\ kf[XccXj dfc_\i\j [\`^lXc Xdfi XdXi) gfi hl\
Zál\d hl\ dX`j j\ aeZc`e\ X_l| hl\ XflkiX gfi kXekÖ
dX`j j\^lif _\ kf[Xj `^lXcd\ek\ jhlplXi @d Xal[X
[\jkf [`q jXeZkf X^fjkpe_f) Zfd Xj dfc_\i\j) gflZXj
gXccXliXj [\l\ _fd\d Xl\i \ Xjg\iXj) e\d j\ [\l\
d\efj ^lXi[Xi gfi \ccXj j\\i\d dX`j _fe\jkXj) hl~
hlXekf \ccXj dX`j jXeZkXj jfd) kzkf dX`j X[f}Xd \
Zfek\ekXd fZfiX}fd @jjf X]fidX [X YiXe[X gXccXliX)
j\ d\jkliX g\i l\q\j flpZ`f [X Zil\c cloleXm @gfiN
Xdpd) [`q f[fZkfi) hl\ \l YgÜ jj[) \ j\^le[f o+ä
]Xccf) \ efd d\ekf) fj Z\[ifj [f c`YXef +j+ fj _fd\Åj
[\dlp XckX Zfek\dg\iX}fd) \ fj ZXie\`ifj [fj ^XXt
[fj) @jkf _\ ^iXe[\j gi\cX[fj [fj gfYffj) \l fj lp'
g\i \jkX ^lpjX ZXpi) ZlaX hl\\[X \l kXd gflZf k\*
dpX ) Zfdf X[\ jXd a\ifepdf) fl [\ íXeZkf zYifj`f)
\d ZlaX ZÜZfi[XeZ`X [`q jXd Y\ieXi[f N\ kl hl\i\j
j\\i Xlp[f gfi ZXjkf) [X[f hl\ j\aXj) @gfi\d ZX[X
[`X Zál\ijjXi Zfd dfc_\i) dX^fX kiXq\j [\jjfjg\`kX)

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHD#ENK+ Wç #
RCAMDAKKN L E FAXER$ "IQA D ESW ALASEQIA E ACATRA DN
RC ] D A KKN $ ONQ PTE LAKDISN HE NHNL EL $ ONQ RC]DAKKN
MACE&
'9GAKLCCF 2 5 * +-
GFI HL= FJ 9DFI=J >9P=D D9AJ J=EKADTF EF ;FI9UFD
HL= FLKI9 :=EHL=I=EU9$

8 R AL NQER$ MN CNQA_NL FAXEL LAIR Q W JN $ E CNM SW%

MTADN REMSWL EMSN$ PTE NTSQA BEMPTEQb_A ONQ ERSAR QA#
XNNbR& 9QJLEIQA ONQ ACNMSQAQIADADE DN EMSEMDEQ PTE NR
CNMSQADIX$ LNRSQAMDN DE HT] OAQSE PTAMSN LAK ONQ EK%
KER RE FAX$ DEFEMDEMDN PTE REMg FA_A 0DNTSQA NDEREJN
PTE LTWSN C+( E54ER QEWMA QEPTEQEMDN CNL GQAMDE AFI%
CAL EM SN $ PTE OEQRRETEQE MN PTE HA CNL E_ADN$ FAXEL
HT] OEQFIA PTE C^SIMTADALEMSE DA GQAL OEMA DEROQISN$
A FA L $ E CTIDADN DE PTE LTW ALWTDE NR MALNQADNR RE
P T E IV N L $ APTAK REMNL ONDE OARRAQ REL QWJNR REMSW#
LEMSNR& ; E G T M D A $ ONQ PTE QWJN DERNQDEMADN$ E CNM SW%
MTADN D EREJN$ CETQMER$ E TA] GKNQIA$ FAXEL MN CNQA%
_NL GQAMDE REMSILEMSN 0ONQ PTAMSN ERSER QEWMAL
LAIR EL ALNQER PTE CNL NTSQA BEMPTEQEM_A$ ONQEL
FAXEL LAWNQ REMSIDN& < E Q CE IQA $ ONQ PTE ARRW CNL N
DIXEL AR CNTRAR CTRSTLADAR$ M+( FAXEQEL SAMSN REMSWQ$
O E Q ERRE FTMDALEMSN APTEKKAR PTE RE ABAKKAL CgTEL
P T EN ACQECEMKEL 0 ONIR PTE NR ALNQER MTMCA DAL QE%
ONTRN ONQ FAXEQEL CNMSEMSAQ DE LTW OEPTEMN B E L $
ARRW CNLN DE HT] BNA LAMEIQA DNNKHAQ$ GQACINRN QIJQ$
KED N FAKKAQ$ AL NQNRN$ E FATNQATEK GERSN 0 DE SAK CNM%
SQAIQN RE ARRAMHAL$ SNLAL RNROEISA$ CAAE EL SQIRSEXA$
FIKHAMDN SAL QWJN CTWDADN ONQ HT] CNTRA D E M A D A $m CN%
L N RE SNCARRE ASNDN RRET BNN E RSA D N $ PTEN MNL KEIVA
EL PTAMSN DTQA OEMRRAQ EL A K$ KWTQEL EMSE$ LAR CN%
QNN APTEK PTE SEIM TEEN ONRSN AMSE NR NKH NR$ TEE AR
CNTRAR$ DERRA GTWRA EK ObRRA EL SNDAR NTSQAR FNQA DER#
lET FTMDALEMSN OEQ CILA DAPTEK CTWDADN PTE KHE FAX
OAQECEQ SNDAKKAR FNKGAM_AR MADA$ MNL ATEMDN APTEKKA
PTE LAIR DEREIA& 0RREA CNBQARRE PTE SQIRSEXA MTMCA

$/./4/7-, +6 ' * 2 2 ) 1 -
.4- K HA = H KKJOOAHDGe#K+
\\ek`i`X) fhl\ _\ kXd \iiX[f g\e\jXd\ekf Zfdf Y\d
[\dfjkiXd dlpkfj ~eoÅgifj) fj hlXX\j efd hl\iZfej*
j\ek`i hl\jj\ Zi\Xd) gfjkf hl\ ZcXiXd\ek\ j\ [\dfjí
ki\d) g\ejjXe[f hl\ eleZX j\d\c_zk\ Zfdf \& j\ek`f)
hl\ fZfekiXi`f gf[\jj\ j\ek`i) fhl\ X[\Xek\ Xj dX`j
[Xj l\q\j j\ [\dfjkiX dlp [\jlX`iX[f [f hl\ gXi\Z\
@g\i Xhlp j\ gf[\ Y\d Zfe_\Z\i) gfjkf hl\ efd ZXpX
\d flkif \iif) hlXekf g\i`^ff _\ kiXq\i _lâ kXc Zlp*
[X[f Xjjp i\peXek\ \d \c hl\ f efd c\`o\ g\ejjXi \d
\fljX c`li\d\ek\) j\d Xl\i [\cc\ cÅYiXd\ekf+ @ Zfdf
ZfjkiXe^`[f Zla[Xi \d hlXc hl\i flkif ]\`kf gfi g\jX'
[f h j\aX) gfi hl\ fZfiX}fd ef hl\ kXX\j Xdfi\j c_\
dXe[Xd) hl\i \dYXi^Xi j\l j\ekp[f [\j\dgXiXe[f
kf[Xccfj flkifj) gfi e\Z\jjxi`fj hl\ j\aXd @gfi \jkXj
iXqffÅj ZÜl\d hl\ kiX^X) \ ]X}X dXpfi\j j\ekpd\e*
kfj ) hl\ flkiX dXe\`iX [XdXi+ < YfX XdpqX[\ [|ki\
dXi`[f) \ dfc_\i) \ flkifj l\i[X[\`ifj Xdp^fj) [\j*
kf j\ek\d fZfekiX`if) gfi hlXekf Xf gipd\`if) efd
gXjjXd kXc ZÑkiXi`\[X[\ [Xeki\ f\ek\e[\i) \ lffekX[\)
gfi hl\ XeYfj jfd [_lâ XZfi[f) hlXekf giXq Xf Zf*
iX}fd) [XdXi) kXekf Xjjp alc^X f\ek\e[\i hl\ _\ Y\d
[\jj\ ]Xq\i+ <f j\^le[f [\j\af) ipaf) efd j\ek\d)
gfi hl\ lpl\d \d [\cc\`kX}fd ) \ Zfek\ekXd\ekf )
kXX\j Z\ld\j efd [\l\d Xl\i) gfi X^iXe[\ j\^liXe*
}X hl\ _lâ [f flkif) jÅ Xc^lâ k\dfi) j\dgi\ k\d+
N\ [`jj\i\d hl\ dlpkfj ZXjX[fj) hl\ dlpkf j\ XdXdì
k\d Z\ld\j) M\jgfe[f Zfdf aX [`jj\) hl\f Xdfi [fX
ZXjX[fj gXik\Z`gX Zfd kf[Xj dXe\`iXj [XdXi+ @hlXekf
dX`j _\ jfYi\ Xdfi\j g\i [\j\af [\ZfiX}fd) hl\ g\i
Zfe_\Z`d\ekf [\l`ikl[\ j\^liX [zYXccXj gXik\j+ <hlXc
j\ i\hl\i\ eX i\Xc dXe\`iX [XdpqX[\ fj j\d\c_Xek\j
j\ekpcfj _ 0 gfi Zrl\ Xae[X hl\ dlpkf j\ Xd\d) efd
Z_\^Xd Xl\i[X[\`if \jkX[f [fj dlp Yffj Xda^fj+ <e*
ki\ fj hlXX\j efd ZálÅ Xc^lz jfjg\`kX [\iif fl ]Xccp*
Zpd\ekf hl\ _lâ \d ZfekiX [f flcif Xjj\l Zcak\ aX
dX`j eâZX ]Xq e\d hl\iiX ]Xq\i) Xek\ f\d dlakXj [X
Zfe[`}fd i\l\jjX[X [\ZX[X_lâ) fl ]XcâZpd\ekf [\í

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
 K H A = H ?KJOO>HDAENKb+ .4.
Yfe[X[\) \ [\ YfX lffekjÇ[\ hl\ ef flkif l\\ fl jfj'
g\`kX HXj Xeki\ Xhl\c`Zj ZXjX[fj) hl\ _\ \jkX) dla
g\i]\`kX dXe\`iX [XdXi X]`idX[X g\i ^iXe[\ \og\i`\e*
Z `X ) \ Yff Zfe_\Z`d\ekf hl\ _lâ [f flkif k\d Xlp*
[ X ) fj Z\ld\j jfd [\ kf[f jZljX[fj) fl kXiX c\l\*
d\ek\ j\ek`[fj hl\ ZX[X_lw efiX ]Xq\iX Xc^lz kfilX*
}fiX) fl \dgXZ_f+ PXXd ^cfi`X efd i\Z\Y\d) dXj
i\Xc) \ l\i[X[\`if giXq\i) \d hl\ fj j\d\c_Xek\j Zfe*
kpelX[Xd\ek\ lpl\d) e\d [f hl\ _liX g\ccf flkif
]X/ ]kc_X [\jfi[\eX[f giXq\i) gfi hl\ aX k\d [\k\idp*
`kX[f hl\ Xhl\ccf j\l Yff Xdp^f ]Xi`X) dXj [Xe[f
^iX}Xj Xefjjf j\e_fi) Zfe]`idXe[fjj\ \d jlX YfX \e*
k\e}fd \ lffekX[\ j\ Xc\^iX k\iXg\iX[XiX\ek\) j\^le*
[f kXc ]\`kf i\hl\i\ eÅ kiXq ZXkplf j\l Zlp[X[f) eX
dXe\`iX jljf jZi`g kX ) hl\ ]Xq\d fj Xdfi\j dX`j cp'
li\d\ek\ g\ejjXd ef hl\ c_\ giXq) gfi hl\ kXc Xdp*
ZX[\ l\d g\i jg\Z`Xc ^iX}X [\efjjf j\e_fi @g\ijjX
d\iZ\\ Zfd [fYi\q l`ikl[\ j\ dXek\iX+ @gfi\d efd
gf[\ [Xi g\eX e\d kfilX}fd) dXj giXq\i) \ c`Y\i[X[\
hl\ l\d [f Zfek\ekXd\ekf) \ j\^liXe}X @jj\ Xc^lâ
j\ek\ kiXYXc_f fl Xif\l[\ j\ kfilX) gfi Xdfi hl\ k\*
e_X [Xc^lz g\jjfX) j\ efd _\ gfi dX^ep]\jkf dXc)
g\i^ff) fl g\i[X) hl\ l\d X \ c) fl Xhl\iX Xjjp X e X )
jX`YeX hl\ kXc Xdfi _\ g\i [\jfi[\eX[X gX`ofd) fl
]Xcc`Z`d\ekf [Xc^lz [Xj gXik\j) \ efd [XdpqX[\ u g\i
l`ikl[\ XZfi[f [\iiXqfd) \ Yff \ek\e[\i [XkdYfj) Z[*
l\d j\\i Zfe]`idX[f) fj hlXX\j j\d ZXljX [\i\`kX
efd [Xd ) e\d Zfejj\ek\d gX[\Z\i gfi XXjp XdXi
jfjg\`kX) efaf) ki`jk\qX) fl Xc^lâ \dgXZ_f) e\d ZXk`*
lXd\ekf [\Zla[X[f ) dX`j flkfi^X c`Y\i[X[\+ @Xae[X
g\iX kf[Xj ZfljXj [\i\`kXj eX YfX Xe[Xe}X) \ ZfekiX`'
iX ) j\^le[f [`q klcc`f) kXekf [\c`X efj cf^iXdfj) [
g\iX kXekXj ZfljXj Zfdf [Xl^lX \ [f ]f^f @gfi\d
Xae[X hl\ fj Xdfi\j kiX^Xd fj jÅkpiX\ekfj jljf [`Zkfj)
\ ]X}fd fYiXi gfi \cc\j ZfljXj iXlp i\l\jjX[Xj) efd
j\ Zi\X gfi\d hl\ Zfd \cc\j dX`j XdXd) gfi hl\f l\i'
[X[\`if Xdfi Zfd Y\ehl\i\e}X) \ lffekX[\ [\ Y\d

$/./4/7-, +6 5 * ! 2 2 ) 1 -
u4/ K HA = H ?KGOOB+HDAENK+
]Xq\i) dX`j \jkX eX [\i\`kX XdpqX[\ ZX \d \cc\j) Zlaf
]le[Xd\ekf Zfdf [`jj\) _\ _lâ [\jfi[\eX[f [\j\af
[\jj\\i Y\d hlpjkf) \ Zfdgi`i lffekX[\ g\i Zfek`*
elX[X X]\`}fd) j\d flkif i\Vpd\e`f [\ Yff \ek\e*
[\i) e\d l`ikl[\ @jj\ d\ [`jj\i\d hl\ kf[fj efd
jfd kXX\j) \l j\p Y\d hl\ Y\ l\i[X[\) gfi hl\ XE*
^lâj \\ d\jkliXd Zfd XdXe\`iX [XdpqX[\ Zfdf ]X*
q\d fj Yffj ZXjX[fj) fl hl\ iXqfX[Xd\ek\ jg\iXd
[\jj\\i+ @ Xc^lâj gflZfj hl\ j\dgi\ hl\i\d ^lXi[Xi
l`ikl[\ HXj [Xhl\cc\j [`^f+hl\ eXZ\d [\j#N[\l [\j\*
af ) j\d Yff ]le[Xd\ekf fj hlXX\j jfd) Hlpkf g\iX
[\cc\j ^lXi[Xi) ffc_|[f Xhl\cc\ \eo\dgif [\ii\p jXccX*
dfd hl\ aX [`jj\) \ flkifj j\d\c_Xek\j hl\ ZX[X _lâ
[`X j\ gXjjXd+ ?\jkf dX`j efd g\i cfe^f) gfi hl\
XXYXjk|}X [f hl\ jfYi\ccf j\ gf[\ Y\d jZi\l\i) \ ]Xc*
cXi d\ ]Xq efd gifjj\^lpi kXd ^iXe[\ c\`kliX Zfdf
[\jkXj dXe\`iXj [XdXi j\ i\Zi\Z\i`X) [\jp gfi hl\ j\
]Öi\d Y\d i\^lXi[X[Xj Xhl\ EcXj giXk`ZXj 8s ^lXi[XlX'
dfj Xf [`Zkf i\p d\l j\e_fi) ZlaX XcdX [\fj XaX) hl\
X[`Xek\ lXzf jZi`gkXj) j\ gf[\ l\\i Xc^l| gXik\ [f hl\
[\ccf \ek\e[f)+ dXj Xhl\jk\ gflZf jZi\lp) gfi hlÄ d\
gXi\Z\ hl\ efd _Xd dlakXj [\c`Xj Yff \fee\Zpd\ekf+
@Xc^``| gXik\ gfi \jkf hl\ j\i\lf f gf[\ifd Xl\i+
@jj\ lpi\d fj cplifj hl\ [\c`X kiXlkz \ Xhl\ccX dX*
e\`iX [\ efjjf jZi\l\i j\\iÅ dX`j Zfdgi`[Xd\ek\ Xla*
jX[fj+ Kfi\d [fl \jk\ XlpjXd\ekf) hl\ e[ g\ejj\ Xc*
^lâ) hl\ gfjjX Y\d XZ_Xi g\jjfX kXd g\i]\`kX g\iX*
XdXi hl\ j\aX ]fiX [\ kf[fj ]Xcc`Zpd\ekfj) \ \d liikl*
[\j ) Zá[`}fdi dXe\`iX [\lpl\i) c`e_X^\d) p[X[\)
XZfi[X d\ekf [\llffekX[\j i \ YfX [\jgfj`}fd ) dXj
fe[\ fgipeZ`gXc Y\d \jkX) Xj g\hl\eXj dpe^lXj [\lÅ
j\\Z kXd jZli\ekX[Xj hl\ j\e\d j\ekXd) fl gXi\}X
hl\ efd hl\i`Xd hl\jj\ dl[Xjj\) [llp[Xe[f [\g\i*
[\i XG^lz \fljX [f gipeZ`gXc hl\ dX`j gi\q|'+ @jkf jf
[\l\ ]Xq\i Zfdf ]Xq efjjf j\e_fi) hl\ gfjk\ hl\ X[\*
i\`kX ZXii\`iX [X g\i]\}fd j\aX kXd \jki\`kX hl\ g\i
dlp gflZfj _\ j\^l`[X) gfi\d l\N[fYff gifgfj`kf:

$/./4/7-, +6 * 2 2 ) / -
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAkZK+ .40
\ k\\e}fd kf[fj kiXq Xgfikf Zfd jXl[\) [`q\e[f hl\
gfi dlpkfj ZXdpe_fj fgf[\dfj j\il`i+ >X _llj Zfd
Xjg\i\qX \ i`^fi c_\ ]Xq\d j\il`}f) gfi hl\ X\jkf g\i
jlX eXkli\qX jfd aeZc`eX[fj) fj hlXX\j _ljXd [\c`X
Zfd kXc k\dg\iXe}X) hl\ gflZXj l\q\j ]Xcc\ZÄ) \ d l p
kXj Y\d fYiXd) fhl\ flkifj efd gf[\i`Xd) e\d jX*
Y\i`Xd Xjjp ]Xq\i+ @jj\d\c_Xek\ ]Xq\d Xc^lâj Zfd
YcXe[\qX YljZXe[f Xjjp YfXj dXe\`iXj \d kf[f hlXeì
kf ]Xq\d hl\ jfd j\il`[fj) fY\[\Z`[fj) \ k\dp[fj)
[\kXc ^lmjX) hl\ ZXjk`^Xd) Åd\e[Xd) \ Zfii\^\d Zf*
Edf j\ xjg\ifj ]fjj\d) \ dlp kXj l\q\j dX`j Z\ikf \
j\^liXd\ek\ Zfdf ]XqÅ Xj Zfi[Xj [\cXXd) gfjkf hl\
YcXe[Xj gXi\}Xd) efd c\`oXd Y\d [XkXi @Xjjp [Xj
g\ijjfXj hl\ XdXdfj) gf`j Yfd\Åj) \ dfc_\i\j jfd)
g\i]\Ç}fd efd Yljhl\dfj) dXj j\aXdfj Zfek\ek\j [f
iXqfX[f Zfd c\Xc[X[\) \ YfX lfákX[\ @efd ]`c_\dfj
hl\ dpc_fi XdX) hlÅ dX`j j\ek\) Zfdf ]Xq\d fj eX*
dfiX[fj) dXj Xhl\cc\j hl\ dX`j i\Xcd\ek\ dXek\\d
\ ^lXi[Xd Xj YfXj c\o [XdpqX[\) fhl\ j\ efd gf[\
Y\d Zfe_\Z\i j\d g\icfe^X Z]kl\ijjX}fd \d ]\`kfj
[\jlX`iX[fj) gfi fj hlXX\j j\ [`q hl\ j\ Z[l\`l Zfd\`
Zfd Xc^lâ Xek\ hl\f Y\d Zfe_\}Xd _ld dfpf [\j*
jX& ) \ Zfdf \jkf [\l\ j\\i \ek\e[`[f ef ZXg`klccf #ì
[`Xek\ jZi`gkf j\ [\ZcXiX+

'9GYKLCCF 2*6 $
<9 I9PFD GFI HL= <AP=D HL= J= <=L= ;FD=I @L\ DFOF
<=JJ9C ;FD 9C?LS G=JJF9 9K99 HL=F ;FE@=U9D$

K \ i X Yff ZfeY\Zpd\ekf [fj _fd\Åj) \ dfc_\i\j [`*

q\d hl\jj\ i\hl\i\ Zfd\i Zfd \cc\j _lâ dfpf [\jjXÇ
gipd\`if hl\ fj Xafd Y\d Zfe_\Z`[fj+ @Xhl\jkf gfi
hl\ j\d ^iXe[\) \ g\icfe^X[f k\dgf j\efd gf[\ ]X*
q\i+ >X efd [`^f [fj fekifj) dXj [\jjp d\[\j gflZfj
_Xd Yff Zfe_\Zpd\ekf+ @gfi hl\ dlpkfj Zlp[XiX f*
ZfekiX`if) hl\i\e[ffj k`iXi [\ kXc [llp[X) c_\j gi\t
^lekf) j\ ^iXe[\ ]\`kf eleZX c_X ]fp \eZfd\e[X[fì

$/./4/7-, +6 5 * 2 2 ) / -
.41 K HA=H ?KJOO>HDGG_mK+
e\d fk\l\ifd [\]Xq\i) Zfdf jXY\d hl\ [`j\i\}fiX
k\\d ) gfi hl\ Xae[X hl\c_\j gXi\}X hl\ Xj Y\d \eaGÅ*
[\if) /NL X\ alc^l\ Xjjp gfi hlXekf Xgil[ÄZ`X \ [`j*
Zi\}fd hl\i fYiXi XZXYX[X d\ek\ @efd jffd\ek\ \e*
k\j[\i) \ XiiXqfXi Zfdf ]Xq\d dlpkfj dXXfj \o\Zl'
kf\\j [X^i#[\j \ Yffj ]\`kfj I\d aljk`}X Zfdf X^lXi'
[Xd ) [\ hl\ ^lpjX fgf[\ifd jXY\i j\efd kfl\i\X'
\Xii\^\ [\ [Xi j\ek\e}X) fl ]Xq\i kXc ZfljX hl\ kfZXj*
j\ Xjj\l gifl\`kf fl [\ flkiXj g\jjfXj+ ã gfi Xdfi)
_f[`f) gifl\`kf) g\i[X) giXq\i) jXekX) k\dfi) gi\*
\lp}X) fl ÅgXZ_f efd c\`oXifd [\ f Y i X ) fl alc^Xi
[\i\`kXd\ek\ ?#k\dg\iXe}' Zfdf \jkz fc_\d Xf Zf*
d\i ) Y\l\i) \ ]\`kf [\dfc_\i\X) Zfdf j\ ZX[X_l# ^f*
m\ieX ) \d hl\ gipeZ`gXcd\ek\ kXc l`ikl[\ j\ [\dfj*
kiX ) [\jp j\ kf[fj ]\`kfj Xjjp k\dg\iX[Xd\ek\ fYiXd
h efd ki\jjXpXd eXj gXik\j jfY\aXj) fl ]Xcc`[Xj+ @jj\
kf[f \jkf Xc^lkk e\d Zfejj`aifl Zfdf Zfe_\Z\iX hlXe*
kX gXik\ k\d \d \ c ) fl j\l Xdp^f [\jkX l`ikl[\+ IX
]fik\cc\qX \d g\cc\aXj) g\i`^ffj [fdXi) [f^}Xj) ZfljXj
[\dgXZ_f ) ki`jk\qX ) efaf ) kiXYXc_fj ) \ Zlp[X[fj)
hl\d [\dfjkiX l\i[X[\`iXd\ek\ hlXc _\ ZX[XYlw) j\*
efd X\og\i`\eZpX @d c\Xc[X[\ eXj ZfljXj g\i`a^fjXj]
dfc_\i\j) [pe_\`ifj) \ Xii\YXkXd\ekf [\jjXe_X) hl\d
g\i kf[f efd gXjjfl Zfdf j\ gf[\ Zfe_\Z\i+ @jj\
dXc Xjjp d\[\j) d\efj Xfj flkifj+ @gfi hl\ Xc^lâ
gf[\iX [`q\i) gf`j [fj _fd\Åj j\efd gf[\ Xl\i Yff
Zfe_\Zpd\ekf j\d kXX\j \og\i`\eZ`Xj) \ giflXj Zfdf
_\ iXqfd Xl\i ]`Xe}X ef Xdp^f) hl\ g\i kf[Xj \jkXj
gXik\j efd _\ Y\d \oXdpeX[f+ < \jkf i\jgfe[f hl\
\d XjjlX YfX lffekX[\) efd j\ [\l\ gf\i [lla[X Zf*
df [`Zkf _\ [\jhl\ _\ ]`c_X[f \d kXc ZfekX) dXj ef
gf[\i \ jXY\i efd Zál\d dX`j Xl\i Zfe]`Xe}X) hl\
j\^le[f [\` Zfe_\Z\idfj) Xjjp hl\ k\e_Xdfj YfX jg\*
iXe}X ZfekiX`iX) fl [llp[fjX j\^le[f jflY\idfj hl\
eXhl\cc\ ]\`kf jXY\) \ gf[\+ >X efd ]Xq g\ialpqf Xj*
j\l Xdp^f hl\d _\ Z\ikf hl\ efd jXY\ eX[Xi) gfi
efd Xl\i \d Xhl\ccf [\` YfX jg\iXe}X @ n p \d j\'

$/./4/7-, +6 ' * 2 2 ) 1 -
 K H5.H ?KPÖOOPHD_mENKo .4.
íe\c_Xek\j \eo\dgifj) ifXj efd hl\ g\ik\\Z\ XXc\Xk*
[X[\) \ ]Xcc`Z`d\ekf [\ Z\ikX dXcÇZ`X [Xhl\c hl\ Zf*
e_\Z\idfj hl\ k\d\ efjjf j\e_fi [\fj) XdX lp[X
m`iklfjX) j\f gfi efjjf Xdp^f Zfe_\Z\dfj) eleZX j\
[\l\ k\\i ZfekiXÇiX k\\e}fd) fe [llp[fjX+ @efj hl\
jfd [\ gflZX ZfeZ`\eZ`X) \ [\ Zfe[`}ffÅj i\l\jjX[Xj)
gfjkf hX\ Xdp^fj j\ [\dfjki\d) efd j\ [\l\ k\\i
YfX j\^liXe}X >X gf`j efd XdXd [\fj e\d X d\c_fi
gXik\ [\jjp d\[\j) [fl ki\d Yffj Xdp^fj efd gf[\d
j\\i) gfjkf hl\ XÇ^âXj ZfljXj Y\d ]\`kXj gfi \cc\j j\
XZfek\}X [\ ]Xq\i+ >Xfj ]\`kfj [\ j\d\c_#k\j jfd dlp*
kf [Xl\ekl`iX) gfi hl\ j\efd i\^\d g\i iXqfd) dXj
g\i lffe]X[\ hl\ fa\ hl\i) \ cf^f \ek\aX @jj\^le[f
j\lj dl[Xd\ekfj ZÑl\d Xj fYiXj j\\i\d [\ gflZX ]`i*
d\qX) \ j\^liXe}X+

'9GAKLCCF . +
.D ?==I9C <9 GIL<=E99) BLJKAU9 ) K=DG=I9EU9" >FIK<#
4P9 ) = 9J ;FE<AUFFAJ HL= G=IK==;V 9:FF 9DKJ;C@9IF$

@ j k X j ki\j l`ikl[\j) jljf jZi`gkXj) +j+ A ]\) Ng\iXeZX)

\ >Xi`[X[\ j\ Z_XdXd k_\fcf^XX\j) gfi hl\ g\i \ccXj
efj \e[\i\e}Xdfj Xjj\il`}f [\efjjf j\e_fi [\fj) hl\
Xk_\fj \d }i\^f _\ Z_XdX[f @ [Xj flkiXj hlXkif +j+
gil[ÅeZ`X) aljk`}X) k\dg\iXe}X) ]fik\cc\qX) hl\ g\i
ogX]kfj [\ kf[Xj dXe\`iXj) ^\ek`fj) al[\lj) \ dflifj
hl\ c`lif4 [\c`Xj jZi\l\ifd jfd Z_XdX[Xj gipeZ`gXX\j)
e\ dlp Zfdgip[Xd\ek\ kiXlkX[f \d f c`lif [f i\^p*
d\ekf [fj gipeZ`g\j hl\ Zfdgfj ]i\p ^`c [\iifdX ]`*
ef d\dfi`Xc [Xj l`ikl[\j) hl\ [Xj _\k`ZXj [Xi`jkfk`cc\j
d\ fi[\efl fX[XpXd [\ jXeZk`X^f @ef gldXi [Xj l`i*
kl[\j hl\ ]\q d\\jki\ Xe[i]\ [\ gXq) d\epjkif [fj ]iX*
[\j d\fi\j \`e Z\q`cc`X @\d lXcc\i`f dXo`df) @ klcc`f
[\ f]`Z`aj @ef c`lif [Xj ZfccX}ffNj [\ jXd af_Xd ZXj`X*
kaf) \ j\lj jkXY\cc`Zpd\ekfj) fj hlXX\j Xae[X hl\ kiXl*
k\d j\^le[f XogXc i\c`^`fd kf[f gfi\d ]`ccfjf]Xcd\ek\

$/./4/7-, +6 $ ""# c\
 .43 K HA=H ?-J55AHDATN-+
_\ ]le[X[f ífYi\ Xj l`i`l[\j \ j\lj ZfekiX`iÑj@ Xjjp
\d flkifj c`lifj hl\ \l k\e_f \d cXk`d) \ [\cc\j \d
kXc c`e^lX^\d hl\ Y\d 3XY\\j c\\i) \ Åk\e[\i) gfi\d
jfY\af d\ gXi\Z\ jZi\l\i [\c`Xj ^iXe[\ c\`kliX) dXj
gfi Xc^lX ZfljX [\c`Xj \ [\ efjjfj ]Xcc`Z`d\ekfj j\ek`i*
[\j) lfj jZi\lf \jkX dpe_X Zfejj`aiX}fd Zfd gXik\
[f hl\ j\ Zfek\d efj [`Zkfj c`lifj) efd c\lXe[f kf[f
\i fi[\eXe}X) dXj d\jkliXe[f gXik\ [f hl\ d\ jf*
; i\jkf gXi\Z\ g\i Zfejj`aiX}fd [XdXe\`iX [\efjjf lp*
l\i Zfd Xc^lzj gXik\j [Xhl\cc\j c`lifj) \ [Xc^lâj fl*
kifj [`Zkfj XgiflX[fj hl\ Xd\l gifgfj`kf d\ cÅYiX*
ifd @gfi hl\ [flkiXj l`ikl[\j Xjjp efd jZi\lf \ X*
hl\jkXj hlXkif jfd gi`eZ`gXX\j [f hl\ Xj flkiXj \d
jg\Z`Xc g\ik\\Z\ Xc^lzj ZfljXj X\jkXj Xgifgi`f gfi hl\
X\ccXj Y\d gf[\d g\ik\\Z\i+ Kfi u efj Xl\dfj d\*
dÑi`X) \ek\e[\i) \ lffekX[\) gXi\Z\d\ hl\ kf[X Zfl'
jX \d hl\ ]Xcc\Z\dfj) _\ g\i ]Xcc`Zpd\ekf [\ ZX[X
_lz [\jkXj gXik\j +j+ gfi efd efj e\eYiXi) eá \ek\e*
[\i) fl dpe^lX [\YfX lffekX[\ @g\iX ^fl\ieXi Xd\*
dfi`X \ f\ek\e[\i Xl\dfj gil[ÅeZ`X) XhlXc j\ g`ekX
Zfd ki\j ifjkifj g\i hl\ j\ \ek\e[\ e\dYiXe}X [Xj
ZfljXj gXjjX[Xj) Zfejj`aiX}fd [Xj gi\j\ek\j) \ giflp*
[\eZ`X g\iXf hl\ gf[\ XZfek\Z\i) fl jg\iXdfj hl\
j\aX @g\iX i\^\i XlffekX[\) Xl\dfj aljk`}X) hl\ efj
dXe[X \ekf[X ZfljX fYiXi fhl\ aljkf \ [\i\`kf ]fi)
X`e[X hl\ Xc dX`j [\j\a\dfj) fl gfi \ccf) dXc) kiXYX*
c_f) fl g\i[Xñ[llp[\dfj i\Z\Y\i+ @g\i \jkX aljk`}X)
[\l\dfj XXfjjf j\e_fi [\fj _feiiX \ fY\[`\eZ`X <fj
giflo`dfj Xdfi) \ ZfeZfi[`X <efj ZXjk`^f) \ [`jZ`gc`*
eX @fj [flj ^\\iXX\j [\j\afj) _l]c hl\ Z_XdXd Zf*
Y`a}X[fi) g\i k\dg\iXe}X j\ I=?=" @f hl\ [`q\d piX*
Z`l\c g\i ]fik\cc\qX @Xl\dfj \d ZX[X_lz ZfljX) jX*
Y\i) hl\i\i) \ gf[\i) fjjXY\i g\i gil[ÅeZ`X j\ i\^\
fhl\i\i g\i aljk`}X \ f gf[\i g\i k\dg\iXe}X eXj Zfl*
jXj [\c\`kfjXj) \ g\i ]fik\cc\qX \d ZfekiX[`q\i) Zfd\*
k\i) \ jfgfikXi fj ]\`kfj [\k\d\i) fl j\ekpi g\i`^ffj)
kiXYXc_fj ) efafj ^iXe[\j ) [\jg\jXj ) [\jgiXqpd\ekf
 K HA=H ?KJOO?HDAENK' .44
[Xc^lej g\]cjfXj j\ ZÜgi`i gfi ^lXi[Xi fl g\iZXc}Xi l`i*
kl[\ @gfjcf hl\ \jkXj l`ikl[\j X kf[fj g\ik\\}z Xfj
^iXe[\j j\e_fi\j dX`j jfd e\Z\jjXi`Xj) j\d Xj hlXX\j
jlXj XcdXj+ g\jjfXj) \jkX[f) \fj [fjj\l j\e_fi`f j\*
i`Xd N ^iXd g\i[`}fd ) Zfej`aiXe[f j\dgi\) hl\fì
i\pefj efd jfd flkfi^X[fj g\iX ]fc^Xe}X \ [\c\`kX*
}fd ) dXj g\iX kiXYXc_Xi) [\jgi`kl) \ Zfigf) dX`j hl\
kf[fj) gf`j hl\ kXc f]`Z`f) hl\ fjj\e_fi efj flkfi^fl7
_\ dXpfi \ [\ dlp ^iXe[\ d\i\Z`d\ekf) Xfj hl\f
Y\d ]\q\i\d eX lp[X gi\j\ek\) \ hl\ jg\iXdfj @Xjjp
g\i ZfekiX`if) Xhl\d f dXc ^fl\ieXi) gfi hl\ efjjf
Y\d lal\i Xdlp kfj Xgifl\`kX) g\i \o\dgif) ZXjk`^f)$
d\iZ\\j) \ ^XjXc_X[f) \ Yff iXqfXi @f dXc ^iXe[\
gXik\ g\iXjjp) ]Xq k`iXi j\^le[f Xhl\c [`Zkf g\i \o\d*
gif [f i\p fj [\ jlX k\iiX) dlakfj j\ ^fl\ieXd+ @j*
j\ekpe[f f dlp l`iklfjf \ [\^iXe[\j l`ikl[\j \cii\p
d\l j\e_fi \ gX[i\ ZlaX XcdX [\fj XaX) fj ^iz[\j ZXi*
i\^fj [fj M\o \d _l| iflgX ]\q YficXi _lâ ZXd\ccf
gfi j\\i Y\jkX [\dXpfi ZXii\^X) ZfiX hlXkif jXZfj \iX
hl\ \iXd gfjkfj jfYi\ ZX[X _lâ \jkXj c\kiXj) ef gi`*
d\`if k\dfi [\dXc i\^\i) j\^le[f aljk`}X) Zfd Xdfi)
\ k\dg\iXe}X) k\iZ\`if Zfek\ekXi ZfiX}ffÅj [\jlX`iX*
[fj) hlXikf XZXYXi ^iXe[\j ]\`kfj Zfd gflZX i`hl\qX)
Xj hlXX\j ZXii\^Xj) Y\d Zfejj`aiX[Xj gf[\ifd fj g\*
e_fi\j \ek\e[\i hlXekf c_\j Zfdgi\ \eZfdÅ[Xi j\lj
]\`kfj X efjjf j\e_fi ) \ Z_\^Xijj\ X\c j\^lpe[f j\d*
gi\ Xj l`ikl[\j jljf jZi`gkXj Zfd c\`oXd\ekf [\kf[fj
g\ZX[fj+ @ gfi 8s dlp e\Z\jjxi`f efj _\ g\iX Y\d efj*
j f ) \ [\ efjjfj i\pefj) \ j\e_fi`fj jXY\i ]`c_Xi Zfej*
X\c_fj) \ _ljXi [\cc\j Y\d ) \ Zfek`elX[Xd\ek\ dlpkÖ
Z]kl\d Zfejj`aiXi ZfiX hl\d eÑj [\l\dfj Xl\i+ @ gfi
hl\ lp ef c`lif j\Zi\k`j j\Zi\kfi ld) hl\ j\ X]`idX
hl\ ]\q Xi`jkfk`cc\j) Xc^l|j jg\Z`XX\j Zfe[`}ffÅj) \
l`ikl[\j hl\ j\ i\hl\i\d Xf Yff Zfejj\c_\`if) Xj
hlXX\j \d ^\\iXc d\ Y\d gXi\Z\ifd) lfccX ]`q Xhlp
kiXccX[Xi) gfi kXc hl\ Zfe_\}Xdfj hlXekf Xc^lâ g\iX
kXc ZXii\^f _\ g\ik\\Z\ek\) \ l\e[f \jkf fj hl\f k\*

$#$%$'"!& && Dl^

]Z 
íe E]Z
 E45 J -,+/V >JI25@GCFDMJ+
k`\iÅ j\ Xlpj\d [f hl\ [\l\d ]Xq\i+ J dX`j gifl\`kf'
jf giplX[f _\ Xhl\c hl\ dX`j XdX klX lp[X \ hl\ \e'
[lq\) \ kiXq fj jlY[`Zkfj XXklX fY\[`\eZ`X) \ Xdfi) \
k\ f]\i\Z\ Df[Xj jlXj ZfljXj) \ jlX giÑgi`X g\jjfX [\í'
gfÅ Xgifgi`f k\l XiY`ki`f) \ giXq`dÅkf) \ k\d \jkXj
l`ikl[\j \ Zljkld\j hl\ ZfekXi\p+ < gipd\`iX _\ hl\
AJA eNYifj Z]cl\``p\ek\j) \ g\ik\\Z\ek\j XXj ZfljXj g\i
X5 hlXX\j _\ jZfcc``[f ã Xjj\^le[X hl\ Xlfe[\ \d
Yfe[X[\ Xlfe[fjX g\iX gf[\i \ek\e[\i Xhl\ccf hl\ j\
[`q O\iZ\`iX hl\ j\aX [\YfX d\dÑi`X g\iX i\k\\i X*
hl\c`f hl\ Xgi\e[\) \ fl}X [\kXc ^l`jX hl\ eleZX fk`'
i\ ]fiX [Xd\dfipX J hlXikf hl\ Zfejj`ai\ Y\d) \ \e'
k\e[X hlXe[f dpe^lX Zi\Z\i j\^le[f jljf [`jj\ J
hlpecf hl\ j\aX Zfik\j) \ [\ [fZ\ cpe^lX) \d kXc ^lp'
jX hl\ Xcpe^lX i\jgfe[X Xf ZfiX}fd) \ Xf g\ej=Xd\e'
kf) \ jlX ]Xc`X j\aX kXc hl\ c_\ ZÑl\e_X Jjj\okf hf\
j\aX g\e\kiXkplf \d kf[X jZ`\eZ`X) jg\Z`XcdÄk\ eXXi k\
[f Zfekf) gfi hl\ _\ Xik\ dlpkf l\i[X[\`iX) \ [\'
dfjkiXk`lX Bjj\gk`df hl\ j\aX l\i[X[\`if) \ XdX[fi
[\l\i[X[\) \ ]l^p[fi [Xd\ek`iX) \ [\YfX [\jgfj`}fd
\d Zljkld\j) \ [\YfX Zfdgi\pjjfd) jlXl\) \ Xdf'
ifjf) \ kiXl kXl \c)\ dXejjf) JpkXlf hl\ j\aXd j\d
ZfejkiXe^pd\ekf [\ ^lccX \ ^Xi^XeklpZ\) \ Y\l\[`Z\
\kg j\l Zfd\i \ Y\l\i) \ j\d }l^`[X[\ [\dfc_\i cã 1
j\ [\gXikX \ k`i\ [fj af^fj) \ [\c\`kX}ffÅj ZXieXX\j
Jefl\ef _\ hl\ REJA [\ ^iXe[\ ZfiX}fd) \ XdX[fi
[\_feiiX+ J[\Z`df _\ hl\ flif \ giXkX) \ flkifj `elp*
kfj XZ`[\ek\j Zfi[`XX\j [\jk\ dle[f j\aXd [\cc\ [\j'
gi\qX[fj) \ hlXj` fj i\glk\) gfi [\ e\e_lâ lXccfi) \
k\l gifgfjpkf \ \ek\e}fd kf[f j\aX \d Xhl\ccXj ZfX'
v#j hl\ g\ik\\Z\d \ Zál\d XXii\Xc dX^\jkX[\) \ Xf
H\l i\^pd\ekf) \ Xd\ Xjjp g\iX ^lXi[Xi aljk`}X) fXi''
i\[X[f Zfdf fXZ_\^X[f+ úe[\Zpdf _\ hl\ X\k\ Xd\
]\ gi\q\ fj aljkfj \ Xaljk`}X) \ Xlfii\}X fj dXcE\j) f
Nali`Xj) \ kf[XccXj f]\ejjXj) \ [\ A ZX[X_l]` fhl\ _\
å\l ) 3 jfZfiiX Xfj X]c`kfj \ Xgi\jjX[fj) \ j\aX k`iX[f\
í\d d fd Xhl\ck\j hl\ j\d ZXljX gX[\Z\d aeal'

$/./4/7-, +6 ' &" " # G\

 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDEbeNK+ .4'
i`Xj) \ X^iXlfj) \ efd ]X}X \d \jkf [\]\i\e}X Xeki\
fj _fd\Åj hl\ [\fj fj \eoXc}fl \ Zi`fl a^lXX\j J S D E ,
hl\ X\aX [\]fik\ \ g\ijj\l\iXek\ gifgfjj`kf \d Xhl\c'
cXj ZfljXj hl\ jXY\) \ \ek\e[\ hl\ k\d [\]Xq\i) \
Xl[Xq \ j\d k\dfi) \ dpe^lX J o`l+ä _\ hl\ jX`Y_X
Zfdf j\ ]X;\d Xj [\jg\jXj) \ efd c_\ j\aX XjZfe[`[f
hlXc hl\i gifl\`kf hl\ jg\i\ [f e\^fZ`f hl\ X\ccX
g\ik\\Z\) \ efd j\aX ZfljX hl\fj jlY[`Zkfj j\ gfj*
jXd [\cc\ hl\i\ccXi) e\d ]Xq\i Xc^lâ hl\`old\) jXclf
\d fj ZXjfj íljf [`Zkfj +j+ hl\ g\ik\}Xd \ Xgifl\`k\d
XXii\Xc dX^\jkX[\ JhlXikf [\Z`df _\ hl\ eá j\aX gXc*
cXlifjf) e\d Xl\[fi [\ Xiifp[fj) eÅ i`ajf) gfi hl\
Xk\dg\iXe}X dlpkf lX` \d f_fie\d) @c\`o\jj\ [\ kf[f
\d kf[f [\lpXi \jkf ZfekiX fj _f`e\\ej) \ kiXlkfj Y\*
ep^eXd\ek\ Jhlpekf [\Z`df _\ hl\ efd Z"l\ijj\
j\d _lj\ Zfd Xhl\cc\j hl\ _ljXd \ j\ i\giflz Zfd
flpe_f) \ XjjlX ZXjX j\aX Zfe_fZ`[X \ dXep^]\jkX X*
kf[fj v4j\aX gifekf \ aek\ekf YljZXi \ jXY\i eflXj
[fj _gd\\ej j\^le[f c_\ g\ik\\Z\ @jjX`Y_X ZfejjfccXi
fj jlY[`Zkfj) \ Zfii\^\i) \ Åd\e[Xi jlXj fYiXj ZfejV
j\c_Xe[ff4) \ i\dfl\e[f) \ k`iXe[f jlXj jpdgc\qXX
\d Xj ZfljXj ZfekiXÇiXj+ NXY\ %^'& hl\ [\fj \oZ\cjjfì
efd Zi`fl Zi`XkliX dX`ì jXY\[fi hl\f _fd\d) e\d
Xalekfl \d Zi`XkliX e\e_ldX fhl\ gfj \d \cc\) \ efd
gf[\ixj XZ_Xi \d flkiX Zi`XkliX hl\ XepdXc j\aX Zljí
kld\ hl\ efd XZ_\j \d f _fd\d) \ hl\ [\cc\ gXik`*
Z`gXek\ efd j\aX) \ ZfdgXe_\`if+

'9GAKLCCF . a+
(9 LAIKL<= <9 GIL<XE;A9 =D JG=;A9C$
B
`f f Y i\ fhl\ g\ik\\eZ\ XXl`ikl[f gil[ÅeZ`X ) XifpiX
g X i\Z\) hl\ efd Zál\d Xg\ijjfXj hl\ l`iklfjXd\ek\
[\j\afd lpl\i Zi\\ijj\ g\i j\lj ZfiX}ffÅj +\d hlXc
hl\i \jkX[f) gfi Xj ^iXe[\j dl[Xe}Xj [\ j\lj j\ek`*
d\ekfj gfi hl\ _lâ gifd\k\ hl\ _\ XYXjkXek\ a\aâXi
k\dgf dlp g\icfe^X[f ]fiX [f ^\\iXc Zljkld\) \ fl*

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
 =C@ - HA = H ?KP£OOAHDAENK+
kif efd hl\i [Xi cl^Xi hl\ X^lXi[\ XZfd\i XkXX l\ji*
g\iX jÅ kXd ^iXe[\ g\eX hl\ e`fjkiX efd j\\i g\iX
jfgfikXi+ @jj\d\c_Xek\ ]Xq eXj g\cc\aXj) fYiXj) [\jg\*
jXj) kiXYXc_fj [f \ek\e[\i \ [f Zfigf vXj ZfljXj Zfe*
kiXÇiXj [\ ^iXe[\ ZfekX dlpcXj l\q\j jfgfikX dlp lXc*
cÅk\d\ek\) \ flkiXj XjjXq g\hl\eXj) ]fiX [\ iXqfd f*
[\iilYXd @gfi kXekf ZX[X _lâ Zfejj`ai\ jlXj fYiXj
hl\ aX giXk`Zfl) \ Xj hl\ ]Xq\d j\lj j\d\c_Xek\j) \
Xjjp l\aX fhl\ gf[\ ]Xq\i+ @jjfYi\ kXc ]le[Xd\ekf j\
X]`id\) efd j\ Xki\l\e[f jXe[`Xd\ek\ gfi XcXi^e\qX
[\ j\l ZfiX}fd) e\d j\ Xg\ik\) i\Z\\) fl Xgi`^âpZ\)
gfi jlX ]iXhl\qX) \ [\c\`oXd\ekf) gfi hl\ ^iXe[\
]le[Xd\ekf _\ [X dlp g\i]\`kX gil[ÅeZ`X efd j\ i\*
^\i g\i j\lj [\j\afj \ gX`offÅj) dXj g\i Xhl\ccf hl\
efjjf Yff \ek\e[\i [\dfjkiX) fl g\i jf]`Z`\ek\j g\j*
jfXj hlXe[f Z-l\d efj _\ Zájj\E_X[f+ @ [`q ef c`lif
[f i\^pd\ekf [fj gipeZpg\j) hl\ gfi Di\j ZfljXj g\i*
k\\Z\ Xfj M\o \ j\e_fi\j j\\i gil[\ek\j+ Clz _\ gfi
Ä\\i\d l\i[X[\`ifj i\^\[fi\j) \ jXY\i\d X]pd g\i X*
hlXc [\l\d i\^\i \ ^lpXi j\l gfYff) ZX efd fjjXY\e*
[f) efd gf[\i`Xd i\^\i Xlfe[fjX d\ek\ \ j\i`Xd j\*
d\c_Xek\j XXhl\c hl\ k\d fXiZf) \ _\ gi\jk\j g\iX k`*
iXi fhlXc efd l\\e[f fjjpeXc* efd k`iXi`X [\i\`kXd\e*
k\ Kfi\d [`q Xii`jkfk`cc\j ef c`lif j\okf [XdfiXc ]`c`f*
jf]`X) Xhl\cc\j J[ gil[\ek\j hl\ jXY\d i\^\i jp \ fl*
kifj g\iX ]pd Zálpe_Xl\c @gf`j hl\ X]pd _\ [fj M\S
j\\i\d i\^\[fi\j @\jkf \cc\j efd gf[\d ]Xq\i j\d
il[\eZ`X) e\Z\jjXi`Xd\ek\ c_\j ZÜl\d j\\i gil[\ek\j
n (\d flkiX ^lpjX j\i`Xd Z_XdX[fj M\o \ N\e_fi\j) \
efd fjj\i`Xd l\i[X[\`iXd\ek\) j\d\c_"k\X Xfj[pe_\`*+
ifj [fj ZfekX[fi\j hl\ i\gi\j\ekXd ^iXe[\ lXccfi) \
g\i jp lXc\d dlp gflZf+ JlkiX ZfljX g\i hj\ fj j\*
e_fi\j [\l\d j\\i gil[\ek\j _\ gfi hlXekf Xhl\cc\j
hl\ gil[ÅeZ`X efd Yz c`^\`iXd\ek\ gf\iXd jlX Y\d'
Xl\ekliXe}X eXj i`hl\jXj [\c\`k\j) \ giXq\i\j ;FIGF!
iXX\j) \ c\`oXifd Xj Yfe[X[\j [Xj l`ikl[\j) \ kf[f j\l
+Y\d =\iX Xl\i Xlfe[Xe}X+[fj Y\Åj [fj j\ek`[fj) Ä g\*

$/./4/7-, +6 ' &" " # G\

 K H A = H ?KJOOAHm_GbkoK+ .-.
iX Zfdgi`i j\l Xg\c`kf ]Xq\ijj\Xd k`iXefj \ iflYX[fi\j
[f gfYff+ < k\iZ\`iX ZfljX hl\ [\l\d fj N\e_fi\j
[\dfl\i Xjj\\i gil[\ek\j _\ gfi j\\i\d eXkliXX\j j\*
e_fi\j) \ i\^\[fi\j >X [`q Xi`jkfk`c\j ef gipd\`if c`*
lif [X gfc\Z`X) Xhl\c hl\ [\j]Xcc\Z\ ef aek\e[`d\ekf)
\ efd jXY\ i\^\i jp d\\jdf _\ eXkliXcd\ek\ j\ilf
<hl\c hl\ kÅ gil[ÅeZ`X) \ jXY\ i\^\i jp \ flkifj eX*
kliXcd\ek\ _\ j\e_fi @ \jkf efd jffd\ek\ _\ l\i[X*
[\ gfi f[`q\i\d fj ]`ccfjf]fj) dXj Xc[X Zfejj`aiXe[f fj
i\^pd\ekfj eXkliXX\j) l\\dfj fj _fd\Åj j\\i j\e_f*
i\j [Xj Y\jkXj gfi jlX gil[ÅeZ`X) \ Xj dfc_\i\j j\\i
jf^\`kXj Xfj YXif[\j) gfi hl\ ]Xcc\Z\d \d gil[ÅeZ`X
@ fj df}fj eXkliXcd\ek\ [\l\d fY\[\Z\i Xfj l\c_fj
]` _Xd dXpfi jg\i`\eZ`X [Xj ZfljXj \ jfd dX`j gil*
[\ek\j @ gfi kXe kf gf`j L fj M\o jfd eXkliXX\j j\*
e_fi\j \ i\^\[fi\j g\ik\\Z\c_\j dlpkf j\\i gil[\ek\j
\ [\Yff \ek\e[\i) gfi kXc hl\f efd\) \ f]`Z`f) \ Xj
fYiXj hl\ ]\q\i\d XaXd flkifjjp g\ik\\Z\ek\ ZfeZfi*
[Xe}X ôef gldXi [Xj l`ikl[\j j\ [\ZcXiX) hl\ gil[Åe*
Z`X ) _\ dlpkf e\Z\jjXi`X Xfj gipeZpg\j) j\^le[f hl\
[`q l\^\Z`f \d ef c`lif [X ZXlX`cXi`X) Xeki\ kf[fj efd
Y\ * Xc^lL Xhl\ dX`j g\ik\\}X jXY\i dX`j \ d\c_fi\j
\flj]Xj hl\ Xf gipeZ`g\) gfi hl\ jlX [flki`eX [\l\ X*
gifl\`kXi Xkf[fj j\lj jla\`Zkfj @Xii`jkfk`cc\j ef 0 +ä c`*
lif [fj kf]&`Zfj [`q) e\e_lâ [\l\ [\jZfc_\i fj df}fj)
^lpX[fi\j [fj \o\iZ`kfj) ^l\ii\X[fi\j) gfi hl\ ZfljX
dXep]\jkX _\) hl\ eá jfd gil[\ek\j j\^le[f hl\ j\
U\\í\d f 2+ c`lif [\gfcc`ZiXkf Oi\j ZfljXj jfd hl\ ]\*
q\ifd fj ifdX|fj l\eZ\[fi\j [Xj ^Åk\j +j+ NXY\[fi`X)
@o\iZ`Z`f) A\+ NZ`\eZ`X [\ Y\d i\^\i+ @o\iZ`Z`f [Xj
XidXj \ ]`\ \d dXek\\e[f fhl\ gifd \k `x gfi hl\ j\*
^le[f j\ giflX g\ccXj [\]`a}ffNj [X gil[ÅeZ`X Kil[Åe*
Z`X _\ _lz jXY\[fi`X \ jZ`\eZ`X g\i XhlX( f_fd\d Zf*
e_\Z\ fi[\eXi) \ \d [\lp[X ]pd ÅZXdpe_Xi Xj ZfljXj
hl\ _X [\]Xq\i @gfi`jjf [`q`X gcXkfd @ekf`e j\iX Y\d
Xk`\ekliX[f fdle[f) \ XkÄiiX) hlXe[f fj jXY\[fiZ]
Zfd\}Xjj\d [\ii\peXi \ fj M\o [\ jXY\i) fhlXc [`Zkf

$/./4/7-, +6 6588: IE
.3/ K QA=mb ?KJOOAHD>ENK+
[\gcXk\d e\ieYiX Yf\Z`f \d fc`lif gipd\`if [X Zfej*
jfccX}Ü [X]`ccfjf]`X g\i kXX\j gXccXliXj v kl [`q`X X]Çccf*
jf]`X XYf\Z`f) hl\ Xjj\ek\e}X [\gcXkfd g\i %k`X YfZX
dlpkXj l\q}j cfllXjk\) Y\d Xl\ecliX[Xj Xj ZfljXj gl*
Yc`ZXj ) j\ \ckXj ]fi\d i\^`[Xj \ ^fl\ieX[Xj g\i jXY\*
[fi\j ) fl j\fj i\^\[fi\j [\c`Xj Xhl\\Z\d j\\i jXY\*
[fi\j) c\\jj\ X`e[X ef c`lif fakXlf [f gfcc`ZiXkf fj if*
ÇeXzfj \dg\iX[fi\j) \ j\lj i\^\[fi\j) \ [lhl\j) efd
e \ e\dYiX hl\f Y\d glYc`Zf) efd ]fjj\ d\c_fiX[f
\d hlXekf \cc\j ]fifd jXY\[fi\j \ c\k\iX[fj) \ E[ j \ a
Zfdf Xhl\\Z\f) ZX cf^f Zfiff Xl`ikl[\ [f jXY\i \d
\cc\j \e]iXhl\Z\f) cf^f \e]\idXi Zfd\}fl XdX|f [X
ZXlXccXi`X @eÜ j\d iXqfd ) gfi hl\ j\d jXY\[fi`X
efd gf[\ dlpcf [liXi fgipeZpgX[f @gfi\d [`q [\jjp
XjjXY\[fi`X) Xfj f`kf ZXg`klccfj) [fj gifl\iY`fj K\i*
dpd i\peXd fj M \o) \ fj gipeZ`g\j jfd j\e_fi\j ã
\\ikf [\jkXj Xlkfi`[X[\j Y\d j\ [\dfjkiX hl\ Zfdgif
Xfj gipeZ`g\j j\\i gil[\ek\j @Xae[X j\ T:f[\ \jkf [#'
\cXiXi g\i Xc^lzj i\qfÜ\j) [Xj hlXX\j Xgi`d\`iX _ç \j*
kX <fj giÇeZ`g\j Zfdgi\ [\ii\^\i \ \eZXdpe_Xi j\l
gfYff \d fi[\eX[X \ [\lp[X ]pd) \ \jkf]Xj Xgil*
[ÅeZ`X) \i^f j\d gil[ÅeZ`X) efd gf[\iXd i\^\i) \
g\i Zfejj\^lpek\ efd gf[\iXd j\\i gipeZ`g\j+ <jj\*
^le[X iXqfd) [`q Xi`jcfk`cc\j) \eef 2 +ä c`lif [Xj \k_`*
ZXj Xhl\cc\j hl\ g\ejjX`i`fj j\\i gil[Åk\j hl\ Xjjp \
Xflkifj gf[\d \eZXdpe_Xi \ gifl\i Kf`j Z\ikf Xfj
gipeZ`g\j Z{l\d dlpkf [\ adX^`eXi \ g\ejjXi YfXj
ZfljXj \ gifl\`kfjXj g\iXjjp \ g\iX fj flkifj K\iXjjp
gfi hl\ dlpkXj ZfljXj [\l\d Xdlpkfj) \ _Xec_\j [f
[Xi g\iXfj flkifj) gfi hl\ [\lp[f _\ Xf gipeZ`g\
+j+ Xkf[f4 Xgifl\`kXi \i^f X\cc\j Zfdgi\ jg\Z`Xcd\ek\
j\\i gil[\ek\j < k\iZ\`iX iXqfd _\ gil[\eZpX _\ Xjjp
Zfd\ _lâ fc_f [XXcdX) g\i fhlXc \d kf[XÇcXj ZfljXj
g\i hl\ fgipeZ`g\ fgfYff [\l\ [\jj\\i \eZXdpe_X[f)
\i^\ j\ fgi`eZ`g\ ZXi\Z\i [\ kXc fc_f) fgfYff efd gf'
[\iX j\\i Y\d \eZXdpe_X[f) e\d Y\d ^fl\ieX[f @'
8x\3cf =\ j\^l\ íc\j`ilp}fd [f gfYffì \ [\jkilp[f fì

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
 K HA= H ?-J55AH>5EN-+ .50
gfYff [\jkiep[f _\ fgipeZpgX[f <hlXi`X iXqfd _\
\jkX) Xjjpj\ [\e\ [\ Xl\i fgipeZpgX[f Xf gfYff) Xj*
jp Zfdf fY\\jk\`if) j\ _X Xjj\\kX) gf`j Z\ikf Xkjp j\X
fYZ\jk\`if hl\ efd gf[\ \eZXdpf_Xi Xjj\\kX Xf ]`k%
j\efif hl\f l\aX ) \i^f fgi`eZ`g\ efd gf[\ \eZXdp'*
e_Xi fgfYff XYfX ]pd) efd Zfe_\Z\e[f X]`d @X]`d j\
efd gf[\ Zfe_\Z\i j\d gil[ÅeZ`X) \i^f Zfdgi\ Xf
gipeZpg\ j\\i gl[\ek\ <hlaekX iXqfd) \ [\iiX[\`iX)
X\jXl[\ [f gfYff _\) _\ jXl[\ [f gipeZ`g\ \f gipe*
Z`g\ [\l\ dlpkf [\ XdXi jfX jXl[\) @kXc Xdfi efd
gf[\ j\\i j\d gil[ÅeZ`X) \i^f Z[gi\ Xf gipeZpg\ j\\i
gil[\ek\+
'9GOKKK4F D e +
1L= ;=EJF! G=IK=;;= 9FJ 2=N K 9FLCIFJ J=E@FI=J G=I9
J==Ia GILV=A=J" = G=I H KEF<F FGF<=D J==I+

O E `j kf hlXekf Zfdgi\ Xfj j\e_fi\j @Xfj hl\ k\\d

]\^pd\ekf j\\i\d Xlfe[fjfj \d gil[ÅeZ`X j\^l\i`jjX
Xj ZfljXj hl\ k_\ g\ik\\Z\ g\iXf j\\i\d Zfd X^iX}X
[\ [\fj @ g\i hl\ df[f j\ gf[\d ]Xq\i gil[\ek\j)
efd [\ZcXiXe[f hl\ _\ gil[\eZpX j\^XX[\ Xj [\jlX`'
iX[Xj [\]`a}fÜ\j \ek\e}ffÅj [fj jXY\[fi\j hl\ [\c`Xí
`YÇcfd ) gfi hl\ g\ik\\Z\iX dX`j XjjXY\i [\ c\k\iX[fj
hl\ Xfj hl\ jfd [XdXe\`iX [\ efjjf lpl\i+ EIXhl\c
c`lif [f i\^`d\ekf [fj gipeZpg\j j\ [\ZcXiX hl\ kf[f
F \ p \ [lhl\) hl\ g\i]\`kXd\ek\ hl\i Xl\i gil[Åe*
Z`X ) [\l\ Xl\i Xj gifgi`\[X[\j [X [`\kX l`ikl[\) Xj
hlXX\j jfd f``f +j+ M\e\dY iXe}X [Xj ZfljXj gXjjX[Xj
> X <MP Xi`jkfk`c`\j ef /+' c`Xif [X i\`Xkfi`\X) hl\ efj
]\`Zkfj hl\ fj _fd\Åj ]XjN gfi jlX fffekX[\) XkeXpfi
gXik\ [Ñj hl\ _z [\jj\\i) jfd j\d\c_Xek\j Xfj hl\
aX ]fifd+ Jlkifjjp [\l\ Xl\i XlpjXd\ekf) dX^peX`n
[f fhl\ _X [X Zfek\Z\i) í g\i hl\ dXe\`iX dX`j Xjp'
ì_X Xl\iX j\e gifgÑj`kf) [\l\ ígf[X [\jj\\i \ek\e[`*
[f) \ jXY\[fi) hl\ jX`Y_Xc\o) \ Zljkld\j) \ i\^`Xj
[\ [\i\`kX iX#fd) Xj hlXX\j c_\j j\aXd gipeZ`g`fj å
<l[Xd\ekfj [\hl\ gifZ\[`X Xd j\Xj ]X k JD$ @g\ikX\'

$/./4/7-, +6 % 2 2 . 1 -
.51 K Hmm|H ?KJOOAHDA£NK+
Z\c_\ [\jj\\i iXqfXl\c g\iX dX^`eXi hlXX\j ZXdpe_fj
\ df[fj gf[\ k`iXi [Xhl\c`Xj i\^`Xj g\iXXl\i fhl\ [\i
j\aX+ >Ügi\c_\ flkifjjp Xl\i jfk`cc\qX g\iX j\\i XZ_XO
[fi [fj Y\Åj hl\ jfd Zfdgi`[f`ifj Xf j\l gfYff ô
gfi hlXekf _lw _fd\d efd gf[\ kXd dX^peXkplf
j\\i hl\ kf[XccXj ZfljXj gifl\`kfjXj XXj jlXj ^\ek\j:
g\i\jp gfjjX Zlp[Xi) Zál\d Xkf[f j\e_fi hl\ Y\e`*
^eXd\ek\ fl}X fj Zfejj\c_fj [fj jXY\[fi\j) \ [fj YX'
if[\j [fj ]`[Xc^fj) \ [fj Xek`a^fj \ [Xhl\cc\j hl\ Xi
dXd fii\pef) \ fjj\e_fi`f @gfi hl\ Xj ^\ek\j dlp*
kXj _Xd Zá[`}ffÅj [\jlX`iX[Xj) \ g\i [\jlX`iX[fj df*
[fj [\l\d j\\i i\^`[fj) _\ e\Z\jjxi`f Xf j\e_fi Xl\i
dlpkXj jg\i`\eZ`Xj [\ Zfe_\Z\i fjj\l gfYff g\iXf jX*
Y\i d\c_fi i\^\i \ fi[\eXi XX]pd hl\ _X [Xl\i+ <g\j*
kld\`iX gifgi`\[X[\ hl\ _X [Xl\i) _\ hl\ j\aX jX^\j
gfi hl\ Xjjp Zfdf eXj jZ`\eZ`Xj g\i l\q\j j\ XalekXd
XXj ]Xcjj`[X[\j Zfd Xj l\i[X[\j) \ g\ejjX _fd\d hl\
kf[f _\ l\i[X[\) Xjjp efj ]\`kfj \+ fYiXj hl\ _fd\d
_X [\ ]Xq\i Xfj gfYffj j\ xalekXd fj dXXfj \ gXi\*
Z\d Yffj) \ efd fj jfd @gfi kXekf Zfdgi\ Xf j\*
e_fi j\\i jX^\j g\iX \jki\dXi fdXc [f Y\d) \ [\i\`*
kXd\ek\ i\^\i jlX ^\ek\) Xl\e[f i\e\dYiXf}X) \ X*
lpjXdÅkf \ jXY\[fi`X j\\e[f iXqfXl\c hl\ [_l| iXqfd
k`i\ flkiX j\^le[f ]fi Zfdgi`[f`if) \ XaX jfk`cc\qX [\e*+
k\e[pd\ekf) \ i\Z\YX Y\d fj Zfejj\c_fj) ]`c_\ dlp'
kXj jg\i`\eZ`Xj \ j\aX jX^\j \d jlXj fYiXj \ g\i kXc
dXe\`iX gf[\iX l\i[X[\`iXd\ek\ j\\i gil[\ek\ @ Z80*
e\d Xfj j\e_fi\j gfi kXc hl\ Xafd gil[ÅeZ`X) [\jg\e*
[\i\d XdXpfi gXik\ [\jjlX la[X \d Zlp[X[fj gifl\`*
kfjfj Xfj j\lj j\e_fipfj) ]`c_Xe[f gfi\d \d kXc ^lpjX
Xj i\Zc`X}ff\j ZfigfiXX\j hl\ efd j\aXd gfi \ccf Å*
YXi^X[fj ef i\^pd\ekf eXkliXc @gi`d\piXd\ek\ [\*
l\d dX^peXi fj k\dgfj gXjjX[fj) \ kiXYXc_\jj\ hl\+
fjj\l k\dgf j\aX jÜd\c_Xl\c XXhl\c \d hl\ fj i\pefa
\ j\e_fi`fj ]fifd d\c_fi) \ dX`j j\^liXd\ek\ i\^`*
[f]Z) hl\ Xjjp Zfdf fj jXY\[fi\j gifl\`kXd ef hlf
jZi\l\ifd fj c\k\iX[fj Xek`a^fj) Xjjp gifl\`kXd fj i\ *

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHPEAENK+ .50
ê]\[fi\j Zfejj`aiXe[f g\i hl\ dXe\`iX i\^\ifd fj j\lj
Xek\Z\jjfi\j) \ \d \jk\j k`c_Xifd i\e\dYi]Ç}X+ ?\l\iX
Xae[X dX^peXi fj gifl\`kfj hl\ gf[\d l`ai XXj jlXj
k\iiXj* \ fj dXcc\j hl\jj\c_\j gf[\d j\^lpi)( \ Xjjp
Xl\i\d XlajXd\ekf g\iX j\ gf[\i ^lXi[Xi [fdX` \ dX`j
kfj k\d\ek\ Xl\i fY\d Jlkifjjp [\l\d Zfejj`aiXi fj
YÖfj Zljkld\j) \ YfXj E\o) \ hlXekf dX`j \d \cc\j
jflY\i\d) kXekf j\ifd dX`j jXY\[fi\j) \ Zál\ec_\j
Xd\l[\ Zlp[Xi g\i hl\ ^lpjX j\^le[f kXX\j c\o i\^\*
ifd fjj\l gfYff) \ ]Xq\e[f \jkf j\if`h iXqfXl\\j) \
Xl\e[f kXc _ljXe}X) ]Xq\ijj\Xd gil[\ek\j+ @jjfYi\
kf[Xj \jkXj ZfljXj) dlpkf g\ik\\Z\ Xfj j\e_fi\j Xl\*
i\d YfXj lffekX[\j) gfi hl\ XdXcc`Z`X ]Xq dXXf alpqf)
\ XlffekX[\ dXcc\Z`fjX alc^X Xj YfXj ZfljXj gfi dXXj)
- Xj dXXj gfi YfXj) j\^le[f hl\ ]Xq Xhl\c hl\ k\d
f^fjkf Zfiilgkf) Xf hlXc XZfljX [fZ\+ gXi\Z\ XdXi^f'
jX @\jcX Yfá[X[\ [X lffekX[\ _\ dlpkf e\Z\jjXi`X
XhlXc hl\i ii\^\[fi) \ j\d \ccX efd gf[\ j\\i gil*
[\ek\ ã gfi \jkf [`q Xi`jkfk`cc\j ef j\okf c`lif [X dfì
iXc ]`ccfjf]ÇX) hl\ Çgfjjpl\c ZfljX _\ fgil[\ek\ j\\i
efd Yff+

'9GAKLCCF D ` ` a +
(FLKIFJ JG=;A99=J 9LBJ9IE=EKFJ JF:I= 9GIL<=E;A9$

>Vl\i\e[f jfYi\ Xl`ikl[\ [X gil[ÅeZ`X [Xi Xc}lâj

flkifj jg\Z`XX\j XlpjXd\ekfj) LE gXi\Z\f jfY\af \
gi\jle}fd g\iX dpd gflZf g\ik\ÅZ\ek\) dXj Zfejj`a*
iXe[f hl\ gipeZ`gXcd\ek\ jZi\lf g\iX lfj) \ flkiXj
g\jjfXj [\ Zfik\ [f hl\ k\e_f jZi`gkf) \ X[pXek\ j\
[`iX Zfd fhl\ Xf gi\j\ek\ j\ Zffii\) lfj [\ZcXif \j*
kXj ZfljXj X[`|k\ jZi`gkXj gfi dXpfi \e]fidX}fd gXj*
jXe[f g\i kf[f jldXi`Xd\ek\+ Kfi X^iXe[\ EVCEKKEMCIA
[\c,X) ^\\iXcd\ek\ g\]ZXc}Xdfj Zfd X^iX}X [f j\e_fi
[\fj xj Z`ehlf ]`aj ef Zfd\}f [\jk\ kiXlkX[f DECKAQA%
[Xj +j+ gipeZ`gXc g\i ^lXi[Xi j\dgi\ Y\d XZfeZ`\eZ`X

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
 .53 K H A = H ?KJOO>HDAENK+
eX ]pd [\ efjjfj [`Xj _`idfj X \k\ieXc ^cfi`X+ N\^le[X
Y\d d|k\\i \ XZi\Z\ekXi efjjX _feiiX) \ Yff \jkX[f+
O\iZ\`iX >fekpelX[Xd\ek\ lpl\i \d YfX [\jgfj`}fd
[\ jXl[\ LlXikX ^fl\ieXi XZXjX) \ ]Xq\e[X Y\d ) \
gifl\` kfjX d\ek\ LlpekX lpl\i j\dgi\ \d iXqfX[f Yff
gcXq\i \ Zfek\ekXd\ekf+ @ef ZXgpkfccf [f \ek\e[p'
d\ekf hl\ [\jkf ]Xc`X jfd [\ZcXiX[fj Xc^lâj d\[`fj
g\iX l``i X\jkXj ]caj) dXj efd \dYXi^Xe[f hl\ Xgil'
[\eZ`X [\ ZX[X_l]G [\efj efd j\aX YXjkXek\ ZfYiXi e\d
dXek\\i hlXc hl\i [\c`Xj g\i efjjX giÑgi`X l`ikl[\ j\d
jg\Z`Xc ^iX}X [\ efjjf j\e_fi Xii\XiX [`\kX [XiiXqfd
hlXekf \d efj ]fi eleZX [\l\ j\\i `\`oX[X fe\jkXd\e*
k\ lpl\e[f XflkiÄ efd \dg\\Z\e[f) \ [Xe[f XZX[X'
Ylz ZfljX fhl\ j\l _\+ @hlXe[f Xjjp ]\q\idfj jfYi\
Xc^lâ ]\`kf c\`o\dfj X efjjf j\e_fi fhl\ ]fi XXc\d
[\efjjf gf[\i \ jXY\i) ZX [Xhl\ccX ? lpjX hl\ efjjX
iXqfd \ [`jZi\}fek efd [\l\dfj gi\jldpi hl\ _\ X'
YXjkXek\ g\iX g\i \ccX jfccXd\ek\ Xc^lâ gipeZ`gXc Y\d
g\iZXc}Xidfj) \ Xjjp eleZX [\l\dfj c\`oXi [\ fYiXi
Zfd \ccX) XkXX fe[\ dX`j \ d\c_fi fYiXi gf[\idfj)
gfi hl\ ^iXe[\ dXc \ g\ZX[f _ \ ) efd ZliXidfj [Xí
hl\ccX \jki\dX[X l`ikl[\ g\i hl\ fjj\e_fi [\fj [\kf*
[Xj flkiXj Zi`XkliXj [\jk\ dle[f efj _X \jki\dX[f)
\d lXekX^\d) \ d\c_fi`X @ efd [\l\dfj c\`oXi efj*
jfj ]\`kfj XX]fikleX gfi j\^lpi lffekX[\) \ lpl\i Y\j*
k`Xcd\ek\ fl gfi dXXj Xik\j \ d\\jki`Xj) Xae[X hl\
[\c`Xj gfi _lâ k\dgf efj XZ_\dfj Xal[X[fj) \ jp^X*
df4 eÖd aljkXd\ek\ efjjXj lXekX^\ãj) gfi hl\ _\ Zfe*
kiX`i f [XefjjX jXeZkX ]]\) \ l`iklfjX k\\e}fd) dXj f*
Yff ZXk_fcc`Zf [\l\ ]`c_Xi Xj Y\d Xl\ekliXe}Xj \ Xl\ij*
jp[X[\j gi\j\ek\j gfi ZfljXj d\Xzj) Xj hlXX\j l\Å X*
\X[X_lâ Zfdf giXq Xefjjf j\e_fi) g\i kXekfj j\^i\[fj
hl\ j\efd gf[\d \ek\e[\i) e\d alc^Xi) Xj hlXX\j
Xfj hl\f l\e[X[\`iXd\ek\ fXdXd ) \ _Xd gifgfj`kf [\
m`iklfjXd\ek\ lpl\i kf[Xj j\ kfieN \d Y\d eX gi\*
j\ek\ lp[X) fl hl\ jg\iXdfj) \ eX hl\jkX) _kkSj l\'
X\j cf^f ffe_\Z`[Xd\ek\) \ flkiXX kXekf cfX^\ hl\

$/./4/7-, +6 & * 2 2 ) 1 -
 K Hmm=H ?KJOOGH>AEAK+ .!P
gflZfí fZfejj`aiXif) gfi\d j\d [llp[X Z>l\d Zi\\i
hl\ fjj\l aljcf alpqf eleZX gf[\ ]Xcc\Z\i+ >fekiX \j
hl\ Xl\ekliX) Zfjk\c`X}fif [\ giXe\kXj \eZfd\e[Xd )
\ c\`oXd j\lj ]\`kfj) \l c_\j [`^f hl\ j\ Y\d Zfejj`a*
iXi\d hl\ kf[f l\d [\efjXf j\e_fi >X j\ [`jj\i\d
kXc _fd\d _\ Y\d jhl\\e}X[f \d ^l\iiX gfi hl\ flí
m \ Yff eXZpd\ekf) \ Xj gcXe\kXj E_f flkfi^Xifd Zfd
Xal[X [\jjlX eX}fiX) cpeeX^\d YfX _ljXe}X \ g\i fl'
kifX jg\Z`XX\j j\^i\[fj [X ]fikleX hl\ j\ efd gf[\d
Y\d g\iZXc}Xi) fhlXc lpl\ d Xc) \ efd _\ \d Xc lpi*
kffj\ Zf]lf ]fp XepYXc) \ flkifj XjjXq [\ hl\ Xf gi\*
j\ek\ =fd \d i\e\jYiXe}X) XjjXq [\ \eiÅgifj @gfi\d
XkXX\j efd [\lpX \jk\ Y\d j\\i flkfi^X[f hl\f g\iì
ZXc}fd j\d gil[ÅeZ`X e\d l`ikl[\ ò\jkf i\jgfe[f
hl\ efd ZfekiX[`^f l`ai\d \jk\j Y\Åj Xfj j\d\c_Xe*
k\j) gf`j jfd ZfljXj d\Xzj hl\ XYffj \ XdXXfj gf[\d
m``ai) dXj kf[f l\d g\i+fi[\eXe}X) fl g\il`já [Xhl\c
j\e_fi hl\ [`q j\d dpd ZfljX efd gf[\\j ]Xq\i) \
hl\ fj gxjjXifj eX giX}X j\ efd l\e[`Xd j\d efjjf
gX[i\ hl\ _\ efj \\\fj) dXj \jkf c_\j c\`oX lcai XXc*
^l]`j gfi ^XccXi[fd [\ Z\ikfj Y\Åj) \ lpikl[\j jg\'
Z`XX\4 hl\ _X \d çc`\j [\jj\\i\d l\i[X[\`ifj) dpj\ì
i`Zfi[`fjfj) ZXjkfj) \ j\d\c_Xek\j XXj hlXX\j efd gf*
[\e[f ]`ZXi j\d ^XccXi[fd eX gi\j\ek\ lp[X g\i kXX\j
Y\Åj ]`eXcd\ek\ f`i\Z\YN flkifj c\`oX c\lXecXi gfi i\*
Z~Y\iÅ dXX \ [\jfeiiX[X ]pd) gfi kXc hl\ efd *j\ gf*
e_X \d j\d\c_Xek\j ZfljXj +efjjX gi`eZ`gXc Y\d Xl\e'
kl iXe}X Zfdf j\ [`q ef c`lif [f i\^p d\ekf [fj gipeì
Z`g\j öE efd j\ [\l\ gf\i \iX XE j\ef`e \d fY\d [Xj
m`ikl[\j) e\d$ Xj Xl\ijj`[X[\j ]`c_\dfj gfi dXc gipeì
Z`gXc j\^le[f j\e\ZX ef kiXlkX[f [X giflp1 \eZ`X %O!
lpeX) dlp Zfdgi`[Xd\ek\ giflX \ [\ZcXiX) \ Xjjp eX
j\okX ZfccX}fd jfYi\ Xdfik\ [gj jXeZkfj @gfi\d jf*
Yi\jkf hf\ `'\ [`Zkf \ X[`Xek\ j\ [`iX) jXd [\ ]`c_Xi
\jkXj ZáZ_`jjff~j+ Aipd\`iX hl\ `f[Xj ífljXj hl\ efí
l\e_XdV jfd g\i fi[\eÇ}X [\efjjf j\e_fi [\fj hl\
dlp [\i\`kXoeÅ`\ j\dgi\ [ X ) Y\d ífj Yffí \ l`iãlf*
= = /
.5' K H A = H ?KJOOAHDGENK+
jfj) fl Xae[X hl\ gXi\}X l`aic_\ dXc hl\ kf[f 3V kfil*
eX \d d\c_fi eX gi\j\ek\ lp[X) fl hl\ Xg\iXdfj N\ì
^â[X hl\ XkXX fe[\ XYiXe^\i efjjX [`jfi\}fd Zfd Yff
Zfejj\c_f \ XlpjXiX\ekf [Xj g\jjfXj Xhl\ g\ik\\Z\ \`X:
ZX[X _lL ]\`kf) eleZX c\`o\dfj Zfd jXe[`Z\) gi`^lp*
}X \jkX Z\jX = j\^lpd\ekf [\ lffekX[\) efjjfj ]\`kfj
X]fikleX) e\d jg\i\dfj hl\ dpiXZlccfjXd\ek\ [\fN
[fj Xal[\ fhlXc efj dXe[fl lp^pXi) j\\i XlpjX[fj YÅ
\ gil[\ek\j+ O\iZ\`iX hl\ eleZX gÅjj\dfj j\\idfj
YXjkXek\j g\iX lÇai g\i efjjf jXY\i) \ gf[\i jfccXd\e'
k\ Xg\i]\`}fd [X Xc^lkk ^iXe[\ Y\d+ ã hlXe[f efjVl\*k
b\i) efd Xefj dXj Xfjj\e_fi [\dfj ^cfi`X LlXikX O
hl\ hlXe[f â\q\idfj \d hlXc hl\i ZfljX fd\C`fi hl\
gf[\idfj \ek\e[\i Zfd ^iXe[\ gXZ`\eZ`X \ Yff \j]fi*
}f) jf]iXdfj fhl\ efj ZfekiXk`if gXi\Z\i) hl\ efj l\d
g\i fi[\eXe}X [\e fjjf j\e_fi [\fj Åd\e[x[f efjjfj
]XccpZpd\ekfj) g\[`e[fc_\ d\iZ\\) \ g`\[X[\) Zfe_\*'
\\f[\ efjjX ]iXhl\qX \ jlX \oZ\cG\eZ`X+ LlpekX) hl\
[\l\dfj jXY\i) \ Y\d Zfe_\Z\i Xj giÑgi`Xj l`ikl[\j \
g\ZX[fj) \fj XXqfj g\i hl\+gf[\dfj Zfd X^iX}X [f
j\e_fi Xj l`ikg[\j dX`j c`^\`iXd\ek\ j\^l`i) \ Xl\i)
*fl efj g\ZX[fj) \ flkifj \iifj ZXpi) \ dXc [\cc\j efj
^lXi[Xi @Xlp[f kXc Zfe_\Zpd\ekf) j\^Xpifd\k_fi gfi*8
5 Xgil[\eZ`X gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\ \jkX \d Y\iX \ leklfjX*
d\ek\ j\dgi\ fYiXi) dX`j 8a \ek\e[\i) e\d iXqfXix
N\okX) hl\ jX`Y_Xdfj hl\ fgfjjlpi [Xj l`ikl[\j Y\
l\i[X[\`if Y\d) \ f\jkXi) \ XZXYXi \iX dfikXc g\ZX[f
_\ XZXYX[f dXc @ hl\ kf[Xj flkiXj ZfljXj jfd ae\zXj
[\c`Xj dX`j aeZc`eX[Xj XX gXik\ [f Y\d) \ flkiXj Xf
ZfeÇiX`Zf' \d \X[X_l]k \jkX[f g\iX Xlp[X gi\j\ek\`\
hl\ jg\i#dfj+ N\pk\dX hl\ j\aXdfj Y\d XlpjX[fj
giflpjkfj \ g\iZ\Y`[fj g\iXfj ZXjfj \ákiX`ifj Zfd YfX
[llp[X) \ i\Z\f [\cc\j Xl\e[f ef ZfiX}fd iXqfX[X
j\^liXe}X) Zfdf$ ]Xq`X Xhl\c jXeZkf >fe[\jkXYi\ hl~
eX gXq \ k\[f Xjj\jj\^f \iX kXd XlpjX[f \ Y\d gifí
lpjkf) Zfdf j\ ]fjj\ W k\dgf [\ ^iXe[\ e\Z\jjp[X[\
@Xhl\jkf ]fq`X gXi `i\j iXqf[\j Aipd\`iX gfi efd j\\i

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
 K$ H A = H ?KJOO>HNAENK+ F 'ó
XZ_X[f [\jg\iZ\Y`[f \d Xc^lâj XZ\icXd\ekfj eÑd g\ej*
jX[fj) N\^le[X gfi kiXq\i fj j\lj Y\d ZljkldX[fj Xj*
jf]i\i\d kiXYXc_fj \d f l\ccXi) ifc[Xi) ZXlXc^Xi\d dlp
Xd\l[\ Zfd Xj cXe}Xj eX* dxzf) \ ZfkXj l \ j k`[ X jf
j\d\c_Xek\j) @hlXe[f kXc ZXjf l\_\jj\ d\c_fi fjjf'
gfikXi\d O\iZ\`iX gfi efd ]Xq\i gfi g\hl\eXj ZfljXj
dfjciXe}X [\eflf i\Z\f gfi j\ hl\i\i g\iX \ccXj g\i*'
Z\Y\i+ @ Xeki\ Xj dlpkXj l`ikl[\j hl\ fll\ \jk\ l`i'
klfjf Zfe[\ [\jkX ]fp j\dgi\*dlp cfllX[f hl\ \iXd
kXd Z`iZfejg\Zkf \d kf[f hl\ +fll\jj\ [\ ]Xq\i Za efdi
gf[`Xd Zfd iXqfd \d dpf^lX [X lpjXd\ekf) \ Yff
g\iZ\Y` d\ekf j\\i ;[ [\i\`kf \ l\i[X[\ giXjdX[f @
Zfd kf[f kXc XlpjXd\ekf) \ i\Z\f [f hl\ XZfek\Z\i
c_\ gf[`X) \iX efj d\[fj \ g\cc\aXj kXd j\^lif \ j\d
k\dfi g\iX jfgfikXi) \ Zfd\k\i hl\ flkif dX`j efd
gf[\i`X j\\i XZ_X[f @gfi hl\ _ljXdfj [\jk\j efd\j
hl\ _l]Nj gfi flkifj dlakXj l\q\j j\ [`q\d) +j+ XlpjX'
[ f ) g\iZ\Y`[f) giflpjkf) \ Z`iZfejg\Zkf) lfj ]Xi\p
[\ZcXiX}fd [\ jlXj [\]\i\e}Xj) gfi fhl\ [\ccf lp) E
d\ iXqfd gXi\Z\ >fejj`aiXe[f ef 8s giXkpZXdfj) \ ]fi'
}X [fj lfZXYlccfj) \ [\ kXc Zfe_\Z`d\ekf XXc\d [X
ÅejjpeXe}X [f iXqfX[f ]XccXi) j\ [\l\ j\^lpi gifl\pkf
g\iX jXY\idfj Zfdf [\kf[f \jkf Zál\d Y\d eljXi Xfj
hl\ k\l\i\d Xlpikl[\ [X gil[ÅeZ`X <lpjXd\_kf _\
[\ [fXj ^lpjXj) _lz eXj ZfljXj 8s l\Ä [Xii\lXkf) \ X*
>fek\Zpd\ekf) flkiX [\efj flki\d XlpjXi) fl g\i efX
g\ejjXidfj g\iXefj ^lXi[Xi [fj ZfekiX`ifj 8E efj gfj*
jXd l`ai) fl g\iZXc}Xi fj Y\\ej hl\ [\j\aXdfj K\iZp*
Ypd\ekf hlz[f k\\dfj gi\jk\j \ Y\d XgXi\c_X[Xj Xe
hl\ccXj ZfljXj [\hl\ efj \ekÅ[\dfj j\ilpi) [\]\e[\i)
Xgifl\`kXi) \ _feiiXi+ Kiflpd\ekf _\ hlXe[fjj\ Y\d
gifl\\ hl\ aX k\d lpjkf) fl jXY`[f g\iXf d\c_fi jX*
Y\i fi[\eXi) [Xi X\o\Zl}fd g\i fYiX) fl gXccXliX+
>`iZfejg\Zkf _\ gXccXliX cXkpeX[X) gflZf ZljkldX[X
\d efjjX cpe^lX^\d XhlXc j\ [`q \d cf^Xi [\jkXj kf*
[Xj ki\j \ Xjj\ gfi dlV gipeZ`gXc gXik\ [X giflp[\e*
Z`X : gfi hl\ g\i \jkX l`ik`V[\ j\ i\e\dYiXd ef k\dgf

$/./4/7-, +6 8 * # # $ +)
 CJ J G@<G >JINNFGC@DMJ+
hl\ g\ik\\ZN Xf ZfljXj gXjjX[Xj @jj\ _X YfX Zf]k^^`a*
iX}fiX eXj gi\j\ek\j \ gifl`a d\ekf g\iXXj hl\ jfd gfi
lÇai) Xae[X g\ik\\Z\ X\jkX l`ikl[\ jX^\jd\ek\ jfjg\`*
kXi fhl\ j\ ]Xq \jZfe[`[Xd\ek\) \ [\lae_Xi g\i cld\
[\jjfk`c \ek\e[\i \ YfX giXk`ZX [Xj ZfljXj fhl\ X[`Xe'
k\ [fj ]\`Zkf\ jg\Z`XX\j j\ _X [\jj\^lpi @jkf lp ]Xq\i
X\cii\p d\l j\e_fi ZlaX XcdX [\fj XaX) dlpkf [XlXe'
kX^\d \d ZfljXj hl\ fj dX`j alc^Xlfd gfi Zfd\}f
[Xl\ijjp[X[\ [\k\idpeXi hl\ l\ii`Xd XYfX ]pd) \ fl'
kiXj Xf ZfekiX`if @X[`Xek\ Xj dX`j l\j\j j\dgi\ \iX
Zfdf \c [`q`X @efd \dYXi^Xe[f `aT jfYi\ kXc X[\lp*
e_Xi) efd j\ XaX [\]Xq\i Z\ikf ]``[Xd\ekf dlpkf gf*
i\d i\jgfe[\d fj ]\`kfj Zfdf alc^Xd fj [`jZi\kfj gix*
k`Zfj) \ Y\d \ek\e[`[fj Kfi hlXekf j\ [`q efj ffej*
j\c_fj [Xi`jkfk`cc\j [\jj\Zi\k`j j\Zi\kfild hl\ G=I Z]cj*
j\c_fj [\jkifccf^fj Xl\dfj [\ ]Xq\i kf[fj efjjfj ]\`*
kfj gfi hl\ _\ ^iXe[\ gil[ÅeZ`X ) \d \jkf d\ gXi\*
Z\ hl\ [\l\dfj \jkXi X[\k\idpeX}fd [X jXe\`X dX*
[i\ a^i\aX @fe[\ \ccX flkfi^Xi) \ efd ZfekiX[`jj\i\d
j\lj Zfejj\c_fj Xf hl\ g\ik\\Z\ Xefjjf Yff \jkX[f)
efd [\l\d \d kf[f j\\i [\jgi\qX[fj) dXj fe[\ X`'
^i\aX fZfekiX`if dXe[Xi) Xefjjf j\e_fi hl\ _\ jfYi\
kf[fj \jkifccf^fj) \ d\c_fi jXY\ jZfc_\i fj k\dgfj \
\iXj) [\l\dfj kf[fj efjjfj ]\`kfj ZfdÅ[Xi a\bd_ $[\jf*
Y\[\Z\e[f X\c gfi fY\[\Z\i) e\d j\^lpi flkif Zfej'
j\`_f [\jkifccf^fj) e\d [fj hl\ g\iX flkiXj Xik\j) fX
jfe_fj X[\lpfeXd) e\d mffekX[\ hl\ efj ]Xq jfjg\`*
kXO fhl\ j\iX) dXj fe[\ efd ]fi [\]\jf Y\d j\ gf[\d
^lXi[Xi Xc^lzj jg\i`\eZ`Xj jg\Z`XX\j hl\ ZX[X_lâ XZ_X
Z\ikXj) efd c_\ [Xe[f gfi \ccf ^iXe[\ ]`\) Zfe_\ZÅ[f
HE= jfd kXX\j ffljXj \d hl\ _X dlpkXj YlciiXj) \
gflZXj l\i[X[\j+ Kfjkf hl\ g\i dpd efd gfjjXd j\\i
[\ZcXiX[Xj kf[X`cXj gXik\j fl\ g\ik\\Z\d XXgil[~Z`X)
\jdf Xhl\ccX hl\ _\ l`ikl[\ [f aek\e[pd\ekf) i\^\*
[fi [Xj l`ikl[\j dfiXX\j) g\ccX hlXc j\ ]Xq\d Xj fYiXj
j\^le[f fj df[fj XZ_X[fj) \ alc^X[fj) XalekX[fi [Xj
a\^cXj ^\\iXX\j Xfj Xlfkfj gXikpZlccXi\j) X hlXc gifZ\'

$/./4/7-, +6 % . . $ +)
 K ET = H ?KGOOmHD?P_mK+$ E# E
<= <X fi[\eXe}X [X YfX lffekX[\) gfi\e[\ \jkXj jg\*
Z`XX\j kfZf hl\ dlpkf Z|l\d Zfe_\Z\i) \ Y\d jXe\i
Xj ZfljXX hl\ jfd dXe[X[Xj) \eZfd\e[X[Xj) Zfejj\ì
c_X[Xj \ j\ [Xd X\ekÅ[\i ã hlXekf Xf gipd\`if fj
gi\Z\gkfj efj jfd dXe[X[fj) \ fj g\ZX[fj [\]\jfj
@[\jkf efd gf[\dfj jXai j\d dfikXc ZlcgX j\ efd
fll\idfj Z\ikXj jZljXj g\i [\i\`kf XgiflX[Xj) Xjjp
Zfdf dXkXi g\i aljk`}X \d efjjX [\]\ejjfd) fl }l\i'
iX aljkX \ j\d\c_Xek\j ?f j\^le[f Xj fYiXj [\ g`\[X'
[\ efj jfd \eZfd\e[X[Xj Xj hlXX\j j\dgi\ d\i\Z\i\*
dfj ÅeXj Zfdgipi) \ gflZXj l\q\j XZlcgX dfikXc efX
fYip^Xd Xjjp Zfdf efd XZfii\e[f Xefjjfj giflq`dfj
\d ZXjf [\^iXe[\ e\Z\jj`[X[\+ ?f k\iZ\`if fjj\e_fi
[X gfi Zfejj\c_f hl\ l\e[Xdfj fhl\ Xl\dfj \ fjjp'
^Xdfj+ @\jkf efd j\ Z]cgipe[f Xe\e^l\d fYip^X) dXj
\d jg\ZpXc Xhl\d f]\q\i g\i dXe\`iX) \ k\\e}fd hlXc
[\l\) _\ ZXdpe_f [\ ^iXe[\ g\i]\`}fd+ ?f hlXikf j\
jZi\l\ hl\ gi\^lekXe[f efjjf j\e_fi g\i j\lj [`Z`glcí
cf j ) j\ \iX Y\d ZXjXi j\ek`e[f efjjX ]iXhl\qX \ [\jai
Zfdf j\ kf[fj ^lXi[Xjj\d l`i^pe[X[\) fl [\ kf[f
ZXjk`[X[\ fdle[f j\ XZXYXi`X) efd hlpj dXe[Xi \e'
Zfd\e[Xi) Zfejj\c_Xi) dXj [\l X\ek\e[\i hl\ g\iX
g\iZXcZXi fii\pef [fj Z\\fj Xc^l]cj [\kf[f gf[`Xd c\`*
oXiXffiX [f ZXjXd\ekf+ ãjkf d\ gXi\Z\ %a [\l\ j\\i
g\i gil[ÅeZ`X) Y\d Zfejj`aiX[f g\iX Zfe_\Z\idfj Xhl\
jfdfj fYi`^X[fj) hlzkf) \ Zfdf) ZX jZiÇgkf _\ ef c`'
lif [Xj Zfc`X}fÑ\j hl\ Xj ZfljXj hl\ jfd \eZfd\e[Xí
[ Xj) \ efd dXe[X[Xj j\jj\ ]Xq\d Xgifl\`kXd) j\jj\
c\`oXd Xc^lNj l\q\j efd Zfe[Xe|) \ d\efj Xj hl\ jf
Zfejj\c_X[Xj) fl j\ [z X\ek\e[\i @jkf [f hl\ g\ik\\*
Z\ Xf jg`i`klXG @hlXekf XXgi\j\ek\ lm[X ) ZX[X_lâ
Zfejj`ai\ hl\d dXe[Xì \eZfd\e[X) Zfejj\c_X) if^X)
Zl [X Y\d X\ek\e[\i @Xjjp fY\[\\}X \ j`^X Zfdf l`i
hl\ Zfdgi\) \ dac_fi _\ [\ ]Xq\i j\^le[f ]fi f] =AKF
@ Zfejj`aiXe[f j\l \jkX[f) \ [fj flkifj ZfekiX hl\d)
\l g\i hl\d _X [fYiXi+

$/./4/7-, +6 ! %" " # `\

/66 M _\A=H ?KJOO>HDAeNK_
l ' _ k
'9G]LC>UC e l +
(9J I9PFZ=J GFI HL= D= G9>K;K :=D >L?AI 99G=JK=CC=EU9ì

K f i hl\ lp dlpkfj ]XccXi j\ \iX Y\d ]l^pi XXg\jk\c*

c\e}X k\\e[f [\jlX`iX[Xj k\\e}ffÅj) X]`idX[f ZX[X_lâ
XjjlX j\\i dpc_fi) lfj jZi\lf fhl\ [\ccf d\ gXi\Z\+
Jj hl\ k\\d hl\ _\ Y\d efd c_\ ]l^pi [| \jkXj iX*
qffNj Kipd\piX hl\ Xf gf[\i [\efjjf j\e_fi efd jX
gf[\d jZfe[\i Zfdf j\ jZi\l\) j\ jfY`i Xf Z\\f) cX
\ j ) \ j\ Xf g\i]le[f) g\i k\l gf[\i`f gi\j\ek\ \jkXj)
Xjjp hl\ Xc^lâ [\` efd j\ gf[\ jZfe[\i Kfi\d eá Zá*
l\iX ]l^pi XXg\jk\cc\e}X) hl\ g\i j\l jg\Z`Xc gf[\i`X
e\d \ c\lX hlXX\j c_\j giXq) \ c\`oX fj hl\ dXe[Xì
N\^le[X) [`qN) hl\ j\ lpjj\d [\ hl\ ]l^`i`Xd Zfd X
[\ ï_lâ _fd\d) \ Y\jkX hl\f dXkXi hlpj\jj~) \ [f
dXi) ]f^f) \ flkifj ZfekiX`ifj Zfe_\Z`[fj) dXj hl\
[\c`X efd l\\d [\hl\ Xafd [\ ]l^pi+ O\iZ\`iX dfj*
kiXd$ j\kf[fj ]f^pjj\d fdle[f j\ g\i[\i`X) gfi hl\
Xj Z`[X[\j \ lpccXj j\i`Xd [\jgfYiX[Xj [\kf[f) \ Xj
_\i[X[\j efd j\ Xgifl\`kXi`Xd+ @gfi\d _\ Y\d efd
]l^`i \ X^lXi[Xi Xd\iZÄ\ [\efjjf j\e_fi L lXikX)+]`*
c_Xd gfi ]le[Xd\ekf) hl\ _\ flciX ZfljX) efd jf*
dfj dX`j k_\l[fj hl\ XZfdgi`i Xj fYiXj [X dpj\i`Zfi*
[`X) gf`j Zfdf Xj Zfdgi`i\dfj \d kXc k\dgf) hl\ kXe*)
kf Zfdgi\ g\iX lpjpkXi \e]\idfj ) jfk\iiXi dfikfj '
ZfejjfccXi fj [\jZfejjfccX[fj) j\efj [\ kXc cl^Xi gXi*7
k`idfj @Xjjp g\i kXX\j iXqffÅj) \ j\d\c_zc\j X]`idXd
hl\ efd _\ Y\d [\]l^pi < Xj hlXX\j \l i\jgfe[f j\*
^le[f d\c_fi d\ gXi\Z\ gfi hl\ jfd g\i i\hl\iadÅkX
[XlffekX[\) \ g\i iXqfd dlpkf aeZc`eX[f Xjj\^lpi f*
Zfejj\c_f [fj ]Çj`Zfj) \ c_\ ]f^`i Z\[f) cfe^\) \ kfi*
eXi kXi[\ @hlXekf XXgipd\`iX [`^f hl\ efd ]l^f) Xf
gf[\i`f [\efjjf j\e_fi) Xek\ d\ XZflkf X\c) [Xe[f`_\
^iX}Xj gfi d\ ]Xq\i _fdN iXqfX[f)ì Zfe_\Z\[fi [XX
ZfljXj ZfekiXÇiXj) \ gifl\`kfjXj) XXc\d [f hl\ ]Xq\d

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 IE
 K H> = H ?KJOOAHD>ENK+ .60
'j YilkXj XepifXcpXj @ii\^\e[fd\ G=I fcld\ [f ae*
k\e[pd\ekf hl\ d\ \c [\l) jp^f Xhl\ccf hl\ d\c_fi
d\ gXi\Z\ g\iX Zfejj\ilX}fd [X dpe_X lp[X \d kf[X
ZfljX hl\ Xjj\l j\ilp}f) fl dXep]\jkX dpe_X _feiiX
a`fd j\aX ZfekiXÇiX) efd Xl\e[f gipeZpgXc \j]fi}f \d
d\l jXY\i) \ gf[\i) dXj \d \c g\i Zlaf [fd Zfe_\*
}f Xhl\c`f hl\ gfi dXc \ ZfekiX`if d\ ]Xq Zfe_\Z\i)
\ if\ [X dXe\`iX g\iX [\` d\ ^lXi[Xi) efd fkÄekXe[f
hl\ jg\i\ hl\ dpiXZlccfjXd\ek\) \ ZfekiX Zlijjf eX*
kliXc ifa \ fj d\lj XaX [\ ^lXi[Xi) fl jpiXgi\qdNk=
Zfiff Y\jkX X^lXi[\ fZfekiX`if hl\ l\af efj flkiÜj
Zfdf j\efd Zfe_\Z\jj\ hl\ \iX [f\e}X jg\Z`Xc \d
]ily k\iiX dX`j hl\ \d flkiX) \ ZfekX^`fjX hl\ g\i
gXik`gX}fd j\ Xg\^X+ @Xjjp ZfeZcl[pe[f jfYi\jkX gXi*
k\ [`^f hl\ efd ]l^f Xf gf[\i [\efjjf j\e_fi) dXj
E`ljf [Xhl\c alpqf hl\ \c d\ [\l) fhlXc d\ [\dfjkiX
7qTa Y\d hlXe[f iXqfX[Xd\e k\ ]Xq\` cf gf[\i) \ dlp
\lp[\ek\ jpdgc\qX gXi\Z\ ]Xq\iÅ kf[fj ]l^pi Zfdf -4
^XX[fj [fj hl\ Xe[Xd [\g\jk\cc\e}X [f\ek\j @fj _f*
d\Åj hl\f Y\d ]Xq\i gf[\d \d jp \ efj hl\ jfd
[\jjX ZXjX) eá _ljXi [\jj\d\c_Xek\ i\d\[`f) g\i kf'
[fj jXY\[fi\j Xlp[f gfi ifX`j Z\ikXif\ek\ XgiflX[f
<jj\^le[X iXqfd i\jgfe[f hl\ g\iX fj _fd\\ej Xjjp
_\ l`jkf) fhl\ g\i \ek\e[\i g\iZXc}Xdfj Zfdf j\ g\i
fj fc_fj ZfigfiXX\j ]fjj\ l`jkf @gfi\d Zfiff [fj cf'
^Xi\j \d hl\ l\\dfj ef l\iX]kf X[f\Z\i [\dXcc\`kXj
X`fj ^lXi[Xdfj) gfjkf hl\ g\i l`jcX efd \eo\i^l\dfj
[fe[\ kXc dXc gifZ\[\) dlp kf dX`j [X g\jc\cc\e}X f'
[\l\dfj ]Xq\i hl\ _\ dlpcf dX`j g\i`a^fjX ae]`idp[X*
[\ <iiXqfd k\iZ\`iX efd lX`) gfi hl\ dlp kfj Zfej*
\\c_fj jfd Yffj \ [\cfllXi jg\Z`Xcd\ek\ hl\ Xf Y\d
^\\iXc [X ^fl\ieXe}X [f dle[f) kiXq\i`Xd ^iXe[\ \d*
g\\Z`ifÅkf) Zfdf _\ [X^lXi[X [XZXjk`[X[\) \ l`i^`ae*
[X[\) gfi hl\ j\ kf[fj ]fjj\d l`i^\Åj fdle[f \d
d\efj [\Z\ekf |efj ]Xq`X ]pd+ @jj\ l\e[\jj\d hlXekf
k\l\jj\if) \ efd hl`j\jj\d gfjjlpi _\i[X[\) L=%
flkiX gfjj`jjfd \d jg\Z`Xc) e\d Zfdlâ fdle[f dXc
&&

$/./4/7-, +6 U>&NN:KE
 .61 ë HA=H ?KJO5AHDA.NK+
j\ ^fl\ieXi`X) gfi\d j\ [Xd \d jg\Z`Xc kXX\j Zfejj\ì
c_fj g\iX \e[lq\i Xf hl\ _\ Xlp[f gfi dX`j j\^lif
ZXdpe_f g\iX jXclXd\ekf [Xj XcdXj [Xhl\cc\j hl\f
hlpj\i\d) gf[\d) \ jflY\i\d i\Xcd\ek\ j\^lpi) dXj
]X\ Z\ikf hl\ kf[fj efd fjj\^lpifd+ @jj\d\c_Xek\ j\
Zfe44\c_X f]l^pi [X g\jk\ccÅ}X gfi jXl[\ ZfigfiXc) \
^lXi[X [X lp[X) hlXekf \d efj ]fi) gfi j\\i gifl\`kf
g\iX \jk\ ZXjf ^\\iXcd\ek\ [fj hl\ [\ccf Y\d _ljXì
i\d Zfd X ^iX}X [\efjjf j\e_fi) Xf hlXc giXq hl\ gf\e*
[f \d \c efjjX gipeZ`gXc jg\iXe}X efj Xal[\dfj [X*

0 l\ccX gil[ÅeZ`X) \ [`jZi\}fd hlXecf dX`j Y\d gf'

\idfj <hlXikX [\jk`e^f) [Xj g\jjfXj) gfi hl\ cXX\j
=fd hl\ [\l\d X^lXi[Xi Xjjp Zfdf Zfe]\jjfi\j) \ fj
hl\ k\\d ZliXj [Xj XcdXj) \ gfi hl\ Xhl\ccf gipeZ`*
gXcd\ek\ c_\j 4- [X[Xj jlXj i\e[Xj) \ Zfdf Zál\d Xf
ZXlXcE\`if jf]i\i fj g\i`a^fj [Xj g\cÇ\aXj) Xjjp Xhl\cc\j
[Xg\jk\cc\e}X j\e]c YljZXi\d flkifj hl\ g\i j\l ^iX[f
[\ j\lj \eZXii\^fj fj i\c\l\d gfi Yff) \ jf]`Z`\ek\
Zfek\ekXd\ekf hl\ c_\j ]X}fd ã fj flkifj hl\ g\i X'
Zfek\ZpdÅkfj jg\Z`XX\j efd ]fi\d fZZlgX[fj Ü Xc^lâ
kXc ZXii\^f) dX`j fYiX [\dpj\i`Zfi[`X ]Xifd \d ^lXi'
[Xi hlXekf Å \cc\j ]fi jp [\ dfik\) ãfj [\jjXj ZXjXj
hl\ gfi gflZf \ek\e[\i) gip^lp}X) jZXZ\jX) fl [\'
j\`f [flkiXj lffekX[\j hl\ Y\d j\ [\lpXd jZljXi)
\jkXi\d fe[\ ]k[Xi Xg\jk\cc\e}X ãfj hl\ k\\d i\^`*
d\ekf [Xj Z`[X[\j) \ m`ccXj) gfi jZljXi hlXekf dXc
[\c`X j\ i\Zi\Z\) ^iXe[\ Y\d _\) dXe[Xi Xc^lâj Zl*
iXi ]fiX [\c`Xj) \ Xjjp fj \ek\iiXi hlXe[f [\c`X dfii\*
i\d ]\Z_Xe[f Xj ZXjXj gfi om fl oo [`Xj) ZX l\\dfj
ZfikXi fl hl\pdXi _lâ d\dYif dXc [\jgfjkf gfi efd
å\ g\i[\i g\ijjX ZfekX^`fd fZfigf kf[f+ @d dXpfi
EaiflX}fd [\jkX dpe_X k\\e}fd) l\\dfj 8al\ j\\e[f
[`Zkf Xefjjf j\e_fi hl\ [f gpeXZlccf XYX`of j\ cXe*
}Xjj\ i\jgfe[\f hl\ \iX jZi`gkf efd k\ekXiXj k\l [\fj
@ hl\ X& _\ k\ekXi [\fj) j\efd hlz[f Y\d jZljXi 9=
gf[\) efiX jZfc_\idfj Xhl\ccX dX`j j\^liX gXik\ hl\
efjjf \ek\e[\i efj [\dfjkiX) \ giflXidfj flkiX k\\l*

$/./4/7-, +6 ! %" " # `\

 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ .6"
[f jXe[\l \j]fi}f \d jlX jg\iXe}X ef ZXjf hl\ g\i
e\Z\jj`[X[\ eÜ jfdfj ZfjciXe^p[fj [\f Xjjp ]Xq\i) \
^iz[\ dpe^lX [\ Yff jXY\i j\i`X gXjjXi g\i _lâ lXXf)
fl \d _ez YXiZX fe[\ ZX[X[`X dlakfj dfii\d) \ c\`'
oXi flkiX hl\ gXjjfd d\j\j hl\ Xc^lâ efd j\ g\i[\)
gf`j kXc _\ [fj cf^Xi\j [Xj g\jk\e\e}Xj ]c[\ Zák`elX[X'
d\ek\ dlpkfj dfii\d Xii\jg\`kf [fj j\d\c_Xek\j )
hl\ jfd [\jjXl[\) gfiÅ jXe[`Z\ _\) jÅ jg\Z`Xc e\Z\j'
jp[X[\ \jkXi fe[\ \ccX Xe[Xi @Xfj [`Z`glccfj) [`jj\
efjjf j\e_fi 6 LlXe[f lfj g\ijj\^lpi\d \d _l]` Z`'
[X[\) ]l^`a g\iXX flkiX) gf`j XjjXq _\ ^iXe[\ g\ijj`'
\lp}fd l\\i ZX[X_lâ [`X dfii\i) \ X[f\Z\i flkifj
_fd\Åj Xjj` Zfdf efj) jg\iXe[f hl\ j\d\c_Xek\ [\
efj \ [fj efjjfj j\ ]X}X+ >X jZi`gkf e\) [\iiX[\`if [fj
k\dfi\j _X Xdfik\) gf`j j\ XflkiXj g\ijjp^lp}ffNj
fjj\e_fi) j\lj [`Zpglccfj dXe[XlX ]l^pi) Zfdf efd
j\ Zfe_\Z\ hl\ j\d\c_Xek\ Zfejj\c_f \d \jk\ Zjjf _f
Y\d kf[fj ]pc_Xidfj @efjjf j\e_fi \ jlX dlp jXeZkX
dX[i\ E[ dXe[fl ]l^`i) hlXe[f \if[\j dXe[fl hl\
fj df}fj `^efZ\ec\j dXkXjj\d+ @dlpXe[f jlX aiX jf*
Yi\ XZ`[X[\ [\jf[fdX \ ^fdfiiX dXe[fl Xcfk hl\ ]l'
^pjj\ Zfdf efd g\ejjXiX ZX[X_lâ hl\ fjj\e_fi) Zf*ì
df g`\[fjf gX[i\ c_\ [X gifl\`kfjf Zfejj\c_f hlXe[f
kXc ae]`idp[X[\ _\ \d Xc^l]k cf^Xi) \cc\ XZfi[X [\ ]l*
^pi g\iX flkif jXzf j\^le[f g\ccfj ]Çj`Zfj _\ Zfejj\'
`_X[f >X g\i Xj ae]`idp[X[\j j\lj Zfejj\c_fj dX`j "
[fj Zfe]\jjfi\j _\ [\jj\^lpi \d kf[f ZXjf hl\ j\d
g\ZX[f j\ gf[\ ]Xq\i+ Q\\dfj hl\ g\i X`^i\aX j\\i [\í
]\jf hl\ Z\ikfj d\j\j) j\d jg\Z`Xc ZXjf [\e\Z\jjp[X'
[\ efd \eki\ ef dXi) gf`j Xjjp Y\ efjjf j\e_fi gf'
[\ifjf [\^lXi[Xi [\+ kXc g\i`^ff Zfdf [X g\jk\cc\e}X >
dXj hl\i hl\ g\i fj _fd\Åj l\eZ`[fj g\i j\lj jXeì
[\lj [\j\afj) efd j\ [\jgfe_Xd XZfe_\Zp[fj g\i`*
^ffj) hlXe[f Y\d j\ jZljXi j\ gf[\+ @ Xjjp dXe[X!
>9JK9I fj ^X]fj gfi j\\i [f\e}X ZfekX^`fjX hl\ [_k]]k
Xflkif j\ Xg\^X) gf`j hlXc dX`j hl\ \jkX [ffi hl\ \jì
[X_lâV[`X l\\dfj kjkk` ZcXifj \eo\dgifj @gfi\d Xaj[j
=Y 0

$/./4/7-, +6 " *# # $ +)
E" f c \ X c Z f e j j \ c_ \ `i f +
hl\ efd j\ dXe[\ gfi hl\ g\i kf[fj feá gf[\d Zfd*
gipi gfi kXX\j \eo\ifgifj) Y\d j\ [\dfjkiX fhl\ fj
gil[\ek\j [\l\d \d cXc ZXjf j\dgi\ ]Xq\i @fj [\i\`*
kfj [Xd cf^Xi hl\ efd lX|f gfjcf hl\ Z`kX[fj j\aXd
Xcf^Xi fe[\ ]fi g\jk\cc\e}X) \ hl\ j\ efd gfjjX Zfe*
kiX \cc\j ^|X}Xi i\l\c`X+ I\d j\ Zi\X jfYi\jkf Zfejj\*
D_f [\ ]iX[\j e\d [\Zc\i`^fj) gfihl\ ]fifd ZljkldX*
[fj \jkXi\d \d \ccXj) \ Xl\i [\c`Xj dlpkfj k\eQgfiXX\j
gifl\`kfj @Xj\p Zfdf eXkli\qX k\\d aX efd Xj k\d\i)
gfi hl\ fj hl\ [\c`Xj jZXgXifd ^X|}Xifd g\i X]\`}fd
[f gifl\`kf) \ ]Xc`Xj [fj j\d\c_Xek\j Zfd hl\ ]fifd
Zi`X[fj ^iXe[\ Xki\lpd\ekf g\iX \jkXi\d \d \ccXj)
Zfdf ]Xq\d dlpkfj flkifj \d XjjXq g\iÇa^fjfj ZXjfj
fe[\ _Xd ^iX[\ gifl\`kf hl\ fd\[f gflZf j\ek\d )
eá [`^f hl\ \jkf Zfejj\c_Xd Zfd dXccpZ`X) dXj gfi
j\^lpi\d Xk\\e}fd \d hl\ ]fifd Zi`X[fj) \ ^fl\ieX*
[fj) dX`j gifl\`kfjXd\ek\ eXhl\cc\j k\dgfj hl\ efj
flkifj @fj hl\ dfii\ifd \d \ccXj aX efd gf[\d [\*
ZcXiXi hlzkX jXe[`Z\ _\ efd c_\ ]l^`i j\f gf[\d Y\d
]Xq\i+ Kfi\d ZfeZcl[`e[f [`^f hl\ fe[\ efd E\`oXie
gfi c_\ ]l^`i dXep^]\jkXd\ek\ Xjjp fjj\il`}f [\efjjf
j\e_fi [\fj hl\ Xc_li e\d [\jgf`j efd l\aXd dXe\`*
iX [\f gf[\i\d i\]Xq\i) fl ZXpifd \d kXc dpe^lX
hl\ ZcXiXd\ek\ j\aX dlpkf l\i[X[\`iX [\jfeiiX) Zfdf
]\q \cii\p efjjf j\e_fi) hlXe[f \c jf]i\f \ hlpj hl\
\l \ d\lj aidX|fj fa]Xek\ [fd g\[if \ [fd _\eii`hl\
E f Zfe[\ [\ YXiZ\ccfj jf]i\idfj eX ]p`_X[X [\Z\gkX
XjjXq dlp ^iXe[\ g\jk\cc\e}X fhlXc j\dgi\ dlakf Zlj'
kl dXlX [\`_\ ]l^`i hl\ kf[XlpX YÅ hl\ _\ j\ ]Xjk\d
[\c`X @Xjjp \d j\d\c_Xek\j ZXjfj) fl g\i dXe[X[f
[\jj\l j\e_fi) fl gfi eÖd g\i[\i [\kf[f jlX ]Xq\e*
[X) iXqfd d\ gXi\Z\ \jkXi \d \ccX @Xkf[fj flkifj
k\e_f gÑi ^iXe[\ gil[ÅeZ`X k`iXijj\ [\c`Xj) Zfdf [`ZkÖ
_\$+ I\d j\ Zi\X hl\ j\dgi\ lÅ X g\jk\cc\e}X g\i jg\*
Z`Xc j\ek\e}X [f j\e_fi [\fj+ >X Z\ikXd\ek\ Zfe_\Zá
hl\ _\ j\d\c_Xek\ XXj jg\Z`XX\j dfik\j hl\ l\\d XXX
lYxÄj g\i7 jÅc\e}X) \ Xj flkiX eXkliXc g\i XZã]k\Z` d\e'

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 c\
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ .64
kf) ZX [\c`X [\ZcXifd hl\ lÅ ^\\iXcd\ek\ g\i hlXkif
^lpjXj7 gi`d\`iX) g\i jg\Z`Xc j\ek\e}X [f j\e_fi [\fj)
Zfdf j\ ]\q Xii\p [Xlp[ hlXe[f Zákfl fgfYff) \ j\'
`e\cYXek\j' N\^l`[X gfi ^\\iXc \fjkfccX}fd Zfdf ]fp
Xg\jk\cc\e}X ^iXe[\ hl\ Xek\ g\i dlpkf k\dgf [fj \j*
kifccf^fj ]fp gi\efjk`ZX[X O\iZ\`iX gfi Zfiilg}fd [Xl*
^lXj \ j\d\c_Xek\j) Zfdf j\ ]Xq \d P\e\qX \ MfdX)
dX`j [fj l\iX|fj LlXikX g\i Xg\^Xd\ekf Zfdf }\\*
iXcd\ek\ \d \jkX k\iiX dX`j j\ ZljkldX) gfi\d Xae[X
8al\ \d \jk\ \ kf[f) flkif ZXjf Zfdgi\ dlpkf [\efj
kfdXidfj g\iX efjjf j\e_fi [\fj hl\ efj ^lXi[\ j\dí
gi\ [\ dXc) eleZX gfi\d [\l\dfj c\`oXi Xii\^cX [X
[`jZi\}fd hlXekf \d efj ]fi) ]`c_Xe[f \eo\dgif [f
hl\ ]Xq\dfj hl\ jfd Xlp[fj gfi [`jZi\kfj f j\jl[fj
[\ hl\ g\i X^iX}X [f j\e_fi [\fj j\ Y\d XZYfd @gf`j
a:\i kf[fj flkifj j\e_fi`fj c_\ ]f^\d) fgX[i\ jXeZkf \
>Xi[\XX\j) \ eÇXpfia\j \ jfd\efj hl\f Y\d gf[\d ]X*
R E Q ) Xjjpf+ [\l\ ]Xq\ijj\ pi hl\d+ Y\d gf[\i @^iX}Xj
X[\fj g\i jg\i`\eZ`X [\ dpe_X Zfik\ Y\d j\ gf[\ Zf*
e_\Z\i hlXekf _\ Y\d [\jj\ ]XjkXi [\c`X) gfi 8s dlp'
kXj l\q\j j\iXd \d \ccX ki\j dpc g\jjfXj) \ hl\ Xg\j*
k\P\e}X j\aX _lâ zef g\i d\lj i\pefj) efd dfii\ifd
[\c`X ki\X _fd\Å^) gfi k\\i Zljkld\ [\c_\ ]l^`i j\d
kXi[Xe}X @ Zfdf j\ gÅjjXi`X j\d jg\Z`Xc dpccX^i\ [f'
hlXc efd [\l\dfj k\ekXi efjjf j\e_fi) hl\ j\ Xk\e'
[\jj\dfX fe[\ Xe[Xjj\) hl\ ^iXe[\ gXik\ [\c`X efd
dfiiÄjj\d+ Kfi\e[\ gf`j) iXqfd) Xlkfi`[X[\) Åo\en
gifj) \ XgiflX[X \og\i`\eZ`X \jkf [\dfjkiX gfi j\d
[`jZi\}fd) \ g\i]`fjf [\l\ j\\i ZfekX[f) hlÅ kXc k\\eì
íafd ZfekiX[`jj\i) fl Xjj\l gf[\i Xjjp fefd ZfdgiÇi
@hlXe[f ]fi e\Z\jjxi`f \jkXi \d \ccX j\ efd gifl\\k
i\d [\kf[fj YfJj Zfejj\`_fj) \ XlpjXd\ekfj d\[`\`'
eXX\j hl\ ZX[X_lâ gf[\i @ffejj\ c\`oXi\d XX]fikleX
Zfdf g\jjfXj \d hl\ efeX c`X \ek\e[\i) e\d [`jZi\'
}fd >X gfjkf hl\ XXdfik\ efd gfjjXdfj ]l^pi) kf*
[fj gfi\d hl[ekf \d efj ]fi Zfd X^iX}X [\efjjfj\'
]\_fi [\fj [\c`X efj [\l\dfj Xii\[Xií ufejj`aiXe[f

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
.1' K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
LlXekf _\ Xlai[f gfi ^i|[\ g\ZX[f$ j\\i ZX[X_ew dX*
kX[fi [\jjp d\[\j) [f hlXc efd _\ dlpkf X]XjkX[f%
hl\d [\jj\d\c_Xek\ [f\e}X j\eá ^lXi[X hlXekf \d \`
_ \ ) j\^le[f X[\jgfj`}fd hl\ k\d g\ief Y\d ]Xq\iì

!&/*34++. #$!
(&2' 4*134()2' )' ()2/.2*6..72'()+*&2' /)1&&'/14()-'5&
-)')22&15&2' &4'/)13))')-3)2:
? f j c`lifj hl\ [Xl`ikl[\ [X gil[ÅeZ`X kiXlkXd [\ì
ki\j l`ikl[\j X\jZi\l\d XZfdgXe_X[X +j+ @lYfE`X) hl\
_\ _lz [\i\`kliX [\ Zfejj\`_f ef hl\ _fd\d _X [f*
YiXi) g\iX hl\ j\ i\hl\i\d hlXkif ZfljXj+ Kipd\`iX
hl\ j\aX ]`c_X[f g\iX YfX ]pd+ N\^le[X hl\ j\aX g\i
YfXj g\ik\\Z\ek\j dXe\`iXj+ O\iZ\`iX hl\ j\ XaX kXc
Zfejj\`_f Xf k\dgf hl\ [\l\ Zfdf Zfdgi\) ef`e j\
ki`^Xe[f) e\d Zfd gi`^lp}X c\`oXi gXjjXi k\dgf+
LlXikX h j\aX ^\\iXcd\ek\ \d kf[fj ]\`kfj) ZX j\f ]`ì
c_Xi \d _l| ZfljX) \ efd \d Xj flkiXj j\^le[f Xhl\c*
cX _ljXiX [\jkX gXik\ [Xgil[\eZ`X) dXj \d ^\\iXc efd
j\ [\l\ Z_XdXi gil[\ek\+ Kfi\d @lYfc`X _\ [\i\`kliX
[\ Zfejj\`_f XYfX ]pd ) jpdgi\qd\ek\ [\kf[X efjjX
ep[X g\i d\[`fj Z[lpe_Xl\\j) \ Xk\dgfj) \ `ef[fj
ZÜl\ep\ek\j+ < flkiX l`ikl[\ Z_Xdz jpe\jpj _\ Yff
alpqf [fj gXik`[fj [X ZfljX hÜ\ j\ ]Xq g\i Zfejj\`_f)
ZX f[ \i\`kf ) \ Yff jZfc[ipe_Xd\ekf hl\ j\ Z_XdX
Zfejj\`_f [fj d\fj \ gXik\j) Z[l\\d XYfX ]pd [X lp*
[X _ldXeXc g\ik\\Z\ X\lYfc`X) d\j [\i\pkXd\ek\ alc*
^Xi \ jZfc_\i fhl\ Xc^l]k _X [\]Xq\i \d fj gXik`[fj X'
k]_X[fj ef Zfejj\`_f Z_XdXjj\ Npe\j`j Kfi hl\ fj ]\`*
kfj [fj _fd\Nj jfd dlp kf [\jlX`iX[fj) \ g\i l\q\j
j\^le[f Xj Z `] ZfejkXeZ`Xj) \ df[fj [fj k\dgfj) efd
Zfdgi\ [\ kfdXi fZXdpe_f hl\ _\ XZljkldX[f \d
j\d\c_Xek\j ZXjfj) dXj flkif jpe^lccXi @[Xi Z\ikX
k\dg\iXe}X [\jZfc_pd\ekf \d Xc^lâ ZXjf XgXikX[f [\ì
i\`kXd\ek\ \ j\^lelf Zfdgi\ XYfX \ [\i\`kX ]pd ZYX'
dXjj\ ^fdp+ @gfi\d gfjkf hl\ eXj jZ`\eZ`Xj jg\ZlcXV

$/./4/7-, +6 + 2 2 ) 1 -
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDGENKÇ .66
kp lXj XiiXqfd fYi\ kXd jff d\ek\ [lXj ZfljXj+ <gip*
d\piX _\) hl\ \d hl\i\e[f XZ_X) <jj\^le[X) [f
hl\ XZ_X alc^X) jZfc_\e[f fhl\ _X [\ Zi\\i) fl efd)
gfi hl\ hlXekf Xf jXY\i g\ik\\Z\ XYXjkX Zfe_\Z\i X*
l\i[X[\) dXj \d ]\`kf giXk`Zf [Xj fYiXj [fj Zljkld\j
XiiXqfd fYiX ki\j ZfljXj+ <gipd\piX) \d hl\i\e[f
XZ_X` <jj\^le[X) jZfc_\i [f hl\ XZ_X alc^Xe[f fhl\
c_\ gXi\Z\ <k\iZ\`iX dXe[X g\iX \o\ZlkXi) gfi hl\
gfjkf hl\ \d Xj ZfljXj hl\X jZ`\eZ`X g\ik\\Z\ efj
Zfek\ek\dfj) hlXe[f aX jXY\dfj fhl\ jXY\i hl\i`X'
kefj) \d Xj ZfljXj hl\ Xl\dfj [fYiXi efd _\ Xjjp)
dXj [\gf`j hl\ jXY\dfj fhl\ Xl\dfj [fYiXi Xae[X
_\e\Z\jjXi`f gf\ccf \d \o\Zl}fd KÖi\d Xgipd\`iX
gXik\ hl\ _\ [\i\`kliX [\ Zfejj\c_f g\iX XZ_Xi) g\i'
k\\Z\ X\llfcc`X <jj\^le[X hl\ _\ [\i\`kliX [\ alpqf)
fl [\jZfc_pd\ekf g\iX jZfc_\i [Xj ZfljXj XZ_X[Xj)
Zfejj\c_f) 8s _\ fhl\ j\ _X [\]Xq\i) j\ _\ Xhl\ccf hl\
j\ ZfdleXcd\ek\ [\l\ ]Xq\i) \ f\jZfc_\i gfi XdXpfi
gXik\ Z_XdX jpe\j`j O\iZ\`iX j\ \d Xj dX`j gflZXk
ZfljXj) \ jpe^lccXid\ek\ ]fiX [X fi[\eXe}X XZljkldX'
[ X) \ Z_XdXjj\ ^efda) X]pd [\kf[f \jkf hl\ _\ dXe(
[ X i) \ \o\ZlkXi g\ik\\Z\d XXgil[\eZ`X) \ Xjjp Xgil'
[\eZ`X _\ XgipeZ`gXc l`ikl[\) \ \jkXj jfd X\ccX XZfj*
kldX[Xj Zfdf jlXj j\il\ek\j @gf`j Xf gil[\ek\ g\i'
k\\Z\ Y\d fYiXi \d kf[Xj ZfljXj) Y\d j\ [\l\ Zfì
e_\Z\i hl\ c_\ Z!l\d j\\i Xjjp XZXYX[f \d kf[Xj l`i'
kl[\j hl\ efd ]Xcc\}X \d Xc^lz g\iX g\iZXc}Xi \d YfX
=f]ÇZ`\eZkX kf[Xj ZpeZf ]`aj ^\\iXX\j aX [\ZcXiX[Xj efX
\Xg`klccfj hl\ [\c`Xj ]X}f d\\e}fd +j+ gipeZpgX` ^cf'
i`X \k\ieX) j\^le[X) _feiiX) k\iZ\`iX) YfX [\jgfj`'
}fd [X g\jjfX) hlXikX) iXqfX[f i\^`d\ekf [X ]Xq\e[X
hlpekX) Z!kpelX[f Yff giXq\i \ Zfek\ekXd\ekf @gfi
\jkf dX`j [\ZcXiXi) Zfdf gf[\iX f gil[\ek\ g\iZXc}Xi
fii\pef [\efjjf j\e_fi) \ eX gi\j\ek\ jlX YfX ^iX}X
j\ez fll\i ]`\) jg\iXe}X) \ ZXi`[X[\) gfi hl\ j\d +
`]\) adgf]`jpl\c _\ giXq\i X[\fj @[\jXjg\iXe[f g\ZXV
m\dfj ef jg`i`kl jXefkf @gfjjlpe[f kf[Xj \jkXj l`ik``'

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
/-- K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
[\j) efd Xl\e[f ZXi`[X[\ g\iX jXclX}fd) ZfljX efiX
Xgifl\``Xd ) gf`j l\i[X[\ _\ hl\ efiX [\l\ j\\i Z_X*
dX[f l\i[X[\`iXd\ek\ gil[\ek\ Xhl\E hl\ [\ g\iZXc*
}Xi \jkX dX`j g\i]\`kX ]pd _\ [\jlpX[f+ @gf\cf hl\
dlpkfj Xjjp j\afd Z_XdX[fj hl\ fj ]\`kfj [\j%\ dl[f
jX^\jd\ek\ ^fl\ieX[fj ) \l \ek\e[f `a efd [\l\d
Zfd l\i[X[\ Z_XdXi) gf`j j\ [\jlX`ifd [X dX`j g\i'
]\`kX ]pd Xhl\ Xgil[\eZ`X efj [\l\ Y\d \eZXdpe_Xi
@gfi\d e\Z\jjxi`f Zál\d Xf gil[\ek\ gfjjl`i \jkXj
k_\fcf^XX\j l`ikl[\j+ CáiiX l\i[X[\`iXd\ek\ ZfdfXi
[\l\ g\iZXc}Xi e\d gfjjlpi j\efd _ljXi j\dgi\ [\
aljk`}X) k\dg\iXe}X) \]fik\cc\qX) hl\ gf`j \PX _\
i\l\i\e}X ) [X[X \d jpeXc [\l`ikl[\ Zfdf j\ [\l\
[Xi) Xf 1& [\kXX\j l`ikl[\j ]fi dpe^lX[f+ @Xjjp [Xj
flkiXj ];aj [X jXl[\) gifl\`kf) \ Yff giXq\i @gfi\d
Xae[X hl\ dlpkfj j\ Z_Xd\d) gil[\ek\j) j\jl[fj) \
[`jZi\kfj) gflZfj ^\\iXcd\ek\ fjjá) ZX jfccXd\ek\ \d
Xjj\e_fiXi jÅgi\ kf[Xj gX`offÅj) hl\d f]Xq hl\ Xd\
[\j\af \ _lj\ [Xj [\c\`kX}ffÄj kXekf \ Zfdf [\l\) XaX
f[`f) Xlfii\Z`d\ekf) \ ki`jk\qX [f hl\ Zál\d+) E`
ki\jjXpe[f) fl ]Xcc\Z\e[f \d iXqfX[X dXe\`iX) _ljf
j\dgi\ [\dXejj`[fá\) YfX jg\iXe}X) \ Xki\lpeX\ekf )
j\d ]Xcc\Z\i) e\d ki\jjXpi \d ZX[X_âX [Xj gXik\j)
efd j\ lÅZ\e[f g\i jXe_X) [\j\jg\iX}fd) e\d d\[g
@jj\ Y\d Zfejj`aiXidfj Zfdf ZX[X_lz [\efj _ljX dfj
[Xhl\ccXj l`ikl[\j ) k\dg\iXdfj) \ Xjj\e_fiXdfj \jkXj
gX`offÅj) gf[\i\dfj \ek\e[\i Zfdf efj \ fj flkifj
RTELNR gil[ÅeZ`X+ <Xc\d [\jkf Zál\d YfX [\jgfj`*
}fd [Xj gXik\j [f aek\e[pd\ekf hl\ ef Zfd\}f [pjj\
+j+ YfX Xgi\ejjplX g\iX gi\jk\dÅk\ hlXc hl\i ZfljX
\ek\e[\i) d\dfipX g\iX e\dYiXi X\lYfcc`X) g\iX Zfej*
j\c_Xi jpe\jp) fl ^efdp g\iX alc^Xi fhl\jj\ [\l\ \d
ZX[X ZfljX ]Xq\i) jfk`cc\qX g\iX eflXj ZfljXj \ XlmjX*
d\ekfj XZ_Xi [\jgfj`}fd \ Yff ^\`kf \d kXX\j iXqfhÅj
g\iX fhl\ efj Xgiflà\i g\i gXccXliX \ g\i jZi`gkf)
Y\d [\ZcXiXi) \ejjpeXi) \ dXe[Xi+ @g\iX Y\d [`kXi
g\ik\\Z\ YÅ Zl`[Xi Xj ZfljXj) \ c\dYiXijj\ [f hl\

$/./4/7-, +6 5 * 2 2 ) / -
 K T£A= H ?-JOOAHD>.N-+ /-.
O EM RRN T $ RCQETEMDNAR CKAQAL EMSE$ REGTMDN FNQ AOQN#
O N RRISN $ E SEEM_NL OEQ FQELNRA E GQACINRA L AMEIQA$ E
OAKKATQAR CNL DETWDN QERGTAQDN$ REGTMDN FNQ AOERRNA
E F FTMDALEMSN DE PTE RCQETE EL CTQSAR OAKKATQAR$
P T AMSN QAXNADALEMSE BEL RE ONDEQ FAXEQ& 0OEQAN BEL
FAKKAQ OEQSEECE RABEQ AR CNTRAR BEL CTWDADAR$ ACHAQ
CEQSNR CNMRREKBNR$ BNAR E FQELNRAR QAXNNbR EMDTXWDN%
QER ARRET OQNONRISN 0 AR BEL CTWDADAR OEQFEISALEMSE
EL RTA LELdQIA QESEEQ$ KWMGTA OQNMSA$ GQACINRA CNL
SNDN BNN GEISN$ E RNNSM DEFAKKA CNL ASQETWLEMSN OEQAN
BEL DIXEQ$ BNN QEGTAQDN DEOAKKATQAR CNMSEMEM_A CE %
QWL NMWAR PTE OEQSEECEL A E K$ REGTMDN FNQ ACNT RA$ KT%
G A Q $ SELON E OERRNAR APTE FAKKAQ& 0CEQSATIEMSE RE AR
NBQAR PTE FAX RNL QAXNADAR$ NBb FAKKAQ E RCQETEQ& DA


QAL MNLE DAOQTDEMCIA$ ONQEL ARRTA OQWMCIOAK OAQSE
E EL AR CNTRAR BEMI EVECT SAQ$ E SQAXEQ ADETWDA FWL $
TNL AR SAQDAMDN$ ONRONEMDN OEQ DEKEIVALbSN$ OQWGTW%
_ A $ LWMGTA D ECNQA_NL $ ELOACHN KETWDADE$ ATAQEXA$
MEL MN ERSNQTAMDN OEQ NTSQN CTWDADN$ FAMSERIA$ DAM%
DN BNA NQDEL \SNDA CNTRA PTE OEQ MNR AJALNR DNBQAQ$
NT LAMDAQ PTE RE FA_A ASEE TIJQ SNDN AOEQFEI_NL SEEM%
DN EL SNDN BNA FIQL EXA$ E OEQRRETEQAM_A EL SNDAR
"
MNRRAR h [ kZ Z E BNNR OQNONRISNR$ MNL AR LTDAMDN ONR%
ONEMDN $ NT KEIVAMDN MN PTE TEELNR PTE HE B E L $ E
CNL OQE DERRE FAXEQ&

'9GAKLCCF 4 U Q &
<9C?LTJ D9AJ ;FLJ9J E=;=JJ9IA9J G=I9 KI9P=I EFJJFJ>=AKFJ
9<=LO<9 >O D ) G=I;9CU9E<F :FF EFD=I <= GIL<=EK=$

7 T W MECERR[QIN CgTEQA AN OQTDEMSE OEQA SQAXEQ ADE%

T WD A FWL PTAK PTEQ BNA E GQAMDE NBQA OAQSWCTKKAQ$
PTE AJA DEKIA CEQSA ROEQIEMCWA E OQASICA REGTMDN QE%
PTEQE NERSADN WDADE DERONRI_NL $ CA QQE G N $ NT NFICIN
REL APTAK AGEEQAK OQTDbMCIA OEQA BEL FAXEQ NFY MNR
CFKTEL MNL ABARSA& . A RE AKGTh Mg OQASICNT NR FEISNR
OKO' h HA=H ?KJOO>HDGENK+
[X ^l\iiX Zfdf j\d jg\i`\eZ`Xj cf^f Z\ikXd\ek\ jXY\iX
Zfdf \d \ccXj j\ _X [Xl\i+ BfdXi hl\d gf[\iX Xae[X
hl\ j\aX ^\\iXcd\ek\ gil[\ek\) jXY\i i\^\i _lâ eXlpf
\d k\dgf [\]fikleX) \ [flkiXj e\Z\jjp[X[\j j\f efd
giXkpZfl) \ Xjjp eXj j\d\c_Xek\j ZfljXj) gfi hl\ Zá*
l\d [Xi Xlkfi`[X[\ Xfj hl\ k\\d ^i|[\j \ dlpkXj
jg\i`\eZ`Xj \d hl\ Y\d j\ ^fl\ieXifd) \ l\Y\ifd
XYfX ]pd [\jj\lj ]\`kfj+ @ hl\i\i\d Xl\i j\lj Zfej*
j\c_fj \ XlpjXd\ekfj+ @Xjjp Y\d _\ e\Z\jjxi`f fhl\
gil[\ek\ hl\i j\\i) \ gfi kXc f Zfe_\Z\i\d) hl\ jX`*
Y_X Y\d ZÜl\ijjXi Zfd fj _fd\Nj [\ hlXc hl\i \jkX*
[f ^lXi[Xe[f j\l ^\`kf Zfek\e\e}X) ]\`kfj) \ gXc`X*
liXj hl\ j\dgi\ dfjki\d YfX \ i\l\i\e[X Xlkfi`[X[\)
\ hl\ _\ l`iklfjf \ [\ dlakfYff jXY\i+ I\d XYXjkX
kf[f \jkf jljf jZiÇgkf g\iX kiXq\i hlXc hl\i ZfljX Xf
hl\ DEREJAL NR$ ONQ PTE dX`j g\i]\`kXd\ek\ j\i\dfj
alc^X[fj gfi gil[\ek\j j\ g\i dpj\i`Zfi[`X \ ^iX}X [f
j\e_fi [\fj efd fll\idfj \d \ccX YfX l\ekl`iX+ > X
XjjXe[f kf[fccfj AAXNR \ XZfek\ZpdÅkfj ^iXe[\j \ g\*
hl\efj g\i hl\ fj ]\`kfj l\\d XYfX ZfeZcljfd) fl
ZfekiX`iX jfYi\ efjjf jXY\i \ gf[\i) hl\d eá l\\iX
hlXekf Yff XlpXd\ekf ) fl [\kjlX`if j\ i\Z\Y\ efX
^iXe[\j ]\`kfj g\i dl[Xe}Xj [\ k\dgfj) \e]\idp[X*
[\j) \ dfik\j eXj gXik\j giÑgi`Xj) fl ZfekiXÇiXj) fu
g\i MNRRA gil[ÅeZ`X efd gf[\i\dfj YN hlXekf _\ e\*
Z\jjxi`f i\d\[`Xi @gfiÅ j\ [\l\ Zfe_\Z\i hlXekf \d
IR SN $ \ LTWSAR flkiXj gXik\j fj ]\`kfj jfd JF?=OKF9
X\ccX) dXj \jkX l\d g\i fi[\eXe}X fl Zfejj\ekpd\ekf
[f j\e_fi [\fj kXd [\i\`kf alpq hl\ XZX[X_lâ [X j\*
^le[f j\lj L EQWCWL EMS - 5 ) \ LTWSAR TEXER g\i kXX\j
j\^i\[fj [\ hl\ j\ dXiXlpc_XlX fXgfjkfccf) [`q\e[f6
Jf Xck\qX [\ jZ`\eZ`X \ jXY\[fi`X [\ [\fj) hlXekf efj
jfd ZâgiÅ[`[fj fj k\lj alpqfj) \ Xj klXj ZXii\piXj j\*
efd gf[\d jZf[ipe_Xi @jjfYi\jkf j\ i\Zi\Z\ _lz
hl\jkfd [pq\e[f Xc^lâj) gf`j Xj ZÖljXj jfd kf[Xj jf*
^\`kXj XX]fikleX hl\ lX` Xgil[\eZ`X) e\d [`jZi\kXd\qC
k\ j\ ^fl\ieXi \d efjjfj ]\pkfj+ <fj hlXX\j i\jgfe[f)

$/./4/7-, +6 5 * 2 2 ) / -
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK' /-0
1&Z^ f nrmhl 5- Ñ`ZgZ]hl i^k hihn\h \hgeb^\rf^gmh ^
lnZ ik^lngÅhf \k^^g]h) ihk+jn^ l^ `hn^kg~ [^f gZ
`^^kZe fZg^bkZ ]^ l^n nrn^k) _c Zllr h_Zs^f gZ jn^eeZ
li^\bZe ^f jn^ Z_hkmngZ ea^l iZk^\^ l^^k \hgmkZbkZ ç è
]^lmh jn^f [^f h\hgllbckZk n^^ fnrmZl n^s^l h\hg*
mk Z bk h ) \Z fnrmhl jn^ iZk\\Ñ ]^ ihn\Z ikn]Ñg\bZ an*
lZf ^f \^kmZl \hnlZl ]^ fnrmh lZ[^k i^kZ i^k\ZeÅZk
_Zf Z) ^ [hh ghf^ ^f _^bmhl ]ZkfZl) Zn^k krjn^sZl)
^ `hn^kgZk l^nl \hkihl ^f [hZ lZn]^) ^ hnmkhl jn^
i ^k lZ \hgm^g^gÅZ) _ZebZ) ^ `^^kZe ikZmb\Z lhf cne`Z*
]hl ihk l^ln]hl) _Zee^\^f mZgmh ^f Ze`nO ]Zl ]b^mZl
\hnlZl jn^ Zllr f^]^l fZbl jn^ Z_hkmngZ ]^nrZf Z\n*
l Z k) l^ n^k]Z]^bkZf^gm^ l^ \hgllbckZll^f Aihlmh jn^
mh]ZnrZ i^k hk]^gZgÅZ ]h l^gahk ]^hl) fnrmZl \hnlZl
n^gaZf i^k ^eeZ Z`k~]^ i^k_^bÅhf) Zl fZbl n^s^l \hf
h l [hhl ^ nbkmnhlhl l^ Z\hk]Z Ajn^ Zllr ghf l^cZ
m^^f nZgmZ`^f hl jn^ l^ `hn^kgZf i^k ^eeZl) ihk jg^
Zl [hZl Zg]ZgÅZl lZ[^f f^eahk eh`kZk ^ ihllnrk) ^ Zl
Zn^kllr]Z]^l lhihkmZk fZbl m^fi^kZ]Zf^gm^ ^f mZgmh
j n ^ ]^bm^l l^ l\k^n^ l^ m^^f [hh ^ ]^k^bmh ikhihlbmh
j n^ mh]ZeeZl \hnlZl Zhl l^f^eaZgm^l l^ mhkgZf ^f [hZ
iZkm^) ihk jn^ \hf Zl [^f Zg]ZgÅZl ghf ^gllh[^kn^*
\^f g^f gZl \hgmkZkb^]Z]^l l^ ]^kkn[Zf ) fZbl a^ Z*
nr]h ^f mh]Zl jn^ ihk ]^^lmkZ) ^ l^^lmkZ fZZà l^ aZ
]^mZe `nrlZ jn^ ^f \Z]ZanO l^ _Zs n^g\^]hk \hfh ]^
ch [ l^ l\k^n^ ^ ]^ cZ\h[ gh ^`rimh ^ ]^fnrmhl hnmkhl
lZg\mhl) ^ \ZnZee^bkhl jn^ fnrmh `kZg]^ ehnnhk i^k*
\ZbÅZkhf ^f [^f lh_k^k Zl Zn^kllr]Z]^l ghf hl ]^k'
kr[Zg]h ihlmh jn^Zl fnrmh l^gmZf+ ? Z ]bs l^g^\Z gh
mkZnmZ]h ]Z ikhnr]^g\bZ ]rnrgZ jn^ Zhl jn^ lhf nbk*
mnhlhl ghf mbkZ l^gmbk Zl \hnlZl \âmkZbkZl) fZl ghf
l^ ]^n^f n^g\^k Z^eeZl i^kZ _Zs^k) g^f ]bs^k h\hg'
mkZbkh jn^ Zll^n [hh ^lmZ]h i^km^^\^+ AZllr \hg\en'
]rg]h ihbl ]^kkZshf Z_hkmngZ \hf hl ikn]^gm^l ^ nbkó
mnhlhl fZ bl l^ ]^n^ Z\hk]Zk) ^ Z Ö \hnlZl [^f Zg]Zg*
m^l f^eahk eh`kZf ) ^ ihlln^f) ^ Zl \hgmkZbkZl lhihk*
mZf `kZg]^ [^f a^ mh]hl ghl mkZ[ZeaZk i^kZ nrh^k
?\ /

$/./4/7-, +6 5 * 2 2 ) 1 -
/-1 K HA=H ?KJO0AHDAENK+
l`iklfjXd\ek\ j\^lae[f \d kf[f Xj i\^iXj [X gil[Åe*
Z`X hlzkf dX`j gf[\idfj efd efj [\j\dgXiXe[f XXj
lffecX[\4 \ gX`offÅj [\jfi[\eX[Xj jf ]XcjjX jg\iz}X
[\eá Z\ikX ]fikleX+
!&/534++. $!"!
(9C?LSJ FLKI9J JG=;A99=J ;FLJ9J G=I HL= DLOKFJ JFD
BLCO9<FJ GFI GIL<=EK=J) = EFD @LJ9IE <=CA9 ;FDF
<=L=D+

K f i hlXekf l\af g\i jg\i`\eZ`Xj dlpkfj alc^X[fj

^\\iXcd\ek\ hl\ jfd gil[\ek\j \d Xc^l|j ZfljXj gXi*
k`ZlccXi\j dXc j\ ^fl\ieXi) g\ejj\p [\jZi\l\i dX`j Xc*
^lÇcj jg\Z`XX\j XlpjXd\ekfj Yi\l\d\ec\ jZi`gkfj g\i
ZfejjpiX}fd [Xhl\ccXj Zpehlf ]`aej jljf jZi`gcXj hl\
g\i kXc l`ikl[\ j\ [\l\d g\iZXc}Xi+ Ki`d\`if hlXekf
XXZfeZ`\eZ`X \iifd dlpkfj \d Xk\\i dlpkf cXi^X) fl
Xg\ikX[X ) ZX jZi`gkf _\ hl\ Xdlp cXi^X ^\\iX gi\jle*
}fe`) \ XXgXikX[X [\jXjg\iX}fd < dlpkf cXi^X dlp*
kXj l\q\j) [`q Y\d [f hl\ _\ dXc) \ Xdlp \jki\`kX
dXc [f hl\ _\ Y\d < dlpkf cXi^X jXclX iflakXj Zfl*
jXj hl\ [\lpX Zfe[XeXi @X \jki\`kX dlpkf [XeX) hl\d
[\lpX fl gf[`X jXclXi+ Kfi\d Xjjp Zál\d ^lXi[Xi \d
\jkf gil[ÅeZ`X hl\ efd kiXjjXpXdfj XZX[X_l| [Xj gXi*
k\j jfY\aXe[f) fl dpe^lXe[f+ ?X _feiiX hlXekfj ]Xc*
Ç\Z\d hl\i\e[f Zfd\k\i Zfd ^iXe[\ lfákX[\ ZfljXj
dX`j gf[\ifjXj hl\ j\l gf[\i XYiXe^\ Zfd [\j\af) [\*
^iXe[\ efd\ \ YfX ]XdX+ @gfi efd ^lXi[Xi\d Xhl\c
Zájj\c_f ZfljXj dX`j XckXj hl\ kp efd Ylj\XiXj \Xj
dX`j ]fik\j efd [\dXe[XiXj+ >XN\ XkiXj fe[\Zlp[X*
lXd XlXe}Xi @Xjjp flkiXj Zfd Xg\ikXd\ekf [f ZfiX*
}fd ) \ dpe^lX [\^iXe[\ lffekX[\ c\`o| gXjjXi dlp*
kXj ZfljXj \d XYXk`d\ekf [\ j\lj \jkX[fj) \ Yff ef*
d\ fl efd g\iZXc}á fhl\ [\iiXqfd gf[\i`Xd Y\d X*
l\i j\ ^lXi[Xjj\d \d \jkf YfX gil[ÅeZ`X) \ [`jZi\}]k
hl\ cXe}X ]fiX Xj gXik\j jfY\aXj \ dpe^lX[XX @gfi

$/./4/7-, +6 ' 0 ( ( ) 1 -
 K HA=H ?-JOOAHDAEN-+ /-2
hkÇ\ [f Y\d i\^\i [X aljk`}X j\ g\iZXc}X _feiiX) \
Yff efd\ hlXekfj jfdfj Zfd jfY\aX g`\[X[\ jf ]\^l*
iX [\ l`ikl[\ kfieX[fj \ flkifj g\i Zil\c[X[\ dlpkf
Xlfii\Z`[fj+ <j ZXjXj \ ]Xq\e[X hlXekf dXXf i\^pdÜ*
kf i\Z\Y\d gfi hl\i\i\d jXk`j]Xq\i Xkf[f hl\ gXi\Z\
iXqfd) \ fYiXj g`\[fjXj) eá Zfejj`aiXe[f hl\ flkiX
efd _\ dXpj ]fik\ hl\ ]Xq\i fhl\ Y\d gfjjf X\jg\*
ip\eZ`X Y\d f[\dfjkiX) gfi hl\ j\ ]X}f fhl\ efd _\
Y\d [\]Xq\i) fl hl\ efd j\ gf[\ Y\d jfgfikXi Zfe*
kiX ifpd ) \ kf[XccXj flkiXj ZfljXj dpe_Xj \iif+ BX [`q
j\e\ZX Xc^lzj ZfljXj efd jfd [\Zfd\}Xi gfi hl\ lp*
l\e[f l`iklfjXd\ek\ j\ efd gf[\d XZXYXi) e\d Zfe*
kpelXi @flkifj Zfd Xg\ikXd\ekf) \ k\dfi [XXlXi\qX)
X ZfljX [\Yff \ j\^lif ^zX}f j\efd Xki\l\d [\jgf\i
Z f i i \ ^ p d\ekf [\ZXjXj*) \ ^\ek\ j\^le[f j\l \jkX[f
efd kiXq\d @kf[f \jkf hl\d f kNg\iX j\efd ågil[Åe*
Z`X+ IfiX Zfejj\ekpe[f Xl\i dXpfi g`\[X[\ \dgXZ_f
[flkiÅ hl\ [\efj d\[\j) \ [fj hl\ Xefj jfd dX`j Z_\*
^X[fj @gfi hl\i\i jXk`j]Xq\i Xflki\d efd [\dfj XXqf
Zfe_\Z`[f X[\jkilp}fd [\ efjjX ZXjX hl\ ZXccX[Xd\e*
k\ Zfd\}X) \ eX ]piX gXik\`iXd\ek\ j\ glYc`ZX @Zf`kì
kiX \jkf Xhl\c jXeZkf ZÜ[\jkXYi\) hlXe[f g\i X]`ZX[fj
i\hl\ipiXÅkfj c_\ dfjkiXlfd hl\ \iX dlpkf fYi`^X[f)
fl XlpX ^iXe[\ iXqfd [\ ]Xq\i Xc^l| ZfljX [fe[\ j\e*
k`X hl\ [\j^fl\ieXe}X [\ j\l) \ Yff \jkX[f j\ gf[`X
j\^lpi M\jgfe[`X hl\ kf[f fdle[f \iX Z_\f [\YfX iXì
qfd) dX`j hl\ flkiX) dX`j ]fik\ efd \iX he\ ]Xq\i
ZX[X_lâ fhl\ Y\d gf[`X) gfi hl\ dX`j efd [\lpX+
@[XlX Zfejj\c_f ) hl\ jfYi\jkf ZX[X_lâ j\ X]fiXjj\
[\kXc ^lpjX hl\ kf[fj Zfe_\Z\jj\d hl\ gfi X]pZXd\e*
kfj efd gXjjXi`X [f iXqfX[f @jj\d \kc\j hl\ ZfiXgip*
i`X hlXekfígf[\jj\) _f hl\ lpjj\ hl\ \iX Y\iX [\]X*
q\i+ @ Z\ikXd\ek\ \l l\af Xf gi\j\ek\ ^iXe[\j dpe*
^lXj ef jfY\af \ dpe^lX[f gfi Y\iX efd ^lXi[Xi \j*
kXj i\^iXj) _l]`j gfi efd Xj \ek\e[\i\d ) flkifj gfi
fZfiX}fd hl\ Zfd \dgXZ_f g`\[X[\ Zljkld\) aX j\*
efd gf[\ jf]i\i Kfi\d efd _\ [llp[X+hl\ Zfd gil*

$/./4/7-, +6 2NNGKE
/-ñ ] H A = H ?KJOOB+HDAENK+
[\eZ`X) YfX giXk`ZX Zfd XXal[X [XYfX l\ekl`iX g\i
^iX}X [f j\e_fi [\fj) kf[X ZfljX [_feiiX) Yff \jkX*
[f) \ ]Xq\e[X gipeZpgXcd\ek\ _\ Y\d i\^`[X ?X jXl*
[\ \ YfX [\jgfj`}fd) hlXekXj dl[z}Xj l\\dfj \d fj
hl\ jfd Xlp[fj efi j\jl[fj) ZX _l]cj efd ZliXd [\*
]`j`Zfj Xae[X hl\ [f\ek\j j\afd) dXj kf[f c\`oXd X[\fj
k\ekXe[ff Zfdf efd [\`k\d gf`j j\efd Xal[Xd [X
gil[ÅeZ`X hl\ efj \c flkfi^X @flkifj XXl\e kl`iX ^f*
l\ieXe[fjj\ g\i j\l \ek\e[\i Zá Xc^lNj jg\i`\eZ`Xj) \
Xjjp Y\jk`Xcd\ek\ XZXYXd Zfdf j\ ]fjj\d ]fiX [\ YfX
[\jZi`g}fd+ @Xjjp \e^fi[Xd XXc\d [X iXqfd [\kXc
^lpjX hl\ Zfdf fj _fd\Åj [XjjlX _p[X[\ aX j\efd
gf[\d Xal[Xi+ Jlkifj j\\e[f 3Xzfj) j\dgi\ jfd [f\e*
k\j ) gfi hl\ kXd XZflXi[X[fj lal\d hl\ efd gf[\d
]fc^Xe}X kfdXi \d ZfljX hl\ ]X}fd Zfd Xd\e[fi\e*
kXd\ekf [Xc^l| ae]\idp[X[\ hl\ aX gXjjXifd) g\eX*
jXe[f j\\i \jkf dlp ^iXe[\ gil[ÅeZ`X @ [\jk\j gfi
XdXphi gXik\ jfd jÅgi\ d\efj jXzfj) gfi hl\i\i\d
``ljXi [\ d\\q`e_Xj) gli^Xj) jXe^i`Xj) \ kXd \jki\`*
kfj i\^pd\ekfj ) hl\ jXpe[f [\cc\j Zfel\d hl\ j\
ípekfd @Xhl\jkf hl\d fkÅg\iX gVefd gil[ÅeZ`X) ]X*
q\e[f ZX[X_lâ hl\ j\ i\aX \d ZX[X k\dgf) \ [\jgfj`*
}fd Zfdf Z|l\d+ IX gXik\ [f giXq\i j\l\\iX dlp kf
dXpfi [\]\i\e}X Xeki\ Xhl\cc\j hl\ gfi j\jl[fj jfd
*ZfekX[fj) ZX _lâj jfd dlp jfY\aXd\ek\ XXc\d [f iX*
qfX[f Zljkld\ c\[fj ]`c_Xe[f gfi Zájj\c_f Xhl\c [`Zkf
[\j4XccXdfd hl\ Xc\^iXijj\ \ ]Xq\i Y\d) \ Zfd\e[f \
]fc^Xe[f Zfd j\lj Xdp^fj+ \iX X]pd [\kf[f _fd\d)
flkifj jfd kXd jfkliefj) ki`jk\j \Xjg\ifj hl\ Zfd Xc*
^l~d efd gf[\d ZÑl\ijjXi+ @kf[f \jkf gil[ÅeZ`X ]Xo
k\dg\iXi) gfjkf hl\ g\i eXkliXc Zfdgi\pjjfd \XXqfj
Xc^lâ \jki\df [\j\a\dfj [\k\\i+ Kfi\d Zfejj`aiXe[\
\jkf l\i\dfj Zfdf ZX[X_lâ j\ i\^\ \d kf[Xj gXik\j
g\i gil[ÅeZ`X) \ [`jZi\}fd) \ ef hl\ Y\d ]fi X\^iX*
}Xj Xefjjf j\e_fi [\fj [\ hl\ kfXf Y\d i\Z\Y\dfj
@jj\\e[f g\i fZfekiX`if \dÅ[\ Zfd jlX Xal[X \d j\lj
]XPpe`Åkfj Kfi\d [`q klcEpf) gfjkf hl\ Xeki\ fj _f*

$/./4/7-, +6 ' * 2 2 ) 1 -
 @ H A = H ?KJOOAHD>4NK+ /-4
d\Åj XaX \jkXj [\]\i\e}Xj j\ g\i \ccXj Xc^lâ efd ki\j*
jXpi \d ]Xq\i \iif) fl g\ZX[f efd c\`oXiX _ljXi [\*
OQTDEMCIA gfi hl\ efd Zál\d e\d ë`f[\ j\\i hl\ kf*
[fj \d \ccXj j\ XaXd g\i _fz dXe\`iX gfi f[\jlX`if
[X Zfdgi\pjjõ) _p[X[\) dl[Xe}X [\ k\dgfj) \ Z[*
e\ijjX}! @[X Zfejj\c_f hl\ ZX[X_l]c j\ k\e_X eX he\c
ZXdpe_f Xhl\ g\i eXkli\qX \ [\jgfj`}fd jlX \ [fj
k\dgfj dX`j ]fi Y\d [\jgfjkf j\X l`ikl[\ efd ]fi
ZfekiX`iX j\^le[f Y\d j\ [\ZcXiX ef ZXg`klccf X[`Xek\
kZi`gkf k`iXZcf XdXpfi gXik\ [\` [f c`lif hl\ ]\q [\
f]`Z`aj @ ^iXe[\j dXcc\j j\ i\Zi\Z\d Xfj hl\ jfd k_\l'
[fj \d ZfekX [\ j\jl[fj [\ gip^lp}X [f Zfigf) \ Zf*
iX}fd) \ efd Yff \eZXdpe_Xd\ekf [f Zlp[X[f c\`*
qXe[f jXe[`Xd\ek\ lX^l\aXi) fl j\ fZZlgXi \d Zlp'
[X[fj \ fYiXj gflZf g\ik\\Z\ek\j @[\ ]`c_Xi\d ipaf
J=EKA<F [Xj ZfljXj ZfekiXÇiXj) fl ^iXe[\ [\j\`f [f hl\
gflZf Z]cl\d) \ j\ efd gf[\ i\d\[`Xi >X [\kXc Zlp+
[X[f aX efd l\d Xc j\ efd [f\i \ cXjk`dXij\\+ @jj\'
oe\c_Xek\ _\ \d ]`c_Xi\d jXe[`X [\cc\`kX}fd \d Xc^l]`j
ZfljXj Zfd g\ZX[f j\d jg\iXe[f YfX e\d l`iklfjX
]`iX+ Kfi kf[Xj \jkXj ZfljXj hl\ jZi`gkXj jfd j\ gf[\
Zfe34öaiXi flkiXj =W Zfekf hl\ XZX[X ]\`kf ^\\iXc \ gXiì
k`ZlccXi j\ i\Zi\Z\ g\iX Y\d _ljXi [\jkX e`ikl[\ [X
gil[ÅeZ`X [\ hl\ ]X}f ]pd [\dX`j jZi\l\i) Xl\e[fd\
gfi efd jl]`Z`Åk\ g\iX [\c`X kiXlkXi j\ [Xc^lLj c`lifÇ
hl\ [\c`X ]Xccfd) \ g\i Zfejj`aiX}fd [f Y\d fYiXi [\
g\jjfXj l`iklfjXj Zfd Ça kpl\ \ k\e_f YfX Zfel\ijjì'
fd g\iX \ccf efd ]fiX Y\d Xal[X[f @^iXe[\ gXik\
; cf hl\ jfYi\jkf jZi\lf Zfe_\Z` Zfejj`ai]k[f d\lj ]Xccpí
Zpd\ekfj \ [flkifj hl\ g\i [\jlX`iX[Xì dXe\`iXj \d
ZfekiX [\jkX l`ikX[\ ]Xcc\ZpXd+

$/./4/7-, +6 * !2 2 ) ' -
/-5 K HA = H ?-JOOAHDA.N-+

'9GAKLCCF ci`l+
(FJ 3G=;A99KJ EFK9<FJ$<F CALIF <= KLCCOF <= FBA;ABJ HL=
99GIL<=E;O9 G=IK==;=D$

OKlccpf ef c`lif [\ f]`Z`aj jZi\l\ dlpkXj \ YfXj [fX'

kiÇfXj jfYi\ Xgil[\eZ`X) ZX fe[\ efj flkifj c`lifj Xc*
^lâj jZi\l\ifd jlXj [\]`e}ffÅj+ \ [\]\i\e}Xj \jk\ [\`'
cy ) \ [flkiXj l`ikl[\j ]Xq Zfe_\Z\i XgiXk`ZX+ Kfi\d
[fj j\lj dlpkfj Yffj [`Zkfj Xc^lâj \d jfdX Xhl` ]`q
jZi\l\i+ ã. [`q hl\ Xgipd\`iX gXik\ [X _fe\jkp[X[\
_\ gil[ÅeZ`X XhlXc \jkX Å Zfe_\Zpd\ekf [Xl\i[X[\+
@Xhl\jkf _\ Xjjp alekf XeXkli\qX Xhl\ fj dX`j jfdfj
kiXq`[fj Xg\iZXE}Xi Zfe_\Z`dÅkf \ Zp\eZ`X [Xj ZfljXj
\ Xl\dfj gfi ]i\dfjX c\lXi \d \jkf lXekX^\d \ E<
jXY\i \iiXi [\c`^\`if j\\i \e^XeX[f) [`q\dfj hl\ _\
kfig\ \ dXX @eXhl\jkX l`ikl[\ eXkliXc \ _fe\jkX [\
[flj \iifj [\ hl\ j\ [\l\`e ^lXi[Xi+ Clâ _\ hl\ X*
hl\ccf hl\ efd jflY\idfj) efd XaXdfj gfi jXY`[f)
e\d g\i]`fjXd\ek\ fX]`id\dfj \ hl\d hlpj\i ]l^pi
XkX` \iif \ kf[fj [\l\dfj hl\i\i) gf\iX eX Zfàjj`aiXì
}fd [Xj ZfljXj k\dgf Z[lpe_Xl\c \ [\c`^\eZ`X+ Jlkif
\iif _\ hl\ Xc^lâj gf\d dlp ^iXe[\ \jkl[f \ ^iXe[\
kiXYXc_f gfi XZXc}Xi ZfljXj jZliXj \ ^iXl\j c_\j jfd
gflZf e\Z\jjXi`Xj @ E\`oXe[f \jk\j [flj \iifj gfi kf*
[f kiXYXc_f \ Zl`[X[f hl\ gfj\idfj \d Zfe_\Z\i Xj
ZfljXj [`^eXj \ _fe\jkXj Zfd [\i\`kf j\i\dfj cfllX*
[fj Xjjp Zfdf fllpdfj hl\f ]fp ^Xpf jfga`Z`f \d \j*
kifefdpX \ Zfe_\Z\dfj j\okf gfdg\f \d a\fd \ki`X)
dlp kfj \d cf^`ZX) \ Xc^lâj \d [\i\`kf Zpl\c \ kf[Xj
\jkXj Xik\j g\ik\\Z\d Xf kiXYXc_f [XcZXe}Xi Zfe_\Zp*
d\ekf [X l\i[X[\ @dg\if gfi f\jkX[f [\c`Xj efd [\*
l\dfj [\c\`oXi Xj fYiXj l`iklfjXj gfi hl\ fcfllfi [X*
l`ikl[\ kf[f \jkX eX fYiX) dXj dlpkf Xd\l[\ Z\jjX*
dfj [\c`X) \ dlpkfj jgX}fj gf[\dfj Xl\i g\iXfj \j*
kl[fj hl\ XefjjX dX^peX}fd hl\ eleZX gf[\ \jkXi
hl\[X efj kiXq\iX \jkl[fj g\i Zlp[X}á Xae[X hl\ efd

$/./4/7-, +6 5 * 2 2 ) / -
 K HA=H ?KJO0CHDA.DK+ D*1
YXjhl\dfj flkif XXqf g\iX\ccf+ HXj kf[f efjjf Zlp*
[y[f \ dflpd\ekf [\ efjjf ZfiX}fd [\l\ [\jj\\i f f
ZlgX[f \d kfdXi Zfejj\c_f [Xj ZfljXj _fe\jkXj \ hl\
Xefj g\ik\\Z\d g\iX Y\d l`l\idfj \ Y\d Xl\e kliX*
[X d\ek\ fl Å \jkl[fj [\ jZ`\eZ`Xj \ Zfe_\Zpd\ekf [X
+l\i[X[\ @ [`q \d flkif ZXg`klccf ZX[X_lL _fd\d [\*
l\ j\^lpi Xhl\ccXj ZfljXj hl\ c_\ jfd giÑgi`Xj ZfiX
kzkf hl\ \d \ccXj efd XaX \iif+ @g\i \jkX dXe\`iX
dX`j c`^\`iXd\ek\ gf[\i\dfj XZXc}Xi Xhl\ccX ]i\dfjliX
hl\ YljZXdfj eXj fYiXj+ @[\l\dfj kiXYXc_Xi hl\ ele*
ZX >fek\e[Xdfj ZfekiX X^\\iXc eXkli\qX) dXj ^lXi*
[Xe[f Xhl\ccX 3ö^Xdfj Xhl\ Xefj ]fi giÑgi`X) Xae[X
hl\ flkiXj j\aXd d\c_fi\j \ [\dffi Xlkfi`[X[\ efj
j\dgi\ dp[pi\dfj fj \jkl[fj [XefjjX i\^`X hl\ efj
[\l XeXkli\qX gfi hl\ efd g\ik\\Z\ [\ii\gleXi XXeX*
kli\qX e\d [\kiXYXcYXi gfi Xhl\c`f hl\ efd gf[\dfj
XZXc}Xi+ @[\jkf j\ [\ZcXiX hl\aXe[X _\ Xhl\ccX ]i\df*
]`liX [Xj fYiXj @gfi \jkf j\^le[f [`q\d efd g\ik\\Z\
[\]Xq\idfj ZfljX \d efjjX lp[X Xhl\ Xdpe\klX j\aX
ZfekiX`iX +j+ Xhl\d XeXkli\qX i\gle\ \ \dYXi^l\ @[\*
kf[XccXj ZfljXj hl\ jfd ]i\dfjXj efd _X _` flkiX hl\f
dX`j j\aX hl\ _l| a^lXc[z}X [\ kf[X lp[X @ \jjf d\\j*
df [Xj fYiXj jpe^lccXi\j+ @ hlXe[f efd gf[Å ^lXi[Xi
\jkX ]i\dfjliX) \ hlpj\i j\^lpi XeXkli\qX [fj flkifj
Zál\d hl\ g\iZXj XklX hl\ Xjjp Zfdf eX c`e^lX^\d
Xhl\ccX [\l\dfj j\^lpi hl\ efj Y\d jXY\dfj) gfi
hl\ \d hl\i\e[f ]XccXi X``e^lX^\d ^i\^X) \ kfieXe*
[fefj \d \ccX Zfd iXqfd ]`ZXi\dfj jZXiep[fj @ Xjjp
\d efjjXj fYiXj \ \d efjjX lp[X efd [\l\dfj [\
_ljXi \d [\jlX`iXe}Xj @ Zfek\dg\iXe[f \jkXj ZfljXj
[\l\dfj kiXYXc_Xi hl\ ZX[X_lâ XaX Xhl\c`f hl\ _\
j\l ) \ XXhl\ccf j\ XZljkld\ efd hl\i\e[f giflXi Zf*
df c_\ Zál`aiz Xj Zfk`jXj Xc_\Xj @Xhl\ccf gi`eZ`gXc*
d\ek\ _\ j\l* >X[X_lâ j\ kiXYXc_X [\ Zfe_\Z\i fj*
j\l \e^\e_f) \ ]fi}X ]Xq\e[fjj\ ]fik\ al`q \ \jZfc[ip*
e_X[fi [fj j\lj \iifj \ [fj j\lj Y\Åj \d kXc LAMEIQA
hl\ efd gXi\}X hl\ fj XcYXi[zX\j k\\d dX`j jXY\[f'

$/./4/7-, +6 2NNGKE
/.- K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
i`X hl\ efj) gfi hl\ \cc\j efd j\ kiXYXc_Xd [Xii\d\*
[Xi Xj \jkÑi`Xj d\c_fi\j) dXj Xj hl\ c_\ jfd dX`j Zf*
m\ep \ek\j Kf`j \jkXj ZfljXj kXX\j \j^lXi[XiX f XcYXi*
[Xd eX qfdYXi`X \ efd Xj l\\iX f_fd\d jXY\[fi \d
jlX lp[X) gfi\d Xhl\ccXj ZfljXj hl\ Xefj ]fi\d dX`j
g\ik\\Z\ek\j ) eXhl\ccXj gipeZpgXcd\ek\ kiXYXc_Xi\*
dfj @jj\ Xc^lzj l\q\j Xe\Z\jjp[x[\ efj k`iXi [\c`Xj)
\ efj cXe}Xi \d ZfljXj hl\ efd j\aX! [\efjjf \e^\*
e_f kf[f efjjf Zlp[X[f \ g\ejjXd\ekf \ [\c`^\eZ`X
gf\i\dfj hl\ j\f efd ]\q\idfj kXd ]i\dfjXd\ek\
Zfdf [\l\dfj hl\ Xf d\efj efd f]X}Xdfj ]\Xd\ek\+
@efd [\l\dfj kXekf kiXYXc_Xi gfi j\^lpidfj fj Y\Åj
hl\ efj jfd [X[fj [\ eXkli\qX) Zfdf gfi ]l^pidfj
jfj j\lj \iifj ) \ kf[Xj \jkXj ZfljXj Zál\d hl\ XYiX*
Z\dfj Zfd efjjf ZfiX}fd \ Zl`[X[f hlXe[f hlpj\i*
dfj YljZXi X]i\dfjliX [\ ZX[X_lz ZfljX+ @ gi`d\`iX*
d\ek\ [\l\df5 fi[\eXi hlXX\j \ hl\aXe[fj efj hl\*
i\dfj j\\i) \ \d ]s dXe\`iX [\ lpl\i) XhlXc [\k\i*
dpeX}fd _\ g\fi [\]Xq\i hl\ kf[XÇcXj flkiXj gfi hl\
\eZfd\}Xe[f XdXeZ\Y`X) hlXe[f _\ dXpfi ]iXhl\qX
[f Zfejj\c_f @ekfd fi[\efl ZX[X_l]k XdXe\`iX [\ jlX
lp[X j\^le[f hl\ c_\ dX`j giXq @Xjjp Xek\ j\ [\jgfá\
jXc^lz Z\ikX dXe\`iX) \ \eZXdpe_Xd\ekf [\lpl\i ]a
\cc\ gfjjX alc^Xi hlXc _\ fdpc_fi+ IXhl\ccX [\k\idp*
eX}fd kf[f Zfejj\c_f [\l\ j\\i kfieX[f XXeXkli\qX [\
ZX[X _lâ) gfi 8a j\ \d ZX[X_l| [Xj ZfljXj hl\ ]Xq\*
dfj j\^le[f X eXkli\qX [\ ZX[X_lâ jVlXi[Xdfj fhl\*
D_\ gZic\\Z\ dlpkf [\l\dfj gf\i dX`j X]`ZX[X ]\d\e*
"X eX fi[\ez}X [\kf[X efjjX lp[X hl\ j\aX kXc hl\ \d
kf[X efjjX [liX}fd efj j\aX gifl\`kfjX+ @ efd efj
kiX^X XXqf [\ \iiXdfj \d Xhl\ccXj ZfljXj hl\ [\l\*
dfj ]Xq\i+ K\iX \jkf hl\ [`jj\dfj Zál\d hl\ XefjjX
iXqfd j^lXi[\ Zfdf _\ ^iXe[\ X ]fi}X hl\ k\d XeXkl*
i\qX @[\jp X[X ]fikleX hlXe[f hlpj\i \jki\dXi XdX*
e\`iy \d hl\ _X [\lpl\i+ HX`j gipeZpgXcd\ek\ [\l\
\j^lXi[Xi X[X eXkli\qX) gfi dlakf _\ dX`j ]`id\ \
dX`j [liX[f`iX Zfdf hl\i hl\ Xc^l|j l\q\j gXi\Z\ Ça

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
 K HQ=H ?KJOOAHDmÖbNK+ /..
X]fikleX dfikXc g\cc\aX Zfd XeXkli\qX efd dfikXc+ @
hl\d g\i Zfejj\c_f [\k\idaeX[f fi[\eXi XjjlX lp[X
j\^le[f i\hl\i\ XjjlX eXkli\qX k\e_X \d \ccf ]`id\qX
gfi hl\ Xhl\jkf _\ fhl\c_\ gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\ g\ik\\Z\)
jXclf j\ \cc\ \ekÅ[\i hl\ \iifl eX \jki\dXe}X [X dX'
e\`iX [\ j\l lpl\i+ @jj\ kXc ZfljX XZfek\Z\i) \ gf[\
XZfek\Z\i) [\l\ j\\i ]\`kX dl[Xe}X efj Zljkld\j @
eXj fi[\eXe}Xj hl\ XZ_Xi hl\ efd jfd YfXj @Xhl\j'
kX dl[Xe}X j\ fj k\dgfj Xal[Xi\d g\iX \ccf dX`j [`c`í'
^\`if) \ dX`j gifl\`kfjXd\ek\ ]Xi\dfj j\X ]\q\idfj
gXjjf) \ hl\ j\aX gflZf jÅk`[X+ <jjp Zfdf \d Xj X'
dpqX[\j hl\ kiXq\d gflZf giXq\i \ gflZf gifl\`kf
k\\d fj jXY\[fi\j hl\ dX`j g\ik\\Z\ [\jj\ gXjjXd\e*
k\ [\j]Xq\i hl\ [Xii\lXkf j\\i ZfikX[Xj+ @ hlXe[f ]fi
dl[X[X Xfi[\eXe}X [X lp[X Zfd kf[X iXqfd efj kiX*
YXc_Xi\dfj hl\ gXi\}X hk`\f ]\q\dfj Zfd Yff Zfejj\'
c_f+ EQc\\j gfi 8s gflZf Xek\ [`jj\dfj [\jj\^lpi Xefj*
jfj Sk\Z\jjfi\j) \jkf efd [\l\dfj \ek\e[\i hl\f j`*]
^Xdfj Zfd fj \iifj+ I\d \jjf d\\jdf j\ XeXkli\qX
efd Zfejj\ek`jj\ [\fj efj gf[\idfj j\^lpi+ <jjp Zf*
df f]`c_f [f dXpfi X]i`ZXef) fhlXc g\i [f\e}X efd
gf[\ j\\i kXiX j\d\c_Xek\ Xjj\l gX[i\ Zfdf X]i`ZXef
]\iX Xf j\l+ @jj\ efiX gf[\iX [\]\e[\i Xj ZfljXj) fh
^fl\ieXi fgfYff g\i jlXj YfXj iXqffÄj) fl _ljXi [\
]\`kfj ZXlXcc\`if4fj [\l\ [Xi Xhl\ccf hl\ _\ \d j\k]
gf[\i`f +j+ aljk`}X) ]]\) ^iXX[\qX) \+k\dg\iXe}X) gfc*
`Xj hlXX\j ZfljXj c_\ j\aX d\efj i\hl\i`[f f8s c_\ ]Xc*
c\Z\+:< dlpkf d\c_fi \iXe}X _ \) @f gXki`dfepf dX`j8
gifl\`kfjf [\ kf[fj hl\ fj gX[i\j [Xd Xjj\lj ]`c_fj _\
cfllfi [\l`ikl[\4) \ [\ Yffj ]\`kfj @hl\d \jkX \iXei
}X efd j\^l\ [\l\ c_\ j\\i ZákX[f gfi ]\Xc[X[\) \
gfi \iif+

?f X

$/./4/7-, +6 2NNGKE
/./ K HA=H ?KJOO>HDAEN?G

'9GAKLCCF 45= &

JF:IK 9 GIL<XE;A9 >=AKF G=I F<FLKFI (K=?9>>FEJF+

K f i hl\ dpe_X k\\e}fd _\ efd if\ Xal[Xi \d \jk\

kiXlkX[f [\ Xc_\X c\pkliX gfi dae_X) jXclf \d Xcc\^X*
}ffÅj fl gXik\ [Xc^lâj ZXgÇkl`cfj k`iX[fj [flkifj c`*
lifj) gfi\d \jk\ Xaljf jZi`gkf) hl\ if\ f[flkfi [`\^f
X]]fejjf [f d\l [\jÅYXi^f [\l) jXY\e[f hl\ [\jkX l`i*
kl[\ [X gil[ÅeZ`X XE^l| ZfljX jZi\lpX gfi if\ gXi\Z\i
[\gifl\`kfjX \ejjpeXe}X \if j\l efd\ fifXe[\` Xhlp
jZi\l\i) Zfd Xc^lâj ifX`j X[pd\ekfj \ Zfii\^pd\ekf
g\iX j\^lpi dpe_X k\\e}fd e\Z\jjxi`fj+
< l`ikl[\ ^\\iXcd\ek\ Y\ gifgi`\[X[\ ef Yfd\d
g\ccX hlXc jlX iXqfd [\i\pkXd\ek\ Zfejj\E_X) \ Xlffe*
kX[\ Y\d if|[X[X \ Xjj\ejjlXcc`[X[\ fY\[\Z\ Zfiff [\*
k`\+ Ifd j\ Z_XdX g\if l`ikl[\ gfjkf hl\ j\ Xjjp ]X}X
EQN kf[Xj ZfljXj) dXj eXhl\ccXj jffd\ek\ hl\ jfd ^iX*
m\j [\]Xq\i Xfj _fd\Nj) \ gfi kXekf [`jj\ifd fìNk`a^fj
hl\ Xl\i[X[\`iX l`ikl[X\jkX \if ki\j Xlkfj +j+ \d Zfd\'
k\i ^iXe[\j) \ ^iXl\j ZfljXj [\ ]Xq\i Xkf[fif\d \if jf*
gfikXi \ jf]i\i Xj ZfljXj ZfekiX `iXj Xf j\l [\j\af) \
\d XYjk`eÅeZ`X [Xj [\cc\`kX}ffÅj+ @jkX l`ikl[\ j\ gXi*
k\ \d [lXj) _l| _\ eXkliXc) \ flkiX dfiXc+ < eXkliXc
Y\ Xhl\ccX hl\ eXZ\ [X `^\XccX}fd [fj \cE\d\ekfX
k\dg\iXd\ekf [ldfi\j) \ ]\`}fd [f Zfigf fl [Xhl\`*
cXj gXik\j fe[\ kXc l`ikl[\ k\d j\l \o\iZÇZ`f \ [X
hl\jk\ jff Xhl\cc\ _\ l`iklfjf Ça j\d g\eX c\[Xd\ek\
\ Xae[X [\cc\`kXe[fjj\ fYiX l`ikl[\j+ @ \jkX eXkliXc
'\ gXik\ \d [lXj) _lz _\ gil[ÅeZ`X) \ flkiX aljk`}X
\ XdYXj \jkfd eX eXkliXcc\qX aek\cc\`klXc) flkifj c_\+
Z_XdXd jg`i`klXc @gfi hlXekf e\\jkX eXkli\qX jg`i`*
klXc _X [lXj gfkÅeZ`Xj +j+ aek\e[`dNkf \ Xg\k`kf fhlXc
^\\iXcd\ek\ j\ Z_XifX lffekX[\+ < gil[ÅeZ`X _\ ]`ZX*
[X ef aek\e[pif\ekf ) \ Xaljk`}X eX lffekX[\ @ Zfdf
hl\i hl\ \jkXj [lXj efd c\e_z [\ k\dg\iXi Xc^l|j

$/./4/7-, +6 %, # 00 c\
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAEAK+ /.&
gX`ofN\j) Xjjp Zfdf k\\d Xj dfiXX\j) g\if e\\ccXj
j\ Xjj`^eX jfY\af \ dpe^lX[f) eX gil[\eZ`X fjjfY\af
j\ Z_XdX \d GXkpd [\dfj fl XjklZ`X) fl ZXcc`[`kXj)
hl\ \d c`e^lX^\d hl\i\if[`q\i dXX jX^XZ`[X[\) fl
Xik\`i`Z\ dX`j hl\f hl\ Zfdgi\) fl dXcc`Z`X ãf j\e
dpe^lX[f _\ ZiXjj`kl[f \d cXkpd) hl\ hl\i [`q\i \d
c`e^lX^\d g\hlpZ\) dXj j\ \jk\j [flj \oki\dfj ]f*
o\d Y\d jfk`cd\ek\ jg\ZlcX[fj efd jfd \oki\dfj [\
gil[\eZ`X) ZX g\hl\epeX gil[\eZ`X eleZX j\iX g\hlp*
\\:) e\ie Xae]Çae[X gil[\eZ`X eleZX j\iX dXcc`Z`X) g\if
[`q\dfj \jkf gfi XYipi Xaek\cc`^\eZ`X [Xj ZfljXj IX
`ljk`}X fjj\l jfY\af _\ Zil\c[X[\ \ fjj\l dpe^lX[f
_\ d`j\i`Zfi[`X) fl g`\[X[\ \ aejj\ejj`Y`cc`[X[\) \ [\X*
k\j \oki\dfj [`^f Zfdf efj [Xgil[\ef`X) ZX efd jfd
j\lj l\i[X[\`ifj \oki\dfj+
JiX hl\if %fieXi XXgil[\eZ`X) \ [`^f hl\ gil[\eZ`X
_\ _lz [\i\`kX iXXá g\iX fYiXi Xj ZfljXj jpe^lccXi\j)
eXjZ`[X [X \og\i`\eZ`X [Xj ZfljXj gXjjX[Xj j`klX[X \d
eXkliXc [\jgfj`}fd \ j^lXi[Xek\ eXj ZfljXj l`a[f`iXj)
gifl\\e[f Xf hl\ gf[\ XZfek\Z\i hlXekf \d efjjf gf*
[\i _\+ @jkX gil[\eZ`X _\ ]\`kX [\ ki\j gXik\j \d kXekf
hl\jj\ c_\ _lz jff ]Xcc\Z\ cf^f efd _\ gil[\eZ`X +4+ \d
hlXc hl\i ZfljX hl\ Xl\e_X Zfejj\c_Xijj\ _\d\d Xh
d\efj Zfejjp^f d\\jdf \ \jkX j\ Z_XdX \d cXkpd
\dYfcaX < flkiX gXik\ _\ alc^Xi j\d X]\`}fd hl\i gf]Z
íjp hl\i ZfekiX jp) \ \jkX j\ Z_XdX jpe\j`j @jj\ kXc al`qf
@= eXj ZfljXj jg`Z`XX\j hl\ gfl\Xj l\q\j XZfek\Z\d
Z_XdXjj\ ;efdp < k\iZ\`iX _\ \o\ZlkXi j\^le[f hl\
]fp Zfejj\c_X[f \ alc^X[f ef [`jZlij\f [f aek\e[``e\ekf
í \jkX j\ Z_XdX gil[\eZ`X+ Of[Xj \jkXj ki\j ZfljXj
alekXj jfd g\i]\`kX gil[\eZ`X \d hl\ gXi\Z\ ZcXiXd\e*
k\ hl\ gfjkf `a _lâ _fd\d j\ dlp kf \ Y\d Zfejj\cYZk
\fe44ö^f \ Xae[X Zfd flkifj j\efd alc^X jÅ X]\`}fd Xc*`
[\d\efj [\ekif \ejjp efd _\ gil[\ek\ Dk\d gfjkf hà'
Y\d j\ Zfejj\c_\ \ Y\d alc^l\ j\ efd \o\ZlkX hl\ì
eÑ _\ gil[\ek\+ Dk\d gfjkf hl\ j\d X]\`}Ü alc^fí'
53`jj\ efd \hGmál^eaZ hl\ efd _\ gil[\ek\) +c`\d hlí

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
/.1 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
gfjkf hl\ Y\d \o\Zlk\ [Xl\ecl`iX fl e\Z\jj`[X[\) j\
gi`d\pif ef`e j\ Zfejj\c_X) \ efl` alc^X [\i\pkf efd
_\ gil[\ek\+ JXalekXd\ekf [Xj [lXj gipd\`iXj +j+ \l*
Yfcc`X \ jpe\jpjj\ Z_XdX Z`iZlejg\Z}|+ I f \o\i'
ZpkXd\ekf [X gil[\eZpX jfd m `l i\^`Xj <j gi`d\`iXj
ki\j g\ik\\ZÅ Xf Zájj\c_XdÅkf) \ Xj flkiXj ki\j Xf
alc^XdNkf \ Xj [lXj X\oZZl}fd 9 < gipd\piX i\^iX
_\ gi\jlggf\i \d kf[X ZfljX hl\ Xc aXq+ \d \`cX jZfeí
[`[f X]fiX fhl\ gXi\Z\) \ gfi\d Zfdgi\ hl\ gfi dfa*
kf ZcXiX hl\ gXi\}X Xl\i jfYi\` cX \j^XiXlXkXd\ekf+ [\i'
iXqfd hlXekf `f k\dgf \ XZfljX[\i \X^Xi+ <j j\^le[X
cf^f \j^lXi[X Y\d [\c^X[Xd\ek\ Xj ]`aj \ jXp[Xj kf[Xj
gfjj`l\\j \ hlXX\j \ hlXekf Xgifl\`kXd fl \dg\\Z\es
j\^le[f f[\j\af [X ZfljX \ k\dgf < k\iZ\`iX j^lXi[Xi
kf[fccfj d\fj \ ]Xq\i Zfd \cc\j XccXi[f gfi[Xek\ fae*
k\e[`d\ekf \ l\\i fj hl\ jfd gfjjpl\\j \ Xj ZfekiXj
[\cc\j j\ \ \ehl\ dXe\`iX j\ gf[\ifd i\d\[`Xi) O
9 <j flkiXj ki\j i\^`Xj
< gipd\piX) Xeki\ dlpkXj ZfljXj jZfc_\i Xhl\ccX h l f
k\d dX`j XlzkX^\Åj Xae[X hl\ g\hl\eXj j\aXd j\jj\
gf[\d g\i aek\e[`d\ekf g\iZXc}Xi <jj\^le[X jZfc_\i
Xhl\`cf hl\ X]fikleX \ _ljXe}X [f k\dgf dX`j j\^l\ 1
W X]XjkXi Xhl\`cf hl\ X]fikleX j\^l\) XiiXqfd ZfekiX`
[ `q) fl Xj jg\i`\eZ`Xj gXjjX[Xj dfjkiz eá l`ai\d XYfX
4D \ ZkNZcljfd+ < k\iZ\`iX) jZfc_\i g\jjfXj \ Xc_XeX'*
i`Xj XlkXj) \ [\jgfjkXj eXkliXcd\ek\) \ XeX^fjXj eXí
hl\ccf hl\ hl\i ]Xq\i \ ]l^`i [fj he\ k\\d fj aeÇ\k`V
[pd\ekf= jZlifj \ [fj [\jXl\ekliX[fj Zfdf [X dfik\+
9 < j [lXj i\^`Xj  å 8å
EwGgipiX\`iX hlÄ jffd\ek\ \o\Zlk\dfj Xhl\`cf \d Zlaf
gkfj\p^lp d\ekf eÅ Ylâ dXc efd l\e_X) fl j\aX [\`
~kÖ\efj \ kXc hl\ Y\d j\ gfjjX i\d\[`Xi) \ ]l^Xdff
[k\hlÄc fe[\ ^iXe[\ dXc gf[Ñ ``cai jg\Z`Xcn\ec\ fhlX
# efd gf[\ YÅ i\d\[`Xi j\^le[f aek\e[pd\ekf [_f*
ei\Åj+ <jj\^le[X hl\* jX`YYXdfj O\]i\Xi Xjj\jj\^Xi \
Zfek\ekXi fXg\k`k\ efjjf \ 'E_\ç hl\ efj Oefpkf j\^fí
Xf hl\ g\i iXqfd eJ XZ_Xdfj YfX jXp[X dfjkiXe[fÇY'

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 IE
 ^S H A = H ?KJOO>HDOEQK+ /.2
ZX[X Zfe kiX) \ j\l dXc \d gi\j\ek\ @ he\ Xf [`Xek\
[\]Xq\i fhl\ dXc [\j\aX j\ c_\ gf[\ jp^lpi+

'9GAKLCCF c o +
(9J LAICL<=J HL= J= I=HL=IA 9@L\ :FF BLC?9<FI+

> fe jj`ai\` gfi -3 ]Xcc`Z`dÅkfj hl\ l\af \d dlpkfj

hl\ X_lâ Yff alc^X[fi j\ i\hl\i\d \jkXj l`ikl[\j Xj
hlXX\j jZi\lf g\iX ZX[X_lâ [\jjp \ [flki\d gf[\i
j\ek`i hlXekf g\iX kXc ZXii\^f _\ g\ik\\Z\ec\ Kipif\`*
iX c_\ Zál\d [Xl\i _lx [\i\`kliX ^\\iXc [X lffekX[\
\d kf[X c`Xj Zfl\Xj Zfd [\j\af [\ ]Xq\i [\i\`kf [\jjp
\ [fj flkifj gfi XZ_\^X[fj hl\ j\aXe) `Xd ipaf) hl\
k\dfi ) fl X]i`}f fefd kfil\ e\d l\e}X óXhl\jkf
XXlÇikl[\ [X aljk`}X [\i\`kXd\ek\' g\ik\\Z\ N\^le[X
hl\ k\e_X ^iXe[\ \ Yff \ek\e[\i [\dfjkiX[fi [\l\i*
íX[\) g\i l\i[X[\`if alpqf eXkliXc) \ YfX jZ`\eZ`X
Zfd giXk`ZX [Xj c\o) jk`ccfj) \ Zljkld\j ã hl\ ZfeXì
\`ai\ fj ]\`kfj gfi Zfe_\Z\i Xl\i[X[\ \ ]Xq\i aljk`}X)
\ efd gfi fj kfiZ\i Xf j\l [\j\af jg\Z`Xc fhl\ j\ ]Xo
Zfiff Zál\d g\i gil[\eZ`' O\iZ\`iX) hl\ j\ k\dg\i\
hlXe[fjj\ ki`^Xi fl XccXi^Xi dX`j [f hl\ Z[l\d) fl
j\ g\i jXe_X j\ XZ\e[\i) g\iX \o\ZlkXi Xc^l#X ZflkXj
ZfekiX [\i\`kf) fl gfi j\^lpi lf[kX[\ gifl\`kffl giX*
q\i hlpj\i alc^Xi jÅ iXqfd fl c\`oXi [\ Zfdgipi fhl\
[\f\) g\iX hl\ j\ i\hl\i\ ^iXe[\ k\dg\iXe}X <hlXi'
kX hl\ g\ijj\l\i\ \d Y\d fYiXi) Xjjp hl\ g\i d\[f 2
i\Z\f [\ g\i[X jlX) [\jgiXq\i [flki\d) gip^lp}X) fl
]iXhl\qX efif c\`o\ [\ ]Xq\i fhl\ [\i\`kXd \ek\ [\l\)
^lXi[Xe[f Xl`ikl[\ [X ]fik\cc\/X <\jg\i`\eZ`X Y\d
dfjkiX hl\ g\i ]Xcc`Z`if\ekf [\jkXj gXik\j) Xc^lâj Xae*
[X hl\ jX`YeXd) \ l\aXd fhl\ _\ [\i\`kf [\f alc^Xi)
]Xcc\Z\d g\i ZfiilkXj lffekX[\j 8s l\d [X dpe^lX [X'
e`ikl[\ ^\\iXc [Xaljk`}X) ÖlkiÑj hl\ X]afd Yff [\j\af V
efd k\Å `lpqf \ jXY\i <H\]Xk g\iX Zfe_\Z\i\d fhl\X'
m\ [\l\ ]Xq\i) \ hl\ k\e_fd YfX lffekX[\) j\efd k\'

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
/.3 K H A = H ? -JO0AHD AEN3+
l\i\d jXY\i [\ c\o) Zljkld\x) \ fi[\eX}ff#j [X k\i'
iX) j\l alpqf Xkf[fccfj ZXjfj efd gf[\ gifl\\i) ZfiXg
ZÜl\d g\i dpe^lX [\ Z`ÅeZ`X) fl ^iXe[\ \ Yff Zlj*
kld\+ @ k\\e[f \ek\e[\i) \ ^\\iXc YfX lffekX[\)
`elpkfj g\i ZfY`a}X) [\j\af) X]\`}fd) NXe_X) fl ki`*
^Xe}X ]Xcc\Z\d gfi efd ^lXi[Xi k\dg\iXe}X) flkifj
Zfd i\Z\f) \dgXZ_f) gip^lp}X) ]iXhl\qX) jfd kfilX*
[fj [\ ]Xq\i aljk`}X g\i ]Xcc`Z`d\ekf [\]fik\c`\qX) gfi
hl\ kÅkX[fj g\i ZX[X_l| [\jkXj ^lpjXj) eÑ XkliXd eX
YfX k\\e}fd ^\\iXc hl\ Xek\j XlpXd) e\d alc^XiX fi
hl\ gipd\`if Y\d gf[\ifd \ek\e[\i @gfi\d jfd e\*
Z\jjXi`Xj X_lâ Yff alc^X[fi) Xl\i kf[Xj \jkXj l`ikl[\j
\d YfX jf]`Z`\eZ`X) gfi ]Xcc\Z\e[f dlpkf \d Xc^lz)
gfjkf hl\ Xj flkiXj iXqfX[Xd\ek\ XaX ) Z[l\d hl\
eleZX [\ YfX \o\Zl}fd) efj dX`j [fj ]\`kfj+ @ Y\d
\\ gf[\ix [`q\i \iX \jk\+ ZXjf) Xhl\c [`Zkf [\ EFJJF
j\e_fi Ll\d ]Xcc\Z\i \d _l xgXik\) \d kf[Xj j\iX
ZlcgX[f+ @[`q ef c`lif [Xj ZfccX}ffÅj gfi \o\iXgif [X
ZfeZ`\eZ`X hl\ efd _\ [\]\i\e}X gfi j\l dXc [fj hlX
k\\iX _lâ ZXjk\ccf j\\ic_\ ]`c_X[f g\i Z`dX [Xj kfii\j)
fl g\i flkif g\hl\ef cl^Xi) gf`j g\i ZX[X_lz [\jkXj
^lpjXj fg\i[\d+ @Xjjp efd gi\jkX dlpkf ^lXi[Xi alj;
k`}X \d Xj ZfljXj hl\ gXi\Z\d ^iz[\j) \ gfi _lz g\*
0 l\eX [X]\`}fd) jXe_X) fl i\Z\f) ]Xq\i ZfljX ZfekiX
\i\`kf) fl c\`oXi [\ Zfifgi`i fhl\ _\ fYi`^X[f) \ j\*
aX gfi \ccf g\iX j\dgi\ g\i[p[f+ @Xhl\jkf jZi\lpì
gfi l\\i dlakfj Xki\lp[Xd\ek\ ]XcEXi efj ]\`kfj) gfi
K> fjjXY\iX j\\e[f Zfiilgkfj g\i dpe^lX [\ ZX[X _lã
[Xj gXic\j jljf [`\kXj óflkifj$ ZfiX \j]fi}f [\ YfV
lffekX[\) eXkliXc \ek\e[\i) hl\i\d Zfif g\iÇ`X ]XccXi)
\ [\k\idpeXi) ef hl\ gflZf jXY\iX) e\d Y\d gf[\*
i`Xd \ek\e[\i g\i dpe^lX [\ jZ`\eZ`X) fl [\ Yff X
^iXe[\ Zljkld\+ ENgfi j\ Zfe_\Z\i ) Zfdf jfdfj g\i
X]\`}f`e \e^XeX[fj) \ efd [Xdf= [\i\`kf alÇqf @ l
Zfej5öai\p hl\ kXc ZfljX \ejjpeXdfj) fl iXXe[XiXgj
]Xj\i) hl\ jpdgi\qd\ek\ gXi\}X) Zfdf c\lXi _lz Xl\
[\ZX}X) kz^\i) jZi\l\i) j\d\c_Xek\ X_lâ hl\ eâZX

$/./4/7-, +6 $ &" " # `\

 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDGkNK+ /.4
f]\q) hl\ j\ kXdY\d Zfdf efj giXq\i`X fefif ]X q)
hl\ cf^f _\ ZXjk`^X[f) fl g\i jZXie_f) fl d\efj gi\*
}f kiXq`[f+ @jj\ Xc^lkk hl\f jX`Y_X ]Xq\i fgiflX Zfd
XdX|f) hl\f efd ZljkldX) Zál\d hl\ j\ XZ_\ dlp
kfilX[f) \ gfi dlpkf j\d ^\`kf) \ \dgXZ_X[f hl\
j\ l\aX) efd j\ ZlcgX) e\d c_\ gXi\Z\ iXqfd j\\i
gfi \ccf giXjdX[f) efd Zfej`aiXe[f hlXekf d\efj f*
hl\ kXc ZfljX eleZX _ljfl [\lpX ZlcgXi+ >X g\i \e*
k\e[`d\ekf efd XjjXY\) e\d [flkiX dX|f XgiXk`Zfl)
gfi\d efjjX X]\`}fd ]Xq \d ^\\iXc gXi\Z\i Za _\ [\i\`'
kf fj flkifj hl\ [\ kf[f jXY\i)) \ Zljkld\ ]Xcc\Z\l`
hl\ j\afd i\gi\\e[`[fj) \ giXjdX[fj \ fj hl\ Xc efd
]Xcc\Z\ j\efd _ljXe}X [X flkiX dX|f) dfjkiX hl\ efd
jfdfj [\ZlcgXi+ @Xjjp Zfdf \jk\j ZXjfj g\i X]\`}fd
EFJJF al`qf l\i\dfj \iiX[f) kXc j\ ]Xq efj flkifj ]\`*
kfj gfi hl\ efj [\l\dfj g\iZ\Y\i) \ ^lXi[Xi hl\ efd
j\aXdfj Xjjp \e^XeX[fj) fl ]fi}X[fj+ Jl j\ k|kX ]fi}X
efd j\ek`idfj \d efj hl\ jZlj\dfj ]`c_Xi ZXii\^f
[XhX\cc\j fe[\ jfjg\`kfj ]fidfj) gfi hl\ j\ gf[\dfj
\d Xc^lâ [fj flkifj ]Xcc\Z\i g\i da^lX [\ ZX[X_lzÇ
[Xj l`ikl[\j jljf jZi`gkXj) hl\ dX`j j\ ]XiX) fe[\ g\i
X]\`}fd jZli\ekX[X) efjjX l`jkX [f \ek\e[\i) efd l`ií
dfj f ZXdpe_f [X l\i[X[\) fl hl\f l\aXdfj l\eZ`*
[fj g\i ]iXhl\qX j\^lpi fefd gf[\idfj+ Kfi\d _\
dX`j j\^liX gXik\ Xhl\d aljkXd\ek\ hl\i lpl\i) ele*
ZX kXc ZXii\^f XZ\gcXi) fe[\ jfjg\`kf j\ Zfe_\Z\i @ j*
j\ fll\i jfYi\ccf e\Z\jjXi`Xd\ek\ [fYiXi) j\aX Zfd
i\^lXi[f [fj \iifj \d hl\ gf[\ ZXpi) ^lXi[Xe[f jÅ*$
gi\ Xhl\ccXj l`ikl[\j gipeZpgXX\j [\ aljk`}X) gil[Åe*
Z `X ) k\dg\iXe}X) \ ]fik\cc\qX) g\i hl\ kf[XccXj ZfljXj
dX`j g\i]\`kXd\ek\ j\ ]Xq\d+ NfYi\jkX dXe\`iX [\ alj*
k`}X ) Xdpd gXi\Z\ hl\ Xc^lâj k\Å \d j\l al `qf ) _l0
YXccXe}X cXd jfk`c) \ [\i\`kX) hl\ hlXchl\i ZfljX hX\
n T iXqfd \ [\i\`kf) [\jXZfi[X) cf^f XdfjkiX) e\d j\
kfilX g\i X]\`}fd) gifl\`kf) g\i[X) giXq\i) fljXe_X)
Jlkifj g\i fZfekiX`if) CJ efd jpek\d j\efd Xj CNTRAR
[\^iXe[\ ZákX) \ Xhl\jkf gfi ^\`kf eXkliXc) dXXf Zlj*;

$/./4/7-, +6
/.6 K HA=H ^KJOOAHQGENK+
kld\) fl [\jfi[\eX[X lffekX[\+ Kfi\d Xhl\c hl\ g\i
d\iZ\\ [f j\e_fi k\l\i f [\i\`kf al`qf \d ZX[X_l|
ZfljX) efd f ^lXi[Xe[f ZXX\ \d dXpfi ZlcgX) j\^â*
[f Xjj\ek\e}X [\ efjjf j\e_fi a_]k og]c as [`q [f j\ilf)
hl\ efd jXY\ XlffekX[\ 8c\ j\l j\e_fi j\X efd ]Xq)
hl\ [\ gflZXj ]\i`[Xj j\iX ]\i`[f) \ Xhl\c hl\X jXY\
\ efd X ^lXi[X [\dlpkXj+ Kfi\d efd g\e\jÅ hl\ gfi
Xefd jXY\i) jfd [\kf[f jZljX[fj gfi hl\ [\k\idpeX*
[f _\ hl\ X`^efizZ`X efd jZljX g\ZX[f @[\jkf j\ gf*
[\d k`iXi [flj ZfekiX`ifj Kipd\`if hl\ j\ Zfe_\}Xd
fj hl\ dlpcf jpek\d j\lj ]XcE`Zpd\ekfj j\\i\d XdX`j
fYi`^X[fj j\efd Zfdgi`i\d fhl\c_\j YÄ [\dfjkiX j\l
[\i\`cf al`qf @fj hl\ kXekf efd jpek\d efd j\Zi\Xd
j\dgi\ g\i j\l aepqf) dXj fY\[\\}Xd XXj g\jjfXj hl\
[\l\d) \ XX^\\iXc fg\epfd g\i fj dX`j [fj l`iklfjfj
XgiflX[X) gfi hl\ j\d [lep[X \jk\ _\ fdX`' j\^lif)
\ d\c_fi ZXdpe_f jXY\e[f hl\ efd jZljXifd ÅdÄe[X
[fj \iifj \d hl\ ZXpi\d gfi efd jXY\i\d fhl\ k_\l'
[fj jfd [\ jXY\i <fj j\e_fi\j hl\ k\\d i\^pd\ekf
[\jkX aljk`}X al[`Z`Xc Zfdgi\c_\j Xhl\ccXj ki\j gXik\j)
g\i 0 kf[Xj ZfljXj j\ ]Xq\d l`iklfjXd\ek\ +j+ =fX
lffekX[\) g\i hl\ j\aXd j\dgi\ dep [\j\afjfj [\]X'
q\i Xkf[fj [\i\pkf \ek\e[\e[f hl\ Xhl\jk\ _\ _k`â [fj
gipeZ`gXX\j iXdfj [\ j\l f]`Z`f) g\i fhkiXc g\iZX D}XiX)
lXe[f Y\d f]\q\i) ^iz[\ VXcÇXi[fd [\efjjf j\e_fi
; \fj \á cfllfi) Xdfi) \ fY\[i\eZ`X [fj _fdíNj+ <YXj*
kXek\ gf[\i [\]fik\cc\qX) [f ZfiX}fd) Zfdgi\pjjfd)
\ lffekX[\ g\i hl\ gfjjX jfgfikXi fj kiXYXc_fj [Xj f*
[`\eZ`Xj) [\jÅYXi^fj) g\i[\e[Ü jfef) Zfd\i) Y\l\i)
\ ]fc^Xe}X) hlXe[f Zfdgipi) efd j\ l\eZ\e[f g\i X'
dfi) k\dfi) gifl\`kf) giXq\i) fl jXe_X ?f jXY\i
hlXekf \d kfXf g\iX \jkf dX`j ]fjj\) kXekf \iX d\*
c_fi ) dX`j fe[\ fjj\l efd XYXjkXi [\l\ Zfe_\Z\i
hlXX\j jfd Xj ZfljXj hl\ efd jXY\ e\d gf[\ Y\d
\ek\e[\i) \ hl\ c_\ Z]cl\d i\^\ ijj\ g\i X[\k\idpeX'
}fd [fj c\k\iX[fj @jj\ f]\`kf kXc ]fi) ]XccXe[f Zfd X*
hl\cc\j hl\ gfi d\c_fi\j) \ ]fiX [\ jfjg\`kX Zfe_\Z\i)

$/./4/7-, +6 / * 2 2 ) 1 -
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK' /.6
]Xq\e[f hl\ c_\ dfjki\d fhl\ c_\ [`q\d \dgi\j\ekX
[Xhl\cc\j hl\ iXqfX[Xd\ek\ f\ek\e[\i\d) fl \c g\ijjp
fl\aX j\ jXY\ \ek\e[\i cXkpif+ ?\kX` ^lpjX h l\aXiX
j\ fk\okf) ^ifjX) [flkfi Xhl\ccf á [`q\d) fl c\k\iX*
[fj g\i j\d\c_Xek\ fhl\i XgipZXi+ @Xjjp [Xj `\ o ) jc`c*
cf j ) Zljkld\j [f i\pa]Zf >X \d kf[f \jkf g\ik\\eZ\ Xfë
j\e_fi dlp [`jZi\kXd\ek\ \jZfc[ipeYXi \ Zfe_\Z\i Xj
ZfljXj hl\ ZXXá \d al`qf [\YfX iXqfd) fl jfd Xjjp
ZljkldX[Xj hl\ Y\d jXY\ XdXe\`iX hl\ jfYi\ccXj =\
[\l\ c\\i) fl j\ g\ik\\Z\d Xfj c\k\iX[fj [\ Xj [}k\iì
dpeXi Zfd fj XlpjXd\ekfj jljf jZi`gkfj+ @hlXe[f Xc*
^lâ j\e_fi kXX\j l`ikl[\j Y\d fll\i \ giXk`ZXi) Zfd
Xd\iZ\\ [\efjjf j\e_fi [~fj) ]XiX Y\iX \d \jkX gXik\
^fl\ieXi Xaljk`}X) efd j\\e[f \dYXi^X[f g\i flkifj
^iXe[\j XXqfj) \f]\idp[X[\j) \ g\jX[fj ]\`kfj ) hl\ f
]X}fd efd gf[\i XYiXe^\i Xkf[f Zfdf [\j\aX) Y\d
jXY\) \ gf[\i`X) j\ [\kXc ^lpjX efd ]fjj\ kfdX[f' '
NfYi\ X^lXi[X [fj ml+ g\ZX[f' \`\^lpd\ekf [\jkXj
l`ikl[\j k_\fcc\^XX\j) \ ZXi[\eXX\j) jfYi\ hl\ k\e_f
jZi`gkf) k\d ]le[Xd\ekf X[\i\`kX [\lX}fd) gfi hl'
fj [\lfkfj d\ gXi\Z\d ki\j dXe\`iXj Clâj Z\ipiXfì
eÇXj h Xj j\^l\d gfi lXx ^cfi`X) \ Zfek\ekXd\ekf [\
^\\iXk cfllfi hl\ gfi Xc^l]cj dfjkiXe}Xj [\ Z\ikXj [\'
lX}fá\j [\dfjkifd) \d dpjXj fllpi) a\aLXi \ j\iX\ì
c_Xek\j) fj hlXX\j [\lpXd k\d\i Xhl\c [`Zkf) hl\
efd ]\q\jj\d kXX\j ZfljXj gfi j\\i\d [fj _fd\\ej
cfllX[fj+ Jlkifj Xk\\d gfi dXe\`iX [X^f`if) \ Xhl\j*
kf gf\e[f kXd ]Çid\ k\\e}fd \iX [`q\i Xc^l]k fiX}fd '
fl kiXq~i Z\ikXj i\c`hlpXj )å hl\ gfi \ccfì \ek\]c[~ Xf\]
XeX jXclX}fd ) lpf\à[f XZ\iXgi`d\ekf [\jj\lj dXXf'
[\j\afj ã Zfdf ]`c_Xd gfi X^fpif Z\ikfj jpeXx\j) kk'
hl\cc\j hl\ jXe[`Xd\ek\ fj ^lXi[XiX X"jp Xhâ\jk\j ZX`i\'
X`aiXiX XÇ^l|j ZfljXj [\ gflZf d\i`aZpiX\ecf) Zfief*j~
Xhl\ccf ]fjj\ XgipeZ`gXa ^lXc[X [\efjjX ZfeZ`\eZ`X kkf`â
i\^lXi[Xe[f Xhl\c [`Zkf[fXeXe^\`Yf Ifd Xhl\c hl~
í_q j\c`_fi) ]k\e_gi) *\ekOJRi bbK O\pef [-3 Z\\fì) iX\í
Xhl\c hl\ ]Xq VlffekX[\ [\ d\l gX[i\ 7@\j k\iX\Ç]kxc

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
//- K HA = H ?-JOOAHDA.N+-'
hl\ jlX ]`eXc k\Å}fd gfÜ ef c\`oXd\ekf [\ g\ZX[fj)
\ j\^lad\ekf [\ l`ikl[\+ Kfi\d Xdpd gXi\Z\ hl\ jf*
Yi\jkf j\ [\l\ ^lXi[Xi Xhl\c [`Zkf [f XlXe^\c_f hl\
Xj ZfljXj gipeZ`gXX\j Zál\d ]Xq\i +j+ ^lXi[Xi [fX g\*
ZX[fj) \ j\^l`i Xj l`ikl[\j) \ Xj flkiXj [\jgfj`}fÜ\j
[\c`Xj Kfi\d jfYi\ccXj [\l\d ]Xq\i gipeZ`gXc ]le[X*
d\ekf Xhl\cc\j hl\ l`iklfjXd\ek\ [\j\aá lpl\i) ef`e
[\jgi\qXe[f kf[Xj YfXj ZpipdfepXj \ flkiXj _fe\jkXj
[\lX}ffÅj hl\ XZX[X_lâ j\^le[f j\l \jkX[f) _p[X[\)
[\jgfj`}fd g\ik\\Z\iÜ+

'FGACLCCF .o.+
(9J <=>ABUFFVJ K ?K=I9C $<9J ML$ LAIKL<=J GIAE;AG99=J) =
JG=;A9CD=EK= <9J KI=J K@=FCCF?99=J) J=?LE<F VK=EUZ
<9C?L\J J9:=<FI=J+

59NQ hl\ [\k\idpeX}fd ^\\iXc _\) hl\ [Xj ZfljXj

Xà\dfj ^iXe[\ Zfe_\Z`d\ekf g\i jlXj [\]`ae}ffÅj+ Kf*
i\d dXe[\` Xhlp gf\i Xc^lzj [fj ml g\ZX[fj dfi*
kXX\j) \ [Xj gi`eZ`gXX\j ml l`ikl[\j) [\ hl\ lfj \e
ZpdX k\e_f jZi`gkf) j\^le[f g\i Xc^lâj [fZkfi\j \ jX*
Y\[fi\j jfd jZi`gkfj @kal\`\\?}fd [\lfccXj Xjjp X*
gXikX[Xd\ek\ dXe[Xi jZi\l\i) gfi j\ d\c_fi gf[\i\d
Xgi\e[\i) \ c\dYiXi+ @[\dpd efd jZi\lp \d \ccXj
aj\efd Xc^lz [\ZEXiX}fd [f cpe^lX^\d) dXj [\p ZXi*
i\^f Xc\k\iX[fj) hl\ dXj jZi\l\jj\`e) \ kf[f efd _\
Yff [\ \ek\e[\i j\d [\ZEXiX}fd [Xhl\cc\j hl\f Y\d
\ek\e[\d) gfi\d ef hl\ [llp[Xi[\j) XkX` c\k\iX[f
gi\^âkXXj hl\ lfccf jX`YYX Y\d [\ZcXmXi7 gfi hl\ e\d
_Xd kf[fj [\jkXj ZfljXj Xhl\cc\ jXY\i hl\ [\l\i`Xd+
?Xj l`ikl[\j Xjjp gf[\dfj ]XccXi [\ [lXj dXl\`iXj +jm
\d ^\\iXc) fl gifgipXdÅc\) \ \d jg\Z`Xc) \+ Xjjp _lzj
\ Xj flkiXj i\hl\i\d jlXj [\]`a}ffÅj) gfi hl\ _\ [\
efkXi) hl\ [\ [lXj dXe\`iXj _\ X l`ikl[\+ Cl| g\i]\`*
kX hl\ kiXq XdXpfi YÅXl\e]ZliXe}X)*hl\ @= Xlp[X g\i'
ZcliXl\b @Xhl\jkX _\ l`ikl[\ ^iXZ`fjX XhlXc j\^le[f

$/./4/7-, +6 2NNGKE
 - H A = H ?KGOOAHDAEN§+ //.
jXeZkf X^fjkpe_f) \ fd\\jki\ [Xj j\ek\e}Xx eX j\^le*
[X [Äjk`a}fd oom``+ Xjjp j\ [\]`a \d ^\\iXc P `i kl [\
_\ YfX hlXc`[X[\ [X lffekX[\ g\i XhlXc lpl\d [\i\`*
kXd\ek\) \ g\i XhlXc e_lâ dXc _ljX) hl\ [\fj \d
f_fd\d fYiX+ JlkiX _\ l`ikl[\ adg\i]\`kX) fl efd
XZXYX[X ) ]a efd kiXq X[\iiX[\`iX g\i]\`}fd ) XhlXc
l`ikl[\ ad g\i]\`kX _\ Z_XdX[X gfc`k`ZX dfiXc fl Xkhl\*
X`kX) X hlXc \d ^\\iXc g\i f]`ccfjf]f gipdf \k_`Zfild)
Xjjp _\ [\]`ae[X 6 P`ikl[\ _\ hl\ ]Xq g\i]\`kf j\^le[f
Xgi\j\ek\ lp[X) fhl\ _Xk\d) \ kiXq XYÅ jlXj fYiXj)
fl j\^le[f fd\\jki\+ P`ikl[\ _\ _lâ XY` kf g\i fhlXc
XXcdX _X g\i]\`}fd g\i Y\d \ gifekXd\ek\ fYiXi) X*
hlXc [\]`ae}fd Xkf[X l`ikl[\ k_\fc\^Xc aek\cc\ZklXc) \
dfiXc) gXi\Z\ hl\ j\il\ @gf`j hl\ Xjjp _\ [\ ZX[X*
_lz gifZ\[Xdfj) \ gipd\`if [Xj l`ikl[\j k_\fc\^XX\j
% J l`ikl[\j k_\f`f^`ZXj jfd ki\j +j+ A \ ) Ng\iXe}X)
>Xi`[X[\) ZfekXe[f g\i fi[\d Xik\c`Z`Xc) jl]`Z`ÅeZ`X)
[Xj hlXX\j Xjjp j\ gf[\ [\k\idpeXi kf[X ZfljX hl\
fYi\ g\i \ek\e[`d\ekf) Zâl\d Xek\ Zfe_\Z\i X]pd+
@Xjjp _\ X]`\+ Dk\d fhl\ Zfejj`aiX g\iZXc}Xccf) \ Xjjp
_\ jg\iXe}X+ O\iZ\`if hl\ Zfe_\}X Xhl\ccf j\\i Y\d)
fi hl\ e_lâ [\j\aX j\efd Y\d ) fl hl\ gXi\}X Y\d
; cXjjp _\ >Xi`[X[\) XhlXc fdX`j Xckf Y\d [\j\aX) j\*
^l\ ) \ XdX @jkX _\ fjjlifXi`f [Xj jfYi\ [`\kXj l`ikl'
[\j+ >Xi`[X[\ _\ _lâ Xdfi g\i fhlXc [\fj _\ XdX[f 5
gfi jp d\\4df) \ fgiflo`df g\ccf [\ [\fj @\d [\fj
j\^le[f \jk\ jXeZkf X^fjkpe_f >Xi`[X[\ _\ l`ikl[\
g\i XhlXc jfdfj dflp[fj g\iX XdXi [\fj dX`j hl\ efj
ç fgiflo`df XZ\iZX [\efj j\^le[f fd\\jki\ [Xj j\e*
k\e}X`j+ Ng\iXe}X _\ _lâ Xki\lpd\ekf [\lffekX[\ Z82*
\\Y`[X [XcXi^l\qX+[\ [\fj g\iXXl\i lp[X g\i[liXl\c)
j\^le[f jXeZkf X^fjkpe_f+ Ng\iXe}X _\ Z\ikf X^lXi*
ícXd\ekf' [X ^cfi`X hl\ _X*[\lÇai [X^iX}X [\[\fj) \
efjjfj d\i`Zpd\ekfj) j\^Xe[f fd\\jki\+ A \ ) _\ ae*
k\d[`d\ekf 1X l`ikl[\) [Xj ZfljXj agjj\gjjplV\j hl\
g\ik\\Z\ Xi+i\c`^pfd [fj ogXzf} ) j\^le[f ^i\^fip+}b
A \ ; _\ l`ikl[\g\iXXhlXa+Xhl]kcaXj 6ZgHjX") 5-+ ]lei

$/./4/7-, +6 ! %" " # `\

/// K H A = H ?KJOOAHDGEGK+
[Xd\ekf [Xii\c`^`fke g\ik\\Z\d ]`id\d\ek\ jfd Zi\X*
[Xj) j\^le[f fd\\jki\+

'9GAKLCCF D q `] +
<9J HL9KIF LAIKL<=J DFI99=K$

+=*l l`ikl[\j dfiXX\j hl\' ZXi[\eXX\j jfd Z_XdX[Xj

fZfekf [\ hlXkif) efd gXjjÜ Xjjl]`Z`\eZ`X) [Xj hlXX\j
j\^le[f NXeZkfdXq) adgipdX j\Zâ[\) Xjjp [\ZcXiX Xj
l`ikl[\j dfiXX\j) \jkXd ]fidXcd\ek\ ef Y\d [X iX*
qfd @\jkf g\i [lXj dXe\`iXj) fl j\^le[f \jkXd \d
\jjX Zfek\dg_e}fd [X iXqfd jp`egi\jd\ek\+ @Xjjp _\
_l0 jg`i`klXc l`ikl[\ hl\ Y\ Z_XdX[X gil[ÅZ`X N\ [\*
l\i[X[\ \jkX ef Y\d [XiiXqfd j\Zle[f fi[\eXe}X @
\jkf [\ [lXj dXe\`iXj) fl XZ\iZX [f fYiXd\ekf) \ Xj*
jp _\ aljk`}X) fl XZ\iZX [X gX`ofd) \ \jkf kXd Y\d
[\ [lXj dXe\`iXj) fl XgX`ofd aeZÇ`eX g\i [\j\af X*
gifjj\^l`i Xc^lzj ZfljXj hl\ jfd ZfekiX fi[\eXe}X [X
iXqfd) Xjjp Zfdf X^Xi^XekfpZ\ [\ cloli`X) fl hlX\j
hl\i flkiXj kfig\j [\c\`kX}ffÅj) \ Xjjp _\ j`aÉX[X k\d*
g\iXe}X hl\ i\]i\X XgX`ofd ZfeZlg`Z`l\c @jj\ XgX`i
ofd ]Xq kfieXi XkiXq [Xhl\ccf hl\ j\ iXqfX[Xd\ek\ [\'
l\ j\^l`i) Xjjp Zfdf [\ kiXYXc_Xi) lp^pXi) \ j\^lp*
e`\ekf [\ aljkXj YXkXc_Xj C\ Xjj`aeX[X) flkiX l`ikl[\)
hl\ j\ [`q ]fik\cE\qX XhlXc f_fd\d \j]fi}X g\iX Z8b
d\k\i Xj ZfljXj ]fik\j \ jfgfikXi Xj ki`jk\j @gfi\d
efd jfd dX`j hl\ hlXkif) ZXg`kXX\j \ gipeZ`gXX\j
l`ikl[\j) [Xj hàXX\j j\jj\^l\d Xj [}Ç`ae}ff~j) \ gip*
d\`if [X gil[\eZ`X+ Kil[\eZ`X Y\ Zfe_\Z`d\ekf [Xj
ZfljXj hl\ jfd g\iX [\j\aXi) \ \jhl`lXi j\^le[f klc*
cÇf+ Kil[\eZ`X _\ _lâ alpqf [X iXjfd g\i fhlXc j\ gf*
[\ Xe\i Zfe_\Zpd\ekf [\ Y\d) \ [f dXc) \ [f hl\
kXfd _\ [\_l]` e\d [f flkif) j\^le[f fi`^pe\`e+ Elì:
k`}X _\ ]`id\ \ g\i[liXl\c lffekX[\ [X[fi XZX[X_lN
ífljX [\Xj\l [\i\`kf) j\^le[f jXeZkf XVfjkpe_f+ Ekì*
kÇ}X _\ [\jgfj`}fd [f ZfiX}fd) \ [\j\af [X fffekX[\
g\i XhlXc ZX[X_l[ _\ [`Zkf ax\kf j\^le[f klÇcpf+ O\e'*

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
 @ Q E = H ?KGOOAHOAENK+ //&
g\iXe}X _\ X]\`}fd) hl\ i\]i\X fXg\k`kf) eXhl\ccXj
ZfljXj hl\ kfig\d\ek\ [\j\aX[Xj) j\^le[f X^fjkpe_f
O\dg\iXe}X _\ e`ikl[\ hl\ XdXejjX XZfY`a}X g\iX
efd jfYi\gfaXi Xc\p [X iXqfd Xii\g\\e[\e[fjj\ [X
ZfljX [`^eX [\ i\gi\_\ejjfd) j\^le[f dXZfYipf+ Afi*
k\cc\qX _\ ]`id\qX 1 \ ZfiX}fd XZ\iZX [X hl\ccXj Zf`'*
jX5 hl\ k\dgfiXcdÄek\ jfd ki`jk\j) j\^le[f X^fjkp*
e_f+ Afgk\cc\qX _\ _l[ [\j\af [Xj ZfljXj ^iXe[\j) !
[\jgi\qXd\ekf [Xj ZfljXj YX`oXj) \ jf]i`d\ekf [\ g\*
i`^ffj) \ kiXYXc_fj Zfd iXqfX[X _ldp `[X[\) j\^le[f
klccpf+
'9GRL]F Doei+
<FJ 0+A G=;9<FJ DFIK99=J =D ?==I9-
B
cV \ k\ jfd Xj cXdgX[Xj ef \gfZXcc``jj\ hl\ j`^ep]`ZXd
Xj m`] l`ikl[\j \d \c d\\jdf) j\k\ g_`XX\j j`^ep]`ZXd
X_`iX [\ [\fj) hl\ jfd j\k\ g\ZX[fj g\i fj hlXX\j
X[XeX}fd g\i[liXl\c d\i\Z\dfj _\ [\efkXi hl\ fj
g\ZX[fj \ Xjjp g\i df[fj ae]`ae[fj j\ gf[\d [\]cai)
gfi hl\ fY\d) j\^le[f f]`Pfjf]f g\i _lâ jff df[f
_ \ ) J dXc g\i ae3ae[fj \iifi\j XZfek\Z\) \dg\if hl\
]`XlpkXj ZfljXj jfd l`jkXj g\i fd\\jkm\ [Xj j\ek\e}Xj
g\i ZlikX XlpjX[X [\k\idpeX}fd) jfd [\jgfjkXj ef
j\l j\^le[f c`lif [\jk`ae}f`e +0+ 2+ fe[\ fg\ZX[f dfi*
kXc [\]pd \d ^\\iXc [\ ki\j dXe\`iXj) [Xj hlXX\j _lã
jffd\ek\ gfe_f) \ _\ [\ jXXZkf XdYifj`f+ ?`q hl\ f
g\ZX[f _\ giplX}fd [X c\` [plpeX) f [Xj ZfljXj Z\c*
Ç\jki`XX\j) \ [\jfY\[`\eZ`X [fj dXe[Xd\ekfj <hlXc
k`\]`ae}fd) Xkf[f g\ZX[f dfikXc gf[\ g\ik\\Z\i) \ Z 0*
kXiai) dXj dlpkf dX`j Xf gipd\`if [\ kf[fccfj j\k\)
XjjfdX [fj hlXX\j Xjjp j\ gf[\ Z\iZXi [\ jlXj ]Oaj)
Xjjp hl\ Xj ^\\iXX\j \ ZXg`kXX\j [\kf[fccfj g\ZX[fj
jfd [lXj +j+ gXi\Z\i _lz ZfljX Y\d) he\ g\i jp _\
DeXc) fl gXi\Z\i dXc Xhl\ccf hl\ l\i[X[\`iXd\ek\ g\i
jp _\ Y\d ) \ j\ _\ ZfljX " gXi\}X Y\d) \ l\i[XX\`ì
iXd \ek\ _\ dXc) \jkf [\ ki\jì dXe\`iXj) fl: gXi\Zì
Y\d _fe\jkf ) \ Xjjp _\ XfYjilX) Xjjp Zfdf ef g]p'

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 c\
//1 • HA =H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
d\`if |af) fl gXi\Z\ Y\d gifâ\`kfjf) \ Xjjp _\ XXlX*
i\qX) Xjjp Zfdf \d al[Xj jZXi`fc\) fl gXi\Z\ Y\d [\*
c\`kXl\c @\jkf [\ [lXj dXe\`iXj) fl j\^le[f f^fjkf)
\ Xjjp g\Zfl \lX) g\i X^lccX) fl Y\ [\c\`kfjf j\^le[f
kXe^pd\ekf) \ Xjjp _\ cloli`X [XhlXc efd [\j]Xcc\Z\
\o\dgif+ N\ _\ ZfljX %E gXi\}X d Xc) \ _\ l\i[X[\`iX*
d\ek\) [\ [lXj dXe\`iXj) fl d\ gXi\Z\ dXc j\^le[f
eXkliX \ Xjjp _\ piX) \ Xjjp Zfdf \d ZXpd ) j\^le[f
^lccX _\ Y\d \ gXi\Z\ dXc) Xjjp _\ Ål\a;) \ \jk\X
[flj j\ \ekÅ[\d ef flkif) j\ \d jp gXi\Z\ dXc) fhl\
_\ Y\d) Xjjp _\ XZ`[`X) Xjjp Zfdf efj _fd\Åj gip*'
^lp}fjfj Xfj hlXX\j _\ Yff [\kiXYXE_Xi) \dg\if gX*
i\Z\c_\j dXc) gfi XhlXc iXqfd dlp kfj jfd ]\`kfj dpq*
hlpe_fj \ gifl\j @ Xjjp jfd j\k\ g\ZX[fj ZXg`kXX\j)
\ efd dX`j) [fj hlXX\j j\ [`q\d jlXj [\]`ae}ffÅj) j\*
^le[f fi[\eXe}X [Xhl\ccX [`}fd jXcc`^`X+

'9GAYLCCF co`l`+
3=?L=EJJ= <9J <=>ABUFFXJ JG=;A99=J <FJ I E G=;9<FJ)
GIAD=AIF <9 JF:=IE9+

NfY\il X _\ Xdfi) fl [\jfi[\eX[f Xg\k`kf [X giÑgi`X

\oZ\cc\eZ`X) j\^le[f fd\\jki\ [Xj j\ek\e}Xj+ NfY\ilX
_\ _lâ Z\^f Xg\k`kf [\ ZfiX}fd) \ [\ lfákX[\ [\
jpe^lccXi \oZ\cc\eZ`X jfYi\ kf[fj) j\^le[f jXeZkf X*
^fjkpe_f+ <lXi\qX _\ [\jkNg\iX[f Xg\k`kf [\ [peY\`*
if) \ [\ Z`\eZ`X) fl [\ hlXc hl\i flkiX ZfljX hl\ j\*
aX [\ YljZXi) fl i\k\\i) j\^le[f X^fjkpe_f+ <lXi\qX
_\ ZfY`a}X [\ [pe_\`if hl\ efd hl\i Z\jjXi [fj Xg\'*
k`[fj) e\d j\ Xc\^iXi [Xj ZfljXj hl\ k\d j\^le[f
klccpf+ Gloli`X _\ ]\il\ek\ [\j\af [\[fidpi Zfd df*
c_\i jfYi\ d\[f) \ ZfekiX iXqfd) j\^le[f pj`[fif \
_l^f+ Gloli`X Y\ g\i [\j\afj \jZfii\^Xl\\j [XlffekX*
[\) \ [X ZXie\ [\j\e]i\X[f [\ii`YXd\ekf) j\^le[f pjp*
[fif CpiX _\ [\jfi[\eX[f Xg\k`kf [\lae^Xe}X) j\^le*
[f jXd+ k_fdXq+ CpiX _\ dflpd\ekf [f ZfiX}fd [Xj
\eali`Xj gXj\X[Xj) hl\ jg\iX [\kf[f lae^|}X) j\^le[f

$/./4/7-, +6 %, 0 `\
 3 H A = H ?-J0OAHDAEN-+ ç/2
xc^Xq\i+ BlccX _\ [\jfi[\eX[f Xg\k`kf [\ Zfd\i) \
Y}l\i) \d f c`íif [\ [`\kX jXclk`j+ BlccX Y\ Zfii\^`*
d\ekf jfcc`Z`kf [\lpXe[Xj) XXlXc kiXq [\cc\`cX}ffÅj)
j\^le[f jXd af_Xd Z`dXZf+ Çelp[`X) _\ ki`jk\qX [X*
Y\d Xl\ekliXe}X [Xc^l~d) \ [\ ZfekiX`if giXq\i) \d
c`lif [`Zk\+ Delp[`X _\ ki`jk\qX hl\ efd hl\i Xj Y\d
Xl\ekliXe}Xj [flki\d) j\^le[f _l^f+ HlZ`[`X _\ g\'
hl\ef Xdfi [fY\d Zfd efaf \ [\jfi[\eX[X ki`jk\qX [f
ZfiX}fd) \d c`lif [`Zk\+ <lZ`[mX _\ Xlfii\Zpd\ekf
hl\ X^iXlX XXcdX [Ñ _fd\d å) \ c_\ efd Zfejj\ek\ ]X*
q\i Xc^lz ZfljX [\ Y\d+

'9GAKLCCF D o m +
<9J <=>ABUFFAJ <9J IL LAIKL<=J GAAE;OG99=J) J=?LE<F
FJ I=DFEOJK9J$
+ ! '

1 \ _\ l`ikl[\ g\i XhlXc f ]`\c Zi\\ Xhl\ccf j\\i l\i*

[X[\ hl\ efd j\ek\) e\d \ek\e[\+ A\ _\ l`ikl[\ g\i
XhlXc f_fd\d jfYi\gfÜ\ XXj l`ikl[\j [\[\fj) \ [Xj
jlXj fYiXj jfYi\ Xj eXkliXX\j ]fi}Xj [f \ek\e[pd\e*
kf+ Ng\iXe}X _\ l`ikl[\) g\i XhlXc f_fdá \jg\iX [f
[\fj g\i[fXe}X) Xal[X ^XcÇXi[fd \ ^cfi`X+ Ng\iXe}X _\
l`ikl[\ hl\ Z\ik\]`ZX XXcdX [X Y\d Xl\ekliXe}X gfi
lcai) gf\e[f Zfe]`Xe}X ef j\l ^iXe[\ \ gf[\ifjf Xdp*
f+ >Xi`[X[\ _\ l`ikl[\ g\i XhlXc fZXi`kXkplf XdX
F \ f j j f Y i\ kf[XccXj ZfljXj \ jp d\\Xdf) \ giflo`df)
a^lXc Xjjp \d [\fj \ gfi f[\ [\fj+ >Xi`[X[\) _\ l`ikl*
[\) Zfd XhlXc XlffekX[\ jflY\ XdXi [\fj) \ j\l gifl*
o`df jfYi\ j\l gf[\i eXkliXc+ >Xi`[X[\ _\ l`ikl[\) g\i
XhlXc XlffekX[\ _\ i\^iX[X g\iX XdXi Xj ZfljXj yjjp
Zfdf jfd [`^eXj [XdXi+ Eljk`}X) _\ l`ikl[\ g\i XhlXc
.7TRSN [X X[\fj) Xjjp \ Xjj\l giflo`df fhl\ [\l\+
Kil[ÅeZ`X _\ l`ikl[\ hl\ Zfejj\c_X hl\ _fd\d Xd\
fY\d ) \ \hk\a\ fkfXc) \ dX`j Xd\ fdXpfi Y\d hl\f
d\fi hl\ dX`j \ek\a\ fdXpfi dXc hl\f d\fi+ Afik\c*
c\qX _\ l`ikl[\ g\i XhlXc) f_fd\d ]fik\]`ZX jlX XcdX
ZfekiX fj g\ZX[fj) \ hl\ gfjjX g\iZXc}Xi Xj l`ikl[\j'

$/./4/7-, +6 ' 8 ( ( ) 1 -
0/3 K H > = H ?KGOONHDA_#K+
P^fi^kZgÅZ a^ nbkmn]^ i^k ZjnZe hahf^f k^_k^Z ^nó
nhhgmZ]^ jn^ ^lmZ Zgmk^ ]nZl ^qe^kfr]Z]^l \hgmkZÖkZl
^f \Zgeb]Z]^+

8P_X[gz[^ P T R G
SPb STUXYq^^cb S^b a d _TRPS^b bTVd]S^ ^b aT\^]hbcPc(

+ô +n Zk^sZ a^ fZZh Zi^mbmh ]^ Zn^kb ^ k^m^^k'hl [^çl

jn^ ZahgkkZ ]^]^hl) ^ ikhn^beh ]^k ikhnqbfh) l^ ]^X
n^f ]^liÑ]^k+ CneeZ a^ i^\Z]h i^k hjnZe Z`hlmh a^
]^lnrZ]h ]^ lnZ ]^k^bmZ _rf i^k fnreg \hf^k) hn [^*
n^k+ CneeZ a^ i^\Z]h i^k hjnZe h`hebhlh ikrnZ ^f lr
Z[lmrg^g\bZ) ^ m^fi^kZgÅZ i^k fnrmh \hf^k ^ [ ^ Z ^ k)
^ i^k ]^lhk]^gZ]h Zi^mbmh ]^bm^l+ HnqnkbZ a^ i^\Z]h
\hf hjnZe henqhkbhlh ]^lnrZ Z\hineeZ \ZkgZe ]Z hk]Éji
^ _rf i^kZ jn^ a^+ Oh[^knZ a^ i^\Z]h \hf hjnZe hl'
lh[^knh ]^l^cZ ZahgkkZ jn^ Z^e ghf \ân^f =n\b]bZ a^
i^\Z]h i^k âjnZe ah hn\bhlh aZ g^`eb`^g\bZ) hn ik^*

°rvÖ^ ab abj^ka^o ^p rfoqrabp b bpnrfs^o lp mb`^alp)

i^ppv pb allb al_bj alrqobj) b pb ^ibdo^ al j^i abf+
Fksbg^ eb mb`^al mbo lnr^i l Prbglpl gkgrpq^jbkqb ab*
pbg^ l_bj alr qobj Efo^ eb mb`^al mbo lnr^i lpp^ke qf*
al ibd^ pr^ if_boa^ab b abiv_bo^Ölj `lkqo^ ^oobcob^a^
rllkq^ab obdrii^a^ pl m^`fàk`f^) b mbo `lkppbdrvkqb
ïkqbg^ l_bj) b ^j^ lj^i+

8P_hcdH^ E T R E E +
nwb _TRPS^U T ^dca^b UPHXRX\T]c^b `dT bT P_a^_aXP\ P^
R^aPq^\) T PPb ^dcaPb ]^bbPb _Pa[Tb+

M l o nqob jb m^ob`bl nr^kal rlp pl_obpql c^ibv `dT

iflp mo^wf^ ^molmov^o lp c^iiv`vjbkqlp ^klpplp pbkqfalp
Üj bpqb `^mfqriil) pl_obiil c^obf ^idrÇ ab`i^o^Ölj)
jb5qro^kal k^qro^i `lj jlo^i) pbdrkal ^jvj o^wl^*
al m^ob`b B^gka^ nrb qlaliilp mb`^alp qbke^j pbr k^(
ïfjbqfql mofk`fm^i kl `lo^Ölol ; `ljl afw klppl pbkelo)

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
 _; Hy=H ?-G5OAHDG.N-ñ /.<
mlobj br mbkppbv ab ^ppfgk^o ^idrëp pmb`v^ijbkqb ^bi*
ib) b lrqolp ^lp pbkqfalp+ Bmovjbfo^jbkqb ^bbi mbo*
qbbrbb qla^ abpdlrbok^kÖ^ a^p alwb m^fulèbp prpl af*
bq^p( ^( >jlo ëbpbgl+ Babibfq^Ölj+ Lafl B^rloob`v*
jbkql) Qofpqbw^) J^kppfallb) Pmbo^kÖ^ B^qobrvjàql)
P^k_^) Abpmbo^Ölj Bqbjlo) Bj^fp bjm^`el b rbodl*
ke^+ K^p nr^^bp `lrp^p) `ljl pb qobpm^p^ lnrb ^oobdi^
abobfq^ j^ka^) c^w `^vo bj j^i) b mb`^al+ Babpqb
qfbbj ^j^vlo m^oqá alp mb`^alp b j^iibp @^ pl_bor^)
s^Ç dilof^ ) Bkrbg^ ) efo^ ) >r`faf^ >r^obw^ ) pbrp
movk`fm^^bp c^iif`vjbkqlp a^p afbq^p m^fulláp abp`bk(
abj ´qobp boolp nrb jrvql `lka^k^j +p+ a^p `lrp^p
do^kabp abpbpmbo^o) b ^p mbnrbk^p abpmobw^o) b _rp(
`^o o^wlfk erppb klj mlab ^`e^o) ^bi abrbj pbbo ^*
molmof^alp) b qbbj ^qiv pbr crka^jbkql) b a^p afbq^p
m^fulláp abp`bkabj > l bkqbkabo mboqbbk`b p^_bo a^o
_l^ cvj ^åp `ëva^alp k^p `lrp^p nrb ^rbjlp abc^wbo
b _llp objÜaflp ^l nrb pb^ ab`lkio^afwbo Bqlal nrb
_bj mo^qf`^ojlp a^p sk m^oqbp kl `ljbÖl p`ofmq^p +p+
>moàabo) Kbj_o^o) Grid^o) Klr^jbkqb ^`e^o) Ab*
`i^o^o) Bbkppvk^o) Bub`rq^o) Bmboppbrbo^kÖ^) @lkp*
q^k`f^) b cfojbw^+ Mlobj qlal c^iif`fjbkql bj nrb `^vo*
^ l p mbo `^a^erÇ abpq^p m^oqbp prpl afbq^p) a^ jvkdr^
ab _l^ moraàk`f^) nrb k^ m^oqb al bkqbkabo qbj pbr
crka^jbkql) abrb pbbo `lkq^al nrb klp mol`bab+ Klp
lielp Gbfu^kal `roqbw^ lr klj abobfq^ rfpq^ b pbjb*
ie^kqb jvkdr^p k^qro^^bp bj nrb klj mlabjlp ào^bk*
a^o( Br rbgl `boqlp c^iif`folbkqlp abklfk _l^ `lkqbkbk*
Ö^ +p( lli_^o pl_borl) ovgl) pl_bgl) ilrÖ^Çl) b ^odr*
Ea h> L ) abp^ppbppbd^al) ^grabkd^al) jrg pvjmobw) mb*
p^al) obif^j) abjlpqo^alo a^ ibrvallè) mobdrvÖ^) lr
abkd^kl+ B `lj biibp mb`^jlp bj rfpq^ abr^^j dil*(
of^ mboqbb`bkqb ^ `lrp^p klpp^p ab fg klp pl_bg^jbkqb
^ibdo^jlp) b alrqo^p clid^kÖ^p nrb ^p3v klp mo^w abcf*
ie^o lr nrb pbg^j abplkbpq^p ab `orbia^ab) abp`^j_l(
lr j^i b ^_^qvo^bkql ab klpplp molrufjlp Mbo c^iiq`f*
kèql boo^jlp bj AJA _fo rbbo klppl pbkelo b ird^obp
BB /

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! HcKKM e^
//5 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
abrlqlp) b klj rfpfq^o mlo `èpplii^o ^lp nrb abrbjlp
`ljl _bj mlaboâ^jlp) kbj nrbobjlp ibbo pbl p^_b*
jlp lnrb klp mlab mbo^ klppl _bj bkppvk^o) b ^moå*
rbfi^o) lr rbbo mbppl^p râoqrlp^p) lr _llp cbfqlp ab
nrb cvie^jlp _llp bubjmolp b `lkppbielp mbo^ klpp^
p^ir^Ölj b obdvjbkql a^ p^rab) b _ll bpq^al ì mbo
bpq^p m^oqbp nrb ql`l pb mlab `lkppâgo^o nrb mlo erp^o
a^ râpq^ `ljl klj abrbjlp lr klj nrbobojlp rbbo
lnrb klp `èrbj jrgq^p rbwbp `^vollp bj mb`^al) lr
c^wbjlp q^i `lrp^) lr jlpqo^kÖ^ nrb eb afdk^ aboob*
mobbkpplj+ >lp k^ofwbp) ibfu^kal cbfÖlj ) b ^idr^p
klj _l^p `lkqbkbkÖ^p) nrb ^idrNp cfie^j abj^^l `rp*
qrj b) lrqol c^iif`fjàql ef klj e^ ) pbklj pl_bg^ ab*
ibfq^Ölj ab _llp `ebfolp) b abiifdbk`f^ ablp ^rbo) lr
qo^wbo `lj bkqbkÖlj `loormq^+ Abirurof^) d^od^kqlv*
` b ) lr abppl_bg^ clid^kÖ^) k^ ariÖro^ abiibp+ >^_l`^
mboqbb`bj bpibp c^ie`fjbkqlp) ibfu^kal cbfÖlj ) klj
@hZ `lkqbkPÖ^) jvkdr^ abdo^Ö^ bj c^ii^o) b ofgo nrb
pb klj mlab bkppvk^o A^ m^oqb a^ d^od^kqlv`b `ljl
af`ql eb) klj ^^dr^oa^o mbo^ `ljbo) _brbo lo^ RDdTUa
kvbk q b ) `lj bo) _brbo pl_bgl) _rp`^o rv^ka^p) lr rv*
kelp `lj abiifdbk`f^ pbjmob bpqobj^alp) erp^kal abf*
i^ `lj pl_bg^ clid^kÖ^) b `bobjlkf^p+ C b l ) abplkbp*
ql ) Örgl) jvkdr^al j^i b abploabk^a^jbkqb pborval
nr^kql ^lp `rpqrjbp+ Al c^ii^o plj c^iif`vjbkqlp) ob*
kbd^o) gro^o) `lkqo^ ablp jrojro^o) abp^pmbo^o) eb*
obpf^p ^cfoj^o) lr àppfk^o `lkqo^ ^p loabk^kÖ^p a^ fdob*
g^ ) j^i o^wl^o) a^idrÜj j^iafwbo) ^pp^ke^o) lr mol*
sl`^o ) jvkqfo) bkd^k^o) abplkbpql c^ii^o) mbocf^o pbj
qbjml) lr `lkqo^ nrbj klj `èrbj) abpmobw^o) hn
albpq^o lp nrb klj abrbjlp) m^ioo^o lqz pb abrb dr^o*
a^o) lr klj ^jlbpq^o) bkppvk^o) bk`^jvke^o) `^pqf*
d^o) `lkpplii^o) p`rp^o) nr^kal eb _bj ab c^wbo) kbj
lrqlod^o lnrb eb o^wlj+ Nr^kql ^lp `rpqrjbp) ibf*
u^kal d^dl) b pbjbie^kqbp c^iif`vjbkqlp k^qro^^bp bo*
o^jlp mbo c^ii^o jrvql pl_bgl) jvkdr^al) qofdlpl)
nZ`Zkhlh& j^fp _^ful hn ^iql jn^ i^km^^\^ pbj [hZ

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! " - # # $ . *
 - H A = H ?KJOOAHD>£NK+ #/6
`lkqbkPÖ^ aÑ_l`^) llie^o) `^_bÖ^) b ol^^lp A_rgZe*
jbkqb kl nrb afwbo nrvpbojlp klp `ãrbj `lkpfgo^o
movjbfol ^klppl bpq^al) efa^ab) p^_bo) j^kbfo^ ab
_ZeeZk ) abpbjm^`el) ^ ^ppbppbdl ab klppl `lo^Öè A]^lr
nrb ^rbjlp aboo^wl^o) nl2ql ^nrbj) lkab) bj nrb
jlal) b nr^kal ?Z mbo c^iif`folbkql ab`^a^eN^ abpq^p
m^oqbp boo^jlp kl nrb ZZ_ZeeZ mboqbb`b bj `lk`fbk`f^)
b _llp `Rpqrjbp+ }j lrrvo) ibfw^kal j^^ `lkqbkbk*
Ö^ a^_ofo ^_l`^) qlo`bo ^`^_bÖ^) bpqfo^o ali_lp) nrb
pb mlab mbo _ll `rpqrjb p`rp^o klpplp c^iif`fjbkqlp
mlabj pbbo `lkppfgo^alp) mlo lnrb eb OQ>K p`ofmql ab*
c^ii^o+ ?Z rfpq^p ^p `lrp^p nrb pb klj abrbjlp afwbo)
pb `lkeb`bolj) ^l nrb klj plj ab lrrvo AZZe^f
]^ebZl mlabjlp boo^o bj klp mo^wbo alrrvojlp klpplp
d^_lp) lr pl_bg^jbkqb Ze`nOl `lrp^p mlo clid^kÖ^)
bj nrb mbnrbjlp mbo l``flpfa^ab lr rÑ^o^ dilof^ = h
pbkqfal al q^kdbo mboqbbk`b movk`fm^ijbkqb lkb`^al
a^ irurof^) ab nrb j^fp 5 pmb`f^i klj bkqbkal abp+
`obrbo+ AfZbl qlal rvÖl) jvjl) b mljm^) jrvql ab
klpplp `lomlp) mbo olrm^p nrb qo^d^jlp) `^j^p bj
jbb^ g^wbjlp) cldl ^nrb klp ^`ebd^jlp) `^p^p cof^p kl
rbo^Ñl) pbjbie^kqbp `lrp^p) mlo abibfq^Ölj abklppl^
\hkihl nrb pb c^Ö^j ^^ibj al nrb klp mboqbP`b) pbo
dëal klpp^ abpmlpfÖlj) b _va^ab) ?Z klo^ rbj abpql
mlr`l j^i) lkaà klppl pbkelo afw 7 MnÑ ^j^o pr^
kllkq^ab bj bpqb pbdob) k^ rva^ mboaro^rbi ^mboab*
kZ+ Aihk^f jb m^ob`b nrb krk`^ abpq^p `lrp^p eb
jrfgql ab `ro^o) kbj e!m^ cfie^o do^kab ^cbfÖã mlo mZe
nrb klj pbg^jlp j^fp plif`fqlp a^p `lrp^p ^l `lomå
mboqbb`bkqbp nrb ^l pmofql+ Ahl nrb _bj lpp^_bj c^*
wbo qbbj q^i j^kbfo^ nrb ^l m^ob`bo klj jlpqo^j
jvkdr^ abivjmbw^) kbj a^_^pq^kÖ^ bj qla^ `lrp^)
kbj jlal pvkdrii^o) j^p a^j ^ablp lppbr) dlrbokP*
al pbrp bpq^alp b `lomlp abq^i drvp^ `ljl mlab c^wbo
jnZe nrbo lrqo^ rfoqrlp^ mbppl^ mbo^ pbbo mobpqbp b lh*
cobo mlo pbr pborvÖl b klpp^p elkoo^p qla^ `lrp^ jn^
kZshZ]Z pbg^ü AZh jrkal c^wbj jlpqo^kÖ^ bo^ qlal pbr

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
 /0[ - H A = H ?K_mO_\#E_DAeG?'+
^idrë c^iif`vjbkql `ljl mboqbb`b ^pÄbr _ll bpq^al+
Mbo ^nrbpqÄ obm^oqfÖlj rlp mlabobbp ^rbo ^idrë pmb*
`f^i `lkeb`vjbkql ab klpplp c^iif`vjbkqlp) b ibbkal
bpql ^`bo`^ p`ofmql) sf bj err ivrol nrb (;b `e^j^
rboa^abp a^ qebliilpf^ erÑ lrqo^ alp mb`^alp) nrb jb
m^ob`bl _bj) ^nr^i rlp j^kabf qlok^o bj klpp^ ifk(
`nZ`^f ) b ^nrv p`obrbo) mlo ^rboabp abiibp j^fp `lj*
mofa^ bkcloj^Ölj ìalp mb`^alp nrb mboqbb`bj "`^*
a^erfq bpq^al) bj erë ifrol nrb cbw erë nrbppb `e^*
j^ j^oqvj màw) eb cbfq^ _l^ ab`i^o^Ölj) pbdrkal rlp
g^ abjlpqobf+ ì nrbj abiibp nrvpbo ^rbo `ljmofa^ bk*
cloj^Ölj rbg^ laf`ql Gvrol) mlo nrb ieb a^o^ mbo^
biil do^kab ^gra^)

8P_Xcd[[^ E q o n c )
F^QaT PaaT_PacXq^\ S^b _TRPS^b) S^ [Xda^ SP V^\P
SPb dTaSPSTb SP cWT^[[^VXRP(

û>+rbkal p`ofmq^ bpq^ obm^oqfÖlj alp mb`^alp prpl abo

`i^o^a^) sv ^nrb af^kqb pb `aqbj bj erë ifrol nrb
`e^jlj plj^ `f^p rboa^abp a^ qebliildf^ Bmlo oãb _bj
m^ob`bo) mbo^ mlaboabp ^rbo abpql fk^vlo `lkeb`fjbk*
ql ^j^kabf qlok^o abi^qvj bj klpp^ ivkdr^dbj) b ^o
nrf qo^ii^a^o) mlr`l qfo^kal) b ^`ob`bkq^kal kl af`ql
qobii^al) pl_ob lnr^i bkqbkal lnrb a^p abcfgkÖllà^ a^^
rfoqrabp b mb`^alp) bj `fj^ rlp p`obrv) nrb ^rbobbp
jbpqbo _ll ab`i^o^alo) mlo nrb kè eb qlal Gfdbfol
abkqbkabo+ >gka^ nrb abqlal mb`^al pbg^ `lkqo^ abl^
dbbo^ijbkqb nrb eb qofkl b erë;^molmov^a^jbkqb+ Bk^[
mbol pÜ afw mb`^al ^idrë pbbo bj lm^aob) lrqol bj
lcâiel) bj lbpmfofql p^kbql+ Bj lm^aob mb`^jlp mbo
gjmlqbk`f^) bj lcfiel mbo gdklo^k`f^) b bj lbpmfofqqü
p^k`ql mbo `boq^ j^iif`f^+ Bpql eb nr^kal ^rllkq^ab
mlab b p^_b `lkqo^afwbo ^idrë j^i+ Bbjmbol mbo pll
j^ifbf^ ^nrbiil 5`lieb mb`Çal bj lb^mfofqr b^^`ql)
mol`bab abj^^ rllkq^ab ab ifrob ^irvakb[ Babobfq^o
cbbkqb bjmrk^ ^do^Ö^ al pmfofqr p^k`ql û mlf q^^R(

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! ! / / + . *
 L IB>I @LKPPBIEHF$qc [0y
klj qbP `liilo abp`rp^Ölj) mlo nrb nr^kql eb abppv
abobfi^jbkqb+ eb bjmrk^Ölj al câpf`l b aboobjbafbp
mbiil nr^i pb e^ ab c^wbo objvpplj al mb`^al bj lb^*
mfoâqr p^k`@l pb afw fkobjfppfrbi bj bpqb jrkal) b bj
al lrqol) klj nrb pb klj mlpp^ mboal^o) j^p mlo
nrb o^o^jbkqb pb mboal^) lr jrfql ^^aro) bj bpqb
jrkal nr^kil ^^`rim^+ Afwppb ^gka^ fkobjvppvrbi mlo
9grb pb klj ibb mboal^al kbj nrvqb) ^ppv `ljl af*
wbjlp ab jbi`epbaeb` nrb clf pbj m^aob) mlo nrb pü;
klj ibb ab pbr m^aob+ Afwppb ^gka^ fkobjvppvrbi) mlo
9nrb `lkqo^afw ^^clkqb a^objvpplj) b mboal^kÖ^ nrb
eb lbpmfofqr p^kbfl(+ Afwppb ^gka^ fkobjvppvrbi mlif^
co^nrbw^) mlr`l mlabo al eljbj) lnr^i ^^aro ppb
mlab c^wbo mobpqbp ^^do^Ö^) mloq^kql mobprjb abmb`^*
al nrbl ^mobjb) b ^_^fu^ lkab eb ab p^_bo nrb bpqb
kljb fkobjvpvrbi) bj qobp jlalp pb qlj^ +p+ mbo kb(
d^Ölj nrb bj kbj erÇ drfp^) pbka mlab mboal^o+ ì
bj bpib jlal lmb`^al al mofjbfol Çgl abqlaliilp a^*
k^alp pb afw gkobjvpvrbi+ Afwppb ^gka^ gkobjvppvrbi
mbo movr^Ölj) mlo nrb kè e^ ^`lkdorbk`f^ mlo nrb qb
ofbr^ mboal^o bjmbol nrb ab `lkdoràk`f^ a^ rllkq^aÜ
Üó ablp pb mlpp^ ilal mb`^al mboal^o+ H b ^ f +bpib ^ l (
a l ) qlal mb`^al jloq^i pb mlab afwbo fkobjvppvrbi
Afwppb ^gka^ gkobjvppvrbi mbo `lkqo^ofba^ab pbdrka^
nrb ^fdrÇ `rim^ `lkqo^âo^ abpmlpâÖç mbo^ pb ^rbo a^
mboal^o Bbj bpqb jlal mb`^al bj lbpmfofqr p^jbql
kb gkobjvppvrbi) mlo nrb eb `lkqo^fol ^^docq + + + + + a^
mboal^o al mb`^al+ ìbpql mbo^ abpmbo^Ölj lr mobpr^*
Ö9Pj ) l ^ lrqo^p pmb`f^^bp abpqb mb`^al) Lkab eb abp(
p^_bo nrb plj pbfp pmb`f^^bp abmb`^o bj lbpmfofqr
ï^k`ql +p+ mbo abp^pmbo^Ölj) mobprkÖlj) gjmr^^Ölj
abrboa^ab `lkel`fa^) Prbg^ a^jlo co^qbok^i) l_pqvk^*
Ölqk abcfk^.gjmbkvqbk`f^) b l`lkql abpq^p qlj^ppb ^7%
áv+ Bj kl mboalqk plj qobp `lrp^p +p+ ^nrbi n^^ mbf*
a l ü ) b lmbo^l^al+ abpmlpfÖlj abmboal^o ^^nrbi ^nrl
lmboalj eb cbfql+ Bj ^nrbiib* nrb mboal^ plj ar>p
`^rp^p b( jvpbof`loaf^ b grpqfÖ^+ @lkqo^ lmovjbfol e^

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
/0/ K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
]^li^kZÅhf) \àmkZ hll^`ng]h a^ ik^lngÅhf) Af Z*
jn^ee^ Zh jnZe hi^k]hf a^ _^bmh ) ]nZl \hnlZl +5+ ]hhk
]h \hf^mb]h i^\Z]h+) ^ ikhihlbmh ]^h ghkZ fZbl \hf^*
m^k * ?hgmkZ hikbf^bkh a^ i^\Z]h ]^ Z[lmbgZÅhf) ?hg*
mkZ hll^`ng]h a^ i^\Z]h ]^_bgZe bfi^gbm^g\bZ) =ikr*
f^bbZ ]^lihlbÅhf ]^)i^k]hZk ^f Zjn^ee^ Zh jnZe hi^*
\Z]h a^ i^k]hZ]h) l^ iZkm^ ^f ]nZl `nrlZl +l+ ^f \h*
ga^\bf^gmh ]Z n^k]Z]^) ^ Zfhk ]^[hhg]Z]^+ ?hgmkZ
hikrf^bkh a^ cfingZÅhf ]^n^k]Z]^ \hga^\b]Z) \hgmkZ
hll^`ng]h) Ñn^cZ ]^ `kZÅZ _kZm^kgZe+ @Z_bgZe cfi^gb*
m^g\bZ a^ ]^ ghmZk jn^ ghf ]bs \âmrgnZÅhf ]^i^\Z]h
ZmZZ_rf ) fZl ^f mh]h i^\Z]h ^f gh jnZe \Z]Zanã Z*
\Z[Z \bcgm^f^gm^ a^ ]bmZ _rgZe cfi^gb m^g\bZ+ I Zl Z_b*
gZe cfi^gbm^g\bZ Zllr \hfh a^ anÄ li^\bZ ]^i^\Z]h
^f h^libkbmn lZg\mh) l^`ng]h jn^ l^ Zjnr mhf Z) Zllr
a^ ]b\mh ikhihlbmh ]^ ghf _Zs^k i^gbm^g\bZ+

8P_X[d[[^ P q bq +
9^b _TRPS^b S^ R^aPq^\(

B b i^^Z]hl ]h \hkZÅhf lhf ^lm^l) i^gllZf^gmh) ]^'

e^bmZÅhf) \hgll^gmrf ^gmh) ]^l^ch ]^ f Ze) nhhgmZ]^
i^kn^kllZ) cg_b^e]Z]^ ^f ]^nZÅhf ) ik^lngÅhf) ]^l^l*
i^kZÅhf) m^fhk) f Ze) hfcebZgm^ Zf hk) fZe) Z\b]^g*
m^ ) lhli^bÅhf) Ñn^cZ) abkZ) h]bh) m^fhk) l^knbef^g*
m^ ) Ze^`kbZ gh fZe ]h iknqbfh) ]^lik^sZf^gmh ]hl i h*
[k^^l) hn ]hl i^\Z]hk^l) kÇ\^[bf^gmh ]^ i^llhZl) ihk*
_bZ ) ]^l^ch ]hl iZk^gm^l \ZkgZZ^l) Zee^`kbZ l^f ikhn^b*
mh ^ nZZf mkblm^sZ ]hfng]h) cf iZ\b^g\bZ) ZnZkb\bZ)
lh[^knZ) ]^lZll^ll^`h ^f gh anlh ]Zl nbkmn]^l) h[lmb*
gZÅhf) khZeeb\bZ) ghbh ]h [^f ) Z\\b]bZ) E\hglmZg\bZ)
]hhk ]Z i^gbm^g\bZ ]h i^gbm^gm^ ihk jn^ ghf _Zs fZbl
f Ze) cih\kblbZ) Zfhk k_^ ikZs^k) Zjn^f ghf ]^n^ m^*
fhk ]^ca^ ]^likZs^k) n^k`hgaZ ]^ [^f h [ kZ k) Zf hk
ikrnZ]h l^gmb]h lbg`neeZk) Åi[bcÅZ) ]b`gb]Z]^l) nZZf
`ehkbZ ]hl [^^gl ]Z gZmnk^sZ) hn _hÅmngZ) hn ` kZ Å Z )
n^k`hgaZ ]hl ih[k^l Zfr`hl ]^lik^sZf^gmh) Zh Z'
fh^lmZf^jmh gZ ÑcnkbZ+

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! 2 & / / $ . *
 + K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+

8P_Xcd[[^ §iuu+
A l â _TRPS^b SP Q^RP(

L p mb`^alp a^ _l`^ plj bpqbp ^`lpqrj^al) gro^jbk*

ql ) mbogrfwl) _o^pcbjf^) l kljb ab ablp pbj obrb(
obk`f^ qlj^o ^rboa^ab `lkqo^afwbo) jrojro^o `lkqo^
ablp afwbo ^p lo^p pbj obrboà`f^) abqo^ebo jbkqfo^
afwbo) rfqrmbofl) j^iafÖlj) `ãjrkfÖ^Ölj) bjmrk^*
Ölj ab rboa^ab `lkeb`fa^ bjmrk^Ölj abrboa^ab co^*
qbok^i ) pbjvk^Ölj ab afp`ãoaf^) qo^vÖlj) c^ipl qbpü
qbjrkel) j^^l `lkppbiel) p`^okvjbkql) `lkafÖlol ab
l_o^o) plrboqbo _llp cbfqlp) bj k^p fdobg^p m^ioo^o)
^efo^ leljbj molrl`^o) obmobbkabo leljbj k^ nrbiil
nrb biGb c^w) c^GG^jbkql r^Çl) c^ii^o m^ii^ro^ l``flp^)
b prmÜocir^) g^rq^k`f^ ab m^ii^ro^p) abcbkafjbkql al^

tüb`^alp) _o^^alp) ofgplp) b p`^okb`bo) qlombjbkqb c^i*

^o m^ii^ro^p abplkbpq^p ) afwbo) `^kq^o `^kqfd^p p^*
do^^bp bj kl `^kql abrvkl) j^fp bpqra^o bj nrb_oÇ*
q^o ^rlw nrb abrlq^jbkqb `^kq^o b jrojro^o) afwbo
m^ii^ro^p nrb klj mboqbbÖ^j ^_llp `rpqrjbp) rld^o
mbii^ `^rp^ àgrpq^) b lj^i ^molr^o+

8P_Xcd[[^ iu u f+
9^b _TRPS^b SP ^QaP(

L p mb`^alp a^ l_o^ plj bpqbp+ Drii^) Irurof^) ?b(

rbaf`b) P^`ofiÜdfl) Pvjlkv^) Ploqfiibdfl) Nrb_o^kq^*
jbkqlp abcbpq^p+ Fkafdk^jbkqb `ljrkd^o) ?ofq^jbk*
qlp ab rlqlp+ >mlpq^pf^) AbplirÖlj bj kl lcf`fl ab*
rgkl) P`^ka^ifwbo mbo bkubjmom) Lmolrufjl `loolj*
m bo) A^k^o leljbj bj klp _bàp) lr bj k^ mbppl^)
lr á k^ c^j^) lr croql) lr o^mvk^) Erp^o bkd^kl)
Gldl) SbkafÖlj ab grpqfÖ^) Obka^p lr `rpqrj^db$p
lr bu`bmÖllàp) lr `^j_lp gkgrpqlp+ P`rfq^o lj^i) A^o
^lp gldo^^bbp l kb`bppÄofl ieb qfo^o) Qlj^o ^p `lrp^p
prmÜocir^p) @lpqo^kdbo kG_r~ ^^qå al nrb mlab) @r^*

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! 2 & ' / / $ . *

 /01 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
qrjb ab mb`^o ^l mb`^al qlok^o) Pvjrii^Ölj) Q bbo
lcâ`fl ^l nr^i klj pbg^ ^_^pq^kqb) lr nrb pbj mb`^*
al klj mlpp^ c^wbo+ @è j^^ qbbkÖlj a^kÖ^o) Klrv*
a^abp ^`e^o) >lp j^vlobp obrbii^o) Lp jblobp ^_^f(
u^o+ Mb`^o mbo rfpq^) ^ravqr) lic^qr) dlpqr) q^rql)
mbo lp lielp) mbo `^jvkelp) mbo dbbpqlp) mbo j$a^*
alp abpmobw^kal ^p `fo`rkpq^k`f^p ^do^r^kqbp `lkqebr*
a^p bj ^p p^k`q^p p`ofmqro^p) nrb plj qbjmlp) ird^o)
jlal) krjbol) mboppl^) jlo^) p`fbk`f^) efa^ab) klj
mborbbkal ^^qbkq^Ölj) `lpqo^kdbkal ^ppv jbbpjl^*
mb`^o+
8P_Xcd[[^ F u u f f +
S^b _TRPS^b SP ^\hbb^\+

L p mb`^alp a^ ljvpplj plj bpqbp) klj mbkpp^o bj

ablp) b do^Ö^p nrb abf ob`b_bl) b ab `^a^ erci af^*
ob`b_bj) klj kl qbjbo) kbj kl ^j^o ^p l_o^p nrb
`^a^_rqq cbw ^bi klj k^p obcbofo alp mb`^alp `ljbqf*
alp ) pbdrkal nrb mboqbb`b) b nr^kql mboqbb`b kL pb
albo) Klj pb c^wbo mobpqbp mbo^ ob`b_bo ^ppr^ do^Ö^+
Klj if rp^o a^ do^Ö^ ob`b_fa^) kbj ^gka^ ^`lkppbor^o)
kbj pb `çrboqbo ^^pmfo^ÖÖj abrvk^i) Knk `lkcloj^o
^ppr^ rllkq^ab ^^ rllkq^ab ab ablp+ >^p lo^p abablp)
gXy pdr^oa^o `lj qla^ qbbkÖlj >p lo^Ölláp abrva^p
ibfu^o) ^nrbë^p `lrp^p nrb eb l_ofd^al ab rlql) lr
ab mbo`bmql) lr ab lcf`fl abpmobw^o+ @ljrkelj) b
`lkcfpplj ^l jbklp erÇ rbw kl Çkl+ Klj ob`b_bo lp
m^oÜqbp ) klj+ elkoo^o pb ^ppv jbbpjl) k0 `lkeb`bo b
obmobbkabo pb ^ppr^ `lk`fbk`f^ abpmobw^o) b ^^p mobb( *
d^ÖllPp crdfo) b ^p qbkq^Öllàp r^Ñp obpfpqfo B^p mbkf*
qbk`f^p j^ka^a^p abpmobw^o Mboilkd^o ^nrbii^p `lrp^p
nrb ildl abc^wbo plj Al _bj al kolruvjl) klj jb
mo^wbo) b al pbr j^i klj jb albo > û àgrof^p klj
mboal^o) ccb ^l molruvjl klj dr^oa^o B^lp pbrp _b*
kbcfkfl? klj obpmlkabo >^ _^o^ie^p klj ^j^kp^^o) lp
gdklo^kqbp klj gkppvk^o ) lp ^cif`qlp klj `lkpplii^o
>l^ ^jlb^q^jbkqlp klj l_bab`bo+

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAEQK+ /02
7KZSS_VVY . QQ OFU
8 Y! MYX^OX^KWO^DY'

G M l o nrb jrvqlp c^iib`bj bj klj cfie^o `lkqbkq^jbk*

ql al nrb `èrbj) lr ^rbo al nrb klj eb o^wlj al
kfbr mlr`l p^_bo) ^idrÑ bkppvkÇÖ^ ^`bo`^ a`iil rlp
bkqbkal ab`i^o^o) pbdrkal ^jvj m^ob`b bj qobp m^o*
qbp dbbo^^bp pb mlab ^rbo +p+ abklp a^ j^kbfo^ nrb
eljbàp b jliebobp `èklp`l qbj) b a^p `lrp^p nrb rbà
a^`lkqb`vjbkqlp) `ljl plj allobp) jra^kÖ^p ab qbj*
ml ) mbofdllp) mboa^p b pbjbie^kqbp `^plp bj _bj ) b
kl `lkqo^fol Nr^kql ^l mofjbfol ab klp lmlabjlp ^{
rbo abivk_^dbj) abpmlpfÖlj al `loml) `ljmobfppè)
j^ke^p) p^_bo) `lkafÖllPp) b rfoqrabp+ A^ ivke^dbj
nrb abp`àabjlp b abpmlpfÖlj k^qro^i ab klpplp `lo*
mlp abrbjlp pbbo `lkqbkqbp) ^gka^ nrb q^kql klj pb*
g^j ^klppl mo^wbo+ @lkppfgo^kal nrbl ^rbjlp mbo lo*
abk^kÖ^ ab klppl Pbkelo ablp) nrb klp mlabo^ c^wbo
erë _f`el a^ qboo^) b klp cbw eljbj nrb eb q^j bu*
`biibkqb `of^qro^ Kbj_o^kalklp ab nr^i nrbo ^r^kq^*
dbj nrb klp qbke^ lrqlod^a^) mbo^ j^fp ^rbojlp `lk( Xn
qbki^jbkql) pbkqvkal ^nrv mo^wbo b _á nrb ob`b_bjlp
mlo ^rbo+ Bmlpql nrb pvkq^jlp ^rbo ^idrÑp `lrp^p a^
r^kq^dbj) abrbjliil cfie^o `lj qbjmbo^kÖ^ ) mlo klp
dr^oa^o abppl_bor^) b r^^j dilof^ A^ `èmobfpplj)
j^ke^) p^_bo) `lkafÖlj) rfoqrabp bj nr^kql obdr^o*
a^ojlp ^l nrb klppl pbkelo ablp klp qbj k^qro^ijbk*
qb lrqlod^al mlo ^oo^wlj prpl p`ofmq^) pbjmob abrb*
jlp pbbo `lkqàqbp) Krk`^ i^kÖ^kal ^bi ^`e^nrb ab
klpp^p `rim^p) b c^iif`fjbkqlp+ Al nrb ^klp mboqbb`b
ab klp dr^oa^o b ^`ob`bkq^o) ab_bj bj jbielo) klj
abrbjlp al nrb mlpprvjlp ^rbo `lkqbkq^jbkql) jbp
`lkqgkr^a^jbkqb mbkpp^o b l_o^o mlo j^fp _à ^`ob`bk*
q^ojlp) abq^i drvp^) nrb klpp^ _l^ `ljmobfpplj) mbo
c;ll obdfjbkql c^Ö^jlp jbielo) b klj c^iibÖ^ mbo klp*
p^ `rim^ B^ppv a^p j^ke^p) p^_bo) `lkafÖlj) ^n bkmn *
DN /
 /03 - H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
abp klp qo^_^iebjlp nr^kql àklp clo) a^r^kÖ^o b ]y
c^iib`bo) `^ p`ofmql eb) klj jbielo^o à l`^jvkel a^p
rfoqrabp) ^m^obie^jbkql mbo^ abp`^vo pb `ljbÖ^+ Bml*
obj `èrà obj^o pbjmob `lkqo^ rbkql) b j^obb) b nrb
klj ibrbjlp objl) nrbobkal pbbo `lkqbkqbp al _bj)
nrb k^ nrbpq^ m^oqb ob`b_bjlp) mlo nrb qbkq^alp mbo
ljrkal) `^okb) b gkjfgdl) klj qlokbjlp ifdbfo^jbk*
qb ^qo^p) mbo klpp^ pbdro^kÖ^) b `lkqbkq^jbkql+ Pl*
_ob ^p j^ke^p b _ll m^ob`bo) rbgl cfie^o ovgl abp`lk*
qbkq^jbkql ^lp nrb jrvql abppv mobprjbj) nr^kal
lrqolp ^`e^j nrb lp ^r^kÖ^j B^nrbpql rbj mlo nrb
pl_bg^jbkqb pb `èqàq^rlj) b mbo àrbg^) lr ^_^qfjbk*
ql abr^^j dilof^) nr^kal plj rbk`falp) kl nrb lp
lrqolp pbjmob rbk`f^j) pvkqbj do^kab qofpqbw^ b mb*
k^+ Bmbo^ abpql `^a^ erë pbdr^oa^o _bj eb nrb mlo
^r^kq^dbj nrb abiil pb ^g^ nrb krk`^ cfieb pl_bgl
`lkqbkq^jbkql @lkppfgo^kal `ljl plj `lrp^p ab mlr*
`^ aro^) ^cfdroÑal pbjmob ^kqb ^oobkbj_o^kÖ^) `ljl
_^j abjvkdr^o ^nrbj jrvql rvrbo+ Bmlobj) klj pb
qlor^o^ nr^kal grvo l`g ab `boql pmbo^ Bmlpql nrb mbo
eva^ab) lr ^idrë `^pl qlal r^^ c^iib`bkal) klj pb
kbj_ob ab nrbj clv) j^p rbg^ nr^i eb) kbj pb abp*
`lkqbkqb) mlo lp nrbl g^ rbbk`bj) jbp cfieb o^wl^al
`lkqbkq^jbkql alp nrb ^gka^ rbbkbbo) `^ pbjmob q^k*
ql cv`^) nrb pl_ob lp pbrp gdr^^bp cg q^^bp klj clolj)
b jrvqlp j^k`b_lp c^o^ q^i r^kq^dbj ab nrb o^wl^a^*
jbkqb pb abrb `lkqbkq^o+ Bq^i `lkppfgo^Ölj _à eb cf*
ie^oppb bj jra^kÖ^p abpq^alp) b lrqolp `^plp pbjb*
ie^kqbp nr^kal rbebobj mbo^ klp dr^oa^o `lj ^do^Ö^
ab klppl pbkelo) ab ovgl abp`lkqbkq^jàql al nr^i
jrvql j^i bj qlal pq^al pb ob`ob`b Bmbo^ nrbpql ml*
abbp `lkppfgo^o `ljl `^a^erN abklp) ^jbr grvwl eb
_P abklp `lkqbkq^ojlp a^idrPp m^oqbp b alrqo^p klj
pbbo `lkqbkqbp Alp eljbPp b jliebobp) kl pbkqfjbk*
ql al `lo^Ölj) klj abrbjlp ^rbo jrv do^kab `lk*
qbkq^jbkql mlo _l^ j^kbfo^ nrb `lj klp`l qbke^j (
cfbj ovgl abp`lkqbkq^jbkql al `lkio^vol B^nrbpql mlo

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! KF H H !e^
 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ /04
qobp qÄwllcqp) mofjbfo^ mlo klj mlbojlp bj lllkq^ab
]hn qobj qla^ klpp^ _l^ rbkqrfo^) ^ppf nrb k^ nrbii^
mlke^jlp ^movk`fm^i m^oqb abqlal klppl _bj) abpbj*
*m^o^kal ^qbàÖlj ab klpp^p rfoqrabp Lkab qlalGilp rfo*
qrlplp p^_balobp mlpbolj ^pplj^) cvj) b qbojl al
nrb abrbjlp abpbg^o b pbbo j^fp `lkqbkqbp bj bpq^
rva^ pfdrgkal ^nrbi cfilplcl ^nrb ^oabl pr^ `^p^ `lj
lnrb bo^ bj bii^ ì pbàalieb af`ql mbo erN pbr ^jvdl
`ljl ieb ^oabo^ qlal nr^kql ^rv^ Obpmlkabl nrb ^p*
pll rfoqrab cfie^r^ mlo pr^ ob^ijbkqb) qlal ^i ^rv^ mlo
bjmobpq^al) mlfp lrqobj iel mlaf^ qliebo Bmlfp ab
rfoqrabp pbr `lo^Ölj) `lrp^ klj mboabo^ abqlal nr^k*
ql ^oabl klj `ro^r^) mlfp mbo cloqrk^ ieb mlaf^ pbbo
qfo^al+ Pbdëa^) mlo klp dr^oa^ojlp abr^Ç dilof^ cf*
ie^kal pl_bg^ clid^kÖ^ mlo ^idrPp j^kbfo^p nrb `lj
klp`l pb qbke^j ) mobp^jvkal nrb qlal+ eb mlo klp
ljbob`bojlp) jbp `lkeb`bkal nrb pb c^w mbo rllkq^*
] ^ ) b loabk^kÖ^ abklppl pbkelo ì `loll bi klp abp*
bjm^o^ppb) q^i klj pb qboof^ Rx do^kab obdr^oal) cf*
ie^objlp bj biil mo^wbo) b `lkqbkq^jbkql+ Qbo`bfo^)
mlo klj `^fojlp bj qofpqbw^) p^ke^) abploabk^al ^*
kloob`fjbkql) abklp) lr alrqobj) nr^kalppb ^`boq^p*
pb abklj qbbobj ^nrbi _ll dbfql `lj klp`l nrb klp
bkqbkabj lp nrb ^idrëp abrv^j qbbo+

7KZS^_VVY E q q b b n +
7YWY!ZO\! \KdYW! LOW! RO! NOXY]! MYX^OX^K\WY]ó

A ^ m^oqb a^oo^wlj) _bj eb `Ñppfgo^ojlp ^nrbiibc

`lj nrb `èrbopp^jlp) nr^kql plj jbob`balobp mbo^
abiibp ^rbo `lkqbkq^jbkql mbo abpmlpfÖlj) jbof`fo^bk*
qlp abppr^p mbppl^p) ifke^dà) _l^p j^kbfo^p nrb qbj
bj qla^p `lrp^p B^ppv klp `lkqbkq^o `loobdbkal ^*
nrbicbp nrb mlabj ^kbo @olbka^ Blp lrqolp plmloq^o )
4;lkgo) lr ibfu^o `ljl kvofklp nrb eb _bj) @lkppfgoÇ*
al ^co^nrbw^ alp eljbbkp @ljl pll abl^ eb mbocbfql

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! HcKKM H^
/05 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
B nrb k^ rva^ mobpàqb klj pb mlab ^`e^o q^i mbppl^
ab jn^ lOik^ ]^mh]h klp ihllZfhl `lkqbkq^o pb mbocbfü
Ölj _rp`^ojlp) `^ abpq^al) efaÄab) `èafÖlj) p^_bo)
^cbfÖlj ) abpmlpfÖlj ab qàmlp b ird^obp klj c^qqb`l*
Phf ZZshl mbo^ klp abp`lkqbkq^o) jlp lkab e^ jrvql
j^fp _bj) nrb al `lkqo^fol do^ab bkdo^qfallà jlpqo^
nrbj o^wl^a^ jbkqb pbklj `lkqbkq^ G´¨abrbppb obdr^o*
a^o nrb lp _llp b p^dbp `lj lp nrb j^fp 3^_bj ab*
_l^ j^kbfo^ `cirbopp^o+ Blp abpqbjmbo^alp bj bpq^
m^oqb mlr`lp ^`e^j ab nrbiebp mo^w^) klj nrbfo^j
qb`b_bo ^idrë `lkqbkq^jbkql+ Bmlobj pbdrkal klp
abjlpqo^ lgrvwl abcbflpp^ o^wlj ab`^a^erë pbdrkal
pbrp jbof`fjbkqlp klp `lkqbkqbjlp mobw^kallp b c^*
wbkalieb jbo`bb) lff pborvÖl) qo^rq^kallp _bj bj
qla^p `lrp^p nrb mlabojlp pbjmob bkqobmbq^kal lp
j^fp abppbrp cbfqlp ^^jvielo m^oqb+ Kbj cfiebjlp do^k*
ab abp`lkqbkq^jbkql mlo*klj _l^ j^kbfo^ ìX `lj klñ*
`l pb qbke^) `^ lr pbolj mbppl^p rfoqrlp^p lr klj )
Bppbl klj cloç abiil klj eb a^rbo @^l rfoqrlpl pb*
drkal ^qbbkÖlj alp p^_balobp) klj pb abrb jrvql
^ibdo^o kbj qlor^o mlo _ll d b fql ) lr klj q^i nrb lp
pbjbiePqbp `lj bi qbke^j) p^frl bj nr^kql abiil pbk*
qfjlp elkoo^) molrbfql) mo^wbo ) lr `aqo^fol B^nrbpql
klj eb mbo^ `lkqbkq^o jrvql kbj abp`lkqbkq^o al
dbvql) jbp al nrb klp l^`nrk) bkqbkabkal nrb clv
a^ `lkqá`fjbkql) b mbo loabk^kÖ^ ab klppl pbkelo)
lnrbieb abrbjlp qbbo bj jbo`bb ^nrbiibp ab nrbl ob*
`b_bjlp ) lr pbbojlp `lkeb`valp `ljl q^i cbfql jbob*
`bo ) lr ^lp boolp) j^ifbp) b mboa^p qlok^o `ljl eb
o^wlj) jbp dbbo^ijbkqb) bj klp mlo biil klj abrb*
jlp cfie^o do^kab `lkqbkq^jbkql) kbj abp`lkqbkq^o
jbkql Bppb _llp b rfoqrlplp clobj mbkpp^o abrbjlp
nrbl bool klj eb kl dbfql nrb lrqobj qbj ) fkb^ kü
jvkdr^ nrb e^ bj klp `lkqo^ ablp) lr `lkqo^ biib)
^nr^i àjbka^a^ lrfoqrlpl `loobdbo^ Gldl pr^ _l^ j ^*
kbfo^ B ^ppv ab `^a^erÇ abpq^p drvp^p) klj `lkrbj
jrvql abp`lkqbkq^o+ Pl_ob ^m^oqb qbo`bfo^ nrb mboqbb(

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
 K H A = H ?KJOO>HDbOENK) /0_m
`b ^^p `lrp^p nrb ob`b_bjlp abrbkqro^ mlo klp rfobj
mbo loabk^kÖ^ abklppl pbkelo) a^p nrb clobj ^klppl
mo^wbo ) kåp abrbjlp qbjmbo^a^ jbkqb a^kal do^Ö^p
^bi B a^p `çqf^fo^pk^kbkal m^`fàk`f^ _bj) afwbo) al pbr
p^kb ql kljb) klj cfiebjlp q^i abp`lkâÜq^jbkql nrb
klp bjmbb`v jbkqlp qo^d^ k^ `lk`fbk`f^ rllkq^ab) b
mboppl^) b obnr`obkalieb jbobbb mbo^ qla^ `lrp^ nrb
klp mo^w grpqfcf`^kal klpp^p mbqfÖlèbp) ^jlbpq^alp mbs
pbr bkubjmol afobjlp pbjmob bj klppl `lo^Ölj 7 Pb. (
¥elo klj `ljl br a b q b g l b obnrbfol) j^p `ljl ^qv
j^fp mo^w B q^i mbkpp^jbkql c^w klpplp obnrbofjbkqlp
abobfqlp) b ^p rlllq^abp mobpqbp mbo^ bj qlal cfie^o
o^wl^al `lkqbkq^jbkql B _rp`^kal mofjbfol loobvkl
ab ablp b pr^ grpqfÖ^ pbjmob `lol klppl mlaboü b p^_bo
klp abrbjlp qo^_^ie^o nr^kql b k klp clo a^`ob`àq^o(
jlp bj qlal klppl _bj) b9jvkdr^o) b abprf^o l`lk*
qo^fol cfie^kal `lkppbiel ab klppl pbkelo nrb klp j^k*
alr mbafo mbo^ ob`b_bo v _rp`^o mbo^^`e^o b `e^j^o
mbo^ pbbojlp ob`b_falp) mlo q^i nrb klj mlke^jlp
^bi ^`e^nrb abklpp^ mofdrfÖ^+ b co^nrbw^ } _bj eb
mbo^ bpql) mbkpp^o lnrb afw p^ii^ja) nrb e^ ef+ qbjml
ab_bj) b al `lkqo^fol) b nrb lp _llp b afp`obqlp ql(
al e^j ab ;m^(5^o;^`qllp^jbkqb mbo^^p j^kbfo^p prpl
p`ofmq^p " abppbjbie^kqbü nrb abrbj abp^_bo bj `^*
a^_kë `^pl pmb`f^ijbkqb _rp`^o b dr^oa^o) mlo q^i nrb
mbo jbo`bb al pbkelo qla^ii^p `lrp^p pb klp qlokbj
bj _bj) `ljl afw l^mlpqliil) Nrb pb c^w ^lp nrb(
^jÇ ablp+ •
è7KZS^_>Y E q q m +
9 ^ VdT bT aTRaTRT S^QT\) T S^ R^]caPXa^ T\ bPQTa X
Uh[WPa ^R^]cT]cP\T]c^+

A b klp p^_bojlp _bj `lkqbkq^o bj qlalp `Çplp)

bpql pb klp ob`ob`b ^bbo`^ abklppl pbkelo Klj pljlp
bkdo^qlp) b ^p _bj ^rbkiro^kÖ^p b klp `^plp `lkqo^f*
olp erp^jlp aberqkvia^ab b al nrb* ^klp ql`^ klp _bàp
^rlkalp^jbkqb `lj qàmbo^kÖ^ cfie^jlp mo^wbo) B k^p

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! 2 & ' / / $ . *

/1- K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+û
^rboppva^abp ^rbjlp m^`fbk`f^ lkab `ljmob ^qobrv(
jbkqã `lj _l^ pmbo^kÖ^ pb q^i cbfql eb+ ì mlo biil
jrv _bj bj qlal klp dlrbok^jlp) ob`b_bkal do^*
`flp^jbkqb qla^ _l^ •j^kbfo^ nrb ^`bo`^ abklp pb qb*
ke^ Bppb q^i klj e b) pbj qlor^Ölj lc^wbjlp `loob(
dbo b Üjbka^o) lr `^pqfd^o) b p^_bjlRl qlal m^pp^o
`lj jbklp bjm^`el klppl b alp lrqolp) al nrb c^wbj
lp nrb plj mofr^alp abq^f p^_bo) b qbjmbo^kÖ^ ab `l*
o^Ölj @^ppb `lkppfgo^ojl5 klpplp cbfqlü) b lp ^ieblp
rbobjlp nr^kql j^i( qofpqbw^) abp^`loalp mlo ^^wl al
abp`lkqbk q^jÜql pb ob`ob`b) b `lj dr^oa^ a^ rfoqral
jrgq^ elofoo^) molrbfql b mo^wbo ^lp nrbl _bj p^_bj
cfie^o `lj pmb`f^i do^Ö^ abklppl pbkelo+ Mbo pll `lk*
qbkq^jbkql) lp ml_obp plj of`lp) b ä^p `lrp^p `lk*
qo^fo^p `lkcloq^alp) lp nrb mmr`l `ljbj) _brblf) N
alojbj ^rlka^alp ì m b o %abp`lkqbkq^jbkql qlal pb
c^w bj `lkqo^fol+ @^ pb ^idrcf al nrb ab älppl pbkelo
aÜlp k^qro^ijbkqb qbj ob`b_fal) lr a^p `lrp^ã nrb pb%
mbo ^`lkqb`fjbkqlp `lkqo^ pbr mo^wbo ob`ob`bj cfie^
ovgl abp`lkqbkq^jbkql lr a^ j^kbfo^ nrb `lj biib pb*
qbj mbo pbkelobp) ^jvdlp) b pborvalobp) mlo _bÄa^k(
qb nrb m^obÖ^ ab qlal pb grid^ c^iifal) 9qofpqb)+ b j^i
^rbkqro^al) mlobkab jrvql klp barbj `lj ^dof^Ö^(
abklppl pbkelo qo^_^ie^ojlp mlo pbbojlp `lkqbkqbü
ab`^a^ `lrp^ pbdrkal pbr qbjml b o^wlj @appfgo^kal
nrb alp rboa^abfolp _bçp nrb plj rfoqrabp) b ä^p l*
lo^p abii^b " c^wbjlp lcfiebjlp qbjmbo^a^jbkqb mlo
plj p^_bo bj bpq^ rva^ pb afdklp pljlp a^jlo) lr
ab lafl+ Abpv mlo nrb pbjmob klp abrb mo^wbo mlr`l
`lj abpbgl abj^fp _bj ^rbojlp b klj cfie^ojlp r^Åj
dilof^ `lj mobprkÖlj abklpplp jbof`fjbkqlp Pb+ cl*
obj `lrp^p jbÇ^p mboqbb`bkqbp ^^m^oqb al_bj) `ljl
plj eèoo^p) p^rab) b ofnrbw^p b pbjbie^kqbp ^ppv `@*
rbj abppb cfie^o) klj mlbkal bj bii^p _bj ^rbkqr*
o^kÖ^ mlif^p o^wllàp prpl af`q^p+ K^p `lrp^^ `lkqo^âo^p
abrbjlp qbjmbo^o ^ppv `lj plcofjbkql klpp^p rllkq^*
abp abppb klj abp`lkqbkq^o nrb mbo erjfia^ab b m^*

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! HcKKM b^
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDGENK+ /1.
`fàk`f^ ^g^ `lkqbkq^jàql pbkqfkal nrbl ^rbjlp mbo
abobfq^ loabk^kÖ^ ab klppl pbkelo) nrb klp mbk^ jb*
klp 92 jbob`bjlp8 b a^ d^ii^oalj j^vlo nrb klpplp
jbob`fjbkqlp+ Bppbl cfie^jlp abklp mlo lp j^iibp nrb
c^wbjlp) lr ^rbjlp cbfqlp pbg^ cfie^al `lj qbjmbo^k*
Ö^ mlo klj `^fojlp bj `lkqfkr^a^ qofpqbw^) jbklp
mobÖl ) b abploabk^al mbkpp^jbkql lr abpmbo^Ölj
Bppbl a^p `lrp^p mbo klp j^i cbfq^p klj cfie^ojlp
nrÇql abrbjlp) cloÖ^kal klppl `lo^Ölj iel c^Ö^jlp
pbkqfo B mbo q^^bp ^rvp^jbkqlp `lj ^do^Ö^ abkl^pl
pbkelo pb cfie^ `èqbkq^jbkql al nrb `arbj) b pb qbj*

£ bo^ bj _bj b kl `lkqo^fol nr^kal b nr^kql `çmob+

ì ^nrbi nrbl pbjmob ^ppv cbwbo) p^f_e^ nrb ablp ieb
loqlodlr do^kab olbo`bb k^ rva^ mobpbkqb b mbo ^nrb
pmbo^jlp B ab q^i bkppvk^kÖ^ eb mbo^ jlpqo^o ^lp
nrbppb obdbj mbo o^wlj @^ mlr`l r^f ^lp nrb pb*
drbj abpbglp) b ^oobr^q^jbkql a^rllkq^ab) lr nrb
plj rbk`f^lp a^rloob`fjbkql b qofpqbw^) lr ibd^alp
bj ^jlo abploabk^al ) mlo nrb abkqol àppv+ qo^wbj
nrbj lp c^Ö^ abqla^ `lrp^ mlr`l j^i) b abp`lk`boq^*
a^jbkqb `lkqbkq^o) j^fp ^lp p^Plp bkqbkafalp) qbj*
mbo^alp ) b abpbg^alobp abrfoqrabp mbkppl nrb mo^w^ b
^molrbfqb B^lp lrqolp klj bjmbb`bo^ B ^nrbiibp nrb
bpql qlal p^_à b dr^oa^j mlaPk^ bkppvk^o) p^ _bj
Zebp m^ob`bo+ @^ klj sv pl_ob biil lrqo^ ^ppv ^m^o*
q^a^jbkqb p`ofmq^+

8P_Xcd[[^ Fu u s f+
9 ^ Q^^ aPi^PS^ bT]cXS^+

F M l o nrb bj `^a^erë alp af`qlp ifrolp) klj pb ql`^

ifrÇ m^oqb abrfoqrab mbo `rgl c^iif`fjàql jrvqlp `^^P
bj mb`^alp) b j^iibp) ^idrë mlr`l abiil rlp nrbol
?`obrbo+ B^nrbpq^ eb nrb a^p `lrp^p ^g^jlp _ll b o^*
wl^al pbkqfal+ B abl ^rbojlp klp c^iiá`bjlp mbo pl*
_bdfalèb b jvkdr^jbkql `ljl pb c^w bj ^p j^fp a^p
rfoqrabp) b abpmlpfÖlèbp abif^p+ Bppl_bg^kal c^iib`b

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
,., K H A = H ?KJOOGHDAENK+
`^a^erë mbo ^p ^cbfÖllàp ab nrb ol^fp eb ibd^al) l ^
k^p m^fullàp c^iifal+ @^lp pl_borlplp jrvql pbkqbj )
pb lrqolp `lol biibp pb nrbobj fdr^ii^o lr pl_obmlg^i*
ilp) alp nr^^bp biibp pb qbbj bj j^vlo `lkq^+ B lp
r^Plp diloflplp cfie^j do^kab pbkqfal al nrb mlo ^_^*
qfjbkql ab pbr ilrrlo b c^j^ eb af`ql) lr cbfql+ Blp
árbglplp _bj eb rfpql nr^j pl_bg^jbkqb pbkqbj lp
_bàp a^nrbiibp ab nrb^ qbbol) lr pb `lkqo^ biibp ^idrP
`lrp^ c^wbol+ Lp abpp^ke^ ql`^alp cfie^j pl_bgl pbkqf*
jbkql a^p olbkbk`lof^p nr^kalieb cbfq^p plol } l p qofp*
qbp alp klglp b abpmo^wbobp do^kab pbkqfal ob`b_bj +
Lp mofdrfÖlplp mlo nr^kq^ mbk^ e^j ^idrP `lrp^ ab(
qo^_^iel abpmofql) lr ab `loml eb _bj `lkeb`fal+ L p
^r^obkqlp mbo qla^ mboa^ lr jvkdr^ ab d^ÇÖl pl m l o*
q^j abp^oo^wl^al pbkqfal+ Lp iruroflplp _bj a bj lp*
qo^j mbo l_o^ b af`qlp nr^kql pbkqbj bpqlor^oàklp a b
`ljmofo pbrp ol^^lp abpbglp Blp dliilplp b d^od^kqllà^
bk`l_ofo klj mlabj ^mbk^ nrb ob`b_bj bj c^wbiilp
Plcobo) lr iebp qfo^o lppl_bgl) b dliilp^jbkqb _ b r b o)
b `ljbo+ Blp `flplp `lj nr^kql qo^_^iel ab`lo^Ölj
m^pplj p^p rva^p) mlo lp pbkqfobj ^^ibo^ a^oo^wlj)
qlbj eb mbo jrvq^p pmbo fbkb f^p abjlpqo^al+ Lp mbocfl*
c`lp pblp rbk`bj) lr ovgl `lkqo^afwbj p^p mbocf^p _bj
qklpqo^j lppl_bgl pbkqfal nrb abiil cfie^j Blp ab co^*
`lp b ^mboq^alp `lo^ÖllPp pl_bg^jàqb pbkqbj ^p `l^9ü
p^p abqbjbo b `lkqo^fo^p B olrvql j^i plmloq^j cbfqlp
doÇabp b cloqbp) klj lp mlabj ^`^_^o) mlo cfie^obj
abfibp q^i `^oobd^ `lj pl_bg^ abpmbo^Ölj nrb pb qlo*
r^ol) lr abqlal ibfu^j+ B^ppv eb `i^o^jbkqb rfpql
a^nrbiibp mb`^alp b c^iif`vjbkqlp nrb j^fp pbdrfalp
Pljlp) cfie^jlp j^fp pl_bgl pbkqfjbkql) b ^nlbpql ^*
rbjlci a^ m^oqb a^p `lkafÖllèp Mbo pl_bgl bjm^`eb) (
fobodlkÖ^) nr^kqlp påj qlor^alp bj cbfqlp) b af`qlp
`cba^ercq mbop?v b mbo lp lrqolp mlabo^ _bj grid^o FP
â_Öl abcboblÖ^ a^rbodlk_^ ^l bjm^`el) `ljl Ty_ah%
a^ jbkqb p`obrv kl ifrol al `^r^âd^o mlo nrb ^rbodlü
Ee^ ^molmcfl ü^m^oqb a^ o^wlj c^wbkal crka^jbkql bj

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! " & / / $ , *

 K HA = H ?KJO~AHDAeNK+ F
/10
`lrp^p nrb cfw lr arrval abc^wbo ) `lkqo^âo^p ab rfoqr{
ab ì l bjm^`el nrbl `lo^Ölj cvie^ ab nr^i nrbo `lr*
p^ nrb arrva^) j^i m^ob`bo) lr pbbo ^rval mlo bpqo^*
kel ) lr ovgl) pb j^vlo pbkqfal a^ o^wlj clo cfie^al
kl `ljbqbo abjrvqlp _llp cbfqlp) c^w pl_bgl bjmbb`fü
j bkql) b c^wbkallp a^ pbjmob do^kab qlor^+ Lp nrb
^qlalp nrbobj `èmo^wbo) b ^kberë abpmo^w) ^gka^ nrb
k^Ö^ q^i abpbgl pl pbjbie^kÖ^ ab `^ofa^ab jrgql plj
qlor^alp bj _bj l_o^o) mlo cfie^obj j^vlo pbkqfal
alp klglp b mboa^p ^ieb^p al nrb `èrbj) `^ klj aûü(
rb pbkqfjbkql ^lp nrb ^p rfoqrabp abpbglj ob^ijbkqb
dr^oa^o c^wbo q^i bjm^`el nrb mlo mo^wbo ^lrqobol) lk
ieb c^wbo mboa^) j^i lr klgl) nr^kal kb`bppÄofl cl o)
ibfwbj ab `ljmofo lnrb abrbj B^bpmbo^kÖ^ jlpqo^
_bj ^lp nrb q^i kllkq^ab qbbj nrb lppbkqfal pl_bglû
nrb S^b lrqolp pb cfie^ a^ jrvq^p rbwbp qlor^ mbo^ rffs
qrmp^jPqb l_o^o Bmlobj nr^kal mobpq^ abrbjlp ^bÄ
pborvo Bnr^kal bjmbb`b cloÖ^iil `lj ^do^Ö^ abklppl
pbkelo lj^fp nrb mlabojlp) b pborvo pbjmob mnrb ^oü
o^wlj j^ka^) `^ klj eb arrva^ nrbl bjm^`el kl^
j lÖlp) b j^k`b_lp jrvq^p rbwbp c^Ö^ do^kab molrbq*
ql B l ob`bl a^rbodlke^ cfie^al qbjmbo^a^jbkqb ^ql*
alp ^molrbfq^) b lppl_bgl qo^w bjmbb`fjbkql Brbgl
*bj alrp c^iiâ`fjbkqlp jrv dbbo^ijbkqb `^vo +p+ cfie^o
jrv ovgl pbkqfal a^p `lrp^p nrb ^gka^ klj plj `ljl
pb g^ clppbj pbdrkal ^idrcfp nrb mlo ^klrva^ab pl
jlpqo^o boo^a^ g^ `elo^j c^jb B^ppv bj pbjbie^kqbp
lrqolp al nrb plpmbfq^j nrb `èqo^ biibp eb cbfql) lr
af`ql cfie^j q^ci ovg^ b^ke^) qofpqbw^) lr `rfa^al `ljl
pb clppb `boql Bmlo nrb jrvq^p rbwbp qlal eb k^a^)
ß`^j bj ^j_liilp `^blq `lj j^i ob`b_fal pbj o^wlj
mbo plpmbfq^p b ob`bl al c^iifjbkql a^ pr^ `lkafÖlj)
klj abobfq^) lr j^i ^`rpqrj^a^) ^lp nr^^bp pbkb`^
`lkppbie^ nrb klj pbg^j jfwnrvkelp ^kqb al qbjml
Bmlobj `èrbo^ pbjmob cfie^o bpcloÖl `lj ^rvp^okbkql
mbo^ klj `^vo bj q^i bool+ Ba^p `ljmobfppllàp bj
dbbo^i pb ^cfoj^ nrb lp `liilof`lp abpp^ke^) mbocf^) pl*
Dn /

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! HcKKM e^
 /11 K HA = H ?-JOOAHDA.N-+
_bor^ plj qbkq^alp) nrbobkal pbjbie^o ^l cl d l ) ab*
nrb `lkafÖlo^ j^fp m^oqf`fm^j bj ^iqbw^ b cborlo+ Blp
pÇdrfkelp a^p `lrp^p ^ibdobp) ab_bj nrbobkÖ^p) cbp*
q^p) gldlp) a^kÖ^p) q^kdbo) `^kq^o) jlkqbp) `^Ö^p)
mbp`^of^p) qlal mbo pm^Öl) b clid^kÖ^ j^fp plj obnrb*
ofalp+ Pbdrkal ^`ljmobfpplfk al ^^o) mlo nrb lp l_o^(
alobp abq^^bp `lrp^p abploabk^a^jbkqb) b klj ^q^f
cfj `ljl abrbj) r^va^ab ob`b_bj mlo d^ii^oalj+ L^
cobf j^qf `lp) rvÖl ab`ljbo) _brbo) alojvo pà qo^_^*
iel al `loml) kbj al pmfofql jrvql abpbglj mlo lmb*
prjb abppr^ cofbia^ab) b erjva^ab pbjbie^kqb ^^p
^rdr^p Blp jbkbk`lof`lp a^p `lrp^p qofpqbp a^rloob*
` v jbkql abppv ) b alrqobj `lj abpmbo^Ölj abqlal
_ bj ) b do^kab plpmbfq^ alp j^iibp eb obnrbofal pbjb(
Ge^kal mbo pr^ cofbia^ab b pb`ro^ ^qboo^ pb`^ a^rdr^p
ûnrb corfql _ll b molrbfqlpl klj mlab dbbo^o+ B bpq^p
qbkq^Öllàp c^wbj cfie^o j^vlo pbkqfal nrb `çrbj ^lp
abpq^p `amobfppllàp) klj mlobj ^qlalp nrb plj ^i*

_ rëp pÖdrkal abqbojvk^Ölj cobfj^qf`lp kl bpq^j^dl

. qlal l`loml `^ilof`l) b ^ppv mbo lrqqc^p pbjbie^kqbp
abcboàÖ^p+ Bmlpil nrb ^idrÇ abpq^p `ljmobfppllàp pb*
g^j bkarwfalp ^c^wbo ^idrë j^i mbo `^a^erÇ a^p `lr*
p^p prpl p`ofmq^p nrb jra^j ^p `lkafÖllàp) b _ll `rp(
qrjb) mlaà pbbo q^j qbjmbo^alp nrb klj pfkqfolj
pl_bgl ^p qbkq^Öèlbp nrb pr^ `ljmobfpplj ieb lrqlod^)
B mbo ^nrbpq^p mlabo^ `^a^erë ^rbo ^idrÇ m^oqb al
`lkeb`vjbkql abppv Balp lrqolp `lkppfgo^kal ^`90af*
Ölj b `ljmobfpplj ab nrb `lrp^p cfie^ j^vlo pbkqfal
nr^kal pbklj c^wbj ^ppbr mo^wbo Bmbo nrb m^oqb j^fp
c^iib`b bj klj cfie^o klp cbfqlp ^nrbi `rfa^al `lj
abiifdbkqb qo^_^iel nrb abrb mlo mbkpp^o lr pbdrfo lr(
qo^p `lrp^p q^kql klj `arbjü

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !e^
 - HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ /1'

8P_Xcd[[^ . TTREE+
9^b Taa^b S^ \h]VdPSP bTcXS^(

+ = e ` n ã l ^kkhkh i^k fZg^bkZ \]mkZbkZ l^gmbg]h Zl \hn*

lZl f^ghl ]h jn^ \]n^f i^k frg`nZ ]^f^fhkbZ) ^g*
m^g]^k) nhgmZ]^) jn^k^k) lZ[^k) ^ ih]^k) ]^jb,^ Z^l*
i^kb^g\bZ [^f fhlmkZ \eZkhl ^gqÑikhl jn^ l^ ]Zl \hn*
lZl ghf l^ aZ mZe l^geb]h \hfh ]^n^ g^f lhf g^g[kZ*
]hl jnZgmh \]n^f ) \Z ihn\Zl n^s^l hl jn^ ]hl _^bmhl
_bFaZf i^k Z_^bÅhf kZshZ]h 3^gmrf^gmh l^ ]^gZmnkZe
f^fÜkbZ g] ]^l_Zee^\^f ) gng\Z lhf ljn^^\b]hl ]h
jn^ ]^m^kfrgZf _Zs^k) g^f [^f ^geÑ]^k Zl ih]^khf
l^ \hf Z_^b\bhgZ]h+ ]^l^ch ]^ebZl ghf _beaZk^f [hh
\nr]Z]h) A nhhgmZ]^ ghf ih]^khf Zn^k ]^Zl [Ñ h*
QaPa l^ _Ta ahY^ l^gmb]h ]ZnhhgmZ]^) ikhn^beh ghf _h*
k^f ^g]nsb]hl+ AZllr ]h jn^k^k) T lZ[^k) jn^ l^f
li^\bZe kZshZ]h l^gmb]h ]Zl \hnlZl ]^`kZg]^ \]mZ ghf
l^ ih]^f jn^k^k) g^f lZ[^k mZf i^k_^bmZf^gm^ \hfh
\]n^f+ K ih]^k jnZgmh \hf `kZg]^ l^gmb]h ghl _^bmhl
ǼÃ Z\k^\^gmZ \Z]Zanã i^kllr hih]^ cne`Zk+ ?Z ihk Zn^k
nhhgmZ]^ ]^anÄ \hnlZ ]^i^jn^gZ \hgmZ) ghf l^gm^f
_Zf ^) l^]^) lhgh) _kbh) \ZefZ) mkZ[Zeeh ]^\hkih) ^
]^likbmh Acq;k hnmkZl ]^ lZelZÅhf ]Zl+ ZefZl ]Z ahgk*
k Z ) ^ ikhn^bmh) l^ Zi^k_^bÅhf ]^ebZl ghf _beaZ mZe l^g*
mb]h+ Kih]^k Z\aZ m~ _kZ\h) jn^ \Z]Zan~ ]Zl \hnllZl
lnlh ]b^mZl ghf+ lh_k^ Z_bkfZg]h) jn^ ghf i h] ^) g^f
a^ ]^_Zs^k) iZk^\^g]hea^ kZshf ihk anã ihk\h Zg]Zk
mh]h h]bZ l^f \hf ^k) ^ jn^ ghl h_b\bhl ]Z b`k^cZ) ^f
\hgl5^&ahl) hn ]^l^f[Zk`hl a^ lh[^ch ^lmZk ]^b Zf^^*
mZ]^ All^ i^k l^f^eaZgm^l ^gq^fikhl l^ fhlmkZ jnZg*
mh i^k frg`nZ ]^[hh l^gmb]h ghl _^bmhl l^ghf aZ ^f
^ee^l Zjn^eeZ f^fÜkbZ) ^gm^g]^k) ^ nhÅgmZ]^) jn^k^k)
lZ[^k) ^ ih]^k) jn^ \]n^f+ B Zllr i^k _Zeeb\rf^gmh
]Zf^fhkbZ) ^ ]^ \Z]Za]Z ]Zl hnmkZl iZkm^l ghf Zn^w
fhl) g^f _reaZfhl ]hl _^bmhl kZshZ]h l^gmb]h+ Lp ]hl
\hkZÅhhÑl fnrmh eZk`hl r' hn _kZ\hl ) h hl ikr`nrÅhlhl

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! " - # # $ . *
/1C K HG ò H ?-JO5>HDAEN¶+
b abibfu^alp pb mbo pfpl) b o^wlj klo^ pb `loobdbj)
mbo jvkdr^) lr pl_bdfalab jrv ql c^iib`bj) `^lp ab
i^od^p rllkq^abp) b `lo^Öllàp) qbbkal ^p `lrp^p bj
mbnrbk^ `lkq^) klj ^p pàqbj nr^kql `èrbo^) b lp ab
co^`l( abdo^kabp abp^pmbo^j) b mlobj abif^p klj pb
@ro^j ; lp mofdrfÖlplp) b lp abibfu^alp `lo^ pnrbb`v*
jbkql b mofdrfÖ^) lr co^nrbw^) alp cbfqlp cfie^j q^j
mbnrbkl pbkqfal nrb pbjmob lp j^i b q^oab c^wbj ì p*
pbjbie^kqb jrvq^p rbwbp lp aboof_^alp bj lp c^iifjbf(( ¶
qlp PRĄÃ af`ql5) q^kq^ ^cbfÖlj qbbj ^^idrëp obrbpp[
alp abpbglp lr ob`blp) nrb alrqolp cbfqlp klj mlabj
^rbo ^nrbi pbkqfal nrb eb o^wlj) mlo nrb ^jbjlof^ )
bkqbkabo) b rllkq^ab ^ppv qo^wbj abploabk^a^jbkqb
ibd^a^p bj ^idrë ^jlo) abpbgl) abibfq^Ölj) lr bj
`^a^_rcq alp lrqo^p m^fullàp prpl p`ofmq^p) 9z ^p lrqo^p
`lrp^p b cbfqlp) klqk mlabj kbj nrbobj pbkqfo) R^\ ^
abobfq^jbkqb abrbj c^wbo+ A b klj 3b cffGf^o lp^bkRam
nrb `ãrbj nr^kal Plj cbofa^p jrvqL? rbebolj) bjls*
qb á do^kabp `^gllPpü mlobj ^?pv `ljl bj ^idrëp qbj*
mlp _bj eb plcob if^p mbo pborfÖl abklppl pbkelo ablp*)
á klpp^p elkoo^p) ^ppv klp lrqolp QT\ eb nrb abif^p
bb clÖ^ q^i @lkq^ `ljl `Drbj+ Bqlal bpql c^wbj jrv*
qlp mbocbfq^jbkqb) lp nrb dr^oa^j bj qlalp pbrp cbf*
ql_ qbj ml) b loabj+ @^ pbdrkal af`ql abpp^R^jlj)
qåa^ii^p `lrp^p qbbj pbrp qbjmlp) mlo nrb qbjml eb
nrb qo^w pbr jbof`fjbkql) j^q^o ^idrcf eljbj) b lr*
qol do^kab mb`^al) B ^ppv ab dbgë^o) sf`f^o) b qla^i*
iÑp `lrp^p jbì^Å) k^( nqq^^bp pl^ mbocbfÖlj bpq^ bj
dr^oa^o qbjml) b loabj `ljl af`ql eb+ @^ k^p+abqb
qkqqrabp prpl afbq^p) klo^ _^ qbj ml) ird^o) mlo nrb
?_jmocb plj kb`bpp^fof^p) bl cbfu^jbkal abfi^p c^wbko^b
qflfk mlal pbj mb`^al ; pbdrkal bpql k^ af`ql fffEL
9K(_ `lii^Öllàp) jrvql _bj pb ab`i^o^+ B ^ppv eb _bj
%kfpql nrb dr^oa^o qbjmlp bj klpplp cbfqlp) b cfie^o
Gr\ biibp lppbkqfal nrb abrbjlp) eb ^iq^) b do^kab
%mqrabk`f^ B `lj bpql `lk`loa^ _bj ^nrbi bkpbjmob)
fnbb af^ ^kqb al fcbfqó `l^ppbc`l) b a bm lü bocloclü ì

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !e^
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ /14
^ppv `ÑrÜj ^rbo ^kqb abiibp _ll pbkqfal mbo^ klp ^rf*
• p^o) b mbo`b_bo al nrb klp mboqbà`b) b abmlfp qbjmb*
o^fil k^p cfgkp abqlalp nrb _bj rbebobj) mbo^ klj
pl_bgl klp ^iibdo^o b alp `lkqo^folp) mlo klj ob`b_bo(
jlp aboor_^jbkql kl `lo^Ölj) rllkq^ab) b _l^ j^(
kbfo^ abrvrbo) ibol_oÑalklp ^nrbii^ m^ii^ro^ nrb `yfw
Qla^ `lrp^ nrb pb c^w ^kqob rlp) dr^oa^kal loabj) h
qbjml pb c^Ö^+

8P_XcdUu^ . u u s f fo+
8ãcaP `dT\_Ta b^QTY^& ^d \h]VdPS^ bmXS^ TaaP\^b+

@ b klj pb ^rbo kbj cfie^o ^nrbi pbkqfal nrb bj

`^a^er> `lrp^ b cbfql ^rbo pb abrb) c^wà boolp `lkqo^
S T^b ) b `lkqo^ klp jbabpbp) b ^lp pbkelobp) ^jvdlp U
b pborvalobp fdr^^bp abklp b j^fp pljbklp+ Boolj mbo+
pl_bgl pbkqfal `lkqo^ ablp) nr^kal mbo p^ke^ abf obï
jbdlj) lr qf^^' c^iilj afwbkal nrb klj eb qlal mlab(
ql p l ) kbj c^w qla^ii^p `lrp^p abobfq^p+ B mbo jvkdr^
ab_ll pbkqfal bppl jbabp c^iib`bj `lkqo^ bi nr^kal
a^p ^ij^p klj `ro^j kbj ieb a^j ^nrbii^p do^Ö^p b
iãrrlobp mbo ob`lkeb`vjbkql ab _l^p l_o^p mlo klp
`of^o) c^wbo eljbPp bj pr^ ibf k^alp `lj lrqo^p fkcfglü
a^p jbo`bbp nrb qlalp abf ob`b_bjlp @lkqo^ klp jrv*
ql `^Pb bj jloqbp) b ç lrqolp do^kabp j^iibp mbo qofp*
qbw^p ) klglp) abpmbo^Öllàp) abpbpmbo^kal `lo^ p^ke^
ab cbfqlp molrbfqlplp) b _l^ j^kbfo^ abrvrbo) pbdrvk*
al) b rbk`bkalppb ^jrvqlp j^iibp mbo cbl_bgl pbkqfal)
âal abpbgl a^idlÇp `lrp^p) b qbjlo alrqo^p) `ljl mbo
^p m^oqbp plpl p`oâmq^p eb ab`i^o^al+ @^ ldo^kab pà qf*
a l qfo^ lalojvo b a^iiv rbj do^kab abpdl^bok^kÖp al*
qla^ `ljmobfp5lj b _l^ kga^ B mbo c^if^jbkql abf c^i*
ib`bj k^`a`fbk`f^) elkoo^) p^rab) molrbfql) b _ll
mo^wbo) mlo h_g mbkpp^obj) kbj l_oÄolj lp cbfqlb
`ljl abrbj+ K l nrb ql`^ ^lp pbkelobp) lp pborfalü
qb( c^Rbbbj mbo pl_bgl pbkqfal) nr^kal mlo abpmo^wbo

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3
/1• - HA =H ? - J O O A H O A EN - +
<g e^j) lr j^vlo molrbfql nrb pmbo^j c^wbj qobfÖlj
`lkqo^ biibp) lr abpp^p `^p^p klj abobfq^jbkqb pb m^o*
qbj j^i c^iilj) l_oÑ) lr `lkppbkqbj mlif^p o^wllàp
brpl p`ofmq^p) nrb `lkqo^ pbrp bpq^alp) lr `lrp^p nrb
iebp mboqbb`b pb c^Ö^+ A mbo jvkdr^ ab _ll pbkqfal)
klj dr^oalj elkoo^) bpq^al) b pborfÖl) abppbrp pb*
kelobp+ @^ mbo ^mo^qf`^ nrb jbrp goj^Çlp) b br qbrb*
j lp) do^Ö^p ^ablp `lj bioobv klppl pbkelo) b m^aob
pbdrkal ^lp gc^kqbp klpplp goj^Çlp p`obrv) b k^ nrbp*
qb qo^rq^al pb p`obrbo^ Slp mlaboábp `lkppfgo^o nr^k*
ql pbkqfal pb obnrbob ^rbobj lp _llp pborfalobp mbo^
pbrp pbkelobp pbbobj abiibp _bj pborvalp+ A c^iib`bk*
a l ) lr pl_bg^kal abrbkqro^ mlabobj à `lrp^ pborfo
`ljl abráj+ >jvp^ab mlabo ob^ijbkqb pbj do^kab
pbkqfal) b ^rvp^jbkql pbbo dr^oa^a^) gridrà kl ^*
nrbiibp nrb^ _bj ilkd^jbkqb dr^oalj) `^ lrqolp) bj
bii^ _bj klj p^_bj) kà mlabj c^ii^o) p^irl pb clo ab
`lrp^p lrrva^p) lr ^mobkafa^p mbo ifrolp) ^p( nr^^b^
bj mobpbkÖ^ alp nrb mlr`l abiil p^_bj )( pb jlpqo^j
p^_balobp) ^ ^kqb lp nrb^ mo^qf`ã pb jrvql c^ ifobj
ifdbfo^jbkqb pbolj `lkeb`falp nrb c^iilj abrfoqrab
^mobkafa^) ^ klj dlpq^a^ mbo ilkd^p pmbofbkÖf^p) ^
pbjbie^kqb jb m^ob`b nrb pb c^w bj qla^p rfoqrabp
9grb klj mlabj ^ppv mbocbfq^jàqb bj bii^p c^ii^o) mlo
plqfgp) b ibqbo^alp nrb pbglj) lp nrb ^p klj mo^qf(
`lj ) `ljl ^nrbiibp nrb mbo jrvq^p b ilkd^p pmbofbk*
`f^p ]^llr ^ alrqolp mbo`^iÖlj ^p rfoqrabp abif^p+ A *
mZZ^l `ljl bpqbp _bj p^_bj nrb ^jvw^ab+ rbo`g^abfo^
klj pb mlab ilkd^jbkqb j^kqbbo pbj do^kab qbjmb*
o^kÖ^ abppbkqfal) ^ppv nrb ab `lrp^ klj pb ob`b_^
*q^j ovgl nrb `lkqo^ l^jvdl c^Ö^ lnrb c^wbo klj ab(
û b A ab pbr _bj ) elkoo^) molrbfql) b p^rab) b _ll
mo^wbo ^g^ q^j mbocbfql mbo obnrbovjbkql al do^kab
^jlo nrb mbo jvkdr^ abrllkq^ab `lkqo^ bi krk`^
måpp^ pbbo `rim^al Nrà arrva^o^ nrb erÇ a^p mqvk`f*
m^^bp `lrp^p mbo nrb lp pbkelobp j^i qo^rq^j pbrp pbo*
svalobp) a^ mbo pl_bgl) hZ c^iib`fal l^gmb]h ; `^ mlo

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! 2 & / / $ , *
 K HA=H ?-J5OAHDAEN•+ /16
pbkqfal a^ pl_bg^ p^ke^) erëp j^q^j) lrqolp cbobj)
b pl_bg^jbkqb ab cbfql) b m^ii^ro^ j^i qo^rqÇ lp a^^*
r^obw^ ) lr `l_fgÖ^ ) ql`^alp abgjmlpfÖllàp b mbk^p
pbrp pr_af`qlp) j^p aboo^wlj plj `^oobd^alp mlo pb*
drfo abpbglp abr^Ñp clid^kÖ^p) jrv qlp plj abploabk^*
a^jbkqb qo^_^ie^alp bj q^^bp `lrp^p nrb mlo pborvÖl
b o^wl^a^ clidÑÖ^ alp pbkelobp p`rp^o pb abrbof^j+ B *
^ppv mlo `^a^erë mb`^al) ab nrb lp pbkelobp plj mlo
pbrp pbkqfalp j^fp aboof_^alp pbrp pborfalobp ob`b_bj
j^iâbp) mboa^p) b j^^l &o^wfjbkql+ Klj ^jbklp bpql
c^w mbo c^iif`fjbkql ab _ll pbkqfal) nrb abiibp ^rv^*
jlp a^rbo+ `lkppfgo^kal nrb plj eljbàp `ljl ALP) b
jrv qlp ^`bo`^ ablp) b ljrkal jbielobp) j^fp `lol(
movalp ab _l^p rfoqrabp) ab `rgl _ll obdfjàql ^mbo^*
jlp do^kab d^ii^oalj) b _ll kljb `lo^ jrvq^ cli*
d^kÖ^) b al boo^al mbk^) abc^j^Ölj) b qofpqbw^+ B
mlobj `ljl ab klp `lkqfkr^a^jbkqb abrbjlp ^rbo
abqlalp do^kab b _ll pbkqfal) klj pbdrfal q^kql klp(
plp c^iib`falp abpbglp mbo nrb klj pbg^jlp pbjmob
`lj l_o^ _bj ià_o^alp nr^kql pljlp l_ofd^alp ablp
dr^oa^o abqlalp `lkqo^folp b ^`ob`bkq^o bj qlalp _bàp
b rfoqrabp) kbj mbo jvkdr^ ab o^wl^al pbkqfal pbg^(
jlp bpnrbb`falp ab molrvp^j b qbbkÖ^p nrb abklp e$
a^rbo mbo jbo`bbp loabk^a^p b clo^ aloabk^kÖ^) b ab
pr^p elkoo^p) molrbfql b _l^p clid^kÖ^p) ^kqb pmboq^*
a^p mbo _ll bkqbkabo) b abobfql `lkeb`fjbkql+ Bj
bpql movk`fm^ijbkqb qo^d^jlp qlal klppl abpbgl)) b
movk`fm^i rllkq^ab `loll klp mo^wbof^ nrb qlal rlppl
pborfÖl b _ll mo^wbo biibp clppbj _bj kbj_o^alp )
klj c^iib`bkal `lkqo^ klp mbo pl_bgl pàqfal) j^fp nrb
^rbo labrbj) lr c^iib`valp abiib ^l nrb ^klp ql`^ppb)
ibfu^ppbj `loll plj l_ofd^alp+ >kqob lp gdr^^bp) nrbj
c^w abp^`loalp) pb klj pl_bgl) lr jvkdr^al pbkqfal)
`^a^ erÑ m^oqb lppfjm+obw c^iib`folbkql pbj rllkq^ab
abj^i c^wbo) nrb mbo pll m^ii^ro^ mlaf^ pbbo `loobdf*
al ) lr `lj _ll dbfql bkjbka^al) pbj do^kab bp`^o*
jbkql ) klj `lkppbkqb nrb pb ibfub m^pp^o Blp boolp b

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
 ,0* B @:6@ ?KJOOAHDGÖ_mK+
j^iâbp nrb mbo b i) b mliilp pbrp pb c^wbkl) ^gka^ nrb
do^kabp pbg^kf mlo abiibp pb ^rbo mbnrbkl pbkqfal) c^w
m^oblbo nrb klj plj mbo^ c^wbo `lkq^) obdbkalppb
mbo lppbkqfal al `lo^Ölj ) b kç a^ o^ulj) c^wbkal
bj pbjbie^kqbp cbfqlp) ^nrbii^ abcbobkÖ^ nrb ^l pbk*
qfo `lomlo^i `^a^ c^rë c^w ab ercq mbnrbk^ cbofa^ nrb
ob`b_b) nrb ab jrv ql j^vlo nrb rbg^ a^o ^erë nrb
gplj `lkeb`b B^ppv lp nrb pbrp cbfqlp) b ^ieblp) mbo
^cbfÖlj ab `lo^Ölj) ovgl) plii^jàqb grid^obj lp boolp)
b j^iâbp nrb biibp) b lp pbrp `lkqo^ lrqobj cbwbobj
ieb m^ob`bolj k^a^) b lp lrqolp q^j pl_bglp nrb pl(
mloq^o pbklj abrbj+ Lp pljbklp nrb mbo lp j^vlobp
pbg^j qofie^alp) b j^i qo^wfalp) mbo pl_bgl) lr jvk*

_ r^al pbkqfal) ^bpmbofbk`f^ a^p `^p^p alp pbkelobp

T `^a^ erÇ `fa^ab) b rvii^) l abjlpqo^+ @^ lp j^vl(
obp pbdrgkal lppbkqfal a^p rllkq^abû b mb`^alp nrb
j^fp bj `^a^ _rë obvk^) _râ2p mbo p^ke^ abcbfql b af*
` ql ) qo^rq^j pl_bg^jÜql j^i ^lrqolp) `lj pl_bok^
qofie^j ) b mbo ^r^obw^ olr_^j) pbdrvkal irurof^ bj
jlielobp ) b cfie^p abpelkoo^j+ B^ppv rbbk`falp ^l
pbkqfal abppbrp j^^lp abpbglp ^jrvqlp c^wbj j^i bj
mboppl^p b _bÜp b mbo c^iif`fjbkql a^kal ird^o ^lp pbrp
bj mlrpbkq^of^p) b ^ka^o mbo fboo^p ^ieb^p `lkqfkr^a^(
jbkqb Gbfu^j c^wbo jrv qlp j^iâbp) mlo klj pb dr^o[
a^obj al nrb barbj) kbj `^pqfd^obj lp nrbl jbob*
`bj ) lr ^rvp^obj ^nrbiilp nrb ^rvp^o abrv^j B mbo
bpq^p m^oqbp prpl p`ofmq^p) nrb _obrbjbkqb crv ql`^kû
al pbdrkal nrb jrvql jbielo b j^fp i^od^jbkqb mbo
^nrbiilp nrb a^p rfoqrabp l rfbflp e^j _ll `lkeb`f*
jbkql) pb mlabof^ afwbo) mlo nrb ^qlal pb bpqbkab)
pb mlab% _bj `lkppfgo^o nr^kql j^i pb ob`ob`b al pl*
hbgl) lr jvkdr^al pbkqfal ^ nrb cfie^jlp bj qlalp
^lpplp cbvqlp(

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! @XBBD e^
 K H_m=H ?KJOOAHDGENK+ /2.

8P_Xcd[[^ F u u fu +
SPb _PacTb _T5 PdT b^\^b T]bbh]PS^b) T QT\ R]RP\h'
( ]WPS^b PaaTRT_Ta STaTXc^ bT]cXS^ T\ c^SPccPb R^dbPb(

M l o nrb k^p l_o^b qklo^^bp klj jrvql mobpq^ `lkeb*

`b o ^p mbocbfÖlèbp a^p rfoqrabp) kbj qla^p j^kbfo^p
qfb c^iif`fjb^qlp) pb lp objbaflp `llqo^ l j^i) b `^o
jvkel mbo^l _bj klj pb abjlpqo^) b p^_fal abobfq^(
j bk qb) pb mo^qf`^) mlobj llp c^Öl bpq^ _obrb ab`i^ü
s^Ölj a^p m^oqbp mbo nrb bpqb pbkqfal `lj ^do^Ö^ ab*
AÃ PǼÃ pbkelo pb obdb+ ì nr^kql ql`^ klpp^ `lk`fbkbf^
mbo ^p qobp rvoqrabp qeblEbd^^bp prpl p`oâmq^p) pljlp
bk`^jvke^alp ^l cfie^o k^ loabk^kÖ^ nrb ^rbo pb ab(
r b) mlo nrb ^cfb) nrb ^rbjlp alp j^âibp klj m^pp^(
obj pbj mbk^) lr p^qfpc^Ölj k^ lva^ mobpbkqb) lr
mlo rfgo) klp c^w q^i qbjlo abqla^ `lrp^ ab nrb klpp^
`lk`fbk`f^ klp ^`rpb) mbo nrb ob`b_bjlp q^i pbkqfal

O rb al m^pp^al c^wbkal p^qfpc^Ölj klp albjlp mbo^l

f^kqb ab `^vo bj pbjbie^kqbp) pljlp _bj ^rvp^alpü
Mbo pmbo^kÖ^ pb _bj obdr^oa^ojlp klp _bbkp mobpbk*
qbp ) b k^ p^k`q^ dilof^ nrb ^rbobjlp pb rfoqrlp^jbkqb
rvrbojlp `è do^kab pbkqfal pbdrvobjlp ^p rfoqrabp)
1 ibfu^objlp lp j^âibp b mb`^alp+ Pb clojlp mbo `^of(
a^ab) kl ^jlo ab klppl pbkelo ablp a^p rfoqrabp àco^*
j^alp) qla^p l_o^p rfoqrlp^p) `lj do^kab ^cbfÖlj) b
pbj `lpqo^dvjbkql pbdrfobjlp) b a^p `lkqo^âo^p `lj
qlal _ll pàqfal pbobjlp ^c^pq^alp+ Bppb obdr^oa^oabp
bpq^p rfoqrabp qebliibd^^bp _bj mlabbp `lkppfgo^o `l{
j l lp nrb ^p lrrbobj o^wl^a^jbkqb) a^p `lrp^p a^
`lk`fbk`f^ abrbjlp cfie^o) b ^rbo abobfql pbkqfal mbo^
`ljmovo ^nrbii^ m^ii^ro^ abklppl pbkelo bj nrb jÇa^

0 rb _rpnrbjlp movjbfol loobvkl ab ablp) b ^grpqfÖ^

bi pbjmob) Qb qla^p `lrp^p mbo^ klppl _bj kb`bpp^of^p
klppbolj lrqlod^a^p+ B^nrbpql `ljmofobjlp) pb ^kqb
nrb c^Ö^jlp nr^i nrbo l_o^) `lkppfgo^ojlp pb mbo bii^;
if /

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !e^
 /2/ K H A = H ?KJOOGHDAENK+
c^wbjlp `lkqo^ pborfÖl abklppl pbkelo) nrb mlo nhhg*
q^ab) molrbfql) b mo^wbo nrb klp obnrbfo^j ) krk`^ pb
,^Ö^+ Bppb clo pbdrkal pr^ rllkq^ab nrb kl molppb*
drvjbkql cbwbojlp) dr^oabjlp pbjmob pr^ grpqfÖ^)
`^ klj ^_^pq^ c^wbo l_o^ nrb pbg^ _l^[ j^p c^wbii^
_bj pbj jbpqro^ alrqolp boo^alp cbfqlp) lr mo^qf`^
rv`flp^+ Mbo^lp cbfqlp a^ mobpbkqb rva^) bpq^p qobp rfo*
qrabp prpl p`ofmq^p pbdrkal klpp^ `obbkÖ^ b `^qelif`^
qbbkÖlj) by jrvql kb`bpp^of^p) j^p c^Gf^kal jlo^i(
jbkqb) mbo^^p lrqo^p nr^qol `^oabk^iibp) bj qlal klp
obdbjlp b cfie^jlp ab `^a^ erÇ `lrp^ lppbkqfal nrb
^rbo pb abrb) mlo nrb ^morabk`f^) plii^jbkqb c^ii^k*
al bo^ dbbo^i) mboppv c^w bp`liebo lfkbielo bj qlalp
klpplp molmoflp cbfqlp B^nrbpil eb mbocbfÖlj abqlal
_ll pbkqfal) b rfoqrab+ B ^ grpqfÖ^ j^ka^o a^o ^`^a^
erë lnrb pbr eb b l_o^o bj qlaliGlp cbfqlp lnrb j^fp
abobfq^jbkqb pb abrb c^wbo+ Mlobo^ pb jlpqo^) nrb eb
`ljmovfkbkql abqla^ii^p lrqo^p) j^p c^ii^kal bj pmb*
`f^i moraàk`f^) klp jlpqo^ bj ql a l ) lnrb eb _ bj ) b
jbielo) lr j^i b mblo) `lkppbie^kalklp pbjmob p`l*
iebo ^m^oqb j^fp mbocbfq^ ) obdbkal movk`fm^ijbkqb
klppl bkqàabo) b o^wlj) jlpqo^kalklp ^p rvoqrabp
movk`fm^^bp nrb pbjmob abêbjlp pbdrvo) kbj e^ qbj*
ml mbo^ l_o^o pbr `lkqo^fol B^p abpmlpfÖllàp mbo ^rfo*
qrab `ljl plj gbgrëp) rfdfiif^p) ibbo ab_llp ifrolp)
lrrvo pbofkl&ëb5) b _llp c^if^ jbkqlp) b bpq^p b lrqo^p
q^^bp klj plj molmov^p rfoqrabp) jbp abpmlèb mbo bi*
i^p) b ^qbjmlp `èrbo^ abppb c^wbobj) b lrqolp ibfu^*
obj B jlpqo^ `lkeb`bo ^p `lrp^p _l^p mbo lmbkva
a^p dbkqbp `ljl plj obrbobkÖ^p) j^kbfo^p aboob`b_bo
pborfglp b c^wbiilp) rbpqfo) b qo^wboppb) c^wbo cbpq^p) b
pbjbie^kqbp) `^ bpql klj eb j^fp _bj nr^kql pb

£ r^oa^ l`rpqrjb mbo _l^p mbppl^p ) j^fp ^molr^al+

Ffr?pvk^ bppl jbabp `lkeb`bo lp pbkqfalp) b kbj_o^k*
Ö^p nrb ^rbjlp a^ m^oqb o^`flk^i B lp a^(pbkppbqfr^;
mbo^ abjlpqo^o `lo^ nrb obo^baflp lp c^iGf`fjbkqlp ^rb(
1N+N5 ab àjbka^o ) b `loobdbo) b klp _bàp j^kqbbo b

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! Chh`e^
 - HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENKF /20
Z\k^\^gmZk AmZf [^f @KO _Zs \hga^\^k ^f jn^ \hnlZl
i^k ghllh cnrsh) l^`ng]h jn^ lZ[^fhl ^ ikZmb\Zfhl)
]^n^fhl ]^m^kfc gZ]Z f^gm^ _ZeeZk) ^ h[kZk ^ jnZZ^l
\ân^f l^^k^f e^bqZ]Zl Zik^eeZ]hl ^ \hg_^llhk^l ^f
_^bmh ]Z \hg\b^g\bZ) ^ Zee^`blmZl) ^ ]^`kZmblmZl gh jn^
i^km^^\^ Z]^k^bmh ?Zhl Öblb\hl) ^ \^_bnk`bZ~^l ^f Zl
cg_bkfZ]^l AZllr Z\Z]Zanã ^f Zl \hnlZl jn^ i^k ma^h*
kb\Z ^ ikZmb\Z fZbl lZ[^f) anlZg]h \hf ^ee^l i^k ghl*
lh cnrsh) gZl \hnlZl jn^ i^k ^ee^ [^f ih]^fhl ^gm^g*
] ^ k) ^ ]^m^kfrgZk A h fZbl lhf^m^k ZZl lnZl ]^mbkfr*
gZÅhà^l) \Z i^k frg`nZ ]^mZe \hga^\bf^gmh) fnrmhl
jn^ ihk l^ln]hl lhf \hgmZ]hl) \ZZÑ ^f `kZg]^l _Zeeb*
\bf^gmhl) jh^k^g]h cn e` Z k) ^ ]^m^kfrgZk i^k [hZ kZ*
shf hjn^ ihk ^eeZ l^f ^gllrgh) hn `kZg]^ ikZmb\Z l^
ghf ih]^ [^f ^gm^g]^k) g^f lZ[^k+ FnlmbÅZ fZg]Z
ghllZ `^^kZF nhhgmZ]^ ]^l^cZk) ^ l^`nrk hjn^ i^k ikn*
]Ñg\bZ Fa^ _hk ihk f^eahk ]^fhlmkZ]h) ^ \hgll^eaZ]h)
i^k m^fi^kZgÅZ ikrg\biZef^gm^ k^`^fhl mh]ZeeZl iZb*
qhhÑl ]Z iZkm^ ]^l^cZ]hk) Z[^f ^ ZfZb i^km^^\^gm^l
A i^k _hkm^ee^sZ ]^llZ `nrlZ Zl ]Z iZkm^ ]^_^gllhk) hn
rkZ\rn^e+
8P_XcXS[^ õEqqq+
S^b UP[[XRX\ru^b PPb dXacdSTb \PXb RWTVPS^b+

P h]Zl ^lmZl nbkmn]^l lnlh ]b^mZl ghl ZnrlZf i^kZ

[^f \hga^\^k ^ l^`nbk Zl ]^k^bmZl h[kZl nrkmnhlZl)
]^l^fiZkZg]h hl _Zeeb\rfÑmhl mZgmh Z^eeZl \a^`Z]hl
jn^ i^k `^^kZe hi^grhf an~ i^k hnmkZ l^ _beaZ) ]Zl
jnZZ^l ihk Ze`n~ ]^\eZkZÅhf) ^lm^l ihn\hl ^gq^fikhl)
ghl l\k^nh+ Almn\bZ) i^k ikn]Ñg\bZ fnrmZl n^s^l 3-
ghf^Z Ñ mZgmh jn^ gh ZnZg`^eah ghllh l^gahk ]bll^
j n^ i^k]^kbZ Zikn]^g\bZ ]hl ikn]^gm^l) ^ jn^ hl _beahl
]^lm^ l^`k^ ^kÄ fZbl ikn]^gm^l jn^ hl ]Z ens) ghf ]b*
s^g]h ^lmh ]Zn^k]Z]^bkZ ikn]Ñg\bZ) fZl ]hl jn^ an*
lZf ]Z ^lmn\bZ A Zgmk^ ^eeZl a^ mZe ]^_^k^gÅZ) ikn]Ñg*
\bZ) mh]ZeeZl \hnlZl fZg]Z) ^ \hgll^eaZ _Zs^k ZZfreahk
iZkm^) `nZk]Zg]h l^knbÅh ]h l^gahk ]^hl) ^ ikZmb\Z

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! HcKKM e^
/21 K HA = H ?KJO0>HDG.NK+
rfoqrlp^) kbj `lkppbkqb c^wbo mlo ^r^kq^dP nrb pbkq^
l_o^ q^' nrb ^^rfoqrab pbg^ `lkqo^âo^+ B^bpqr`f^ mbo
nr^i nrbo drvp^ nrb pbg^ pb qo^_^ie^ `lj plqfiibw^
^bkqbkabo) b mo^qf`^p `lj ^oqbp ab `èmofo pbr abpbgl
b rllkq^ab) klj pb `ro^kal ab `lk`fbk`f^) dr^oa^
abrfoqrab) kbj _ll kljb) b abq^i bpqr`f^ eb do^kab
`lkql alp `e^j^alp pbpralp) lp nr^^bp rboa^abfo^*
jbkqb klj erp^j) mlo nrblp kljbp ab morabkqb abp(
mofqr b pfpral mboqbb`b ^mbppl^p rfoqrlp^p) b klj `lj(
mofa^p abpp^_bo b mo^qf`^ j^iib`flp^ `ljl plj lp nrb
erp^j abq^i bpqr`f^+ GrpqfÖ^ qbj pbr `ebd^al c^iif`fü
jbkql) abpbgl ab rvkd^kÖ^) `lkppbdrvjbkql ab rllk(
q^ab) b abr^Çl kljb) mlo ld^_^oà nrb eb abobfql bj
pbrp cbfqlp) b grpqfÖlpl) ^kqob lp nr^^bp bppl jbabp
eb q^g abcbobkÖ^) l rboa^abfol mlpprvalo a^ grpqfÖ^)
klj ^c^w) kbj dr^oa^ mlo pbdrfo rllkq^ab) kbj mlo
c^j^) b molrbfql qbjmlo^i nrb abiil pbieb pbdrfo ml^<
?^) j^p mlo pborfÖl abklppl pbkelo ablp) ^jlo) b ^*
cbfÖlj a^ nrbii^ rfoqrab mbo k^qro^i bpqiql) lr `lkeb*
`fjbkql a^ pr^ mbocbfÖlj) b mlo bii^ `ljl `çrbj ^*
qla^ii^p lrqo^p ´lp lrqolp qlal movk`fm^ijbkqb c^wP
mlo c^oq^o rllkq^ab) p^qfpc^wbo ^pp^ke^ b mlo r^Ç dil*
of^+ Qbjmbo^kÖ^ qbj mlo pbrp `ebd^alp rf`flp) p`^`b*
3^) b pl_bg^ ^_pqfkàk`f^ ab`ljbo) b _brbo) b alojvo)
^kqob lp nr^^bp eb q^i abcboàÖ^+ L qbjmbo^al qlal c^w
mlo pbdrvo ^p rfoqrabp ab `^pqfa^ab) erjvFa^ab) a
j^kppfalçb) b _l^ abpmlpfÖlj a^^ij^ b al `loml b
mo^qf`^ rfoqrlp^ bj qlalp pbrp cbfqlp) klj jvkdr^kal
`lrp^ al nrb ^ppbr bpq^al `ãrbj a^o b abpmbkabo+
Blp nrb ^dr^oa^j mlo qbbkÖlj `èqo^fo^) c^wákl movk(
`fm^ijbkqb mlo ^rÇÖ^obj k^ c^wbka^) b ^rbobj c^j^)
b kljb abqbjmbo^alp pbkqfkal pr^ clid^kÖ^ bj l mol*
kbfql) b kljb^a^) j^fp nrb kl _bj a^p rfoqrabp(
Cloqbiibw^) mbocf^) b mbo qf k^` f^ qbj bj p^ `ljm^ke^)
k^p `ljl a^p lrqo^p afppb) ^ppv abpq^) lcloqb `ljbqb)
qlkqo^afw) plcob) b plmloq^ qlal mbo abqbojvk^Ölj al
ï^qbkabo bo^wlj ) klj rbk`fal mbo abpÖgl) b obdfalèÖ

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! KF LLH! e^
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ /02
ST `boÄÖlj ) kbj p^ke^) kl^p `lj ^rqlofa^ab abmor<
aák`f^) ó rllkq^ab mbo^ pbdrfo lr `ljmovo grpqfÖ^+
ì l mbocflpl b mboqfk^w pbdrvkal b `ljmovkal labplo*
abk^al abpbgl abppbr `lo^Ölj ) b rllkq^ab) nrbo j^i)
ó `ljl klj abrb pbrp cbfqlp Gbr^o ^af^kqb) cfie^kal
mlo do^kab c^iifjbkql `lj r^Ñ dilof^ b pl_bor^ ab`bo
b ibfu^oppb ab`lrp^ nrb `ljbÖ^a^ qbke^ Bkqbkabkal
nrb c^wbiil ^ppv eb pr^ olvkdr^) pbbkal do^kabjbkqb
bkd^k^al) mlo nrb lc^iifjbkql eb) bi c^wbo lr afwbo
lnrb aboo^wlj ^g^ ibfu^o) b kè `ljmovo) j^p nrbj
eb ^q^j ^`^_^al nrb qlal mbocbfq^jbkqb afd^) b c^Ö^)
mlobj nr^kal `lrp^ c^iib`fa^ cbwbo) eb a^rbo mlr`l
`lkqbkq^jbkql al bkqbkabo) lr rllkq^ab nrb cbw `l)
jbÖ^o lnrb klj `arbj `lkqvkr^o kbj qo^wbo ^ cvj )
ì abrb pbbo _bj `lkqbkqb pbkqfo nrb ablp ieb abr q^i
STbTY^ STVdP oa^o grpqfÖ^) nrb pb afw l_o^rlj abo bf q^*
olbkqb) ibfu^kal mboqfk^`f^) lr mbocf^ alj^f bjmflo)
klj nrbobo ^qro^o) ol^p `lkeb`bkalppb `loll `çrbj)
Polbka^o) `loobdbo) b ^rvp^o a^p `lrp^p nrb mbo pbr
grvwl b _ll `lkppbi_l bkqbkabo nrb c^W lr afppb klj
abobfq^jbkqb+ Loob`bl a^ rbodlkÖ^ nrb eb abilrr^o
`lol bjm^`el al `lo^Ölj nrb mbo^ mlr`l mobpq^ pb
^`ljm^ke^+ Bloob`bl a^p blrp^p mbo ^m^oqb a( o^wl^(
mbo^ klp dr^oa^ojlp al nrb pb mlab pbdrfo bj klppÖ
`lkqo^fol) jbal al `lo^Ölj jrgq^p rbwbr qo^w bpp^
m^oÖ^of^+ Lppbkqfal k^ m^oqb al qobpp^vo qbj ol^fp pbr
movk`om^i c^iff`fjbkql) `^ mbo ^p m^oqbp nrb afbq^p plj
mlabobbp `lkeb`bo `ljl lp j^fp a^nrbiibp nrb kfoqr*o
a b ) klj pbdrbj klj plii^jbkqb ob`b_bj) b pb ilr(*
r^j al nrb cfie^j) `lj j^vlo pbkqfal nrb `arbj U
j^p ^lp lrqolp `ljl rfoqrlplp mlo biyl `lkqfkr^a^jáü
q b ilrr^j+ B klj dr^oa^kal bj bpql bnrb eb abobfq9;
b o^wlj ) j^p ^rllkq^ab mbo nrb movl`gmqijbkqb plj
obdfalp) iebp c^w ilrr^o lp lrqolp nrb ppbjbiepkqbp c^(
wbj+ ì^kqob bpqbp q^i eb ^abcbobkÖ^+bljl a^p brqfo^Ö
râoqrabp) mlo nrb lp nrb pbdrbj rllkq^ab mbo 5<ke$o
\ n^^i [rbo a^p lrqo^p m^oqbp mrpl b`ofmRp o ûr vqbco

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! NYBBD b^
/23 - H A = H ?-JO2AHDAEN-+
rbwbp iebp m^ob`b nrb c^wbj lnrb abrbj) 5 l_o^p ob(
rbpp^a^jbkqb cbfq^p) b _bj ^`e^olj nrbj mlo biil lp
ilrrb) b ^ppv `èppbieb) bj rvkd^kÖ^p) olr_lp) b cro*
qlp) mlo jlpqo^obj ^rb qbj _ll pbkqfal ab pr^p elko*
o^p) molrbfql) b clid^kÖ^+ Blp nrb pb obdbj mbo o^*
flj ) lbkqbkabo qo^wbj mlo pbkelo) lr ^ vl) klj c^*
wbj `lrp^ pbj pr^ ^rqlofa^ab) b j^ka^al) q^^bp `l*
jl bpqbp klj `ro^j a^p lmbkvlèbp al `rjrD) j^p
^nrbiil pbdrbj nrb rboa^abfo^jbkqb jbielo iebp m^*
ob`b) b kl nrb j^fp pb ^`loaÇ ^p rfoqrlp^p mbppl^p)
pbdrkal ^nrbi _ll bpq^al bj nrb clo+ Blp nrb qo^wà
rllkq^ab mlo pbkelo^) b lbkqbkabo bj irÖ^o ab pbo*
rvalo) lr co^`l `lkppbiebfol) qlalp pbrp cbfqlp l_o^j
pl_ob r$qrfo^) `^ lkab _bj abpbg^j ^idrccp rbwbp _P
l_o^j) b `b `lkqo^fol ^ppv lc^wbj B mbo erÇ j^kbfo^
jb m^ob`b nrb eljbj mlab `lkeb`bo) `lj nr^i m^oqb
pb j^fp qbj ) rbg^ bj pbrp cbfqlp) `ljl j^fp rbwbp
`e^j^ br ) b ^ppv p^f_e^ nrb eb j^kbfo^ ab pbr rv*
rbo) bkubjmol abpql) pb br `rpqrjl afwbo jbr bkqfP
abo jb `lkppbie^r^ bpql) j^p br lk$nrvp c^wbo) p^f*
_e^ nrb ^rllkq^ab qo^w mlo pbkelo^+ Bppbj qla^ movk*)
`fm^i m^oqb ab pr^ rva^) bT afw jvke^ rllkq^ab jp
obnrbof^ q^i `lrp^) j^p br klj nrvp) b à ^idë^p mlr*
`^p m^pp^) lbkqbkabo ^ka^ mlo ^ v l ) b ^rllkq^ab mlo
`of^al+ Bppb krk`^ lr à jrv ibrbp `lrp^p qobpm^pp^)
lbkqbkabo eb pbkelo B ^ppv klp abrbjlp qo^_^ie^o
nrb pbjmob pbg^+ Bmlobj ab `lkppfgo^o nrb ^idr$p `l *
jl kl `ljbÖl abpqb qo^rq^al p`obrv) qbbj ^p rllk*
q^abp jrvql erjvialp^p) b lbkqbkabo eb mobpqbp ^p*
pbdrvo lnrb bi ieb j^ka^o) lr abqbojvk^o+ J^p lbk*
qbkabo eb q^j mbnrbkl nrb klj p^_b j^ka^o) kbj
`lkppbie^o) b klp pbjbie^kqbp lbool kbj a^ m^oqb al
^ vl) lr pbkelo b klj a^rllkq^ab) nrb qbbj ird^o ab
?borvalo+ B^bpqb mbo^ pbr _ll bk`^jvke^jbkql `2*
rbj nrb pb obg^ mbo `lkppbiel alrqobj) nrb G_b j^k*
ab nrb c^Ö^ bj `^a^erÇ `lrp^) mlfp bi ^ppv jba+bp
klj p^_b j^ka^o Bmlpc`l nrb ^l j^fp p^_balo jrvqÖ;

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! @XBBD e^
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ /24
pbg^ molrbfqlpl c^wbo pbrp cbfqlp mbo `lkppbiel) ^bpqb
j^fp _b kb`bppÄofl Bppb lbkqbkabo _bj `lkppbie^ j^p
^rllkq^ab mbo ^cbfÖlj obdfallà) lr co^nrbw^ klj nrbo
l_bab`bo) b `èmovo lnrb ieb jlpqo^j) mlo j^fp pbr
_ à ) b dr^oa^ a^p rfoqrabp) ^`rim^ klj eb kl bkqbk*
abo nrb qbj bj q^i mbppl^) ild^o ab `lkppbiebfol abp*
mobw^al j^p k^ rlçq^ab nrb eb pbkelo^+ B^ppbjbie^k*
qbp abdo^kab rbkqrfo^ mlabj qlok^o ^rfoirlpl `^jvkel
pb klppl pbkelo ablp `a ^p rfoqrabp a^ cfb ) pmbo^kÖ^)
`^ofa^ab) lp klj `loobdb+ >`bo`^ abpql) br rbgl `vk*
nrl j^kbfo^p aeljbàp) pbdrvalobp abrllkq^ab) b qobp
abploabk^a^jbkqb ab pbr bkqbkabo+ Lp nrb mlr`l bk*
qbkabj) b e^j ovg^p rllkq^abp) `lrp^p abif^p klj
nrb_o^j j^p bj qlal pb qo^_^ie^j ab^p `ljmovoü+
grid^kal ^nrbiil nrb iebp mo^w abc^wbo) kç pbbo j^i)
lr mb`^al) ^gka^ nrb ibqbo^alp) b lp j^fp bkqbkafalp
afd^j l`lkqo^fol) lr mlpql nrbl ^g^ mlo bool) afw 9gX
klj e^ ab pbbo mbocbfql Bmlobj klj jlkq^ erp^o k^
nrbiil `ljl abpbg^+) mlfp k^p lrqo^p `lrp^p ieb m^ob`b
nrb c^w lnrb abrb+ B^idrëp nrb qlalp ibfu^j ^mobafÖ*
qfk^Ölj) afwbkal nrb pbe^j abppbbo p^irlp nrb klj
mlab pbbo l`lkqo^fol) b nrb mlobj klj abrbj ibfu^o
abc^wbo lnrb iebp j^fp mo^w) mlfp qlal e^ abrfgo mbo
rbkqrfo^ mobabpqvk^Ölj) lr loabk^kÖ^ a^p mo^kbq^p+
Lrqolp nrb mbo j^^l `rpqrjb a^ jl`fa^ab) plj ^ppv
cbfqlp co^`lp nrb kç mlabj `lkqo^afwbo ^l mb`^al kl
qbjml a^ qbkq^Ölj ) alp nr^^bp afw klppl pbkelo nrb
^qbjmlp `obbj) b kl qbjml a^ qbkq^Ölj abpc^iib`bj+
BppbjbieÑqb c^wbj lp nrb plj bobdbp) b klj `obÆ
lrqo^ rva^ pbklj bpq^+ @^q^^bp qla^ _bj ^rbkiro^kÖ(
mlab bj pbdrvo b `ljmovo pbrp abpbglp B^fka^ nrb
m^obÖlj bkqbkafalp) b klj pb ^qobrlj mbo m^ii^ro^
jlpqo^o pr^p abp`obbkÖ^p+ Mlobj l qbpqbjrkel abppbrp
cbfqlp _á labjlpqo^ @^ klj pb rbk`bj ^erci pll mb*
`^al ) j^p ^nr^kqlp mbo rllkq^ab plj obnrbofalp+ +Lp
pbdrvalobp ab pbr bkqbkabo plj ^nrbiibp nrb mbo r^^j
dilof^ jrvql pb ^ibdolj) bj c^j^ abjrvql ^ g m^ g ] b*

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !e^
 /25 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENKó
alp+ @^ bpqbp mbkpp^kal nrb ^_^qbolsk bj pbr kljb
pb `lkab`bobj ^^p lmbkvllàp) lr abqbojvk^ÖllPp ^*
ieb^p) pb clobj `lkqo^âo^p al nrb g^ bj mo^Ö^ qbj af*
` q l ) lr jlpqo^al) b mlo `lrp^ krk`^ pb rbk`bj) j^p
`lj mbocf^ nrbobj ibr^o pbrp cbfqlp ^af^kqb ìq^i c^wbj
lp jrgql abrlqlp pbj abp`kÖlj nrb mbkpp^j) qla^û
pr^p rllkq^abp b g^vwlp ieb rfgobj a^m^oqb abablpü
Bmlobkab nlb pb klj abrbj jra^o abppbrp molmlpf*
H\& mlo _l^ o^wlj nrb ieb pbg^ afbq^) kbj abjlpqo^*
a^+ Blp nrb mbo jvkd^^ abcib) _l^ bkppvk^kÖ^) lr
`lj pfjmob^^ c^wÜ j^i) mbkpp^kal nrb eb rfoqrab)
a^kal qÇq^ `obbkÖ^ ^l nrb ^ppv bkqbkabj) nrb klj
mlabj ob`b_bo lrqol _ll bkppvkl nrb ieb abj ) ll
nrb fo lol abjlpqo^o+ Bilal bpql mbo do^Ö^ al pbkelo
r^\ ^p rfoqrabp movk`fm^^bp prpl pbofmq^p) pbbloobdl
^ VdPaSP( Bppbj bqc^p a^p `lrp^p klj mlabobjlp ^rbo
abobfql pb kqv jbkql) kà ^p l_o^o ^foqrlp^jbkqb+

".(&2!- Fu u u f+
$"0# #"1"0# $-# ,-00-# #-/%3-+ ) %# #-+-# *'%# $%2%+# 1%%/!
"./-./("$"0# #%/1"0# )()0 5

M b o ^ j^vlo ab`c^o^Ölj ab `ljl bkqbkal nkb abrüü

jlp ^rbo a^p `lrp^p pbkqfjbkql rfoqllp^jbkqb B^ `lkp*
pfgol kl `lo^Ölj ab `^a^ e^ë abklp `vknrl `^p^p) ^p*
pv loabk^a^p) `ljl `rpqrj^j pbkelobp+ Movjbfo^ p^â*
i^ bj nrb bkqo^j qlabiilp al pb^ pbkelofl nrb lolv*
wv^alp klj plj) B ^ppv lp bpqo^kdbfolp nrb ^bii^ nrb(
obj rigo+ Pbdrka^ `^j^o^ abm^o^jàql) lr ^kqb `^j^*
o^ bj nlb `rpqrj^j bpq^o pbrp jlo^alobp)+b ^idrcqp
lrqolp klqlrbbp al obvkb+ Qbo`bfo^ b^j^o^ ab abojvo)+
nrb lp j^vbobp) b j^fp `ebd^alp ab `^p^) abrbj ^rbo
bkqo^a^+ Nr^oq^ qobp`^j^o^) lkabppb `rpqrji rbpqfo)
nrb mbo^ j^fp pmb`f^^bp mbüpl^p mbo^ bicl mboqbb`bfoqbp
pb ab^bj ^molmof^o+ Nrfkq^) lo^qlofl bj nrb lp pb*
kelobp plbp ^fdrÑp rbwbp) `^a^af^ eb _bj abppb ^m^o*
q^obj ( mbo^ obw^o) qbbo mbo _lbp ifrolp) b mbkp$^` bj

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! HXhhM b^
 K HA=H ?-JOOAHDAEG-+ /26
rfoqrlplp `rfa^alp+ B^rbqklp bj `^a^ercq abpq^p `^p^p
^nrbii^p alwb m^fulÇbp nrb g^ p`obrv +p+ > j lo) Abpb*
gl ) Abibfq^Ölj) &J fl ) >rloob`vjbkql qofpqb) J^kppf*
a lèb) Pmbo^kÖ^) B^qobrvjbkql) P^ke^) Abpmbo^Ölj
GPqbolbo) Blppbkqfal ab qla^p alwb bj `^p^p fdr^^bp)
k^ p^ii^ pbo^ j^fp dbbo^i) b jbklp ^cf`^al B k^p lr(
qo^p `^p^p fo^ `ob`bkal ^q^^ lbpqral nrb pbo^ j^fp pmb*
`f^i b ovfl nrb pbbo mlab+ *Bnr^kal klp rbebo lbpbkqf*
jbkql a^idrP `lrp^ abrbjlp _bj `lkppfgo^o nr^qol
crka^jbkqlp+ Movjbfol nr^f eb lcbfql abnrb klp rbj)
|bdrkal) ^m^fulk^ nrb kliil c^w pbkqfo+ Qbo`bfol ^mbp*
pl^ mlo nrb l^rbjlp+ Nr^oql ^nrb cvj pljlp jlrv*
alp abl ^rbo+ @^ afwbj lp p^_balobp) nrb ^cvj alp
cbfqlp eb pbr crka^jbkql) nrb klp abjlrb ^lp `ljb*
Ö^o b `lkqvkr^o) mlo ^rbo l| klp mo^w) lr p`rp^o lnrb
ob`b^jlp+ Bmlfp ^cfj abiibp eb pbr `ljbÖl) movjbfol
ïabrbjlp loabk^o bj klppl `lo^Ölj mlbkal k^ p^ii^
qla^ii^p `lrp^p nrb kbj qbj lrqo^) ^clo^ cfie^o mo^wbo
K ^ `^j^o^ al m^o^jbkql ^p al molrbfql+ >p a^ p^rab
`lomlo^i) k^ `^j^o^ al alojfo K^p qobp`^j^o^p) lp
cbfqlp aÄ elkoo^) qfo^kal abif^p qla^ `lrp^ nrb ^^rfoü
qrab pág^ `lkqo^fo^) `ljl ljbwf^alp ab klpp^ `^p^+
+L bpqral pmb`f^ijbkqb pbg^ dr^oa^al mbo^l pborfÖl ab
klppl pbkelo) b pbdrvjbkql a^p rfoqrabp Bmlpql nrb
pbg^j bpq^p `vknrl cigp ^ppv abm^oqfa^p) qlalp mlobj
klp jlrbjlp nr^kal eb mlo klppl mo^wbo) ^mbo`^iÖ^o
lnrb klp m^ob`b j^vlo _bj) lr mlo p`rp^o j^vlo j^i
>nrbpq^ loaà klp jlpqo^ ldbbo^i `rpqrjb) `^ rbbjlp
mlo ^rbo ofnrbw^p ibfu^o jrvql mo^wbo) m^pp^kal lj^o)
plcobkal c^j b) cofl ) `^ij^p) bkqbkabkal nrb lmolrbf*
ql eb q^i cvj ) nrb ^p `lrp^p a^ pll clid^kÖ^ bj `^plp
fdrf^b5 plj j^^p abibfu^o mlo cf qo^wbj ilkd^jbkqb
j^vlo _bj) b ^ooba^jbkql abj^i+ Mlo p^ir^jbkql al
`l om l ) lp nrb _rp^j a^o^wlj) rbbjlp a^o l^rbo ab*
_l^ rllkq^ab bj albkÖ^p) mofpllàp) b lrqo^p kb`bppv*
a^abp) `lkeb`bkal nrb ofnrbw^p plj abjbklp `lkq^)
ï pb abrbj mlo pbr _bj) lr ^ooba^jbkql abj^' abp*
HH /

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !e^
 ,/* K HA = H ?-JO5AHDAEN-+
mbkabo) b abpql ^p ^kvj^iif^p jlpqoÇ _ll bkubjmol)
nrb ibfu^j ^clid^kÖ^ ab pbrp `^p^jbkqlp) b ab`ljbo)
b ab_brbo) mlo crdfo ^^jloqb) b movplj ^rbkal nrbi
mlo j^vlo _bj nrb pbdrvo ^p abibfq^Ölabp) Nrb l `lo*
ï ml pb ^rbkqrfo^ mlo ^`ob`àq^o lr dr^oa^o ^elkoo^ _bj
labjlpqoÇ ^p `^klkv`^p) b bkubjmolp nêb `^a^ af^ pb
m^pp^j alp nrb mlo dr^oa^obj ib^ia^ab pb ibfu^j j^*
q^o Blrqolfp) nrbobkal mlo qla^ pr^ ivk_^dbj dr^^*
ke^o do^kab jbielo^jbkql) pb ^rbkqrfo^j ^ mbofdll
j^dkfcbpql abjloqb) bkqbkaàal nrb l_bj a^ ebkoo^
aro^ j^fp ilkd^jbkqb bj ^rva^ pr^) b ab ûbrü m^*
obkqbp) nrb ^l mobpbkqb pè) b ^l af^kqb clobj+ B `l*
jl mlo pborvÖl abklppl pbkelo Gbfu^j qla^p bpq^p cfgp
_bj pb abjlpqo^ mlo ^p loabbkp bj nrb moljbqbj
molrbw^) b l_bafàk`f^) b `^pqfa^ab) mbo nrb abpbj*
m^olj ^p movjbfo^p ar^p aÄ abibfq^Ölj) b a^p ofnrb*
w^p) b lp `lomlp `ljl mlo pborvÖl abklppl pbkelo
ablp) pb abpmlçb ^^jloqbalp jÄoqfobp) _bj lab`i^(
an& ^p elkoo^p plj ab qla^p bj bpq^ rva^ ibfu^a^p mbo
lp nrb pb r^Çl ^lp eljbìp lkab klj pmbo^j ^idrP
lbofjlkv^ abif^+ Mlo nrb ^elkoo^ molmov^jbkqb) pb*
drkal ^jvj m^ob`b) eb obrbobkÖ^) l_bafbk`f^) pbo*
rfÖl) ^`ob`àq^fkbkql) d^p^ie^al) lr cbpq^ nrb pb c^w)
^idrÜj mlo pr^ rfoqrab) bpq^al) mlabofl) ovnrbw^)
_l^ rbkqrh^) lr ^cbfÖlj+ B nrà _bj `lkppfgo^o lp
bkubjmolp) rbbo^ pb q^i ab`i^o^Ölj abif^ eb o^wl^a^+
Bqlal bpql abpbjm^olj obrvqlp mlo pborvÖl ab klppl
pbkelo) ^gka^ nrb mlo pr^p rfoqrabp) abpmlfp ^elkoo^
lppfd^) b qla^5 bpq^p cfgp r^Çl abj^ka^kal ^p mbppl^ü
nrb loabk^a^jbkqb ibfu^j erÇ pljbklp) mlo pbdrfo
^nrbii^p bj nrb _^ j^vlo _bj bj `^plp gdrqc^bp `l*
jl af`ql eb mlo 9G erë pbkelo a^o jrvql afkebfol mlo
^idrÇ `lrp^ | ]y qbke^ lrqo^ cvj pbkã pll mo^wbo k"
boo^) `èppfgo^kal nrbl afkebfol nrb mbo^ lrqoà eb jrv*
ql k^ `^p^+abppbr molrbfql eb qebral bj mbnrbk^ `3*
q ^ ) b lmo^wbo cz ob`b_b) lr pmbo^ ob`b_bo mbo obpmbfql
ab pr^ b^iâ^ bj nrb abrb bpq^o ebdo^kab+ B nr^kq^

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !e^
 - HA=H ?-JOOAHDA.N§+ /3.
q^i abpfdr^if^kÖ^ clo k^p `lrp^p ^cvj al mo^wbo abrb
m^pp^o ^al molrbfql B^ppv `^a^erÑ nr^kal bii^ clo
do^ k a b ) b ^p lrqo^p j^fp mbnrbk^p) pbdrkal pr^ lo*
aà) p^irl lnrb mboqbb`b ^klppl pbkelo nrb pb mbo`^iÖ^
mbo do^Ö^ pmb`f^i) `è dr^oa^ a^p rfoqrabp) ^p nr^^bp
fflj c^cq qàml mbo^ ibfu^o l_o^o abif^p) mlo n afwà kè
pbbo rfoqrab mofk`fm^i ^cg qç ^Gdrë qàml bj ig pbg^ _ç
kè erâ^o abif^+ Mloà lp nrb rfoqrlp^jbkqb rgrà kë`^
abrç ibfu^o lppborfÖl abklppl pbkelo ablp) mlo `^a^*
erÇ a^p lrqo^p cfgp+ B loabk^al ^ppv mbo gj^dfk^Öè bp*
q^p `lrp^p mlabobjlp rbbo pb cfie^jlp ^nrbi pbk qfkf á*
ql " abrbjlp+ @lkppfgoÑal mofjbfol âg cbf`ql eb à do^k*
abw^ ) mlo [ a^p `lrp^p mboqbbo+àqbp e^ p^rab) a^p j^fp
mbofgdlp^p) ^gka^ nrb lkè m^obÖè ^rbobjlp mofk`fm^i
5îqfjàql B^ppv `^a^erÑ a^p lrqo^p cfgp) dr^oaÑal ^lo*
Sy g^ afbq^) abppv `èppfgobjlp mlo nr^i m^fuÆ ob`b_b*
jlp abf lppbkqfjàql) pbkè mlo abpbgl) qbjlo) p^ke^)
lr `^a^erÑ a^p lrqo^p+ B^ nrb mbppl^p mboqbb`b b mlo
o^wè) `^ abrbjlp qo^wbo ^p nrb clobj ^klp j^fp
`ebd^a^p)% k^ j^fp pmb`f^i `^p^ ^^ià a^ f' mboqbb`b ^*
ablp) B^ppv ^p lrqo^p abp`àaàal mbo pr^ loaà ^q^^
b^ii^ bj nrb qlalp mbo ^jlo ab molrufjlp abrbj ^k*
a^o B bpql pbo^ mbo^l qz do^`flp^jàqb) lr `è o^wè ^rÑ*
q^dÆ mlabjlp c^wbo) `^l af`ql) b grpqfÖ^ dbbo^i) ^ql*
alp gdr^ijàqb à ^idrfip `^plp abrb pbbo dr^oa^al) k!
mbo obpmbfql a^p mbppl^p) jbp mlo dr^oa^ a^p rfoqrabp
xg eb ^klpp^ mofk`fm^i àqbkÖè) mlo 9z ^p lrqo^p pè ab
ibfu^o Bppl_ob qlal eb abrbbo mlo cvj ) a^p `fnrl
prpl b`ofq^p ^rbjlp q^i pPqfjàqã) lr ob`b_b) lr mlab
Qb`b_bo ^nrbii^ mbppl^ nrb kliil c^w pbkqfo) b qlal bp*
ql `lk5pfgo^kal pb mlab grid^o) pb cfie^jlp a^nrbii^
`lrp^ lppàqfjàql nrb abrbjlp) b `è bpql 9z p`obrv
j b m^ob`b `è`loa^o lfg pb `èqà kl ifrol al obdfjàql
alp moâk`fmbp) lkab jlpqo^ à 9g abrbjlp mlbo klpp^
_ç ^ràqroÇÖ^) ibfuÇal abibfq^Öè) ofnrbw^p) cobjlpro^)
cloÖ^) p^rab) c^j^) abelkoo^) k^p rfoqrabp) ab`i^o^ &g
abÅb pbáo mlpq^) ^ràal^ mlo j^fp ^iq^) T mbocb`q^ cvol

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! KF G H !e^
.3m K HA=H ?KJOOAH_eA__mK+
B^ jbbpiob obvjci à erN Gfrol nrb c^if^ a^ àqPÖa m of*
jbfo^ b pbdrka^) jlpqo^kal `ljl abrbjlp a^rbo mof*
jbfo^ qbàÖqc ^p `lrp^p j^fp bu`biiçqbp a^p rfoqrabp
mofk`fm^ijàib) jlpqo^ fg ^abrbjlp ^rbo) klppl pbkelo
kl ^rÇdbi_l jÇa^ ûùl ^jbjlp abqlal `lo^Ö!) raÖq^*
a b ) b ^^ij^) b abqla^p klpp^p cloÖ^p) P 9G jb m^ob`b
obnrbobo ^nrbi klppl bpqral al j^vlo pbkqfal al `l*
o^Öè) nrbobkal pbbo ^j^al mbo `çppbiel al bkqbkabo)
b abpbgl pmb`f^i `lj _ll `rpqrjb a^rllkq^ab ) k^
j^fp do^kab j^kbfo^ âg pbbo mlab) `- mro^ abiifì"`f^
] ^mh] hl pbkqfalp | rà ^molmlpfql a^jvke^ j^dfk^Ö!
prpl p`ofmq^ B ab qo^wbojlp bpqb j^fp ^iql b ovfl pbk*
qfal al `lo^Öè) a^al ^klppl pbkelo ablp) klp c^o^ ql*
a^p `lrp^p ab _bj c^wbo+ Mofk`fm^ijbkqb mlo pbr ^*
jlo) dr^oa^ a^p `lkqo^âo^p) mlo pbr qbjlo) 9z p! `l*
jbÖl b cvj a^p m^fullPp prpl ü`ofmq^p+ B mbo^ rbbo
`ljl qbbjlp ^jlo ^klppl pbkelo ablp) afw p^j qel*
uk^w ab bnrfkl cg mbo bpqbp pfk^^bp eb `lkeb`fal lmofk*
`fmb Å í ^j^+ Mofjbfo^) pb ab_l^jPqb màpp^ P bi+ Pb*

O rka^) pb ieb mo^w a^p `lrp^p n `obb pbbobj abf ^j^*

^p) b qbà lafl ^^p n plj `lkqo^âo^p+ Qbo`bfo^) nr^ko
al ab_l^ rlcqq^ab mlo bi m^ab`b lr eb mobpqbp m^ab*
`bo+ Nr^oq^) pb qà ^jlo ^lp ird^obp p^do^alp b abrl*
qlp Nrvkq^ nr^kal ^j^ pbrp pborlp) Pbuq^) nr^kal
Ry _ll abpbgl abf c^if^+ Pbmqfj^) nrÑal ab_l^jàqb abf
lrrb) b ^p `lrp^p lrrga^p à jbjãof^ obqà+ Lvq^r^)
pb ab_l^ dr^oa^ a^ mlo pbr ^jlo+ Klrbk^) pb eb l_b*
afbkqb ^ppbrp j^ka^alp Ab`vj^) pbdrkal ^jvj m^*
ob`b ) nr^kal _à) b ab_l^ rlÇq^ab) b `èqfkr^a^jçqb
pb abpmlèb ^lp cbfqlp a^ gr?qfÖ^) b molrbfql a^ `lrp^
mr_if`^) mofk`fm^ijàqb mlo q^i nrb mobw^ ^ablp) b pbg^
abf ^j^al) ^ppv `ljl pborl _ll) b cfbi) _ç `appfgo^k*
al `ljl qlal bpql mo^qf`^jlp) p^_bobjlp pb ^nrbi bp*
q^al al `lo^Öè prpl p`ofmql) mbo^l pbkelo eb pàmob
_bj dr^oa^al+ Lrqo^ `çppfgo^Öç jb m^ob`b molrbfqlp^
mbo^^ dlrbokÇÖ^ ab klpplp pbkalp k^p `lrp^p [ rbeb*
oß `lkqo^ klppl mo^wbo+ Bnr^kql ^klppl pbkelo abl(

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 !2 & ' / / $ " *

 T HA=H ?Ke_OOAHDAeNK+ / 3"
`obbo pbj arrva^ Å qlal _b q^j _P cbfql &G fobielo
pbk@ mlab mÜpp^o) mlo n klp a^ mbk^p jbklp qg jbob*
`bjlp ) b d^ii^oal^ jrvql j^fp K l cg ^klp mboqbb`b
rbbo lp boolp pmb`f^^bp b dbbo^^bp Ǻ c^wbjlp `lkqo^
ablp+ B^ _l^ j^kbfo^ abklppl rvrbo) b `loobdbkal)
b Årvp^kalklp lkab rfojlp 5 `cimob) mlbojlp klppl
`lo^Öã 5 ^ppbppbdl lj^fp `bal nrb mlabojlp+ A l
lp lrqolp cbwboà) kç fif_bjlp q^â pbkqfal âg klp Pmbb*
`fjcfql mlpp^ c^wbo) j^p `è qbjml F_b mobrbg^jlp `l*
jl `cimofo) nr^kql 5 klp clo) mlo q^i nrb lkci ^g^jlp
al_o^al) nr^kal `lkeb`bojlp j m^oqb a^nrbi fZe ghZ
qfbbl mbo klpp^ `rim^+

8P_Xcd[[^ . uuuff+
S^ Taa^ `dT bT bTVdT T\ ]^\ bPQTa caPiTa TbcPb RPbPb
T\ ]^bb^b R^aPq^^ub ^aST]PSPb Rx SdPb >XYb(

M b o c^iif`fjPql abkci qo^wboç 5ppv q^i loabkÑÖ^) cfieÇ

jlvql pàqfjáql abpqámbo^a^jàqb nr^kal ^idrë qo^w
l^jlo abq^i jliebo) 5 GG kci ^g^ lrqo^ cvj | pll clidcq(
Ö^ mbo ^cibfÖã pl_bg^ kl bpqlal &G mbo^ ablp abrv^ pbbo
dr^oa^al) 5q2 `çr5 fg ^p m^fullàp al pjlo b ^p lr*
qo^p mlo bii^ pàq^ abp`è`boq^a^p) mlo xz ^l`rm^Öç abp*
loabk^a^ a^ jbielo m^oqb al `lo^Öcq &g ablp pàmob kl^
abjcqa^) mbafkalklp) mlo nr^kql _5 klp cbw) | iel
lrqlodrbjlp klp c^w qlalp klp?lp p5qfjìqlp ^ka^o clo^
ab_l^ loabkPÖ^ Bq^i pb c^o^ 5 qla^ii^p lrqo^p abibfq^*
Öll5p pb `aqfkr^a^jáqb cfiecf b jloÇ k^ nkbiib bpqral
N mbo^ ablp abrb pbbo dr^oa^al Bmloà lp ^r^oàqlp `l*
_fg`lplp ab ofnrbw^p) b lp 9G dr^oaÇ jrv pl_bgl pr^(
rva^p) b p^rab) kç pb nrbobkal mlbo ^mbofdllp) b qo^*
_^ielp o^wl^alp mlo pborfÖl ab ablp) alp pbkelobp b
pr^p Fqãoo^p) kç pb p`rp^oç abjvkdr^p) mo^pjbp) b
j^iGbp Bppb k^nrb' pqral mlpbo5 labpbgl a^p `bobjl(
kf^p) a^p _aoo^p) `èràiebp `^vo kl mb`^al a^ pl_bor^)
r^$ dilof^z b lrqolp xz q^i abpbgl abploabk^al pàmob ob*
`ob`cb) mlo abpbg^oP bpq^alp b c^j^ ^gka^ n pbg^ `fcqo^

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! 2 & / / $ . *
/31 K H A = H ?KP_OOAHDA_NKñ
o^wè) b abobfql) ilal mlo kè qo^wboà kl `lo^Öè ^qbàÖè
abqla^p bpq^p cfgp à ^loabkÑÖ^ prpl p`ofmq^+ Bmbo^ bpql
`èrà ^p nr^qol rfoqrabp mofk`fm^^bp cg afbq^p pè +p+ mor*
aàbf^) mbo^ `èppfgo^o) b `lkeb`bo lcbfql àppv) b ^m^fuè
n kliil c^w pbkqfo B^mbppl^ lr mbppl^p ^âg mboqbà`b) b
+mlo n crka^jàil gdr^iaÑal ^do^kabw^ a^p cfgp mbo obp*
mbfql a^p `^p^p b a^ `èq^ cg k^nrbii^ `^p^ lcbfql qà+
Bnr^kql) b mlo cg ^klp b ^`^a^erÑ mbppl^ `lrá abl
pbkqfojlp) `^ pà q^^bp `lppfgo^Öllàp mbo abobfql grvwl
kè mlabobjlp pàmob ^rbo o^wl^al pàqfjbkql a^p `lr*
p^p Bjrv kb`bppÄofl klp `èrà cg l pàifal ab nr^i nrbo
abpq^p cfgp) kè clo`b) kbj `bdrb lgrfwl b obdfjbkql
a^ o^wè) mlo " p`ofmql e b) qlal l| cbwbobp moraàibjà*
qb l c^w) `èppfgo^kal ^cvj+ GrpqfÖ^ pb obnrbob cg j^kab
`èmofo l<g abobfql clo a^kal ^`^a^erÑ `lrp^ l9G pbr eb+
QàmboÑÖ^ mbo^ obcob^o lp abploabk^alp abpbglp) `ljl
cobl+ Cloqbiibw^ mbo^ bpcloÖ^o) b ^drÖ^o `è pmlo^ klpp^
co^nrbw^ ab`lo^Öè b rlèi^ab) b ^`bo`^ abpqb cobl) b
q^i pmlo^ qbkel qbàÖè klj ^_^pq^ klppl àqbkabo mb*
o^l j^i pbbo obcob^al) kà bpcloÖ^o mbo^ _à c^wbo) pb
mbo lrqo^ m^fuè 9z kl `lo^Ölj ovgl pbg^ pàqfa^) kè ob*
`b_bobjlp qàmboÇÖ^) lr bpcloÖl) b abpql jlpqo^j [hh
àuàmol lp jlÖlp 1 mbo bjm^`el) b rbodèÖ^ pb dr^oaì
a^idrëp j^iibp) ^p nr^^bp abpmlfp cf ^p mboaà) ^gka^ 2
ljbielo àqàaÑ kè plj abif^p dr^oa^alp+ Bbpfl pb c^w
mlo n mboaboè ^nrbi cobl cg bpq^r^ kl `lo^Öè) b abp*
mlfp kè dr^ÑÖ^oè qÑql ^jlo ^ablp) b ^^p rfoqrabp lr
_ll qbjlo âX lp obcob^ppb) `ljl Çqb c^wf^ pr^ rbodèÖ^
ieb clo^ lrqlod^a^ mbo ^vkloÑ`f^ a^ klr^ efa^ab B
mlo bpql `èrà mbo^ klp qàmbo^o lr bpcloÖ^o) cg mbo ^*
jlo) abpbgl) pmboÑÖ^) lr nr^i nrbo lrqo^ m^fuè cg ovo
g^jàqb b `è doÇab ^cbfÖè klp qàmbobjlp) ^ppv mbo*
abkal^ `l_objlp âcb) pmboPÖ^) b `^ofa^ab) `g klp bk*
cob^oè b ^drÖ^oè j^fp mbocbfq^jàib ^_bj l_o^o+ @lj
bpql `è`loa^ erë `^mfqriil KM kl ifrol al`^r^id^o ^rv^
p`ofmql) lnr^i ^nrv cfw qo^ii^a^o ab klp dr^oa^o ab `^vo
mbo^ afÉqb ^molmof^kall ZZl `lrp^p `lkqo^âo^p+ L^kZ

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 !% & # # $ . *
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ /32
abqo^p ^p ab_à ^rbkqroÑÖ^ mlo ^p nr^^bp qobpqç_^kal
klp mlabjlp mboabo ^erÇ b ^^ lrqo^ m^oqb mlo ^p `lr*
p^p n obrbpp^a^jàqb ^Örabj+

8P_Xcd[[^ . uuufff+
SP bT\T[WoqP S^ P]SPa STaTXc^ ]P QTbcP _^Sr\ >X[WPa(

Q Q ^ i dbfql `ljl ^nrbi `g p`obrv aÇa^o abobfql k^ _bp*

q^ jb m^ob`b 9z abrbjlp qbbo bj lp j^fp abklplp cbf*
qlp mbo^ pbbojlp ]h jrkal _llp `^r^id^alobp) b ] h l
qbbojlp cloqb ab kè `^vo) mbo^ ^p j^iif`f^p Ry jrv*
qlp aboof_^) fg pbklp rb_boà ^idrÇp `lrp^p `èqo^fo^p ab
cbfql b af`ql) `rva^al lr kà_oÑÖ^ à drvp^ `g pvkq^jlp
ùz klp nrbfoÑ aboof_^o) à p^ke^ j^i nrbobrÖ^) qofpqbw^)
co^nrbw^ ab `lo^Öè) jbklp mobÖl abklp) lr abp^do^*
ab`fjàql ^ablp) b ^lp eljbàp) lr klp qolrub ^jvk*
dr^ ab cfb) lr abpbpmbo^Öè mbo^ _à `ljbÖ^o) `èqfkr^o)
b ^`^_^o ^p `lrp^p /z mlabjlp b abrbjlp c^wbo) lr ç
^idr^ mofdrfÖ^) cg rP abco^nrbw^) b abibfu^jàql a^*
rlèq^ab) ildl pmboÇal qla^ mofk`vm^i ^gra^ abklppl
pbkelo ablp) abrbjlp áabobfq^o `è bpcloÖl b _ll `èp*
pbiel klppl b alrqolp n mlo do^kab p^_bo) ièd^p b _l^p
pmbofà`f^p _bj p^f_eÑ) nrbfoÑ) b mlppÇ bj q^^bp cbfqlp
l_o^o b `èppbie^o B^nrbpql abrbjlp c^wbo qo^wbkal ^^
klpp^ _l^ kP_oÇÖ^ lp `rfa^alp `èqo^folp a^nrbiibp Å
klp pbdrà mlo cz klp `lkeÜÖ^jlp go P`^jvke^alp mbo^
`^a^erÇ abpq^p `lrp^p prpl p`ofmq^p+ Babrbjlp pbjmob
c^ii^o) b `rfa^o àq^^bp `lrp^p âg pboÇ _ll objbafl ab
`^a^erë abpqbp c^iif`fjàqlp 9z klp j^fp pbkqfojlp pb*
drfalp ) b 9Ü à ^nrbiib 9z j^fp klp aboof_b) mlpql
klpp^ rlèq^ab l abpbgb) mlo fg ^lp &ofpqbp jrvq^p rb*
wbp iebp mo^w c^ii^o A^nrbiibp ^^wlp mbo cg iebp rbbl ^*
qofpqbw^) mlpql `g j^fp ^`ob`bkqP 3 bii^ Bppb bpql _ç
nrfpbojlp b plr_bojlp c^wbo) `è ^do^Ö^ abklppl pb*
kelo ablp) ildl `è ^ppr^ ^gra^) _à b abobfi^jàqb) p^*
_bobjlp ^ka^o bj lp j^fp ab klpplp cbfqlp Bppb mob{

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! " - # # $ . *
/-ñ K+ HA=H ?K'-3>HDçE'K+
pr^Öa) pl_bor^) lr r^Ç dilof^ klp nrbo5 c^wbo ibr^k*
q^ o) b qobpqa_^^al) `^vo) mboabkal ^idrcip `ljbÖlû
ab_ç a^^iol^) b al`loml Å ablp klp qcf lrqlod^alp) il(
dl ^mobpàq^kal ^kqb klpp^ kà_oÇÖ^) `Ñ mlr`l mbo klp
r^iibjlp) b mlabjlp) `^peb`blaó klpplp c^iif`fjàqlp)
klp dr^oa^objlp `a g^ ^ do^Ö^ ab`^goo mbo lp boolp prpb
p`ofmqlp B ka qbblal bj klp lmofk`fm^i bpcloÖl) abjP*(
a^objlp ^^gra^ a^nrbi âz klp abr lp _llp `lj bÖlp) c
klp l^qlodlb _bj aPqf^r^c b ^`^_^o+ ì mlpql Å qfbg^*
AJJ iy ildl klp pÜqfjlp mbo q^i lappE_l ^n^bf ûloobdf(
ü> q l abpbg^jlp) absbjlp `$qjr^o b ^af^pqb+ ì rb^*
objlp _à l do^kab molrbffc`l xg abq^i obdfjàql a^lbãq^*
ab l `rfa^al ^^bobjlcf+ Bppb `ljbÖ^ojlp c^wbo ^Gdrcqf
`lrp^p Ry _ll molmbpfql b crka^jìql b klp ^`rfaf9$
pbpobpp^a^jPqb `è j^iif`q^ alp eljbàp) kb`bppfa^abü
bb ràilâo^ brkb^ fbfu^ka( al_o^o abobfq^kfáqb pbdrkal
^blrp^ clo b obnrbob l_à c^wbo+ Al bpq^al à n clojl^
Plbobjlp pàmob ^lh^alp ab \t q^oa^o ab `èmofo ón a b*
sbjlp ) kcq plbojlp qofdl^lp ^l lqgva^al b k^ lT^ Q
^^iÜ al Å cbb _cf) j^p pbdrkal pb ^p `lrp^p pbdrfpP lG
^ldÜ^a` pbdro^ ^bj qlor^olÜfl l_o^objlp ln jojlbv
# `^a^ 16ml b ûlrp^ kbnrbob ) b qbàal q^i j^kbfo^ ™
klpp^ rva^ RcX ^^dla^ a^ nrbi mbo &' qlal Qt ob`b_bû
^r;p) bámob ^k`_lbj^p ablbfqlp) b iba^ olbû qb 3 qlalp
klpplp cbfqlp cfqqtkofb t bGibp j b^a l pàqfal b `ciqcE^(
m àil +
8P_ndXX% G g c] h +
Sz STSPaPq\\ R^]c^ PXVdzc NM Qc\b U c a RfUSPS^ ]m
.PPc% _Ta ^QaPb& 9 ^ds]^Ö _S[^ R^]caPca^+

h 92 fnr `kZg]^ [^f ñ^cZ ]Zk ZghZló

l^gahk Zjn^_eZ gZ|l li^\b^e iZkm^ ;]h \hkZÅ6 E& Zh ñ^'
m^ ]h [^ ZikhikbZ]Z+ I^as g] \Ts ihk ^mmh Zh ^lmZ]h
]^i^b#b\3) l^ ]Zl h[kZ^ mZe m^_bÅhf P" U^a [_b Z^KiZ*
Z[Z]Z+ Abmh ]b`h ihk x fhcmhl ñ] i^\Z]hk^l ñgZZhl i^k
ñlb]Z]h) ñ g] mZZ^Z i^k Zl h[kZl 1FcIbk^\Ñ) ^ h^mkZ^
']^ cZnr [hhl WçllZf#eh4 è iZ^lKÅ_ ç gh h[kZk #mm^\_^

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! HFKMM e^
 K HG=.' ?KJOOAHKP.GK' /34
godni ^n` X c^ i\lca[^im) j_l hâ m[\_l hÖmm_ fÖ\l[l
jlÜaocÇ[) io `l[ko_t[+ @jimni `v h[ko_mni ][^[\oç ^c[
`lff_k[gim) jil h[ì j[l_]_l Ed jio]im n_Ö\ii ]ihb_]c(
\sc^ ^_mn[m ^_`_lÖÇ[m oim `[l_c ^_ffi j_l _rÖjli [fao[
^__f[l[yã* K_l ]oc^[^ô) mã g[[im ][sh^i 5 b_l_mc[m)
hâ [o_i^i hi m_hbil ^_l_cn[ `f_) hÖ \i[mj_l~Ç[ ^_
[mi [gil) _ n_gil) mi_h^i jio]i mÖnc^i @ []_l][
^im jliorcgi_ n`g[[^i [fao`nm j_mmi[m ]igi h^ ^_o`_)
ë [mms ^_m[g[h^i _ >i\cdÇ[[^i i[`fc_i ]^nl[ ^_l_cni ë
l[m$ Jonlim [nilg`nn[j^imm_ j_l Öo_d[) m[hb[) io nlcm(
n_m[( @ [mms j_l m_g_c\|n_m oPc]cgÖnim) j_l =i\_lo[)
ë o`n/ afilc[ _g m_om ]il[ÇiiÖm) [h^( gosnim `il[ ^_ô
\ái ][gshbi @jil`n ko[hni [[m i\l[m k ^_`il[ j[l_]Ö)
j_l al[h^_ nÖji h^mm_ ^_gimnl[g n[[_m `[ffc]cgÖnim
|n_m mig dnpfa[^im k mâ ^_gos \i[ _ m~]n[ os^[+ K_l
ûJfkbfo^ RyXaPXaP m_ `[t _g [ko_ff_m k n__g _g m_om
]il[ÇiiÖm [gil) _ n_gil [i m_hbil ^_im) _ jlijimcni
^_\Ö os[_l _ j_l mo[m g[ach[ÇiiÖm [mms jÖ[mN &v ni^im
ë_om `_cnim `[tÖ oclnoim[gÖn_) im ko[[_m j_l ]oc^[^i ë
jlijimcni m_ n_Ö jil m~]nim) g[m [ko_mn_m `[ff_]Ö [fô
ao~m o_t_m j_l [ll_o[n[gÖnim ^_ al[g ^_m_di) ]ãnl[
iko[f j_l `l[ko_t[ k h__ff[m b[ _ al[h^_ dh]fch[Çã ^ [l*
ko_c j_][^i há m_ ji^Ñ ]^n__l ^im k ^ct imm_hbil .w
[nÖjim ]l_Ö) _ hi ncji ^[ nÜnn[Ç^ ^_m`_ff_]Ö( Kil_h^_
nNni k j[mm[ n[f oián[^_ msnÖmm_ jl_jiim g[cm h- `[t_l
m_g_f\<n_ `c[ko_mn_m 7Ü ]b[g[^im D]^n_h_hn_m im ko[[_m
m 2 mig ^_ n`cn[ ]ofj[ ]igi [ko_ff_m k _ll`n ^_]_ln[
ëcm|fC]c[+ Jonlim `[ff_]Ö ^_mn[ aocm[) Öh[ i\l[ j_l gsh*
ao[ ^_ \i[ ^cm]l_X^) hâ ]ihb_]_h^i [fao^m ]iom[m
ko[hni (2 g[f) _ ionlim `[tÖ jÖmm[h^i k m^ \Ö `_cn[m)
io hâ ]^mmcdl~ ko[hni [_ff[m 5- nb_o^im i]]oj`n^imm_ Ö
i\l[m k E\_ há ]`fjl_) f_cr~^i [ko_ffi k g[cm fb_ j_l(
n_ _ ] _ & [mms ]igi [fao`c m_hbil k nÖ al[h^_ l_acgÖni
^| n_ll[) ko_l_h^imm_ ^[l mi\_d[gÖni [_mno^i) _ h[
ko_mni ^_mj_h^_l ig[cm ^_ m_o nÖji) h`f ko_l_h^i icm*
hsl im g[ff_m k m_ `[tÖ j_l m[ n_ll[) io im \_Öm k m_
ji^_lÜÅ jil m_o g[h^[^i) ]ámm_fbi) _ [osm[gÖni `[*
è HH /è

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
/35 K HA =H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
w b o ) kè pbo^ p`rp^al ab do^kab j^i) b mb`^al) kè mlo
pbbo bool bpqra^o b ibbo mbo _llp ifrolp) j^p mlobf kè
erp^o abiil `ljl abrb) pbdrkal nrbj eb) b kè abp*
mbkabo lj^fp al qàml kl âg ieb j^fp mboqbb`b rfpil pr^
j^kbfo^ abrvrbo Blrqolp abpmbkaP qlaliilp af^p ^ppv
ibrbjàqb à c^if^p pà molrbfql) clidÑÖ^p ibrbp) b ab
mlr`l _à `g kè àqàaà `ljlppb m^ppÑ ^nrbii^p uufkf+
lo^p 9z ^kqob laf^ b klfqb klp pè lrqlod^a^p B^ppv lp
pbjbieÑqbp mbo `rfa^al b qbàÖè pb qbà mlo pÇ`qlp) b
k^p l_o^p c^iib`á jrgql) kl nrb j^fp plj qebralp ab*
c^wbo+ Bmbo^ a^o `èppbiel pl_obpq^p m^oqbp) ^jvj m^*
ob`b _ll ^rfp^jbkql nr^kql ^l mofjbfol) qo^wbo 3àmob
k^ obkà_oÇÖ^ ^nrbiibp aobqlp abr lppl pbkelo Q kè e^
`lrp^ ^p`èafa^ kl pbg^ abp`r_boq^ b p^_fa^ B cz a^o^
pbr grvwl gcfq^kal ^p l_o^p `è lp màpp^jàqlp+ B `èppfg*
o^kal bpql) `^a^ erN pb abrb qo^_^ie^o qo^wbo [p [[_^
pbr `lo^Öè `ljl ieb mo^wbof^ âg ^p l_o^p Çqb lppbkelo
ablp) b qlalp 9g ^p rfppbj clppà _à mo^wfkbbp >l pb*
drkal `èppfgob `^a^erN mboppv b _ll `èppbiel nrb ieb
aà ^n j^fp eb l_ofd^al) mlo lbpq^al a efa^ab) b pr^
abpmlpfÖè `ljl ^biil p^qfpc^w) abpv ^nrbR^p f u f f r lo^p
`ljl ^p abpmbkab) b ^ppv rbo^ `ljl ^p _bj abpmbk*
ab+ B mlo `g jffvqlp afwà " kè ^`e^j qàml mbo^ l_o^o
^p `lrp^p qg eÇ ab c^wbo) lcg ^p j^fp rbwbp jrvql `è*
qo^afdl+ Br i^od^jàqb ieb c^Öl q^i obm^oqfÖè) mbo^ `^o
j^ ^kqob af^ b klfqb) cfieb lfql lo^p) mbo^ jbp^ ar^p)
lcâ`flp ab jvpp^p è dbbo^i b obw^o ar^p) sbpqfo a^jü*
k_^Ç) b abprbpqfo a^klfqb ar^p) pm^Öl mbo^ ibbo) b clf(ü
d^o al^p+ B^ppv cf`Ñ lvql " pb _à cloà ^qro^a^p) k¢
Fqobmlbkal c^if^p b l_o^p pà molrbfql) pb mlaà loab*
k^o) b c^wbo do^kabp b _llp cbfqlp B^ppv `ljl c^Öl
bpq^ cbdro^) `^a^erë pbdrkal pr^ j^kbfo^ ab rvrbo
c^Ö^ pr^ mbo^ pb ^`rp^o a^ abpmbp^ al qàml pà o^wè)
lr klj abobfq^jàqb) a^ nrbi lppbkelo kè jbklp ab({
jÇa^o^ `èql nrb a^p m^ii^ro^p l``flp^p+

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !e^
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAE_\K+ /36

8PeXcd[[^ Hqqqo+
8^\^ PdR\^b ST ^QaPa ]^bb^b UTXc^b SPb SXTcPb U Y b +

M l o nr^kql ^lp qg qbà rva^ ^rqfr^ `èrà obdr^oa^o ^p

`ânrl cfgp prpl p`kmq^p +p+ mlo ^rbo p^rab) dilof^ mbo*
`^iÖ^o) b j^kqbbo eèoo^ `ç rboa^abfol _ll kljb) `ã*
qfkr^o 3 dbbo^i b dlrbok^o _à ^c^wbka^+ rvrbo à _l^
ibaf`b) `boq^p obdo^p ì bii^ abrà pbbo) dr^oa^a^p Mof*
jbfo^ âg kè nrbfo^j gëq^jàqb l_o^ii^p `lrp^p ^erP
mofk`fm^i mboqbb`à à_^od^kalppb kl k ^lrqo^ obnrbob)
`ljl c^wà jrgqlp) k lrrvkal jvpp^p) lr obw^kal)
a^j dbbo^ijàqb lafà`f^p b c^iiè klp cbfqlp a^ c^wbka^)
b lrqolp mbo^ q^i qàml mlr`l mboqbb`àqbp ì nr^kal
qo^rqÇ klp a^ eèoo^ PrlirPppb b cfie^ qlor^Öè) mlo pl*
_bgl obdr^oa^o b pbdrfo ^p `lrp^p al ab3$c^a^jPql ì
bpq^kal 3 cbpq^p) b à lrqo^p clidPÖ^p) c^iiè k^p `èq^p
^ molrfgjc`ql a^ `^p^+ ì ^ppv ^kaÑ qlor^alp è q^i jb^*
qro^ abcbfqlp) c^if^p) b `rfa^alp al n pb `èrà dr^o*
a^o) nrbj abpbg^ pbrp qìmlp _P obm^oqfo+ Pbdrka^ k
kë`^ mlo `lrp^ cf c^Öè ^gç bpnrbb`fjPql abnrbj pè
mbo bpq^al) efa^^b) p^_bo) b mlabo) mlo q^i k qlal
pbg^ l_o^al `ljl ^q^f mbppl^ mboqbb`b+ Qbo`bfo^ k l*
_o^kal k^p `lrp^p abj^fp mbnrbk^ cvj ) pPmob obdr^o*
aç `ljl kè c^iibÖè k^p a^j^vlo+ >ppv k pb Ña^oà klp
cbfqlp a^ clidÇÖ^ kè abpqorÇ mlo biil abploabk^a^jàqb
pr^ c^wbka^) ká c^Öè j^kfdcbpql mbogrvwl 5 pr^ p^rab)
^eèoo^ mè ^_^qÇ bj ^idrÇ m^oqb) b `è`fd`f^ 5 qlal pà*
mob _? dr^oa^a^+ @lj q^^bp obdo^p) b lrqo^p k ^idrëp
p^_balobp mlaà jbielo `èppfgo^o jb m^ob`b k qbbobjlp
`è ^do^Ö^ abklppl pbkelo _l^ j^kbfo^ pl_ob qla^ii^p
cfgp bj `vj^ ab`i^o^a^p+

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !e^
 è _mR=H C K __O m T H > I G '

8P_Xc^[X^ F â f f s f +
S^t cAlZt `]% bT cTTaTRT\ Pa\Thc^b _^a ]^\ ca\ XU\
]^ R^aPq^\ P[Vdz Q^^ UaT^(

M Ü c cbiqfbfo^àclo al( _ll cqPqhcl b Z ñ g b Wm^" t^[@aq

P"^Sm dociabp kjaPÖJ 6 pl^p ^fa^l ab LY` bpq^al $ bì;
Fo^fol mboabjcl.^idfo@c` abpbgl P qbjlo v l û bbodgÑÖ^) Å
3- Üc`c_oÖÄr^ PP _ p û l_oqrüc obcob^r^ ofó `lkqqcÅfol)) qc
qcl$oÄcqa! -qcq(; q^f lqf pëbqq_lo+ B ^n^bpqb cb^ ^oobv lO|&
. ûJ Ü ^Pca$ ab 0nal ao^cq! büsc k^nqobiib( j^iibf( " ^S^]
Z^E^WFPK!S! Z$^ [ ibfglü ^ëbo àqo^a^ ^^ nrbEb bpq^al .
gcboÄL pb^tlo ablb abrbo^ dr^oa^o+ Lp ^jÜob( ab ^ c
dqqPp ûcblcqboÜqf) b f^v(d(^kal a^ cfb ab obf q^) mboabb
Å
@^^^^oNP qc qÜcqâl! ab ablp) ^kqÜ qÇql ilj^o^ v b ^ppv
úcb^qfal pÜ c o b l b abploabk^al 3 pbr( nmuWm^Y"%! ZKO$
!llm ó•abpÜgå a^p aabsq^Ölbàp) | k^ p^ii^ dbbo^i ab`^boÄ
qo^qbf( ^l j^fp ^iql fÜqfal al @lo^Öcc v lnr^' qlal qb (
dc$cqaÜ ÜqÜcfabo A" mlab àcob^o kl j^i v ká bpcloÖ^o mb(
^g&!Lm l_o^o Mlobciac` p"Kn mbo^ dr^oa^o bpq^ loabkfb^
l]^Y! Mllig plpl û`ofmq^p o nrb dr^oabjlp ^^ mloq^( ab
^8^hfN% 1z ^qc plpplp ^qfalp) abrlbo) bsrvo( ^"Ql\%
dLáq^cc) qâeçfoÄo S 9z ^" (b qbd^cq abploabk^a^jçqb m ^;
cbfÖè aÄidhfÅ `ç$p^) -r pb rà9"^ mbo ^idfoç m^fuã% `^
Zlz &cbq^p m^oqbp) bllo^ÖL ob`b_^ pbrp pc`qvjàql( á ab!*
ëÄfoqqa^p dqcfp^Ä) ^idrÇ^ abp^_fql ZO\! Rtj pll rvpqÄ)
lqcqoÄ( Zl#! Os^PKKtks! " ^^( rbwbp ZO\!NO^oMr\\PW"^Y!NO
Ü`ofaÄaå al ¨G êÜL l plpmbfq() b lqo^b) à cg cfâ_^ ovgl
. abpbg^( p^qfe^g q[ollo \!9K^"c `^a^_^P abbq^q m^o^lláp
ëa_qÜaf`âfoqc( úlob ^^" m?ppb nrbj bpql qovo [ içdr l
gcqãocÜo> dr^oa^o) ç(pv q^i loaà `^ pb o^nrbol kokg ^m^*
ÜâÄc do^9ú( aÜqfÜqql pb^_lo) cy _l^ mo^qf`^) do^kab qbÜ*
Ölj `ãqfkr^a^ abrvrbo pàmob ^foRc@p^jcbqb @^ afw pÜ*
kb`^ Ǻ ^p ovg^? _ç nrboàÖ^p kç pb mlacf cloÖ^o) j^p
p^dbpkfPqb pb c^w bp`loobd^o b q^i eb à qla^ii^p lrqo^p
m^qullPp Ć jrvql pè kl `lo^Öç bkqo^a^p ^q^^ lok^fp
^iql pàqfal) `^ nè eb jbklp cloqb abqfo^o lr `èqo^afwbo

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 Chh`e^
 L cG?GU LLKPPPIE?ccqcqû c4y
UÅ
pqoÅpqbp^ ovg^jàqb obvd^ P ^Gdrcf qbjlo (5 XKi!1! M
[ j^vqlp àppÇab`boè b pbj^q^o! n l ûjro+ B^nrbpqb
Å
kb m^ob`b n jrv+qb pb c^w mlo mdpp^oç ^ib_olkÖ^ al
^$qfal aro^ fcqil) `ljl a^ m^oqb a^ ob^à+ ì mlo b$q
tbo fcf mbocbfql | q^oab ú^ bpnlb`fj$ql qbç 1' .(. XĆ
clo^ ?^ pPppbqfl^+ Bmloà Å pb kP mlab plcobo ^do^pac`
mbp^ p$mob qo^wbo^) b 1 jbielo eb lÇbbfppb ^npbc
abpbgb a^ rcqlq^ab( Q^i ibáÖa Fo^( do^kab bool pbdrl(
al mlo ^olloqb alb ^ppvdlp `i^o^ j$b pb jbpqobû blg^b
^áà_t^Ö^ a^ m^oqb al ovfl bàqfgal lç q$ql abo^) `ljb
lpqo^ dbbo^i a^ o^wci+ Bml(è ^gra^ E ^pcbfÖL p b j
jlpqob) .z kë`^ *à q^i `^pl pb mlabk^ ^nrb`bo) mlo klp
ibd^o) û ^jlo) abpbgl) p^k_^) kbggl)) abpbpmbo^Öã) (bggf
jbal) obdr^sa^kal à ^lpplp $ìm(lp( b alp û^qo^p ) l"
l`ob^jlp) olbp clo`bjlp l blopÖa qla^rf^ mbo^ ^bdqqâo
ljbc_lo) b nrb ^l mobpÇfb jrvql pvlqpjlp cloqb abl
c^wbo) mbo qáml pb m^pp^o^) b l_à) T ^rhqrab cf`^ ^bj(*
m ob) `cqrbj bj `^a^erÇ a^p `^p^p pr_l plofmq^p) ^rbo
pbqfjPqlp abpr^po^alp) ^gla^ ;nûb mlo do^Ö^ al pbp_lo
`@ ü^pP pb (bqbkc`ì 3 ^nrbi ûbm^oqfoÇpql) `Wqlfgo^a^ pl^p
`boq^p cÑgp) mlo H eSó üblpp^p a^ EGG qclidc`Ö^) abercqp
û3rà ^rbo j^vql kp^vlo ]"t`>Y N &a^p lrqo^p) ûppv 1l
mplrbfql) p^rab) b ecfoo^) b ffcf 1^p fqqoq^qc^p GPml"
pbj pmbbf^i do^Ö^) *`ci abpggl) ( do^kab qbáÖ-® ûb *lrpb
R j b abr[rbo rfoqrbp^j$qb ^ljl aflql Q T ) Q^i mo^q(;
`^ p_m pb mlab _à úqbkabo ) T jbklp dkpka^o) `^ ^n PY\
b p q^i `ãppfgo^ÖÇ) `ljl `^Ö^alo ab Å ^q^fp >qbpal c
Ü b Gbqo^amo^ cg l`lo^Öqc ab`^l^_rcf a^klp) eb ^ppv blo
\ ^ Ä^a`5 9z ^rbjbp abc^wbo) b Å erqip plj _llp y
eh`h foP jrv ^El mlo ^d^oÖ^ b pbbpql `lkqÅkr^oè pb
m b o ûk^^lp l^Öcfalobp ´G9bp glbpà ì co^`^p obabbpû kè f_*
oP a^k^alp Lrqolp pci mofdrvÖlplp) co^`lp ab r9J^a-
b mbp^alp pÜ do^kab cloÖ^) kci pb mlaà _llp c^wbo }
^ppv qbà mlr`lp qÇ _l^ rãlq^ab mbo pmbbf^i a è ) GG ^p
kfoqrabp pfdÇ b pb abibfqÑ à bii^p `ljl 3 moãmof^ ?r^
clidÇÖ^+ B q^^bp kã pb a^k^olj p^irl pb mbo j^^l `rp(
qr j b) lr jrvil `lkqo^fol ^^wl ka cloà qlok^alp ab

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! " ' # # $ . *

/4/ K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
`èqfkr^o mlo pbr _ll rvrbo B ^idrëp k^qro^ijàqb plj
molkqlp ^qlal j^i) b mbo^l _ç kè abpmlpqlp) j^p mbo
^do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo) _ll àppvkl) b `èrbopp^Öè qlo*
kÑ ^erp^o abrfoqrab `ljl ^nrbiibp 9G rfoqrlplp k^`boè
lp %nr^^bp ^ppv `ljl _llp `^Ö^alobp pb ^oobaÇ a^p ob*
fbbp `lkqo^âo^p) b `brÇ pbrp `loo^Öllàp k^p j^fp ^rÑ*
qbg^a^p b lcâfa^jàql abqlal bpql k^`b mofk`fm^ijáib
ab qobp rfoqrabp qeblild^^bp) C b ) PmboPÖ^) @^ofa^ab)
mlo n p3 cfb) qmlppvrbi eb mo^wbo ^ablp Bppb^ qbrbojlp
bj o^wl^a^ cfojbw^8 `èrà " klp c(|^ m^pp^o lppbr ^*
jlo) Abpbgl) PmbEfÖ^) b Qbjlo `g k^`b a^ do^kabw^
al ^jlo) ^^nrbi j^fp ^iql pàqfjàql al `lo^Öè 2 ^mol*
mofl ^l bpqral) b pbbkal ^iif mbo pr^ do^Ö^) qla^ii^p
lrqo^p `^p^p `è pr^p cfgp qo^wbobjlp loabk^a^p) `ljl
p`obrv) mbo^ alp cbfqlp cfie^ojlp o^wl^al pàqfjàql B
nr^kal ^p `lrp^p rbà `èqo^ rèlq^ab b mo^wbo ab _ll
eljà) k¢ afdn xz ^p kè pàq^) jbp l kè aboor_à) á
qofpqbw^) j^i c^wbo) afwbo) lr màpp^o) `ljl afw pbkb*[
`^ à erë o^wl^al a^ morrvaà`f^ abrgkÅ) b qriifl kå ifû
rol alp lcf`flp) b kl ifrol a^p `liâ^Öllàp) bpql jrv
aba^o^a^jàqb eb ab`i^o^al pmb`f^ijàqb k^ pbuq^ `li*
i^Öè " c^if^ k^ jloqb alp pÇ`qlp) à &G jlpqo^ `lj l lp
_llp b rfoqrlplp kè ieb mlab r"go ^idrÇ `lrp^ aÄ `èqf*
`fj àql) pb kè clo mbo pr^ `rim^ " ^cfieà mlo j^i kà
`èqo^fo^+ B k^nrbpql bppl jbabp `è`loa^ erÇ m^oqb aÄ(
nãbiib ifrol abrvq^ umi) 92 cbw pbdrkal afwà [ mlo bi
kè pb kljb^ erfi cobvob a^ loabj alp `^oqrulp a^p
j^kbfo^p mbo úz klppl pbkelo ablp `èppbkqb < rbkeÑ lp
gk^iibp b ^cifÖllàp ^_llp b ^j^^lp) lnr^i jb m^ob`b
•jrvql _à+ B mlo bppl lj^kabf ^nrv qo^ii^a^o `è pr^
lo^Öè `ljl p`obrl k^ c f ab`^a^erë `^mfqrifl al af`ql
ifrol+

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 Chh`e^
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ /40

8P_Xcd[[^ Iuuusfo+
caP[[PS^ S^ [Xda^ ST dhcP g_X( (

Qo^_^ie bj lk lp ^gka^ à qla^p `lrp^p a^o do^Ö^p ^(

ablp) mlo 9z à ^p lrqo^p rfoqrabp) bpq^ eb erÄ `lrp^
jrv kl_ob) b pmi^kab`áqb ^kqb ablp +p+ l eljà `l*
jb`b à bpql ^l_bafà`f^) b à abpqbool) ml_obw^[
G P c P [ b f w P o [ Q b [ [ i [ r ^ i i ç s M^'
a^p pr^p l_o^p `èmi^wbo) lkab _bok^oal _à ^ràiro^*
al e b+ln loabk^) b `èq^ ^p m^fullàp ab pbr `loml
+5+ &g bkqbkab î ieb rà grpq^jàqb b cz plmloq^ mbo lcf*
iel abablp) nr^i nrbo a^kl Ă m^ab`b+ B bpql pbg^ pÜ
jrojro^o `lo^Öè) b mbo ^_l`^ c^wbkal ^rÖè abdo^Ö^p
b a^kal rlp abGlrrlo+ Bbpql _bok^oal nrbj _à `èppfg*
o^o 9y ^nrbiibp è ^jÑ ablp) qla^ii^p `lrp^p pb qlokÇ à
_ à ) ^rbo^ à qlal do^kab ^ppbppbdl ab `lo^Öè) b à bi
pb `èmofo^ lcg afw lpp^_balo +p+ kè pbo^ qofpqb lgrpql ;
`è `lr3^ âg ieb rbke^) mlo fg) pbdrkal p^k`ql ^dlpqf*
kel) bpql 9g klp ^ppv r à) qg nrbo pbg^ kè labrbo^lp
mlbo ^l mlabofl al gkjâgdl klppl n eb lbpmfoffr j^if*
dk l) j^p ^^rèlq^ab abablp +p+ fg kè abrbjlp àqbkabo
GG l gkjfgdl mlabo^ ^nrbiil c^wbo pb ^ ablp kè molrrb*[
o^ mbojbqbiil+ B àqè mlabo^ bpqb q^i afwbo gl _ ) pbdrk*
al molrrb ^ ablp) ^ppv clv cbfql lppbr kljb pbg^ _b@*
q l ) mloà k^p qof_ri^Öllàp âg qb ^rbeboà) kè abrbp mlbo
^idrÇ arrva^) mlo ablp kè mbojbqb 9G rbkeÇ ^lp
pbrp) pbkè mlo pbr molrbfql b p^rab+
>idrÑp rbwbp) mlo 9G ^c^pq^kalppb eljà al jrkal)
mlo ob`bl abif^p) ^rloob`b lp abibfq^jàqlp qàmlo^^bp)
b `èrboqbkalppb ^ablp) abpbfb ^p `lrp^p bqbok^^bp)
lkab ^dlpqvkel kè pb `¢rboqb ^^ij^ ^ablp) p^irl
nr^kalppb ^c^pq^ abpqb) jrkal kèppb ^m^oq^ eljà abf
`ljl abrb) pbkè pb qo^_^ielp b allobp pb f^lmnkZkÑ
`è ^p rfÖlp^p abibfq^Öllàp a biib) pb ablp `bpp^ppb b

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! 2 & / / $ , *
$/41 K HA = H ?KJOO>HDAENK+
k0 jbpqro^ppb ^idrÑp ^j^odro^p ^^p _P ^ràqkoÑÖ^p al
jrkal bpnrb`biilv^jlp D bpil ^dlpqvkel) b mloà afw
lpp^ijvpq^) jriqfmif`^a^p _¢ ^p pr^p âcfkkfa^abp) b
abpmlfp `ljbÖ^oèppb ab bpifkd^o b ^mobpp^o) b ^idrPp
sÜwbp rbà ^p qof_rii^Öll$) mlo q^i ú' `lkebÖ^ pbrp mb*
`^alp) b ^oobmb3afal 9G pb `loobd^ }ppbdrkal afw p^k*
`ql ^dlpqfkel ^nrbiil c^w ^qof_rii^Öè ^l grpql) cg cãw
^clok^ie^ ^l lrol) b ljÇdl^i ^l do^Çl) ^ivj^ ^l UTo*
foj^Çlp abglpbm afwfÑ mlo klpplp jbob`v*
B ^idrfq^ rbwbp mlo (>( k + + + + + + e ï
ielo rbbo pff^ mbocbfÖÆ) b ?b `lkeb`bo lkab lppÄfjfpûûü
Br afppb k^ jvke^ ^rlka$Ö^) kè jb jra^obf abpi9;
mbo^ pàmoá) j^p jbielo jcb jlpqo^of^ mbo^ nrá?ql lr*
qol rbo^pl) obrlirb?qb ^qr^ c^`b abjvj b crv cbfql
qlor^al+ >idrÑp rbwbp mlo `èppbor^o eljî ^_râkv Fa^ab
b kè mobprjvo abppbrp jbob`vjàqlp) kà pb [TdFcPc _Tc
pl_bor^+ Lkab l^mlpqliil mlo jb kè ^ibrÅq^o à pl_bo(
k^ ^^iqbw^ a^p obrbii^ÖllPp ebjb a^al era bpqfjl a^
`^okb jbppbdbfol ab p^q^k^p qg jb ab mbp`lÖ^a^p+ >i(

_ rÑp rbwbp mlo ?^_bo elj3 `Ñ j^^ `lrp^ eb ibfu^c

ljcq ablp b pbbo abiib abpPm^o^al Lkab dbobjf^p ?^û
_b b rbb n j^^ b ^j^odlp^ `lrp^ eb abpàm^o^obp lp(
úbkelo qbr ablp) b kè pbbo pbr qbjlo ^`bo`^ abqv(
>idrÑp rbwbp mlo ab`i^o^o ablp ^m^`fbk`f^ ab^idrci Ü
mbo Puc`mol a b f) b alp p^k`qlp Pppvk^o lp lrqolp ^m^*
`fà`f^ Lkab gl _ ) b bpql pbg^ ^olvj `èpplii^Öè) Å \z
^qlojPqb bi `è allo) b cg jb kè mbo`^) b br kè `èqoÄ(
afd^ ^p pr^p m^ii^ro^p+ >idrÑp rbwb? mlo fg lp lrqolp
j^fp qbj^j) b 9z qljà a^iiv Puàmol abRvrbo pb clo ^((
Ölrq^al lj^ifb`flpl j^icbfqlo) lppÑabr) lr kbf`fl)
c^wboppb^ j^fp ^rfp^al+ >idrÑ^p rbwbp mlo pb ìr^oa^q
lilrrlo ab ablp) b pb jbkfcbpq^o ^ppr^ dilof^ pbdrkaå
clv ^àcbojfa^ab a^nrbi cg k^`bl `bdl) b ^jloqb abi^(ü
w^ol+ >idr^p rbwbp mlo " ^g^ kà_o^kÖ^ c`jbrab a^Å
glv^p b `e^d^p ab umè) ç `lc`ebÖ^ ^jvpbof`loaf^ aá
ablp ^`bo`^ abppv) lkab kl ifrol alp qqf^`^_bffp) pvk^i

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! 2 & ' / / $ . *

 K H A = H ?-J2OAHDAEN-+ /42
ab do^kab _bkbcf`fl eb nr^kal ablp kè ibfu^ lp mb`^û
alobp erp^o ab pr^ pbwP iLdl qàml)) j^p ildl rà `è
ridÑÖ^+ Lkab p^j gbolkgjl do^kab jfpbofbloaf^ eb k^
rva^ mobpàqb) kè mlabo eljà d^ÇÖ^o jfpbof`ãoaf^+ Bp*
pbdrkal ^dlpqfkel) do^kab eb ^pp^ke^ ab ablp) nr^k*
al kè `loobdb l mb`^alo) j^p a^ieb ib`àÖ^ ièd^ ab
`^vo à mb`^al+ >idrÇp rbwbp mlo k ^g^ j^vlo pmboÇÖ^
bj ablp b qbke^ j^vlo cfb bj bi+ Lkab ^dlpqfkel `è
qbjlo abrbbp abppbbo nr^kal qb r^v _à) mlo n jbielo
eb pbbo qàq^al) b obmolr^al) b albpq^al Lkab _bok^oû
a l ) àqlj pb ^pp^ke^ ablp j^fp) nr^kalppb kè ^pp^(
k_^) kè qbkel cvrw^ 90 bi jb ^g^ ab pbbo c^rlo^rbi
nr^kal br abf kè qbkel pàqfal) j^p nr^kal lppàql
go^al) nr^kal clobp pbkelo go^al) àqè qb kà_o^p a^
jfpbof`ãoaf^ >idrÇp rbwbp mlo 3^_bo eljà) `^j ^m^*
obie^al eb ablp mbo^^ `loobo) pbl eljà ^bi *pb qlok^o
ab qlal `lo^Öè) Lkab lpp^ijfpq^) nr^kal bo^ ^qof_rf*
i^al) _o^^abf ^l pbkelo) b bi jb lrrvl+ >idrÇp rbwbp

é lo molr^o pb ^j^ eljbj ^ablp) b pb e^ ^idrÇp rfoqr*(

bp àppv+ Lkab dobdlofl ^mbk^ mobdëi^ pb ^j^ eljà
ablp rboa^abfo^jàqb nr^kal eb clid^al) b p à b ii^ ) b
afw j^fp k kl qàml a^ m^w kè `lkeb`b ^idrà pr^p clo*
Ö^p pb ef _^q^ie^ kè e^+ ì n ^molrbfq^ molr^o ^p rfo*
qrab5 b cloÖ^ ^idr^p rbwbp) mlo k eljà pbg^ j^fp mol*
r^al) b ^g^ j^vlo `lol^ mbo^ m^`fà`f^) pbdrkal pb
jlpqo^ ab gl _ ) b alp jÄoqfobp Lkab pÇ`qf^dl) _à ^rà*
qro^al eb ^nrbiib n plcob qàq^Öè) mlo n nr^kal clo
molr^al ob`b_bo^ `lol^ abrva^) b pbdrkal àcloqlkvl)
mlo q^i nrb ob`b_^ pvk^i alp qebplrolp) b allàp n ieb
ablp lrqlodlr) kà rfgof^ laf^_ll ^l eljà pb lkè rfp*
ïb mlpql 3 j^vlo eèoo^ n ppv) pbdrkal n cbw `èqo^
^aÇ k bo^ jrv rfpqlpl `è afdkfa^abp+ ì `lkqo^ gl_
m`âo n lrfl `lol^al) lr `bo`^al ab j^o^rvi_lplp ilr*
rlobp ab ablp+ Lrqolppv ^idrNp co^`lp pè ^qlojàq^alp)
kè mlo pbbo cbfqlp fimlp) j^p mbo^ `ljbÖ^oà ab ^rbo
aÇmkl ^nrv ì ^`ob`àf^jàql a^p mbk^p bqbok^^b? n ab(
mlfp eÑ ab plcobo = nr^i `lrp^ eb moãmof^ alp l_pqfk^*
JJ /

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! oX+hhMe^
 /43 K HA=H ?KJOO>HDAENK+
alp) ^ppv `ljl clv Ñiefl`ebr b ebolabp b ^idrcip lr*
qolp clo¢) b fQfrvqlp âg ^gka^ ^l mobpàqb m^ab`à) ^lp
nr^^bp `èrà ^nrbiil almolcbq^ @a al_i^a^ mbk^ lp ^*
qlojèq^ > f^^bp `ljl bpqbp ^p qof_rfi^Öllàp n eÑ ^*
nrv pè erë mobÑ_ril a^p mbk^p eÑ a^rbo kl fcbjl)
^p nr^^bp mbo ^jfpbof^) b ^cifÖr a^nrv jlpqo^j ^nrbi*
il n eÑ ab m^ab`bo abmlfp mbo^ pàmob+ Lppbkelo ablp
obm^oqb ^`bo`^ alp pbrp jfpbof`loaflp^jàqb qla^ii^p
`lrp^p ^molrbfql abifbp) lr mbojbqb abieb rfgoá+ Bml(
oà abrb pàmoÜ pbbo ilrr^al à bii^p qla^p Lkab ^dlpqf*
kel) ^rboa^abfo^ erjfia^ab) cfiel olbr) eb pbbo à ^ i*
dë^ `lrp^ pl_borl B s kber^ jrojro^o kà pbbo àdo^*
ql ) kà nrbfulpl) j^p á qlalp grfwlp abablp a^oieb
ilrrlobp b do^Ö^p) mlo 9z qla^p pr^p l_o^p) lr pè( grp*
q^p) lr _bdkfk^p+ B bpql ^dlpqfkel `èppfgo^kal bodl qr
bpq^p `lrp^p bpqra^ ab loabk^obp) b bpq^ _bf cb`bobp ^p*
pv qbr `lo^Öè 9z s qla^p ^rboppfa^abp b klglp cT ^g^p
g;^`fàqbfkÆqb) b erjfJlp^ Bppbg^p á bii^p ibal) lr bè*
qàqb) BÄ`rpqrj^qb vo ^ppv mbo bpqb `^jvkel) `g eb
al pmfofqr p^k`ql mlo `g pbg^p `ebl ab pbr cborlo) bqÑ*
ql+`z kr plR^jàqb ^g^p 0 bii^p m^`fá`f^) j^p N ^gka^ ^p
abpbgbp mlo ^jlo ab geë umè L nr^q àppv b klp pbrp
qbrb bpqb `^jfkel ^iql) b ibfulr ^qlalp áubmol abÑa^*
oà mbo bh Nrbo ablp cg lp cfielp al pbr obfkl ^gÑ ^nrf
^cifÖè*) mlo `g pbdrkal l^mlpqliil) ^nrbiibp àg PaÑ clo^
a^ ab`fmifk^) kè plj cfielp ibdâqfjlp) j^p ^ariqbofklp
Bppbdrkal ^dlpqf*kel ^nrbi eb clo^ abp ^Ölrqbp) clo^
eb ab ^rbo lrvÖl lr nrfkeè alp cfielp) b SXi \PXb '
_`2 nrbfo^ eljbj ^rbo pmboPÖ^ a^nrbiil l ^rÄdbi_l
kè mbojbqb mlo 9z kb`bppÄofl eb abppb bèmofo ^qbbp ^cvks
lcg abpbo¢ ^p p`ofmqro^p( ^p nr^^bp kè klp mboolbqà à
bpqb jrkal pbkè qof_rE^ÖllPp) aboof_^jbkqlp) Çdrp*
qf^p) ^`ob`àq^jáql ab allobp) ^rl`aÑÖ^ abqàq^Öblìp+
B mbo^ bpq^p `lrp^p ob`b_bojlp) b plmloq^ojlp) bpqb*
oklp ^m^obie^alp)+ b mobpqbp)) j^fp mbo^ lrqo^p) mlfo
q^i 9z kè c^iibÖ^jlp kl " abrbjlp c^wbo) ^ppv `lj^
abp^mbo`b_falp abif^p+

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! " - # # $ . *
 / H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ /44
J^p ^idrÇp rbwbp lp mb`^alobp plj mlr`l mrkfalp
lr l kã pè à bpq^ mobpbkqb rva^) mlo n g^ a bpmbo^a^ eb
^`loobfÖè abiibp) j^p ^^nrbifbp ^âz eb ^m^obie^a^ ^rv*
a^ bqbok^i) kb`bppÄofl eb k pbgÑ cbofalp) mlo k nr^k*
qlp bi ob`b_b mlo cfielp) lr e^ aboob`b_bo k^ pr^ eb*
oÑÖ^ bqbok^i) qlalp ^Ölrq^ b mlo qÇql afw qlalp) mlo

H ^qbbp ^nrbi pbr cfiel pll pà mb`^al clv ^qlojàq^al

pb bi kè ibfulr m^pp^o pà ^Ölrqbp bpqb pbr) à k kcc
eb mb`^al) àqbkabp k ibfu^o^ m^pp^o ^^ppr^ rlèq^ab ^*
nrbiibp k pè `è mb`^al+ >nrbi k clv pà mb`^al) j^p
kè pà ^Ölrqbp) abr àuàmol ^klp bj pbrp m^ab`fjàqlp
Klkf klp abrbjlp bodl ab `èqlor^o) nr^kal rfojlp 9y
^idrN p^k`ql lr _ll m^ab`b do^rbp `lrp^p b gkafdk^p
pb kè pljlp bpnrbb`falp a^p `lrp^p k m^ab`bl l grpql
alp grpqlp) b p^k`ql alp p^k`qlp Qlalp _bàp qboob^^bp
abpmobÖlr mlo klp àppvk^o k lp jbklp mob`bjlp) b ql*
aliGlp jÄoqfobp b j^iibp plmloqlr mlo klp jlpqo^o) b
j^ka^o k lp plmloqbjlp+ B kè _rpnrbjlp ^nrbiibp
mofjbfolp) `rfaÇal k ^rbiilp eb _á ^ràqroÇÖ^) kà ob*
`bebjlp bpqbp lrqolp mlo l qo^_^iel b abp^ràqrfo^ k
bj biibp e^+ Bpql ^dlpqvkel) `èmobjlp bodl à bpqb
jrkal ^rbojlp ^cffÖllàp mlo k bGi^p klp qfoÇ jrvq^p
rbwbp ab j^i Bmloà kè klp aárbjlp nrbfu^o à bii^p)
kà pbbo pà m^`fà`f^) j^p Çqbp ^p abrbjlp abpbg^o) b
^j^o mlo k lp `èqo^folp a^p qof_rii^Öllàp klp qo^wbj
^jbrab ^j^iibp) b klp c^wà ^c^pq^o b crdfo lp _bàp+
Lo^Öè 7 Pbkelo geë umè k mbo^ lp k pmboÇ àqv bp jrÖl
cloqb k kè mlab pbbo `è_^qfal) pbv jbr `lrql k^ qof*
_rii^Öè b jvke^ abcbp^) b rbb ^p jvke^p Ñdrpqf^p b
qof_rii^Öllàp) b ^jbo`b^qb abjvj) b ^`loobjb `è ql(
a^p qr^p jbo`bbp ) rbb ^jvk_^ albkÖ^ ) abcbkabjb
abif^) lr `ro^jb mlo q^i k ^gra^kaljb ^qr^ molrbàÖ^)
krk`^ jb abpàm^ob) ^qr^ `èpplgi^Ölj b jbo`bb) kà*
_o^qb pbkelo a^ qr^ `of^qro^) b ^c^pq^ abjvj lp gk*
jfgdlp k jb p[obfqÇ mlo k à jvj ^arÖro^ a^ ir^+ _è*
a^ab mlo qr^ jfpbof`ãoaf^ B ab jbrp mb`^alp c^Ö^ af*
dk^ mbbkabkÖ^+ >jbk+

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
/45 K HG=H ?KGOOAH>AmNK+

Á 7KZS^_DY QQQPGU
NY! OblZ\Y! NY! ]ZOVRYT WKVK T O!ZiNOS\Y'

M b o ^ pb jlpqo^o `ljl mbo l gkfkfgdl pljlp qàq^al^

^cfie^o fk^vlo pbkqfal a^idrÇp `lrp^p `¢rà) b alrqo^p
jbklp eb o^wè) pb `lkq^ erë àuàmol mbo cbdro^) `l*
jl mbo erë pmbiel) jÇq^) b mÇabfol) jrvqlp àd^k^)
afwà âg qài^ `a pmbiel mbo^ppb cfie^o q^ ovgl pbkqfal a^i*
dffÇ `lrp^ mlo fg klp nrbol àarwbo nr^kal `èqâkr^a^*9
kfàqb klp ^mobpáq^) mlpql 9z kl nrbfo^jlp obkà_oÑÖ^
^erëp ab jliebo âg ^j^) lr abpbg^) ^lriolp ofnrbw^)
n `l_fgÖ^ lr ab mbppl^ `g ieb cbw q^i b ool ) 9g jlpqo^
o^wè abppb rvkd^o+ ì ab `lrp^p xg jrvql qbjb lr ob*
`b^ mbo^ àarwbo ^qofpqbw^ `a q^^bp kà_o^jàqlp pb afw
qàq^ojlp `è pmbiel) mlo âg pàmob m^ob`b cg klp qo^w Ñqb
Lp lielp) lr Gà_oÇÖ^ al `lo^Öè ^ cbfro^ ^^nrbG,^ `lr*
ql qz `è abpbgl pàqfal `lp c^w ^j^o) abpbg^o) qbjbo) lr
^rloob`bo+ Mlo nr^kql q^i pbkqfal boo^al kè pb `loob(
db pà lrqol rfoqrlpl) kà_o^kalppb lp j^iibp N pb ml*
aà pbdrfo a^p `lrp^p j^i cbfq^p k^ mobpàqb rga^ b k^ "
cbmbo^jlp) qlal bpql `a ^jPq^ pb qo^_^ie^ ab `l_ofo)
jlpqo^kal G' kè eb j^i) lr kè qcfql /z pb abrb ibfu^o)
b n pb kè p^_bo^ kbj alp pbkelobp mlo biil ob`b_bo^
mbk^) b alrqolp jbklp mobÖl b rbodlke^+ ì abklppl
pbkelo `è jvkdr^ abcib) kè c^w `èq^) lr afw 9z eb qP
qkvpbof`loaflpl) âg mlo qÇ mlr`l kè mboabo^) b âg qàml
^rbo^ mbo^ pb àjbka^o B^ppv `bdlp `è q^i `r_boqro^
iebp c^w qg kÆ rbgÇ) àqbkaÑ%) kà pvkqÇ) lp j^iibp cf l*
qlo^j) bl âz mlo biil pb mlab b abrb pbdrvo+ @è mÑabf(
ql pbjlpqo^ qàq^o nr^kal ^p `lrp^p âg moljbqf^ pbbocq
jrvql à`r_boq^p `è j^i b mboa^ alp nrb^p c^wà) c^w
abp`l_ofo) b lp n ab mbk^p kè pè ^qlojàq^alp à abp(
mbo^Öè ab qlal _à lp aboor_^) jlpqo^kaliebp | qlalp
?^_à lj^i 9g cbw b mlpql " jloà à ild^o ^m^oq^al) lp
JÜqlal ljrkal màpp^ > l p^_à+ lp nr^^bp plii^jàqb
loobvkl alkab eb kë`^ el lrrvfè kljb^o+ Lnk^i ^] Y

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !e^
 - HA=H ?Ke_OOAHD>ENK+ JIK
c^w ^`ob`àq^o lppàqfal `ljl Pqb mbo j^dfk^Öè ^mlr*
nràq^r^) mlo q^i 9g abpbpmbo^al abqlal _à pmofqr^i b
`lomlo^i cfieb mlo `èppbiel j^q^oppb) lr qljb ^idrÇ@
qfva^ `^qvr^) clo^ abqlal _à b rfoqrab Bmloà `è bpq^p
qobp glv^p pb afw mbo o^wl^a^ cfdro^ pbbojlp qàq^alp) 1
qkrvqlp àd^k^alp al âg klp abrbjlp dr^oa^o `lj ^do^*
Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo mbo loacf `è qo^fo^) ^cfdro^kal ^p mbo
cbfÖlèbp a^p rfoqrabp kl pmbiel pàmoá pbg^ à klppl
`lo^Öè B `l_ofkal ^ clidÇÖ^ alp j^iibp `è ^j^ q^) abp*
mobw^kal L?PLè a^p rlwbp a^nrbiibp n kè nrboà kà pb(
|gP[^Ä l_o^p rfoqrlp^p b pl^kal `èqfkr^a^jàqb k^p l*
^ \RbPX`bfÑmh I l $~ b] N X +ã _ ZlF F ^ñ k)eg9ó ñ hn†nbk$
qfvrbojlp pàmob _à b iba^jàqb Blp
o^kal `ljl g^ ^nrv afppb mbo lrqo^p rfoqrabp pmb`f^^bp
l_o^jlp klp cbfqlp ) j^fp mbocbfq^jàqb ^gra^kal ^p
mofk`fm^^b5 prpl p`ofmq^p) p`obrà kfrvq^p àppvkÇÖ^p mb*
o^ klp dr^oa^o alp c^iif`fjàqlp n pè ^`bo`^ abif^p+ B
mbo ^cbfÖè lr cbRf`fjàql kè pè _à `lkeb`falp) alp
nr^^bp rlp j^kal ^nrv qo^ii^a^o alrp `^mfqriilp al
af`ql ifrol m^pqlo^i cf cbw p^j dobdloâl) pl_ob ^rfoqrab
a^if_bo^ibw^ kl nr^i mlabobbp rbbo ^j^kbfo^ mlo |
jrvqlp `^^à à mb`^alp) b j^iibp mliilp kè `lkeb`boàr
BppbjbieÇqb pè p`ofmq^p kè c^Öl jbàÖè mlo j^fp pl_b*
gl kè mboièd^o) b kl af`ql ifrol) b lrqolp pbfq^biePibp
jrv mbocbfq^jàqb lmlabobbp rbbo) nr^kal rlp mo^wbo^ü
ì erë ifrol cg pb `e^j^ ab lcf`fgp fg cbw qriivr) br iYg
a^ afbq^ rfoqrab bpq^ m^ii^ro^ _à abklq^o +p+ kercq `lr*
p^ eb cbfq^ if_bo^ijàqb) pbl kè clo rfoqrlp^jàqb B mlo
q^i af`ql pb abjlpqo^ `ljl ^p rfoqrabp pmb`f^^bp kè pb
mlaà _à mo^qf`^o ùpb ^p nr^qol mofk`fm^^b( ürpl fp`ofmq^ü
]y clâà o^wlÅa^jàqb mlp(rva^p+

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 !2 & / / $ . *
/5- K HA = H ?KJOOAHDGENK+

8P_Xcd[[^ I u u u fu + ¶
S^ [Xda^ _Pbc^aP[ b^QaT P[XQTan[TiP(

A l r q o ^ drfp^ abrè pbbo ^jlbpq^alp ^nrbiibp | ilal

lcy qfgkeÑ jfpbof`loaflp^jàib aboà ì alrqo^ ^nrbiibp
n pb qo^_^iel abqlj^o l^iebl) abrbj pbbo ^jlbpq^alp
^nrbiibp) lp nr^^bp qlal lppbr jfpbofkqb abpqolvÖè) 2
qlè ^gè ab àpl_obrboà mlo 9g ^p `lrp^p qboob^^bp ^bbh
m^oqfoû+ B kè m l o b p p l g ` r f [ pbrV `ljl
erqf abrmlo N obgÑ lrqolp+ ì^lp lrqolp
mlo n mlo biibp bTYp obdfalp) ^^nrbiibp j^kalj `g aà
^p `lrp^p kb`bpp^of^p) ^lp lrqolp ìg bTYp bTdb jlloal*
jlp+ B^bpqbp qg `lfjÑ ^nrbiil úù alp lrqolp ob`b_è) l
jrvq^p rbwbp lcbkaá ^ablp ^nrbiibp 5 lcâ`fl qbà ab ob*
dbo lrqolp+ ì ^nrbiibp pè obdfalp k`Ñ k^ do^Ö^ al [
lp obdb Bmloà jbob`à jrvql ^nrbiibp è pè abpmàppbf*
olp câbbp) lp nr^^bp pà lcbkafjàql erpÇ abppr^ abpmPp*
û è ) abrà bodl pbbo ^jlbpq^alp ^nrbiibp n jfpbof`lo*+
aflp^jáqb abpmàppè lâz mlpprà) mlo qy `lkebÖÑ &G plj
abpmbkppbfolp ab pbkelo ) b qÑql ljfGalp^jàqb bpq^
`lrp^ c^Öè nr^kql ^nrbiil 9G abpmbkppè `lkebÖÑ n e^
^iebl ì nr^kal `èppfgoè fg plj mlpqlp s q^i lcâ`fl mbo^
abpmàpp^o ^p `lrp^p ^ieb^p) kè GbrÑqb ^p pr^p j àqbp
mbo gk`_^jàql ab^pl_bor^) j^p lqbjlo ^p ^_^fub+ F0{
m^o^jáqbp âg eb kb`bppÄofl n pbgÑ pliif`f qlp mlo n ^g^j
ab abpmÜpp^o afdk^jàqb b grpq^jáqb mlo 1 kè ab ^i*
dr^p `lrp^p ^nrbj ^p kè abrb a^o) lr ab mlr`l ^*

0 rbj abrb ab a^o jrvql) lr jrvql ^nrbj abrb ab

^o mlr`l ì mlo &g bpql ìg ^ppv eÑ ab a^o pbg^ pm^odf*
al pà molrbfql) kà pbgÑ q^oafkebfolp) mlo 9z ^qlojàqbj
lp 9z eÑ ab ob`b_bo) b ^p pr^p àqbàÖllàp kè pbgÑ qlor^*
a^p) mlo 9G ^gÑ ab mboabo ^do^Ö^) b kè ^gè `l_ fgÖ^o)
^rbo ilrrlo a^p `lrp^p qo^kppfilof^p mlo n mbo`Ñ l b qb o*

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDEOENK+ /-.
p^i) kà ^gç ab àqofpqb`bo) mlo ^nrbii^p ^ppv a^o) kà
^gÇ j^fp cg l9z mboqbb`b abppb ^iibdo^o mlo ^nrbiil "
^ppv abo+ ì kç ^gÇ ^ppv ab a^o ^idrÇ `lrp^ a^nrbiil
cg ^ppv kç _Ç aba^o mlo Ă kç mob`ç qlal lmofjbfol al
¢ aboç B mlo cg kç ^molmofbj ^ppv ^rfoqrab a^if_bo^iifc
a^ab) lrÖÇ lcg eb p`ofmql) ^nrbi jgkfpqo^o ^idrÇ
`lrp^) ^jbkfpqo^ mbii^ rfoqrab cg ieb ablp abr+B mlo
ig +pbkç ^gÇ a^iibdo^o pl_bg^jàqb a^p `lrp^p _à cbfq^p)
lrÖ^ ln eb p`ofmql+ Nr^kal cbwboabp qla^ii^p `lrp^p
cg rlp plj j^ka^a^p) afwbab) pborlp pljlp pà molrbf*
q l ) ^^nrbiibp lâz abrbo^jlp abc^wbo kà lcbwbjlp+ ì
mlo 9z ^qofpqbw^ kç `looçm^ ^ i^odrbw^) lrÖÇ ^nrbiil 0
eb p`ofmql) ablp ^j^ la^alo ^iibdob B mlo 9g kÆ ^gç +
ab _rp`^o ilrrlo a^nrbiil | ^ppv aÇ) lrÖÇ lf' eb p`of*
mql) kç p^f_e^ ^ qr^ pbbpqo^) lcg c^w ^qr^ abbpqo^) `l*
jl pb afppbppb a^mfbalp^ abpmàpp^Öç) kè nrbfo^p dil*
of^ abpq^ rva^ mobpbkqb) j^p ^qr^ l_o^ pbg^ qla^ ab*
obfq^ pà _rp`^o ^idrë ilrrlo+ B mlo qz bpq^ do^Ö^ ab*
fkbkfpqo^Öç kç pbg^ `ljbÖ^a^) ^lp m^oàqbp) b `^ok^^bp
^jvÖlp) plii^jàqb lrÖ^j l`z eb p`ofmql) nr^kal cbwb*
obp gÇq^o) lr `b^ kç nrbfo^p `e^j^o lp qbrp ^jvdlp)
pà lp qbrp goj^Çlp) kà lp mofjlp `lgoj^Çlp) kà lp rf*
wfkelp) kà lp of`lp) mlo fg mbo rbkqrfo^ biibp `ç ab`^*
_l qb ^glj ab `çrfa^o) b pbo^ ^qv cbfq^ m^d^ `çmofa^)
j^p nr^kal cbwbobp `çRvqb) `e^j^ lp ml_obp) co^`lp)
jÇ`l5) `bdlp) b _à ^ràqro^al pbo^p mlo cg bpqbp kç
qbà lkab qb ^gÇ ab m^d^o ì mlo `g ^nrbii^p `lrp^p &z
e^ aba^o `bal) kç aà q^oab) lrÖÇ lç eb p`ofmqlü kç
afo^p ^l qbr ^jvdl) r^v b qlok^) b ^bj^ke^Ç ql a^*
qbv nr^kal ildl mlabp a^o Bmlo n+pl `liilo abi^odrb*
w^ ^nrbii^p `lrp^p &' mlpprb pbj molrbfql ^p pm^odÇü
lrÖÇ lâg eb p`ofmql) ^nrbiib cg mlr`l pbjb^) mlr`l `l*
Geb) B mlo fg lkab `çmob aba^o mlr`l kç%ab jrvil)
bj q^i drfp^) | pb abpmlfp biibp m^abÖç jvkdr^) b kç
^gç m^`fà`f^) lrÖÇ l`g eb p`ofmql) kç abpqor_r^ ablp ç
q^i drfp^ n ^lp lrqolp pbg^ ^rlkaÇÖ^) b ^rlp qof_rii^*
Ö ç ) j^p+ pbdrkal fdr^iibw^ abrb ^`loobo ^^jvkdr^ al^

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
/5/ - HA=H ?KJOO>HDAENK+
lrqolp à q^i drfp^ n kè cfnrb jvkdr^al n pbg^ `lpqo^k*
dfal ^lrqolp abj^ka^o nr^kal ^jbkqb al abpqof_rfalo
mlif^ jllo m^oqb kè p^_b olvkdr^ Bppb jrvql ab^pv
qfo^ ) ç q^i drfp^ n pb rbg^ jvkdr^al _rpl^ `èqo^ppv
b``^pf¢ a^rbo mlr`^ m^`fà`f^ GBmloà mofjbfo^jèqb abû
rb plbo ^m^obie^al l`lo^Öè ^^m^`fà`f^) b bpqlk`b abü
rb pbbo abpqov_fra^p ^p `lrp^p mlr`l lr jrvql) mlo >
pb mbo rPqrfo^ ^if_boa^ab clo clo^ ab jbpro^) bj q^i
drfp^ n mlpp^ rfgo olvkdr^ ^l a^alo) mlabppb ibrÇq^o
$ jrojro^Öç) b mboabo^ ljbof`fjàql a^if_boa^ab+ B
mlo n mlab pbbo n kè a^o^p ^idrë ^l nr^i ablbp) lrrÜ
ln eb p`ofmil) ^ilal ^nrbi n qb mbafo) a^) b mlo n kè
eb ab ^idrë) ^ n kè abrb a^o kbjvd^ie^) lrÖ^ lcf eb
p`ofmql) c^wb _c` ^l erolgial$l) b kè abp ^l j^^l B `"
abl^_l l qbr mÄ) b qbr rvkel) mlà pl_ob ^ppbmkiqko^
algrpql) b kè nrbfo^p abf `ljbo) kà _brbo) `è lp mb*
`^alobp >nrbiib a^ lppbr mP) b lppbr rvkel ^lp mb`^*
alobp) lnr^i a^ ^lp j^^lp ^gra^ lr 3 nr^kql pè j^^lü
Bppè ^idrëp of`lp abpqb jrkal n nr^kal rbà ^idrì
molrbw^) b m^ab`à c^j b) bpqlk`b lp ml_obp ab um"
iebp ^`looà `è pr^p bpjlii^p) b `of^j à bqlbp pbomÇqbp)
^nrbi n lppbr mÑ a^ ^l ml_ob mb`^alo) kè*ç nr^kql
mb`^alo) j^p mlo n eb eljì) bpql `of^ mb`^alo) j^ü
`of^ grpql mlo n bi kè e^ `rim^) j^p ^k^qrobw^ ^j^)
abrà pbbo ^jlbpq^alp ^nrbiibp n lppbr g^ jgpbof`loû
aflp^olàqb aboè) k bpqraÜ `ljl pb ^gè ab dr^oa^o)
mlo n g^ lp mb`^alp m^pp^alp objvo¢ mbo bpjlii^p è ]â
^gè al`bjàqb) lrqolp mbo^ lrqo^ rbw obolvoà+ : Qy
mPppá n ^grpqfÖ^ ab abflp _b `lrp^ n pb mlpp^ rbkabs
bljl pb abppà mbiÅlp mb`^alp avl_bfolp) û pb `bva^oç
k g^ kè mlaboè bj kber" `lrp^ mb`^o) lrÖci ln eb
p`ofmql) j^fp eb ^^fj^ n l jÇg^o b l`lomb n ^ rbp qf ar*
o^+ >nrbiib bodl n a^ olÑqvjçql lr rbpifato^ ^lp ml*
_obp) b ^ppr^ ^ij^ b `loml ápbirb bj mb`^alp lcbob`b
^nrbiil P eb abjbklo rfoqrab) b ^nrbiil n eb abj^vlo
^l mb`^al) a^ bpp^p `lrp^p ^ablp) b pv jbbpokl ^l
af^_l+ ì mbiil `èqo^fol abrà pbbo ^jlbpq^alp ^nrbiibp)

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! jYB B D b^
 K H> = H ?KJOOAHD>EQK' /5£E
2 ^gka^ l^iebl àqbkaà ab olr_^o) n ^g^j pliif`fq^jáqb
ablrrvo) ln afo^ lppbkelo nr^kal rbebo ^l grvwl) af*
o^ bpql 1 pbppbdrb+ Lrrb c^jb) b klj jb abpqb ab*
`lj bo) lrrb pbab b kã jb abpqb ab_brbo) crv lpmb*
a b ) b kã jb ^`liebpqb) crv krr b kã jb `l_ofpqb)
Pcbojl b kl `Äo`bob b kã jb rbpfq^pqb) ^lp nr^^bp
afo^) ^ooba^abrlp ab jvol j^iaf`qlp mbo^l cldl bqbo*
k^i ) lnr^i ^m^obie^al eb ^l af^_ll) b pbrp Ñglp Bp*
q^p `lrp^p kã lrrvoè) mlo k olr_^oè ^idrÇ `lrp^ lr
rvliiàq^jPqb qlj^oã) àmbol pboÇ iÑÖ^alp klp cldlp b*
qbok^^bp) abpql rç ^`liebo ç nr^kq^ a^k^Öè plj iÇÖ^*
alp ^nrbiibp k qlj^oã l^iebl pb ^nrbiibp k lppbr obqb*
kboè ^l gkcbokl plj grid^alp) màppbj ^nrb mbk^ lp
l_ofd^ ^`lrp^ qlj^a^ pb^ `lrp^ kã a^a^ plgrd^ leljç
^q^f mbk^) màppbj nrb jbob`b ^nrbi mb`^al `ljbqf*
al) pb qÄqq^ mbk^ ^rbo^ ^nrbi k kã cbw mfba^ab B nr^k*
al ^p `lrp^p ^ieb^p bkqbkaá aboolr_^o) lrÖÇ ^nrbiil
n eb p`ofmql) J^iafÖè pbg^ ^^nrbi k jriqfmif`^) b kã
pr^p `lrp^p) b ^dr^ `èqo^ppv ilal) _^pql e b ) l^r^oà*
ql ^dr^o `èqo^ppv ilal _^pql e b ) lp d^^kelp qboob^^bp
`è mb`^al ^gëq^o B nr^kal `l_fgÖÇ ab ^gëq^o i^od^p
jlo^a^p) b ^rvq^Öllàp) lrÖÇ ln eb p`ofmql) j^iafÖè
pbg^ ^^nrbiibp k ^gfiqÇ `^p^ ^`^p^) b ^dol ^l ^dol ^q^^
lqbojl al ird^o) mbo ràqrfo^ jlo^abp rlp pllp) k^
jbbq^ab a^ qboo^ `ljl pb ^_boq^jàqb afppbppb) ^q^^
nr^kal rlp bpqbkabobabp) kã mlababp ^rbo à bpqb
jrkal `èm^kebfolp ^n pbg^abp fdr^^bp) ^mobjbabp lp
n rvrà ^gëq^alp) j^p pàmob ^`e^abp `lkqo^ lp nr^^bp
klp mlpp^abp bpqbkabo+ B nr^kal qo^_^ie≠ a^gëq^o af*
kebfol p) lrÖÑ ^nrbiil k eb p`ofmql 7 L ^r^oàql kã pbo^
`ebl ab afkebfol) b ^nrbi fg ^j^ ^p ofnrbw^p kè ob`b*
_bo^ abif^p corvqå) ob`b_bo corv ql abif^p) Ü pm^odboii^p
kè ^jÑal^p mbo^^p obqbbo) b mlo n ^p ^j^ obqbàal^p
mloà libfu^o^ pà corv ql+ Bnr^kal `l_fgÖ^ ab pbbo `ebl
aboofnrbw^p) lkÖ$ ln eb p`ofmql 7 >nrbi n pb ^qofd^
mbo^ pbbo of` l ) kè pbo^ gkl`áqb b ^nrbi Ǻ qo^_^ie^
a^gëq^o ofnrbw^p b eb kbdifdbkqb mbo^ pnrfr^o lmb`^al)
J J /

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
/51 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
^ mhfZll^ \hfh l^ mhfZ ZZn^ \â Zbl\Z ]Zl \hnlZl m^k*
k^ZZ^l Zl jnZZ^l fnrmh ]^l^bZ) gâ \hga^\Ñ jnZg]h a^
mhfZ]h+ ç jnZg]h ]^l^cZ hl `ZZgahl ]^lm^ bgng]h
ik^l^gm^) gâ lZ[^ Zjn^eeh 9v iZ]^\^kZ gh _nmnkh i^eehl
]~ghl Öc \hf^m^) hnÅ~ h\c a^ l\kbimh+ = ^k]Z]^ ZjnZe
ahfÑ n^ mkb`h) l^f^gm^ gh \hf^Åh i^k]^ Zllhkm^ ]Z*
[^bÅâ gh ihlmnf^bkh ]bZ) ihk \c jnZg]h ihk ZnZk^sZ
\h[bcÅ~ Zjnr 9v ZfZeb\bZ l^cZ fnembieb\Z]Z là ]^l^k]Z*
]hl ]h iZmkbfhgbh ^m^kgZe ç jnZg]h \h[bcÅ~ Zn^k mh*
]ZeeZl \hnlZl _c \k^Å~) hnÅ~ Zjn^eeh %F a^ l\kbimh) "
Zikhn^bmZ Zh ahkgO l^ mh]h hfng]h `ZZgÅZk ^ Zlln_m
ZefZ iZ]^\^k mhkfÑmh i^kZ lÉik^) \hfh camm qiâ ]bl*
l^ll^ Z[^kmZfÑm^ bv ikhn^bmh eb^ Zh ahfÑ l^ mh]h c_b*
mZll^ _v a^ ]^_hkZ ]^lr l^ lhh ]ZgZk Zjn^eeh _c ]Ñmkh
a^ Ñllr+ Ai^eeZ fZrhk iZkm^ ZZnZk^sZ ]hl khn[Z]hk^l
fZbl \^]h a^ \hkkÉ`b]Z lnZl iZeeZnkZl) ]Z jn^e j h }*
khh^lmZ ea^ l^cZ ]^fhlmkZ]Z jnZgmh _n`bmbnZ Z^lmZ ik^*
lÑm^ nr]Z ^ l^ Zf^fhkbZ ea^l a^ mkZsb]h Zjn^ee ^l bc ^f
^lm^ fng]h \h[bcÅZkâ l^^k ]hmZ]hl ]^ kbjn^sZl) ^ ` Z ~ *
ÅZ]Zl Zl kbjn^sZl gâ ih]^kâ fncmh nrn^k Zl jnZZ^l Z*
fhkm^ fnr mkb`hlZ k^nZmZ]ZfÑm^ mbkhn mh]Z \hnlZ x
Zcãmhn ZZlläZ fZeeb\bZ =jnr e^bqZkâ Zl ^hnlZl /v khn*
[Z kà ) ^ hl i^\Z]hl ]h khn[h Zh cnrsh e^nZkâ) h ÑqÑ*
ikh ]^lm^l) hnÅ~ hl jnZZ^l gZl 3nZl iZeeZnkZl ^hg]Z*
g ~ ) ihk %c ihllZf l^^k k^mhkgZ]hl Zhl l^nl \hkZÅhhÑló
^ ZcK n^k`hgaZ ]^ll^`nrk Zjn^eb^l bv cne`~)

8P_Xcd[[^ H N ó
SP SXR[^ cXda^ b^[aT PSXRcP dXacdST SP [hQTaPccTiP(

@ h n m k Z `nblZ ]^nÑ l^^k Zfh^lmZ]hlk Zjn^eb^l j gO

]^l^cZ \hnlZ Zea^Z) gÑ ]~ Zl lnZl) ^ ]hnmkZ Zjn^eb^l
Öc h \c É^Ñ ]~ ]^[hZ f^gm^ k ^ gâ e^bqZkâ ihk ^eeh*]^mh*
gbZk hZea^h) ]^nÑ l^^k Zfh^lmZ]h^ Zjn^eb^l hl jnZZ^l
gö \h[bcÅ~ hZea^h) gÑ hll^n ] ~) ihk 9v l^k~ lhDb^bmhl
i^kZ lZ[^kÑ j Zm^kkZ \hnlZ a^ \hfnã Zmh]Zeehl ahf^Ñ_m

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! K F L L H !b^
 ë HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ /52
a^nr^i plj cbfqlp Bmloà a^jÇqfjàql ^qlalp dbbo^i*
jàqb b `èq^kppb mlo gkkl`àqbp mlo afwbobj &z l aÑ
ab ablp) `ljrë eb pbr molmofl) lp nr^^bp nr^kal ^*
nrbiil 9z ob`b_ç ^lp ml_obp klol a^j à`looà à jloqb
alp molrufjlp) b qÑq^p mbk^p jbob`à nr^kqlp ml_obp
jlooP mbo jvkdr^ abppr^ ^gra^ B nr^kal lp ml_ob^
* jfpqo^jlp ^p `lrp^p kb`bpp^of^p a^jlpieb lfg pbr eb)
b kè lâg eb klppl ) b bpqlk`b m^d^jlp ab_fql ab grpqf*
Ö^ nr^kal ^jfpbof`loaf^ `èmofj`p mbo l_o^+ Bmloà lp*
pbkelo geë umè nr^kal bkppvk^r^ `^rqbiilp^jàqb c^wbo
^jfpbof`loaf^ afwf^ m^o^abjàqbp xG ^klpp^ grpqfÖ^ kè
c^Ö^abp ^q^^ lp eljbàp @lj ^nr^i pàqbkÖ^ `è`loa^
lpp^ijfpq^ afwàal) Pm^odbp) b abr ^lp ml_obp) b ^grp*
qfÖ^ cf`^ mbo^ qlal pàmob) nr^kal j^kalr ^â^odrbw^
c^wbo ^lp mb_obp) b kè ieb `e^jlr jfpbof`ãoaf^) j^p
grpqfÖ^) mlo 9z ^nrbiil cz eb a^al mbiil pbkelo `ljrë)
grpql eb pà arrva^ qg ^nrbiibp cg `ljrëjàqb abiil er*
pà+ Bmloà afw p^ii^jè 7 >nrbi n grpql eb pbg^ if_bo^i b
a b ) b kè `bppb) abrà pbbo ^jlbpq^alp 9' pliif`fq^jàqb
^gÇ abpdr^oa^o âg ^cfdrbfo^ kè qbke^ corfql `èqo^ l bp*
qobfql i^ro^alo) U m è ) abjÇa^r^ mlo &G o^wè l``rm^r^
^qboo^) ^cfdrbfo^ l``rm^ ^qboo^ pbj corvql) nr^kal ^*
jÇqb alp qbk^wbp b p`^pplp ^nrbiil 9g ^jrvqlp mlaf^
^molrbfq^o pà molrbfql dr^oa^) ^cfdrbfo^ l``rm^ ^qboo^
pà corvql nr^kal lild^o lnr^i lrqol abrv^ qbbo b l`*
`rm^o mbo corfql ab _l^p l_o^p) lpp^kabr mbo pllj_o^
ab mofdrfÖ^ ^mobjb) b pllà bpqbp ^^p rbd^a^p afwbo 7
erp^jlp a^p `lrp^p ^klp `è`b`fa^p) kè _rp`^jlp l^*
Febl) b pb kè cbwbjlp _bj ) kè cbwbjlp ^kberë j^i
^nr^i `lrp^ pàqbj mlo 9z ^lobie^ al`lo^Öè Ö^oo^ ^p
m^ii^ro^p `biibpqf^^bp Bkè ibbjlp ^nrbi of`l alnr^i
pb ;bb kl ^rÇdbiel âz rbpqf^ mromro^ b sfpl) b `lj[^
`^a^ af^ pmobkafa^jàqb ëg olr_^ppb l^iebl) ol^p erp^*
r^ a^p ofnrbw^p pà molrbfql) b abpmlfp abpq^ rva^ mob*
bàib clv GÇÖ^al k^p mbk^p al gkcbokl) kè mlo 9g ^idrÇ
`lrp^ cbwbppb) kè if`fq^jàqb) j^p mlo &g lppbr qàm^al
erpl abrppb qlal ^^p `lrp^p if`fq^p) abrà pbbo ^jlbp*

,+ ,1,4* ) ! ( 3 ! " - # # $ . *
/53 M HD =H ? K J O O A H D G E N K +
q^alp lp p`^pplp âg ^gÑ abpp^_bo F' bpq^ eb ^mofjàfo^ à(
grof^ [ c^wà ^ablp) lnr^i ieb abr qla^ii^p `lrp^p) kè
ieb c^wà kberâi p^`ofcâ`fl+ Bmloà afw lpp^ijfpq^ ) kè a^*
o^ ^ablp p^`ofcâ`fl) kà mobÖl mlo ^oobkafÖ2 ab pr^+ ^i*
j^) a^o mobÖl a^oobafÖlj eb c^wbojlp ^idrP _l^ l_o^
mbo a rbk_^ pl_ob klp ^do^Ö^ ab abl^ ©mloà _o^^a^
geë >m3 afwbkal g^^ pbdro^ eb mlpq^ ^^oo^fw a^^orlo)
qla^ ^orlo ¨G k3 c^w corvql _ll) pbo^ `loq^a^) bjbqfa^
kl cldl) ^nrbiib5 bodl [ pb e^j mlo pá mb`^al mlo fz
l^iebl kè qljÑ ^rfpáppb al dlimb a^ pbdro^ [ ^`bo`^
bpq^ b mbolÇ ^mobdrfÖ^ pb nrboà pbbo pbdrolp) mlo |
nr^kal lcorvql a^p _l^p l_o^p kç nrfpbppb c^wbo abpq^
rva^ mobpbkqb a^rÇaro^ ieb pbo^j `loq^a^p ^p o^vwb^
B mbiil lèqo^fol abrà pbbo ^jlbpq^alp ^nrbR`p lp nr^^b^
^nrbifl n qbà aÇ i^od^jàqb) b kç `bpp^j mlo bppl olr*
_^o ^p `lrp^p ^ieb^p) mlo &G lkab `l_fgÖÄ abppbbo grp*
qlp j^dkâcf`lp) b i^odlp pbgcf cbfqlp mblobp 9]^O] ^p
pr^p `lrp^p moãmof^p) pbj afp`obÖç a^j) pbdrkal à`R
j^ afppbjlp) b abpmlfp k3 _Ç m^`fà`f^) b pè `l^qo^k(
dfalp mbo^ jrojro^o mbii^ jvkdr^ á [ pb rb" b p2
qo^wfalp ^l mb`^al a^^r^obw^) 9z `lrp^ mlab pbbo j^i*
i^ráqro^a^ 9z a^ if_boa^ab k^`b ^^r^obw^) b a^p pbjbk(
qbp a^p rfoqrabp nrbo k^`bo mb`^alp+ Mofjbfo^jàqb ab(
û à pbbo ^jlbpq^alp `g ^gÑ abpp^_bo qbbo o^wl$rbh$àqb
lppbr b bkql `ç ab`^_l klj qljà l^iebl) pb ^oo^fp
a^ `rim^ k^ i^odrbw^ kl pb nrbfj^) kL`^ mbo^lp o^o
jlp mlabo^ pl_fo ^^r^obw^) qfo^ppb ^`^rp^ al olr_^o
pb _à pb abpmllà labobfql ab mlpprvo B Lkqlj lrÖcq
lp ^jlbpq^alp) `ljl eì ababpmbkabo ^nrbii^p `lrp^p
" eÇ) mlfp ^mobkabo^j 9z l_à jfpboflloaflp^jàqb abp*
mbkafal pbj lmb`^al a^ o^mfk^ ) eb jrvql molsbfqlpl)
`lj rvlibk`f^ _rp`Ç lkab c^Öç jfpbof`ãoaf^) j^p lr*
qo^ `lrp^ eb c^wbo jfpbof`ãoaf^ > jfpbof`ãoaf^ `g _b
cbfq^ mlo c^wbo mb`^al) [ eb croq^o b a^o mlo ablp) k92
^molrpfq^ k^a^) mlo ây ]O pb`^) mlo cz ^mbÖlke^ a^^*
r^obw^ eb mlpq^ k^ o^fw abif^+ Bmloà lppbk_lo ablp ^*
rloob`b q^^bp p^`ofcâ`flp mliil molcbq^ afwbkal 7 Br p3

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH e^
 K HA=H ?KJ_eOAHDNEmmK+ /54
pbkelo ^j^alo a^ grpqfÖ^ b bv lafl ^^oo^mfk^ lcbob`f*
a^ bj p^`ofcâ`fl) b lrqo^ rbw afw 7 lp p^`ofcâ`flp a^p
j^Çlp ]. ^rloob`falp) mlo n p3 ^rloob`falp al mb`^*
al ) mlo & jrvql ^jb_rab qfoÇ alp jvkdr^alp mlab*
obp ^nrbiil & eÇ ab lcbob`bo ^ablp) j^p à nr^kql mb(
`^al q^^bp P`loob) lppbkelo ljlpqo^ mlo erë p^_balo
>nrbf & lcbob`b p^`ofcf`fl a^prp~H`f^ al ml_ob) eb q^i
`ljl ^nrbi & j^q^ lcfi_l cqqb lppbr m^aob) nr^i eb ^(
`lrp^ n jbklp abrb pbbo plmloq^a^ n ^jloqb al cfiel
úqb lp lielp al m^aob) bj nr^kq^ efo^ eb mlpql bpqb
p^`ofcf`fl Pqb ablp) _à pb jlpqo^ mlfp & eb `çm^o^al
^^allo al m^aob loclj al pbr cfiel+ BmloP jrvqlp kÆ
nrbobj `lkppfgo^o nr^kql aci al olr_l alp ml_obp) b
`rvaÇ & _Ç do^kab jbo`bb) b klj `roÇ `çppfgo^o ^p
`rim^p b mb`^alp n PKdn% lrÖÑ ^nrbiil n _b p`ofmql
>nrbiib n ^g>qlr ofnrbw^p +p+ al olr_l) iÇÖlr^p m p^`l
olql) kl p^`l olql plj iÇÖ^a^p ^p ofnrbw^p) nr^kal
lafkebfol eb jbqfal) b nr^kal pb mboab k3 eb rfpql)
^nrbiibp bodl n bpdr^oacq nr^kql aÇ b k3 nr^kql oÜr(
_ Ç ) kl p^`l olql olbqà pr^p ofnrbw^p) mlo & `boq^jáib
^p ^gëq^oã bj pmboÇÖ^ abppr^ cfrw^ ) j^p mlo n
pdr^oa^olj `ljl ^p lrrbolj b mboaboåk^p+

7KZS^_VVY F O f +
NK! ^K_YK!O!NONK\KkYW!NK}!MY_]K]!w!KNSKX^O! ] !]M\SZ^K^8

A bpbg^k al ab mlbo cvj ^bpq^ _obkb b pvjmobw ibf qr(

o^ ^p `lrp^p mlo fkvj cbfq^p ^bpql mboqbb`àqbp & cf`cq
güLo p`obrbo ç bii^ pà lrqol ^afjbkql) ^p c^Öl qobii^ü
a^o) a^p nr^^bp bpqb b^jqriil `ljl q^rl^) àqbkaf pbbo
`ãmofalfol abppb c^wbo+ Mofjbfo^ eb ^ab`i^o^Öç a^p s fi
qbàÖllàp `lk`loaÄqbp `ç ^p sfs+ rfoqrabp mofk`fm^^bp
prpl p`ofmq^p) n ìw mbo rlppl obnrbof jàql) m^ob`bko
aljb o^wfâ `çppbdrfo lqo^^f^al m^pp^al n abiibp mofk`f*
m^iolàfb c^iqbf Pbdrka^) l^molmof^jàql a^ lo^Öç a û
m^qbo kl^qbo) ^bpq^p rfoqrabp mofk`fm^^bp) mlo n cirbo

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH b^
 /55 h HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK'
kl pb mlaà) pà pmb`f^i do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo) afwbkal
bpq^ jrv p^k`q^ lo^Ölj `ljl obnrbobjlp ^p afbq^p
rfoqrabp mbo^ klppl _bj pl_ob qlal kb`bppÄof^p+ Qbo(
`bfo^) a^j^kbfo^ 9z qbbo abrbjlp à ibbo mbo ifrolp ab
p`fà`f^) b àppvkÑÖ^ pmfofqr^i) b a^p rfoqrabp jlo^^bp)
mlo 9z eb erÇ `lrp^ n nr^kalppb ^`rpqrj^) `ljl b
nr^kql abrb ^`ob`àq^o jrv ql à qla^p rfoqrabp b qo^w
molrbfql) b `èqvkr^al mo^wbo B mlo pb kè dr^oa^o à
biil abrva^ loaÜ) jrv qlp ob`b_bo¢ abq^i ibbo jrvql
j^i b mboa^) cfie^kal ebobpf^p) b lmbkvllàp 9z qbà)
klj abrvÇ ^lrqolp mbo pl_bg^jàqb pà afp`obÖè aÇalp*
pb ^biil) `^foè à p^kaf`bp) b lrqolp à gkcfojfa^abp B
mbo^ d^ÑÖ^o l_à) b `è ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo p`rp^o lj^i)
p`obrv pl_obiil ^idrëp `èppbielp) b ^rvp^jàqlp Nr^o*
q^ ) erë `çppbiel ^molmof^al ^ar^p _^o`^p 9g cobf dfi il(
_l jbr `ècbpplo 1 ablp mboalb) p`obrbl mbo jvke^
àkbkÖ≠) b j^ka^al) mlo 9z à erë c^ff^jàql ^ppv VRY
o^wlbf) b afppbjb 9g ieb m^ob`f^ _l^ pbjbieÑÖ^) mloà
ieb afppb n ^bp`obrbppb) b kÆ ieb croq^kal pbr qo^ii^alü
^àràÖlj clv jvke^ plii^jàqb+ Bmloá bj `èql a^p
`lrp^p mlo jvj cbfq^p rlii^ c^Öl p`obrbo+ Nrvkq^) lo*
abkÇÖ^ & pb abrb qbbo bj klpp^ `^mbbfi^) mlo & do^k*
ab m^oqb ^`ob`àq^ à _l^ abr^ÖÆ) lp lcf`flp abrvklp)
pbboà af`qlp b lrrvalp _è) b abrlq^jàqb) b ^_l^ ab*
r^Öl c^w ibfu^o lp mb`^alp) b pbdrvo ^p rfoqrabp+++Pbu*)
q^ ) pb ab`i^oè lp qàmlp & klp lcfÖflp a^ gdobg^ & pb
`rpqrj^ afwbo à klpp^ `^mbbfi^ à `^a^erë fdr^ijàqb pb
abqbà mbo^lp `ljbÖ^oà `è qàml pbdrkal biibp cloà) b
n bkqàabojlp c^wbo+ Pbmqfj^) erÇ mo^qf`^ n dr^oa^r^*
jlp ^bioobv jbr pbkelo b m^aob) ^nr^i jb m^ob`b _l^)
mbo^ pbbo `lppfgo^a^ b _bj mobrfpq^ mbo ^nrbiibp n _l^
j^kbfo^ nrfpbobj qbbo `è pbkelobp b lrqo^p mbppl^p
Çqob n ^^jvw^ab abpbg^oà pbbo dr^oa^a^) ^nr^i pà o^*
wl^al mlpprvjàql a^p rfoqrabp `ljl `çrà Ñqob ^p m^o*
qbp) k¢ pb mlabo^ _bj mo^qf`^o) L`q^r^) `ljl pb ab(
9rà ^idrÇp ibfqro^p qlok^o a b+ i^qvj à klpp^ ivkdr^dç
Bpql rlp c^Öl p`obrbo à bpqb qo^rq^al mlo & l^rv^ mlo

.EDEKENBA @M @XBBD e^
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENKó /56
jvj p`ofmql) mbo^ jbr ^rsp^jPql) b la^o ^lp 9z ^i*
drPp l_o^p j^ka^ppà qo^ii^a^o ) b pbjbieÑqb pb rlp
molrrbo mlabobbp c^wbo+ Bcfw+ Gldl p`obrbo ^lo^Ö≠ ab
grpql grfw feë um2 ) n ^rlppl obnrbofjÜql mbo jvj
qo^ii^abv abi^qvo^ Ü klpp^ ivkdr^dÜ) ^ppv ofj^a^) k^
nr^i k3 mrab _Ü dr^oa^o ~G ^p m^ii^ro^p qla^p clppbj
p`ofmq^p mlo ^p c^wbo `çppl^o) kÜ pb cbw Ü jbielo cloj^
mlo ibr^o ^j^kbfo^ bj 9g mbo i^qâ bo^ cbfq<+ Klrbkl)
erë obdvjÜql âz cfw mbo^l bpq^j^dl mlo fy ^_l^ p^rab
`lomlo^i eb `lrp^ _Ü abmobw^o) b ^nrbpqb obdfjÜql k3
plii^jÜqb ^l bpq^j^dl ^molrbfq^) jbp nrbj ^dr^oa^o
`ljl `çrbj k^ dbbo^i j^kbfo^ ab pbr rvrbo nr^kql
^bpql mboqbb`b mlo _Ü obdfal pbo^ `lkq^al+ Ab`fjl)
^j^kbfo^ ab `lkeb`bo ^bpqobii^ a^ kloqb b mbo bii^p
pr^p dr^oa^p ^^jb^ klfqb) b jbke^Ñ) pbdrkal mbo
jgj do^j qÜml e^ clv abrvp^al Bmlpql ì p`ofmql mbo^
6O ab `llo mlabo p^_bo) `ljl abcbfql à bpqbp obfklp)¶
lpp^_Ü qÑqlp) cù kl mÜppl n l ^ppv dbbo^ijÜqb p^f_eÄ
Ü lrqo^ qÜoo^) mlpql âù abif^ rbkeÄ lp obiildflp a^ dr*
ie^ n qo^wã ^p cfdro^p ä^p `r_boqro^p) mlo 9z pb mlab
_Ü p^_bo lqÜml a^ jb^ klfqb plii^jÜqb) jbp br loab*
kbf ar^p ola^p erÇ a^jb^klfqb b ^lrqo^ a^j^ke^Ä `3
bbr obdvjÜql mbo^ pb abqlal ^rbo _ll `lkeb`fjÜql)
_b `lrp^ _Ü molrbfqlp^ b mo^wfrbi ^lp j^fp 9z ^pp^_à)
mlo cù Çqbp kè mÜpp2 cù pbg^ abqÇql molrbfql b mo^wbo)
`ljl mbo pmbofbk`f^ jrvq^p rbwbp lppbkqÜ Bmlo n lp [
^pp^_bj qbà ^gra^ mbo^ pbbobj jbielo obdfalp+ Fqbj
erë `^mfqlifl) )H c^ii^ a^ ib^ia^ab mlo cvj abqlal bpqb
qo^rq^al B ^idrÇp `lrp^p qbkel p`ofmq^p kl ifrol c^*
Öl abpp^_bo _bj ^ka^o ^`^r^iil) b c^wbo ^p _l^p j^*
ke^p pb `rpqrj^j c^wbo bj biibp B lrqo^p ë' mlo
klj pbbobj q^^bp nrb ^rlp mboqbbÖ^j) ^p klj cfw ^*
nrv qo^ii^a^o+

Ll

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH e^
/6- . 4 / + 4 - 6 5 9 9 , 4 1 / 28 6 "

7KZS^_VVY F O f f +
NK]!`SV'! OX^OXkYYO]!ZO\![_O! ]O\OWY]!M.!KQ\KkK!NY!]OXRY\
KNM\OXkKNY]!KZO\MKVkK\!K]!\_ '!`S\^_NO]!Z\cXMcZKKO]'

R j kljb abklppl pbkelo geë uml) `lj pr^ do^Ö^ b

ab klpp^ pmkelo^ p^kbf^ k^^of ^) rlp p`obrl bpq^p qbç*
Öllàp nrb rlp cbii^r^ " ^jbr grvwl abrf^jlp qlalp ab
qo^wboü nr^kql j^fp mbo pr^ jbo`bb mlabppbjlp) ^p
nr^^bp plj bpq^p _obrbjbkqb p`ofmq^p mlo p^qfpc^wbo ^l
1 jb obnrbobpqbp) ^gka^ nrb mbo^ q^i 5`fb^`f^ p`obrbo
drqol jbbpqob) lr alrqlo pb obnrbof^+ >mofjbfo^ qbbkü
Ölj eb ^rbo cfb) bj qlaliilp ^oqfdllp al `obal b nrf*
`rknrb rriq) `ljl abqbotvk^) b j^ka^ ^pp^k`q^ fdob*
g^+ } bpql plGi^jàqb mbo ]TWZ\Od l_bafbk`f^ ab nrb
mol`bab klj pb c^wbo abâbobkÖ^ al nrb mbo o^wlj ó
bkqbkabo mbo`^iÖluk) ^l nrb ab qlal m^ob`b `lrp^ abp*
^oo^wl^a^ ) b lbrqáabo bk`^iÖ^o klj mlab+ @^ mlo pbbo
cbfql crka^jbkql k^ pvjmobw l_bafbl`f^ qlal eb mbo
jbo`bb al pbkelo fdr^ijÜqb ab`obbo ^rbkal pbjmob
bj ob^bjeo^kÖ^ ^nrbii^ m^ii^ro^ pbj cfb)) bjmlppvrbi
eb mo^wbo ^ablp >ppbdrka^ qbbkÖlj eb ^rbo `boq^ ^
ab qbo jv k^a^ `obb^Ö^ a^ mo^qf`^ alp p^`o^jàqlb) a^p
kfoqrabp) mb`^alp) b ol^iibp) pbdrkal mbqâ^ pÇ`q^ fdob*
g^ eb abqbojvk^al) ^ppv nrb ^g^jlp mlo sfoqrabp lnrb
bR^ abqbojvk^+ B mlo j^i b mb`^al lnrb bif^ lrrbo)
`obbkal pl_obfol `ç^pplobp b gbqbo$alp pmolr^alp b NO
_l^ rva^) b mbppl^p rfoqllp^p a^ j^kbfo^ ab klppl
rvrbo kl nrb plr_bojlp " bkqbkabj b _bj mo^qf`^j
klj nrbobkal pl_ob bpql qlj^o qbbkÖllPp pmb`f^^bp)
j^^ `lk`loa^o b ^rgrd^o kbbpl `lo^Öã ^^dbbo^i bkqbk(
Ölj ) b abqbojvk^Ölj ^molr^a^ bj nrb+ ^lj ^g^ ob*
jloa^jbkql ab`lk`fbk`f^ B ^gka^ nrb ^i klp m^obÖ^
o^wlj klj `ro^o abiil+ pbbkal q^kql b j^fp `lkqàibp
abklp ^cfoj^o bj bpq^p abqbojvk^ÖllPp mbo l_bafbk`f^
nrb mbo o^wlj `lkeb`bkal nrb eb `^fkvkel j^fp pb*

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH b^
 K HA= H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ /6.
dlol ibj_o^kalklp nrb jbielo eb l_bafbk`f^ nrb p^*
`ofcâ`fl > qbo`bfo^ nrb ^g^jlp - b) pbj arrga^ abqbo(
jvk^a^ nrb klppl pbkelo ablp eb _lka^ab mbocbfq^)
^`^_^a^ p^_balof^) b qlal mlabolpl mbo nrb `èrbj
nrb abqbojvk^a^jàqb `ob^jlp nrbobo biib pbjmob mbo*
cbfq^jbkqb qla^ii^p `lrp^p l_o^o) b pbj jvkdr^ p^*
_bii^p c^wbo) b mbo pbr gkcfgkal mlabo ^ppv ^p `ljmofo
b ^`^_^o `lk`loaÇal `lj bpql nrbi af`ql) ablp eb ^(
nrbii^ `lrp^ jvielo nrb mlab pbbo mbkpp^a^+ > nr^oq^
nrb klpp^ qbbkÖlj pbg^ `lj pr^ _l^ do^Ö^ rfgo ^qla^
_l^ mbocbfÖÆ ab rfoqrabp b ibfu^jbkql ab mb`^alp)
klj pbbkal g^ j^fp `lkqbkqbp al nrb c^wbjlp k^nrbi(
i^ m^oqb nrb eb mbocbfql `lkeb`fjbkql b pbdrvjbkql)
abif^p) b pvkqvjbrql) b ibfu^jPql abmb`^alp b abplo*
abk^kÖ^ alkbpq^ rva^ _rp^kal abafp`ofÖlj bj `lkeb*
`bo ^p mbocbfq^p rfoqrabp `ljl plj+ C b) Pmbo^kÖ^)
@^ofa^ab) GrpqfÖ^) Qbjmbo^kÖ^) Cloqbiibw^ $+( ^p
nr^^bp pbjmob bj qlal qbjml nr^kql j^fp mlabojlp
abrbjlp pbdrvo+ ì^p abpmlpfÖllàp abrfoqrabp+) `ljl
gbgërp ) rvdfif^p ) bpqral ) b pbjbie^kqbp) ^p nr^^bp
nrbobj obdr^fal) ab qbjml) jlal) b abpmlpfÖlj) b
*pb mlab boo^o pl_bg^kal) ^ppv `ljl c^iib`bkal) b `l*
keb`bkal nrb mbo klp bpql pbj pmb`f^i do^Ö^ klj ml*
abobjlp `lkqvkr^a^jbkqb c^wbo) afobjlp pbjmob) ablp
obdr^oa^ à jbr ^gralfol) Pbkelo) qofd^qb mbo^jb ^gr*
a^o+ > nrvkq^) nrb mlfp klppl pbkelo ablp eb clkqb)
`ljmofjbkql) b mbocbfÖ¢ abqla^ rfoqrab) nrb ab qlal
mbo bi clo loabk^al pbg^jlp `lkqbkqbp) lr `ob^jlp
cvojbjbkqb nrb labrbjlp pbbo) p^_bkal nrb ^i klj
mlab) kbj abrb pbbo _bj cbfql) kbj _$ loabk^al)
^gka^ nrb labpbgbjlp) lr klp o^wlj m^obÖ^) afwbkal
¥bj `^pl nrb q^i arrva^) lr `lkqo^afwfjbkql a^ rllk*
q^ab pvkq^jlp) Pbkelo) klj ^ppv `ljl br bkqbkal)
kbj nrbol) j^p `ljl qr+ >ppbuq^) nrb ^g^jlp ccb
`boq^) nrb pr^ dilof^ eb l o^^vlo _bj) b abibfq^Ölj
nrb pb mlab bkj^dvk^o) @lkppfgo^kal nrb klj ^rb*
ü l p j^fp abibfq^Ölj b mo^wbo bj `^a^er( `lrp^ nrl
Ll /

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH e^
/6/ - H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
nr^kql bi k^qro^ijbkqb klp loabklr+ B a^nrv pb pb(
drb rfgo ^ `lkeb`fjbkql nr^kql j^vlo pbo^ ^nrb bf
lrqlod^o mlo d^ii^oalj) ^lp p`liefalp a^ nrb bj dbb(
o^i pb a^ ^_llp) b ^j^^lp) b ^p _bpq^p @lk`loa^kal
bj bpql ^nrbf af`ql) nrbl liel klj rvl) lobie^ klo^
lrrvl) `lo^Ölj aelo^bj klj mbkpplr qÑ do^kabp _bPp)
`ljl ablp qbj loabk^alp mbo^ lp nrbl ^j^j) b ^ppv
`lkppfgo^o ^p mbk^p al gkcbokl) al nr^i afw lppbkelo)
nrb ^iiv pbo^ `elol) b ^piofkdvjbkql ab abkqbp >p(
pbmqfj^ eb nrb bo^ bpq^p qbàÖllàp ^qrobjlp pbjmob
`lj ^do^Ö^ b jbo`bb al pbkelo bj qla^p klpp^p rv*
a^p ) klj pbbkal al `lkql a^nrbiibp nrb ^qbjmlp
`obbj) b kl qbjml a^ qbki^Ölj abpc^iib`bj) Gbj_oÇ*
alklp ^nrbii^ m^if^ ro^ nrb afw) nrbj mboppbrbo^o ^q^^
cvj pbo^ p^irl+ Ab q^^bp qbkq^Öllàp `lj ^do^Ö^ al
pbkelo ablp) pbklp pbdrvo^ mbo`^ FÖ^a^jbkqb NK]! `^S
rfoqrabp movk`fm^^bp prpl afbq^p) `^ mlobj+^ movjbq*
o^ ^rbobjlp ccb pbdro^) clo^ al mbkgllbp `lj ^pp^k`q^
fdobg^ `lk`loaÇqb Mbo ^ppbdrka^ ^rbobjlp _l^ pmbo^kû
Ö^ nrb efobjlp ^mloql pbdrol a^nrbii^ p^k`q^ jlo^a^
nrb mbo lp âfbbp `^qelif`lp eb obnrbofa^) mlfp ^ka^jlp
mbo bpqo^a^ ob^i a^p mbppl^p al`qlova^ab j^fp ilrr^*
a^) b ^molr^a^+ Mbo ^qbo`bfo^ ^rbobjlp abobfq^ `^of*
a^ab) ^jÇal lppbkelo ablp pl_ob qla^ii^p `lrp^p) mlo
nrb eb mbocbfq^jbkqb afdkl abppbbo j^fp ^j^al+ ì
^qla^ii^p `of^qro^p pbdrkal o^wè ^j^objlp mlo bi klj
abp^j^kal ^idrbj mlo klj mboabo lppbr ^jlo Mbo ^*
nr^oq^ erp^objlp ab mbocbfq^ morabk`v^ nrb eb Gbfu^*
jbkql alp j^iqbp b mb`^alp) b rvrbo bj qlalp klpplp
af^p b cbfqlp rfoqrlp^jbkqb+ Mbo ^nrvkq^ pbdrfobjlp
grpqfÖ^) grid^kal pbjmob ^p l_o^p abklppl pbkelo nrb
klj mlabj kbj abrbj pbbo mo^po^^a^p) kbj `lkqo^*
af`q^p mbo l_o^) af`ql) lr màpp^jbkql+ Mbo ^ppbuq^
erp^objlp ab qbjmbo^kÖ^ bj qla^ `lrp^ nrb abpbg^o*
jlp mlo nrb obdr^oa^kal ^l do^kab _bj nrb pmbo^(
jlp) `lol plpmbfi^ b ob`bl) erp^objlp abqla^ clid^k*
Ö^ ) ob`b^kal mboabo ^nrbii^ nrb pl_ob qlalp j^fp eb

.EDEKENBA @M 4 F 6 6 7 GB
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAEA+-ñ /6FE
mbo^ abpbg^o+ ì qbjbkal do^kabjbkqb lp j^iibp) b
mbk^p nrb plj ^m^obie^alp ^lp pbdrfalobp ab j^^p
rllkq^abp) b nrb clo^ ab_l^ qbjmboÑÖ^ à pbrp cbfqlp
tvrà b ^`^_^j+ Mbo ^ppbmqfj^) `è jrv pmb`f^i ^gra^
al pbkelo ^rbobjlp ^nrbii^ mbocbfq^ cloqbiibw^ mbo nrb
pb `lkqo^afw qla^ `lrp^ ^^rfoqrab `lkqo^âo^ b pbj jb*
a l ) mofdrfÖ^) bp`^`bp^) lr co^nrbw^) ^p râoqrabp pb
obnrboà) b mlpprà abpbg^kal pbjmob rva^ rfoqrlp^ Bl+
obgkl alp `bblp mlo j^fp ^iql _bj) b abibfq^Ölj nrb
^rbo pb mlab) b qbjbkal mboabo ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo ablp
nrb eb ^j^vlo alp j^iibp ab nrb bfib klp dr^oab mb*
o^ pbjmob rgrb b obgk^) lrqlod^kalklp pbjmob `lkqf*
kr^a^ rga^ bo^ pbr pborvÖl) b bj cgj pr^ p^kb q^
dilof^ ^jbj+

7KZS^_VVY iO r o +
NY! KZ\YZ\SKWOX^Y! NY!ZK^O\! XY]^O\! KK]! :SS'! _S\^_NO]'

Plk ^ p^k`q^ lo^Ölj al m^qbo klpqbo) mbo klppl pbkelo

geë*UmÆ cbfq^ pb mlabj ^molmof^o ^^p vff rfoqrabp
movk`fm^^bp) qobp qbliild^^bp) +p+ Cb) @^ofa^ab) Pmb*
o^kÖ^) b ^p nr^qol @^oabk^iibp +p+ Moraàk`f^) Qbjmbü
o^kÖ^) GrpqfÖ^) Cloqbiibw^+ Bj bpq^ drfp^ k^movjbfo^
m^ii^ro^ afw 7 M^aob klppl nrb bp klp `bblp B ^nrbpq^
pb ^molmof^ ^^cib) mlo nrb ^rbkaÆ rboa^abfo^ `obbkÖ^
ab klppl pbkelo ablp l`e^j^jlp m^aob klppl) `lkcbp*
p^kal nrb bp klp `bblp P^k`qfcf`^al pbg^ l qbr kljb)
ì ^ `^ofa^ab) bpq^ abrb pbbo ^molmof^a^ mlo nrb ^rbk*
alieb ^jlo pl_ob qla^ii^p `lrq^p lilrr^jlp b p^k`qf*
cf`^jlp+ ì ^qbo`bfo^ mbo nrb abj^ka^jlp Nrb rbke^
lppbr obgkl `lj ^bpmbo^kÖ^ jrv ql _bj pb `lk`loa^)
mlo nrb pmbo^kal ^rbo bj bi mlo $r^ p^k`q^ do^Ö^ ^i*
drÇ m^oqb abj^ka^jlp `^a^af^) nrb nrÑal ^l pbkelo
molrrbo mbo^l pbr obgkl pbg^jlp `e^j^alp) lnr^i pbj*
mob pmbo^jlp nrb klp pbo^ mlo pr^ jbo`bb lrqlod^al
ì ^nrbpq^p qobp m^ii^ro^p pb ^molmof^j ^^p qobp mofjbf*

.EDEKENBA @M 4 = I I 7 GB
.61 K HG = H ?-JOODHDG.#-+
o^p ëfoqrabp qebliild^^bp+ ì ^ nr^oq^ nrb afwbjlp PÜû
g^ cbfq^ ^qr^ rllkq^ab) ^ppv k^qboo^ `ljl klp `bblb)
klp jlpqo^ ^j^fp mbocbfq^ moraà`f^ nrb ^rbo pb mlabû
bkqbkabkal^ mbo ^r^p drfp^p+ ErÑ nrb `lkcloj^jlp
klpp^ rllkq^ab `lj ^ppr^) afwbkal bj qlal 9' klj pb
`ljmo^ lnqfb abpbg^jlp) j^p lnrb ^bi j^fp mo^w) p^*
_bkal nrb ^nrbiil eb jbielo+ B^gka^ nrb ^f abpbgb)
j ^fp ^rllkq^ab k^ nlbiil pb ^cfoj^ klpp^ movk`fm^â
bkqbkÖlj Bmlobj afwbjlp nrb pbg^ `ljmofa^ pbjmob
^ppr^ ì^ lrqo^ mbo nrb abj^ka^jlp ^bi pl_ob qla^ii^p
jbo`bbp nrb klp cqÖ^ pbjmob pbdrvo) b i^wbo pr^ rllk*
q^ab ) ^nr^i eb nrb qlalp klp bk`^jvkebjlp ^klpp^
b^ir^Ölsk) ^ppf `ljl ^c^wbj ^nrbëbp nrb g^ plj k^
pr^ p^k`q^ dilof^) Pkl ^j^o) dilofcf`^o) b pborfo >(
nrvkq^ nrb afwbjlp 7 M^j klppl ab`^a^af^ klp a^ lgb)
jlpqo^ ^nrbii^ do^kab qbjmbo^kÖ^ ab nrb fc^b molrrb
eap^oà lp pbrp afp`fmrRlp) b lrqolp nrb ap nrbobj pb*

é rvo) klj abpbg^kal pl_ob ^rlkaÇÖ^ abrf^ka^p) jbp

l j^kqvjbkql nrb pbjmob kb`bppfa^ab obnrbob `^a^ü
c`rë av^ abj^ka^kal) klp `lkqbkqbjlp >ppbuq^ mbo
nrb afwbjlp 7 Nrvq^klp klpp^p afrva^p) lljl klp nrv*
q^qklp ^klpplp abrbalobp) klp eb jlpqo^al labobfql
`^jvkel a^grpqfÖ^ nrb `lj klp`l pb( qboo^) pbdrkal
klpp^p l_o^p) ì nrb klp abrbjlp a^rbo jfpbof`ãoaf^
lljl abpbg^jlp nrb abklp pbg^+ >ppbmqfj^ afw 7 nrb
k3 pbg^jlp aboof_^alp k^ qbjmq^Ölj) j^p nrb klp if*
rob abj^i ì ^nrbpql _bj eb rfpql nrb ^rfoqrab a^
cloqbiibw^) nrb ab klppl pbkelo klp eb lrqlod^al) ab*
rb mboqbb`bo ) mbo ^nr^i klp dr^oa^jlp ) b qbbjlp
`lkqo^ qlal j^i b klp bpcloÖ^jlp ^ppbdrvo qla^ rfo*
qrab+
 K HA=H ?KJIAHDAENK+ .63

8P_Xcd[[^ i O r f f +
ST . 1d%bP p ST%% X%%% C Ta ^b {da^b S^b PdxVT[W^b) T
^dca^b bR\SW"Hb _TaP^b [TRaT\ _a^daXc^bP\X[TÄ

K e r P lo^) klj ib^^bp jrvql) j^p _l^ m^oqb jbklp

al nrb mlaboabp) ^ppv n pb mlaboabp ^iro^o Gbbo alwb
clie^p) klj ib^^bp ol^fp ab qobp lr nr^qol B^nrbpql (
eb mlo lblqbkaboabp jbielo) b lm^pp^oabq ol^fp q^oabü
b rlp bkc^a^oabp abiib jbklp) abrbbp ^fdfëqb rbwb^
molr^o ab ibbo) ^gka^ nrb rlp m^obÖ^ nrb klj ^rbb^
rllkq^ab b pb^qvkalrlp pbj bii^ ^ _rf lo^ krk`^
jrvql mbocfbÜp mlo nrb qo^w c^pqfl) l ^rloob`fjbkql
J^p c^rp^kal ^olb_rolb) b mlol jrvql grkq^jbkqb eb
jbielo+ Nr^kal Gbboabp ol^fp m^ppl al nrb ^rbbp brüû
qrj^al b _bj ^mlkq^al+ Nr^Çal ^idrcq `lrp^ klj ml*
aboabp bkqbkabo) k3 rlp abqbke^^bb olrvql mlonrb
klj e^ olbbpqob bj qeblflpf^ nrb qlal mbocbfq^olPql
bkqbka^) j^p m^pp^b ^af^kqb) b qlkf^^b lnlb abl^
rlp abo) `lkeb`bkal nrb klj ^llbp mbo^ ieb a^o mbo*û
cbfql bkqbkafjbkql) jbp nrb lcfih^^bp `lj molqbpq^(
Ölj a^rbo pl_obiil cfojb `obbkÖ^) `ljl abqbojvk^) ü
jìa^ ^pp^k`q^ fdobg^) b nrb pb l`lkqo^fol al nrb ^rlp
mbob`b bii^ j^ka^ nrb pb bob^) nrb kl^ ^ppv lqbbkab^
cfojb bkqbkÖlj al `obbo) ^gka^ nrbl klj mlpp^^b^
a^nrbif^ drvp^ bkqbkabo+ Abpq^p `lrp^p nrb ^ppv klj
bkqbkaboabp) klj rlp bj_^odrbbp ab olrvql mobdrk(
q^o) mlo nrb p^_bb `boq^jbkqb nrb q^^bp efe^) nrb
mlr`lp ^pp^_bj) b jbielo eb mbo^ rlp m^pp^o mbo bi*
f^p) b c^wbo `lkq^ nrb ^p klj rfpi^p nrb mlo af`ql q!
^idrë nrb ^rbo^ bjm^`el abrlp jlpqo^o pr^ jvkdr^) +
cfie^oabp q^i qbbkÖlj) nr^i qbbo klj abr^^bp) olbp pb
^idrÑp nrfpboabp p^_bo) pbg^j mobdrkq^a^p ^ `boq^p b
^q^^bp mbppl^p nrb pbg^j ^rva^p mlo _l^p bj rga^p b
ab _ll b do^kab p^_bo) b ^lrqo^p klj+ Mlpql+nrb ^i*
drë _ll ifrol qlal ib^^bp) krk`^ rlp bkc^abbp abqlo*

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH b^
 /53 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDALNK+
k^o ^l ibbo) mlo nrb ^idrÑp `lrp^p bkqbkabobbp pbj(
mob klr^jbkqb nrb rlp c^olj molrbfql ì mbkpp^^b
nrb lppbr ibbo eb l_o^ jbofqãof^) b mlobj eb _bj)
^ppv `ljl rlp klj bkc^a^oabp aboobw^o ^idë^p rbwbp
l m^qbo klpqbo) b ^ppv ^idrÇ `lrp^ `^a^ af^ ibboabp
mbo bi) b krk`^ q^kql qbjml ibbobbp pb qbrboabp _l^
qbbkÖlj nrb ibvubbp a^ `e^o `lrp^p nrb rlp klr^*
jbkqb mo^w^j ^gka^ nrb ^p g^ ibppbbp+ Mlo jrvql nrb
abf p^f_e^^bp krk`^ mboâfbbp `lj dbkqb a^ rlpp^ ibv)
lr clo^ abif^) ibbabl mbo^ rlp mofk`fm^ijbkqb) b ^*
nrbpql mbo^^ mobkaboabp) b clid^oabp bj _l^p `lrp^p
ibbo) b abpmbkabobabp ^idrÇ m^oqb al qbjml bj _bj
c^wbo Bmbo^ bkppvk^oabp ^idrëp nrb rlppl _ll `lkppb*
Fel nrbfo^j cfie^o Klj qbk_^^bp ^idrÇp qbàÖlèbp ^ppv
cfoj^a^p k^ rllkq^ab nrb qlal nr^kql ibboabp nrbf*
o^^bp qlo`bo mbo^ `lk`loa^o `lj bii^p) j^p ^^ibj a^*
nrnif^p nrb mbo cfb b abqbojgk^Ölj a^ p^kb q^ fdobg^(
^rbbp cfojbjàqb `obbo) lrqolp mbo rlp klj qbke^^bp)
kbj cfiebbp) jbp bj qlal rlp c^wbb ifrob mbo^ ob`b*
_boabp nr^i nrbo _ll `lkppbiel) b abqbojvk^Ölj nrb
mbo ifrolp ^molr^alp ^`e^oabp) b rlp abo q^i mbppl^
abnrbl abrbbp cfie^o+ B ^nrbpql rlp qfo^o^ `lj ^do^Ö^
ab ablp jrv qlp boolobp bj nrb ^idrëp `^^à mlo pb
klj ^rvp^obj Fqbj nr^kal clo ^abqbojvk^Ölj al nrb
ibboabp arrgalp^ mo^w^rlp ab^ ibfu^oabp bj arrva^) b
klj rlp nrboboabp ^cfoj^o bj ^idrÇ m^oqb `lkeb`bk*
al nrb ^idrÇp `lrp^p `boq^jbkqb ^rbjlp lrqlod^o ZO\
cfb) b l_bafbk`f^) b mbo o^wlj lrqo^p kbd^o) b a^â*
drÇp pbbojlp arrgalplp) b klj bk`boq^ abqbojvk^*
Ölj B mlo bpql afwbj) nrb jbielo eb arrga^o nr b
p^kav^jbkqb abqbojvl^o+

.EDEKENBA @M C A e^
 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK /64

7KZ^V_VVY F O s +
NK]! N_K]! LK\MK]!Mr_^!K]]KLO\!NK!]Ki! M!NK\\Y^K+

nrb ablp mlo pr^ do^kab ^_pplirq^ gkcfojva^(

a b ) pbdoba^ rllkq^ab) ^idrÇp rbwbp p`lie^ b `e^jb
^idërp abpq^alp rvÖlplp) b `rim^alp) ^ppv `ljl p`l*
Gebl p^j j^qebr al pq^al mb`^alo alp mr_if`^klp)
erprobfolp) b j^of^ j^da^kbii^ al pq^al mb`^alo a^p
jliebobp) b li^aolj al pq^al alp j^icbfqlobp) b a^*
k^alobp B ^ppv mbojfq^ a^k^o b mboabo lrqolp abpq^*
alp mbocbfqlp b rfoirlplp) ^ppv `ljl gra^p al bpq^al
alp ^mlpqliilp) b kv`lii^^l al bpq^al alp af`fmriilp)
mlo fppl q^j do^kab p^kaf`b eb bj ^qobrfjbkql a^_l^
rllkq^ab ab ablp abpmobw^o l bpq^al a^p rfoqrabp) b
bp`liebo l bpq^al alp mb`^alp `ljl pbof^ pb ^idr~
nrfpbppb m^pp^o ^idrë ovl mbofgdlpl b qlojbkqlpl) b
^`e^ppb ^r^p _^o`^p) erÑ cloqb b pbdro^) b jrv _bj
^m^obie^a^) b bj nrb o^o^jbkqb ^idrë pb mboab) b
mlo ^j^vlo m^oqb qlalp bj bii^ pb p^ir^j8 b lrqo^
rbie^) co^`^ mlaob)+olq^) bj nrb qlalp pb mboabj) b
^idrëp mlr`lp pb p^ir^j) ^_^o`^ cfojb b pbdro^ b clo*
q b ) b _bj ^m^obie^a^) l bpq^al a^p rfoqrabp eb) b
ab_ll b p^k`ql rvrbo elkbpql) b pbj nrbobii^ ab ablpü
b al molrwvjl) bj nrb jrv mlr`lp mbob`bj) b ^*
j^vlo m^oqb pb p^ir^ bj q^i bpq^al ^ppv `ljl bo^ _^o(
`^ pbdro^) mlabj k^rfd^o pbdro^jbkqb) b m^pp^o pbj
mbofdll mbo ^p lka^p a^ qlojbkq^ abpqb jrkal ^mloql
pbdrol b +a;+ mo^wbo nrb eb ^dilof^+ >_^o`^ co^`^) ml*
aob) olq^ l bpq^al alp mb`^alp eb) b a^j^^) b `lo*
ormq^ b abplirq^ rva^ bj q^i bpq^al ^ppv `ljl bj
_^o`^ mlaob) klj mlab `lj pbdro^kÖ^ b pbj mbofdll
^p qlojbkq^p a^ mobpbkqb rva^ m^pp^o) kbj ^mloql ab
clid^kÖ^) b abpbg^al ^mloq^o) b nrb ^idrqfp pb p^irP
fpql eb abrbbkqrfo^) lr mlo ^idrë l^`k^]h grvwl ab
ablp) ^`bo`^ a^idrÇ pvkdrii^o mbppl^ nrb klj nrbo
LL

.EDEKENBA @M Chh`e^
/65 K HA=H ? K J O O A H D A EN K +

0 rb pbg^ ^jrvqlp `lkppbnrbk`f^) mlo nrb movrvibdâl

bmlr`lp kè eb pr_pfafl b abcbw^ ^lp jrvqlp Abpqb
bkppvk^jbkql `lj pbr bubjmol mlabbp bkqbkabo nrb
`lrp^ mbofdlp^ eb a^oppb lelfkbj ^abpqbjmbo^kÖ^) b
`lrp^ pbdro^ ^^qbjmbo^kÖ^ @^ ^qbjmbo^kÖ^p^ir^ jrv(
qlp) b abpqorl mlr`lp) b ^abpqbjmboÑÖ^ `looljmb l
abpqorb jrvqlp b p^ir^ jrv mlr`lp Lrqol bkppvk^*
fkbkil) `lrp^ mbofgdlp^ eb p`liebo eljbj bpq^o kl
ird^o 0ab jloobj abmbpqbiibkÖ^) b `lrp^ j^fp pbdro^
m^oifoppb) `^ j^fp jloobj alp nrb cf`^j) l mlr`lp
alp n pb m^oqà(

8P_X[d[[^ I O s f+
S^aaTVX\T]c^ ~ bT STdT cTTa ]P RP_T[[P _TaP bTTa
QT\ aTVXSP+

Movjbfo^jbkqb nrb pb molrbg^ _bj) ^kqb nrb lppb(

kelo rbke^ ^^ `^mbii^ lnrb e^j ab afwbo pbbkal ^rv*
p^alp qlalp bj dbbo^i b `^a^erë bj pmb`f^i) al nrb
à à à ) lr `lj lrqol lrrbo abafwbo) ^ppv kl ibbo) `ljl
bj `^kq^o+ Fqbj ^nrbiil nrb `^kq^obj pbg^ `lrp^ nrb
qlaliilp nrb^ lrrbobj al `^kq^o) _bj p^f_e^j+ Fqbj
nrb qbke^j piiibk`fl ü^ bpq^kqb b+ `^ fdobg^ qla^+ Fqbj
n klj qljbj lp `^kqlp j^fp ^iqlp alp nrblp clid^a^*
jbkqb mlabobj ibr^o) b ^nrbpql ^ppv kl nrb qlalq
lrrbobj ab `^kq^o) `ljl ^idrëp bj pmb`f^i+ Fqbj "
pb klj qofdrbj bj `lrp^ nrb lrrbobj ab `^kq^o) lk
obp^o) lr c^wbobj ^idrë pborvÖl nrb mboqbbÖ^ ^ppbbfp
lcobflp ) jbb qlal c^Ö^j `lj _ll pm^Öl b ^ppbppbdl[
^gka^ nrb pbg^ q^oal Bppbl clo `^kqbj `roqlp `^kqlp)
b ibfubrf lp pl_bglp+ Fqbj nrb pb klj `lk^pbkq^ ofgo
¥bj p`^okb`bo bj nr^kql aro^o l lcf`fl ^bbj erë nrb
pbg^) l jrv ql jbklp ^lp `^mbii^^àp b ^jlÖlp a^ `^*
mlii^ ) lp n*r^^bp abrbo^ bpq^o j^fp elkbpq^jbkqb n^b
mlabobj) `ljl ^nrbiibp nrb c^wbj ^borfÖl pmfofqk^i
^abl^+ Fqbfk `fbkbj pbbo ^rvp^al^ ab^pbfflcff ^ka^obj
TiEkal k^ bpR^qb) lr `lol) j^p `^a^ frfë bpq^o (-ü

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH b^
 K H A = H ?•JOOAHmEAENK+ û ç66
übppbd^al bj pbr Gld^o pbl kb`bppfa^ab l klj `lp*
qo^kdbo+ Fqbj nrb pb klj `lkppbki^ kberë abp^`loa^*
qfrl ^^bpq^kqb) mlo cg erÇ `loa^ abpqbjmbo^a^) eb ^*
_^pq^kqb mbo^ abpqbjmbo^o ercq bpqlojàql+ Fqbj nrb
pb `lkebÖ^j ^p rlwbp alp `^mbii^Çbp) nr^i eb mbo^
`^kq^o ^Gql) b nr^i mbo^ `lkqo^) b nr^' mbo^ qbklo+
B^ppv `^kqbj `lkqvkr^a^jbkqb mbo^ `^a^erë pbbo
j^fp `boql kl nrb `^kq^o Fqbj nrb pb `lkebÖ^ nr^^bp
^kqobppv k^p rlwbp plj jbielo ^`loa^alp b ^nrbiibp
`^kqbj ^idrÇp `lrp^p nrb pb ^g^j bpqobj^a^jbkqb
`^kq^o) mlo nrb e^ef ^idrÇp rlwbp nrb ^gka^ nrb pb*
g^j _l^p ^kqobppv klj pb ^`loa^j _bj) b lrqo^p nrb
^j_^p grkq^p c^wbj do^kab ^r^kq^dbj Fqbj nrb pb
obdr^oab lkab e^ abpq^o ^^bpq^kqb) b ^`^p^ nrbg^ka^
eb(mbo^ pl^obj jbielo ^p c^if^p mlo nrb pb bpq^ ^m^o *
a^fdqf^ g^kbGG^) lrbkql pb r^f mbo bii^ clo^) b c^w jb*
klp pl^o ^p c^if^p+ Bbppl jbbp jl c^w bj `lol ^iql) lr
jrvql ^ilkd^al) mlobj pb abrb obdr^oa^o lird^o mb*
o^ jvielo pl^obj pmb`f^ijàqb pb eb q^i qbjml bj nrb
pb nrbfo^ obpdr^oa^o) lr jlpqo^o pbrp `^mbii^Çbp Fqbj
jrvql kb`bppÄofl abppb `of^obj jlÖlp k^ `^mbbii^) b
nrb pbg^j ab ga^ab ab sk+ lr sfr+ Çklp ab _l^ abp*
mlpfÖlj bj rlwbp b bkqbkabo) b plqfiibw^ b ab _ll
^ppbppbdl) mlo `grb q^^bp `ljl bpqbp rbbj ^ppbbo ab
o^wlj _llp `iÜofdlp b _llp `^kqlobp+ Fqbj nrb q^kql
nrb lrrbobj `lkeb`fjbkql ab `^kq^o nrb lp c^Ö^j
`^kq^o ^^bpq^kqb ) b nrb ieb c^Ölj bkppvk^o ^idrÇp
`^kqfd^p ^idrN nrb p^f_e^ _à `^kq^o) b bpql mbo^^p
sbwbp `^kq^obj ^kqb lppbkelo) `^ bpql ieb c^w mboabo
lbjm^`el ab`^kq^o) b bpcloÖ^o ^rlw) b d^^kÖ^o jb(
ielo dbfql) b j^fp do^`flpl ab`Çq^o+ Fqbj pb abrbj
bpnrvr^o k^ `^mbbii^) nr^kql pb j^fp mlabo c^wbo ^o*
orgalp b Prbg^p) mlo nrb `lj bpql krk`^ pb ablp _bj
mlab pborfo+ Fqbj pb abrb obpdr^oa^o nrbl `^kq^o pb*
g^ pbdrkal ^p `bogjlkf^p a^ fdobg^) lr qofpqb) lr ib*
a l ) b pbdrkal lp qbjmlp 3 bpqbrboà+ Fqbj bj `^a^
`^mbbii^) nrb _l^ abrb pbbo) abrbj pbbo `of^alp nr^ü(
MM /

.EDEKENBA @M 4 = I I 7 GB
 0-- K HA=H+ ?KJOOAHDAENK+
qol `^`elmlp ^l jbklp erëp qz ^g^j pl_ob lp lrqolp
qobp) lr nr^qol Çklp) ^ppv nrb n^^kal erqfp clobj
alfql) nrb lp lrqolp pbg^j ab alwb) mlobj `lol o^û
wlj abrv^j pbbo pbfp) mlo nrb ^^p rbwbp erë eb albk*
qb ) lr qlor^al) b b lrqol cf`^ bj pbr ild^o Fqbj nrb
nrÇal bpqbp jlÖlp clobj bj q^i efa^ab nrb jrabj
^p rlwbp) ebiebp do^kab _bj c^wboiebp ibbo i^qvj mbo
aARP lr qobp Ñklp mlo nrb ^biibp eb do^kab molrbfql)
b ibbj mlo biil jrvql jbielo) b j^fp `boql Bppbl
pbkelo qo^w jbbpqob bj p^ `^mbbii^) biibp `lkqvkr^a^(
jbkqb mlabj pbqrfo bj jfpp^p) b rbpmbo^p) b lrqolü
lcf`flp) b klj ibfu^obj a^ mobkabo+ Fqbj lolbbpqob
nrb lp kl `^kql bkppvk^o) abrb ab pbo _ll bj p^_bo)
b dbfql ab `^kq^o b ab _ll bkqbkabo) b brpqrjbp) ^ppv
+ nrb klj f^j plljbkqb lp `^pqfdrb kl `Ñqb) jbp(bj
qla^ lrqo^ `lrp^ nrb booà) b iebp ab pr^ _l^ bkppv(
k^kÖ^ mbo^ pbb+obo^ _llp bj pr^ rva^) b brpqrjbp+
Fqbj biib pbbo mobpqbp pbjmob mlif^ j^ke^^j k^ `^*û
mbbf F^) nrb `ljl lp jlÖlp ^`^_^obj ab `loobdbo l
^iq^o nrb lp c^Ö^ ild+l `^kq^o) b ieb ab ivÖlj ^kqbp

0 )rb lppbkelo rbke^[nrb bpq^ iebp ^mobrbfq^ j^fp nrb

b qlall af^ ì+ ^ppv c^Ö^ ^^p rbpmbo^p) nrb bi abrb
pPmob movjbfol pbb` k^ `^mbbii^* Fqbj nrb lp `^mbf(
I^^àp) b `^kqlobp pbg^j pbolmob `bal k^ `^mbbii^) nrbl
pbkelo klj bpmbob måo biibp Blp `^mbiG^^Pp molrbb*
olj lnrb lrrbobj ab afwbo Blp `^kqlobp mo^qf`^C¢ bj
^idrcfp `^kqlp nrb klol qbbj af^ o qbjml*) j^fp ^^w^*
1l nrb bpqb+ B j^fp p^_bocq `^kq^o ^p jfpp^p nrb e^j
ab afwbo b ibboi^p)b obdfpq^o lifrol ) mlpql nrb ef klj
bpqb lrqol `^mbii^j nrbl c^Ö^ Fqbj nrb lp `^kqlobp
^mobka^j lpp^Gqbfol ) nrb nr^kaliebp ^^o^^^è rbebo
^idrë _bkbcf`fl nrbl p^f_e^j ) nrb klj mlab pbbü
_ll `iÜofdl pbklj plr_bo lpp^iqbfol Fqbj abrP lp oll(
Ölp pbbo mbo`b_falp abmobdrkq^oà mbo rbwbp `^a^ klfqb
^l pbkelo) lkab b ^nrb lo^p nrbo lrrvo jfpp^ mbo^^
rfp^o lp `^mbii^Çbp al nrb lrrbobj ab c^wbo+ Fqbj
nr^kal rbebobol ^idrÇp cbpq^< pmb`f^^bb l`^mbif^j

.EDEKENBA @M JD A b^
 K HA=H ?-J55AHDAEN-+ 0-.
jllo) lr nrbol ildl qbrbo) abrb mobdrkq^o ^l pbkelo)
lkab) b `ljl nrbo lrrvo l lcâ`fl) b lp `loobdfjbk*(
qlp ab nrb pb ^rbo^ bj biibp ab pborfo+ Fqbj pb mlke^
_l^ dr^oa^) b molrfgjbkql klp lok^jàqlp a^ `^mbbii^)
O pb pfor^ abiGbp pbdrkal lqbjml clo+ Fqbj pl_ob qlal
eb kb`bppÄofl nrb ^lp _llp nrb _bj pborbj) `lol
jbo`bbp) b _ll d^b^ie^al iel ^d^ii^oalbj) b ob`lkeb*
Ö^j ì lp nrb j^i rvrbj b pb ^oorc^j) b j^i pborbj
klj m^ppbj pbj mbk^) b bp`^ojbkql+ Fqbj nrb nr^i
nrbo `lrp^ jn^ lppbkelo _c\ bj ^ `^mbbii^ j^i cbfq^)
mbo nr^i nrbo drfp^ nrb pbg^ ildl ^fk^kab àjbka^o
bbkf q^oa^kÖ^) kà qobpm^ppl+ Fqbj bpq^p nr^qol plj
jrgql kb`bpp^of^p mbo^^ `^mbbii^ +p+ @^mbii^j jllo) b
jbbpqob a^ `^mbbii^) b qbklo jbbpqob jbbpqob alp jl(
Ölp+ * Gqbj abrbj pbbo ^rfp^alp nrb bj nr^i B A
`lrp^ nrb lrrbobj ab`^kq^o) lo^ pbg^ b^kql cbfql lr
abp`Çql ab`i^obj ^ibqbo^ a^ nrbiil nrb `^kq^obj) p^i*
rl pb bii^ clo abplkbpq^ mbo^ppb afwbo+ Fqbj bj nr^i
nrbo `lrp^ nrb `^kq^obj abrbj ab ab`i^o^o ^ibqbo^
rld^i pbdrkal eb p`ofmq^ B bpql mlo nrb ^idrqfp qbbol
ab `rpqrjb mobkrk`f^o ol^fp erÇ ibqbo^ nrb lrqo^ bj
^nrbiil nrb `^kqlol+ Fqbj pb abrbj aá dr^oa^o `^kq^o
abivkdr^) kà ab abpr^fo^jbkql ab_l`^) ol^p plljbk*
qb `^kqbj ab m^ml `^a^ erë jbielo âg mlabo+

7KZS^_VVY H N R EE +
NY! ^nZY! !]O!NO^Ol!XY]! YTSMSY]!NK! MKZOOVVK+

Fgb r ^ k a l mbo bpjl o^wl^a^jàqb bpq^p lo^p pb abfbbj

klp lcâ`flp a^ klpp^ `^mbbii^+ Fqbj jfpp^ `^kq^a^ afbq^
mbo _fpml `è ^pmbodbp b m^qobj lo^ b olÇ+ Fqbj jfpp^
`^kq^a^ `ço^rë pbj ^pmbodbp b pà m^qoà lo^+ Gqbj jfp*
p^ `^kq^a^ ab obnrvbj : jbklp alo^ : Fqbj jfpp^
obw^a^ : jb^ lo^ :ö: Fqbj rbpmbo^p pliibjmkbp ab _fpû
ZY! MYW `lolmbqo^ : k lo^p : Fqbj rbpmbo^p `ajrëp
`^kq^a^p `lj `ljmbqo^ : f b jà^ Fqbj rbpmbo^p ob*
sZ]Zl `lj `ljmbqo^ £ b lo^ Fqbj h lcf`fl a^ klfqb

.EDEKENBA @M C A EB
0-/ @ HA =H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
al k^q^i `lj j^qgk^p) ^r^kdbiel) b jfpp^ b pboqklj+
bj nrb ^g^ erÇ lo^) ^`rgl obpmbfql fdr^ijbkqb pb ibr^
Babrbppb `ljbÖ^o l lcf`fl ^kqob ^p klrb b ^û abw
(ö: s+ lo^p ûq^ Fqbj l lcf`fl a^ mrofcf`^Ölj `lj QbqÖâ
`^kq^a^ ) mobbd^ÖÇ _bàwbo ab`foflp b mol`fpplj : 2
lo^p : filj l lcf`fl a^ nr^oq^ cbfo^ ab `fgw^ `lj pbib
p^ijlp) _bçwbo ab `fgw^ ) b mlbo abif^ jfp$^ : / l o ^ p ü
Fqbj ^jfpp^ ab p^k`q^ j^of^ ^l p^__^ab pbdrvkql `lj
qlvpp^ obw^a^ ab nr^qol qàjmlo^) b pbfp molcb`f^p MÄ
^mfpqlii^ :( lo^ b qrbf ( Fqbj l lcf`fl abp objlp)
c`lj qboÖ^ `^kq^a^) b _bbkÖlj alp o^j^p `lj ^mfpqli(
i^ b ^r^kdbiel) b a^o lp o^jlp mol`fpplj ; jfpp^ `lj
m^fulj b mobbd^|lj : L lo^p b ü Fqbj ^p movjbfo^p
qobár^p 0 lo^p ü b k^p lrqo^p mlrll jbkb^ }ab*
ifbkppb ^p movjbfo^p `ljbÖ^o abklfqb) b p^fo abklfqb
fë^p _bdrka^p `ljbÖ^o ab af^) b ^`^_^o ab klfqb GP^p
qbo`bfo^p `ljbÖ^o ab af^ b ^`^_^o ab af^+ Fqbj ^nlvk(
q^ cbfo^ gk lbk^ aljvkv) `lj mofj^) qboÖ^) pbuq^(
1Al^) P^_^l]Z jfpp^ b jra^jbkql al p^do^jbkql ^l Zb'
eZk mbnrbkl) l rbpmbo^p `^kq^a^p : " lo^p ((: Fqbj
E^pplpiÄ c_fo^ abkalbkÖ^p ^clo^ ^mobbd^Ölj nrb pb
qflj mlab lpj^o) bj movj^) qboÖ^) pbuq^) kl^ ob^^(
a^p) b ar^p molcb`f^p `lj alrp qo^`qlp b m^fulj b lü
o^Ölj pbEbjmkbp) b ^alo^Ölj a^ `orw) jra^jbkql
al p^do^jbkql) al ^iq^o mbnrbkl ^l ^iq^o movk`fm^i
B l lcâ`fl al ^iq^o b jra^jbkql al p^do^jbkql al ^iû
q^o ^l jrvjbkql b rbpmbo^p obw^a^p : 0 lo^p b jb^ :
Fqbj ^l p^__^al rbpmbo^ ab m^p`l^) mofj^) qboÖ^) pbu*
q^ ) kl^ ola^a^p) _bbkÖlj al cldl) b 9il b^`bkÖl)
_bbkÖlj al `fofl m^p`l^i) ur molcb`f^p `^kq^a^p) lp
qobp qo^rqlp `^kq^alp) i^a^vke^ `^kq^a^) jfpp^ rb^mb*
o^ `^kq^a^p) ab i^ra^qb aljvkrj çkbp dbkqbp b j^(
c`fdcf`^q alj lo^Öèlbp : 2 lo^p (3( Fqbj l lcâ`fl a^o(
qbpprooáfÖlj mbii^ j^kc^^^j pbdrkal clolild^o mbor
mol`fpplj ) mlo nr^kql abpnrb ëb ^`^_^al klj afwbj
Pbklfk ercq lo^Ölj+ Fqbj ûbpmbo^ ab mfqfllpqb nrb ]O
afwbj pbfp molcb`f^p `^kq^a^p `lj qobp qo^`qlp) b i^(

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 E B
 K HA=H ?KmklORHD>bfZ) 0-0
aÄvke^ afq^a^ b jfpp^ Fqbj af^ abmbkqf`lpqb j^qgk^p
b movj^ `^kq^a^p bj nrb pb abqbbj : / lo^p <: B
k^ qboÖ^ `^kq^a^ `lj rbkv `ob^qlo pmp b jfpp^ am
_fpml) b mobbd^Ölj pb abqbbj : : Ă lo^p : Fqbj mlo
^ O^vke^ rbpmbo^p b^jq^a^^ ab obnrgbj Ölfk loobp*
mlkppl) b ^`^_^a^p ^p rbpmbo^p bj nr^kql pb afw lo*
obpmlkpbl qbbj G/ @^mbii^^Üp alp nrbl Ö^kqlj) ufg
ql`e^p ^`bp^p ^i^^ nrb pbg^ ^`^e^al b ^ppvl c^wbj ^m
af^ abpmlâp nrb ^`^_cf ^jvpp^ ^q^^ nrb ^`^_^j looÜp*
mlkpbl+ Fqbj lrqol af^ mbR^ j^ke^") j^dk^p ab ob*
nrvbj `lj lfq^qloâl k` 'fÖllà(b i^rabp `^kq^a^p) b
jfpp^) b ob^mlkppl `^kq^alp û:(: 0 lo^p b jb^ : Fqbj
j^qfk^p ab p^j mbaol) `lj movol^ obw^a^p ü b ^ppv ^p
lrqo^p `bjbie^kqbp mbo ilal Äkl+ Fqbj af^ ab p^k`q^
j^of^ a^ dlpql) j^qfk^p) mofj^ `^kq^a^p) qboÖ^) ó
pbuq^ obw^a^p+ Fqbj af^ al qlaliGl< ^^kmqlp) j^qfk^p b
mofj^ `^kq^a^p) qboÖ^) b pbuq^ obw^a^p Fqbj ^mm^ ob9*
w^a^) b rbp mbo^ obw^a^) b rbpmbo^ `^kq^a^ alp cfk^al<
`lj obpmlkppl Fqbj ^p j^fgk^p b jfpp^ b obpmlkp^<
^ppv `ljl ^l af^ alpp^vjbkql a^ O^vke^+

7hZS^_VVY FO s k f+
NK!Z\K^cMK![_O! SSTXUKKXY]!MYW! 9 V! BOc! W^_! COXRY\
O! AKN\O!M_TK!KVWK!NOY]!KTK&

fS q r v mobw^alp b ^j^alp goj^Çlp) nr^kal m ^_o^kqb^

rl5 c^iibv ix `lj lp Bbu rlpplp goj^^ap klp nrfwbppbb<
pbjmob _ç ^`loa^o) rlp ob``Rbv ^idrÑp mo^qf`^p nrÖ
jbrp goo^^ilp b br mbo do^Ö^ b olbo`bb ab klppl pb*
kelo abãp) b ab pr^ j^aob klpp^ pbkelo^ p^k`q^ j^o
of^) dr^oa^^^ollp ^Y jrv rvqloflpl afdkl ab do^kam
b ilrr^rbi jbjãof^ Bi Obv jbr pbkelo b m^aob ( `ro
g^ ^ijkablp ^g^) mbo ^p nr^^bp ^rv^jlp ob`b_fal q^i
Q o^Ö^) nrb g^ j^fp ^kqob klp) klj clo^ abp^`loal1
kbj ^colfp^^J^ql ab do^kab ^jlo Babpm`[p c^GF^bal
^jlppbj d^o`f^ a^^k^ob^ü (. jb afppb 9Tüb rlp
`f^ ^lbkab^ KYLSYDY! NZ tvj mbc tof[ql ^#ttM ^jfp^(

' I W [ fb
0-1 K HA = H ?KJO0AHDAENK)
jbkqlp) mlo nrb a^ klpp^ mo^qf`^) nrb bf ^rv^ _2 Koocü
q^ bo^ jrvql `lkqbkqb B mlo nr^kql br qbkel do^kab
abpbgl abrlp `ljmi^wbo bj qla^ `lrp^ nrb _bj mlabo
klj obdr^oaÑal nr^kql pb mlbj bj grfwl) nrbj q^^bp
`lrp^p p`obrb abmlabf( pbbo mo^pj^al bj prpq^k`f^ b
cloj^+ @lkppfgo^kal nrb p^qfpc^Öl ^l nrb rlp mo^w) b
nrb bpqbp ^rfp^jbkqlp klj plj mbo jrvqlp p^_falp)
b mbo jbklp mo^qf`^alp) rliilp mlkel mbo p`ofmql) `l(
jl ob^ijbkqb clolj mbo klp dr^oa^alp `lj laf`ql pb(
kelo obv bj q^i drfp^ nrb pbjmob cljlp bj pr^ _l^
o^Ö^ b m cvj abppbrp jrv elkoo^alp af^p) jlpqo^l*
_ lklp pbjmob do^kab _l^ rllkq^ab bj klpp^ mobpbkÖ^
pb m^oqfl mbo^ pbr `of^alo) ibfu^kalklp bj ^nrbfi^ ib^i
`lk`loaf^ ab`lo^Öllàp b elkbpq^ `èrbopp^Ölj nrb bi
klp `of^o^+ P`obrl qlal `ljmofa^jàqb `ljl lmo^qf`^*
jlp) klj ab`i^o^kal ab `^a^_rÇq `lrp^ ^oo^wlj) ZY\
nrb bkqbkal `g mbo^ rlp pbof^ molibufa^ab ab p`ofmqro^
_P p`rp^a^) Oldcqqfalrlp nrb ^^pprpq^k`f^ b _ll abpb*
gl `lj nrb rliilp àrvl nrbfo^^bp obdr^oa^o) klj abp{
mobw^kal ^idrÑp `lrp^p mlo rlp m^ob`bobj ab mbnrbk^
`èq^) `^ abmbnrbk^p l``^pfllàp pb ob`ob`bj do^kabp
abp^`loalp) b pb ^`ob`bkq^j ^p _l^p rllkq^abp) b ^p
lrqo^p klj câiebbp nrb p`obrv mlo ^p ^mobkabo mbo bkp(
pvklp abifrolp) lr af`qlp abpp^_balobp) jbp klppl ppb*
kelo) ^kqb a^ efa^ab `ljmofa^ klp lrqlodlr do^kab
m^oqb a^ mo^qf`^ ^grpl p`ofmq^ Babpmlfp mbo bii^ cljlp
bkppvk^alp) `lkeb`bkal `ljl ob`f_f^jlp q^kql `èmov(
jbkql ab _bàp) nr^kql kl `ljbÖl mlr`l bkqbkaâ^jlp
B ^ppv lmo^qf`^o klp bpmboqlr ^oo^wlj) b mbo bii^ klp
bpcloÖ^jlp `lj ^do^Ö^ al pbkelo ablp ^jvielo l_o^o
Ba^ ibj_o^kÖ^ al nrb rv b pbkqf nrb cbwbjlp) p`ob(
Rl bpq^ _obrb ibfqro^
L movjbfol klppl crka^jbkql `ljbka^ojlp qlalp
klpplp cbfqlp ^l pbkelo ablp) qo^_^ie^kalklp abppbdrvo
Pr^ p^k`q^ rllkq^ab+ @lkppfgoÇal nrb klj pbbkal `lj
bi bj _ll ^`loal) `lj bioobv) kbj ^kqob klp krk`^
lmlabof^jlp pbbo B mbÖ p^ do^Ö^) pb `lj bi clppbjlp

.EDEKENBA @M : F 6 6 O G -
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 0-2
_bj ^`loa^alp) pbdrfkal pbjmob pbr pborfÖl) klpplp
cbfqlp ^rbof^j fkbiklolp cfgp al nrb klp plr_bppbjlp
mbkpp^o) kbj abrvp^o) `lkeb`bkal nrbl p^_bo alp el(
jbàp mbo^ nr^i nrbo cbfql r^f k^a^) pb mbo pmb`f^i
Afbo`bb al pbkelo ablp klo^ clo pbjmob ^abobkÖ^al ^l
nrb bf p^_b nrb eb jvielo b ieb j^fp mo^w nrb pb c^Ö^+%
>jlo b qbjlo) pl_ob qlalp ^l af`ql pbkelo Obv
^rv^jlp) b ab c^wbo `lrp^ boo^a^) lr abplkbpq^ afdk^
aboobmobebkpplj) lr ab rbodlrÖ^ movk`fm^ijbkqb ab
klp bo^ ob`b^al+
A^p `lrp^p bj nrb arrva^r^jlp pbieb abpmo^wb*
of^ ) klp ^d^^oa^r^jlp ab^p c^wbo `ljl pb ab`boql
plr_bppbjlp nrb abif^p ieb mbpp^r^) ^q^^ nrb clppb*
jlp bj _l^ `boqfallb nrbg^ka^ bo^ pl_obiil pr^ rllk*
q^ab B^ppv klj boo^r^jlp afwbkal klj p^_f^jlp rlpp^
qbbkÖlj) p^_bkal nrb lmb`^al a^ gdklo^k`f^ klj eb
pbj `rim^+ : BpcloÖ^r^jlp klpp^ rllkq^ab mbo^ ob*
cob^o ^pp^ke^ b abpbgl b pbj bjm^`el abkberÇ mbppl^)
kbj a^ lmbkvlj dbbo^i a^r^jlp ^bkub`rÖlj lnrb
pbkqâ^jlp `g bo^ j^fp pbr pborfÖl) b _ll mo^wbo mlo
klj pbbojlp al `lkql a^nrbiibp nrb ^qbjmlp ^j^j)
l_bab`bj) b pborbj) b kl qbjml a^ qbkq^Ölj c^iib*
`bj+
™ rf ^jlp qbbkÖlj pbj arrva^ nrb klp ^j^r^ b
mobw^r^ jrvql B bo^ _bj cfojb bj bpq^ _l^ rllkq^*
ab) ^ràal pbdro^ pmbo^kÖ^) nrb krk`^ g^ j^fp ^kqob
klp ^rbof^ jra^jbkql ab qlal _ll ^jlo+ B mlo ^qbbo*
jlp bj do^kab mobÖl bo^jlp ^rfp^alp bj qla^ `lrp^
nrb ^ppbr pborfÖl b _ll mo^wbo ql`^ppb) `lj q^j do^k*
ab `^rqbii^ `ljl pb bi clppb jrv bkdo^alpl B klj
q^j cfojb nrb ^_^ii^jbkql b jra^Ölj mlabppb ^rbo+
A^ movjbfo^ m^oqb klp ob`ob`f^ do^kab ^jlo) mbkp*
p^kal nrb q^kql) b ^ppv cfojbjbkqb klp ^j^r^ krk`^
mbo^l `lkqo^fol klp mbo`b_bkal kbj ^rvp^kal+
A^ pbdrka^ ^rv^jlp ^nrbi do^kab qbjlo nrb mol*
`bab al mbocbfql ^jlo fg c^w jrg cfojb b jÑqbbo ^p
_l^p ^jgw^abp
MZ

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 4 B
+(. - HA=H ?KJOOAHDEbÖNK+
K^nrbii^p `lrp^p bj nrb Üo^jlp bj arrva^ al n^b
pl_ob biil ieb mo^wbof^) lj^fp `bal nrb mlaâ^jlp) klp
qfo^r^jlp abpplpmbfq^) p^_bkal pr^ qbbkÖlj pl_ob ^(
nr^i ildl obmlrp^r^jlp) b ^rv^jlp mlo abqbojgk^al
ab^ pbdrvo nr^kql _bj mlabppbjlp B^nrbpql klp c^*
wf^ j^fp `boql) b cbbdrol l_o^o bj qla^ii^p `lrp^p) ab
nrb pr^ `boqfalãb ^rv^jlp) b k^p pbjbie^kqbp+
Bpq^_biib`f^jlp bj klpplp `lo^Öllàp erë mol`ro^*
alo mlo bi nrbklp cbwbppb qlalp pbrp cbfqlp bkqobmbq^o
^^jvielo m^oqb) b lkab l klj ^`e^ppbjlp rfgke^ollp
bj ibj_o^kÖ^ nr^kql klp ^j^r^) b pr^p do^kabp _lk*
a^abp) b rfoqrabp mlo ^p nr^^bp mbo ccb ) b _l^ lmb*
kvlj abf `of^jlp nrb `lj _ll crka^jbkql c^wf^ ql(
a^ii^p `lrp^p nrb ^klp ql`^rlj+ Bppb ^l_o^ j^kfdcbp*
q^jbkqb bo^ boo^a^) ibj_o^jlklp nrb pll ablp eb
mbocbfql) b nrb mlobj pbrp c^iif`fjbkqlp abrg^jlp pl*
mloq^o `ljl nrboâ^jlp nrb bf lp klpplp plmloq^ppb) b
^idrÇp `lrp^p n klp rfoqrlp^jbkqb m^pp^o^ B^nrbpq^
qbbkÖlj klp c^wf^ mlbo bj qlal ^ppbppbdl a^ rllkq^*
ab Bmlo klpp^ _l^ mo^qf`^ libd^r^jlp j^fp bj klppl
_ll ^jlo+
K^p `lrp^p nrb c^ii^r^jlp) lr qo^rq^r^sklp `lj
bi) klj nrboâ^jlp ibr^o klpp^ qbbkÖlj bj af^kqb 4
jàp qlal klppl abpbgl b mo^wbo ieb ab`i^o^r^sklp) lcb*
ob`bkalklp) ^ppbj bjm^`el ob`b_bo pr^ abqbojvk^*
Ölj ^rbkal bj bpql molmlpfql nrb l_o^kal ^ppv c^*
wâ^jlp ^kqb ablp nrb loabklr bj pbk ^jlo) b l_b*
afbkbf^ rvrbojlp) lnrb Üo^jlp qebralp B nrb mlo
biil qlalp klpplp ibfqlp mbo p^ do^Ö^ klp rfgkof^j ^*
jbielo qbojl al nrb p^_boâ^jlp abrfp^o+
>`bo`^ abf b ab pbrp cbfqlp) dr^oa^r^jlp klj pli*
q^jbkqb ^ mo^qf`^ grpq^) b pbkqfa^ b lc^ii^o) b `lkqb*
kbkÖ^ Bl nrb pb mlaf^ plpmbfq^o) j^p ^ppb`obq^ `^*
j^o^ al `lo^Ölj bo^ dr^oa^a^ ab qla^ bkqbkÖlj) ^
lmbkvlj *nr^i qbbo kci abrf^jlp) `lkeb`bkal nr^kql
É mlo 9grÇq(p m^oqbp ieb `o^jlp l_ofd^alp B 9z `^a^
erë pb klj mlabof^ qbbo k^ `lkq^ nrb ]^l^cZ r^ pb `j

.EDEKENBA @M 4 = I I 7 GB
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 0-4
pbk `lo^Ölj bo^ q^i `^pl ibfu^ppb obgk^o `rga^al) lr
abpbgl nr^i Alj abrbppb+
@lo^ bi mlo `lrp^ klj ^mbocâ^r^jlp) b pb ^idrë
c^ii^jbkql ^rv^jlp bj nrb lklppl grvwl b m^ob`bo al
pbr abpr^fo^ppb) mlpql nrb abpmlfp klpp^ qbàÖlj ^*
`e^ppbjlp `boq^ b j^fp molr^a^ g^j^fp krk`^ ùeb ob(
cbog^jlp) ^kqb pb bi klp qlok^r^ afwbo nrb bo^ jbielo
`lj e^jgia^ab ob`b_â^jlp pbr af`ql Bppb `lj rboa^*
ab ^5pr^ mlaâ^jlp ^molr^o pbj bjm^`el lc^wf^jlp kqf
F_^ obcbfgkal gZ^fp @ K O p^v^jlp a^ af`q^ bpqlof^ Bppb
j`_^r^jlp nrb qbrbo^jlp ^idrÄ `lkqo^fo^ a^ pr^ nr^i
qbbo klj abrv^jlp) ildl klp ob`lkeb`â^jlp q^kql nrb
lmlaf^jlp bkqbkabo) abj^ka^kal mboalj pb q^i `^pl bo^+
Kbj pl crka^jbkql abjbpro^ `lj bi klp obcboq^ü
s^jlp) jbp `ljl ar^p lr qobp rbwbp klppl m^ob`bo
feb abwf^jlp ildl lnrb bi j^fp nrbof^ c^wf^jlp) pü*
_ßal nrb jbielo bo^ l_bacá`f^ n p^`ofcâ`fl
Bo^jlp _bj dr^oa^alp) mlo `lrp^ nrb bi cbwbppb
`lkqo^ klppl mo^wbo b rllkq^ab abieb jlpqo^o mlo dbfo
q l ) af`ql) lr jlpqo^kÖ^ nrb klp bkcâkdf^jlp) lr ^o*
orc^r^jlp) kbj qofpqb `lkibkbkÖ^) kbj ^lrqo^ mbppl^
abi klp ^do^r^r^jlp) jbp qlal nrb klp m^ob`â^ Feb
o^wl^r^jlp `ljl _bj bkqbkaâ^jlp) `lk`flaial nrb
mlfp bo^ kl?pl pbkelo b m^aob) m^obie^alp bo^jlp ab
pbdrfo b plcobo ^qlal mlabo pr^ rllkq^ab+
Ab c^ii^o `lkqo^ pbrp cbfqlp bj mo^Ö^ kbj bp`lkaf*
a l mlo klp p`rp^o a^idr$p `lrp^p) nrbobojlp afwbo l(
nrb klp m^ob`f^) lr `ljmi^wbo ^^idrP mbppl^ bo^jlp
jrvql dr^oa^alp) jbp nr^kal ^^wl pb a^r^) pr^p jrvû
q^p kfoqrabp b do^kabp cbfqlp) nr^kal `lj o^wlj ml(
af^jlp pbjmob ilrr^r^jlp
Pbrp _llp pbolfalobp) b lp nrb bi ^j^r^) mobw^*
oâ^jlp) b ob`b_fÄ abklp pbjmob _ll d^p^i_^al) b jboü
`bbp B ^gka^ nrb clppbj bj ^idr> m^oqb mbo pr^p mbo(
û?l^p clo^ abklppl mo^wbo mbo elkbpq^p j^kbfo^p abklp
[olj plmloq^alp) ^ppv n mlo biib pbjmob jbo`bppbjlq
RHEflo b krk`^ mo^jl*
Nr Ā

.EDEKENBA @M @XBBD e^
0-- K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
Bj flal `^pl nrb pb lcbob`f^ mbo m^ii^ro^) `lkcb*
kbkÖ^) b _l^ mo^qf`^) ieb jlpqo^r^jlp nrb pbr pborf*
Ö l ) b _l^ rllkq^ab pl_ob ^klpp^ b qlal klppl molrbf*
ql ^r^kÖ^r^jlp+
Bj k^p `lrp^p ab`lkq^ nrb c^wf^jlp) pbjmob ^rg^*
jlp doÇab obdr^oal) `ljl mbo laf`ql pbkelo pbofÇ cf*
ie^alp) lr ieb mo^wbof^) ^ibdo^kalklp pb ^p mlo _bj
qlj^r^ B al `lkqo^fol ^rf^jlp q^i bjm^`el b pbkqg*
jbkql `ljl ^nrbi cbfql obnrbof^
Pbdobal bj qlal nrb klp j^ka^r^ bo^ ob^ijbkqb

_ r^oa^al)% b bppl jbabp) kl nrb klp bkqbkaf^jlp nrb

brv^jlp dr^oa^o) mlpql 9' ^rgp^alp kè clppbjlp+
Pbjmob erp^r^jlp abieb c^ii^o rboa^ab) qo^wbkab
bj `rpqrjb pb q^i `^pl bo^ nrb o^wlj klj clppb afwbo
qlal `i^o^jbkqb abieb mbafo nrb k^nrbiiÜ cbfql pr^
kbo`bb klp lrrbppb mlo p`rp^alp*) mlo klj VRO! NSdO\&
WY] lnrb p^_f^jlp) lr pl_ob bfil bkqbkaf^jlp+ Bó
af`ql Pbkelo ^rv^ mlo _bj q^i obmlpq^) p^_bkal nrb
`lj bii^ mlaboâ^jlp erp^o rboa^abfo^jbkqb `ljl ab(
rk^jlp) b pbj bii^ krk`^ pb _bj mlabof^ c^wbo+
Mbo^ qlalp cbfqlp do^kabp b lrqo^p `lrp^p ab pbk
pborfÖl) lr _ll mo^wbo nrb ^klp `èrbebppb ab l_o^o
qo^_^ie^r^jlp abppbbo ob^ijbkqb) B kl^ jlpqo^o q^o^
abpmlpqlp) mbo nrbobo) p^_bo\ b mlabo) nrb ^gka^ nrb
klj clo^jlp cfielp) m^obkqbp) lr `of^alp) jbp nr^^bp
nrbo bpqo^kelp) mbo klpp^ _l^ j^kbfo^) b do^kab abp*
mlpfÖlj clppbjlp _bj ^j^alp b mobw^alp) klj c^wbk{
al crka^jbkql movk`fm^i k^p do^kabp rfoqrabp al af`ql
pbkelo) kbj a^p o^wlèbp nrb `lj bi mbo jrvq^p m^o*
ibp ^rg^ollp+ Jbp k^ do^Ö^ abklppl pbkelo ablp) û mbo
bii^ bj klpplp `lkqfkr^alp jbob`fjbkqlp Bqlalp `^o*
obdlp nrb klp a^r^) krk`^ lp mbo jgldr^ abrllkq^ab
obfrp^r^jlp) b l_o^r^jlp p^_ob ..l pbjmob ljvielo
nrb mlaâ^jlp) pljbqbkalklp `lj abrva^ erjvia^ab
^ppr^ `loobfÖlj) b ab nrbj bi jÇa^r^ Bmlpql nrb
pr^ bk`ljbka^) lr obdfjbkql klj clppb ^klppl grvwl
abobfq^ 4 klj klp bj_^od^r^) `^_bkal nrb klppl `^o(

.EDEKENBA @M H+KKMH^
 K HA = H ?K_mOOAHDAFNK+ 0-6
\OQY bj bpql pliiÄjbkqb bo^ pborfiil) b l_babb`boieb
mbocbfq^jbkqb* B mlobj jrgi^p rbwbp k^ nrbiibp cbfqlp
rfgke^j q^^bp cfgp klj mbkpp^alp) nrb ^nrbii^p Pják*
a^p klj mbkpp^r^jlp nrb a^iero mlabppbj rfgo pb
klj al af`ql pbkelo ablp+
Pb ^idr$p `^oobdlp al nrb klp à`ljbka^r^) ^lr*
qobj mlo pbr pborfÖl lr nrbobo ieb mo^wf^ a^o pbj ^i{
drÑ qlor^Ölj lp ibfu^r^jlp) jlpqo^kal nrb abiil klo^
pàqf^jlp lrqo^ elkoo^ kbj molrbfql) pbkè nr^kql j^fp
clppb pbr pborfÖl b _l^ rllkq^ab+
Bj qlalp b^plp nrb pb lcbob`f^) jrv ab obf q^jbk*
qb ) pbdrkal klppl grvwl) l`lkppbie^r^jlp) dr^oa^kal
qbjmlp b _l^ abpmlpfÖlj pbj bjm^`el) `lk _o^kabw^
ab m^ii^ro^p) b `lkqbkbkÖ^ ieb `èqo^abwf^jlp lnrb klp
o^wlj m^ob`f^) b kl jrv ql _bj) b do^kabp rfoqrabp
fg ablp ieb abo^ lilrr^r^jlp qbjmbo^a^jbkqb pbdrk*
al pb lp cbfqlp b o^wl^jàqrp pbdrv^j+
}o^jlp _bj dr^oa^alp nrb g^j^fp kë`^ pbkqfppb
nrbl nrbof^jlp mbo cloÖ^ `lkqo^of^o lr mlo klppl mol*
rbfql) lr mo^wbo) kbj alrqo^ mbppl^ bkd^k^o) kbj
mbo j^ke^ nr^i klj abrv^jlp ^aboàÖ^o Ms bi kberÇ
`lrp^
Pb ^idrë q^kql ab klpp^p o^blláp pb nrbof^ ^do^r^o
`lj do^kab pbdro^kÖ^ ieb jlpqo^r^jlp nrb klppl af*
`ql b `lkp5biel klj mlabof^ `lj rboa^ab k^ qbbkÖlj
pbbo mo^pj^al mlo nrb pbjmob bo^ crka^al bj pborfÖl
abklppl pbkelo ablp) b pbr) `ljl jbielo l bkqbkaâ^*
jlp+ Bmlo bpq^p ar^p m^oqbp ^bi klj abrv^ ab abpmo^*
wbo abikb qbbojlp ^`lkqo^ abppr^ rllkq^ab) `^ mlo
lrqol molrbfql kbj mo^wbo klppl) kè alrqo^ mbppl^
krk`^ie^ `lkqo^abwbof^jlp) kà bkqbkaâ^jlp `lkqo^af*
wbo+
K^p `lrp^p nrb klp j^ka^r^) lr rf^jlp nrb ieb
mo^wf^ abc^wbkklp) klj obdr^oa^kal pq^al) kbj rllk*
q^ab) jbp `lj do^kab abiâdà`f^ pvjmobwjbkqb l_b*
abb`bkal ^p `ljmof^jlp) klj bkqbkabkal `lrp^ ml*
abo pbbo boo^a^) 1 Mío pbr pborfÖl b _ll mo^wbo cbwbp*

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH e^
0.- L IB>I @LKPPOI?BqOLü
pb jlb) pb klj clppb `lkqo^ lal pbkelo ablp lnrb _bj
p^_â^jlp nrb krk`^ klp j^ka^of^+
Bom jlkqb b `^Ö^) nr^kal `lj laf`ql pbkelo bo^*
jlp) a^p clid^kÖ^p nrb bj biil `rpqrj^r^jlp ab ^rbo)
c^wâ^jlp mbnrbk^ `lkq^) mlo ^ppr^ pbjmob pbbo ^`ob(
`Pq^a^) pbkqfkal j^fp erë pbr mbnrbkl abpmo^wbo nrb
mboa^ abqla^p rb^Öllà^) lr abprv^jbkql abqla^ jlk*
q^j+
Qla^p cbpq^p) gldlp) b ceidÄÖ^p elkbpq^p) mlo nykb
lrqo^p kë`^ `lkppbkqâ^) nrb mlo pbr _ll mo^wbo ieb ml(
a â^jlp loabk^o) pbj bjm^`el ab klpp^p rllkq^abp)
qo^_^iel) b `rpq^) c^wf^jlp+
>ppv iba^jbkqb `ljl _bj mlaâ^jlp `çj _ll obü
dr^oal al pbr) b klpplp bpq^alp) pbdrkal lp qbjmlp
b ird^obp) `lj bi c^ii^r^jlp b mo^qâl^r^jlp+
O^ Ze`n_el n^s^l \hf ghl\h i^k O^n ^liZÅh ea^ i kZ *
sbZ _ZeeZk) \hf kZshZ]Zl k^ihlmZl lnZ k^shf i^k ghllZ
iZkm^) ghf ^kZ jn^[kZ]Z) g^f fn]Z]Z) fZl ^f jnZg*
mh ea^ ikZsbZ l^fik^ ea^ fhlmkZnZfhl n ]^ mZe lnZ ?Zb'
eZ bkà ÇkZfhl Ç_Z]Z]hl+
Ab \hgmZk ghnZl \hgmkZÖkZl) ^ ]hnmkhl _ZeeZf^gmhl
^f jn^ i^gllZnZfhl) ih]^k l^gmbk ]^likZs^k) ÇkZf hl
O#ik^ `nZk]Z]hl) g^f ea^ ]bsÖZfhl ^Gdrf \hnlZ) ]^
jn^h l^gmÖZfhl l^ [^f ih]bZ l^^kl\nlZ]h) \ h g a ^ \ ^ ó
]h jn^ ghllhl \hgmkZrkhl l^gmcf^gmhl) \hfh l^nl ab*
k^bmZf?e^ hl l^gmrZ+
Bj pr^p albkÖ^p) mlo .rQO nrb bpqbrbppbjlb) il*
dl jrv pbj q^oaÇÖ^ râgk_^jlp ^bi) ì nr^kql jbi_lo
ih]bZf lp) bo^ mbo klp bj qlal _bj pborfal b rvpfq^*
al Bl `ljbo) b _brbo) b alojfo b qla^p clidPÖ^p L T W !
pó àm^`el nr^kal `amoâ^) mlo biil ibff^r^jlp+
( Ph]Zl \^kcfhgcZl bj pbr pborfÖl mlo ^`ob`bkf^*
Jbkql ab pr^ elkoo^) nrb ieb mo^wf^ abob`b_bo abklp)
jrv pbj bjm^`el bo^jlp `cqqàqbp ab^p c^wbo
Nr^kql j^fp bj do^kabp af^p l^ ^`ob`bkq^r^) i^r*
ql ieb jlpqo^r^jlp) ^ ^rv^jlp j^vlo obrbobkÖ^ \hf
erjv Fa^ab) \hg_hkfZg]h k Z l Z nhhgmZ]^ l^fik^ \ h g

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH e^
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ -..
^ppff^ ) b pbdrgkal pr^p abqbojvk^Öllàp bj klpplp
`lkppbielp+
Pblp al pbr `lkppbiel a^ppr^ qbàÖè abp^`loa^rlj)
klp cfie^r^jlp `^oobdl abc^wbo ^p `^oq^p l obdf jàqlp
ì ab q^i drfp^ pb c^wf^ nrb `lj _ll mo^wbo al af`ql
pbkelo pbjmob cf`^r^jlp bj _ll ^`loal+
Nr^kal ^idrÇ mbppl^ klq^rbi) pb nrbof^ abf ^do^*
r^o) mbo klpp^p _l^p j^kbfo^p lqlok^r^jlp bj pr^ _l^
do^Ö^) `ljl o^wlj bo^+
Al qbjml `boql nrb ^^ppr^ bloqb klp j^ka^r^
`e^j^o) `lj mlr`lp) lr jrvqlp) `ljl bi abrfp^r^)
mbo klppl mlabo klj c^iif`f^jlp Babpnrb Üo^jlp bj
bii^) lrqolp j^fp abifdbkqbp mbo^ qlal pbr pborfÖl b
_ll mo^wbo) ab nr^i nrbo bpq^al) klj(bo^j+
Klp `^oobdlû nrb klp a^r^) Üo^jlp _bj dr^oa^alp
ab klp ^i^od^o j^fp al nrb bi loabk^r^ pbj ^rqlofa^qü
ab pr^ mlo obnrbogjbkqlp nrb klp cbwbppbj) kà rlçq^(
ab ç klp obnrbobppb
}j qlalp klpplp cbfqlp nrbl obnrbof^) `lj l af`ql
pbkelo obv) klp `lkppbie^r^jlp mbo pbr do^kab b _ll
p^_bo) b pmb`f^i do^Ö^ nrb ablp ieb lrqlod^o^ ab ^`lo*
a^obj jrvqlp pbrp _llp `lkppbielp `ç ^p _l^p `lk`ir*
pllàp nrb klp cbfqlp ^rv^j abrfgo ^^ibj al nrb pb
mlabof^ mbo o^wlj `ljmobbkabo B mlo dr^oa^o pbr
_ll ^jlo b klpp^ l_bafbk`f^) b al nrb `lj bi klp ^*
`loa^r^jl5 pbj lrqol pbr ^`loal) lr o^wlj jrvql
j^kfdcbpq^) klj bo^ cbfq^ jra^kÖ^ Bppb^ c^wf^jlp
pbj q^oa^kÖ^ ieb ob`lkq^r^jlp) mlo nrb pbr `lkppbiel
bj qlal klj clo^ dr^oa^al) abj^ka^kal mboalj al(
jra^jbkql ^gka^ nrb abobfq^olbkqb pb cbwbppb+
Qla^p qbbkÖllÜp dbbo^^bp b pmb`f^^bp al af`ql pb(
kelo bj nrb `lj bi klp ^`loa^r^jlp ovg^jbkqb nr^kü
alppb l `^pl a^r^ abcbkaâ^jlp) b k^p nrb klppl grvwl
al pbr pb abp^`loa^r^) c^ii^r^jlp mlr`l) lr k^a^)
û^irl pb rvppbjlp nrb `ljmof^ bj ^m^oq^al mlo pbf;
ûvÖl ab ablp) lr pbr abie^ `lkqo^afwbo) bnrb c^wf^o
klp k^ j^fp `arbkfàqb cloj^ nrb pbklp àqbkaf^+

.EDEKENBA @M 0 I I D G B
0./ K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
@lj _bpq^p) ^rbp) `^^àp) b* nr^^bp nrbo lrqo^p
`lrp^p mbo^ pbr mo^wbo lppborf^jlp) pbbkal jrvql
j^fp ibalp abâfie^o bi `lj klpp^p `lrp^p erÇ mbnrbk^
clid^kÖ^) klp jrgql j^glo
Bj abpbj_^od^o `lj laf`ql pbkelo) dr^oa^r^jlp
bpq^ loabj) pb bo^jlp obnrbofalp abq^^bp `lrp^p nrb
clppà `lkqo^ pborfÖl ab ablp) lr pbr ) lr nrb ql`^ppà
^q^^bp mbppl^p nrb abrbppbjlp dr^oa^o) klok ob`b_f^û
jlp abiil `^oobdl) ^gka^ nrb klp afppbppbj ) nrb pbû
jbie^kqbp c^wf^) Çqb pb &^i `lrp^ bo^ l ^rfp^r^jlp nrb
obpdr^oa^ppb bj biibp lnrb mbo o^wlj) lr abobfql ab*
rv^ c^wbo+ Lp lrqolp obnrbogfkàqlp dbbo^ijàqb ob`b_â^*
jlp) ^gka^ 9z klp m^ob`bppbj alrvalplp ab lp laf`ql
pbkelo nrbobo) br mlabo c^wbo+ Bbpql c^wâ^jlp mlo nrb
^'drÇ5 `lrp^p mbkpp^r^jlp nrb pb klj c^wf^j) a^p
nr^^bp biib klp jlpqo^r^ j^kbfo^p `boq^p) b crka^*
jbkqlp mbo nrb pb mlaf^j) b abrv^j c^wbo) b lrqolp
mbiil `lkqo^fol+ B mlobj pvjmobwjbkqb ob`b_â^jlp
lp obnrbofjbkqlp) pbj ab`i^o^o lnrb abiil klp k^ob*
`f^+ B nr^kal mbiil af`ql pbkelo ^idrÇp `lrp^p abkb*
d^o) ^p m^oqbp pb ^do^r^r^j) nr^kql `è _l^ o^wlj
mlaâ^jlp abcbkaâ^jlp pr^ qbçÖè) c^wbkal ^klppl ml*
abo nrb qlalp clppbj abf _à `lkqbkqbp) b klj ^do^r^{
alp+ B kl nrb ieb ^ppv abwf^jlp) ^rv^jlp bj `rpqr*
jb abieb ab`i^o^o mlo ^idrcâp nrbieb c^ii^r^jlü+mlo
j^ka^o `ljl ^^p m^oqbp obpmèabppbjlp B lrqo^p `lr*
p^p mlo klp m^ob`bobj o^wlj) b abobfql) b ^idr^p mlo
bj bii^p ^rbojlb pvkdrii^o rllkq^ab) `lk`irafkal ql*
alp klpplp obnrbofjbkqlp qlal mlobj clppb `ljmof*
al ) `ljl ^bi j^fp molrrbppb) p^irl pb bo^ `lkqo^ grp*
qfÖ^ b `lk`fbk`f^+ @^ k^nrbiibp `^plp loobnrbof^jlp
j^fp ^ccf`^a^jbkqb) b `è qla^ j^vlo ^rllka^kÖ^ ab
brvabkqbp o^wllàp nrb mlaâ^jlp bkqbkabo+
Klj `rpqrj^r^jlp abpbj_^od^o `lj bi `^a^af^)
j^p ^^nrbiibp qbjmlp nrbabrâp^r^) b klj j^fp &y nr^k*
ql pbj bjm^`el ieb mo^wf^ abklp lrrgo) abpm^`e^al
klp mbo klpp^ m^oqb jrvql _obrbjbkqb) b `lj mlr`^p

.EDEKENBA @M JD A e^
 K HA=H ?-JOOAHDAEN-+ 0.0
obmif`^ÖllPp kl nrb ieb c^ii^r^jlp) pb `lrp^ jrgql
pmb`f^i @hf bo^+
Lp abpbj_^odlp nrb klp lrqlod^r^ a^r^jlp ildl
^bkub`rÖlj ^^ià alp lrqolp molrbfqlp mlo ^l af`ql pb*
kelo) mlo qbjml mboilkd^al) klj mlabo ^rbo abfibp
mbocbfq^ obkbj_o^kÖ^) b klp `rim^o bj pr^ rllkq^abü
nrb mlo c^rlo klppl) lr a^p m^oibp) ^ii^od^r^jlp ^i*
drÇp `lrp^p) j^fp cg lrqlod^o^+ Bppbl qbjml ^idrë
q^kql pb m^pp^r^ `lj laf`ql pbkelo) klp mlvke^jlp
bj obkbj_o^kÖ^ ^kqbp nrb lp abpbj_^odlp jÇa^ppb*
jlp c^wbo) mlo q^i nrb pl_ob klpp^ qbàÖlj) b m^if^*
ro^) krk`^ mlabppb `lj o^wlj cfie^o arrva^+
Pb abklppl c^fi^jbkql abpmo^wbo abjlpqo^r^ ^idrP
o^wlj) lrqo^ ab do^kab mbpl c^wâ^jlp ^`^oobq^o) bj
c^ii^ppbjlp) b abif^ p`loobd^r^jlp ^lrqolp ibalp c^i*
iÑjbkqlp bj nrb klpp^ c^if^ pb ^`^_^ppb Bppb klj ml*
af^jlp ildl c^wbo lj^fp pbj q^oa^kÖ^ nrb pb c^wbo ml*
af^ ) qlok^r^jlp ^bi) dr^oa^kal bpq^ loabj Bk k^ bp*
qãof^ ab nrb bi cfie^o^ abpmo^wbo kè c^ii^r^jlp ^q^^

Ä rbrvppbjlp qbjml `çrbkvbkqb) b nrb bi clppb clo^

bqlal bjm^`el B ^iif abj^ka^kal mboalj) pb `çrfg*
ke^) jlpqo^kal mlo klp ^idrÇp mlr`^p b cloÖlp^p o^*
wllàp klp p`rp^r^jlp) lr abqlal ^ibfu^r^jlp m^pp^o)
pbj j^fp c^ii^o bj bii^) j^fp mbo lrqolp bubjmolp
nr^kalp5b lcbob`f^j a^r^jlp klpp^ p`rp^ pb^ prcf`fPqb
mlo klpp^ m^oqb ^rv^jlp+ B ^ablp do^Ö^p) bpq^p `lr(
p^p bo^j q^j mlr`^p) b ab q^j mbnrbk^ pr_pq^k`f^
nrb mbo nr^i nrbo abpq^p drfp^p pb mlabo^j pbjmob
jrv _bj) b ifdbfo^jàqb àjbka^o b `loobdbo
Mbo^ qlalp pbrp `of^alp b pborvalobp) ^ppv `ljl
mbo^lp klpplp pmb`f^^bp ieb abj^ka^r^jlp f^k\^^l)
b ^`ob`bkq^r^jlp) b krk`^ bj grpq^p) kbj à lrqolp
gldlp `lkppbkqf^jlp nrb pb cbwbppb ^m^oq^a^jbkqb mlo
c`rëp pbbobj aberÇ m^oqb) b lrqolp alrqo^) j^p qlal
pbjmob c^wfÇ abjbpqro^+ B lp pbrp mbo m^gi^ro^) `lk*
qbkbkÖ^) b l_o^ bo^j ab klp j^fp c^rlobw^alp bj lp
cbfqlp ab rboa^ab) nrbppb ^kqob biibp ^`lkqb`f^j b ^ppv

.EDEKENBA @M
0.1 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
@hl cà`hl g^f \hgll^gmbZfhl jn^ hl ]^ anÄ \ZlZ l\*
[k^ hl ]Z hnmkZ ^f ghllZ ik^lÑÅZ ihk `^^kZe ehnnhk
l^ jnbll^ll^f ZnZgÅZk) fZbl lrg`neeZkf^gm^ \Z]Zann
`Z[ZllÑ) \hfh kZshf _hll^+
=gmk^ frf ^ f^nl ckfZÄhl i^k f^k\^^ ]^ghllh
l^gahk ]^hl) l^ `ZZk]ZnZf mh]Zl ^lmZl ikZmb\Zl lnlh
l\kbimZl) \hfh kZshf ^ k Z ) gng\Z l^gmbg]h Zgmk^ ghl
On^cZó ]^lhk]^gZ]Z \h[bcÅZ) ZnZk^sZ) ]^l^ch) hn fhl*
mkZgÅZ ]^ _mh[kZgÅZkbZ) f^l Zh ]b\mh l^gahk k^r i^]bZ*
fhl f^k\^^ i^kZ \Z]Zan_m ]^ ghl) hn i^kZhl l^nl jn^
5> Z\^kmZnZ \hfh i^kZ ghl f ^]^l) hn i^kZhl ghllhl
ç jnZg]h eaZ _ZsbZ k^Zef^gm^) ^kZ i^k mh]hl k^f^k*.
\^Z]Z+ AllhihkmZnZfhl anãl Zhl hnmkhl Zl \hg]bÅhhÑl
^ nhhgmZ]^l li^\bZZ^l) Zcg]Z jn^ ^gmh]h l^gÜ \Ü\hk*
]Zll^f mZf i^k_^bmZf^gm^ \hfh l^ _hll^ ^f mh]ZeeZZ
\hnlZl anã cn r Öh ) nhhgmZ]^) ^ ikhihlbmh) ]Zg]h iZl*
lZ]Z Zh jn^ \àmkZ ghllh ]^l^ch i^k ZF`n_b ]^ghl l^ Z *
\^kmZnZ ]^ _ZÖ^k) mbkZg]hZ ]Zg^f[kZgÅZ) \hfh l^ gng*
\Z _hkZ+ A Zjn^lmh ghl _ZsbZ \âikbk `kZg]^ Zf hk)è fnr*
mZ h[^]b^g\rZ \hf lbg`neeZk ]^l^ch ]^ l^fik^ l^^kfhZ
^f i^k_^bmh Z\hk]h jn^ ghllh >^gahk ]^hl) ^ lZg\mZ
fZkbZ ghllZ l^gahkZ ghl hnmhk`Zkhf ]^lghllZ fh\b]Z*
]^ hjn^ i^k h]b\mh l^gahk k^r ^kZ k^\^[b]h ^f `kZg*
]^ f ^k\^^) ^ Zghl ihk ^eeh fnrmh Zf ZnZ) ^ ik^sZnZ+
Af ch`hl) i^k_bZl) ^ hi^grhhÑl fnrmh ghl `nZkX
]ZnZfhl ]^ll^^k \hgmkZ h]b\mh l^gahk) gan_bl \hgmkZ
35 hnmkhl A jnZg]hll^ Z\^kmZnZ h[kZnZfhl ^ _ZeeZnZ*
_gh_m \hf mZgmZ \Znm^eeZ ]^ mh]Zl iZkm^l jn^ gng\Z ]^l'
ikZs^k) hn l\Zg]Zeeh anmm ]h hnmkh ih]^ll^ _beaZk
Dhf?^l) g^f fhÅhl) an_el ]hl hnmkhl) gng\Z _b*
EaZnZfhl A Zllr _ZsbZf hl ]^ghllZl \ZlZl) ^ ]Zl \hhñ
ZZl jn^ ihllnrZfhl fnr eb[^kZef^gm^ Zl h_^k^\bZfhl)
É \hf `kZg]^ k^`nZk]h Zl jn^kÖZfhl k^\^[^k+
?hga^\^g]h jn^ i^k hl ih]^k^l j lhf ^f ghl ]Zl
ZefZl n^`^mZmrnZ) O^gll^mbnZ) ^ kZ\bhgZe Zn^fhl mh]Zl
^lmZl i^llhZl li^\bZe Zfhk \hf [hh k^`nZk]h ]^ee^l)
ã`ZÖÅZnZfh> ]h ]b\mh l^gahk k^r L^kZh ikrf^bkh Zó

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH b^
 K HA=c ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 0.'
`lrp^p _l^p) nrb ^rbo mlaf^jlp) ieb bo^ mbo klp lcb*
ob`fa^) ibfu^kal qla^ klpp^ clGdÄÖ^ mlo c^wbo ^ppr^ > l
pbdrkal qo^_^ie^r^jlp mlo ieb pbjmob `ljmofo ^rllk*
q^ab Bmlo nrb al _bj m^ob`bo l `lo^Ölj pb `lkqbk*
q^ ) bkpp^ mobpàÖ^ ^rv^jlp abpbgl abklp `loobdbo ab(
q^i drfp^ nrb abklpp^ rfpq^ kè• lrrbppb abp`lkqbkq^(
jbkql) kbj cfie^ppb abpmobÖl+ Al o^`flk^i) p^_bkal
nrb ieb mo^p abrfoqrabp) dbbo^i _llka^ab) _l^p j^*
ke^p) `lj _ll do^kal ^jlo Bj qlal bpql klp qo^_^*
ie^r^jlp abieb `èmo^wbo+
Mlo p`obrbo rboa^ab `ljl qbkel qbbkÖlj ^jbr
_ll mlabo pbjmob c^ii^o) qlal bpql klj bo^ mbo qlalp
fdr^ijbkqb dr^oa^al+ @^ pbdrkal `^a^ercq abklppl
pbkelo ob`b_bo^ ab m^`fP`f^) ^rvp^jbkql) plqfiibw^(
j^ke^p) b ^rÇq^glp^ abpmlpfÖlj) bj `^a^erÇ `lrp^
j^fp mbocbfq^jbkqb pb ^rv^ Mloà ^rllkq^ab) molmlpf*
q l ) b abpbgl abqlalp erë bo^) b ^ppv _ll jbo`bbp ^*
ablp bj nrb c^iifjbkql klj pbkqf^jlp) kbj k^ j^m
gfbfo^ n `^a^ercf bj qla^p bpq^p m^oqbp) dr^oa^r^ nrb
âlppb afdkl aboobmobebkpplj+
Bj qla^p bpq^p dr^oa^p klj pbkqf^jlp ^idrÑ mbkÑ
kbj ^p c^wf^ollp `ljl `lpqo^kdfalp) j^p ob`b_â^jlp
båqfkr^a^ do^kab clid^kÖ^) nr^i klj mlab pbkqfo) kbj
_bj `obbo) nrbj pbjbie^kqb klj mo^qf`lr+ @^ `boq^*
jbkqb ^ibj_o^kÖ^ al nrb pÜqfjlp ^mobkabjlp `lkeb*
`bjlp al af`ql pbkelo Obv klp a^ `lkqfkr^a^ ibaf`b
B klp ^rbjlp mlo jrvql _bj ^rbkqro^alp ^^ibj a^
elkoo^ b molrbfql) mlo ^rbojlb qP rfoqrlplp M^aob b
J^aob) mlo pbkelobp alp nr^^bp ob`b_bjlp klpp^ movk*
`fm^i bkppvk^kÖ^
Mbo qla^ bpq^ mo^qf`^ nrb `lj bi ^rv^jlp) pbjmob
`i^o^jbkqb `lkcbpp^r^jlp nrb ^do^kab cbrw^) b `Çcf^l*
Ö^ nrb ^rv^ bj klp) b ^p jrgq^p jbo`bbp) elkoo^) b

_ ^p^Ge^al nrb abf ob`b_â^jlp) mol`baf^ a^ jvpbof`lo*

f^ ab klppl pbkelo ablp) b a^ pr^ do^kab _lka^ab) ó
jbo`bb nrb klp nrbof^ c^wbo+ B ^p _l^p j^kbfo^p mbo
9nrb klp dlrbj^k^jlp `lj b i) kbj lp qo^_^ielp `
O^ /

.EDEKENBA @M L = " I I 7 4 B
 0.3 K HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
`rva^alp nrb mlo pbr pborfÖl ibr^r^jlp) ká iel ob*
cboâ^jlp ) jbp ^cfoj^r^jlp nrbl klj pborv^jlp q^j
mbocbfq^jàqb `ljl bo^ klppl abpbgl) b mlo jrvq^po^*
wlèbp klp pbkqâ^jlp l_ofd^alp Bmlobj al af`ql pb*
kelo O b v ) abpp^ ga^ab nrb klp _bj ^`loa^jlp) krk*
`^ bj p^keÄ lrrbjlp cbofa^) kbj ob`b_bjlp erÑ j^^
% m^ii^ro^) kbj pbkqfjlp nrb ^idrcf af^ Üo^jlp clo^ al
pbr ^jlo b _l^ do^Ö^) jbp ob`b_â^jlp abf jrvq^p
jbo`bbp b do^kab elkoo^ ^q^^ cfj ab pbrp jrv eçoo^*
alp af^p+
Kl pbkqfal mbo pbr cvk^jbkql) elkoo^ ab pbmriqr*
o^) qo^ii^a^Ölj movjbfo^ b pbdrka^ mbo^ pr^ `^mbbii^)
^d^p^ie^jbkql abqlalp pbrp `of^alp) lrqlod^jbkql a^p
jbo`bbp mbo bi cbfq^p) `ljmovjbkql ab pbr qbpq^jbk*
ql) b lrqo^p l_o^p mlo _bj) b abpbk`^oobd^jbkql ab
`a`fbk`f^ al af`ql pbkelo) jbo`bbp ^ablp) qbrbjlp q^i
j^kbfo^) nrb _bj obpmlkabl `lj ^mo^qf`^ prpl p`ofm*
q^) nrb bj pr^ rga^ pbjmob `lj bi qbrbo^jlp+
Q^i j^kbfo^ klj pb mlab _à qbbo `lj qlalp pb(ü
gahkk^l) kà pb dr^oa^o bj qla^p ^jvw^abp @^ p`ofmql
c`b) ^jfw^ab mbocbfq^ klj mlab pbbo) pbklj ^kqob mbp*
pl^p rfoqrlp^5 ab_rë molmlpfql b nrbobo b klj nrbobo)
k^p `lrp^p movk`fm^^bp) nrb ^g^j bkqbkagjbkqlp er*
ukvialplp ) b rllrq^abp `lk`loa^rbbp ) crka^a^p bj
jrv q^ ib^ia^ab ab do^kabp) i^odlp) b _llp `lo^Öllàp)
mbo^ c^wbobj b afwbobj) b plmloq^obj) mlo pbr pb*
kelo) lr ^jgdl) nr^kql abobf q^jbkqb c^wbo pb NO_O%
b iebp l_babb`bobj k^p abqbojvk^ÖllPp abqla^p `lr*
p^p abobfq^p) b elkbpq^p) mlo nrb erÑ a^p j^fp movk*
`fm^^bp ibu abq^^bp ^jvw^abp eb krk`^ obnrbobo `lr*
p^p gkgrpq^p) lr qlombp) kà ^p c^wbo) mlpql nrb obnrb*
ofa^p pbg^j+ Bmbo laf`ql pbkelo obv klp cljlp mbo pr^p
doÇabp rfoqrabp) jrv ql p^_bo) b _ll ^jlo à bpq^ mo^*
qf`^ _bj plmloq^alp) b pbjmob bkqbkabjlp nrb mbo
bi) b mlo ^oo^vke^ klpp^ bbkelo^) b j^aob bj ^YNK!K
do^kabp rfoqrabp jrv ql mbocbfq^) `rg^ ^^ij^ \k^^fhl
nrb eb bj p^k`q^ dilof^) cljlp P`^jvke^alp ^nr^â

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH e^
 K H A = H ?Km_OOAHDAE_\K+ 0.4
nrÜo _l^ j^kbfo^ nrb pl_obpql qbrbollp D ^ppv qbkel
qbàÖlj nrb lp af`qlp obu rlpplp gojÇ^lp plj q^j _llp
b morabkqbp) b rlp ^jÇ ab q^i ^jlo) nrb qla^ _l^
j^kbfo^) 2 `lj b[bP qbrboabp) rlp obpmlkabo! `ljl
abrbj) `lj ^do^Ö^ ab klppl pbkelo >l nr^i mo^w^)
nrb pbjmob ieb c^Ö^^bp pborvÖl b mo^wbo) b mbo^ qlal
klppl _bj) b do^kab elkoo^ rlp lrqlod^o^ lnrb mbo^
rlp clo jvielo+ Cbfql mbo Alj Bar^oqb) mbii^ do^Ö^
ab ablp Obv ab mloqrd^i) b al ^id^orb) b Pbkelo ab
@bmq^) bj ^ `fa^ab abrlo^ uus af^p abg^kbfol+ >kkl
al k^`fjbkql ab klppl pbkelo geë Um¢ ab jvi jfl)
b uuus+
Bpql jb m^ob`b nrb abrb pbbo jlpqo^al) ^ mlr`^p
b `boq^p mbppl^p) `^ppbl rvobj lp nrb plj clo^ ab q^i
molmlpfql b mo^qf`^) j^fp nrboo^j mo^pj^o) b `lkqo^û
afwbojb) nrb cfie^o abiil mbo^ pbkelo) lr ^jvdlp mol*
rbfqlp^ àppvkÄÖ^ Mlo nrb jrvqlp nrb plj ibqbo^^lp)
klj p^_à qobii^a^o _bj abi^qvj bj ivkdr^dbj mbkp*
ĄÃ v bp`obrbo bpqbp ^rvp^jbkqlp mbo^ biil kb`bppÄoflp+

7KZS^_VVY F O fu +
NK! WKXOS\K!ZO\K!LOW! ^Y\XK\! KVQ_i!VOS^_\K!O! XY]]K
1;3.:(.,2A

!L kr f ^ bkh \hga^\^k [^f ZllÑmÑÅZ ]h bc aZ ]^mhkgZk)

^ ih^FFZ Ñm^bkZf^gm^ ghf fn]Zg]h) Z\k^\OmZg]h) g^f
frg`nZg]h Ze`nÄ \hnlZ ]h jn^ ^lmZ l\kbimh Kll^`ng*
]h jn^ ghf ihgaZ iZeeZnkZl eZmbgZ]Zl) gÑ ]hnmkZ erg*
`nZ`^f ) fZl mh]h l^cZ ghllh erg`nZ`Ñ l\kbimh fZbl
Z\a^`Z]nfàm^ ~h `^^kZe [hh \nlmnf^ ]^ ghllh _ZeeZk
jn^ l^ ih]^k _Zs^k+
L qbo`bfol) nrb pàmob pb mlkeÇ m^ii^ro^p nrb pbü
g^j abobfq^ ivkdr^dà) obpmlkabkqbp ^l i^qvj) klj
jra^kal erÇ^ mlo lrqo^p) ^ppv cg lkab bi afppbo mbo
i^qvj p`loobd^o) k¢ mlke^ ^c^pq^o+ B ^ppv bj lrqo^p
pbjbieÇqbp) àqbkal nrb qÑql jèq^ erÑ `ljl ^lrqo^+

.EDEKENBA @M E = I I 7 4 B
0.5 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK'
mlo nrb do^kab abcboàÖ^ c^w mbo^ 3b_bj àqbkabo pbb*
obj bpq^p m^ii^ro^p molmof^jbkqb p`ofmq^p+
L nr^oql nrb klj mlke^ m^ii^ro^p 9z pbdrkal lklp*
ÃÃ `rpqrjb abc^ii^o pbg^j ^rva^p mlo abplkbpq^p
L nrfkql n dr^oab ^nrbii^ loabj nrb fdr^ijbkqb
abrb dr^oa^o bj nr^i nrbo lrqo^ `lrp^) n pb bp`obrbo
abr^ +p+ `g p`obr^ `lrp^p ab _l^ prpqÑ`f^ `i^o^jàqb mbo^
pb _bj mlabo áqbkabo b cobjlpl lj^fp âg biib mlabo) b
`roq^jàqb) nr^kql clo kb`bppÄofl) b mbo^ bpql ^molrbfq^
jrvql m^oo^do^c^o) b ^mlkq^o _bj Pb erë o^wl^o) qlo*
k^al ab i^qvj bj ivkdr^dà) b lrqol p`obrbo ^`e^o^
jbielof^ abqlal gëq^jbkqb mbo erë pbbo cbfql) ì mlo
nrb mbo rlppl obnrbogjàql qlokbv bj ivkdr^dbj pfj*
mobwjbkqb ofj^a^ abppbfp mbbp aberë `lkppl^kqb ^lo^(*
Ölj abgrpql grfw geër Umè rlii^ cfw ^nrv p`obrbo) ^nr^i
mlo ^c^wbo `lkppl^o kç mrab `èmofa^jbkqb a^o pbr VcX((
dr^dà) kbj ^cfw bj lrqo^ jvielo cloj^ mlo `lk`loa^o
`lj ^j^kbfo^) b qbàÖlj nrb bo^ cbf`q^ bj i^qvj(
'
Grpql grvw âebpr umfpql
Obv alp O bu) b _ll pbkelo
Nrb `ll m^aob Obvk^p p$mob
Er eb a^j_lp erë ^jlo
Mo^w^qb abjb lrrvo
Mlfp jb pbkql mb`^alo

Qr nrb al `bbl abp`bkafpqb

Bkkl rbkqob rfodfk^i
Er qlj^kal ildl `^okb
Ifro^pqb lppbdob abj^i
Mbo qbr p^kdrb mob`flpl
Ab mboafÖlj bqbok^i

Oldrbr ^nrbii^ jbr ablp

Q^ diloflp^ m^fulj
Nrb pbj `bpp^ jb abcàa^
Ab mbofdll b `^glj

.EDEKENBA @M L = " I I 7 4 B
 K HA = H ?K JOOAHD Abgh+ 0.ü
Mbo nrb mlpp^ _bj rvrbo
Q v pborvkal) b lrqobj kã+

Qr^ jrv p^k`q^ rfoqrab

Abpv do^j abcbkafjàql
Pbjmob jb pbg^ mobpbkqb
Mlo jb dr^oa^o ab qlojàql
> nrb jb qo^w l jfgdl
Mbo ^oqbfo bkarwvjbkql

Mbo ^qr^ cloqb abbpqo^

Nrb lp gkcboklp nrb_o^pqb
Abpqorv qlalp jbrp gjogdlp
Mlfp p^p ^oqbp abpmobw^pqb
Mbo ^p nr^^bp jb pbjmob qlorP
Al _bj nrl c^wbo j^ka^pqb

Lrrb Um5 jvj _o^^a^kal

Jvpnrvkel mlo jbk mb`^al
Nrb abj^kal mfba^ab
Mlfp m^ppbv lqbr j^ka^al)
@^ jb qbjl al gjfgdl
Ab jvj pbbo ^mlabo^al

@lj abpqorvÖlj pb `^iib

Nrbj jb `rva^ `lka^k^o)
H P > E E > " P >

Fa_m [hh ^ ib^]hlh

J hf f^ jn^bkZl ]^lik^sZk

Jbr bp`ral `lj bjm^ol

Pbv qr jbr abcbkabalo
Mlo nrb br mbo qr^ do^Ö^
SbkÖ^ jbr mboppbdrfalo
B mbo ûbr aboof_^jbkql
Gqq^Rbdo` `lj qbr ^jlo

.EDEKENBA @M 4 F 6 6 7 4 B
 '/ - K HA = H ?KJOOAHDGENKó
J^ka^ l qbr jbppbdbfol
Al `bbl ^iql pmfofqr p^k`ql
Nrbp`i^obÖ^ b ^irjbb
Jvj fg kè jbobÖl qÇql
B alp gjfgdlp jb ifrob
Clo klj ob`b_bo nrb_o^kql

P^k`q^ `orw lqbr pvk^i

Jb abcbka^ lp pbkqfalp
Q^ _^kabfo^ rbk`balo
C^Ö^ pbbo pàmob ^_^qfalp
Jbrp gjfgdlp b `lkqo^folp )
Mbo q^ do^Ö^ûabpqorvalp

>jbo`b^qb ab jvj
Umfpql ablp erë pll k^`fal
Mbol br j^fp _bj qb mbÖl
Nrb klj qbkel jbob`fal
Pbv ab jvj pbjmob iá_o^al
Mlo à cvj kã pbbo mboafal

Al ablp m^aob) b ablp cfiel

QÑ _bj ablp p^k`qbpmofql
Nrb erë ablp pbjmobp `e^j^al
Mbo m^ii^ro^ b mbo p`ofmql
@ljmofjbkql abrfoqrabp
Q b `lkcbppl mlo jbr af`ql
:Ǻ<
B qo^i^abv al ifrol alp pq^_biif`g jbkqlp ab p^j
gleÑ `^pf^kl mlo bubjmol bpq^ m^oqb ab erë `^ m fil iil
^grpl p`ofmql ^l mbb a^ ibqbo^ nrb `e^j^j lp ibqbo^*
alp ^`çqbuql) lnr^i ^^idrëp klj jrvql mo^w) mlo pbbo
p`ofmql) k^ j^kbfo^ i^qfk^a^+ B nrbof^j 9g pb qfo^ppb
^ppbkqàÖ^ mlpq^ bj j^fp dbbo^i j^kbfo^ abc^ii^o) Blr*
qolp afwbj nrb _bj iebp m^ob`b) mlobj nr^kal j^k*
a^oabp qlok^o ^idrÇ ibfqro^ ab i^qfj bj klpp^ VSXQ_K&
QOW ) ^j^kbfo^ nrb j^fp rlp molrrbo) j^kâf^^b n r b
qbke^ ^nrbi " abiil qbrbo `^oobdl

.EDEKENBA @M [hhM e^
 K HA =H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 0/.
Lrrb nrb afw l^mlpqliil 7 Qlalp ^nrbiibp nrb bj
bÑml mbiibg^j abqla^p `lrp^p pb ^rpqbà bj nrbfo^jlp
ab nr^^bp qlalp mbo^ mlabojlp ob`b_bo bkppvkÇÖ^ a^*
mbiibg^ pmfofqr^i) mbo `lkqàmi^Ölj a^`^ok^i) `boq^jbk*
qb ^nrbiibp nrb kbpq^ mbiibg^ rbpvrbi bpqra^j) _bj
mbiibg^o) erp^o abqla^p rv^ka^p) ^p nr^^bp labpbgl a^*
`^okb abj^ka^) klj qbj ^rqlofa^ab) j^p pll a^nrbiü
G^p nrb^ bkppvk^kÖ^ abq^^bp mbiibg^p bpq^_bib`bl B+
klj plii^jbkqb a^p rv^ka^p abcbp^p) j^p a^ _brbaf`b)
b qlal gk`evjbkql kb`bpp^of^jbkqb pb abrbj `lkqbbo)
b ^gka^ ab qla^ movdrfÖ^) l``flpfa^ab) b abibfu^jbk*
ql mlo q^i nrb mbo `lkqvkr^al bubo`f`fl) b ^cf`^al
mbkpp^jbkql) pr^ rfoqrab mlpp^ pbbo ^`ob`bkq^a^+ B*
^ppv ab qlal `rva^al ) qofpqbw^ alp kbdl`flp abpqb)
fkrkal) b ^gka^ a^ l_o^ al `^p^jàql pb `èrà c^wbo
bpqo^kel) nrb ^clo^ lqo^_^iel a^ pr^ àppvkÇÖ^ ^f k0
nrbfo^ p^_bo) kà ^idrÇ `ro^ abpqb jrkal pb à_^od^o)
a^ nrbiib qÇ plljàqb nrb eb pbkelo al `Çml) pmboÑal
d^i^oalj mbo^ jÑqfgjàql ab pr^ rva^ B 9G afdk^ `l*
ol^ ab dilof^ d^ÑÖ^olj mbo pbrp jbof`fjbkqlpû

7KZS^_VVY @+
NY! \OQSWOX^Y! NY! O]^KWKQY+

Pbdrkal ^mo^qf`^ nrb mbo jvj m^ppbv) bpqb ^`el _ll

obdf jà ql _obrbjàqb p`ofmql) mbo^ nrbj q^i bpq^j^dl
qà nrb Geb `obÖ^ cobvj^) b ^idrÇ rbw pb abpqàmbo^ mlo
bii^+
Nr^kal g^kq^o) `ljbo _bj j^pqfd^al) b klj _b(
rbo j^fp ab ar^p rbwbp) lr qobp ^l j^fp i^odl B ^ü
nrbpq^p klj jrvil pl_bgl bj `^a^ erÑ) j^p q^kql)
ab nrb o^wl^a^jbkqb ^rllkq^ab pb `lkqbkqb) lr abr^
`lkqàq^o+ Bl rvkel pbl _brbo) pbg^ o^wl^a^jàqb ^r*
dr^al) mlo nrb pb eb cloqb) a^ j^vlo qo^_^iel ^l bp*
q^j^dl àkl `lwbo) b abdbofo b ^`ob`àq^ pbab) mbo nrb
klj pb mlab _bj plmloq^o `lj mlr`l _brbo+ @ ^ g Z m Z )
b ab qla^ lrqo^ rv^ka^ abibfqb) `ljbo mlr`l ; lr k^(+

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH b^
0// K HA = H ?KJOOAHDA£NK+
a^) b pb^ `ljbo pbg^ pl_ob fla^ lrqo^ rv^ka^) klj
_brbo pl_obif^) lr pb kl `ljbÖl) `lgj^ _bj a^i ^kqb
nrb _br^+ ì qla^rv^ l `ljbo a^ rv^ka^ al ibvqb pbg^
mlr`l) b mlr`^p rbwbp+ ì bppl jbabp ab qla^ lrqo^
rv^ka^ erjva^) ^ppv `ljl `bobfg^p) mbppbdlp) b lp*
qo^p) b qla^ dolppro^ ab `^okbp ab mbp`^alp) b al pb*
jbie^kqb `ljbo mlr`l) lr k^a^) b q^j _bj a^p jrg*
ql cof^p b ^dr^a^p) ^ppv `ljl rvk^dob) b ivjlj) b
pbjbie^kqbp) alp lrlp mbo^ bpql klj e^ obdf^ `boq^)
mlo nrb ^erëp ^molrbfq^ b ^lrqolp bjmbb`b+ Bmlobj
l^a^ era erpb ablp `ljbo `ljl pb abiibp pbkqfo Abp*
mlfp ab `ljbo ^q^^ nrb m^ppb erÇ lo^ klj alojvo ab
af^ ì nrÇal lrrbo ab alojvo) krk`^ abqlal abprbp*
qfo ) lr abp^_lql^o) j^p ^gka^ nrb abprfpq^ ^idrÑ olr*
m^ ) pbjmob ^lrqo^ cfnrb ^_lql^a^+ ì klj alojvo
j^fp a erë plkl) b nr^kql j^fp mbnrbkl q^kql j v*
ielo+ ì `ljl clo ^`loa^al ildl ^ibrÄq^o+ Pl_ob lalo*
jvo ^q^^ nrb m^ppb erÇ lo^) klj _brbo mlo `lrpcb nrb
pbg^8 bppb mlabo plcobo ^q^^ `b^ nrb kè _br^ eb jrv*
ql _ll) pb q^kql kç nr^kql j^fp mlr`l q^kql jvfelo+
Pl_ob do^j qo^_^iel nrbl `loml bpqb bpnrbàq^al eb
jrvql plcobo l`ljbo b _brbo ^q^^ nrb l`loml bpqb bj
o^wl^a^ qbjmbo^kÖ^+ >^ `b^ qbke^ loobdvjbkql nrb
af`ql eb mbo^l g^kq^o ìppb mlabo p`rp^o l_brbo abp*
mlfp a^ `b^ p`rpbl) b pb klj mlabo) klj _br^ j^fp
ab erÇ rbw+ 6 BJq^j^dl ! abrb qo^wbo abp^_lql^al
Abj colul) jbp gdr^ijbkqb pbjmob ^mboq^al+ Pb ^l
g^kq^o sfo nrb `ljb jrvq^ `^okb) lr mbp`^al) lr F_b
mo^w Übiil pl_bg^o bj `ljbo lm^j) bj kl _brbo ^p*
qobfql pbr obdvjbkql ) b ab corvq^ mlr`^ lr k^a^
Pl_ob do^kab `ljbo ) ^gka^ nrb rbke^ pbab) mlabppb
jbielo plcoÜo nrb bj lrqol qbjml) mlo nrb ^p j^fp
a^p rbwbp eb cÑi6p^) b pb^ plcobj pb r^f) b abpplcobo
^molrbfq^ mbo^ q^^bp bpf^j^dlp) b klj mlab bj q^i
qbjml bjmbb`bo MlQq^oab nrb `bb) klj pb i^k`b pl*
_ob ^bb^) ^q^^ nlb erÇ lo^ klj m^ppb) kbj pb abp^*
_lqlb pÖ^lj ^^nrbii^ lo^ nrbpbb nrvpbo i^kÖ^o mlo nrb

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 E B
 K H A = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ 5/0
eb do^kab bool bj q^G `^pl+ Llieb _bj nrb pb g^kq^o
jrvql) nrb `bb qbjmbo^a^jbkib) mlbkal ^kqob erë
`ljbo) b lrqol sr+ lr sfr+ lo^p Bppb jrvql `b^o)
dr^oab j^fp loobdfjbkql pl_ob ^`b^ nrb m lrqol qbjû
ml Bl g^kq^o al lrqol af^) ^g^ qàmbo^kÖ^ B dr^oabppb
ab do^kabp gbgrëp ^`rpqrj^alp) mlo nrb ^jvkdr^ ab*
erë af^ nrboppb bkqobd^o kl lrqol Bl bpq^j^dl ^`r^(
qrj^al ^mlr`l `ljbo ^idrëp af^p pbkqb ^pvke^ mbk^)
nr^kalieb jra^j pbr `rpqrjb+ I^kÖ^oppb abklfqb ^l*
o^p o^wl^a^p) b ^ppv `bal ibr^kq^o eb jrvql _bj+ B
nr^kalppb ibr^kq^o rvpq^ppb `bal Pb abklfqb pb ibr^k(
q^o) `^i`bppb) b `l_o^ppb o^wl^a^jbkqb Nr^kal alo(
jvo klj pb `l_o^ pl_bgl aboolrm^) mlo nrb ljrvql
^_^c^o c^o^ abp`l_ovo) b c^wà ildl jra^kÖ^ abjrvq^
nrbbkqro^) `^ jrvql cofl) c^w j^i mbo^ bpql+
Pb mlo ^ka^o `^jvkel) lr ^idrcf lrqol qo^_^iel m^pü
m^o jrvql ^lo^ al `ljbo) ^ppv nrb pbg^ er$ lo^ lr
ar^p abpmlfp o^bl af^) `lfj^ qbjmbo^a^jbkqb pl_ob
lmlr`l B kl lrqol `ljbo pb mlab bkqobd^o) b ^ppv
c^Ö^ k^ `b^) mlo nrb erÑ a^p `lrp^p nrb jrvql bpqloü
r^j lbpq^j^dl) b qlal l`loml) b pl_ob do^kab qo^_^*
iel) m^pp^kal ^p lo^p al g^kq^o) lr a^ `b^) ^erÇ rbw
`ljbo jrgql) b pb g^kq^o ^ppv q^oab) b rfo nrb `ljb
jrvql p`rpb ^`b^) lr pbg^ q^j mlr`^ nrb klj mlpp^
bjm^`e^o+ Pb ab `ljbo ^idr^ sf^ka^ pb ^`e^o j^i klj
^`lgj^) mlpql nrb ^lrqolp klj bjmbbÖ^ ) mlo nrb eb
abqbojgk^al nrb ^idrÄp rv^ka^p mbo rfoqrab pmb`f^i
^molrbfq^j b bjmbb`bj ^ `^a^erë eljbj) b `^a^
ercq allo B mlpql nrb pb ^`eb _bj a^idrP rv^ka^ nrb
klj pbg^ _l^) lr a^idrë obdvjbkql obrbpp^al) klj
pb abrb erp^o) mlo nrb ^^cbfÖlj a^_l`^) lr al `lo^*
Ölj jrvq^p rbwbp c^w pbkqfo lj^i 1z abf ieb rbj) l
nr^i abpmlfp `ãrbj abppb pbkqfo) mlpql nrb pbg^ q^oab+
Bppl_ob do^kab `ljbo) p`rpb nr^kql mlabo cfie^o ildl
do^kab qo^_^iel) b klj lbwb mlbo bjmo^3ql kl b^q^j^û
Q Y ) kbj lqo^wbo pl_bgl `r_boql) j^fp qo^d^l `ljl lf
bÖqob^ dbbo^ijblqb abppr^ j^kbfo^ qo^wbj+ Pb albo ^i(
Pp *

.EDEKENBA @M C A e^
 0/1 L HA = H ?KJOOAHDAENK+
drÑ rbw llieb pbdrkal loobdâjbkil nrb qbrb lqbjml
m^pp^al ab nrb rbj) b pb clo abcoâl mbo `lfkbo) b ^i*
drÇp `lrp^p nrbbkqbp) b `l_ofo lbpq^j^dl) b ^nráb*
q^iil _bj pb `loobdbo^ Bppb clf ab `ljbo pl_bgl) `l*
jbo mlr`l b q^oab) b ^idrÑ rg^ka^ pb`^) ^ppv `ljl
m^j qloo^al) b _brbo mlr`l) b rvkel jbklp ^rdr^*
a l ) b ^`e^oppb^ abiGl _bj+ B bknr^kql pbkqfo bjm^*
`e^al abppl_bdfaèlb abrv^ka^ ) krk`^ `lgj^ lrqo^
kbeN^ mbo^l `loobdbo) mlo nrb klj e^ ef jbielo jbb*
wvke^) nrb plcobo qÑql l`ljbo nrb biib mbo pv pb `lo*
o b f^ ) `l_ogkalppb) b ^nrbbkq^kalppb bj o^wl^a^ j^*
kbfo^) pbdrkal lqbjml clo B ^`rpqrj^o l`loml ^oo^*
wl^al qo^_^iel ab mbb) lr ab _bpq^) bj gbgNr) l mb*
nrbkl `ljbo r^f jrvql mbo^ bpqb `^pl+ Ab us+ bj us+
af^p lr ab jbp bj jbp) eb jrvql _ll cfie^o mfolii^p
`ljëkbp) b pb albo mbo ^idrÑ cobvj^) lr lrqol erjlo
nrb qo^d^ pl_bgl) _rp`^oieb objbafl) nr^i jvielo) b
j^fp pbj bjm^`el ^`e^o mbo nrb pb r^^ abclo^) mbo
obrbpp^o) lr p^vo) lr pb d^pqb mbo _ll qo^_^iel) b
^_pqfkP`f^+
Pl_ob do^kab `ljbo) pb qo^_^ieb bj q^i drfp^ n pb
jrvql pnrbbkqb) lr pr^o) abrb pbbo jrgql dr^oa^al
al rbkql ) b al ^^o) kbj pb abp^_lql^o) bj `^p^
jrvql cof^+ >^klfqb pl_ob do^kab `b^) _brbo jrvql)
lr ^rdr^ bjmbb`b bj bpqb `^pl pmb`f^ijbkqb pb g^
qbj _brval) b bpq^ mbo^ pb i^kÖ^o+ Bbkqbkal nrb pb*
g^ _ll mbo^ q^^bp bpq^j^dlp) molrl`^obj `^a^erë ^cil
rljvql ar^p rbwbp) erÇ abpmlfp ab m^p`l^ mlo ^`lk*(
qvkr^Ölj m^pp^a^ al mbp`^al+ > lrqo^ kl pbqbj_ol)
mlo ^corvq^ al rboÑ^l) pb^ `lkqfkr^ jrvql ab `ljbo+
Pb bkqbkabo j^arod^o) lr qobpklfq^o eb jrvql _ll
`b^o mlr`l) lr k^a^ Bppb mbo jvkdr^ abpplkl) lbp*
q^j^dl abpqbjmbo^ mbo^ alojvo pbj `ljbo) kbj _b*
rbo) b pbj lrqo^ jbbwvke^ pb `loobdb+ B `^a^ klfqb
^kqb nrb pb i^k`b) ^gka^ nrb ieb m^obÖ^ jn^ klj qà
rllkq^ab) abrb molr^o abpp^fo) b bppl jbabp mb,G^
j^keÑ^+ Fqbj bj dr^oa^o _l^ b o^wl^a^ qbjmbo^kÖ^

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH b^
 K HA=H ?-J5OAHDAEN-+ 0/2
klp qo^_^ielp al pmofqr b al `loml) `lkppfgo^kal efa^*
ab) b abpmlpfÖlj b qbjmlp bpq^ do^kab m^oqb al obdv*
jbkql a^ p^rab) B mlpql nrb bpql qlal m^obÖ^ j^^l
abdr^oa^o) pbl clo ^`rpqrjÑal) m^ob`bo^ _bj ifdbfol
aûc^wbo B mbkppl _bj nrb ^`e^o^) nrbj kl qo^_^iel
^`rpqrj^o abl `lj do^kab jbielov^) b+ ^^ià abpql pb
ieb `ljmofo) qljb `lkppbiel alrqol jvielo câpf`l+ >gk*
a^ nrb bpql afppbppb) b `ljbÖ^ppb) b bp`obrbppb ab
gldl) à +qlal mbkppl nrb ^`e^olj nrb c^iil `boql) b
alr _ll `lkppbiel+

8P_Xcd[[^ @o)
SPaa^oP _TaP bPQTaT\ Pb ^aPb `dP]cPb bx SP\P]WoP&
]^XcT) ^d STb_^Xb+

c ( l o bpq^ cfdro^ pb mlabj p^_bo ^p lo^p a^ klfqb +p+ P*

j^dvk^o bj l `bbl erÑ `orw `lj bpq^p nr^qol ivke^p)
pbdrkal nrb ^nrv eb abrvp^al Bl jbl pbg^ bj ^klo*
q b ) b obpdr^oab _bj bpql) nrb ^p mlkq^p a^ `orw) b
a^p ivke^p eb p`ofmql B nr^kal ^movjbfo^) b j^fp
`ebd^a^ dr^oa^ `ebd^o ^ `^a^ erë abpqbp ild^obp) ^iiv
eb jb^ klfqb) pbdrkal lp qbjmlp bj bii^ abrvp^alp
Bnr^kql j^fp m^pp^o) lr jvkdr^o) mbo ^iiv gridrb)
nr^kql eb ol^fp ^^nrbj) lr ^^ibj a^ jb^ klfqb Bp(
p^f_e^ nrb ab ivke^ ^ivke^ e^ qobp lo^p) b ab mlkql
^mlkql e^ erÑ B ab nrgkwb bj nrvkwb af^p m^pp^ erP
lo^ b kljbp ar^p+ Abrbp p^_bo nrb e^ ab k^`áo lppli)
b pb mlbo ^bpqbp qbjmlp ^nrg abrvp^alp) `èrbol ^pp^*
_ bo) bj jbl j^oÖl k^`b ^^p pbfp lo^p) b mlbkppb ^bi*
i^p B bj `ljbÖl ab j^vl) k^`b ^^p `vk`l) b mlbkppb
^^p pbqb+ B bj jbl grkel) k^`b ^^p nr^qol) b jb^ b
mlbkppb ^^p pbqb b jb^ B kl `ljbÖl a^dlpql k^`b ^^p
`vknrl) b mlbkppb ^^p pbqb B bj jbl pbqbj_ol k^`l
^^p ppbvp) b mlbkppb ^bii^p+ B bj `ljbÖl ab klrbj(
_ol) k^`b ^^p pbqb) b mlbkppb ^^p `vjnrl+ B bj jbl
ab abwbj_ol) k^`b ^^p pbqb b jb^ ); b mlbkppb ^^p
nr^qol b jb^ B bj `ljbÖl ab cãrbobfol) k^`b ^^p

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH b^
0/3 K HA=+H ? -JO2AHD AEN-+
pbqb b mlbkppb ^^p `vknrl ì mbo bpjl bj lp jbwbp
nrb ^nrv klj ab`i^o^) mlabobbp bkqbkabo) ^nrb lo^p
lppli mbo qlal lÑkl abrb k^`bo+ ì abpnrb ^j^keb`bo
^q^^ lpp^vo al pli) c^w erÇ lo^ ì kl qàml al rbo^^l
c^w j^fp ^r^kq^dbj) b mbo bpq^ drfp^ eb abpnrb lppli
pb mlab ^q^^ klfqb Ö^oo^a^+

?Y! >KX_]M\SZ^Y! RK`SK! O]ZKkY!ZK\K!K

\YNK) WK]!XKr!]O!KMRK! XOVVO+

8P_Xcd[[^ ? b o+
_TaP bPQTa `dP]cPb ^aPb b^\ P]cT ^d STb_^Xb SP\TP
]^XcT) ü `dP]c^ P]cT \P]WPx(

GM bo^ p^_boabp mbo bpq^ ola^ ^ nr^kq^p lo^p eb j^(

ke^Ç) m^o^^bjbkqbp ^^bpqobii^ j^vlo a^p dr^oa^p a^
?lfqb B rbab lild^o lkab bpq^ ^oobpmbfql a^oola^
do^kab) b rbbab lkab eb p`ofmql laf^ al jbp j^fp
`ebd^al ^^nrbi bj nrb bpq^^bp) b `lkq^^b ^p lo^p nrb
e^ ^kqob lild^o bj nrb ^bpqobii^ bpq^) bl af^ p`ofmql
al qbjml bj nrb bpq^^bp B^q^kq^p lo^p pbo^ j^ke$^
`i^o^ ì bppl jbbpjl b^_bobbp ^nr^kq^p lo^p abmlp
jb^ klfqb e^ a^j^kebb`bo) `lkq^kal al ild^obk^ nrb
^bpqobii^ c^w jb^ klfqb k^ ola^ mbnrbk^ ^q^^ laf^ al
jbp p`ofmql k^ ola^ do^kab bj nrb e^ abppbbo j^(
qfe^Ç k^ nrbi qàml+ ì a^nrbpq^ drfp^ p^_bobbp mbo bp(
q^ ola^ mbnrbk^ nr^kql pllbp ^kqb a^ jb^ klfqb) ll
abpmlfp) rbbab lild^o lkab ^bpqobii^ bpq^) b lkab e^
abc^wbo jb^ klfqb) `lki^Çb nr^kq^p lo^p bpq^) ^kq^
lûf abpmlfp jb^ klfqb) b ab _rqf ofp`l alp nrb plj
mlcüqlp bj k^ rliq^ a^oola^) ^lrqol pbjbie^kqb e^ e^P
bo^) b ab mlkql ^l ofpll jb^ lo^) b ^kqob lp oqpl^^
mbnrbklp nÇ^oql alo^+

.EDEKENBA @M HcKKMe^
 K HA = H ?KJOO>HDAE>K+ 0/4

8P_Xcd[[^ @ i EE+
SP VdPaSP SP [TP[SPST T\ `dT UPi Uh \ c^S^ TbcT
caPdcPS^+

M l o nr^kql kl `ljbÖl afppb) nrb jb m^ob`f^ cfie^o*

abp bpqb qo^rq^al mlo >+ ?+ @+ a^ ib^ia^ab) b nrb mbo
`lkeb`vjbkql abklpplp mlabobp b m^fulçbp) mbo`^iÖ^*
jbkql ab_lka^abp) b rfoqrabp b `loobdvjbkql ab mb*
`^alp S b lrqolp c^iifjbkqlp) pb dr^oa^r^ pbjmob ^klp*
5l pbkelo ablp b ^lp eljbàp) c^Öl pl_obiil ^ab`i^o^*
Ölj pbdkvkqb Lp &grb qo^rq^j ab jlo^i cfiilplcf^ )
ab`i^olj klppl obdfjbkql pb m^oqfo bj qobp m^oqbp
Movjbfo^ a^ molmov^ mbppl^ nrbppb bkqbka^ ^ij^ b
`loml Pbdrka^) nrb mboqbb`b ^l obdsjàql a^ `^p^
ïp+ jliebo) b cfielp) b pborfalobp) b ab qlalp lrqolp
_bàp Qbo`bfo^ aloobvkl b `va^ab) lr nr^i nrbo grid^*
al ) b qlalp bpqbp mbo ib^ia^ab) ob`b_bj do^kab ^gra^
mbo^ pbbobj _bj dlrbok^alp+ Nr^kql ^l movjbfol ^*
olvj m^ob`b) nkb ablp pmb`f^i `^oobdl abr ^`^a^erë
a b pbr `lo^Ölj) j^ka^kalklp afwbo ^nrbii^ m^ii^ro^)
ûgrb `lj fla^ abiëdbk`f^ ldr^oa^ppbjlp) b `ljl `^p(
qb iil nrb klp bj dr^oa^ mlpbppb klifl bk`ljbka^) lû
nr^i mlabjlp mboabo) lr `^vo bj jvkdr^ abib^ia^ab
m l o bpq^p m^oqbp nrb qo^dl ^olb^ molmlpfql+ Movjbfo^
^rbkal ^cbfÖlj `lj lp gjfgdlp+ Pbdrka^) a^kalieb
bkqo^a^ bj biib Qbo`bfo^) klk l_babb`bkal ^l j^k*
a^al al pbkelo nrbl abr+ Nr^oq^) klj mlbkal _ll
obdvjbkql b molrbbkÖ^ klp j^kqfgjbkqlp) b lrqo^p
`lrp^p nrb ieb mboqbb`bj) ^ppv nrb mbo c^jb) pbab )
LN abp^rvp^jbkql) pbg^ cfie^al Nrvkq^ mbo co^nrbw^
h O `lo^Ölj) ibfu^kalppb mbo cloÖ^ lbk`bo) mlabkalpû
pbbo _bj abcbpl+
M b o q^i pbjbie^kÖ^ jb m^ob`b nrb j^i dr^oa^j l*
`l o^ Öl j ) cfie^kal ^cbfÖlj `ci lp gkjfgdlp) nr^kalppb
Gbqu^ mboilkd^a^jbkqb `loobo mbo ol^^lp `rva^alp) ^(
`^a^erë bpq^al klj mboqbb`bkqbp) bkqo^a^ ieb a^j

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH b^
0/5 K H A = H ?KJOOEÖHDAENK+
`lkppbkqvkal abif_bo^a^jbkqb kl j^i c^wbo+ >l pb*
kelo klo^ l_babb`bj) nr^kal klj ob`b_bj pbrp _llp
abpbglp) kbj lp j^ka^alp) `lkppbielp) ^ rvp^okbkqlp
alp nrb lafwbj bj pbr kljb+ @lj abp^rvp^jbkql pb
mboab nrÇal klj `lkppfgo^j pr^p cloÖ^p) b mlabobp
bj qla^p `lrp^p nrb ^g^j ab c^wbo) mbo^ mbo`^iÖ^o) b
mlpprvo rfoqrabp) b pb dr^oa^o al `lkqo^fol Mbo co^*
nrbw^ pb obkabj ràb`bkalppb ^^p qbkq^Ölçbp) j^i b
co^`^jbkqb ^p `lkqo^of^kal D mbo^ dr^oa^o bpq^ ib^i(
a^ab ^`bo`^ abklppl pbkelo) lj^fp nrb qbkel bj bpqb
qo^rq^al p`ofmql) bpql `lkppbie^ bkppvk^[ b ^rvp^) `^
br jbpqrol jlo^i cfiilp^cf^) ab nrb ^idrÇ m^oqb sf )
`lj pbrp j^ka^alp) b af`qlp alp p^k`qlp) b `^qelif*
`lp p^_balobp) nrb^ j^fp mbocbfq^jbkqb nrblp cfiibp^*
clp bkqbkabolj) b abolj ^`^_^a^p bkppvk^kÖ^p) `lkp*
pfgo^kal lnrb abGil k^qro^ijbkqb mbo jbr ]OX^SNY bk*
qbkal ) b al nrb rbfl) lrÖl) b `lkebÖl) bj jvke^
j^kbfo^ abrvrbo) b alp lrqolp+ @^ bpqb jb m^ob`b ab(
obfql `^jvkel mbo^ _bj pbkqfo abppbjbie^kqb p`fbk*
`f^) mlo klp dr^oa^ojlp Ms ^do^Ö^ ab ablp) klp `lk*
qo^folp `^plp pbdrvkal ob^ijbkqb ^p rfoqrabp +p+ `lk*
`loa^o lp af`qlp abklppl pbkelo) b lnrb lp p^_balobp
b^qeliv`lp) b cfiilp^clp) afppbolj) `lj lp pbk qvalp ab
klppl `lo^Ölj) b mo^qf`^ n klp lrqolp `lkeb`bjlp
K l obdvjbkql a^ `^p^) nr^kql _bj c^w ib^ia^ab) b
j^i pb ob`ob`b) klj pbbkal dr^oa^a^ Ñqob j^ofal b
jliebo) m^aob b cfielp) pbkelo b pborvalobp) b ^kqol
lp _llp ^jvdlp) lp bubjmolp _bj labjlpqo^j) `^
klj eb lrqo^ j^vlo crka^jbkql mbo^ `lj qla^p bpq^p
mbppl^p rvrbo bj m^w b _l^ `lk`loaf^) `^ ib^ia^ab
ï`lj _ll bkqbkabo _bj dr^oa^a^ @^ bpq^ klp c^w `eb*
d^o ) b ^ppbppbd^o bj rboa^abfo^ ^jvw^ab) nrb mbo ql*
alp p^_balobp eb q^j ilrr^a^ Bpql afdl mlo nrb do^*
Ö^p ^klppl pbkelo ablp) ^mo^qfnrbf `lj rlp`l `ljl
_bj p^_bbp) b `lj bioobv b ^oo^vke^ jbrp pbkelobp*
M^aob b J^aob) `rg^p ^ij^p ablp ^g^ ^ ^ppv `lj ql (
alp f^n' gojÑ^lp) \hfh g^ p`obrv

.EDEKENBA @M C A b^
 K HA=H ?KJOOAHDAENK+ &%)
B klppl crka^jbkql bo^ dbbo^i ^rvp^jbkql ab
i'l^p rèlq^abp) dr^oa^al mbo o^wl^al bkqbkabo) b pà*
mob ib^^bp `lo^Öllàp) bj cbfql) af`ql) b mbkpp^jbkql
B mlobkab pbv nrb ib^ia^ab mbo^ _ll obdvjbkql aÄ
`^p^) eb do^kab) b movk`fm^f crka^jbkql B ^ppv mobp*
q^ jrvql kl _ll bpq^al alp obvklp) `fa^abp) b svii^p
Mlobkab jb m^ob`b pbbo jrvql kb`bpp^of^ bj qlalp
qobp obdvjbkqlp +p+ kl a^ mbppl^ mlo j^kqbbo ib^ia^ab
^klppl pbkelo) `ljl af`ql eb) kl a^ `^p^ mlo ^dr^o*
a^o ^bi nrb qla^ j^ia^ab klp abcbkab Babpv ^qlalp
eljbçp b jliebobp pbdrkal eb o^wci+ Klp pbkeloflp)
`fa^abp) b sfii^p `ljl ^nrbii^ rfoqrab pbj ^nr^i _ll
FoÜdfjbkql klj mlab ilkd^jbkqb aro^o) kà qbbo _bj
ûb mlab pbj _ll `lkeb`fjbkql ab klpp^p cloÖ^p) ml*
abobp b m^fullàp) ^jÑal) bbdrvkal ^bii^) b ^p lrqo^ü
rfoqrabp) dr^oa^kalklp pbjmob alp j^iibp pbrp `lk*
qo^folp) pl_ob nrb jbr qo^rq^al c^w crka^jbkql) molp*
pbdrvjbkql) b cvj) mlo pborvÖl ab klppl pbkelo ablp)
b klpp^ pbkelo^ rfodbj J^of^ pr^ jrv p^k`q^ J^aob
>lp nr^^bp a^idrci _bj pb kbbiib eb af`ql) pbg^ a^al
ilrrlo b dilof^ B mlo c^wbo rèlq^ab ^rlp Jrvql bu*
`biibkqb Pbkelo^ O^ske^) mbafkaliebp nrb rlp lrqlo*
drbj pbjmob k^ rva^ mobpbkqb) b kl pbr obvkl) `lj*
mov jbkql abrlpplp _llp abpbglp b j^fp lnrb p^_b nrb
mbo^ rlp eb jbielo+ >jbj+

=]^hl `kZÅZl+

=\Z[Z]h AB \hibZk ^f $' ]^ IZbá ]^ $(&# **R

F>b[ebhma^\Z N^Ze ]^ LZkbl :

PP

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH e^
!'&')'+%$ #* Dlldib
 fr t t üE t t ür t r Y J qk t ffJ üüüüT ct j t t t sY t st üfr t ffy 8

Q >RL >
abpqb ifrol nrb pb `e^j^ ib^i `èppbiebvol
Movjbvo^jbkqb pb pbdrb lmoliibdl
T (
7KZ$! <$ ! NK]! ZK\^O]!NY! XY]]Y! kX^OXNcWOX^Y) 3ü
7KZ!$! < <$ ! NY! OX^OXNO\! O!WOWp\SK ). . +)
7KZ$! < << $ ! NK!NOMVK\KkYW! NK]! _YY^KNO]% ./+
7KZ!$! <<<= $! 7YWY! W_c^Y]! O\\KW! XK! WKXOS\K! NO! ]O_
_c_O\! ZO\! K[_OVVK! ^O\MOS\K! ^SLK! _Yr^KNO!]_]Y! ]M\S&
Z SK ) .3+
7KZ!$! E $! OW! [_O! ]O! NOWY]^\K! ZO\![_O!_S\^_NO]! XY]! OX&
NO\OkKWY]! K! NO]"ZK\K\! K]! ^\O]! _YY^KNO]!]_]Y! ]M\S&
Z^K]!O!]OQ_S\! K! [_K\^K )/-+
7KZ'! E <$ ! NY_^\K! NOMVK\KkYW! [_O!PKkY! ]YL\O! K]! _rY*
^KNO]) //+
7KZ$! E <<$ ! NK! R_WcVVSK!NO! Cj!Q\OQY\SY! ]YL\O!YK_KXQl$
VRY!NO\\OM_WLOX^SL_]!uNOMSW! NSMSZ_VVS]) /3+
7KZ$! E <<<$ ! NO! [_K^\Y! WKXOS\K]![_O!Y]!RYWOl]!]r!QOO&
\KRXOX^O) /48
7KZ!$!<G $ !NK]!P^TX]![_O!\O]Q_K\NYW!K]!ZK\^O]!NY!]S]Y% /6+
7KZ$! G'$! NK! NOMVK\KkYW! L\O_O!NY]!ZOMKNY]) O!Z\SWOS\Y
NK! CYLO\_K% 0.+
7KZ'$! G <$ ! NY! NSM^Y! MYX]]lVRY) 00+
7KZ$! G < < $! NK! _K5! QVY\SK% 03+
7KZ$! G < << $ ! NY!MK]Y! OW! )e!Z\O]^K! K_Ki! QVY\SK% 1-+
7KZ$! G<<<='$! PKVSK! NK! NSO^K! _"K! QVY\SK ) 1/+
7KZ$! G E $! NK!~_OTK% 12+
7KZ$! G E = $! NK! CKXRK) 16+
7KZ'$! G E <= $! NY! RYNSY) 2/+
7KZ'$#! GE; = +( NK! ^\S]^OdK% 22+
7KZ'(! G <G $ !NK! WKXOS\K!Q_O!P_c! NYOX^O! NY!R_WY\!WO*
XnMY\SMY! O!NOS!Q_K\OMS%! .0'
7KZ$! G G $ ! NY]! KKdY]! ZO\![_O! ]O!KM\OM^^K! Y]]O^SNY! NY*
R_WY\! WOXlOY\SMY! O!NY]!\OWONSY]!MYX^\K!lVVO]% 30+
PP /

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 E B
00/ Q > R L >+
7KZ$! G G E ! NK! ^\S]^OdK! [_O! ]YL\O!ZOMKNY]! Y_!_S\^_NO]
^l!XKMTWOX^Y) 36+
7KZ'(! G G <='!$! NK! WKS]!PY\^O! WKXOS\K! NK! ^\S]^OdK% 4.+
7KZ'v! GG<<='$! NK]!ZK\^O]! NY! OPKNK\XO^Y) 4/+
7KZ$! G G <<<= 3! NY! MYX]]OVRY! [_O!]YL\O]^Y! NOc! KY! <PPKX*
^O!NYW! A'$% 43+
IJUZ G G E $ ! NY! XYTY%!ZOdK\ ) NO]Z\KdO\) K_Y\\OMTWO^Y
O! ]_cNKNO) 5-+
7KZ'#! G G E < Y! NY! ZOMKNK! NK! YMMSY]SNKNO) -2+
IJUEN GGE/=$! {K! [_cX^K! O! ]Ob^K! NOPO\SkK]! ZO\! [_O
MKcWY]! O! YMMSY]SNKNO) 6-+
@^,<+í G G E <<= '(! NY! ZOMKNY! NK! K_K\OdK) 62+
@l,<+í GG<G'$! NK! WKXOS\K! NY! NK\! ZY\! XY]]Y! ]OXRY\
NOY]) 66+
@lm+í G G G $ ! NY!ZOMKNY! NK! V_b_\SK ) .-/+
@_,;+! G G G <$ !NK![_O]^YW! [_O!PKdOW!ZY\! [_O!KVQ_t]! XK
_OVRcMO! MKiO!~!V_b_\SK!NO![!XK! WiMOqSK!PY\r!Q_K\I
NKNY]) .-1+
G G G <<$ ! NY!Z^MKNY! NK! Q_VVK) .-3+
Lfm+( G G G <<= $! NK! NOPO\nkK! NY]!TOT_t]) ...+
G G G < < D 2 ! NK!CO% ..1+
IJUÂ G G G : '$! 8Y! [_O! WO! ZK\OMO!]YL\O! K! MYXMOZkYW
NO! XY]]K! ]OXRY\K! CKXM^K! >K\SK ) ..3+
@^m+ G G G E <'$! ]YL\O! NOZK\^SNK]! MY_]K]! [_O! NO_OWY]
M\OO\) ..6+
@^m+- G GGE<='$! NK]! Y_^\K]! _S\^_NO]! O! ]MSnMSK]! K! [_O
Ni!PO! ZO\!NO]_KS\KNK]! WKXOS\K]) ./0+
7KZ2 ! G G G E <<= 2 ! NK! ]ZO\KXkK\ ./4+
7KZ!$! G G G <G $ ! OW! [_O! WY]^\KW! K]!ZK\^O]!ZO\! [_O! ]^
NK! O! W_NK! XY]]K! MrNSkr% ./6+
7KZ'$! G G G G $ ! NY! K_c]KWS^Y!ZY\!K]!ZK\^O]! ]_]Y! ]M\SZ*
^K]! O! NK!PSikK! O!MrPSikK) .00+
7KZ$! G G G G = $! ]YL\O! K! NOPO\nkK! NY]!]^KNY]) .02+
7KZ$! G G G G <= 3! NO! W_T^Y]! O! NO]_KS\KNY]! P\_S^Y]! NK
ZoONOkK) .06+
fKZ$! G GGG)<=$! NK! MK\cNKNO1 .10+ S
7KZ$$! G G G G <D = $! NK]! WKXOS\K]! NKWK\) .14+

.EDEKENBA @M 4 F 6 6 7 4 B
 P = Q K =+ 000
8P_(M J J J J I % SP \P]TXaP R^\^ bT STdT\ P\Pa ^b
RPbPS^b) .2.+
8P_(% J J J J I = % SP \P]TXaP `dT bT STdT cTTa _PaP Pb
Q^Pb \^[WTaTb aTRTPat \T[W^a bTdb \PaXS^b) G24+
8P_(* J J J J I = > % S^ _TaXV^^ SP RxdTabbPq^\ SPb \^'
[WTaTb b_XaXcdPPTb cXaPS^ ST Wdz caPdcPS^ ST bP\
cW^\Pb SXT`dh]^) .3.+
8P_(* J J J J a ([ ä > (% _^a `dT ^b P\^aTb UPiT\ \PXb
bT]ch\T]c^ ]^ R^aPq^\ `dT ^dcaP QT`dTaT]qP) .3ü+
8P_(| J J J J = J % SP aPi^\ _^a `dT SciT `dT bT STdT
R^\Ta Wdz \^h^ STbbP[ Rx P[Vdo _Tbb^P PcPP `dT ^
R^]WTqo) .40+
8P_((| H+å t VTTaP[ SP _adSrRXP) YdbcXqP ) cr_TaoqP& U^ a '
cT[[TiP ) T Pb RxPXqx^Tb `dT _TacTTRr PQ^^ RxbbT*
[WTXa^& .42+
8P_(| H c + ! SP dXacdST SP _adSTRXP t b_TRXP[& .4@+
8P_% Hn+å `dT R^dbPb _TacTTRr P^b ETg T ^dca^b bT]W^'
aTb _TaP bTTat _adSrcTb) T _Ta `dT \^S^ ^ _^ST\
bTTa) .50+
8P_% Hbn+å S^dca^b b_TRXPPTb PdXbP\T]c^b b^QaT P_ad'
ST]RXP) .52+
8P_($ Hbbbc+- SPb aPix^Tb _^a `dT \T _PaTRT QT\ UdVXa
PP_TbcT[[T]qP) .6/+
8P_% Ho+å Smb dXacdSTb T STb_^bXqx^Tb ST[XPb _TaP K
_adSt]RXP ]TRTbbPaXPb ^d _TacTTRrcTb) .65+
8P_( H R F +' SP[VzPb \PXb R^dbPb ]TRTbbPaXPb _TaP caPiTa
]^bb^b UTXRc^b P STdhSP U h \ ) _TaRP[qoS^ Q^^ ]^\T
ST _agXSrcT) /-.+
8P_% H R E F +! SP[VzPb ^dcaPb b_TRXPPTb R^dbPb _Ta `dT
\dhc^b b^\ Yd[VPS^b _^a _adST]cTb T ]^\ WdbP\
ST[[S R^\^ PTdr) /-1+
8P_% H R E E F +' S^b F_TRXPPTb ]^cPS^b S^ [Xda^ ST cd[[X^ ST
^UXRXYb T `dT PP _adSt]RXP _TacTTRT\1 /-5+
8P_(% Hbq+å b^QaT P _adSTRXP UTXRc^ _Ta ^ S^dc^a % @b^*
d^-_k55l') /./+
8P_ % Hq+å SPb dXacdSTb `dT bT aT`dTaX P Wdz Q^^ Yd[VPa
S^a& /.2+

.EDEKENBA @M Chh`e^
001 P ~ Q K =+
8P_(* Hqk+å SPb STUXY]q^xTb T\ VTTaP[ SPb C[X dXacdSTb
_aX]RX_PPTb) T b_TRXP[\T]cT SPb caTb cWT^[[^VPPTb)
bTVd]S^ T]ctq^\ SP[Vzdb bPQTS^aTb) //-ñ
8cu_(| H q n +å SPb `dPca^ dXacdSTb \^aPPTb& ///+
8P_% H q bbc+- S^b a d _TRPS^b \^acPPTb [ VTTaP[) //0+
8P_(* H q bbbF +- SXPb STUuYqx^Tb b_TRXPPTb S^b \ _TRPS^b
_aX\Tha^ SP b^QTa]P) //1+
8P_+ H q o +å SPb STUuYqx^Tb SPb a d dXacdSTb _aX]RX_PPTc
bTVd]SP^b aT\^]hbcPb1 //2+
8P_(* Hqob+' SPb STUuYqx^Tb S^b a d _TRPS^b bTVd]S^ hb
aT\^]hbcPb) //3+
8P_(| H q o b b + - S^b _TRPS^b T ^dca^b UP[[XRX\T]X^b `dT bT
P_a^_aXP\ P^ R^aPqx T PPb ^dcaPb ]^bbPb _PaÖ
cTb& //3+
8P_(% H q o bbc+' b^QaT PaaT_PacXq^\ S^b _TRPS^b S^ [Xda^
SP b^\P SPb dTaSPSTb SP cWT^[^VXRP& /0-+
8 P _ * H q bq +å S^b _TRPS^b S^ R^aPq^\) /6/+
8P_% H qq+å S^b _TRPS^b SP Q^RP) /00+
8P_% H qq k+å S^b _TRPS^b SP ^QaP) /00+
8 P _ % H q q bc+å S^b _TvPS^b SP ^\hbbã) /01+
8P_(% H q q bbc+å S^ R^]ctcm\Tc^h /02+
8 ` _ % H q q bbbc+- R^\^ _Ta aPiv Qr WT ST ]^b R^]cT]cPX%
\ ^ b ) /04+
8P_(% H q q o +ú S^ `dT bT aTRaTRT S^ Q X T S^ R^]caPXa^ Tc!
bPQTa UX[WPa ^RxcnP\Xc^) /06+
8P_(% H q q o b+- S^ Q^^ aPi^PS^ bTcXS^) /1.+
8P_% H q q o bc' S^b Taa^b S^ \h]VdPS^ bTcXS^& '12+
8P_% H q q o bbc+- R^]caP `dr _Ta b^QTY^ ^d \h]VdPS^
brcXS^ TaaP\^b) /14+
8 P _ % H q q bq +å SPb _PacTb _Ta `dT b^\^b T]bbX]PS^b T
QT\ T]RP\h]WPS^b Pa aTRTQTa STaThc^ bT]chS^ \f c^k
SP[[Pb R^dbPb) /2.+
8P_% H q q q +' S^b UP[[X\T]c^b PPb dXacdSTb \PXb RWTVP'
SPb ) /20+
8P_% H TT TF + SPb RPbPb S^ ]^bb^ R^aPqx T R^\^ [WT ST%
dT\ bTTa P_a^_aXPSPb RTacPb UXY] b ) /35+
8P_% H q q q bc+' S^ Taa^ `dT bT bTVdT T\ ]^\ bPQTa caP*

" * KFLLH b^
 P = Q K =+ 552
C/; /<=+< 8+<+< /6 ghllhl -8;+E8J/< 8;./7+.+< -86!
<>+< 0347< /30+
'+9!" H q q q b c c + - .+ </6/52DE+ :>/ .8 +7.+; ./;/3=8 7+!
,/<=+ 98./ 0352+; ) /3I
'+9 L H q q q bbbc+' .+ ./-5+;+E86 -868 +51K>< <86 ,88<!
9/; -?B.+.8 / 786 =++/< 9/; 8,;+< / 8>=;8< 9/3=8!
-87=;+3;8 ) /33+
'+9!" Hqqqo+å -868 +>/68< ./ 8,;+; 78<<8< 0/3=8< .+<!
.3/=+< 0 4 7 < ) /36+
'+9& H q q q o c + - .8< 6+5/< :>/ </ ;/-;/-/6 + 6>B=8< 98;!
786 =;+C/;G 78 -8;+E86 +51@K ,88 0;/8 ) /4-+
?hki+' H q q q o n + - =;/55+.8 .8 53>;8 ./ >B5+ A9= + /40+
'+9!" H T T T R E E F +' .8 /7A/69;8 .8 <9/528 ) 6 +5+ ) / 9D *
./3;8 ) /45+
'+9!L H q q q b q + - .8 5B>;8 9+<=8;+5 <8,;/ + 53,/;+55/è
C + /5-+
'+9!& H G +å .8 .3-=8 53>;8 <8,;/ + .3/=+ >3;=>./ .+ 53,/*
;+55/C+ ) "51+
'+9!% H G b+å .+ =+>8+ / ./-5+;+EH .+< -8><+< :>/ +.3D=-!
<J <-;39=+< ) /-4+
' +9& H G b c + å .+< ? > G=/7E8J/< 9/; :>/ </;/68< -J + !
1;+E+ .8 )/728; ./8& +./;/E+.8< + 9/; -+5E+; +< ; > !
>3;=>./< 9;B7-39++/< /6-+
' +9& H G b b c + +8 +9;89;3+6F=8 .89+=/; 78<=/; ++< 6 !
>3;=>./<) /60+
' +9!" H G b b b c + - ./ :>/ 1>3<+ </ ./>/ 5//; 9/; 8< 53>;8<!
.8< +>+71/528< / 8>=;8< </6/52+7=/< 9/;+ 8< 5//;G!
9;8>/3=8<+6G=/) /62+
'+9! H G o +' .+< .>+< ,+;-+< !<! .+<<+D / .+ ;8=+ ) /64+
'+9& H G R F +å .8 ;/1B73F=8 :>/ </ ./>/ =//; 7+ -+9//55+!
9/;+ <//; ,//6 ;/13.+ ) /65+
'+9! H G o b c + - .8 =398 :>/ </ ./=/F 78< 803-38< .+ -+ *
9//55+ ) 0-.+
'+9! H G o b b c + - .+ 9;+=3-+ :>/ =3472+68< -86 /5;;/B!
6/> </728; / 9+.;/ ) 0-0+
'+9 & H G o bbbF +- .+ 6+7/3;+ 9/;+ ,/6 =8;7+; +51>D 5/3'
=>;+ /6 78<<+ 5B71>+1F) 0.4+

!'&')'+%$ #* # ( ( & ' %

503 P = { - =+
8P_% ?+ S^ aTVX\rc^ S^ TbcP\PV^ ) 0/.+
8P_(| ? F+' SPa a^SP _TaP bPQTaT\ Pb ^aPb `dP]cPb / ST
\P]WPo) ]^XcT& ^d STb_^Xb) 0/2+
8P_+å ?bc+å _TaP bPQTa `dP]cPb ^aPb b^\ oXT ^d ]^lihbl
SP \TP ]^XcT T `dP]c^ ocT \P]WPo) 0/3+
?hi+å ?bbF+' SP VdPaSP SP [TP[SPST T\ `dT U P i >X\ mh*
S^ TbcT caPdcPS^) 0/4+

¢ \Z[Z h IZgnl\kbimh gh f^bh ]Z .+' \henfgZ ]Z

iZ`+ . / 5 ) \hf Z iZeZokZ
@+ A @ Q = N @ Q O +

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 EB
 HEQNK
@=

A J O O U J = J x =
@>

?BJ @>R>ID>O QLA> PBI>+

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 G B
!'&')'+%$ #* Dlldib
 A J O O U J = J x =
@A

?BJ @>~>ID>O QLA> PBI>+

A f ghf^ ]^ klppl l^ga^k caã$qiç \hf lnZ `kZÅZ b

]Z nbk`^f fZk bZ lnZ fnr lZg\mZ fZ]k^ ghllZ l^gahkZ+
?hf^ÅZll^ h Fbnkh ]Z ^gllrgZgÅZ ]^ [^f \ZnZe`Zk mh*
]Z ñ ^ eZ ) jn^ _^s Aekk^r ]hf A]nZkm^ ]^ ihkmã`Ze) ^
]h Ze`Zkn^) ^ l^gahk ]^ ? ^imZ) hjnZe \hf^Åhn ^f
l^^g]h E_eZgm^+
j j s t j qt j s J

G f ghf^ ]^ ghllh l^gahk ca^ln qiÜ) l^`ng]h a^

fZg]Z]h jn^ mh]ZeeZl \hnlZl _ZÅZfhl =cn]Zg]h Zjn^e
|bmh jn^ ]^ _Zs^k bbnkhl ghf a^ _bf) ihk Ze`nã f^n
èiZÅh) ^ _he`ZgÅZ) \hga^\^g]h jn^ ZfZgaZ ]^ l^^k
[hh \ZnZe`ZZhk a^ an~ ]Zl ikbg\biZZ^l jn^ hl l^gah*
k^l \ZnZee^bkh5 ^ l\n]^bkhl ]^n^f Zn^k+ O\k^nh Ze`n~l
\hnlZl i^k jn^ l^kZg Zcn]Z]hl i^kZZ f^eahk i^k\ZeÅZk
hl jn^ Zl e^^k^f \hf [hZ nhhgmZ]^ ^ jnbl^k^f _Zs^k
hjn^ ihk frf ^mg ^lmh ea^l _hk ]^\eZkZ]h AllZr[aZf
ikbf^bkZf^gm^ jn^ ^lmZ fZgaZ fZbl l^ Z\ZeÅZ i^k gZó

Ohf Z\^kmZfOmh ]^ Zn^k [hZl [^lmZl ^ ZZsh \hgmrgnZ*

h ]Zg]Zk ^f ^eeZl) fhkZg]h ^kZ \ZlZ ^ m^kkZ x ZbZ
[hhl \ZnZe`Z]hk^l ^ ik^sÑ hl jn^ hllhf) ihk lZ[^*
k^f mh]h hjn^ lh[k^lmh Zjnr l\k^nh 7 g^f ih]^k^f
l\k^n^k hl %F ^f ^eeh khZbl jn^ ^n ^gm^g]^kh+ gÜ Zn^g*
] h ]^eFh [hZ \hgmrgnZ]Z anlZgÅZ) \hf Zl hnmkZl Zcnñ
]Zl lnlh l\kbimZl+ I Zl ^lmh _ZÅh ihk ÑllrgZk hl jn^
m|mh ghf lhn[^k^f ) ^ mkZs^k ^f k^g^kh[kZgÅZ Zhl M
.(

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I D E B
1 AJOOUJ=Jx=
fZbl lZ[^f Zl \hnlZl jn^ ea^l [^f iZk^\^k^f ) T gZl
_Zee^\b]Zl Ñf^g]Zn]h gh Öc l\k^nh Zhnmkhl ih]^^k^f
ZnrlZk Ahl jn^ ^lmZ fZgaZ jnbl^k^f Zn^k a^ea^l g^'
\^llZkbh Zchf Zl mk^l \hnlZl ikbg\biZZ^l i^k jn^ mh*
]ZeeZl hãmm_Z~ fZgaZl l^ Z\ZeÅhf)û Z_^ jn]Z^à láf ^lmZl7
CkZg]^ nhhgmZ]^) Lh]^k Z[ZlmZgm^) Afnrmh lZ[^k7
]^\Z]Zan~ ]bk^b ZiZkmZ]ZfÑm^ hjn^ f^ iZk^\^8 Zcg]Z
jn^ h ih]^k ^ jn^k^k g_e l^cZf n^k]Z]^bkZfÑm^ i^kZ
^glrgZk) ihk x l^ `ZÄÅhf i^k gZmnk^sZ ^ `kZÅZ li^*
\bZe O \Z]Z anÄ \hnlZ) fZbl jn^ i^k ^glrgÄÅZ l\k^nh
lh[k^eh ihk ^li^\mZk h]Çl^bh) ! fhlmkZk hih]^k) jn^
`^^kZef ^gm^Zn^f hl+ l^ nhhgmZ]^+ ^ lZ[^k hnn^kfhl+
O\k^n^g]h ^lmh Ze`nãl ]bll^khf jn^ ghf ]^n^kbZ
_beaZk mZe \nb]Z]h) jn^f hnmkhl mZgmhl ^ mZf `kZg]^l
l^fik^ m^f ) ^ ]^lr+ jn^ ^lmZ)fZgaZ \Z]Z anã i^k lr
Z]^ik^g]^) ^ ihk^f ^kZ l\nlZ]h lh[k^eeh l\k^n^k = ^l*
mh k^lihg]h ihk f^ l\nlZk ^ ]Zk Zhnmkhl jn^ mZZ^l h'
[kZl jnbl^k^f _Zs^k k^`kZ i^k AGAHDFLA ^ ikhihlbmh
jn^ lh[k^eeh m^gah+ ?hgllbckZg]h hjn^ ebc ]h \hkZÅhf+
]h ahf^f jn^ a^ l^f^eaZgm^ ZZfhh ]hfhrgah) ZjnZe
[hmZ]Z i^k _hkÅZ ]Zl Zn`nZl gng\Z \^llZ ]^ 3^n Zg]Zk)
^ mZe _ZkbgaZ ]Z \hfh Zll^fÑm^ jn^ fhh^+ A h \hkZ'
´Åhkh jn^ Zllr _Zs h[kZk \hfh ea^ \hgll^gm^f jn^ fZcl
i^gll^ A _Ze^\^g]h ]^ [hhl+ \nr]}]hl gh jn^ a^ _hkm^
]^h l^ik^ m^^k ghf ih]^g]h ^lmZk jn^ gâ \nr]^) mhk*
gZ eb`^bkZf^gm^ Zhl fZZhl jn^ lhf gZ\bfÑmh ]^ mh]Z
´fZe]Z]^) l^ Ze`n~l n^s^l ea^ ghf ]Zf hnmkhl ^f 1
ihllZ ZnÑ]h liZÅh) ^ _he`ZgÅZ l^f fZe i^gllZk l^^k
^f[Zk`Z]h+ A&l#^gmrg]h ^lmh hnZee^gm^ Ñi^kZ]hk cnebrh
\^lZk+ihk ï`nZk]Zk ^ k^m^^k l^n+\nr]Z]h ihk+fnrmh 9v
hnn^lZ^ ]^_Zs^k) l^fik^ jnZg]h ZnrZ liZÅh) l^`nrZ
h^lmn]h) ^ Ze`nÄl h[kZl ]^ghnh l\k^nbZ An^É]h jn^
f^n \hkZÅhf ghf ih]^ lÑik^ \nb]Zk gh jn^ l^`ng]h
f^n ^lmZ]h l^kbZ f^eahk) ^ fZbl+ ikhn^bmhlh) Ze`nãl
]bZl ihk Zg]Zk Zfhgm^) \ZÅ Z) ^ \Zfrgahl) hn ]^lÑ'
[Zk`Z]hk^l ghf \a^`Zk^f Zkhrf mZf \^]h) ^lmhn \h'
fh hn\bhlh) Zcg]Z jn^ h\hkih mkZ[Zea^ ihk ghf _beaZk

.EDEKENBA @M hhMe^
 @A >AI ?= Q =H-=N PK@= OAH=+ _m
bo^ q^i qbjml ^idrë `rva^al nrb bjmbb`vjbkql jb
mlpp^ qo^wbo) b mlo qfo^o lrqolp ab nrb jb klj mo^w)
^`ebv mlo _ll b molrbfqlpl objbafl ^idrÇp rbwbp mbkp*
p^o) b ab jvke^ j^Çl p`obrbo bj bpql mlo obnrbov*
jbkql a^rllkq^ab) b clid^kÖ^ nrb bj biil pbkql) `^
alrqo^ drfp^ krk`^ lc^of^) mlo n _bj pbv nr^kql mbo^
olvj mobpq^ c^wbiil) lr ibfu^iil ab c^wbo+ >l nrb afwç
nrb bpq^ j^ke^ pbj ifrol pb abmobkab) afdl nrb eb
rboa^ab+ J^p bkqbkal nrb ^jllo m^oqb abilalp ^`e^*
o^j do^kab r^kq^dbj bj ibbobj _bj qlal bpql nrb
p`obrl B mlo nrb klj pbv lrqol nrb pl_obiil dbbo^i*
jbkqb p`obrbppb) jb mo^w ab mlbo bpq^ p`vbk`v^ mof*
jbfol bj 5`ofmql) b ^kqobjbqv ^idrÇp `lrp^p nrb mbo*
qbb`bj ^klpplp `rpqrjbp) ^gka^ nrb q^j ^molmlpfql
klj rbke^j) mlo c^wbo ^^idrNp molrbfql mlpql nrb
^lrqolp m^obÖ^ pl_bgl+ B`lkeb`bkal nrb lpp^_bo ^lp
pbkelobp) pbdcfal o^wlj) bj erÇ pll j^ke^ klj ml*
ab pbbo jrvql ^r^kqbg^al) mlo `boql eb nrb ^rfoqraÜ
bpm^ie^a^ eb j^fp co^`^ nrb pb clo ^grkq^a^+ J^p mlo
^rbobj `èrbopp^Ölj `lj jrvq^p mbppl^p abpq^alp) b
p^_balobp abpr^fo^alp) abj^fp `lrp^p nrb lrqolp) ^*
rbkal bkqbkabo k^qro^i) o^wl^a^jbkqb abrbj p^_boû
Mlobj ^rllkq^ab jb obnrbob nrb ^idrÇp lrrv) ó mbo
ukvj bkqbkal n p`obr^) mloppb abif^p ^jbr grvwl ml*
abobj cfie^o _llp ^rvp^jbkqlp) pbj kbj erÇ mboa^+
B lp nrb bpql nrfpbobj _bj ^mobkabo) ibÇkl ab`ljb(
Öl mlr`l m^ppl) b _bj ^mlkq^al) qlok^kal ^idrÇp rb*
wbp ^l nrb g^ ibbolj mbo^l p^_bobj jbielo @^ pbl
Gbbobj ovgl b jrvql grkq^jbkqb `ljl ifrol abpqlof^p)
Gldl abpmo^wbo^) b pb bkc^a^oåj a bf) mlo åklj mlab*
obj q^j _bj bkqbkabo) kbj obkbj_o^o) mlo n obdo^
ïdbbo^i eb nrb abpq^ drfp^ pb abrà ibbo qlaliilp ifrolp
a^GdrÇ p`fç`f^ lr bkppvk^kÖ^+

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH b^
_ AJOOUJ=Jx=+

>nrv pb `ljbÖ^ ^mofjbfo^ m^oqb abpqb ifrol

nrb qo^rq^ a^rllkq^ab+

7KZS^_VVY!Z\SWOS\Y+
[_O!PKVSK! NK]!\KdYkO]!ZO\![_O!Y]!MK_KVVOS\Y]) O! ]M_NOS\Y^
NO_!OW! NO]OO\! LYY]! MK_KVQKNY\O]!ZY\! Y!LOW! O! RYX\\K
!]O!NO!^KV!WKXRK!]OQ_O'

M l o nrb qlaliilp eljbàp k^qro^ijbkqb abpbg^j pr^

elkoo^) molrbfql) b _ll mo^wbo jb m^ob`b nrb qlali*
ilp pbkelobp `^r^iibfolp b p`rabfolp bpq^ j^ke^ abrbj
jrvql abpbf^o+ Rfpql bj `ljl abif^ bpqbp _bàp rbbj
^lp nrb^ _bj mo^qv`^j Bc^iiÇal a^ elkoo^ b molrbfqlü
ildl pbof^ ab `lkq^o nr^kqlp bj ^p drboo^p abioobv jbr
pbkelo b m^aob) `rg^ ^ij^ ablp ^f^) b bj k^p lrqo^p
e^j mbo`^iÖ^al do^kabp c^j^p) bpq^alp) b _l^p d^^k*
Ö^p mlo pbbobj jrvql ^gra^alp abpq^ j^ke^ B kè eb
`lkqo^ o^wlj mlo nrb erÇ a^p j^fp mofk`fm^^bp `lrp^p
ab n pb j^fp ^gra^j lp 9g ^ka^j bj bii^) b plj _llp
`^r^iibfolp B mlo q^kql _à pb mlab bkqbkabo ^ do^kab
k^mq^dbj nrb qbÜ lp _llp `^r^id^alobp klp cbfqlp ab*
drboo^) pb lrrboa ^p lrqo^p _lka^abp o^wl^a^ jbkqb
alp nrb plj abpq^ j^ke^ jvkdr^alp) mlpql nrb k^p
lrqo^p pbflj pbrp gdr^^bp) mlfp eb erÅ a^p jbielobp
[ lp drboobvolp abrbj ^^rbo+ B bj _llp cbfqlp jrv

W ilr`l mbo^ppv pb ^molrbfq^j ab _llp `^r^iilp ^nrbâ(

bp nrblp _bj klj p^_bj `^r^id^o) pbdrkal bèmob
ïmbo^ ^nrbi cbfql 3 nrb abiibp pb ecf abppborvo+ @^ plj
^Gdrcip _llp `^r^id^alobp aerÑp pbii^p nrbl klj plj
alrqo^p+ B^gka^ q^^bp ev e^ nrb pbbkal rvpqlp bj olr*
m^p pl_ob `^r^iilp) nrb plii^jbkqb lp `loobpp¢ mbo ^(
nrbiibp nrbl _bj `lkeb`bj pbofÇ grid^alp nrb p^*
_v^j mlr`l ab`^r^id^o) b biibp ^oj^alp abgrpq^ klj
mlabof^j rboa^abfo^jbkqb pbbo mo^pj^alp B ^ppv ab
`^a^ erÇ `lrp^ " ^glj ab c^wbo ^ `^r^il) c^wbj erë^

.EDEKENBA @M HcKKMe^
 @A >AI ?=R=HC =N PK@= OAH=+ 4
do^kab rPq^dbj pl_ob lp lrqolp) pbdrkal mbo pbr k^*
qro^i dbfql clolj bk`ivk^alp b lrrbolj ^^wl abdo^k*
ab `rpqrjb) b _l^ àppvkÇÖ^+ J^p l`^r^iibfol lr p`r*
abfol fg abiil mlr`l plr_bo) _bj abrb pbbo grid^al alp
nrbl mlo q^i `lkeb`bobj) nrb ieb jvkdr^ erP a^p
j^ke^p ab ^ jrvql ^gra^alp plj lp nrb^ p^_bj `l*
jl abrbj+ olo nrb bii^ c^w ^^ibj a^p lrqo^p r^kq^*
_ àbp do^kab ^`ob`àq^jàql bj _llp `lo^Öllàp ì bpql
b molr^al mbiil cg rbbjlp alp jlÖlp b alrqolp elü
jbàp ab q^j co^`^ abpmlpfÖã qg `i^o^jàqb `lkcbppÇ nrb
^mbb pbkci pbkqà ^_^pq^kqbp mbo^ c^wbo l&G lp _llp b
qf^iiàqbp c^wà Bab `^r^iil) pb abpq^ j^ke^ plj _bj
p^_balobp) b _l^ rÇlq^ab qbà) ildl àqbkaà nrbppb ^û
r$qbg^oç ?l_obiibp) ^gka^ nrb _l^p rllkq^abp qbkeÇ pblp
abif^ jvkdr^alp `lkeb`boà+ ì ^ppv ^ppàqbj rboa^abf*
oÅjbkqb bj jrvq^p lrqo^p `lrp^p 9grb mbo^ cbfqlp ab(
drboo^ pL kb`bpp^of^p B c^wbfebp j^fp pàmob qo^qbo _llp
`^r^iilp) b bpql mlo pb bkqbkaboà abiibp ^gra^o) b _bj
lp `lkeb`bo) b j^kqbbo g b ^`ob`àq^o bj _llp `rpqrü
fkbp) b jvkdr^o bj do^kabp q^`e^p nrb mbo lrqolp
nrbl _bj c^wbo kci plr_bppbj) pbof^j ^`ob`àq^alp B
qo^wbkallp q^^bp pbjmob) bpq^ bj o^wlj ab ^rboÜ elko^*
o^ b molrbfql bj do^kab ^r^kq^dbj pl_ob lrqolp n
q^^bp klj lp qolrrbobj B ^ppv eb rfpql mbo pmbofbkû*
`f^ `i^o^jàqb ^p j^fp a^p rbwbp mbo ^nrbiibp cf `j
q^^bp cbfqlp abpmbkabj do^j m^oqb ab pr^p rfa^p Bmlü
sbj nr^kq^p ^rcfq^dàbp ob`b_bj àk^p drboo^p lp nrb
_llb `^r^iil5 bj bii^p qo^`bj) b _bj lp p^_à `^r^iü

£ g^o ^ qlal iflp nrb bj bii^ ^ka^o@) b lp do^kabp b _llp

áfqlp m^pp^alp rvoa b lrrvolj eb _bj bj `lkeb`fü
j bql B mlo qciql ibful abj^fp pl_obiil p`obrbo mlo
f brmh gà mboilkd^o+

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH e^
6 Ae_OOUJ=Dx=

7KZS^_VVY! ]OQ_XNY
*ó
NKKT_NK! [_O! \OMOLOW! XK]! WKXRK]!NK!ZKd''

K l qbjml a^ m^w ob`b_bj lp nrb abpq^ j^ke^ er*

p^j do^kabp rÇi^dbàp bj grpq^o) qlokb^o) bj grd^o ^p
`^k^p) obdbo ^idrÑ i^kÖ^) b p^_bii^ _bj i^kÖ^o B ^rpv
bj qla^p lrqo^p j^ke^p nrb ^`^r^iil pb c^wbj nrb
plj jrvql erp^a^p bj `^p^ alp 3bkelobp Mlo ây bku
qlal) pbdrkal l`g k^qro^ijbkqb eÑ mbo`^iÖ^al ab `^a^(
erÑ abif^p) ^ppv ob`b_bj mlo pbbobj _llp `^r^id^al*
obp rÑq^dàbp pl_ob lp 9g q^^bp klqk plj) ^gka^ H mbo
p^_bo abiibp b mbomlpvÖlj alp `lomlp gdr^ii^alp pbfÇ+
B mbo^ pbbobj _llp jlkqbfolp ieb c^w `lkeb`fjàql
do^kab ^rÇq^dà bj mlaboP jbielo plcobo lp do^kabp
bk`lkqolp) b pbbobj pliqlp) b ^rvp^alp mbo^ _à cbofoü
b cloqbp bj pr^p pbii^p) b p^_balobp bj plcoboà _bj+
pbrp `^r^iilp) b p^_boàppb abiibp ^gra^o lkab b `ljl
`ljmob) b pb dr^oa^oà ab jrvqlp mbofdllp+ Qlal bpql)
b lrqo^p `lrp^p 9g k^ qbo`bfo^ m^oqb pbolj ab`i^o^a^p)
pè jrvql kb`bpp^of^p ab p^_boà lp 9z _llp jèqbfolp
abpboç pbbo+
A^i_bp j^fp ^r^kq^dbj ab_bj m^ob`bo) b lp pb(
kelobp qbobj abiibp mlo rbbobj 2 píj _llp `^r^id^*
alobp ^idë^ m^oqb ab_l^ mobprrÖã mbo^ cbfqlp abdrboo
o^ ) b alrqo^p _l^p j^ke^p &z jrvql r^f+ *Blp mobwÇ
mlo pbbobj pbdrvalp) lp lrqolp bj qbbobj _llp `^*
r^iilp) b lp p^_bobj _à `^r^id^o) b `loobdbo) b ^rbo
bj pr^ `^p^ jrvqlp b _llp `^r^id^alobp) b _bj bj
`^r^id^alp ab q ^j^vlo m^oqb alp pbkelobp jrvql mo^w
B ^gka^ i_b mlab mobpq^o mlo pb abjlpqo^oà lkab nrbo
nrb clobj 0 plj p`rabfolp) b mlabj ildl c^wbo q^i
j^ke^) mbo cg pbgÇ mobÖ^alp) b `lkeb`falp) " 5íj _l*
jbàp mbo^ cbfql b `of^alp bj _l^ `èq^ pblp lrqolp dbf*
qlp o^wl^a^jàqb à biibp rvoà+

.EDEKENBA @M hhMe^
 @A >AI ?=Q=HC=N PK@= OAH=+ 1

8P_Xcd[[^ ===(
NY! [_O! ]O!ZYNO!NSdO\!MYX^\K! Y!Z\Y_OS^Y! !NS]]O!w!NO]^K
WKXRK! ]O]]OQ_^K!Mr! ]_K! \OZY]^K+

K l k p p b abrb llie^o l`g ^idrcfp `lkqo^ bpql mlabolj

afwbo n rvoè jrvqlp pbbo _llp `^r^id^alobp) b mlr`l
mlo biil mobw^alp) mlo fg bpq^ j^ke^ mboppv pll kè eb
plcf`fbkqb mbo^ c^wbo ^idrë jrvql r^ibo) `ljl c^wà lr(
qolp jbpqbobp mbo &z lp eljbàü rfrà) p^irl pb clo `lo*
obqlo) lr nrfpbo rbkabo( `^r^iilp `of^kallp) b lp.c^*
wbkal) mlo ^p `lrp^p mofk`fm^^bp à`^jvke^aãobp `lj
^do^Ö^ ab ablp mbo^lp eljbàp ^rboà qlal _bj bj bp*
q^ rva^) b k^ lrqo^ plj bpq^p+ >rboà _l^p rllkq^abp
ab c^wbo qla^ii^p `lrp^p rfoqrlp^jbkqb) b ib^ijbkqb
^ablp b ^lp eljbàp) b qbboà _l^ b o^wl^a^ cloqbiibw^
al `loml b al `lo^Ölqk) mbo nrb ^rboÇ mlabo ab `ljb*
qbo ) `lkqo^afwbo b pl mloq^o qla^p `lrp^p cloqbp b `lk*
qo^âo^p+ Bppbboà p^_balobp mbo _l^p pmbofbk`f^p) b k^*
qro^i bkqbkabo a^p `lrp^p nrb mboqbb`à ^ppbrp bpq^alp)
b lcâ`flp mbo | ^f^j p^_bo `boql) b rboa^abfol al &y
abrbj nrbobo) b c^wbo l_o^o) `lkqo^ afwbo) b plmloq^o
bj p v ) b k^p l_o^p abclo^+ ì ^nrbpq^p p2 ^p rboqrabp
mboppv plcf`fbkqbp mbo^ mbocbfq^jbkqb c^wbobj rfgo ^*
do^kab _à lp nrb ^p lrrboà) b lrqo^p j^ke^p kci) p^i*
rl bj nr^kql clobj abpq^p ^`am^ke^alp8 j^p ^nrbi "
abpq^p qobp clo abpàm^o^al) kè bpmbob mlo _à `^r^id^o)
grpq^o) aÇÖ^o) kà gmlo lrqo^ j^ke^) &G ^ppv `ljl `^*
r^iibfol) lr p`rabfol jrvql mlpp^ r^iibo) _à mlabo^
+ pbbo nrb r^iibo^ `ljl eljà pborvÖ^i abjbpqbo lr gl*[
do^i ì ^nrbpqbp nrÇql j^fp abpq^p qobp rboqrabp mofk*
`fm^^bp lrrboà) q^kql jbielobp plj+ Blp nrb qbà ^p
mofk`fm^^bp) plj jrgq^p rbwbp ^gra^alp) a^idrcfp abp*
q^p j^ke^p pljbklp) b qlalp pb abrbj qo^_^ie^o mboqq
p^_boà jrgq^p abif^p) pbdrkal lbpq^al) efa^ab) b abp*
mlpfÖç bj &G cloà mlo ldo^kab molrbfql b clid^kÖ^ nrç*
abif^p jrvq^p rbwbp mbo`^iÖci b "$%#!) lp nrb abif^p p^_c`
/

!'&')'+%$ #* JD A e^
W- =INNTI<Iy<
bom[l) l_ao[l^[h^i a_snim _ nÖjim m_aoh^i ]`fjlcl j_*
l[ m_ \Ö `[t_l_g+
1FUNQZQQT 7777(
IFKTQLceF V XJ IFVZJXYF RFSMF XJLZJ+
A i fa N Ç[ ^[ l[tâ gosn[ ^_oÖ ^[o_l im L h_mn[ g[hb[
`ilÖ [o[hn_d[^im) jil y o__gim ]d ni^ifcim " `[t_g g_*
fbilc[ Ö [fao~m ^_ jio]i jlio_cni) [mms ]igi f~Ç[l
\[ll[) _ m[fn[l [j__m dohnim) _ ionl[m m_g_fb~n_m `ic(
a[g ^_ im fioo[lÖ `d mi\l_ ionlim mã [oÅn_d[^im+ @mm_
_mn_m h[nol[fg_hn_ ^_ n[f fiooil m_ [ff_alã) ko_ `[lâ
im &E _mn[ m[\Ö ^[o~n[aÖ ko_ [hnl_ [m ionl[m b_ n[g
_mnl_g[^[ j_l[im k j_ln_Ö]_+ @ [dh^[ a__l[fg_hn_ b_
$ ]ihb_]sgÖni) 9w [m \i[m _ f_^[m \_mn[m [f_al_g gosx
ni im ]il[ÇiiÖm ^im k [h^[g _g _fE[m m_ [m m[\Ö l[*
ti[^[gÖn_ ][o[fa[l+ @ [mms ]ã]fo^ch^i icd jlcg_cl[gÖ*
n_ ^cmm_) koÖ osl _mn_m \_Öm momi ^c]nim _ `ifa[hÇ[ ko_
m_ ^_mn[ g[hb[ m_ao_) _ ionlim gosnim ko_ g[cm f[l*
a[gÖn_ ji^_lâ ^ct_l m_ n[f `il ko_ fb_ j_ln_ÖÇ[) \Ö
n_g l[tig ^_[gosni ^_m_c[l+ @mmi\l_mn[ j[ln_ m]l_os
n[hni jil _h^ot_l im ko_[ f__l_g 9v [c[g al[g oãin[(*
^ _ ) jil X [_[ ioo_lÖ fca_cl[gÖn_) [o_lig iji^_l) _
m[\_l) ko_ j_l[ m__lÖ \iim ][o[fa[^il_m fb_m m_l[ h_*
]_mm|lci) @mmig[lc[gÉhn_ ^_big_g []W ]ãoÖ n__l \i[m
\_mn[m) _ [m m[\_l \_g ][o[fa[l m_m[_ao_g _mn[m m_c[
[o~n[a_Öm+
< jlcg_cl[ m__l g[cm jl_mn_m j_l[ m_locl m_o m_*
hbil)+ _ []o^cl [gosn[m ]iom[m ko_ fb_ []ihn_]_l jix
^_lig ^_ [o[ bihll[) _ jlio_cni+
* <mm_aoh^[ [h^[l `ifa[^i8 n_l]_cl[ bncll[^i8 [ ko[l*
n[ ) ao[l^[^i8 [ kochn[ m__l nsgi^i8+ [mm_mn[) f_^i8
[mm_cn_g[) []l_]Ön[ gisil) _ gsfbil ]il[_ig+ @ [ô
ko_[nk m_ _hn_h^_ `v [o_lig _mn_m \_Öm h[odni g[c[ "
[( n_o_mmÖ g[[m \_mn[m) _ [m mio\_m[Ö g[f ][o[fa[l)
[o_h^i [m ion][m ]iom[m cao[fgÖn_ j_l[ m_hncl_g _mn_m
jlio_cnim) momi) m]ocjnim @[[f_l[ ^_[ni godni b_ ^_jl_*

.EDEKENBA @M JD A ?Q
 9: 7:@ 86H6?B6E GB96 F:?6) H
t[l _mn[ g[hb[) jil ko_ ^bigN mcn[i) `c [c[ \i[ _ ls*
d[ oãin[^_) _ mi\_di hig _hail^_+ n[l^_ io hoh][ m_
j_l^_ `]ichi `[t_g [m g[cm ^_ni^[ff[m ionl[m @ [koÖ
\ii a_cni n_o_l ^_mm_nl[t_l al[h^_ [o[hn[aÖ fb_ ^[l[
^_ciha[g_hn_ j[l_]_l \_g) ko[h^i `il _g ][o[ffi)
io ko[f ko_l ionl[ l[ti[^[ \_mn[ ]ig j_ln__]Ön_ ]il*
l_acg_hni+
<][\[mm_ [jlcg_cl[ j[ln_ ^[ oãin[^_ @ ]ig_Ç[mm_
[mm_aoh^[ ^i ji^_l+
1FUNYZQQT UWNRJNWT
IT UTIJW FT HTWUT) J IF KF^JSIF +
X X o [ h ni j_ln_Ö]_ [i ji^_l [\[mn[hn_ K ^_o_g [o_l
_m ][o[fa[^il_m m_ ^_j[ln_ Ą ^o[m j[ln_m+ Co~ ^_ ^_m*
jimcÇig ^i ]ilji) _ ionl| ^[ `[t_h^[+ ?i ]ilji jÖm*
mig [faJom jil `l[ko_t[ io o_fbc]_) io ail^ol[) k
hã ji^_lã m__l \iim ][o[fa[^il_m) _ jil_g j_l^_g
[oãin[^_) _ f_cr[g ^[ jl_h^_l) ik j_l[ _ffi m[\_l
fb_m b_ h_]_mm|lci @mmig ]ihb_]c^[gÖn_ im g[cm _g
_mni _ha[h[^im _ [mms _g Jonl[m gosn[m ]iom[m \i[m
k jil _mn[ ^_m[mj_l[Çig j_l^_g) k m_ \i[ _mj_l~Ç[
ioo_m_g ]i\l[l ji^_lcig @ji^N l[ti[^[gÖn_ m__l `i*
l[ ^_ n[f n_ÖÇig im ko_ `cfb[l_g _mn_ ]os^[^i) j_hmmÖ
ko_ mshnÖ _g ms jil ko_ ^oos^[g ^_ ji^_lÖ j_l][f*
Ç[l _mn[ g[hb[ @mm_ `il `l[ko_t[) io o_fbc]_) io ioô
nl[ [fao~ ]iom[) fiai []b[lig ionlim g[cm `l[]im _
g[cm o_fbim ko_ [\_g m[\Ö @ [mms sao[fg_hn_ ]ihb_*
]_lig [giil j[ln_ ^im big_Öm him ionlim `[ffcg_hnim
k m_ n_o_lÖ [faoçm o_lig ionlim K im n__g n[g[hbim
_ g[sil_Ǽ K F] >] jil _ff_m n[hni _g\[la[^im k alN^_
j[ln_ ^_fc[ há [cig+ @ ko[h^i oclÖ K im n[[_m ]igi
_ff_m) _ g[cm ^_llc\|^im _g m_om `[ffsg_hnim [j_l][f*
Ç[g _ bom`f ^_fc[ [mm[t l[ti[^[g_hn_) \_g ^_o`n ]i*
hb_]_l ko_ m_ oiihn[^_ _ m[\_l ioo_l_g ko_ iji^_l
M] fb_ f[ff_]_l[ jicm ji^_g im ko_ j_l[ _ffi g_him
/ (

.EDEKENBA @M C A WQ
7Y =INNTI<Iy<
n_É ko_ _ff_m @ \_g jÖmmi ko_ m_ n[f n_ÑÇig n_o_m(
ò_g ni^im) k jio]im m_lcÅ Ü' j_l gshao[ ^[ ^_mjimc*
Çiin ^i ]ilji) l[ti[^[gÖn_ \iim ][o[fa[^il_m f_cr[m*
mÖ ^_mm__l+ I^ ^cai \iim jil [o~n_c[^im jil k n_hbi
k _g ni^[ n_ll[ []b[l^ \_g jio]im k [c~ ni^[ff[m
g__mnlc[m ko_i mnl_g[^i ][o[fa[^il ^_o_ [o_l m_aoh*
^i [faoÅ j[ln_ jil gsg m_l[ ^_]f[l[^i H[m [\[mn[
ko_ mi\l_ [m \_mn[m Ö `_sni _ j[l_]_l m_c~ big_Öm _
h^ \_mn[m g[cm m_g jlio_cni ko_ _ff[m(
1FUNYZQQT XJLZSIT
IT UTIJW IF KF^JSIF(
J ji^_l ^[ `[t_h^[ m_ ^_j[ln_ _l[ ^o[m j[ln_m CiN
j_l[ ]^jl[l) _ [o_l \i[m \_mn[m) _ [ionl[ j_l[[m ai*
o_l[[l z j_l[ ][^[bo~ ^_mn[m m_ al~^_ oâin[^_ L>M>JY
> gosni m[\_l [jio]im `[ff_]_l[ iji^_l+ >[ jicm [i l
n[`o__m h^ gshao[ doa[l) _ [im \_\_^in( `d ^_mj_h*
^[g _l[ [oÅn[d[^im oshbim) _ [mms ^[m ionl[m m_g_fb~ô
n_m g[hb[m [mnlim[m ^_ ko_ im m_hbil_m hil[ l_]_\_g
ko^[ [hn_fb[m ^_`_h^Ö) io ]ihnl[ ^ct_g 7 gosni g[cm
_mn[ _g l[t^ h^ gshao[l _l[ _mn[) m_ n[g lsd[ oiih*
n[^_ n_o_lÖ) jil cd h^ b[ ^_mj_m[ j_l[ l[[cm mÖ Öj[*
]bi l_ko_cl[g g_l]__m [im m_hbil_m " j_l[ m_ ]^jl[*
lÖ \_mn[m) _ [m aio_lh[lÖ) hÖ im m_hbil_m g[cm a__ô*
dl[fg_hn_ []omnogÖ ^_ `[t_l+ Jmm[\_l jl_mn[ gosni [i*
ji^_l) jil m_ [o_l_l[ g[cm ^_ \[l[ni j_l ]^jl[ ^_ HG#+
nlim) _ ionl[m k h^ mig _l[ ]^n[ @ jil \ii ]ihb_]s*
gÖni X ^_fc[m n__l[ ]^jl~h[m _ `[tÖh[m _ fial[hmm_
^_fc[m) iko_ ionlim ko_i hil[ m[\_g `[t_l h^ ji^_lcN+
z _mni g_^_m jl_mn[ h[ aio_lh~Ç[ jil ko_ ]_lni b_ k
gosni g[cm ^_\[l[ni im ^_mni \Ö m[\Ö) _ o^in[^_
n_hb[g aio_lh[l^ boÅ \_mn[ L ionlim gshao[^im ^_*
\ii m[\_l+ @ ^[ g[h_cl[ ko_ m_ b[ ^_ n__l h[ aio_l(
hÅÇ[ ^[m \_mn[m _g o_l[~i _ _g dho_lhi) _ j_l[ [m
ji_l _l[ ][lh_ _ aio_lh[l _l[ _ff[) _ ^i ]ihb_]sg_h(
ni ^[m ^i_hÇ[m) ]lc [ g_hni) _ _hmmshi _g m__h^i [il

.EDEKENBA @M KD A WQ
 ?@ =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ .0
h[m * ?ß _hn_h^i `[ff[l jil ko_ b_ f[la[g$n_ m]lcjni
_g [faoÜcm fcolim ^[fo_cn[lc[+ H[m ko_g al[h^_ oãin[*
^_ n_o _l) _ ^_ ni^i _mni \Ö mio\_l) * m_h^ `il ^_m[oÖ*
nol[^i h[m \_mn[m) ]ã l[tã mÖjl_ g[cm ji^_limi m_l[
ko_ im ionlim j_l[[m [o_l) _ aio_lh[l+
<koc `[fc[ ^[ g c j[ln_ _g ko_ m_ ^[g rpc [osm[*
g_hnim jlsh]sj[[_m [i \ii ][o[fa[^il+
<][\[^[m [m ^o[m jlch]sj[[_m j[ln_m) bo~ K ^_]f[*
l[ [faoÅm l[tiiÖm jil K ^_oN ][o[fE_clim _ m]o^_clim
[o_l al[h^_ oiihn[^_ j_l[ ]i\l[l _mn[ g[hb[) _ io*
nl[ ko_ gimnl[ iji^_l ^i ]ilji _ `[t_h^[ K [g[sil
j[ln_ ^_ ni^im n_Ö _g [\[mn[hÇ[+ N]l_o_l_c ^[ n_l]_c*
l[ _g K m_l| gimnl[^im [ko_ff_m [osm[g_hnim K ji^_l
m]l_o_l) jil [o_lÖ igosni m[\_l K ^cmm_ jlcg_cli j_*
l[ _mn[ g[hb[ \_g [o_l_g m__l h_]_mm|lci @ jil ko_
[faoÅm ]iom[m n[[_m bc \[ ko_ hig ji^_g m__l jimn[m
_g m]lcjni ]igi m_ jl[nc][g _ ^_gimnl[g j_l ocmn[)
`cko_ ][ll_ai [im K h`f ji^_lÖ _hn_h^_l iko_ m]l_oi
^_ jl_açn[lâ [im ko_ oclâ KIBÀ m[\_g) jil K _ff_m
fb_m _hmmsh[lig iko_ j_lmms há ji^_l_g+ z j_l[ _mni
b_ ^_ m[\_l K boç \ii ][o[fa[^il ^_o_ [o_l _mn[m ]ioX
m[m ko_ m_ m_ao_g+ <jlcg_cl[) _ g[cm jlch]cj[f K m_
n_hb[ `iln_g_hn_ h[ \_mn[ Ö ni^[fc[m ]iom[m ko_ _ff[
`_t_l) _ fb_ jimm[g []ãn_]_l+ <mm_aoh^[ ko_ m_c[ m_g
l_]_i ^_][sl ^_fc[) _ ^_ ][sl ]ig _ff[ _g l[ti[^[
g[h_cl[ ]igimm_ n[f [nl_osg_hni ^_o_ [o_l) m_aoh^i
`il [j_mmi[ \_mn[) foa[l _ iko_ ioo_l _g _ff[ ^_`[*
t_l+ <n_l]_cl[ ko_ m_c[ m_aoli h[ o^in[^_ _ ]ihn_h_h*
Ç[ ^i ]ilji _ ^i limni _g ni^i iko_ ioo_l ^_`[t_l)
_mm[c\b[ gimnl[l mo[ m_aol~Ç[+ < ko[ln[ K m_c[ [mm_m*
m_a[^i h[ m_ff[ _g g[h_cl[ l[ti[^[ m_aoh^i l_ko_l_
ia_ei ^[\_mn[) _ iko_ `[t < kochn[ ko_ m_c[ mifni _g
ni^[m ]iom[m ko_ `_t_l) _ [kos ^[l_s \l_o_g_hn_) m_*
aoh^i \_g ji^_l [osm[gÖni ^[faoÅm g[hb[m ko_ `[*
t_g [][o[ffi+ < m_rn[ ko_ m[c\b[ \_g `_lcl ^[m mjil[m

.EDEKENBA @M C A UQ
 .1 FINNTI<Iy<
m_aoh^i m_ l_ko_l_ _g ][^[ nÑji _ \_mn[ @[kis a_l_*
o_l_s ko_c[h^[; ^_oÖ m__l [Ą mjil[m) _ ]igi ]ig j[[i
io o[l[ `c_ ^_o_ch aio_lh[l+ <mm_c n_g[ ko_ nl[a[ \Ö
[g~[i [ni^im `l_im _ \i][m ^_ \_mn[m Ö ni^i nÑji <*
isn[o[ ko_mm_ m[c\b[ ao[l^[l ^im j_lcdaiim 9w []ihn_]Ö
jil [m ko__^[m) _ nij[g_hni ^[m [loil_m ^_ big_Öm _
\_mn[m _g ko_ j_l gshao[ ^_mm[\_l gosnim ][ci[g+
< hih[ ko_ m[c\h[ \_g [m n_ll[m) j_l g[n[m) m_ll[m _
]iff[^[Ǽ _ j_l ko[[_m ko_l ionlim fia[l_m+ <^_]sg[
ko_ m_c[ \_g [osm[^i _g ni^[Ef[m ]iom[m ko_ mi\l_
[\_mn[ ioo_l ^_`[t_l Coç^_]sg[ 9w m_c[ `l_gimi _g
ni^[ m_ff[) _ g[h_cl[ ^_ ][o[fa[l Ö [m ]iom[m ko_ [*
\_mn[ `_dm_l) m_aoh^imm_ j_l n[f Ǽ_f[ _ a_cni _ iko_ `[t
l_ko_l_ @mm[c\b[ ]ill_a_l ms _ òo[ \_mn[ j_l[ \_g
j[l_]_l _ m_ gimnl[l hi \_g) _ _h]i\lcl i]ihnl[cli
^_mms _ ^_fc[ J^oi^_]sgi ko_ m_c[ \ii :LMJ:[GJ >E
*[h^[l al[h^_m ][gchbim _ `[t_l al[h^_m ]illc^[m ]ig
jio]i nl[\[fbi m_o _ ^_ mo[ \_mn[+ Jn_l^_]sgi k m[c*
\b[ \Ö ]ihb_]_l [m \i][m ^[m \_mn[m) _ g[h^[lfb_m `[(
m_l im `l_im ^_ ni^[m g[h_cl[m) m_aoh^i ]ãjlcl Lo[(
nli^_]sl[i ko_ fb_ ]ihb_Ç[ [m gshao[m) n[]b[m) _ [m
m[c \b[ ncl[l) io Ög_h^[l Loshni^_]sgi cd m[c\b[ ]i*
hb_]_l ) ao[l^[l) _ []l_]_hn[l [m \ih^[^_m ko_ ioo_l
há j_cil[h^i j_l ^_mil^_h[^[ oãin[^_ io gshao[ ^_
m[\_l+ N_rni^_]sgi `d j_l mj_lcÖ]s[m _ l_al[m a__l[[_m
]ihb_Ç[ [m \_g `_cn[m) _ \i[m j_l[ ][[[bo~ ]iom[+
Jonl[m g[cm ]iom[m ]igjlc[ ^_mm[\_l ij_l`_cni ][o[f*
a[^il mig m]lcjn[m _g fcoli ^[[fo_cn[lc[) g[cm jil
gosfi há j_lfâa[l) _ ionlim mi\l_ffi m]l_o__lN+ @
^_ms jil _o hig [o_l ^_fc[m n[g al[h^_ mj_lcÖ]c[)
]igi ^_mn[m momi m]lcjn[m [m há _hn_h^i ^_m]l_o_l)
g[cm ko_g im fcolim mi\l_ffi `_cnim o cl) ko[hni g[cm
mio\_l) n[hni Ą _mn[ m]cã]c[ g[sil g__mfl_ m_l[+

.EDEKENBA @M L = " I I 7 4 B
 ?@ =@H ><P<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ D`l

1FUiYZQQT UWNRJNWT
VZJ KFQNF IJ XJJW KTWYJ SF GJXYF v YTIFQQFX HTZXFX
VZJ KJ^JW ) Y QMJ FHTSYJHJW+
@ o ^cmm_ ko_ boÅ ^[m jlch]cj[[_m ]iom[m ko_ [os[
^[o_l i\ii ][o[fa[^il _l[ m__l `iln_ _g m_ n__l h[
\ _mn[8 _ j_l[ _mni b_ ^_ m[\_l ki_ ^_mn[m m_cm j[ln_m
him ji^_gim [do^[l <jlcg_cl[ ^[o_l \ii a_cni ^_ [h*
^[l ^_l_cn[g_hnÉ h[ \_mn[) _ _g ni^[ ]iom[ `d `_t_lô
<mm_aoh^[ ^i [j_ln[l ^[m j_lh[m < n_l]_cl[ ^i `clg[l
^im j__m h[m _mnl_\_cl[m < ko[ln[ ^i [j_a[l ^[m g[~iô
[i nÖji ^[ h_]_mmc^[^_ < koshn[ ^i ]ihb_]sgÖni ^[
g[h_cl[ ^i ][o[fa[l Üd ][^[bo~ m_c f[ l_ko_l_ m_aoh^i
mo[ `_cÇ^ _ ]ill_asgÖni j_l[ m__l _g _ff[ g[cm `iln_
<mm_rn[ ^_mm[\_l ]ill_a_l m s ) [mm_c f[) _ [m _mnl_\_cl[m
^[o~n[aÖ j_l[ ni^i iko_ inli_l ^_ `[t>L É l_ko_l_ i
a_cni `c [\_mn[ n_g ?_ni^[m _mn[m j[ln_m him b_ h_]_m*
m|lci ^_him m[\_l \Ö [do^[l) g_m h^ cao[fg_hn_) h$
_g ni^i nÖji) h_g j_l[ ni^[ \_mn[ jil y [m jlsh]dl(
j[[_m _ g[cm a__l[[_m mig) [mm[\_^ilc[ ^_mm__l ^_l_c*
ni m_aoh^i [m ]iom[m cw `[t è i[j_ln[l ^[m j_lh[m _
=>:P [[do^[ ^im j__m ë ^[m g[~im _ ]ihb_]sgÖni ^[m
m_ff[m _ ]ill_asgÖni ^_mms ^_fc[m _ ^[m _mnl_\_cl[m+
1FUNYZQQT >JLZSIT
IFRFSJ]WF IFX XJQQFX IJGWFZcYJ(
K Ñ l [ _mni mom_ m]lcjni g_Ccil m_ ^_]f[l[l b_ ^_( m[*
\_l ko_ a__l[fg_hn_ bl b[ ]chko$ a_cnim ^_][i[fa[l
o_ mig ]_lnim) _ [ko_ ni^i fcim ionlim m_ _h]imn[g)
/ ]cg_cli b_ _g n[[_m m_ff[m ko_ l_ki_pÖ [m* j_lh[m ^_*
l_cn[m) _ boç jio]i ^c~n_sl[m _ `clg[^[m h[m mnl_\_c*
l[m) _ [m__hn[^[m _g n[f aocm[ ko_ sao[fg_hn_ m_ [c[
_g ni^[m nl_m j[ln_m) hã ji_h^i g[sil `_g_hÇ[ _g
i`clg[l ^i[ j__m ko_ _g hi [j_ln[l ^[m j_lh[m io
mm__l ^[ m_ff[) g[cm ^_ ni^[m nl_m _g sao[f [c[ [ko_ff[

.EDEKENBA @M ?VBBDWQ
.3 @INNTI<Iy<
\i[ [do^[ ko_ m_ ^_fc[m ji^_ _ ^_o[ [o_l è [\ m_ff[m
ko_ l_ko_lÖ jlch]cj[fg_hn_ _mn_ ][o[fa[l) ^[m K bo*
Ǽ[g _g _mn[ n_ll[) mig [ko_ff[m [ko_ il[ ]b[g~ ^_*
\l[o[hn_ _ ionl[m ^_ m_g_fb[hn_ `_cÇig Kil ko_ _g
n[[_m ]igi _mn[m [g[h_cl[ ko_ ^_o_ n__l ko_g _g _f*
f[m `iln_ kosm_l [h^[l b_ _mn[) [fiha[l [m _mnl_\_cl[m
ko_ _f m_ [mmÖn_ Ö _ff[) n__h^i [m j_lh[m ^_l_cn[m è
hig jil_g n[hni K fb_ `[Ç[ j_l^_l [`ilÇ[ ^im j__m)
hÖ im ^_o_n[hni ^[ `clg[l ko_ [`lir_ [m j_lh[m) g[cm
[mms ]igi momi b_ m]lÜjni ^_ni^[m nl_m j[ln_m ^_o_
n__l nÖ_Çig ^_mm__l cao[fg_hn_ [do^[^i m_g n__h^i
g[cm `_g_hÇ[ [bo~ K [ionl[+
1FUNQZQQT ?@(
ITX VZJ STRKF^f LWFSIJ HlYF IFX JXYWJGJNWFX(
N_aoh^i ^_ni^i m__l h[ m_ff[) nl[t_h^i [m j_lh[m ^_*
l_cn[m) io [faoç jio]i _h]ifb_cn[m há `[t_h^i gÖ_Çig
^[m _mnl_\_cl[m) _g n[f aocm[ ko_ im j__m fb_ [h^N _g
_ff[m fosh^i è _mn[ g[h_cl[ m_aç^i g_ ^ct_g bom[g
_g dhal[n_ll[) _ _g [fao~m ]ig[l][m ^_ sn[fc[ _g [m
m_ff[m ko_ _ff_m ]omnog~) jimni ko_ m_c[g ^_ `_sÇiâ_m
^_mo[cl[^[m) _ ^_mn[ g[h_cl[ [`iln_ff_t[ ^i ][o[fa[l
mn[ _g |o_l jlch]cj[f n_hÇig _g m_ n__l ^ _l_cni ) _
[j_ln[l [m j_lh[m m_aoh^i `il in_gji m__h^i m_gjl_
^_l_cni _g _ff[m hig `[t_h^i al[h^_ ]ihn[ ^[m mnl_*
\_cl[m Kil_h^_ m_aoh^i [gsg j[l_]_ [dh^[ ko_ [F
`_cÇiâ_m ^[m m_ff[m) _ bomÅÇ[ _mni l_ko_cl[ [[do^[ ^[ Ǽ
mnl_\_cl[m ko_ \_g [o_l m_ ji^_) hig ^_o_ m__l f_c*
r[^[ n__h^i jil_g g[cm _hn__hÇig hi [j_ln[l ^[m
j_lh[m) _ m_ n__l ^_l_cni jil m[\_l [h^[l ]ig i]ilji
_g ni^[ff[m ]iom[m ko_ [\_mn[ `_t_l ko_ _g [[do^[
^im j__m+
 ?@ =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ .4

1FUNiZQQT 7787(
ITX VZJ FSIFR KNWRJX J FQYT SFX XYWJGJNWFX+
OO_l]_cli [h^[l `clg[^i h[m mnl_\_cl[m _ j_lh[m ^_l_c*
n[m hi m__h^i ^_hnli h[ m_ff[) g[m l_]_\_h^i [faoÅ
[do^[ ^im [lÇiã_m) _ [m _g ko_ [mms ][o[fa[g mig [*
ko_cf[m _g ko_ [hncda[g_hn_ [os[g []omnog[^im Ö _m*7
n[ n_ll[ ^[h^[l mi\l_ ][o[ffim+ @ [m _g ko_ domn[gim)
_ nilh_[gim) _ ionl[m ^_mm_g_fb~n_m `_cÇiiÑm) [g[h
h_cl[ ^i m_o \ii ][o[fa[l b_ _mn[) il^_h[l _g n[f
aocm[ ko_ [m _mnl_\_cl[m m_c~ `clg_m j_l[ nlir[g_hn[
io ]ill_[m `ilÇ[^[m) io*j_l ionl[ \i[ g[h_cl[) ^_oÖm;
m_ nl[t_l h`f f~Ç[^[m j_l[ ^c|n_+ @ [m j_lh[m ^i ][o[f*
a[^il ^_o_g m__l g[cm ^_l_cn[m mÖjl_ ko_ _f ji^_l
nl[t_l8 _ im j__m \Ö `clg_m _ hoh][ m__l h[ m_ff[ jil
ko_ `[t j_l^_l [`l_gimol[) _ mifnol[) _ [mm_mm_ai) _
[do^[ m__l g_him `iln_+ è hig m_ n_hb[ nÖ_Çig 9c h[
domn[ j_l[ m__l `iln_ \_ [o~n[a_g m__l _g _ff[ Ö]]F
cb_h^i [fao~ ^[m j_lh[m) jil ko_ ]_ln[g_hn_ b_ i]ih*
nl[cli m_[m _mnl_\_cl[m mâ [nlir[^[m ~n_ ^_oÖ [ ni^i jil
^_l n__ff[m [g\[m _g ni^i n_gji \_g ^_l_cn[m jil Å
`c]om~ gosni im l_o_m_m _ i ][sl) _ i`[t g[cm mifni _
g[cm `l_gimi+
1FUNiZQQT VZ]SYT
IT HFZFQLFW HTR FX UJWSFX JSHTQM]IFX(
> Eo [ lni nl[t_l [m j_lh[m mÖjl_ _h]ifbc^[m) _ [mm__h*
n[^i h[ m_ff[) _ `clg[^i him j__m è ni^i cao[fg_hn_
[mms ]igi ^cmm_ ñd m_ ^_os[ `[t_l h[m m_f[m ^_\l[oNn_
_ ionl[m ^[ko_f ][o[fa[l) g[cm _g _mn[m hoh][ ^_o_g
ò__l _mncl[^[m) h_g _g [m ^_\l[oÅn_ _h]ifbc^[m è [(
Ådo_mn[m mig [m ash_n[m) _ ionl[m ^_`_cÇig ko_ ^_(
dh[h^`n n[f ][o[fa[l è[mmo[ g[h_cl[ g[cm `clg_ b_ ][lX
r[lmm_ ni^i ]ig [\_mn[ ig[cm u' ji^_lÖ j__m) _ ni[ [f*
c[m j_lh[m) n__o^i[m Ö]ifbc^[m) _ [h^[h^i mÖjl_ _g
g_i ^[ m_ff[) h^ m_ \in[h^i mi\l_ im [lÇiiÖm nl[m_c*
0

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH WQ
W5 @INNTI<Iy§
lim) h_g ^_Ån_clim @im j__m \_g `clg_m ^i\l[^im [m*
ms ko_ fb_ j[l_Ç[ n_g [m _mnl_\_cl[m `cfb[^[m ]ig
_ff_m) \[cr[h^i im ][f][hb[l_m) n__h^i jil_g _g ni*
^i boç a_cni cao[f ]igi c[ ^cmm_) hâmm_ ^_mÖj[l[h^i
[mms hi m__l ^[ m_ff[ ko_ [`lir_ [m j_lh[m _ f_cr_ ^_*
`clg[l im j__m) h_g `clg_ n[hni im j__m ko_ m_ f_o[h*
n_ ^[ m_ff[) io [`lior_ [m j_lh[m) h_g [m [j_ln_ ^_
n[f aocm[ `d nl[a[ im j__m mifnim) _ fb_ fo[g h[m _mnl_*
\_cl[m @^_o_ [j_ln[l [m j_lh[m cao[fg_hn_ ^im oÑnl_m
_ ^im acifbim) _ ^_ ]sg[ ^_ff_m) [mms ko_ _g ni^i n_(
hb[ boç gi^i cao[f ^_mm_ [j_ln[l+ _ n__l `clg_ ko[h*
ni \_g ji^_l+ @ i m__l hi g_i ^_mn[m m_ff[m m_ ^_o_
_hn_h^_l m_ [\_mn[ ]ill_ io j[mm_c[ @mm_ m[fn[ \ii b_
nÖ_lmm_ hi g_i ^[ m_ff[) `clg[h^i im j__m _ [j_ln[h^i
[m j_lh[m) Ö^_l_cn[l i]ilji j_l[ nl[t m_aoh^i m_l[ ^_*
]f[l[^i ih^_ `[ff[l+ ^[g[h_cl[ ]d im big_Öm ^_o_g n__l
j_l[ m_ ao[l^[l ^_ hig ][cl j_l[ ^c[hn_ @mm_ [\_mn[
\_g nlin[l) ig_fbil a_cni b_ n__lmm_ `clg[^i hi [l*
Çig nl[m_cli @mm_ [a[ffij[) nlin[ g[f io lsdi) f_oÅ*
n[lmm_ h[m _mnl_\_cl[m) _ ]b_a[lmm_ [i [lÇig ^_~n_cli
Ki^_mm_ _g ni^[m _mn[m m_ff[m momi m]lcjn[m n__l _mn[
g[h_cl[ ^_ ][o[fa[l ^[m j_lh[m Ö]olo[^[m [mms ]igi
_g m_ff[m ash_n[m _ m__l `iln_ _ [mm_mm_a[^i) _ mifni
g[cm hig `l_gimi _g ionl[m ko_ _o ocmm_ m_hig _g
_ff[Ǽ h[m ko[[_m [gsg \_g j[l_]Ö Jm ko[[_m ^_ l_c f[*
g_hn_ ]}o[fa[g [im nÖjim ko_ [m ^_o_g om[l+
1FUNQZ@T >J\YT
IT HFZFQLFW JR TZXXT) J GFWITR(
>Eoshni ][o[fa[l m_g _mnl_\_cl[m _g \[l^iã_m ) ih
ni^i Ö iommi • [ko_mn_m n_Ö ni^[ mo[ g__mnlc[ hi [*
j_ln[l ^[m j_lh[m) _ n__lmm_ ^_l_cni) _ n_Ö nl_m ^_`_*
lÖÇ[m Klcg_cl[ ]ig [m j_lh[m n_h^c^[m _ [j_ln[^[m ^im
a_ifbi~) _ ^[m ]ir[m+ N_aoh^[) _h]ifb_h^i [m j_lh[m
Di^[m) _ Ç[ll[f[m ]ig [\_mn[* O_l]_cl[ [j_ln~^i [mms
ni^~ff[_ j_lh[m) g_n_h^i [m jihn[m ^im j__m []_l][
^im ]io_^im ^[m \_mn[m+

.EDEKENBA @M ?>BBD?Q
 ?@ =@H ><P<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ .6

1FUNYZQiT >JNYJRT
IT UWTZJNYT VZJ MJ JR XFGJWJR GJR MoXFW IJ YTIFX JXYFX
RFSJNWFX IJ HFZFQLFW(
OOi^[ff[m ionl[m g[h_cl[m ^_][o[fa[l m_ N]imnÅ [_mn[m
]shkoi @ o_di _g _mn[ n_ll[ ni^[m []omnol[[l) ^_ff_[
Ö \i[ Ñ il^_h[^[ g[h_cl[ m_aoh^i [mm_ff[ _ [ i\l[
ko_ `[t [\_mn[ ill_ko_l_ @ ionlim jil hig [o_l_ch
g[cm ko_ boç a_cni) ni^[fc[m m_cE[m ko_l_g [mms ][o[f(
a[l H[cm [ko_f K \ii _[o[fa[^il ^_m_c[ m__l ^_ni^[m
_mn[m aosm[m momi m]lcjn[m ^_o_ m[\_l ig[cm ko_ ji(
^ _ l8 jil k fb_ iâocdl[ j_l h_]_$s^[^_ gosn[m o_t_n
_[o[fa[l ][^[ boN ^_fc[m jil ko_\l[l ^[ _mnl_\_cl[) io
jil [m []b[l nàa[m gosni) io ]oln[m _g n[f ][mi S [m
hig jimm[ ]ill_a_l @mm_,E[m K []b[l[ ^_ `_cÇiiÖm [_m*
o[c l[^[m @mm_ hig ioo_l _g ]omnog_ m_hâ [m ^_ bo[
`_cÇig m_fb_ []ihn_]_mm_ ^_ m__l _g [faoç \ii `_cni
_h[ ionl[ ^_mo[cl[^[) F] m_lc[ g_i big_g+ @mmig
òhosnim koÇ ]b[g[g ][o[fa[^il_m ko_ fiai ]f[l[g_hô
n_ ^_mms ]ihb_]_g k m_fb_ ko_\l[mm_ bo~ _mnl_\_cl[
ko_ hig ji^_lc[g hâ iom[lc[g) m_g al[h^_ j_lcaii
ânl[l _g ]iom[ ^ioc^im[) _ ionlim ko_i m[\_g hig
m_lc[g ]ig _ffi gosni nilo[^im @ \_g j_hmmi) ko_m*
m_ jim_mm_g boç g[lÜg ^_ n`__t _g bo~ m_ff[ ^_\l[o~ô
n_ ) _ fáa[m [m _mnl_\_cl[m ko_ hig m_lc[ gosni `iln_)
ÄYĄ mifni ][o[fa[^il+ <dh^[ ko_ m_aoh^i mo[ aocm[ imx
mio\_mm_ l[ti[^[g_hn_ `[t_l+ IÖ n_hbi ko_ boo dhal_m
io `l[h]Öm m_ \_g ]ill_Ç_mm_ _g boç ][o[ffi ^_ m_ff[
ash_n[ ^_ ]oln[m _mnl_\_cl[m m_ [hn_m _g _ff[ hig io*
o_mm_ ]omnog_ ^[h^[l @ [mms m_ `[l[ [ ][^[ boç ko_
hig mio\_l g[cm ^_ bo~ g[h_cl[ ko_ ]igi m_ []_ln[l
_g ionl[ m_ff[ m_l[ g_i nifbÑcni) iko_ `[t i\ii ][*
o[fa[^il j_ffi ]ãnl[cli jil K _g nâji ^_ h_]_mms^[^_
^_ m_ff[ h_g ^_mnl_\_cl[m) hig l_i_\_ n[f nilo[ j_l
]co_i _g\[lao_ g[sni ^i ko_ ^_o_ `[t_l [ll_mj_cni
^[ gos al[h^_ k ionlim l_]_\_g+
0 (

.EDEKENBA @M
!! " #
/- =INNTIöIy<

-:HBDMDDG 6000$
<GEG H>J: LG=G HJ>KL: :F=:J =>J>BDG >E LG=:DD:K <GMK:K
IM> :;>KL: ?: Q > =><D:J:J <GEG HG=>EGK <:PJ H>J:
<:=:AM: H:JL>#

K _ l [ m_ n__l `iln_ _g ni^[m _mn[m g[h_cl[m ^_][o[f*

a[l b_ ni^[os[ jlch]cj[fgÖn_ h_]_mm|lci m[\_l [h^[l
^ _ l_ cni ] i g i ^cni b_ _g ni^i ko_ [\_mn[ `[t) _ ]i*
hb_]_l ^_ ko_mm_ b[ ^[do^[l _ ko_ [ ^_`[t_l B ^_ms
jl_mn[g [m ionl[m ]iom[m m_aoh^i m_l[ ^_]f[l[^i @i
n__l ^_l_cni ^_o_mm_ _hnÖ^_l [mms+ ?[ \_mn[ hig ji*
^_gim m__l ^_llc\[^im m_há j_l[ bo~ ^_ ko[nli j[ln_m)
j_l[ ^_~n_) _ j_l[ ^_nl[m) io j_l[ ][^[ bo~ ^[m cfb[l*
a[m 7 j_l[ ^_[hn_ g_ ji^_ (^_llc\[l 4BL> j[l[h^i) io
joff[h[i nilh[l [ji_l [m g~[im []_l][ ih^_ [m nchb[ )
]igi [fao~m \_mn[m `[t_g ]ig g[fÜ]c[) io f[hÇ[h^i
[m j_lh[m) _ g_n_h^i [][\_Ç[ [hnl_ [m g~[im _g [][*
\[h^i ^_joff[l ^_ ]ill_l ^ionl[ ^_mil^_h[^[ aocm[) ih
_g m[fn[h^i [faoÜf `_cni) n__h^i [\_mn[ a_cni ^_ m[fn[l
mi\l_ [m g[~im+ @ f[hÇ[h^imm_ ^_ mimj_cn[ j_l bo~
\[lli][ [\[cri) o[ff[^i) j_l ionli m_g_fb[hn_ fia[l)
io _g\c][h^i) jimni ko_ m_ [\_mn[ n_hb[ @ j[l[h^i
ko[h^i ]ill_ mi\l_ [m g~[im K_l[ nl[m g_ ji^_ ^_llc*
\[l [foil[h^i ) joff[h^i ) m[fn[h^i ) fiai hi ]ig_Çi
]ig_Ç[h^i []ill_l) mi\c^i lsdi j_l bo`c coa[l EMPLG
[ali ^_mmimj_cn[) io gosni mj_mmi ko_ [fao`c g[ni li_
nilo_ _ ][s[ j_l ^_m[]il^i C[ \o~ j[ln_ io [[ionl[
jimmi ][cl mj[hn[h^imm_ [i nl[o_m oifn[h^imm_ lsdi `ol*
n[h^i [_mj[c^[ ko[h^i joff[ f[hÇ[ im ]io]_m io ]ig_*
[h^i ^[hn_j[l[l ^_mos[h^imm_ [][^[ bo~ ^[m j[ln_m
> ZÃǼǼÃ [dh^[ m__l ^_lls\[^i j_l[ ][^[ bo~ ^_mn[m ko[*
nli j[ln_m jil `ilÇ[ 9E g_ m_c[ `_cn[) io l_a_h^i [fao`n
EÅÇ[) fÅÇ[h^i[) ]iln[h^i ]ig mj[^[+ @ `[t_h^i [faoN
ionl[ ]iom[) _g [ko[f hig g_ m[\Ö^i \_g n__l jimmi
][sl) [dh^[ ko_ [\_mn[ hig `[Ç[ jil ko_ g_ ^_o[
^_llo\[l+

.EDEKENBA @M L = R I I 7 G B
 ?@ =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ /.

1FUNQZQQT 7B&
IJ HTRT XJ MFR IJYJJW SFX HTZXFX VZJ FX GJXYFX KF^JR
UJW V IJWW]GFR UJWF FJcYJ *
Ø<+ ni^[m _mn[m g[h_cl[m j_l ko_ ji^_gim m__l ^_llc*
\[^i) him b_ al[h^_ [o~n[a_g m[\_lgim [h^[l ^_l_c*
ni ) jil k fiai o__l__m) ]igi jil gshao[ ^_mfi \_g
m[\__lÖ ][~_ [giil j[ln_ ^im big_Öm+ N_ bo~ \_mn[
]ig gsai [hn_j[l[ ]_lni b_X^_ ][sl j_l[ ^_[hn_ g_
^_oi ao[l^[l) jicm ko_ jl_mn[ cl ]ig [m g[~im [[m
]ig[m _ li_ [\[cr[l) ^[h^i ^_ gsli [do^[ [ko_ff[
j[ln_ j_l[ n' li_ [\_mn[ ko_l ^_llc\[l @ _mni b_ ]_lni
ko_ m_ hili `[t) m[foi ]ig ^_m[]il^i) _ gshao[ ^_m*
m[\_l jil ko_ _g n[f ][mi) _g ni^im ionlim cd j_l [*
ko_EE[ j[ln_ ^_llc\~) h92 jl_mn[ h[^[ [[do^[ ^[m g~[im)
=[foi jil g[sil l_g_^ci ko[h^i ^_ni^i sgim [][sl)
io ]ilii d[ jlio_c [fao~m o_t_m) ko[h^i ]ã gsai jof*
f[o[ ]olni @ [][\[h^i ncdhb[ a_cni ^_ f[hÇ[l [m j_l*
m[m ) _ _o f~Ç[o[ g[~i hi [lÇig nl[m_cli) io hi _mn_i
^i `_lli Ă [fao~m m_ff[m nl[tÖ) _ `[tc[li_ g[cm `clg_
n__l ^_l_cni ^i ]ilji _ m_aoli ^_ sl ]ã [m g[~im [[m
]ig[m+ @`[t_mm_ [ko_mni j_l ko_li i\_g mio\_ n[g
_h]o\_ln[g_hn_ [dh^[ ko_ nl[a[ [faoç j[[i ^_fa[^i
h[ g[[i) hç][ ^im ionlim ihig mio\_cl_g ji^_l|
m__l Ön_h^c^i m_n[f lioj[ nlior_l @ _mn[ mj_lcÖ]c[ [*
]b_c gosni ]_ln[ j_l gsli) jil Üd ijlio_c mÖ io__h*
^ i ) hÖ ^ct_l%[ionli) h_boo ][o[fa[^il @ Ön_h^i ko_
(do[f ko_l ko__m_ ^_ffi kocm_l _ mio\_l [do^[l Üd fb_
m_l[ jlio_cnimi _g inÖji ^[ h_]_mms^[^_) jil k m_
^_o_ m]om[l ko[h^imm_ `[t_l ji^_l H[m ko_g m_ koc*
m_l ao[l^[l _g ni^[ff[m ^cn[m ]iom[m 9w ^_llc\~ j_l[
^ _~n_) n_hb[ mÖjl_ ]ihmmcai [osm[gNni+) _ ]igi [\_m*
n[ `_t_l [j_ln_ [m j_lh[m) _ `clg_ im j__m) _ _h^_l_c*
n_ i]ilji j_l[ ^_nl[m ko[hni \_g ji^_l _g \i[ _ l[*
ti[^[ g[h_cl[ ]â [m j_lh[m ^_l_cn[m io N]ifbc^[m m_*
aoh^i [mmÇff[ i^_gÅ^[l) _ [dh^[ `[t o~n[a_g â m_li_*

.EDEKENBA @M
// @INNTIöIy<+ ë
=Ti_Q^ OM^Z^ ^Q^\`UYM] ZOZ][Z mOZWTQYPZ MWS`i [Q]YM'
[Z] . ^Q M[Q]_i XQWTZ]' Q ZOZ][Z ^Q _QX XMU^ \`QPZ'
Q ^QS`]Z Ä RMdQYPZ M^^c YtOM ]QOQNQ]M MNMtMXl_Z Y50
PQ^M[Z^_MXm_Z \ WTQ X`c_Z mNM]SZ [Z^^M RMdQ] CZ]mPQ
/% [Q]MZ WMjM] PM^ [Q]YM^ PZ RU]XM] MZ^ [QQ^ Q QYPQ]m(
jM] PZ OZ][Z ^QS`]MXm_Q ^m M[Q]_M] M^ [Q]YM^ ^Q [ZPm
NQX OZ]]QSQ] ^Q MNQ^ _M _QX SQU_Z PQ]QUWMXl_Q PQM^
WMYjM])
1FUNYZQQT B(
IT VZJXXJ IJZJ KF^JW VZFSIT FGJXQF KF ^U J WF IJWWNGFW
:LJ:K+
K _ ll[ ni^ [fc[m ]iom[m ko_ [\_mn[ `[t jil " him ji^_
^_lls\[l [nl[m) ni^iffim big_Öm `cfb~ a__l[fgÖn_ [g[sil
[do^[ ko_ `cfb[l m_ ji^_) [ko[f b_ [j_a[lmm_ ]ã [m
dh[Åim) _ ncl[[l_g i]ilji [^_~`_+ H[m _cc_m >JJU =>
`cfb[l_g mÖjl_) jil ko_ hç][ ^_o_ m__l `cfb[^[ _g
ko[hni ^ò a_cni ^i ]ilji _ [j_ln[l ^[m j_lh[m ji^_
nm__l []om[^[+ @^_o_mm_ f_sr[l jil y há b_ `l_gimi) _
[m g[fn[m _g ko[hni m_ ji^_ `[t_l [g ^_cn[l jl_mn_m
j_l[ him ^_fc[m _g [f m_loclgim+ @jil_g G] __ ^_lâ
n_g\[la[l jil him n__lgim h[ \_mn[) _g ko[hni ò_g
[do^[ ^_fc[m him \_g n__l ji^_lgim @mm_[ ioo_lgim
^_`cfb[l g_fbil b_ [^[m ]ig[m) io ^i [lÇâ ^_~n_cli 9&*
[^[m l_^_[m @ jil ko[hni gosnim _g ]ig_Ç[h^i ^_
ndill_l) o~[i ]ig [m gÅ[im [[m ]ig[m jil m__l_g `cl*
g_m ) io `cfb[lÖ [mm_mm_ai) _ ^_mko_i n_Ö []omnol[[^i
há iji^Ñ f_cr[l) []b_c j_l[ _ffi ]_lni l_g_^ci hã ]il*
l_l [fao{m ^c[m [n[[ j_l][ n[f a_cni m_g [fao~ ]iom[
`][ g[Åi ^_l_cn[ @ko[h^i [\[c f[l i][o[ffi g_n_l i]il*
ji boç jio]i ^_mkosh[ _ \[cr[lg_ j_l[ ^_Ån_+ @ [*
ko_mni m_ ^_o_ [mms `[t_l) jil ko_ [\[ff[h^i há g_
ëgio[ j_l[ nl[m) ][ gosni g[cm `clg_ _mnio `d ni^i ^_ô*
n`_cni )j i l Üw [hn_ ]âo_g Ǽ g_ _h^_l_cn_ " g_ [nl[m
jàmm[ chio_l+ @ ko[h^i _o h]i ^_l_cni c[ j[mmN im jl\(
Ü`n_e_m nlN]]im) _ Önl[ _g m_o ]ill_l) _ ^_mko_ [mms
o[c fiai 9ì][o[fa[^il b_ m_aoli) _ [mm_mm_a[^i K [dol

.EDEKENBA @M C A UQ
 ?@ =@H ><P<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ /0
^[ ^[m li~[im è [mms _g [m ]iom[m K him j_l[ ^_nl[m
ji^Ö ^_llc\[l ^i a_cni ^i ]ilji _ [j_ln[l ^[m j_lh[[
him ^_o_gim jlch]cj[fg_hn_ ^[do^[l è jil g[sil h_*
]_mms^[^_ ^[m g[~im _ ^im j__m gos ni jio]i ) _ \_co
n_hbi K _g _mn_ ][mi g[cm ][~_ jil m_ hlg[l _g _ff_m
y l_]_\É ^_ff_m [do^[ jlio_cnim[ è []b_c ]_lni [osm[(
gÖni j_l[ ko[h^i [\_m n[ mi\_ j_l [fao`n mi\c^[ gos ni
[fn[ j_l[ m_ n__l ^_l_cni mÖ ji_h^i gÅ[i h[m ]ig[m)
k b_ \ii Ö]ifb_l [m j_lh[m) [j_ln[h^i[m) _ c_o~f[l _m
j__m [nl[m) _ i]ilji ^_l_cni) ][ `[t j[l_]_l k j[mm[
j_l foa[l g[sni g[cm ]b[[i ^i K b_ m_aoh^i [_mj_(
lc_h]c[ \_g gimnl[l[ [ ko_g ijlio[l+
1FUNYZQQT B7(
IF XJRIMceF p IJ YFQ lIFW IJWJNYT UTIJRTX KNQMFW(

EG [f a_cni ]ig_ _mn_ ^[h^[l ^_l_cni h[ \_mn[ g_ j[*

l_]_ ko_ ^_os[gim n__l _g im g[cm ^_himmim `Çcni`
j_l[ m__lgim hi goh^i \iim ][o[fa[^il_m) _ him n__l(
gim `iln_ ^_hig ][cl j_l[[m g[ffc]c[m _il[ K gos nim
^_llc\[g j_l _mn[ aocm[ m_ o_b_lã ]iom[m ]ihnl[Ül[m)
^ _ `_cni) ^cni) ]oc^[^i: io fÖ\l$Ç[ _g n[f aocm[ k
m_hn[gim m_o ^_llc\[gNni _g m[hb[) g[f ko_lÖÇ[)
nlcmn_t[) `l[ko_t[ ^i ]il[Çig himmig_him jl_Çi) io
^_m[al[^_]cg_hni [^_im) _ [im big_Öm) io him nlio*
r_mm_ [ gshao[ ^_ `_) io [^_mj_l`nÇ[ j_l[ \_g ]i*
g _ Ç [ l) ]fPsho[l) _ [][\[l [m ]iom[m ko_ ji^_gim+_
^_o_gim `[t_l) io _g [fao~ jlcaosÇ[ k o_g ^_ `l[*
k o _t[ _ ^_f_cr[gÖni ^[ oãin[^_) fiai mj_l~^i ni^[
jlci]cj[f [do^[ ^_himmi m_hbil ^_im) him ^_o_gim _h*
^ _ l_ cn[ l ]ig _m`ilÇi _ \ii ]âmm_fbi) himmi _ ^ionlim)
j _ l al[h^_ m[\_l) fiha[m _ \i[m mj_lc_h]d[m) \_g
m [ c\ b ~ ) ko_cl~) _ jãmm[g _g n[[_m `_cnim i\l[l _ ]nn_*
m_ fb [ l è [ko_mni ^_o_gim ?:Q>l nl[t_h^i ò[himm[ l_(
h è \ l~Ç[ im ]oc^[^im ]ihnl[cli_ ^_ko_nÜ_m j_l K him ]i*
hb_Ç[g im bcl _h][gshb[^im [Ç[cl j_l ][^[

.EDEKENBA @M 4 = I I 7 GB
/1 @INNTI<Iy<
j[ln_m momi m]lcjn[m+ è ^_o_gim mÖjl_ `[ff[l _ ]oc^[l
_g n[[_m ]iom[m 9w m_c~ \ii l_g_^ci ^_ ][^[ boç ^_m*
n_m `[ffc]cg_hnim) ]d him g[cm mÖnclgim mcaoc^im) _ hig
_g [ko_cfi ko_ g[cm ^_llc\~ jimfi ko_ himm[ oiihn[*m
^_ i^_m_c_) jil ko_ [im nlcmn_m gosn[m o_t_m fb_ jl[t
`[ff[l h[ko_ff_m [[tim j_l ã o_i [nlcmn_t[ ) jimni cd
g[cm []l_]Ön_g _g _ff[+ @mm_ _mni \_g kocm_lgim _
mio\_lgim `[t_l ]ig [ al[Ç[ ^i m_hbil ^_im) fiai
nig [mmo[ [do^[) \_g _ ^_l_cn[g_hn_ m[\_l_gim [h*c
^[l _l[ im g[cm ^_himmim `_cnim @mm_ jl_mLÇ®) mi\_lo[)
io o~[ afilc[ ko_l_g `[t_l f_o[hn[l) _ nl_mnã\[l ][sl
j_l^_h^i [faoçm ]ig_Çim ^_\_g ^[[fg[ _ ^i ]ilji
ko_ ^_im him n_g ionila[^im) fiai [jl_mÖn[h^i ~n_
himm[ l_hÖ\l[hÇ[ ][g jio]i j_l him o[ff_gim) _ ji*
^_gim ) ]ihb_]_h^i himmim `[ffc]cgÖnim m_l_gim ao[l*
^[^im ]ig mo[ al[Ç[ ^_][sl j_l im _llim momi K<JBHLG:
è hig n__h^i Öhim i jlch]cj[f _m`ilÇi) ^_g[h^[l_gim
[[do^[ ^[ko_f ko_ ^_o im \iim ]ig_Çim ko_ ionilao_
\_l[ ]`nncho[l _ [][\[l+ è jimni ko_ o_d[gim ko_ fiai
?il[ mÖnsgim j_l n[f ]ihmm_fbi [ko_f ]ill_asg_hni
ko_ ^_m_d[gim) ^_o_gim ]ánsho[l) _ [^c[hn_ o__l_ô
Ühim \Ö ial[h^_ jlio_cni ko_ ^_n[f l_asl[Öni ^[o^in[*
^_ _ ]os^[^i [i_l_l[im+ @mm_ ]ig_Ç[lgim [`[t_l [P
aoÅm ]iom[m <] \ii jl_jimcni) _ `oh^[gyni _ []o^clN
l_o_mm[^[l[Ön_ ]ig g[ffc]c[ ^im big_Öm h_]_mmc^[^_
io oÖnol[) hç][ f_cr[h^i ^i\l[l ^_l_cn[gÖn_ m_aoh^i
[]iom[ `il) _ l_ko_l_ i\_l[ `[t_l+ ?i _mn[^i >E k o _
`ilgim m_l_gim m_gjl_ [osm[^im ^_ hig n[l^[l ^ _
]igjlcl iko_ ^_o_gim) hÖ m__ll[im nlcaimim hi ]oc^[ô
^i) _ h[ i\l[ [[f_g ^i k b_ \_l[+ H[m m_aoh^imm_ [m
]iom[m m_ao_g ]ig oãin[^_ m_aol[ mÖ nilo[g _hni) i(
\l[l_gim iko_ osll[im ko_ _g ][^[ nÖji _ ]iom[ l_*
ko_l_+ @ n__h^i n[f g[h_cl[ _g himm[ os^[ ]ig [[do9*
^[ ^[ko_f j_l y ni^i \_g him b_ ionila[^i [h^[l_*
gim mÖjl_ ^_l_cn[gÖn_) _ f_^im _l[ ni^im himmim `_c*
nim+ @ jimni ko_ j[l_Ç[ mi\_ci m]l_o_l [koc n[[_m l[ *
tiã_m jil hig ocdl_g [jlijimcni) _o i `ct jil [[faoçm

.EDEKENBA @M ?VBBDWQ
 ?@ =@H ><P<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ è$
RMOQ] []Z`QU_Z' MVYPM \`Q PZ`_]Z^ NQX YZX ^QVM RUWTM&&
-:H_MDDG 7 00$
B> <GEG =>M>EGK ?:Q>J HGJ FGE <:PB& :<:=: AMU
=:K H:JL>K$
: X Z\`Q hNQ^_M RMd ^QS`YPZ PU^^Q [Q] $e YZM [ZPQ
PQ]]UNM]'# [Q]M OMPM T`F PM^ [M]_Q^' M`QXZ^ MV`PM X`c{&
_p[]UYOU[MW YZ iPM] PZ OZ][Z' Ys _M]PMYPZ' Ym YZ^ _]U(
SMYPZ QX _MW S`U^M \`Q `ZW_QXZ^ ZOZ][Z []UXQU]Z
MNQ^_M' Z` RU\`QXZ^ \`MYPZ^^Q QWWM `ZW_M]' Z` PQ^`Ug])
@MU^ [Q] NZM ^MNQPZ]UM ^QS`]MYjM Q S]MYPQ O`Mn`XUQ'#
YZ^^Z OZ][Z `MM OZXZ QWWM RZ]' ^Q PQ] M`ZW_M PM^ XiMZM
MW_M^' Q [Q]YM^ NMUbM^ YZ^ MYPQXZ^ OP ZOZ][Z MWS`6
OZ`^M NMUbZ [Q]M PQ"_Q u RMdQYPZ aZW_M ^ZN]Q M^ XMiZ^
Q M^ [Q]YM^ MW_M^' YZ^^Z OZ][Z MYPQ PQ]QU_Z' W"jMPMU
M_]M^ OZXZ ]Q\`Q]Q MMW_UU]M PM^ [Q]YM^' YÇ RUOMYPZ _M]&
PcYTQU]Z' YÇ ^QQYPZ _]USZ^Z XMU^ PZ \`Q MNQ^_M `MU'
RMdQYPZ [Q] Q^_M S`U^M PQ S]MYPQ MOQ]_MXm_Z [ZPQ]Q(
XZ^ OMU]' Ym ]QOQNQ] YQT`t mNM]SZ : OP[]k X`c_Z
[Q]M QWWZ M[Q]_M] PM^ [Q]YM^' MV`PM PZ^ [QQ^' Q PM!
XiMZ^ [Q]M MOZ]]Q] MZ _m[Z PM YQOQ^^UPMPQ)
-:H_MDDG 7 BF $
=: HJ>@MFL: * K> ?: Q =GF=> A> E>DAGJ :H>JL:J :K H>J#
F:K " > <GEG K> =>M> LJ:Q>J GK H>>K+
GGZ]YMYPZ MYZ^^Z []Z[Z^U_Z' RMdm MWS`t^ []QSt_M ^Q
RQQ XMU^ RU]XQ M[Q]_M] M^ [Q]YM^ PZ^ SQZWTZ^' ^Q PQOU&
X M' Z` `m_]Q^ PQWUM^) :^^Q TQ XQWTZ] [Q]M ^QQ] RU]XQ
PQ_ZPZ Z[QQ YM Q^_]QNQU]h' ^Q PQ XQZ' Z` PM [r_M) 6
Q^_Z Q` ]Q^[ZYPZ UV YZX PM XMU^ T`t \`QZ MW' [Z] \`Q
Vg `c PQ_qPMM S`U^M^ RZ]_Q^ OM`MWSMPZ]Q^) CZ]m [Q]M RZ](
_QWWQMM OMPMT`t)OMtMWS`Q OZXZ _Q`Q] SQU_Z' Q WTQ ]Q(
\`Q]Q] M^^QWWM QX ! MYPM]' Q^_]QNQU]M^ Of _]Z``Q] Q M^
OZ`n^M^ #C MNQ^_M Z` QW RMd : ^Q M[Q]_M] M^ [l]YM^ XMU^
PQT\t _ZSM] \`Q PZ`_]Z q` PQ _]MdQ] Z[QQ _ZPZ Pm_]Z'
1

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
C
è3 @INNTI<Iyö
ii hâ n[hni) h©mm_ `[Ç[ al[h^_ ]`fn[ ) &w \_g o__lii[
ko_ i`iln_ ][o[fa[^il ^[ m_ff[ ash_n[ b_ ^[j_ln[l ÃǼ
a_ifbim ^_ff_m j_l[ `oh^i) _ ^i[ ][f][hb[l_m) io mji(
l[m n_g al[h^_ j[ln_ ^_ mo[ `iln_ff_t[ è ^im a_ifhim
j_l[ ]sg[ n~ni ]igi h[^[ è^im 9w ][o[fa~ _g m_ff[*
^_\l[o~n_ ^im a_ifbim []sg[ l_]_\Ö al[h^_ [do^[ @im
ko_ domc`f [himm[ g[h_cl[ ^im a_ifbim _ ^[ ]_l][ ^_c(
f_m jlch]cj[fg_hn_ m_ [do^[g) _ [ko_mni g_^_m m_ `[t
^i nl[t_l ^im j__m m_aoh^i ][^[ ^c[ m_ o__ j_l mj_lcÖ*
_c[) \oçm ^_ bo~ aocm[) _ ionlim ^ionl[ Kil_g a__*
l[fg_hn_ im g[cm []b~ g[sil `iln_ff_t[ g_n_h^i ni^if(
fim j__m ^Önli+ èmmi\l_mni b_ ^_ m[\_l _mn_ [osm[g_h*
ni ko_ m_ kocm_lgim Dl[t_l im j__m ni^im ^_hnli j_l[
*m__l g[cm ko_^i h[ _mnl_\_cl[) [m j^n[m ^_o_g sl \oç
jio]i j_l[ ?GJ: ) > m_ ^_g_i) io ^_ jihn[ ^_oÖh[m
nilh[l j_l[ ^Önli è ko_g ijlio[l []b[l[ ]_lni _[ni
ko_ ^cai) _ jil_g hig ]ãjl_ ionl[m l[ti^_m j_l[ gim;
nl[l jil " m_ [mms `[t @ hig ^cai ko_ m_c~ _g ][^[
boN aocm[ gosni j_l[ `il[) io j_l[ ^Önli g_m ]ig [Ü(
aiÅ ^_`_lÖÇ[ è [ko_mni b_ j_l[ m__l `iln_ [dh^[ ko_
j_l[ \_g j[l_]_l) m_aç^i m_ ^cl[) ij__ ^_l_cn[g_hn_
nl[tc^i hig [jân[ j_l[ ^Önli) io `il[) m_aoh^i himmi
]omnog_ g_ j[l_]_ g_fbil+
1FUNYZQQT' B7779
IT UWTZJNYT VZJ MJ XFGJW LJNYT WJVZJWJ HFIFMZc XJQQF+

K i l _mn[m ]iom[m mhmi m]lcjn[m m_ ji^_ \Ö o__l ) ]i*

gi ^i a_cni ^i ]ilji) ^i [j_ln[l ^[m j_lh[m) _ ^i ĄÄ(
g[l ^im j__m him ji^_gim _ ^_o_gim [do^[l) ^[m g[[im
jil ^_ll[^_cli l_g_^ci) ko[h^i [m ionl[m j[ln_m `[ff_ô
__g+ è `c][ j_l[ ^_]f[l[l [[do^[ ko_ l_]_\_gim ^i
]ihb_]sgÖni ^[ g[h_cl[ ^i ][o[fa[l k ni^[ m_ff[ l_(
i_l_) _ ^i ]ill_ÇsgÖni ^_fc[) _ ^[m mnl_\_cl[[8 _
F_him+ @^i ]ihb_]cgÖni ^i ][o[fa[l ^_ ][^[ bo~ mn
ji^_ \_g o__l ) ko[hni ji^_gim m__l [do^[^im j_Pi

.EDEKENBA @M K IG G A WQ
 ?@ =@H ><P<GB<nn OJ?< N@G<+ O>
ko_ 2HFB b_ m]lcjni ^[m g[h_cl[m ^i ][o[fa[l) ih^_
^cmm_ ]igi ach_n[ ^_l[Ü^[ m__lÖ [m j_lh[m _h]ifbc^[m)
_ [mm_hn[^im ^Ñnli _g _ff[m( @ ko_g n[f h`f][ ocmm_ _(
Loo_mm_ ]omnog[^i ^_ ][o[fa[l $ionl[m ko_ ^_g[h^Å
[m j_lh[m [ncl[^[m) _ [m [náa[mm_ ]igi ko_l_g [m ^_*
\l[o~n_) hç][ n[g `iln_ ][o[fa[lc[) ]igi [ko_f ko_
n_o_ Ǽm_ []omnog[^i ^_nl[t_l [m j_lh[m É]ifbc^[m ]i*
gi n[[_m m_c f[m ill_ko_l_g @ }mms ^_ ni^[ fc[m ionl[m
g[h_cl[m ^i ][o[fa[l ko_ ^cmm_gim) jil ko_ ]_lni b_
ko_ hç][ boç bigÖ m_l[ a__l[fgãn_ \ii ][o[fa[^il)
m_ [][^[ m_ff[ hâ m[\_ ig_fbil a_cni k m_ ji^_ n__l
_g _ff[ @jil iko_ mio\_l ^bo~m) ko[h^i bom[l ionl[m
^ionl[ `_cÇ`f m[\_l[ ]ihb_]_l ia_cni Üv ^_g[h^~+ @g
[ko_mn[m ^_\l[oÅn_ [dh^[ m_ l_ko_l_g ^_mo[cl[^im a_c(
nim) m_aoh^i mo[m `ÑcÇiá_m jil ko_ mig [fao~m [fn[m _
`iln_m ^im [lÇÅi_m nl[m_clim _ ^_~n_clim) _ hi g_i mig
[nl_cn[m @ n[[_m ]igi _mn[m ko_g Ö _df[m kocm_l [h^[l
]igi hç][ i\_g `[l} jil L i [j_ln[gÖni ^_fc[m h!
f_cr[ ]âjiln[l [mm_Ön[^i hi g_i) ko[h^i [\_mn[ `[;
[mj_l[gÑn_+ @jilÑ g_fbil b_ _g n[f `_cÇã ^_ m_ff[ f_(
oÅn[lmm_ h[m mnl_\_cl[m mi\l_ ig_i ^_fc[) ^iom io nl_m
^_^im nl[t_h^i [m j_lh[m ^_l_cn[m) _ n__h^i ni^[ ionl[
g[h_cl[ nig i momi b_ ^_]f[l[^i @mm_ [ m_ff[ `il nâa[
<M ]b~[) g_fbil b_ ^_ni^i m__l _g g_i ^_fc[+ _
+jil_g _g n[f aocm[ ko_ j_l][ [`ilÇ[ _ [[då^[ ^i `cl(
g[l ^im j__m _ ^i [j_ln[l ^[m j_lh[m @ ]igi ^cmm_
^i domn[l [himm[ g[h_cl[) [h^[h^i [nlir[^i ko_ cncos*
ni g[cm `iln_ b_ [h^[l [fni h[m mnl_\_cl[m &w m__l ^Öfli
i[m m_ff[m) [mms b_ g_fbil m_ `il ^_m[nlir[^i mÖn[lmm_
Ö _ff[ k [h^[l h[m mnl_\_cl[m f_o[hn[^i j_l _mn[ aocm(
_g _[^[ bo[ `_cÇig m_ l_ko_l_ mo[ ]_ln[ g[h_cl[ ^_
][o[fa[l [d[^[ ko_ m_c[ ^_ j_ko_h[ ^_`_lãÇ[+

1 (

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
 FI3NTI<Iyö

1FUYQZQQT B QW%
HTRT IJNYJRTX WJLZFWIFW FXXJQQF J KWJT J YTIT TZYWT'
+ FIJWfeT V XJYF KTWYJ Y GJR HTWWJLiIT V Sl XJ VZJGWJ
TZ IJXHTSHJWYJ( ë + *l ) ë *

9 i ]ill_asg_hni ^[ m_ff[) ^i `l_i) _ ^[m mnl_\_cl[[

him ^_o_gim [do^[l) jlcg_cl[gãn_ l_ao[l^[h^i ni^i "
m_c[ `iln_) _ n[g\Ég jl_a[^i Ă j_l `[fcc]sgÖni ^_ ][*
^[ bo~ ^_fc[m h92 jimm[gim l_]_\_l g iln_) i[d^) io
p_laihb[ ]igi liosnim l_]_\Ö @ [ko_mni `[l_gim m_i
oclhcim [g_o^_ ]ig ^_ffcaÖ]c[ _ hi 9E `il `[ffc]c^i Ö*
g_h^[lgim fiai mâ m][]_m[) _ jl_aocÇ[ @mm_ [faoç
n_o_l ][ll_ai ^_i `[t_l ]ill_a_l) _ hig ]igjlcl iko_
fb_ `il g[h^[^i) io _f ^_o_ l_ao[l^[l) hã j[mm_ m_g
_g_h^[ _+ ][mncai) jil 9w hig b[ ]iom[ IM> H>JL>>V:
[i ]ill_acg_hni ^[\_mn[) hÖ [i j_hmm[l ^_fc[) ko_ ^Ñ(
do[ m__l jliocmni ]ig g[sil l_ao[l^i+ >[mm_ ^_o_ `c*
fb[l mi\l_mni \åç ]ihmm_fbi ko_ ioos [_fll_s g_o m_*
hbil _ j[^l_) ]od[ [fg[ ^_im [d[+ @f ^_tc[ ko_ ni^[fô
f[m ]iom[m) [dh^[ ko_ j[l_]_mmÖ gosni j_ko_h[m m_
^_fc[m him ji[_mm_ l_]l_]_l ^_mbihll[) al[h^_ j_l^[)
hi ]i+lji io h[ `[t_h^[) 1' [mms h\m ^_os[gim Ñ _ffj
^_jlio__l) ]igi ^_ ]iom[ 9w al[h^_ `imm_+ @ j_ffi
]ihnl[cli ih^_ []iom[ j[l_]_ al[h^_ _ ig[cm Üd m_ ^_f*
Ei ji^_ m_aocl) hig ji^_ nl[t_l al[h^_ j_l^[) h© m_
^_o_ ^_ffi `[t_l al[g ]ân[ @)[ko_mni m_ ji^_ ji_l
_r_gjfi _g ni^im himmim `_cnim+ H_m nl[t_h^i [himmi
jlijiacni m_ _o []b[l boç ][o[ffi jãmm[^i n~ g[f X
j_l gshao[l ^_jÖmmi jimm[ gill_l _ osl i`l_i ko_\l[*
^i) _ g_o mnl[\_cli iji^c[ \_g o__l m_i \_g l_ao[l(
^[l[) jicm ^i jÖ3mi ^_c ionli g[f m_ há ji^_l[ m_aocl)
m_hã mo[ j_l^[) io hã j[l_]_l n[g \_g+ @ ^i `l_i
ko_\l[^i m_ ji^_ l_]l_]_l [gsg ][^[ bo~ ^[m ]iom[m
momi m]lcjn[m) j_ff[ gshao[ ^i j_hmmi fb_ ^_oi ^[l
boÅ l[ti[^[ j_h[) io ][mncai _ j_ffi `l_i gosni g[cm
al[h^_+

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
 ?@ =@H ><P <GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ ,)
A F

1FUNYZQQT BA7(
IT HTWWJL]RNYT IFX XYWJGJNWFX J IFX HTWWJFX+
?_nO_=zÖ ch[n_ `_aç[l^[l y %|m mnl_\_cl[m a_cÅ hàg
gosni f[la[m) h_g gosni [j_ln[^[m jil ko_ h[m f[l*
a[m im j__m mÉhig [mm_mm_a[g n~ \_g ) _ h[m [j_ln[*
^[m ^ái_ _ ]Åmm[g g[cm [mchb[ _ mig gosni j_lcdai*
m[m m_ i j__ mÖ Öj[]bi m_h92 ji^_ ^_fc[m ncl[l+ @ ^_çÖ
m__l ^_`oh^i hã gosni Å]b[m h_g gosni mn l_c n[m) jil
h[m gosni ~]b[m ij__ m_h^ ji^_ \Ö ^i\l[l) _ h[m
gosni mnl_cn[m ^ii_ _ ]~mm[g _ [[faonfm `cfb[ ]~\l[ @
[ll[ti[^[ g_^c^[ ^_a__l[[_m mnlc\_cl[m g_)j[l_]_ ^_
^iom ^_^im _ [n[[ ^iom _ g_i) m_ `ilÖ `l[h]_m_m) _ [m
ash_n[Nù [Ü^[ ko_ ionlim n_hb[g n_ÖÇig ^_mo[cl[^[)
_o [m ko_lc[ f_o_m) _ g[cm mi\l_ ij_ko_hi ]d al[h^_m
hÖ E[la[m) n[[_m jilÖ `d im j__m m_g Öj[]bi [m ÜcfbÖ) _
f_ctÖ nè _o []b_c boN hio[ g[h_cl[ ^_g[h^[l `[t_l
mnl_\_cl[m ]o\_ln[m ash_n[m) _ j_l[ ni^[m ionl[m m_c f[m)
Ñ mig [g_o docti jil ko_ n_hbi ^_fc[m al[h^_ jl[nc][)
rhosni jlio_cnim[m j_l[ ao[l^[ ^im j__m _ `[t_g ][*
+ o[fa[l g[cm `iln_) _ [i ][sl [m f_cr[l~ g[cm fca_cl[gÖ*
n_ _ nl[t_g ionl[m o~n[aÖÉm 9d ji^Ö _g _ff[m \_g [*
]b[l ko_g [m bom[l ^_ nl[t_l+ <m ]ill_[m ^_oÖ m__l
`c]b[m ko[hni m_ \_g ji^_l_g ]ill_l j_l [m mnl_\_cl[m
_ `iln_m _g n[f aocm[ ko_ [m nl[a[g ko_^[m @[m mj_nn*
^[m ^[ m_ff[) m_ ioo_l ^_ ][o[fa[l _g \_mn[ ko_ `[Ç[)
m_c~ n[[_m k m_hig [\[ffÖ j_l ^_ _i[m j_lh[m) jil k
c[ os [faoçm k m_ g[f []b[lã) jil m_ ^_mni há m[\_*
l_g [ocm[l) ][o[fa[h^i mi\l_ `oh^[m ^_ j[hi io ^_
]icli io [m nl[t_g [mms g[f _ `l[][gÖn_ ]ill_ac^[m_
^_ n[f `_cÇá ko_ m_ [\[ff_g) _ jil_g ^_o_g m__l \ê
`clg_m @o_ci [ail[ ]omnog[l Ö _mn[m m_ff[m ^_\l[oÅn_)
D4V[l [m ]ill_[m ^_ ][^[ mnl_\_cl[ j_l ]sg[ ^[m mj_h*
^[m) _ j[l_]_g_ \ii ]omnog_) _ " [h^[g j_l [ffs
g[cm m_ao l[m _ [mm_mm_a[^[m+

.EDEKENBA @M C A WQ
66 D¶INNTI<Iy<

1FUNYZQQT B A7M
IT HTWWNLNRNYT IF >H@F&
< + n_ç[ ^_o_ m__l ^_\[l^^ ^im [lÇi^_m) _ ^_ci^iff^`]
ionlim ]ill_acg_hnim 1w h^ ko_\l_g hÖ ^_m]â]_lnâ @
^_o_ m__l [mms `_cn[ ko_ m_ l_]_\[ [do^[ ^i [lÇig
^_Ån_cli _ nl[m_clim @i fia[l jil ih^_ [h^[lÖ [m+ j_l*
h[m m_c[ ][o[^i _g \i[ g[h_cl[) _ F\ m_c[ nâa[ ^i
m_ci hÖ liosni ]oln[) jil ko_ h[ f`fa[ bigÖ b_ ^_m$+
j[l[^i) _ h[ ]oln[ m_h! ji^_ \_g ]"jiln[l) _ ni^i
m_c[ l_ao[l^[^i m_aoh^i `il mo[ `_cÇig) g[h_cl[ ^[
m_ff[) _i ko_ ioo_l ^_ `[t_l Ö _ff[ @ ^_o_mm_ ao[l^[l
^_ nl[t_l ko_fb_ hidi `[Ç[) [mms ]igi `[tÖ im [lÇãi_m
nl[m_clim 9d mig l_nilh[^im [[m j_lh[m gosni mi\_c[*
gÖn_ [alim) ^_Ån_cli ko_ m_ nilh[l j_l[ ^fnli gosni
[fnim) io m__lÖ g[f ][o[^[m ^ih^_ [h^[g [m j_lh[m)
g[f ]ill_ac^[m ^if[n_ai) ]sfb[) `so_fE[) _ mnl_\_cl[[
`cg n[f aocm[ ko_ ][^[ bo$ ^_mn[m ]iom[m m_hn[ L b_
`_cn[ io ]ill_ac^[ ]ânl[ oiin[^_) jil ko_ ]_lni b_ "
m_ l_]_\_ al[h^_ nilo[ m_ [mm_fÜ[ b_ Ö]ihnl[cli `_cn[
io ]ill_ac^[ ^_ko_ m_ ko_lc[) _ ^_o_ nl[t_l+ @^_o_
m__l iifb[^[ m_ b_ \Ö jimn[ h[ \_mn[) m_aoh^i [`_cÇig
ko_ _ff[ l_ko_l_ jil 9E boÅm \_mn[m m_ ko_l_g m_ffk^[m
g[cm ^_[hn_cl[m) _ ionl[m nl[m_cl[m @ [m m_ff[m ]b_[[
^_~n_ io ^_ nl[m+ @ ko_g _g _ff[m [h^[l []b[l[ gì*(
Ebilc[ ^_ni^i ]ihb_]_l _ i`[t_l ]ill_a_l [mmo[ [o~n[(
Lh " mj_]c[cg_hn_ h[m \_mn[m ko_ mig `[t_^il_m+ 1JWYT
h_ k n_Ö a_cni ^_ m[fn[l mi\l_ [m g~[im) io f[hÇ[ [(
j_lh[m) b_ al[h^_ [o~n[aN jiilfb_ [mm_fb[ ^_`nn_cl[) _
m__l ]b_a[^[ mi\l_ []_lh_fb[+ Kil ko_ [mms ]igi o__(
gim ko_ im h[osim nl[\[fbig g_im []_l][ ^i g[mnli)
[mms [m \_mn[m 1 `[tÖ ^[ko_ff[ aocm[ mig g_him m_hnc(
^[m ko[h^i [m nl[tÖ ^_$n_cl[m @mm_ `_t_l mi\l_ [m j_lô
h[[) _ [m g~[im [fn[m b_ g_fbil g[cm nl[m_cl[ _g l[(
ti[^[ g[h_cl[ @ hio[gÖn_ g[h^_c `[t_l m_ff[m ^_ .2J
o[ `_cÇ^ [m ko[[_m n_Ö im [lÇi^_m nl[m_clim oifc[^im)

.EDEKENBA @M ;ZZSWQ
 ?@ =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 0.
\[cr[ [m ][o[m ^[m j_lm[m K `i[Ö g[sil oÅn[aÖ ^i Å
j_l ocmn[ m_ ji^_ jÖmm[l) _ mig \_g `ifa[^[m j_l[
][gchb[l Eáa[ dilh[^[+
1FUNYZQQT B WO79
IT STXXT HTWWJL]RfYT VZJNFSIT IHZJ XJJW(
? i himmi ]ill_asgÖni l_]_\_l_gim [do^[) io nilo[
hi ][[[fa[[ ^[m mjip[m) [n[][l) `_cÇã ^i ac\ã) ^[ lio*
j[) ]sha_l) _ hi K nl[t_gim h[ ][\_Ç[ @i ][fÇ[^i
^_o_gim nl[t_l [j_ln[^i hi li_i ^i j__) _ him ^_^im
^_fa[^i) fâai l[ti[^[gÖn_) `ifa[^i) _ mÖ j`fn[ Kil K
m_ `il liosni ^_fa[^i) _ f[lai hi g_i) i j__ ^i_l[ _
]~mm[l[ g[cm [mshb[ @mm_ `il ]olni) lsdi) io [j_ln[^i
him ^_^im) io ]á jân[) ij__ m_há ji^_l[ \Ö ^i\l[l)
h_g `clg[l h[ _mnl_\_cl[ <m mjil[m ^_oÖ m__l `iln_m
_g `_llim) aihÇim) ]ill_[m) _ K m_ jihb[g domn[g_hn_
@ ko[h^i n[[_m mig [faoNm o_t_m l_]_\_ ^_fc[m al[hô
^_ [do^[) [fáaol[ m_c[ m_aoh^i `il [mm_ff[ _g K [h^[+
_i ko_ ioo_l ^_c[t_l ?_o_gim m__l [n[][^im Ö n[f
aocm[ ko_ ni^[ ][fÇ[^ol[ K nlioo_lgim [h^_ \_g domn[
jil ko_ `[l[ [h^[l g[cm m__m_a[^im _ `clg_m) _ há ^_(
E_cr[^im+ @ hig jilÖ n~ni K him j_c_) io Öj[]b_ @mm_
][o[fa[lgi5 ash_n_) [][fÇ[^ol[ m_c[ ni^[ g[cm f[la[ô
_ g_him [n[][^[ @i ac\á [mms `_cni K hig [j_ln_) h`n
`cc\_ _g h_boç fia[l) h_g `[Ç[ j_ci) io Ñj[]bi @ há
m_c[ c[g f[lai ko_ i]ilji [h^_ mifni) io m_ `il \_g
[n[][^i l_h^[ j_ffi* [mm_Ön[gÖni ^i ]iff[l @ ^_o_giP
fim ao[l^[l m_ [`[f^l[ `il fâa[ K hig j[mm_ [n[][^[
im [lÇiiÖm nl[m_clim _g _mn[m m_ff[m ^_\l[o~n_) ^_m[n[*
_[h^i ^bo~ j[ln_) m_i do\N `il [\_lni j_ff[m cfb[la[mX
io [n[][h^ii n[g domni k [`[f^l[ ^_c [[f_g ^im [c(
Çiá_m há jimm[ j[mm[l+ Kil K [dh^[ ko_ j[l_Ç[ jio]i
c[ os ^_ffi l_]_\_l al[h^_ nilo[ [[faoçm ][o[fa[^il_m)
K m_ ^_ffi [osm[o`f+ <llioj[ ^_o_ m__l ]oln[ l[ti[^ô*
g_hn_ m_aoh^imp_ ]omnog[lÖ ^_ hig al[h^_m g[ha[m
( f_o_ Kil K ]_lni b_ ko_ ni^im ][o[fa[^il_m m_ []h[g

.EDEKENBA @M ?VBBDWQ
0/ @INNTI<Iy<
li[cm `iln_m [h^[h^i ^_mj[]b[^im _ f_o_gÖc_ o_mnc^i[`
^i y `[t_g m__h^i ][ll_a[^im io nl[t_h^i o_mnc^i `d7
im Öj[]b_+ @[ko_mni ko_ `[cfi ^[m lioj[m) _hn_h^i ^[ô
[lg[m) &E ko[hni ][^[ boç m_ [lg[l g[cm f_o_g_hn_
_ ^_mj[]b[^i _g ko[f ko_l ]iom[ " ioo_l ^_`[t_l) nÅ*
ni m_ []b[l[ g[cm `iln_ ][o[fa[^il) è [dh^| ko_ [f*
aoçm n_hb[ 9d m_c0 j_il_m ^_ \in[l m_ `il_g j_m[^im)
_o ^cai ko_ m_ nilh[lâ j_il _ n[l^_ m_ j_h^_lÖ / [m*
ms hig `[t n[hni jlio_cni) hil[ `[Ç[ g[cm j_p^[ )
ko[hni j_l[ m__l `iln_ _g ^_`_hmmig hig ]ihnl[^cai
Üd hig jimm[ jl_mn[l @[m lioj[m ko_ nlior_l_g ^_oÉ
m__l mifn[m) [mms ]igi g~niâ_m) io dilh_[m) io [faoÅ[
^_n[f `_cÇig ko_ m_ jimm[g [mms \Ö nl[t_l+ è [m ko_
ioo_lÖ [h^[l ]shn[m ^_o_hmm_ ]fa_l j_l ch_i) _ [j_l*
n[^[m @mm_ n[f ]ilji n_o_l 9w [c[ _gj[]bi ^_mm_ [j_l*
n[l j_l ]sg[) ^_o_mm_ ]fa_l j_l `oh^i) _ [ fni ) _ [
]shn[ n~ni [j_ln[^[ k m_ n_hb[) io [n[][^[ h[m cfb[l*
a[m [mms `v hig ]ill[+ Iig m_ ^_o_ nl[t_l h[ ][\_Ç[
al[h^_ ][j_ffi) io ][l[joÇ[) g[cm ^_o_mm_ nl[t_l j_(
ddo_hi) io mã\l_cli jil ]_lni []b[lig L gos ni j_c[
h[ >[\_Ç[) ko[f ko_l ]iom[ " big_g nl[a[ j_m[^[ iX
_lij[]bim[ _g \_mn[ ko_ `[Ç[ è [ko_mn[m ]iom[m momi
m]hjn[m hã ^_oÖ m__l l_ao[l^[^[m) j_l[ ][o[fa[l _g
ko[f ko_l \_mn[) g[cm miig_hn_ m_ ^_o_ jlio__l j_l[
[fas~ ko_ m_c[ gos ni `[t_^il) jil `d _g ni^[ ]iom[ 1
m_ jlio[ ni^[ io al[h^_ j[ln_ ^[ `ilÇ[ m_ l_]_\_ al[cc(
^_ mnilo[ ^i j_ko_hi [[ti+ @[[f_h[ ^_mni ko_ m]l_o_*
gim m_ ji^_ ][^[ boç jlio__l ^i ko_ []b[l [o[hn[*
l_g Kil X ]_lni b_ ko_ liosn[ g_fbilc[ mÖnclâ ni^if*
Å im _hn_h^c^im h[m ]iom[m &d [os~ ^_`[t_l m_ jlcg_cl[(
dhÖn_ _l~ jliocmnim ^_mm_ ao[l^[lÖ ^i ko_fb_m j_cdoc*
+ ti io _gj[]bi ji^c[ nl[t_l è bo~ ^[m+ g[cm ]_ln[m _h(
_sh~Ç[m y ][^[ boç j_lmms ji^_ `cfb[l) [mms b_ ^[m
jo[m mj_hã]c[m è ^_o_mm_ jilÖ \_g iifb[l _ ]ihb_]_l
iko_+ [jlio_cn[ _ j[l_]_ g_fbil) jil cd _g _mni _ ni(
^[ff[m+ ]iom[m im)g[cm ^im big_Öm n__g m_om mj_]c[[_m
a_cnim ^_ k gos ni m_hn_g [do^[^im) io mnilo[^i= +
_ im ionlim ihig []big [mms ]igi _ff_m+

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
 ?.N =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 00

-:HBDMDDG 7 07 $
=L<G?FG <U:> :DIM^K >E IM>J>F=G ?:Q>J :D@MT <GMK:
HGKLG I :;>KL: FGE ?:V: HGJ * =>M: <:PJ$
@ o ^cmm_ `d j_l[ ^cÄn_) j_l[ ^_nl|m) ii ][^[ bo~ ^[m
cfb[la[m ji^Ü[gim ][sl j_l `ilÇ[ 9d `imm_ `_cn[) l_a_h^i +
[fao~ f~Ç[) f[hÇ~^i[) ]iln[h^i ]ig mj[^[) ko_l_h^i +
`[t_l [fao~ ionl[ ]iom[ m_g_fb~n_) j_l gshao[ ^_ hig `
3[\_lgim ia_cni ko__g _ffi ^_o_gim n__l+ @j_l[ ^_ò )
]f[l[Çã ^_mni b_ ^_ m[\_l ko_ [g[sil j[ln_ ^im bi* +
ch_Öm ][~_ +^_mn[m aocm[m j_l ^_m[]il^i ^[oáin[^_ ) _ )
_mni m_ `[t [mms+ N_ bhç big5 b_ `c]ihnl[^i _g ao_l*
l[ ) domn[) nilo[ _g _f [fao~ ionl[ ]iom[) io fb_ `[t®
`ilÇ[ j_l[i ^_llc\[l [ ][^[ bo~ ^[m j[ln_m) _ _ff_ `cfb[
nilo[g_hni h[ oiihn[^_ _ há m_ m[\_ n__l [mms ]igi
^_o_+ >_lni b_ ko_ im g[cm ]Å[_ jil m_ ^_mÖj[l[lN
^[m [do^[m ^i ]ilji ) ^[m j_lh[m ) ^im j__m) _ ^[m
cnn~[im k ji^_lc~ [o_l+ è hig ^cai ni^im) jil cd [faoçm
l_]_\_g n[g al[h^_m N]ihnlim) io mig n[g lsc[gÖn_
ncl[^im) io \in[^im j_l[ ][^[ bo~ ^[m j[ln_m) 1w j_l
`ilÇ[ hÖ ji^_l 1w _g _fc_m [c[) n__lmm_ hig ji^_lihh
DH[cm m_[m oiihn[^_m n_o_l_g m_aol[m) o s o [ m)_ m_
mio\_lÖ [do^[l ^_ mo[m o~n[aN_m) m]om[l^ [m g[cm o_*
/_m ^_ ][sl) h_g l_]_\_lá n[f [\[ff[g_hni ko_ fb_
gosni Nj__Ç[ è [ko_mni m_ `[t ]igi []ihn_]_ [im bi(+
g_Nm _g fosn~^i) ko_i \_g hig m[\Ö `[t_l ]ig ko[f
ko_l `ilÇ[) io _lli ko_fb_ m_c[ f~Ç[^i ][[Ö gosnk fc*
cl[g$n_) jil nilo[Ç^ ^[o^in[^_ _ gshao[ ^_ m[\_l)
R h[ oc^[ ^im big_Nm o__l_gim \_g _mn_ _rÖjli) ko_
gosni5 m_ f_cr~ ^_llc\[l _ ][sl N g[f^[^_m) _ ][nsoi
oso_l) ]^ j_ko_h[m ]ihnl[lc[^[^_m _ [[tim ko_ fb_
o_Ö j_l `l[ko_t[ ^_ ]il[Çá) gshao[ ^_ m[\_lâ aio_l2(
h[l ms _ mo[m `[t_h^[m) iko_ hig `[lc~ m_ mio\_mjN
j_l \i[ g[h_cl[ j[mm[l [m ]iom[m _ `cfb[l [do^[ ^_ AGG
_m`ilÇi) [osm[gÖni ^_mms) _ ^ionl_g k fbi \_g mio*
\_mm_ _ kosm_mm_ ^[l+
2

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH WQ
&' 3599<5+5OS
è _g l_a_h^i) io ko_l_h^i `[t_l ][^[ boè ^[m
ionl[m g[hb[m) ][N_ gosnim _mmi g_^_m ]ig _lli ^[*
oãin[^_ è _mni `_t j_l `l[ko_t[ JP j_l mi\_ac^ii_
]ig gshao[ ^_ m[\_l+ @ `[tÑhi ]ig `l[ko_t[ [façom*
K ^_mmo[ h[Çig mig `l[]im ^_fc[m) io Öj[]bimim @
ko[h^i fb_ g[h^[g) io Liho_g ^_ `[t_l ][^[ bo`n
^[m ^c_n[m ]iom[m) `cfb[g n[g al[h^_ nilo[gÖni) K
]ig ^_m[]il^i ][~_ gosni fca_cl[gNn_ è ionlim K j_l
mi\_ac^ii_ ^[oiãn[^_) _ gshao[ ^_mm[\il) _ ^_ bo*ô
ë[Ç[) ko[h^i ][^[ boÅ ^[ô ^cn[m ]iom[m ko_l_cm `[t_l)
nÅni m_ [oso$ _ n_â gÖn_m ]igi [m `[l^ \_g ) K mm
mko__]N ]igi m_ [o_l`n ^_ n__l h[ \ _ m n [ _ ][`c_ jil
_mn_ [[ti è c[ ^[ ko_mf[ aocm[ os ][sl [faoçm ko_l_h(
^i l_a_l [fao$ f~Ç[) n~nimm_ [j_a[oN ]ig _ff[ ko_ h-
[hi^Ö n__l) io f_o[hn[l ko[h^i _ff[ ][s[ hi ]b[`ni)
_Ef_m fb_ ncdhb~ ]ãj[hbs[ @ [mms _g nâÇ[h^i L:FLG DX!
[faoçm nÖ_Çihc _g gosni f[hÇ[l koi ^_mÖh[l[h^imm_
^[ \_mn[ ]ig [f|Ç[ m_ o~[i `il[ ^[ m_ff[+ @[mms []ihXô
n_]_ _g ]iln[h^i ]ig [_mj[^[) io `_lch^i ^_ mi\l_
gN[i) io`[t_h^i ionl[ ko[f ko_l ]iom[) ko_ ^_mÖj[(
r[h^imm_ ^[ \_[n[ _g n__l ]oc^[^i [i K \[g ^_`[t_l
]c[_ gos nim ]ig ^_m[]il^i) i gshao[ ^_mm[\_lò
R:HBDMDZG 7 7 +
=:E:F>BJ: =G LJ:M:J ::K E:TGK => <>M:DDG$
C Z ] K MWS`t^ PQ`Q]PMPQ' Z` \`Q]QYPZ []Z`M] IJOTLT&
^Q {RUWTMX PZ OM`MWWZ MZ^ N]MjZ^ [Q]M ^Q PQ]]UNM]QX&
8Q]_Z^ M`U^MXm_Z^ [Q]M Q^_Z []Z`QU_Z^Z^ XQ []Md PQQ(
O]Q`Q]' Z^ \`MMQ3 [QY^^Z \`Q MOTM]M NZZ^' \`QX Z^
OZ^_`XM] C]UXQU]Z N`^\`Q ^QHM \`Q MUM _MMQ^ M]jZZm^
_]M^QU]Z^ QX \`Q ^Q RU]XQ' : _QYTi \`Q NQ XQWTZ] T`F
^QWWM ScYQ_M \ZQ Z`_]M' ^QY RZ] PQS]MYPQ `MY_MSm 3
M\`Q^_Z ^Q RMd [Q]M \`QX _QX ^MNQ] PQ ^Q RU]XM] YZ
M]j; _]M^QU]Z) FQS`YPZ \`Q YZX _QYTM S]MYPQ OZY_M
.Z RU]XM] PM^ ^_]QNQU]M^' ^QY RZ]m _]ZbMPM^) 8M [Z] ^k
WQUbM]QX TU] OZXZ [mPQ] ZOZ][Z' XMU^ l[QQOQ RU]XM]^Mk

.EDEKENBA @M JD A UQ
 ?@ =@H ><P<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 0(
liosni Ö _ff}m) k [jlio_cn[ O_l]_cli uw m_ Ç[ll_) _ ^[m
j_lh[m m_ [j_lf_ h[ m_c f[) @ hç][ jil nl[o[l [m [\l[(
io m_ ncl_ ^i ^_l_cni m__l ^_fc[) g[ò _cn[h^i ko_^i
nl[o_ hi ionli iigi \_g ji^_l Lo[lni) 9E ilh[cm [fni
ko_ ji^_l `cfb_ bi ionli) io [i g_him j_ffi \l[Çi)
jil Å j_l [ffs `[t i]ilji g[cm j_h^_l Lodhni ko_ ò[
osl Å [ko_f ]ig Å jlio[l m_ ^XmÑj[l[ ^[ m_ff[ jil
i `cfb[l) nig_i j_l i\l[Çi) _ ncl_i ^_nl[o_m j_l[ `il(
>[ jil hig _mn[l ]igi ^_o_ N _ff[) [mms i^_llc\[l[
g[cm fca_cl[gÖn_+ N_cmni) ]igi m_ nl[o[l`n) ig[cm ]_^i
o_ ji^_l) ^_oifn[ j_l nl[m [m ~][m ^[\_mn[ ^i ionl[
= N[ [ko_ffc( j[ln_ incl_ mÖjl_) jil Å [dh^[ Üd n`nn[ `ilÇ[
mig n_hb[) ]áh_g ko_ f_o_ _c io [\_mn[ m_i \_g nc*
l[l+ @ j_l[ _mni g_fbil `[t_l) ko[h^i o_b_l [i `cfb[l
< ][\_Ç[ ^[ \_mn[ hç][ _mn[ j_l[ `il[) g[m oifn[^[
io[hnimm_ \N ji^_l `[t_l) nl[ff[m `ci[m ^[ ionl[ <[f_g
*i_mn_m [ocm[g$nim ][^[ boç j_lmms ji^_ []b[l ionlim)
+m_ _mn[ g[hb[ jlio[l jil \ii_) im ko[[_m [i n_gji
9e: g_mn_l ji^_g jl_mn[l) [dh^[ ko_ jio][m o_t_m [(
iihn_Ç[ @ j_l[ ò^_llc\[l [\_mn[ \_ boÅ g[h_cl[ ^_*
al[h^_ o[hn[a_g j_l[ ko_g i\_g m[\_) _ ji^_ `[t_l
`cfb[ff[ j_l [][\_Ç[ []_l][ ^im gimmim _ ncl[l lsdi j_l
_ff[ _ n__l [ g[Ni `iln_) f_o[hn[h^ifb_ [][\_Ç[ j_l[[
`[t_l nl_mnâ\[l _ ][sl+ @ ^_ ni^[m _mn[m [o~n[a$_m m_
ji^_g [do^[l im [ocm[^im mifnim [][o[ffi l[ti[^[g_h*
n _ lsdim _ \iim ][o[fa[^il_m jil Å im ionlim há m_ ji*
^ _g ^_fc[m n[g \_g jl_mn[l+
-:H5MDDG 7 7 1
=:E :F=J: IM> K> =>M> L>>J) IM:F=G GMM>JEGK =>?:Q>J
<:=: AM =>KL:K <GMK:K KMKG K<JBHL:K) > GMLJ:K K>E>#
DA:FL>K$

> X o [ h ^ i ][^[ bo~ ^_mn[m ]iom[m bigN `_t_l) [oáin[*

ò#_ ^ _ o _ m__l m_aol[) _ [_hnÖÇig jlch]cj[f _g m_ n__l
* ^ _ l_ cni o[ \_mn[ Å j_l i_boç aocm[ Öh[m `[t_h^i) hi([
2(

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
03 @INNTI<Iy<
n_hb[ è _ff[m n[f ]os^[^i) ko_ in__l ^[\_mn[ fb_ mko__*
Ç[ @mm_ l_a_l boÅ f~Ç[) g[cm [c[ `_gÖÇ[ _g [j_ln[l
[m j_lh[m) _ m_ n__l `clg_ h[ m_ff[) `w _g [`ilÇ[ ^[
gN[i) h_g ^i \l[Çi j_l[[ mijilf[l+ @ko[h^i ]ig _f*
f[ hig ji^_l f_cr_[) _i ]ilji `cko_ [mm_mm_a[^i) _
m_aoli) _ hig ko_cl[ g[cm `[t_l) k ko[hni ji^_l [][*
\[l ) nÖ_^imm_ ^_l_cn[g_hn_ _g mo[ \_mn[ ]igi ^_o_)
_g [f `[f_Ç[) g[cm h0 f_cr_ [\i[ g[h_cl[ ko_ ^_o_
n__l+ @[mmc _g fÅÇ[l jlch]cj[fgÖn_ n_hb[ nÖ_Çig _g
`clg[l Øim j__m _ [j_ln[l [m j_lh[m) _ m_ n__l `clg_ @
]ig _mn_ l_ao[l^il) ^[ g[Ni) ^i \l[Çi) _ ^i ]ilji
m_ [do^_ ko[hni [\lÅa_l mo[ \l[Ç[lc[ @^[ko_[n[ aocm[
`[Ç[ hi ]iln[l) _ `_lcl ^_ mi\l_ g~[i) hâ m_ ^_mÑj(*
l[h^i ^[ m_ff[) jil _iom[ 9d ^_o[ `[t_l+ @mm_ nlior_l
n[f ]omnog_) nilh[lmm_[ [mms ]igi h[nol_t[ <ko_mn_
b_ \ii [ocm[g$Üi _ gosn[ jlih_cnimi) _ `l_gimi [*
+ko_g imm[\_ `[t_l @ \_g ji^_gim ^_mni nig[l _r$*
jli ^[m ^_mo[cl[^[m g[h_cl[m ^_ oso_l ^im \ig_Nm)
jil 9w mig [faoçm Üd hig nÖ_^i fÖ\lÅÇ[ ^i ko_ l_ko_*
l_g m_om _mn[^im \i[m _ ^_l_cn[m os^[m) nÅni nÖ_ [nÖ_*
Çig lsd[ _ ^_mÖj[l[^[ _g òãjlcl i`d ^_m_c~) [dh^[ ko_
m_c[ ]iom[ ^_ jio][ o[ffc[) òd [mms _Å[_ ]igi oÖ iy
_ff_m ko_l_g `[t_l+ >[ m_ `[t m_o [][\[ch$ni _g fb_m
ë^[l [[ti ^_nlcmn_t[m) g[fko_lÖÇ[m) `[t_l lio\im) i[
m_g_fb[hn_m g[ff_m) fiai m_ao_g m_o ^_m_ci m_g io*
nli l_ao[l^i ko_ _g ms [c[ ^i ko_ fb_m Oi`QX 7 io*
nlim jil al[h^_ nÖ_Çig+ " [c[g ^_ [][\[l ko[f ko_l
_iom[) hç][ g[cm `[t_g ^i ko_ \_g `[t_l ji^_l) &[*
t_h^_ m_gjl_ i9w ^_oÖ <] l_mao[l^i ^_ mo[m ]â]c_h]c[m
ì \iim mn[^im+ @ ]_ln[gÖn_ ]igi j_l n[f a_cni `[tÖ
g_fbil ni^im \iim `_cnim) _ himmi m_hbil ^[ g_fbil_m
`Üdm _g _ff_m) [mms ko[h^i bihcÖ nl[m ni^i m_o jlch]c*
j[f jlijimcni _g m_ n__l ^_l_cni ]igi ^cni \_) mi\l_
mo[ \_mn[ `[t gosni g_fbil ni^[ff[m ]iom[m ko_ mi\l_
_ff[m ioo_l ^_`[t_l @ ^[ko_mn[ jl[nc][ o_lâ ]_ln[ mj _ *
lcÑ]c[ im k bom[lÖ [m ^cn[m g[hb[m @ hig mig ^_ ] l_ _ l
65 ko_ ^_mn_m `_cnim jioii mio\_lÖ) io bomÅ j_l i]ih*

.EDEKENBA @M C A UQ
 ?@ =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 04
nl[clà >[ jicm há ]omnog[g PQ n[f aocm[) hç][ mi\l_c*
fi \_g ji^_lig `[ff[l io ]^mm_fb[l) jil Üd ]_lni b_
ko_ iô g[cm ^im big_Öm [fao~m o_t_m b~ [[tim) _ l_*
OQN QX ]ihmm_fbám j_l[ nig[l oc^[[ ko_ fb_m g[cm jl[t+
@ j_l_ff[m m_ao_g [n[[ ko_ j_l m_om nÖjim ][^[ boçm
l_]_\Ö m_o a[ff[l^ig H[m _g ni^[ff[m ]iom[m im \iim
ëbigÖ_m) ?õ ^_oÖ ^_]ol[l ^ij_hsi^_m) g[m `clg[l ã
][^[ bo~ ]_ln[ ^_n_lgsh[Çig+ j_l ][gshbi g[cm ^_*
l_cni) _ j_lfãa[^[gÖn_ jil im \iim [jlio[^i @ ^[
ko_f jil ]iom[ k o_hb[) mo[ o^in[^_ hç][ go^_+) mj_*
l[h^i _g ni^i a[ff[l^ig ^i ^Él_cni m_hbil ko_ [][^[
boç al[]cim[gÖn_ mÖjl_ ^[ m_aç^i mo[m i\l[m+

<][\[mm_ [ jlcg_cl[ j[ln_ ^i m__l `iln_ @ ]ig_Ç[mm_

[mm_aoh^} ^_mm__l m_g l_]_i+

1TUNYZYYT 7(
JR VZJ XJ IJHQFWF UJW VZFSYFX UFWYJX YTITQQTX MTRJfu ,
Xh WJHJT 3 HTRT UJW SFHYeF Xl FQLZnX XJR WJHJT+

A i c m [][\_c ^_m]l_o_l im [osm[gÖnim L \iim : _ l[*

ti[^im g_ j[l_]_lã) j_l[ ][o[fa[l `iln_) jlimm_aosh(
^i g[hb[ il^_h~Ç[ N]l_oi ionlim j_l[ m__lgim [do^[*
^im [][o[fa[l m_g l_]_i) [mms ]igi ^cmm_ kç_ ]igjlc[
^_i m__lÖ im \iim ][o[fa[^il_m @ j_l[ _mni b_ ^_mm[*
\ _ l) `d j_l _mn[m ^it_ j[ln_m) ni^iPim big_Öm() m_aoh*
^i g[cm _ g_him migim mÖ l_]_i _g ni^im òimmim `_c*
nim +m+ j_l h[]ÖÇ[) _ jl_mohÇ^) j_l ^_m_ci) _ gshah(*
^_mm[\_l) j_l \i[m mko_ÖÇ[m) bomÅÇ[ _ l[t^) _ j_l+ io*
nl[ g[sil l_]_i) _ ^_mjimcÇig) ^[o~n[aÖ m[hb[8 _
al[Ç[ mj_]c[f+ Klcg_cl[gÖn_ mig [faoçm m_g l_]_i j_l
h[]ÖÇ[) jil k h[]_g m_g g_^i) mÖ o_laihb[%) _ mÖ
_gj[]bi l[ti[^[gÖn_) _ him g[cm ^im `_cnim) io _g
[faoçm mj_]c[fg_hn_ @^ctÖ jil _mni) iko_ h[nol_t[ ^_o)
h^ +m_ ji^_ \_g nifb_l @o__g im båçm l_]_[lÖ im j_*

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH WQ
 @I 22 TI<.¶y <
llaiiÖ ^[m j_ff_d[m) _ m3 l_]_i mi`l_lN im ^i g[l = i[*
n`im hinh m_ [nl_o_l [j_ff_n_l) hN bcl òi\l_ g[l) 3
g os fi m_g g_^i òmn[lâ ® [faå|m al[h^_m j_mn_fnÉ]c[m+
è [mms f_Ö [faoçm n[cn[ `l[o^_ o_laihb[ io Éj[]`[i ^_*
`[t _l [fao[m ]\[=[m nd [hn_ m_ jillc[g [mmi`l_l [faÜcç
al[h^_ j_ccarq K [c R h d Q ] _ _g foa[l ^_ jl[Ç[) jil J>!
]_i ^_ jl[ag[ ^[m aán_m) io òj[]bi ko_ ^_ [s `cfbÅ+
@ioflim hihnc [o_lc( [faoç É\[lai ^_[m `[t_l( _ _mni
jil ^_mo[cli K ][^[nicç l_]_\_i h[nil[fg>f_ ^_ m[[
h[Ç^+ @mmi\limni \_ ^_ ]ihb_]_l ko_ ji^_gim i[sl
_ni_lli j_l gshacc[ ^_hò m__lgim [nl_os^im n[hni) ò
[mms ]igi ^_o_gi_ Ö [m ]_l[[m K `_t_lgim) io ji(
nl_mm[slgim) _ [o_lgim h[nol[f [fl_osgÉni) m_h[ g_(
^i) mÉ o_laihb[: _ m_g `cj[]biX g[cm ^i k b_ l[ñá+
@jic`] ji^_gim _ll[l) mi\_c[h^i) io gshèo[h^i) [ocl*
no^_ \N m_ gimnl[ k b_ hi g_i) ]igi K<J>M>J] ^[(
o_l^[^_cl[ `iln_ff_t[) K ncl[ im l_]_im) _ fÉj_l[ im mi*
\_cim [nl_osgÉnim) ^[h^i g[nm%|do^[ [him gos ni [nl_*
p _ l) k [ll_]_[l+ è [mms `[ff[h^i _g [ko_mn[ j[ln_) ^i
ko_ ni^im l_]_\_gim h[nol[fgÖn_) _o _hn_h^i ko_ +mig
[faoçm ^_mmo[ h[Çã _g ][o[fa[l è [mms _g ni^[ff[m
]iom[m) n~\_g _ ^_l_cn[gÖn_ m_g l_]_i k `[t_g iXnc_
(_ ü^ct ^_\i[ m[nål_m_) K n[hni _ n[[Ém i]`om[m ^_m_n[
X`o[h`ni _ ko[[_m \á ji^_ aio_g[l @ _ff_m j_l[ ni^i
Xk ^_oN [[i_l [nl_osg$ni) inÉ_ [mms ]igi g_fbil n__l`lô
ò_ ji^_ è [m ]iom[m k mâ ^_ l_]_[l) _Ef_m [m n_g É) ò[
[_ao[l^|g ^_ff[ô ]igi b_ n[tá+ @ ^[ko_mni g_ j[l[][
Øk o_ci *_r^jli gos ni ]f[li) him [fÅ[im k h c mâ l[[i(*
h_Ñm H[cm ^_ mç[ D]fch[Çâ h[nol[f) boçm m__h^i má\_f[ôô
g`_n_ [l^c^im p m_ fÅÇ~ ^[m ][m[m [\[cri _ j[[m`n j_l `i(
#@G" _ `[na.ionl[m m[h^c]_m @ionlim f[s[ao[h^i nÜig n n
\i\_c[ g_h n_ do^_om k h_boN ]iim[ ^oos^im[ iom[g `l*
`\[l `cmmig [faoçm [mms nâj_l[^[gÑn_ [l^c^im k n_gá
Xiknn_ b_ ^_n_g_l) J mig nN m_g g_^i ih^_ ]ãjl_) 1
`onlán_ ih`f ji^É m__l g[cm è[mms ]igi m_ `[t _g _mn[
òj[ln_ g_^i o_l_gim ^_o_laihb[ _ ^i Éj[]bi è `[Çi
%^_`_lÖÇ[ ^i ìj[]bi) _ ^[ o_laihb[ jil K [[`_[ig j__*

.EDEKENBA @M D GH WQ
 23 03: 1/`/9)/6 OJ?< >39/( --
YJhHJ ^_h-5 `[t_l mÖncl o_laihb[) ^[ô ]iom[m ko_ l_(
]_[gim m__l h[[f `_cn[m) io ^i L `[t_gim) io `_t_l(
gim) ^_ X [i_mi _hn_h^cg$ni hi[ ^[ dost_ y `[t_gim
g [f) io ^oos^[gim ^_ m__l jil _fdi jl[mg[^im+ è ^[(
ko_mn[ aocm[ ji^_gim mi\_c[l jil gosni [o_lgim _mn[
o_laihb[) io lishao[l há [mmânsh^i h[ko_ff_m ][mim "
[mm_hnsl ^_o_gim è [o_P[ ji^_gim _g \i[ _ l[ti[^[
g[h_cl[ ]igi momi m]lcjni h_ ^i [nl_osgÖni) [o_h^i[
]ig \i[ nÖj_l[iÇ[ @i Öj[i\i jÇln_Ç__ miff[hn~f_ [i
m_hnc^i ^i ]il[Çich k hig l_ao[l^[ l[ti[^[gÖn_) m_
\_ \_g io g[' [ko_ff[ ]iom[ ^_ ko_i[+ H[cm ^_mms
i `cfb[ gosn[m o_t_m _g ]iom[ k bigâ ]ikb_]_ Üd b_
g[f ^_i [o_l) _ fb_ jl[t_lc[ gosni hig immÖncl @ko_m(
ni ) m_aoh^i g_o dosti hç][ `[t) m[foi _g [do^[l i\ik
l_]_i ^[o_laih\[) io [mmÖncl ih^_ ]ãjl_ koÖ [mm$n[)
UJWF hi[ ao[l^[l ^ionl[ n[f) io m_g_fb"n_ " jli]_^_
]ci ]ih\_]sl[Öni ^[ l[[Jg H[c[ _f j_lmms hig o[c h[(
^[ è ][^[ boç ko[hni ji^_l j_l m Ü m k ) bom$Ç[) _ ][^[
fco ~ ^[n ]iom[m+ uw nclig ill_]_i i^_o_ ^_mms [`[$n[lô
jip cd Tl jl_mn[) m[foi hi ][mi c[ m]lcjni+ è gisnik
hig _ha[h[^im ioosh^i fioo[l ill_]_i ^[o_laihÇ[ "
h_g ^i \ii ]ih\_isgNni ^[m ]iom[m) _ \ih^[^_ j_Ç
k o _ l_]_[gim ][sl g n[f _lli) ks_ ^_l_c n[ g_hn_ [jim*
m[g im [o_l+ è j_hmm[h^i _mni m__l Nj[]\i) Ços^ç .
[o_cfi \_ oclno^_) m__h^i n[f gshao[ `d ni^im ^_o|
k o [h ni ji^_lâ ncl[l ^i ]il[Ç! _ ^[oãin[^_ @mmi\lÇ
[k o _mfi Sm _hn_h^i ^[l g[cm [osm[hn~ni hÖ _hmmshi)
j i l . mig i\l[m ^[h[nol_t[ _g . hig ji^_gim "g_hx
^ [ l ) m_h! j_l ]ihb_]sgÖni ^[ l[tig+ @ j_l[ [m io*
nl [ m ]iom[m ko_ c[ ^cmm_ è ko[h^i ^_fc[m `[ff[l m]l_oÉ*
W J ] iko_ _hn_h^_l+ H[m _mni m]l_os jil ^_]f[l[l iko_
hi\l_fci g_ j[l_]_ j_l[i y m]l_o_l [^c[hn_ m__l h_ô
]_m__lci è ][^[ boç _ih\_]_l ^_mms g_^_m [ ko_ ^!
mo [ h_Çig \_ li[cm dh]Fh[^i è jimni ko_ m_ ^ca[ ^
S m ji^_gim go^[l [m ]iom[m ^[h[nol_t[) _o n_hii k
j _ l \ii _hn_h^_l) _ a__l[f \i[ o`nin[^_ im \ig_L(
n[ c_ h ^ ~ gosni ]ã [al[Ç[ ^_ ^_im _g im m_om h[nql[$_$
(

!'&')'+%$ #* ! ( ( & %
 1- @INNTIöIyö
`[ff_]sgÖnim) _ []l_]ãn[l[ h[m oclno^_m @jilÖ ][^[
bocf ^_o_ nl[\[fb[l jilmm_ ]ihb_]_l _ hi \_g ko_ h[(
nol[fgÖn_ l_]_\_i m_ g[hn__l _ []l_]Ön[l) _ him`$f*
fsgÖnim Ög_h^[l) _ ]ill_a_l+
-:HBLMDDG 00$
<GEG :D@M^K <' HJ<KMFV\ KGE K>E J><>G$
> ,il[ jl_mohÇá ^_ m[\_lÑ [faoÅm ]iom[m ^[o$n[a_g
`[t_l) há ^oos^Å gosnim `[t_ff[m mÖ l_]_i _ ^ct_g ji*
lÖ ko_ h_boç ^oos^[) iko_ ^_mms ]ihb_]_ n' \_g n_g
[jlÖ^Ü^i @ ][^[ boL ji^_ o__l) `d m_[ ]ihb_]sgÖni
¶E [faoÅm ]iom[m ]_ln[gÖn_ m[\_) [m `[t g[cm m_g l_*
]_i) ko_ [m ionl[m ^_ ko_ ^oos^[ ]igi [m `[l[+ @ h^
j[l_Ç[ ]ih nl[cli iko_ gosn[m o_t_m []ihn_]_) l_i_[lm*
mÉ g[cm boÅ ]iom[ y m_ gsfbil m[ \ _ )k ionl[ => I m_[
g_him m[\_l Kil ko_ _mni m_ `[t jil [[ti ^_ ][^[boN
^[m ^it_ j[ln_m c[ ^cn[m+ @g n[f aocm[ ko_ ijl_mogsl
^i m[\_l hã jimm[ n[hni ncl[l ill_]_i) ^ionli ][\i
f'c F] [c[ ionl[ l[tá j_l ¶E g[cm ]l_Ç[) jil iko_ c[ _g
ionlim `_cnim mÖnci H_m _g ][mim cao[[_m ]_lni b_) ko_
ko[hni ][^[ boç ^_mms ]ihb_]_ ko_ g_fbil m[\_ `[t_l
[fao~ ]iom[) m_ `[t Üf_ff[ ]ig_n_^il g[cm m_g l_]_i+%
@jilN _g ][o[fa[l) _ [mms _g ni^[ff[m ionl[m ]iom[m
k `[t_l kocm_lgim8 m_ l_]_i him _g\[la[l ^É[m \_g
`[t_l) nl[\[fb_gihim ko_[m [jl_h^[gim @mm_[m mio*
\_lgim [o_l_gim ^_him _g _ffi \i[ jl_mohÇ^ / 0G@:
ni^i io [g[sil j[ln_ ^i l_]_i m_l[ `il[+
-:HBLMDDG L>J<>BJG
<GEG H>J =>K>BG :D@M^K KGE K>E J><>G$
E K _ l ^_m_ci mig [faoçm _g m_om `_cnim m_g l_]_i) ]i*
gi ni^im \_g ]ihb_]_gim+ @ ^ctÉ jil_g 9E há j[l_]_
]iom[ `iln_) [ko_g gosni ^_m_c[ @ n[hni h_ ]c[l[gÖ*
n_ ]ihb_]c^i m__l [mms) ko_ \_g m]om[^i m_lc[ g[cm
mi\l_ffi m]l_o_l+ H_m jil ]^nsoo$l ]igi n_hbi ]ig_*:

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
 =F =FH ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 1.
Ç[^i) m_l_hi iko_ [jl_h^c) ¶E ni^i ko[hni j_l oâin~*
^_ `[t_gim b_ jil [][fÇ[l bo~ ^_mn[m ko[nli `cdm+ ^_
`\faÅÇ[) ^_ jlio_cni) ^báll[) _ih_mn[) z^ct_ch ko_ m_
`[t [fao~ ]iom[ jil ^_m_di ^_ bih_mn[ `sg) ko[h^ihim
jl[t ^_[ `[t_l jil [gil ^[fao`n oclno^_ msgjl_tgÖn_)
hig [o_h^i jlso]cj[f nÖÇig [ionli jlio_cni) bâll[)9
io jl[t_l) m_ ^_ff_ m_aosl jimm[ H_m miff[gÖn_ jil%
m[\_lgim ko_ b_ \_g ) i`[m_gim m_g [o_l mj_l~Ç[ )
jil nNÇig jlch]cj[f [a[ff[l^ig+ ko_ ^_f_ m_ mj_l_+ @*
^ctÖ _hcÖÇig+ jlch]cj[f Ö _mn[ aocm[+ N_ boç m_hbil `[t
g_l]__ [im m_om jil `[t_l iko_ b_ nb_o^i m_g mj_l~*
Ç[ `clg_ ^ionli jlio_cni Üd ^_c fi Ön_h^[ l_]_\_l @[[*
fÉ ^_mn[ _hnÖÇig j_l k i `[t jlch]cj[fgÖn_) ]ihb_]_
jilÖ ko_ m_l[ jil i`[t_l g[cm [g[^i) _ g_fbil m_los*
^i H_m jimni c' ni^i [mms ]ihb_Ç[) ijlch]cj[f gio_x
^il ^i ]il[Çig mÖn_ &V b_ [ko_f ^_m_ci) ^_i `[t_l jil
]ihb_]_l &d b_ \_g 8 n[f ]ilii _mn[ m_ ]b[g[ jlch]cj[f
_hnÖÇ`n+ @ ko[h^i [fao~ ]iom[ m_ `[t ]õ n[f ^_m_ci) ^c*
tâ k m_ `[t jil `sg bih_mn[+ @j_l _mn_m ^_m_cim ni^im
ko[nli ) ^_m_d[gim ni^[ff[m ]iom[m) bo~ ^_fc[m [\i[
nÖ Ç i g ) _ ionl[m []ihnl[cli @ [fao~m [bo} msgjl_t k
hig b_ j_][^i h3 g_l]__ @ ^_ ko[f ko_l ^_mn[m ]_l*
ni \_ 9' \âjl_ ial[h^_ ^_m_ci [do^[ gos ni ncl[l ill_(
]_i @mm_ j_l ^_m_ci ^_ a[~Çi im g[lshh_clim hig l_l
CDR im j_lcaiim ^i g[l) _ im jå\fc]im f[^liâ_m [domnc*
Ç [ ) koÖ ^oos^[l[ m_ [faoÖ al[h^_ ^_m_ci ioo_l ^_
\_g m[\_l ][o[fa[l) ko_ [ko_ff[ oiãn[^_ fb_ há `[Ç[
j _ l^ _ l ill_]_i ^_ ][sl ^[ \_mn[) io ]5 _ff[ _g n[f
ocm[ k nilo[l ihã jimm[ j_l[ \ii ][o[fa[^il f_cr[l
F _mm__l+
-:HBLMDDG IM:JLG
<GEG HGJ F\ K:;>J :D@M^K K\ E:BK K>E J><>G$

# J _ nm _ _ l 5 [faonfm mÖ l_]_i jil hÅ m[\_l m_ ^ct [o_

[][lg_hn[^i if[Çi l_]_[ @ [ko_mn[ gshao[ ^_mm[\_l)
m_ j [ ln_ Ö ^o[m j[ln_m Co~ ko_ j_ln__h]_ [i dhn_h^s(
3

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
 c`n @FNNTI<Fy<
g Öni+ Jonl[ [i m_hnc^i ^i ]il[Çig è j_l _hn_h^_l
h i m ]ihb_]_gim i \ j_lcaiim k mig `_cnim) ]^m[cdl[h^i
jil iko_ osgim _ ioosgim iko_mm_ ji^_ m_aosl =
[oÖ^i n[f ]ihmmcl[Ç^ l_]_[gim ig[f k [ocdl him ji^_
è n[g \_g m_ `[t jil iko_ m[\_gim k m_ []^n_]_i
_g [faoç `_cni) j_hmm[lgim iko_ m_ ji^_ `[t_l _g
ionli ) [dh^[ k hig m_cÅ m_g_fb~n_m @ i l_]_i ko_
h_g h[m ]iom[m j_l f[f j[ln_ h`n][ nl[t _lli) jil *8 [lò
l[tig mÖjl_ g[h^[ `[t_l iko_ \_g b _ ) _ l_]_[l ni^i
]^nl[cli @mm_ l_]_[gim iko_ hig \_ ^_n_g _l) ]_ln[ô
gÖn_ h^ m_ `[t j_l [[ti ^[ll[tig) g[cm j_l lishao[
^_ m[\_lgim iko_ b_ \_g ) io hã ko_l_l i\l[l iko_
^_l_cn[gÖn_ Ö n_h^_g im è jimni k o_n~ [fao`cm gsh(
a_[^im ^_hnÖ^_l) [l^c^im) _ ionlim X m_ _\[liP m_mo(
^im l_]_[lÖ mi\_ci+ ?cai k jimni 9d igshao[^i ^Nn_h*
^_l mo[ [l^c^_t[ h^ | Ç [ oclnoãm[gÖn_ jil k ]Bo_g
j_l[i [mms f[t_l) 5 [i\l[ _g ms `imm_ \i[) _ `_cn[ _g
^_l_cn[ g[h_cl[ @ k [`_t_m[_ jil m]if\sgÖni _ k i*
\l[mm_ ig_fbil jil i]ihb_]_l+ • k m_hncmm_ jl[t_l _
^_E_cn[Çig _g i`[t_h^i+ è _mni m_ Ön_h^_ Ñ ni^[m
g[h_cl[m ^_oclno^_m >il[ ^[ `iln_ff_t[ _g k [^_f_cn[*
]ig _g i\l[h^i [m ]iom[m j_lcdaim[m m_ h^ ji^_ [o_ll
^ol[h^i [j_ff_c[ [hn_ k o_hb[ b_ oÑ]sg$ni+ N_ _f b_
m_g l___i ih^_ ]^jl_) _o n_hbi k _f i\l[ h[ ko_f `_c*
ni g[cm m_mo^[hlÖn_ ki _hn_h^c^i) m_ j_l `ilÇ[ ^_g_*
WGP hiô ]ihb_]_ iko_ ^_o_ ]ihb_]_l) io jimni IM>G
]ihb_Ç[) i]il[Ç^ m]if\_ j_l gshao[ ^_ mi[ =>J>BL:
`iln_ff_t[ i]ihnl[cli ^i ko_ b_ \Ö) ]ig g_^i _o l_]_i
ko_ mÖn[ @j_l[ [ko_mn[ j[ln_ ^[ l[t^( \ii b_ ko_
m[c\b[gim _g _mn[ g[hb[ ^i ][o[fa[l [m ]iom[[ j_lcd*
aim[m ) _ [m k i hã m ^ ) [dh^[ ko_i j[l_ÇÅ j_l[ l_]_[l
bo~m) _ ionl[m) h^ ^oos^[l) jil ko_ Ö ni^iffim `_cnim)
ko_g i m \_g ]ihb_]_) i m o_l^[^_clim j_lcaiim l_]_[
g[cm+ è im ko_i j[l_]Ñ hig imm__h^i) `cfb^ j_ko_hi
_h\[lai è ko[hni [[j[ln_ ^i ]il[Ç^) _f ]ihb_]_ _ m[*
\_ [faoçm j_lcaiim jlch]cj[ffhÖn_ jil iko_ j[mm[ è ô∞
ko_[ni io j_l nÖjì jÇlf^a[^i jio]i _ jio]i) i[ lsd[l

.EDEKENBA @M ?KZZDUQ
 ?@ =@H ><Q<GB<M OJJ < N@G<+ .-
h_ifÉ j_l boç mii [_ân_]sgÖni+ @ j_l chshao[ ^i n[G
m[\_l hig l_]_[) _ m _ gosni mÖn_ ]iom[m iânl[cl[m) oâ
[ll_]_[l iko_ [hn_ h`f [ll_]_[o[) m[foi m_ nc[m ionl[mô
j[lD]_ `il [di^[^i [i l_]_i n~ni hi [ mÖncl) [mms ]igiò
m_lc[ m_ bç`c hç][ `is _oô g_^i) _ `imm_ _l[ boN j_f*c
f_c[ _ _g }ko[f m__hii `_lc^i oÖ]_mm_ <ko_f m[\_l ^[(n
`_lc^[m iig D\_ `[lc[ Pni l_]_[l i]il[Çã) `d [\i[:
mkoÖ_Ç[ jil 1 oÖ]_if\_ g[cm hâ []l___hf_ i[nl_osgÖ*m
ni j_l[ ]ig_n_l ionl[ n[f m_g l_]_i @ [mms ji^_ ?SJ
t_l [fa`c[ ^[[ ionl[m iiom[m8) jil 9E _o ^cmm_ ]d m_ ji^c[7
j_l^_l) g[cm j_lmms micc[gÖn( [gshai[ ^_]ihb_]_l im
j_lcaiim _g Üw mig ) io m_ ji^Ñ: m_aocl) gjsn[m o_t_`]
`[t iig mÖncl ill_]_i B ^_n[f m[\_l ^i iil[Çá b_ \_g
^_him ao[l^[l) hil[ f_cr[h^i ^_ ]ig_n_l iko_ b_ l[x
tig @jil_g ^_o_g _g ][o[fa[l ]iib___l im j_lcaii`n
ko_ a__l[EgÖn_ []án_]_g j_l[ im i]il[Çá hig [jl_h*
^_l [[mmo[ ]omn[) jil Å ^_mko_i gosni mÖn_) _ m[\_)8
_f `cfb[ gosn[m o_m__ n[f l_]_i) Å n[l^_ io h`n][ if_cú
r[+ @mm_ im [jlÖ^Ö jil fbim _hmmsh[lÖ) io im ]ihb_]_(:
J>L: ]ig [al[Ç[ ^_ ^_im m_l| ^im ][diiÖm ao[l^[^im
è h[m ]iom[m ĈÅ j_l l[t`n _hn_h^_lÖ `cfb[lâ [nl_osgÖni
ko[f _`njl_+ @i [f l_]_[lig ]igi ^_o_g+
-:HBLMDDG IMPFLG
<GEG H>J ;G:K KIML>V:K :D@M^K K> ?: QW Ke J><>G / =>+
IM> @MBK: GK EGVGK L GMLJGK IM> GGE>VT :<:M:D@:J(
=>MW K>>J >FKKPF:=GK$

? _ \ i [ m mko_ÖÇ[m ncl[lÖ ill_]_i) b_ n[g ]f[l[gÖn_

]ihb_]s^i k hig m_ l_ko_l_ nâa[ m]lcjnol[ Kilko_
[_mj_lc`c]c[ igimfl| [mms ]f[l[gÖn_ @jil_g ^ctÖ Ü' [m
\i[m _h][lh[m) _ ]`_o[^ol[m i`[t_g j_l^_l+ @ boç ^[m
\i[m _mkoÖ_][m nV c[m j_l[ j_l][fÇ[l _mn[ g[hb[ ^_\â
][o[fa[l) b_ [o_l fiai hi ]ig_Çi \i[m \_mn[m ò a_c(
nimÅm) m_ao[^i l_ko_l_g im nÖjim _g ko_ `ilÖ) jil k
^_bo`] aocm[ ^d_o^ m__l [m _g Å ]ig_Ç[lÖ ^_][o[fa[l) N
3 (

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 G B
11 =INNTI<Iy<
^ionl[ ^[ffs [o[hn_+ è jil ko[hni [kos m_ i`_l_]_
`[ff[l _g _mni ) \_ ^_ m[\_l ko_ j_l[ _hmsh[l boç giò
Çi) io [faoç ionli ko_ hio[gÖn_ [jl_h^[ _mn[ g[*
hb[ ) Å fiai hi ]ig_Çi fb_ ^_oÖ ^[l [faoN \_mn[ gpcs*
ni m[$ m_g g[ffc]c[) _ m_c[ \_g ]ill_ac^[ ^i `l_i) ]s*
D\P' mnl_\_cl[m) _ m_ff[ @ hig fb_ g[h^Ñ [f mih^
ko_mm_ [j_ln_ ]ig _ff[) _ m_ n_hb[ \_g j_l ko[f ko_l
aocm[ " g[cm []b[l a_cni @ ]iom[ ko_ g[f `[Ç[ há fbi
]^nl[^ca[l[ gosni) <n_ jio]i _ j[mmi i]ill_aN+ @mm_
`_t_l \Ñ f[la[gÖn_ ifioo_g ko[hni ]ig o_l^[^_ iji*
^_lÖ `[t_l @[ko_mn_ a_cni n_hb[g ]ig _f j_l[ [fao`f
nÖji [n[[ ko_ o_c`n ko_ _f o[s `cfb[h^i `ifa~Ç[ _g [*
jl_h^_l) bom[l) _ ko_l_l l_]_\_l Ög_h^[) _ _hmshi
d=^[ffs [o~n_ o[Åfb_ ^_]f[l[h^i ia_cni ko_ n_ll[ j_l[
__ n__l `iln_ jil 9w _mni b_ g[cm h_]_mm|lci) ao[l^[h^i
mÖjl_ iko_ ^cmm_ ^_i a[\[l g[cm) _ ]ofj[l g_him @[m_
[]_ln[l [][sl) io f_cr[l [_mnl_\_cl[ io [fao| ionl[
]iom[ ]ihnl[Ül[) m_ osl ko_i mÖ n_ gosni _f i^_m[]ofj_
ig_fbil ko_ ji^_l) [mms " há j_l][ mj_l$Ç[ _ oái*
n[^_ `c j_l[ _mni _ ni^[m iofl[m ]iom[m gosni o[c+ @*
`[Ç[hfb_ bom[l ^Å^[l [g_o^_ ^_\_mn[) _ [bo~ il[ há
gosni 5i\_ci @ ]ill[ _ m[fn_ [faoç m[fni `_cni ko_ m_cm(
m_aoli+ @i g[cm ko_ _o _hnÖ^i b_ ^[fao~ nl[ o _ ) io
^ionli alimmi j[[i EE c[Ç[ _g \ii ]b~[i @[ko_mn_ m[f*
n_ nl[t_h^i i][o[ffi [a[ffij_) _ [osm[ffi \_g ^i
]ájl_ m_aoh^i c[ b_ m]lcjni @[mms bom_ Ö n[f \_mn[
[n[[ k fb_ j_l][ ni^i ill_]_i @ ]igi oclÖ ko_ i]il*
l_ _ m[fn[ _g _f m_g g_^i \omko_hfb_ ionli 1w ;MDB:
]ámmsai) _ `cfb_ [faoçm j_ko_him m[fnim [mms ]igi `[*
t_g im li]cdm `iffàiÖm @ _g [ko_f if_crÖ [h^[l ig[c[
^i nÖji @ há fb_ ]ihmm_hn~ [h^[l [g_o^_ _g goff[m)
hÖ `[][m) hÖ ionl[m \_mn[m ko_im%`ifa[^im _ m_aolim
nl[aá) jil cd [o^in[^_ m_ [jl_aocÇ[) _ há ko_l+^_\i[*
gÖn_ nilh[l [[m ionl[m ^_mko_ [ko_mn[m ]omnog[+ H_m
^_o_ bom[l ni^[ff[m m_ff[m) _ gán_ _ ][Ç[) _ l_a_l) _*
f[hÇ[l @hi l_a_l ]ig f_o_ f~Ç[ ^_ ko_ m_c[ \_g m_ô
hbil) m_c[ _hmsh[^i [f_o[l _ nl[t_l \ii a_cni _ ]ihn_(

.EDEKENBA @M ?>BDD?Q
 ?N =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<( 12
[ÖÇ[ @ ? J f[hÇ[l _mmi g_^_m <) ]iom[ f_o_ l[ti[^[*
gÖn_ m_ `cfb[ gsfbil ia_cfi ^[ \l[Ç[lc[ @ ^_oÖmm_
ao[l^[l ni^iffim &d ^_ffi jio]i mio\_lÖ ^_f[hÇ[lÖ ]io*
m[ k m_c[ [ao^[ ^[faoN ^[m j[ln_m) jil 9' ^[ bo~ jil
Önl[l hi ]b[~i+ @ ^[ ionl[ jil [ján[ `c][l Çánl[ ko_g
[f~Ç[) m_ ji^_ ^_ffi l_]_\_l al[h^_ ][c$ @ jil_g
][h[ io j[[i) lä\i ^[g\[ff[m j[lf_m) _ ^_ j_mi l[*
ti[^i ) m_aoh^i [ al[h^_t[) ^i giÇi b_ \i[ j_l[ _m(
n[ g[hb[) g[cm \_g j_lcaii [jl_h^_l+ @ ^_mko_ ilhi(
Çi m_ gimnl[ `iln_) _ m_g l_]_i _g n[[_m \_mn[m) _
[om[h^i n[[_m g[hb[m ^_oÖfb_ ionl[ o_t ^_\om][l+
\i[m \_mn[m) _ ]ill_a_ff[m ^_ni^i n[g \_g ]igi m_
`[t_l ji^_l @ jil ko_ _ff_m c[ n_Ö [`iln_ff_t[) _ [nl_*
hsl[Öni 5n[g _g \ii nÖji ^_im _hmsh[l ^_ni^[ff[m io*
nl[m ]iom[m k i\ii ][o[fa[^il ^_o_ [o_l+ @ ko[f ko_l
_lli fb_ ^_oÖ ]ihnl[^ct_l) lsd[gÖn_ _ n[hn[m o_t_m [n[[
yi Ög_h^_ @ bom[h^i [mms \i[m \_mn[m [faoN[ o_t_[
][o[fao_ _g ionl[m ko_ jlioÖ g[fc]c[m n' hig m_c`n j_*
lcdaim[m) [mms ]igi [foil[l _ nilh[l [[j_lh[ @ ionl[[
[_g_fb~n_m ) _ DE m_c[g gosni `[t_^il_m) _ ]ill[ my
[nl_\_cl[m) _ jlio_ ionl[m ]iom[m n[[_m) j_l[ m_ j_l*
]_\_l ^i 1 fb_ ji^_ []án_]_l% <im \iim big_Öm) hig
fiooi ^_jlio[l_g [ko_ff[m _g ko_ [ g[hc`_mni j_lc*
aii) _ [ko_f cd j_l oÖnocl[ ioo_l n[[_m \_mn[m) _ g__m*
nl_[ [o_l[ bo`n mkoÖ_Ç[ ko_i gosni [do^[l[ [j~l^_Ç
ill_]_i 3 _mn[ g[hb[ Nig ionlim []_ln[gÖnim _g
a o _ll[) domn[m) _ nilh_im j_l E' im big_Öm _g ][o[f*
a[l ij_l^_g gosni @ jil c' [m g[cm ^[[ ]iom[m ko_
p_Ö [dosti ^im big_Öm j_l mko[ÖÇ[ mig g[cm) m_aoh*
^i g_o _hn_h^_l) j_l ^_l_cn[ il^_hÅÇ[ ^_himmi m_hbil
^ _i m) [him ]âo_g nl[\[fb[l jlcg_cli) _ jlsh]cj[fg_h*
n_ j_l[ [o_l 5nc[ al[Ç[ _ ^_ms iko_l_l) m[\_l) _ ji((
^_l k hi ]ig_Çi ^cmm_ j_l[ ni^i m__l h_]_mm|lci @mm_
_g _mni ]`nnsho[lgim ni^[ff[[ mkoÖ_Ç[m hi[ ocdl[g j_*
l[ [nc[ ^_l_cn[ il^_hÅÇ[ ) ]igi j_l[ him b_ gsfbil(

.EDEKENBA @M 4 = I I 7 GB
 13 òINNTI<Iyö
&
-:HBLMDDG 60$
HGEG H>J AMK:FV: GK AGE>W>K KGE K>E J>>>G$
K _ l bomNÇ[ ni^iffim big_Nm m_ `[tÖ ni[cm mè l_]_i m_
j_l ][^[bo~ ^[m ionl[m j[lf_m c[ ^c_n[m hig mig mnil*
o[^im @jilÖ ^ct_g k [m ]iom[m bom[^[m h0 `[tâ m_hnc*
gâni @ ocdh^i [himmi jlijimcni b_ ^_ m[\_l) 9w m_ j_l*
^_gim i]omnog_ ^[h^[l _g \_[n[m `[t_^il_m _ ^_m[ml
m_mm_a[^[m) _ ^Ñ ]ill_l) _ m[fn[l) j_l foa[l_m ^oos^i*
mi_ l[ti[^[gÖn_) n' [oãin[^_ hjm l_]_[l[ ^_i `[t_l)
j_l g_^i) j_l _gj[]bi) io j_l o_laihb[) _g n[f aoc*
m[ ko_ ǼĄÃ gosni f_cr[lgim []b[lhim_gim ]iib_]c^[*
O^XZ> gosni gshao[^im ^i k [hn_ m_hns[gim+ @ [mms
ko_g _mn[ g[hb[ \Ö kocm_l [o_l) hL][ jil [n[^i) hâ
b c^[^_) [ ni^i m_o ji^_l) ]ig g_^i io jlcaocÇ[) j_l*
][ _omnogÉ l[ti[^i ^_ ][o[Ea[l _g n[[_m ;>KL:c" k
]ill[g) ë m[fn_g ) jil fb_ hâ m_hncl i]il[Çá _g _fb(
:333-) n[ m_ j_l^_ [bom~Ç[ ]i\l[l[ ][^[ o_t g[cm n_(
gil) _ j_l _f c_cr[l[ al[g j[ln_ ^_mn[ g[hb[+
-:HBLM5G 601
-GE: H>J J:Q' *G> AGE>WK K' J><LG!
Y<Yfaiçm big_Ém mig m2 l_]_i _g [faç[m `]iom[m) jil
fb_m gimnl[l mi[ l[t`n) ko_ hig b_ \Ö ^_i [o_lÖ+ li*
l_g ^c[Ö ko_ [m [fsg[lc[m j_l h[nol_t[ m_ l_a_g) _
im \iim big_Öm j_l h[ig ) _ [ko_mni hig m_ Nom [ni(
^im) jil kqc im g_him m_ aio_cnc[g jÜ_l àl^_h`nÇ[ ^_™
f[) _ im g[cm j_l i^_m_ci ^[o^in[^_) _ `[m_ô _mn[ ^_*
``_lÖÇ[) bo`cm jil [o_l_g h[m ]iom[m) n[g ]oln_ m[\_l
9. hig ]ihb_]_g iko_ b_ \_g) _ g[f) io jil [pái; %
n[^_ m__l n[g lsn[ &' i_a[ ni^[ [ll[[ig) io [`ilÇ[ K*:!
^[ ko_ ^_ ni^i ]_a[l hig ji^_ @ ionlim ko_ \iim
mig 05! l_a_[[__gjc_ j_l _ff[) _ [ko_mf]= gnsn[m o_::
t_m ^_o_g `[t_l iko_ hig ko_l_g 1 _ f_cr[l ^_ <]HJBJ
ko[hni ^_m_c!) m_aoh^i m_o \ii _ ^_l_cni _hn_h^_l

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
 ?@ =@P* ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 14
fb_m dofa[l) _ m_g f_]_hÇ[ ^_fc[ hig ^_ccÉ i\l[l) [mms
]igi `[tÖ im giÇim \_g Ömmch[^im) H m_g ionila[gÑ*
ni ^_ m_om [sim) ]iom[ hig ]ig_Ç~ @ im ko_ nl[t_g
c[f ]omnog_) hig b_ ^oos^[) H h[ ko_ff[m ]iom[m K
_ff_m oslÖ ko_ b_ \Ö ^_ hig [h_l l_]_i ko_ ^á j_l*
][g ^_fc[m al[h^_ j[ln_) [do^[ ko_i [cÅ jil [[ti ^Ñ
][^[bo| ^[m ionl[m j[ln_m c[ m]lcjn|m+ @jilÖ b_ \ii
m[\_lÖ im ][o[ff_clim _ m]o^_clim) ko[hni b_ [oÅn_c[^[
_mn[ g[hb[ ^_ ][o[fa[l) jil hig l_]_[lÑ ^_[ jlio[l)
_ ]omnog[l) jil n[f K j_l][eÖ i\_g K m_ ^_fc[ ji^i
m_aocl è f_crâ [gshao[ K j_l[ _ff_m b_ hig [mm[\_lâ)
^_o_g _m`ilÇ[l [oãin[^_ j_l[ bom[l) _ hig f_cr[l
mko__]_l ^_mko_ `ilÖ _hnl[h^i him ^c[m ) jil K [im
g[cm ^im big$_^ o_g l_]_i ^_ ]ill_l) _ ][o[fa[l _g
\_mn[m `[t_^il_m @mm_ [ll[tig fb_ hig []ill_ ^_ni^i
j_l^_l! [g[sil j[ln_ ^i ]omnog_+ @ koNni g[cm f_cô
r [lÖ) n~ni g[sil l_]_i [o_l[g) _ j_il ][o[fa[l`n ]i*
gi c[ b_ ^c]ni+ H[m ]ihb_]_h^i ][^[boç ich[f ko_ m_
ji^_ ^_ffi m_aocl) ^_o_ [mms `ilÇ[l [oáin[^_) K [c[ òÖ*
jl_ n[f bom|Ç[ _ [nl_osgÖni) ko[f ^_o _hn_h^_l fb_
gimnl[ K ^_o_ [o_l Kil K [mms ]igi im g[cm ^im gi*
Çim)* g_him n_gÖ [m ko__^[m) ^i K b_ \_g) [mjs im
`]igÖ_m ^_][^[ o_t) g[cm [m l_]_[g K ^_oÖ+ F [mms
]igi _ff_m) g[cm ]âjlÉ ]ihmm_fbi K m_ l_]_Ö) _ n_g*
j_l[^[g_hn_ j_l[ [faocfm Eia[l_m ]ill`n <mms ^_mjicm
K im ^c[m ][ll_a~) ]ão_g j_l l[t`f `cfb[l _m`ilÇi _ ]hm*
nog_ K h^ m[ ]io[l^_g+
1FUoZQQT A69
HTRT jil SZYWJR FQLZc FZFSYFLJR hTYKN FQLYinX MTRKJ%
XJR WJHJT+ >ig_ im MTRfJX Nl JR WJHYT UJW TZYWT
9 RF]TW YJHYT(

bY [fao`cm o__l= ko_ nN_ [o[hn[a_g mi\l_ iô iolnlim)

ë =_ `nm_h h[ ko_P[m ]iom[m g[cm m_g lÉi_i @ [ko_mn_
bi h[m `iÇ[m _ m}\_( ^_g[hb[[) _ mcô [lg [ _ X'o^m

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH WQ
15 FRNNTI<Iy<
^bigÉ_m) _ \_mn[m) _ ionl[m gosn[m ]iom[m) m_aoh^i
][^[boç jil ms ji^_ mÖncl) _ him i[nlim \è ]ihb_]_l
è jil n[hni m_ ^ct) ko_ g[cm m_g l_]_i j_ff_c[) koÖ
[m ]imn[m mèn_ koÖ_n_m ^_\i[ [do^[) ko_ ^_mms n_g )
io ^ionlN 5j_l[+ KilN b_ mÖjl_ al[h^_ jlio_cni) ][^[(
boç m_ nl[\[fb[l jil [o_l [m g[cm \i[m g[hb[m ko_
ji^_l ]igi d[ ^cmm_ è j_l[ m_ j_l^_l ill_]_i) j_l
_mn[ aosm[ _g ][o}fÇ[l) b_ gosni \ii nl[t_l ni^ifci[
]ill_acgÖnim [o[hn_c[^im) bom[l \i[m \_mn[m) jil `
^_ n[f bomÅÇ[ a[~Ç[lN al[h^_ [nl_osg$ni) _ ^i ]ih*
nl[cli ]l_]_ ill_]_i ?_ big_Ñm ij_l^_lÖ _g [faoNm
]iom[m j_l ionli g[sil l_]_i b_ gosni ]f[l[gÖn_ ocm*
ni+ >[ boJm _g h[osim n_gÖ^i [`ilÇ[ ^i g [l) (_ f_c*
r[g sl ko_\l[l [n_ll[ è ionlim jil n_g_lÑ i`iai) m_
f[hÇ`n ^_ ][m[m [\[cri è jilâ m_ ^ct ko_ bo`c al[h^_
mÉnsgÖni ncl[ im ionlim mig_him / :KKP IM>E l_]_[l
[gshao[) k b_ [im ][o[ff_clim) _ m]o^_clim hig m[\_*
l_g ][o[fa[l _ ]os^[l_g ko_ m_ ioo_lN g_^i) io 3*
j[]bi ^_i jlio[l Üw hç][ imm[\_l`n `[t_l >âo_g ko_ [ò
ko_f l_]_i fb_ `[Ç[ j_l^_l al[h^_ j[ln_ ^i ko_ ioo_*
l_g ^_ ][sl ]ig [\_mn[) io m_g _ff[) _g n[f aocm[
ko_ jil _f hig f_cr[lá ^_mm__l \iim ][o[fa[^il_m+ %
-:HBBMDDG 07 $
<GEG H>J K:FA: :B@M^K AGEZ>K KGE KW J><>G$
` c _ g b_ ocmni ]igi j_l m[hb[ gosnim j_l^_g ill_X
]_i ^[fao[m ]iom[m ko_ m_g _ff[ i[o_lc[g @jilÖ ^_X
j[ln_g [faoJm) jicm _g _mni jl_mn[ m_ _ff[ j_l[ im bi*
g_Ém b_ \i[ è f_cr[h^i gosn[m l[tiiNm) ^ b o ~ )_
^ionl[ j[ln_ ji^_g `[t_l m_aoh^i [jl_h^c+ @mn[ b_
`]]_ln[ [_n_lgsh[Çig8 ko_ [i \ii big_g b_ ^_ ni^i
m]om[^[) jil k imm_o \ii _hn_h^_l) _ ^_l_cn[ o^in[*
^ _ ) ]ig nÑj_l[hÇ[) _ `iln_ff_t[ fb_ [\[mnâ j_l[ \_g
^_l_cn[g_hn_ oso_lÉ) _ `[t_lN ni^im m_om `_cnim @mm_
jn_l[ n[f big$ b_ \i[ _g [fao~m òiom[m) m__ffi[ Y [o_l *
m[hb[ ^_mms m_ g[f `_t_l) io ^_fc[ g__mg[ m_[ ioo_])

.EDEKENBA @M C A WQ
 9: =@H 86H6?;6E GB96 F:?6) 16
]^nl[ [faoN) ih^_) _ ]igi hig ^_o_+ >[im ionl[m EE
mig _g [fao~m ]iom[m g[cm `l[]im) _ g[hmim ^i Üd [l(
l[tig ^_l_cn[ g[h^[) b_ fb_m gosni \i[) m_há b_ n[g
al[h^_ ko_ inilo_ EH_m m_ fb_m `[t ]igjlcl iko_ _ff[
g[h^[) ]igi hig ]igjlc[g) m_im _ff[ hig _m`ilÇ[m*
m_) j_l[ _mn_m 5 n[f ][mi b_ gosni jlio_cnim[ è ocdh*
^i [g_o jlijimcni) m_ [fahç ][o[ff_cli io m]o^_cli)
`[t i][o[fi [faoN ]iom[ _g k `[Ç[ gshao[) jil h`f m[ô
\_l ][o[fa[l) ]ihb_]_h^i ko_ jil _ffi h]io _g n[f `[f(
EsgÖfi) _ [o_h^i m[hb[ ^_mms+ @g l[tig _mn[ ^_mm_
nl[\[fb[l) ^_hã `c][l ionl[ o_t _g n[f j_l^[) io nil*
o[gNni ^[o^in[^_) j_l^_h^i ill_]_i ^i g_^i) _ _g(
+j[]bi) m_ nl[\[fb[l[ ^_ m[\_l _mn[ g[hb[ iko_ [hn_
hig m[\c[) hN mio\_l[) m_ [mm[hb[ hã `il[ è j_l [(
ko_mn[ m_g_fbNÇ[ m_ ji^_ \_g o__l [ko}[_m b_ jli*
o_cnim[) _ ]igi j_l _ff[ m_ ncl[ ill_]_i+
1TUNYZQQT B(
HTRT UJW FLWFeF XUJHNFQ FQLZnX XTR XJR WYHJT+

*I ig Ö\[laNn_ Ǻ j_l[ [o_l ko[f ko_l \i[ g[hb[ ô

io oclno^_ b_ h_]_mm|lci [al[Ç[ mj_]c[f ^_ himmi mÉ*
hbil ^_im) jil_g h__mn_ ][mi) _o ^_]f[li [mms N_ [f*
aoç big_g a__l[fgÖn_ _g m_om `_cnim l___[ g[cm ^i
1w ^_o_) _ [__ln[h^imm_ _g [faoç `_cni7j_lcdaimi) _f
m_ gimnl[ n[g m_g l_]_i 9w jil _ffi b[ bãll[ _ m]om[
al[h^_( g[f) ko_ ^cl_gim ko_ `[t _mni) m_hig al[Ç[
mj_]c[f @ [mms o_l_gim [faoçm ko_ mig m_g l_]_i _ ò
ni^im m_om `_cnim) i [fao~ o_t ][sl_g _g al[h^_ gscC
a o ( ) _ ^_mihll[ è [[ ko_mn_ ko_ m_ ji^_ ^ ct _ l m _ *
hig ko_ ^_im jil m_om7 j_][^im i^_m_gj[lio) mj_]c[f*
g _hn_ ^i al[[^_ \_g ko_ fb_ [os[ ionila[^i+ è [iô
hb_]_h^i [mms _mni ) him ^_o_gim nl[\[fb[l ]ã (mi[
h[_l]__ _g n[f aocm[ k [im nÑjim^i g_mn_l) _ h_]_m(
ms^[^_ hig j_l][gim j_l himmi ^_mg_ls_sg3ni9 _g
][o[fa[l) _ ni^[ff[[ i[nl[[ ]iom[m [\i[ al[Ç[ k hi[
4

.EDEKENBA @M ?VBBDWQ
ÉJ DNf`NNTI<Iy§
^_o( H_m mj_]c[fgÖn_ o_c[gim k j_l _f him fc_ g[cm
ionila[^[+
Ni\l_ _mn[ j[ln_ m]l_os [mms fâa[g`cn_ jil ¶E \ig
OZ Y T Q j Z ) ko_ gosnim jil [o_lN là[sil l_]_i ^i ko_
^_o_ch É ][o[fa[l _ ionlim \iim `_cnim `c]N gshao[^im
^_ m[\_l_g iko_ \_g ji^_lc[g) _ [ _ff_m m_lc[ jli(
o_cnimi j_l[ m_o []l_]_hn[gÖfi _ al[h^_m bihll[m+ @
]ihb_]_h^i ][^[bo`n ^_ko[hn[m j[lf_m _mn_ l_]_i ji^_
o cdl) _ ]igi j_l [al[Ç[ ^_himmi m_hbil ^_im) ]ig [c(
aoç \ii _m`ilÇi) _ m[\_l m_ ji^_ _g_h^[l+ Hos ni _m*
n[ _g l[tig ^_ g[cm [mshb[) _ g_fbil ji^_l l_]_\_l
_gÖ^[) ^i ko_ `[l[ iko_ m_hig _hn_h^_l) hÑ ]ihb_*
]_l ig[f ^ih^_fb_ o_g) _ [m ]iom[m ko_ fb_ j_l[ _fE_
ji^Ö jl_mn[l) B
!
<][\[mm_ [mm_aoh^[ j[ln_ ^_ m__l m_g l_]_i+
>ig_Ç[mm_ [n_l]_cl[ ^[ m_aol[hÇ[+
1TUNYZQQT ,+
UJW VZJ XJ IJHQFWTR FX UFWQJX HTRT XJ LFFSMF
FXXJLZWFSeF+
? _ m m _ _ l bigÖ n_g l_]_i _g ][o[fa[l) m_ ^[ al$`i
[[ti [mm__l m_aoli h[ o^in[^i _ ]ih`n_oNÇ[) _ m[\_l
gimnl[l mo[ m_aol[hÇ[ Kil( j_l [faoÅm ^[m j[ln_m c[
^cn[m \Ö ji^_g m__l [faoçm m_g l_]_i) _ hig m_aoliô
h[ o_in[[_) h_g m[\_l[g gimnl[l mo[ m_aol[hÇ[) [mms
]ig_ bi`n+ko_ j_l g_h`n]ilc[ m_ [nl_o_mm_ [`[t_l [,ao[
__[m[ ^_ \_mn[ ^_ ko_ _f hig n_o_mm_ `il[ ^i ]il[XJ
ni^i g_^i) o_maih_[) _ _gj[]bi+ >_lni b_ ko_ [dh*
^[ ko_ n_o_mm_ j_l^c^i n[hni l_]_i j_l ko_ ni^[ os[
_`_m_mm_ô hig gimnl[lc[ jil_g) h_g( [o_lc[ [ko_cf[
bi[ _ ^_l_cn[ m_aol[hÇ[ ) ko_ boç \ii ][o[fa[^il ^_(
ò_ [o_l+ H_m [hn[l_ [m ionl[m ]io=[m k m_aç^i ^cmm_
nclig+ ill_]_i l ko[nli mig ko_ gosni jlch_cj[fgÑn_
nl[__g _mn[ m_aol`f` [ +m+ h[Ç_g) _ jl__ohÇig) bom|Ç[
[ol[tig @ jil k ^[ h[Çig) _ jl_mo|Çig) _ bom/Ç[:

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
 ?F ==H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 21
n_hbi d[ ^cni ]igi `[t_g j_l^_l ill_]_i) _ a[[hb[l
[mm_aol[hÇ[) `c][ ^_]f[l[l ko[hni) _ ]igi jl_mn[ [ll[;
tig j_l[ [o_l) g[hn__l) _ gimnl[l+ è jil_g b_ ^_m(
m[\_l ko_ [gshao[ ^[ m_aol[hÇ[ ^[ o^in[^_ m_ gimô
nl[ j_l ][^[ bo`n ^_mn[m ]shkoi j[ln_m +m+ jil m_ l_]_[l
^_ `[t_l [fao`n ]iom[) io `[t_h^i[ nlcaim[li_hn_) io m_
nilo[l) _ Nj[]b[l ko[h^i [ `_t_l n[l^_ _ jlcaocÇim[(
òhÖn_ []i^cl [i ko_ ]igjl_ è jil gimnl[l ko_ já_
_g _fÜ[ g[sil `_g_hÇ[ ^i ko_ ^_o_+

1FUNYZQQT >JLZSIT& #
HTRT UTW WJHJT XJ RTXYWF FR]SLZF IF XJLZWFSeF& w
HTRT UJW YWNLFSeF XJ RTXYWF FR]SLZF IJQNF' D

K _ l [ _mni g_fbil ^_]f[l[l jihbi Ör_gjli ^_ffi N_

[faoç [h^~^i [][o[ffi) lÉ]_[ ^[o_l jÑlcaii) io o_c(
a$Ç[ >_lni b_ ko_ [oiihn[^_ c[ hig b_ m_aol[) jil DE
in_gil _mn[ hi ]il[Çig) _ jicm [mm_aol[hÇ[ _g _f nÖ
mo[ gil[^[ `n\im [bo`f nÖji) ^_ bo`n ]iom[ hig ji^_g
_g _f \_g _mn[l è[mms [o_h^i l_]__ ^i ko_ `[t_g s
?ig ji^â ^_ffi [o_l m_aol[hÇ[ _g ko[hni ^ol[l in_ò
gil è jimni ko_ [faoç j_l m[ob[) io }m ionl[m j[ln_c
[hn_ m]lcjn[m m_ [nl_o[ ][o[fa[l bo`n \_mn[ `[t_^il) io
ko_cl[ _g _ff[ n[f g|hb| ^_ ko_ ? ß b[ \i[ m_aol[hÇ[
> _lni b_ ko_ fiai j_l ko_g ^_ffi ioo_l \ii ]ihb_]cô
gÖni m_l[ o_l^[^_cl[gÖn_ ]ihb_]c^i hi limni) ]ilji)
io ]ihn_hÖÇ[ Kil m_ nlca[l b_ \_g ]ihb_]c^[ [gshX
ao[ ^[ m_aol`nÇ[) ][ n_gÖ^i [faoL iko_ o__ &E fb_ ji(
^_ Éj__]_l nlcaim[g_hn_ fb_ ko_l ji_l l_g_^ci è [mô
KP b_ bo`n msh[f gosni ]ihb_]c^i) Ǻ hig b[ \i[ m_(
ahl`nÇ[ h[ oiihn[^_ _g [faoç `_cni ko_g m_ nlca[ _hô
[`[t_h^i+ è hig b_ ^_ `cfb[l y m_ `[t bo`n ]iom[ ]ig(
nlca[hÇ[) jil m_ `[t_l ]ig \i[ [aoÇ[) ][ gosni ^_mX
o[clá ~nl_mms j_l _mn[ ^_`_l__Ç[) [aoÇ[ `[t m_g n[l(
^[hÇ[ ]ájlcl iko_ g[h^[ i\ii _ ^_l_cni _hn_h^_l è
[nlca[hÇ[ o_g ^i ]il[Çig) jil m__l a__l[fg_hn_ _g*(
Æ (

.EDEKENBA @M ;ZZSWQ
 A @INNTIöIy<+
ni^im m _ o _ ` _ c n i m nlcaimi) jil m_ n_g_l _g [fao~m ]io*
mn`= ]igi 5o m i \ _ m]lcjni) io [o_l _g _ff[ = i \ _ c[ o i i h *
n [ ^ _ _ [m g[cm o_t_m `[t g[f i\l[l ) mÖjl_ gimnl[h^i
gshao[ ^_ m_aol~Ç[+
(
ô -:HBLMDDG 000$
-GEG H>J LGJM:EYLG GMWH:<AG K> EGKLJ: :EPF@M: =:
K>@MJTV: / <GEG H>J L:J=:J KG;>BG =>?:O>J> GIM> =>#
Me K> EGKLJ: EPF@M: =>DB:$

K i l ko[hni [[ ]iom[m kh_ mig hà ]il[Çig hig ji*

^_g ^im ionlim m__l ]ihb_]s^[m m_h`f jifc[m i\l[m y
o_Ö ^_ `il[) KilÖ o_$^i [faoç Üd n[l^[ gosni `[t_h^i
[fao~ ]iom[ ^_ []i^cl [i ko_ ^ct_g ko_ Fd b_ \Ö m_(
ancli% 5 *_ff[ Kil ko_ [mms ]igi [faoç Ülca[i^imm_ HGJ +
___l ^_ h[Çig nlcaimi) fb_ ]ihn~ ko_i `[t m_g \i[ m_(
ail[hÇ[) m_+b_+ n[f ]iom[ ko_ jimm[ [o_l l_]_i ( o_l*
ancÇ[) io _gj[]bi) jimni ko_i _ff_ `[Ç[ jil 3h[ ]ih*
^cÇig8 h[nol[f) [mms ko[h^i o_Ö ko_ n[li_ _ jlsaos*
Çim[g_hn_ []o^_ [i ko_ ]igjl_ _g [m i\l[m ko_ `[t)
q_ n[[_m mig) fiai b_ ]ofj[^i ko_i F] `[t m_aol[gÖ(
n_ Kimni ko_+ _f jil m__l ^_ h[Çig jlcaocÇimi) io o[*
a[limi i`[Ç[+
-:HBLM5G BE $
<GEG K> EGKLJ: : EPF@M: =: K>@MJ:FV:) HGJ :D@M^ HG>J
E:PGJ ?>E>FV: >E :D@MT <GMK: " ?: Q =G IM> =>N>$

B
X ' v V # á U v ~ á v | 4 á ) v á ( & a

[fc[h^i jlijlc[gÖn_ ig_^i) io l_]_i b_ ]ihnl[Ül[

^[ =_aol[PÇ[ @jil_g gimnl[h^i [faoç _g m_o a_cni )ë
ko_ jâ_ g[sil `_gÖÇ[ hi ko_ `[t) ^i ko_ ^_o_) \_g+
^_]f[l[ ko_ im_Ço ]il[Çig hig _mn[ \_g m_aoli+ >[
n_g_h^i) io l_Ç_[h^i+ [fao~ ]iom[ ]ihnl[Ül[ k ofdl D\_
ji^_) jâ_ h__ff[ mi\_c[ao[l^[ ENko[h^ifbi [_ms oÖ_(
`[t_l fiai _hnÖ^_g )ko_ b_ ]ig gshao[ ^_mm_ao l[hÇ[
èji^_mmL+EQei5nl[l [hn_ ^i `_cni _ ^_jicm k mig _g _fK

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
 ?@ =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 20
j_l ][^[boN ^[m j[ln_m momi m]lcjn[m) _ jihbi _r_g*
jli [himmi jlijimcni FQ [fao`n ^ct_g ko_ ][o[fao_ _g
[faoç ][o[ffi `[t_^il) _ _f l_]_[h^i j_lcaii io o_l*
aihb[) ihig iom[ `[t_l) ]f[l[g_hn_ gimnl[ ko_ hig
_QX h[ ko_ff_ `_cni [oãin[^_ m_aol[ :^^Q o_Ö kç_ ]il(
l_a_b^imm_ j_l[ ][o[fa[l) m_ nlca[) nilh[) io _gj[*
]b[) io n[l^[ g[cm ^i ko_ j[l_]_ l[tig) \_g m_ ^cl[
ko_ j_l gshao[ ^_ m_aol[hÇ[ i`[t :^^Q `il n[# \_mn[
_g K _f hig [d[ ^_`[t_l m_h`f ]ill_ff[) io m[fn[l boç
l[ti[^i ëm[fni) _ o_Ö ko_ jnc_ godni mi\_c[ ^_ffcaÖ]c[
_g m_ ]Jll_a_l jil ò_ ao[l^[l ^_ hig ][sl) [mmsi dof*
a[g ko_ b_ `_cni ]â gshao[ ^_mm_aol[hÇ[ : jil _mn[
aodla[ m_ o__ ^_jicm ko_ mig [ ][o[ffi ko_ jil jio]i
\ofcl m_ [j_ln[g _MX lsd[gÑn_) _ m_ [j_aÅ ]ig n[f
]ihn_h`_Ç[ /w fiai ^_]f[lig mo[ gshao[+ @ ^_mn[ aocm[
_il ionlim m_g_fbNn_m ][mim m_ ji^_ M^^hd _hn_h^_l ]i*
=ci ^Q gi5nl`n gosnim ^_fc[ `[ffc^im jil `[t_vlÇg [m ]io(
[[m ]ig g[sil_m gimnlÅÇ[m PQ l_ao[l^i) _ `_g_hÇ[
PZ \`Q i`_cni ]Q\`Q]Q)
% -:H5MDDG IMPFDG
<GEGKK> HG=> @::FF:J > EGKLJ:J >KL: K>@MJ:FV:+

9 U _ M ^ Q PQOWM]MPM^ Q^_M^ OZ`^M^ [Q] \`Q^^Q XZ^_]M

ZRMWWcOUXm_Z PM ^QS`]MYjM' ^Q [ZPQ NQX OZYTQOQ] OZ(
XZ QWUM ^Q PQ`Q SMMYTM]' XMY_QQ]' Q XZ^_]M]' [Z]
\`Q S`M]PMYPZYZ^ PZ \`Q TQ Or_]MU]Z SMMYTM]QXZ^ M(&
\`QWWM [M]_Q K M`Q] \`U^Q]XZ^' Q [ZYTZ PQ^_Z QbQX(
[]Z) FQ MWSgt ^Q OZYTQOQ PQWUM XcYS`MPZ [Z] XQPZ'
`Q]SZYNM' Z` QX[MOTZ \`Q M_M PQOM`MWSM]' ]QS`M]PQ
M\`QWWM^ OZ`^M^ ^`^Z ^O]U[_M^ [Z] ) \`Q PQOWM]Qc \`Q
X`c_Z^ [Q]PQX Z]]QOQZ' Q RMjMMQ^ M^^c OZXZ [Z] XcY&
TQ ^OUU[$Z : NQX O]QZ \`Q SMMYTM]M _MY_M ^QS`]MYjM
\`Q [Q]M Q^_Q RQU_Z ]MdZMPMXm_Q WTQ MNM^_M]M :WQUbFPZ)
_qPMWWM^ Z`_]M^' ^ZWWMXQY_Q MUM T`^ijM m NZM^ NQ^_M^'
L SQU_Z^\^ ^QS`YPZ M[Q^^ZM RZ]' Q `M]M OZYTQOUPMXQY_Q

.EDEKENBA @M C A UQ
 21 =CNNTI<Iy<
ko_ l_]_\_l[ al[h^_ g_fbilc[ @ ^i L _o ^cmm_ ^_ nil*
o[l) _gj[]bi) _ nlca[hÇ[) _ ji_l g[sil `_g_hÇ[ ^i
ko_ ^_o_) ]ihb[Ç[mm_ ][^[boç [_ _ll[ j_l [fao$ ^_!ô
n[m j[ln_m >[ m_ \_g hig ]ihb_]_l m_o `[ffc]c g_hni)
_g _mni h_g ionl[ ]iom[) hç][ m_ \_g ji^_ _g_h^[l
@mm_ osl ko_ _ll[ jil nlca[hÇ[) _f [`[Ç[ jil bonf nÑj(
n[g ^_o[a[l) ko_ fb_ j[l_Ç[ ko_ [m `cg g[cm å[a[ciô
m[gân_ ko_ ^_o_ @ [m_s _g h[m ionl[m) ih^_ mÖncl boç
`[ffc]cgÖni) bom_ n[hni jil i]ihnl[ccJ ko_ fb_ j[l_Ç[ô
boç jio]i mi\_ci+ Kil ko_ l_al[ a__l[fb_) Å [mms ]i*
gi m_ `_t) ko_l_h^i [fao`f+ j[[i) io o[l[ niln[ _h^_*:
l_cn[l) inil]_g [[j[ln_ ]ihnl[Ül[) ko_ j_l _mn[ aocm[
^_o_gim `[t_l) mÉ ]ihb_]_lgim ko_ hig ao[l^[gim 5
|faof oclno^_ il[_si ì him ^_llc\[gim [_[^[ boç ^i_
CABIM $ ko_[ _lli) `d [mms ]_^i ]igi \_g ji^_lgim
him ^_o_gim f[hÇ[l jil [Eao`c nÖji [ionl[ H:JL> + >E
n[f aocm[ k j_l ]omnog_ ^[ ko_f) _ ^_m[o_t[g_hni PM]
ionl[ Å jhg_ml[gÖn_ m_aos[gim) hi[m[ l[mã jim_[ ]i*
hb_]_l) _ i]il[Çig jimmosl [ko_nn_ ^_l_^ni mn[^i cd
h[ko_ff[ oclno^_ ^_o_gim [o_l+ @ ko[h^i [fao`n ]iom[
^_ ][o[ffi kocm_lgim `[t_l) m_ ihimmi ]il[Çig jil m__l
Ö _nni hhcdni m_aoli hig m_ ko_l jlio__l ^i L fb_
]igjl_ J ^_m_di ^_himm[ m[o^_) _ jlio_cni hig ]^mô
m_hn_ n[g mi\_dj m_aol[hÇ[) _i `[t jlio__l ^_ni^(
[ko_ffi k fb_ b_ h_]_mm|lci @ [mms ko[h^i _mn_ ^_É_ci
g_ l_ko_l_ ko_ jihb[ mi\_c[ ^_fca_h]c[_g g_ a[[l*
^[l ^i_ j_lÜaiim ko_ g_ ji^_g []ihn_]_l) i]il[Çig
hig g_ ]i[mshncl[ `d i`[Ç[) m_hnch^i koÖ jil _ f\ g _
ji^_g jl[mg[l+ @ [hnl_ _mn_m ^ihm ]ihnl[blim)) _ ^_*
\[n_m ko_ _g ][^[ boç ^_him l[odn[[ m_+|[U_g) i\ii
_hn_h^_l dofa[ iko_ ^_l_cn[[lÖn_ [o_g_m+m_aosl) hig
m[ncm`[t_[^i ^_ni^i [[mmi\_c[ m_aol[hÇ[) ko_ i]il[(
Çig ko_l gimnl[l) h_g [i jlio_cni ^_y i^_m_ci m_
ko_l jlio__l+ @ ]ihb_]_h^i ^boN j[ln_ ko_ jinm[o_(
gim l[til[ 5 j_l _ff[ ni^im himmim `_cnim ^_o_ hl m__l
l_ac^im _ há f_cr[l [m ]iom[m mi\l_ o_hnocl[+ @ ^[ àol(
nl[ ]ihb_]_h^i) ][g jio]i b_ himmi m[\_l _ji^_l #1

.EDEKENBA @M E = 6 6 7 4 B
 ?@ =@H ><P<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 32
]igi ni^[ ]iom[ ao[l^[) jil lios ni io_ him [ocmÉgim)
h[ g[~i ^i m_hbil) jlch]cj[fg_hn_ b_+ <o_l_gim _mô
n[ n_gj_l~Ç[ há ^oos^[lgim ^_`[t_l ni^[ ?[m ]iom[m)
ko_ [himmi) mn[^i) s^[^_) _ ^_mjimcÇ! j_ln_Ö]_) m_(
aoh^i [m `[t_g himmim m_g_fb[hn_m) ko_ jil \i^m mig
]ihb_]c^im ) m[\_h^i ko_ ijlch]cj[f ][ll_ai ^_ hiÉ
ao[l^[l b_ ^[ko_ff_ ][^[ boç ^c[ ^_j_lcaiàm m_g
]ihni him ao[l^[+ è him jilÖ hig ^_mÖj[l[h^i [bo(
m~Ç[ ^[ l[tig) him [ocm[l_gim ^_ni^i ikoÉ \_g ji*
^_lgim) hã [o_h^i _g him ijlch]cj[f _m`ilÇi) g_m _g
^_im) h_g f_cr[h^i jil _ffi ^_`[t_l iko_ ^_o_gim _g
ni^[ff[m ]iom[m [dh^[ ko_ j_lcaim[m m_cÅ) ko[h^i nÉji
l[ti[^[g_hn_ hiffi ^_g[h^[ èj_l [ko_mn_m _rÖjlim
momi m]lcjnim g_ j[l_]_ ko_ b_ ^_]f[l[^i ]igi im bi*ô
mh_Öm j_l \ii _hn_h^_l ji^5 [o_l ) _ gimnl[l mo[ \i[
m_aol~Ç[ jil ]ihb_]_l_g m_om `[ffc]cgÑnim @mm_ _m`il(
Ç[l_g ko[hni _g _ff_m `il) _ []omn[g[l_g ]Ånsho[^[(
gÑn_ [mm_aosl [ko_ff_ \ii a_cni k o_l^[^_cl[gãn_ _h(
n_h^_l_g " _g ][^[boc ]iom[ ^_o_g n__l+
1FUNYZQQT >J\YT
HTRTXXJ UJW FQLZcX RTXYW!eFX UTIJ RTXYWFW JXYF
XJLZWFSeF%
0;*i^_mm_ [dh^[ gimnl[l _mn[ m_aol~Ç[ j_l [fao~m gim(
nl~Ç[m ]ihnl[`_cn[m [m ko[[_m hig n[g miig_hn_ jl_m(
n[g [i j[l_]_l ^_`il[ g[cm ko[h^i[m j_l gos n[m h_(
t_m ]omnog~ i]il[Çã jil _ff[m m_ m_aol[ g[cm ][^[o_(
[n[[ oÜdl [ aÅ[Ç[l \i[ _ h_l^[^_cl[ m_aol[hÇ[ ko[f
j_l[ _mni ]`njl_) ^[m ko[[_m jil _r_gjli ^_]f[li _mô
n[[+ Co~ b_ ko[h^i [h^[l [][o[ffi `[t_^il) io kocm_l
`[t_l ]iom[ ^oos^im[) m_gjl_ gimnl_ \i[ f_^[ ]ihn_ô
h Ö Ç [ ) _ ko_^[+ è hig jil_g _M_Z mi\_ci `c ]ihb_Ç[g
ko_ b_ ]ihnl[`_cn[ Kil ko_ m_ `imm_ jil n[f ]ihb_]c^[
g[cm gimnl[lc[ gshao[ ki_ [oih^~Ç[ ^_nc[+ Jonl[ k[_
m_ [nioÇ[l) io m[fn[l [faoç m[fni) io ]ihnilh[l) io
^_mms i][o[ffi [mj_li `_t_l [fao~m o_t_m) o_hb[ ]ig

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 E B
 `cB * @IN Ǽ TI<Iy<
[g[Åi j[mm[gÖn_ []ill_a_l i][j_ffi) i[ ]shc[) io
lioj[) ^[h^i [Ön_h^_l ko_ ^[ko_ffi b[ g[dil m_hnc^i
ko_ ^_ôm_ n__l `clg_) gimnl[h^i ko_ ^_ni^i ikoÑ [*
\_mn[ `[t) n_g j_ko_h[ ]án[+ è _3ni hig `[Çig godni
[g_o^_) h_g ]ihnsho_ ^_`[t_l bo~ ]iom[) li_m il[
boN il[ ionl[) m_aoh^ifb_ g[cm o_b_l [a_cni è ko[E
ko_l ^_fc[m hig `[Ç[ j_l nâai mj[Çi) m_hig ]igi l_*
ko_l_ iko_ _f gimnl[ ko_l_l ]ill_a_l ?ionl[ g[h_cl[
m_ `[t sh^i `[ff[h^i _g [fao[ mÜilc[ ]ig j_mmi[ " hig
m_c[ ^_al[g ]ân|) jil [j_lPl [\_mn[ ^[m j_lh[m) i [
j[mm[gÖn_ [ni][l ^[ mjil[) _g n[f aocm[ k m_ hág
o_c[) io ^_nÖn[l i`l_i [`[t_l ko_ _ff[ m_ [oso_) gimò
nl[h^i ko_ ^_mms i`[t @[dh^[ ko_i [mms `[Ç[ hig go*
^[h^i [ ]ihn_hÖÇ[) `[ff[l) _ ioosl ]igi [hn_ `[tc[+ è
gimnl[h^i ko_ ko_l [mm_mm_a[l [\_mn[) ^[l cb_ [[ti
_h]i\_lni j_l ko_ g[cm `[Ç[ è ^[ko_mn[ @MB>[ m_ ji^i
gimnl[l) `[ff[h^i ]ig [faoç m_hbil) m_ [\_mn[ ^_mmdl
`_t_l) hig f_cr[h^i jil ]iom[ ko_ _ff[ `[Ç[ ^_f_o[]
^_l_cn[ ]ihn_hNÇ[ Öhi ioosl) _ fb_ `[ff[l @"m_ ioosl)
( io `[ff[l [faoç ko_ o[[ ^_ j__) há f_crÅ^i [faoç hio*
]i ^_mm_ [\[cr[l ]ihnl[ _ f) ]igi `[lc[ m_ ko_^[ `imm_
è [mms ko[h^i ni^im l_ao[l^[g [fao~ ]iom[ mcdh[^[*
gÖn_ \ofsh^imm_ [dh^[ ko_ [mj_li m_c[) hig c_ct_
^ifb[l iko_ ]igi nl[t_g im ionlim è ^[ko_mni m_ `cfb[
bo~ a__l[f l_al[) kå_ jil ]iom[ ki_ [\_mn[ `[Ç[†) il[
m_c[ j_l himmi jl[t_l) il[ j_l imm_o ^_fc[ m_ n[f hig
`il) ko_ m_ ^_ni^i ^_o[ gimnl[l ko_ him j[l]_cl[g_h*
1 n_ [m `[t_gim) mÖjl_ ^_o_gim gimnl[l ko_ [ko_cn[ n[g
% jio]i mÉncgim) h_g him nilo[ ]^lii m_ `imm_gim j[m*
m_c [h^i+ è ^_mn_m _rÖjlim m_ ji^_lc[g ^[l gccs ni[ io*
nlim) g_m j_l [ko_mn_m) ko_g im8 \_g l_ao[n^[l) o_l[
o_ g[h_cl[ him ionlim ][mim m_g_fb[o__m ^_o_ n__l+
, # ni^[ [g__mnlÜ[ ^_mni _mn[) k X m[c\b[ ni^i `[t)
ko_ m_gjl_ gimnl_ ko_ b_ `_cni ]90 m_aol[hÇ[ l_[f) >
o_l^[^_cl[) _ hig ]ihnl[`_cn[+
c + c 7 8 B Ø 9+ ( c +

.EDEKENBA @M 4 = I I 7 GB
 ?@ =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+

-:HBLMDDG K>HLBEG Ü
=: =MMP=: KG;J> >KL: EGK?JSFV:$ Y %d

+<*faoLm ^ctc[g koi n[[_m gimnl~Ç[m m_h ih[ ^_os[g

`[t_l jil \iim big_Öm) jil `v _g diai hÖ o_l^[^Ç hå*
][ ^_osÅ bom[l ^_gÖncl[ hÖ n[f gimnl[hÇ[ <hn_ ^_*8
o_g m__l _g m_om `_cnim) _ ^c]nim ]f[lim _ o_l^[^_clim
@b om[h^i ^_ n[[_m gÖncl[m ji^_lc[g 9èfb[l ]omnog_+
^_gÖncl _g ionl[m ]iom[m @^_mko_mm_ `cfb[ jil bom[jX
Ç[ b_ gosni g[[i ^_ f_cr[l < _mni l_mjih^i ko_ n[[_m
gimnl[hÇ[m `_cn[m [\i[ `cg) jil bigÖ o_m[l \_g m_o
]il[Çig) _ Ö]i\lcl ^_mms ni^i ]ihnl[clá) m_g ocdl [io*
nli j_ldosti) k hig b_ liÖncl[) _ ji^_mm_ `[t_l m_i(
jl[mgi) h_g _g\[lai ^[ ]ilc]c_hic[ @ ^_n[f bom~Ç[
bi \ii bigÖ hil[ `cfb[l[ ]omnog_ ^_g_hncl _g ]iom[
ko_ hig ^_o[+ >[ jimni ko_ n[[_m gimnl[hÇ[m `[Ç[)
mÖjl_ m_ jilÖ ao[l^[l[ ^[ko_ff[m _g ko_ ioo_l j_][*
^i ) io ^_l_cni jl[mgi+

<][\iomm_ [n_l]_cl[ j[ln_ ^[ m_aol[hÇ[ @ ]ig_Ç[mm_

[ko[ln[ ^_mm__l [mm_mm_a[^i+

+O 1FUNYZQQT UWNRJNWT X
+j [mm[ ^ [f`[m nl_m j[ln_m ^_ cd m]lÜ_os) [jlcg_cl[ ^_m*
m_ _ l`i ln_ ko_ b_ [g[cm jlch]cj[E ko_ boL+ ][o[fa[^il
^_o_ [o_l) [mm_aoh^[ ^i [nl_osg_hni) [ n_l]_cl[ ^[m;
m_aol[hÇ[ L j_l[ \_g ][o[fa[l)# _ ionl[m ]iom[m gos(
LG o[ff_g ) m]l_o_l_c h[ ko[ln[ ^_mm__l [mm_mm_a[^i
g[cm \l_o_gÖn_ EN j_l[ ]i\l[l [mm_mm_ai h[ m_f'[:
(do[f m_ ^_o_ [o_l) jl_mn[g gosni Ñmn[m jlch]cj[[_m
j [ln_m momi m ]lcjn[m ?_mm__l `iln_) m_g l_]_i) _mm_l
aoli) g_m ]ão_g cd m_ ^_]f[l_ ]igi j_l [faoç a_cni
d _ ^_o_ `cfb[l <faoçm j_hmmã ko_ ial[h^_ [mm_mm_ai
5

.EDEKENBA @M JD A ?Q
VÃ =INNTQ<Iy<
gimnl[ gshao[ ^_ mifnol[) jil hig ]ihb_]_l_g ^_ k
j[ln_m m_ b[ ^[o_l) _ _g k n_gjim) _ [ko_mni hig b_
[mms <hn_ i\ii [mm_mm_ai ^[ al[h^_ [do^[ [mmifnol[)
m_aoh^i [^c[hn_ m_l[ ^_]f[l[^i+ @ j_l[ _mni b_ ^_m*
m[\_l) ko_i \ii ][o[fa[^il ^_o_ ]ih]il^[l m_o [mm_m*
m_ai) m_aoh^i c[ ^cmm_) ]ig [i\l[ ko_ [\_mn[ `[t) ko_
m_ `il j[mm_c[h^i) hig jl_mn[) hâ j[l_]_ \_g [^m_m*
m_a[`=m_ g osni) _ mncl$l [g\[ff[m j_lh[m _ gimfl[l
gos `clg_) _ ko_^[ ]ihn_hÖÇ[) ][ `[t_h^i [mms) gim*
nl[ koÖ nl[t h`_^i ^[ \_mn[) io ko_ ^_mms b_ Öj[]b[*
^i ) ni[cm i\ii a_cni k _g n[f nÖji =_ ^_o_ n__l b_
`nimnn[l mo[ mifnol[ a__l[f ^_ ni^ii ]ilji [mms m_aol[)
]igi m_ ^_ j__ `imm_ j[mm_c[h^i @ hig jil_g _g n[f
aocm[ k m_ ^_f_cr_ h[ m_ff[) ][ mNjl_ j[l_]_ g [f) g_m
`_oN^i [ ]ihn_h_hÇ[) k [mm_c f[ _g k `il l_ko_l_) ^_m*
ms g__mcgá gimnl_ [mmifnol[) _ k hig f_o[ l_]_i) h_g
o[s Öj[]b[^i @ ni^i jil_g m_ ji^_ `[t_l _g n[f aos*
m[) ko_ m_ ao[l^[l[ i^_l_cni [mm_mm_ai ko_ ][^[boç
^_o_+nÉÑl) m_aoh^i ko_g b_) _ ifoa[l) _ [\_mn[ _g
ko_ o[s @ ko[h^i nlin[l) io oso[g_hn_ [h^[l) c[ j[(
l_]_ g_fbil gimnl[l ]g _ff[ g[sil `clg_t[) _ [mm_mm_*
i @ ^[ffs [o[hn_ ko[hni g[cm `_t_l [\_mn[) n[hni gs*
o Üil j[l_]_ [h^[l ko_^i _ m_aoli h[ m_ff[+
-:HBLMDDG K>@MF=G
<GEG =>M> K>>J G:KK>KK>@G ?BDA:=G$
C i [mm_mm_ai m_ ^_o_ `cfb[l jlcg_cl[g_hn_ ^im aci*
N`_im [llc\[) ko_ c[ g[cm há m_ ^_o_ [`lir[l ^[ \_[n[)
ë_ n[f ]iom[ `[t _bc k m_c[ h_]Ñmm[lci @ im j__m ^_o_g
m__l \_g &clgim h[m mnl_\_cl[m) m_aoh^i g_o ]omnog_)
nigi n_hbi A]lcjni) ih^_ `[ff_s hi ^_mo[cl[^i ][ o[c(
a[l) k [m [_fc[m ko_lcig) m_aç^i+ mo[m `_cÇiiNm N_ [ô
\_mn[ ]ill_ io `[t nij_l[gBn_) illimnli ^_o_ m__l ko_(ô
nbi) _ ò_aoli) _ hig \ofnsl [][\_Ç[ m_g h_]_mms^[^_)
# H i jn`lÖ _g n[f aos=[ < hig j[l_Ç[ k [h^[ _gj[*
]b[^i `c osl ko_ \ _ \ _ g ) io fb_ jli[o_l ^ _

.EDEKENBA @M 4 = I I 7 GB
 ?@ =@H ><P<GB<M O J ? } N@G<+ (6
iifb|l [fao~ ]iom[) nilh_ illimnli [oÉ_ff[ D[g m_g
Öj[]bi ]igi `[lc[ mn[h^i ^_j__ @^i ]ilji m_ `cfb[ å\
j_ln~^imm_ ^[m mj[^i[m) _ _hn_m[h^imm_) [h^[h^i ji((
l_g jl_mn_m ^_mm_ _h^_l_cn[l) io _h]imn[l [ ][^[bon
^[m j[ln_m) hig jil [\_mn[ [\ifcdl) g[m jil _' m__l
f[g m_hbil ^_mms) ko_ jimm[ [h^[l ]ig i]ilji jil m_
n__l g[cm `iln_ h[ \_mn[) _ g[cm `l_gimi) _ ^_ g[cm
m_aol[ _ g_fbil ]`nn_hÖÇ[ ]igi _f osl ko_ b_ \Ñ @
jil l_a_l [fao~ f~Ç[) io [ f[hÇ[l) io `[t_l [fao[ io*
nl[ ]iom[) _f m_c[ [mms `clg_ ^i ]ilji) cw m_g Ö\[la_
9E fb_ [\_mn[ `[Ç[) _ff_ jimm[ mifn[l m_o6 j__m j_l[[ `_*
lcl) _ [m g[~im j_l[[ f~Ç[) _ l_^_[) j_l[ ni^[ ionl[
]iom[) [h^[h^i [lg[^i) io hig nl[t_h^i [lg[m [ n~
m_g _gj[]bi ]igi ^_ j__ i`[lc[) io m_ [\_mn[ `imm_
j[mm_c[h^i+ Ci [mm_mm_a[l \_g im j__m h[m mnl_\_clmm)
[mms [ F] [h^_ \ofsh^i _g _fc[m) ^[ al[h^_ [do^[ [i
a__l[f [mm_mm_ai ^_ ni^i i]ilji+ @ ko_mni m_ `[t nl[*
m_h^i[m _g \i[ dao[ff~Ç[ ^[ fâaol[+ @mm_ ]omnog[
nl[t_l i j__ ni^i ^Önli) `[Ç[ ]b_a[l [ ]ill_[ ^[ mnl_*
\_cl[ [i fãai ^[ j_lh[) _ nl[t_h^i[m jil_g ^_ n[f .5ô
aol[ k jimm[ nl[t_l im ][f][hb[l_m l[ti[^[gÖn_ \[c(
mi m) _ h| `[Çã ^i j__ j_lh[ N_ ]omnog[ ij__ ^_g__
^_o_mm_ nl[t_l i][f][hh[l boç jio]i \[cri _ f[hÇ[^i
j_l[ `il[ @ i ]iffi ^i j__ mÖjl_ \_g _hn_m[^i) jil(
ko_ ^[ffs m_ `cfb[ al[h^_ j[ln_ ^i\ii [mm_mm_ai f Ü |m
m_ff[m _ [m mnl_\_cl[m \_g `_cn[m) _ l[ti[^[gÖn_ ]ill_*
ac^[m o[ffÖ gosni j_l[ _mni+
-:HBDMDDG L>J<>BJG
=: E:PGJ =>>D:J:VGE => <GEG K> =>M> @M:J=:J G;GG$
:KK>KK>@G) > =G HJGM>BLG IM> ?: Q$
9 i [j_ln[l ^[m mj[^i[m) _ _hn_m[l ^i ]ilji) `[t [im
_[o[fa[^il_m ]ill_l [m ][ll_cl[m \Ñ ko_^[m _ g[cm `l_(
l[imi @ ^_o3 m__l [ism[^im ^_ `_lcl 1[m mjil[m) jil
ko_ ^im acifbim [`oh^i) miff[gÖn_ [\iffÖ [m j_lh[m jil
`_lcl [\_mn[ ^iô \l[Çim m_ ^_o_g [osm[l) Å im h i [
5 (

.EDEKENBA @M L = R I I 7 4 B
ò- @FNNOI<Iy<( ë
nl[a[g Nn_m[^im ]ig i]ilji) [mms ko_i lhio_l ^_ff_m
`[Ç[ ^_m[mm_mm_a[l) gÖm hi nl[t_l ^[ l_^_[) _ _g io*
nl[ ko[f ko_l ]iom[ ko_ [c[ ^_`[t_l) mÖjl_ i]ilji m_c[
ko_^i) mi\l_mms _ ^_l_cni @ ^[m g[Åim) _ ^im \l[Çim)
_ ^im j__m) m_ [do^_ ko[hni fb_ jlioo_l) _ osl ko_
b_ \_g hã [\[ff[h^i jil _ffi g[cm i]ilji ^[ k `il h_*
]_mm|lci @ j_l _mn_ a_cni m_ ^[ al[h^_ [o[hn[a_g [mm_
`[t_l_g [m [lg[m sl ko_^[m hi ]ilji) ko_ m_ hihc giò
ç`f ]igi `[t_g [fao`cm) ko_ jil m_ hig m[\_l_g _hn_*
m[l ) fb_ [\[ff~ n[hni) k l_]_\_g ^_cf[m al[h^_ nilo[)
_g \_g j[l_]_l _ mifnol[+ @ [dh^[ ho][ n[g lsdim m_*
l| h[ m_nf[ m__h^i h[m ionl[m ]iom[m ^_ dao[f ^_mjimc*
Çã) ]igi [ko_ff_m ko_ ms) _ mo[m [lg[m \_g m[\_g
[mm_mm_a[l+ >[ ^i \ii [mm_mm_ai h[ \_mn[) m_ ^[ al[h*
^_ [do^[) [mm__l _g _ff[) lsdi) mifni _ `l_gimi @ [i
\_g nl[t_l ^[ g[Ni) _ [ giil j[ln_ ^[m ionl[m ]iom[m
ko_i \ii ][o[fa[^il ^_o_ [o_l @jil_g [ko_ff_m ko_i
^_m_cig ^_mm__l) gosfi m_ ^_o_g nl[\[fb[l k [c~ \ii
[mm_mm_ai ^i ]ilji) _ limnli) _+]ihn_hÖÇ[ @ ]ih\_Çf
\_g ko[f m_ ^_o_ ^[o_l _g ][^[bo~ ]iom[) +`cfb[h^i
%Nr_gjli jil [ko_ff_m k o__g k i\_g m[\_g) _ ko_
mi\l_ im ionlim _g _mn[ g[hb[ g[cm ]ã l[tig mJ fio*
h[^im+
<][\[mm_ [ ko[ln[ j[ln_ ^_ m__l [mm_mm_a[^i @ ]ig_*
Ç[mm_ [ kochn[ ^_ m__l mifni+
-:HBLMDDG HJBE>BJG
=>KK>>J KGDLG) > =: KGDLMJ: =: MGGFL:=>+
&dOo[l^[h^imm_ [ il^Ö ko_ n_hbi ]ig_Ç[^[ ^[ mifnol[
k mi\l_ [\_mn[ [oÉl m_ ^_o_) g_ ]âoÖ nl[on[l ^[ ko[f
__o hig_ him ^[ _g j[ln_ [faoç ]ihb_]cg_hni Kil
ko_ m__l mifni \_g m_gimnl[ ko_ big_g hig b_ jl_(
mi *^im _g\[laim ko_ Ö n[f ][mi gos nim jl_h^N @ [*
ko_mn_m + mig _gj[]bi _ `l[ko_t[ ^[oãin[^_ ^_m\il^_(
h[^[) o_la`nÇ[) gshao[ ^i ]ilji) jio]i m[\_l ^[+g[l

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
 ?@ =@H ><P<GJ<M OJ?< N@G<+ 3.
hb[) _ j_ko_h[ bom[hÇ[ @ j[l_]_g_ h_]_mm|lci ^_
][^[ boç ^_mn_m) nl[on[l j_l[ gimnl[l ]igi ^_ mo["
jlcmiiÖm ji^_l_gim [fao~ ]iom[ m__l Esol_m _ a[~Ç[l
[ko_ff[ \i[ mifnol[ K h[ ko_mni [o_lmm_ ^_o_+ I[ oiiô
n[^_ [faoçm `cfb[g n[f _g\[lai j_l K gçsni m® nig[*
^im hi K b[g ^_`[t_l jil _gj[]bi) `l[ko_t[) ^_mil(
^_h[^[ o_laihÇ[+ ?[kcc_mfi c[ `[ff_c ]igi m_ ji^c[
_g [fao~ j[ln_ l_g_^c[l) g_m j_l[ g[sil ^_]f[l[Çig)
_o os [faoçm fcolim _g ko_ m_ m]l_o_ ^bo~ oclno^_ ko_
]b[gÅ al[h^_t[ ^i ]il[Çig) _ ^ct K `[t [i bigâ n__lm(
m_ Ö ]ân[ j_l[ i\l[l ni^[ ]iom[ [mms ]igi boç \ii
bigÖ iji^_ _ ^_o_ \_g ]igjlcl @ n[f _hn_hÇig ^_*
o_ m__l o_l^[^_cl[) ][ m_ _f f_g ms _g gosni) _ o[c
jio]i n[f ]b[gi jl_mohnoimi+ @mm_ _f o_l^[^_cl[gÖn_
b_ j_l[ g[cm \_g) io imm_lc[ m_ ^_mji_lmm_ kocm_mm_
^i K jÖmm[ n[f m_ ^ct ^_ j_ko_hi io `l[]i ]il[Çig
M_ko_l_mm_ [ ko_g ioo_l _mn[ oclno^_ K _f m_ n_hb[ _g
\i[ mnsg[ j_l[ `[t_l al[h^_m _ \iim `_cnim m_aoh^i [*
j_mmi| `il @ ko_ [mms m_c[ ko_ _f i\l_ m_aoh^i []ân[
_g ko_ m_ n_g ) jil K b_ ^oos^imi _mn[l hi g_i o_l*
^[^_cli j_l boç ]_lni ]ihb_]sg_hni ko_ ^_mms n_hb[)
^_n_lgsh[ i`cffimi`i ko_ g[cm jlijlÜi b_ [i al[h^_
]il[Çig [fao[ ]iom[ g[cm ^_ m_o ji^_l jl_mçgsl) ko_
òg_him ^_ ms ]ih`c[l @ [ko_ff_m ko_ _mn[ oclno^_ h~ C
m_ b_ a__l[f _g ni^im m_om `_cnim) ni^[ ]iom[ `[tN mif*
ón[gNn_) jil k ni^iffim big_Öm _g m[ oiihn[^_ mig
*nhosni _g\[la[^im) m_ jÑmmig _ll[l hi K `[t_g) g_m
ë[ko_ff_m ko_ ni^[os[ mj_l~ \Ö hi `[t_l) j_ko_hi _gX
c\[lai l_]_\_g ^[ oiihn[^_ _ [dh^[ ko_ _ll_g fiai
_hn_h^N ÖgÖ^[Efi E=jjl_g m_+ hig nilo[gh_g[`[m*
n[g ^_]ig_n_l io bom[l iko_ o_Ö ko_ b_\_`f.) \[
fb_ jl[t ^_`[t_l+ ?cai a__l[f jil K [faoçm [n_Ö _g
\o~ ]iom[X) _ hig _g ionl[) m_aç^i h_ \_g ocmni ko_
\oçm m_ [nl_o_lâ [][o[fa[l _ hig [^[hÇ[l+ _ [faoçm
[j_fE_c[l) _ há [][hn[l _ [mms _g ni^[ff[m ionl[m ]io*
m[m) g[m [ko_ff_m ko_[ n__g mj_]c[f) []_l][ ^[ko_ff[
]iom[ k `[t_g) m_g ^oos^[ fb_m ^[ al[h^_ [do^[ j_l[[

.EDEKENBA @M ;ZZSWQ
ñ/ @INNTI<Iyö
<ct_l_g mifn[g_hn_ ?[ o]laihÇ[ ^_mbil^_h[^[ mig [f*
ao`fm gosni _g\[la[^im) jil gshao[ ^_\ii _hn_h*
^_l ) bom[hÇ[) ]áo_lmm[Çig) iihmm_fbi) io [osm[hnÑni
@ [ko_mni m_ `[t jil ko_ m_aoh^i ^cmm_) _o `[Çi ^_`_*
l_hÇ[ ^[ o_laihÇ[ [i _gj[]bi) _ _gj[]bi _hn_h^i "
o_g ^i ]il[Çig @jilÖ nilo[ _g ni^[ ]iom[) [dh^[
ko_ m_c[ ]ihb_]c^i k b_ \i[ j_l[ `[t_l @ [o_laihÇ[
jli]_^_ ^[ j[ln_ ^[ll[tig @jil_g j_hmm[h^i [fao`nm
^[fa`c[ g[hb[ k hihi b_ l[ti[^[ j_l[ _ff_[ f_cr|h[ ^_*
jlio[l io ^bom[l @ ]ig _mni fb_m `cfb[l Öj[]bi) hig
ji^_h^i _g _ff[ [o_l [koÑff[ \i[ mifnol[ k [o_l [_
^_h_ @ n[f n_hÇig ]igi _mn[ m_ b_ _ll[^[) ^[j[ln_
^[ll[tig fb_ o_g n[f _lli _ [o_laihÇ[ fb_m nl[t i_g*
j[]bi ko_l_h^i [fao`c a[[hb[l [mmifnol[ ^[oáin[^_) b_
h_]_mm|lci ncl[l i_gj[]bi j_l \hm$Ç[ _ jl_m`feTYS ^_m*
Js ) ko_ b_ j_l[ `[t_l iko_ im ionlim ^_mm_o mn[^i c_*
t_l_g) n__h^imm_ h[ko_ff[ ]ihn[ ko_ _f o_l^[^_cl[gN*
n_ b_ io g[cm) _ _hn_h^_h^i L b_ [\[mn[hn_ j_l[ ][*
o[fa[l \_g _ `[t_l [][h[ffi ko[f ko_l ]iom[ ]igi io(
nli big_g m_g_fb[hn_ ^_c) _ hig m_ _hn_h^[ ko_ jil
n[f jl_mogsl ^ ^_o[ m__l ^_mjl_t[^il) _ io`[hi) jil
y [dh^[ ko_ n[f `Ö_Çig n_hb[) iko_ \ii _ oclnoimi KTN
m_gjl_ ao[l^[l[ [im ionlim [ko_ff[ bihll[ _ ]iln_mc[
ko_ ao[l^[l ^_h_+ ?[ j[ln_ ^[ll[tig ]ão_g [o_l \ii
]ihb_]cg_hni ^[m g[hb[m ko_ ][^[bo`f m_aoh^i [s^[*
^ _ ) mn[^i) _ nâji ]^o_hn [_bom[l _ [ko_$m ko_ mig
j_l[ `[t_l [dh^[ ko_i ]il[Çig j_lmms m_ ko_cl[ _gj[*
]b[l ^_o_ m__l `ilÇ[^i _ j_l^_lf\_ i_l[j[]bi) o_laih*
Ç[ ) _ jl_aocÇ[) _ [o_l ^_fc[ al[h^_ _ \i[ bom[hÇ[
jil ko_ m_ a[[hb[ al[h^_ j[ln_ ^[ mifnol[ô

.EDEKENBA @M 4 F 6 6 7 GB
 ?@ =@H ><P<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+

-:HBLMDDG K>@MF=G
=: =>KHGKBVGE =G <GJHG) =G K:;>J) =: E:FA:) J =:
AMK:FV: =>DB:+
9 [ ^_mjimcÇig ^im ]iljim X ][o[fa|l _ [mms h[m io(
nl[m g[hb[m n_Ö [faoçm mi\l_ im ionlim al[h^_ [o[hn[*
a_g a__l[fgÖn_ _g ni^iff[m ]iom[m io mj_]c[fgÖn_ _g
[fao~m è [ko_mni h`f oÖ ^[ `_cÇig ¶E [mms h[^[g Ön_ m_
jimm[ ^_]f[l[l jilk [faoçm [[ocmn[ j[l_]Ö _gj[]b[^imô
_ ni^[ff[m ]iom[m `[t_g mifn[g Ön_) _ ionlim j_fci _ih*
nl[cli @ n[f il^_h[hÇ[ 9w himmi m_hbil ^_im _g _mni
j im) g_ j[l_]_ ko_ ^_o_ ^[l al[h^_ [nl_osgÖni [im
big_Nm n__l_g al[h^_ nÖ_Çig ^_ j_l][fÇ[l ko[f ko_l
nh[hb[) _ hig ^_m[mj_l[l ^_ [o_l) [dh^[ ko_ mo[ 1_c*
Çig j_l[ _ff[m fb_ hig j[l_Ç[ ^_mjimn[) jil k o_lig
im ionlim `c mig j_l[ _Ii n[g jio]i [ocmn[ j_lnÖ_]Ö(
n_m ]igi _Üf_m [o_l_g [mm[t \i[ mifnol[ h[ ko_fc[ g[(
hb[ _g k [^_m_cig [o_l) É \_g n_hbi ko_ g[cm [f_c;
r[g ^_ j_l][fÇ}l [m g[hb[m jil gshao[ ^[oáin[^_)
_ `l[ko_t[ ^_fc[) `d jil ^_mjimcÇig ^i ]ilji) [dh^[
ko_ m_g ^oos^[ [faoçm h[nol[fgÉn_ mig n[g mnl_g[(
^im ][o[fa[^il_m k `io]im []b[lã m_om m_g_fb`cn_m) _
Jonlim [mms _gj[]b[^im k [al[g nl[\[fbi fb_ `[l`f [o_l
\i[ mifnol[) g[cm f_cr[h^i _mn[m ]iom[m k mig h[noô
n[ [ _m) _ `[ff[h^i ^i k [i Ömmshi j_lnÖ_]_) h__mn[m ko[(
nli j[ln_m ]ão_g ^_mm_ [o_l [m[icnol[+ <jlcg_cl[^i
\l[Çi ^_l_cni j_l[ l_a_l) f[hÇ[l) ]iln[l) _ `[t_l km[f
ko_l ]iom[ §mm_aoh^[ ^[ g[Ni _ ^i \l[Çi _tko_l^i
_l[ nl[t_l [cl_^_[ ) _ [mmifn[l _ n__l) _ oib[l [][^[l
Å oN ^[m j[ln_m ]igi osl k ]igjl_ / n_l]_cl[ ^[m jmln
h [ m ) ^i acicbi [`oh^i) j_l[ `_lcl [\_mn[ k[`c^i) _]i(:
c^i i`fjlcl / ko[ln[ \_ ^[ ]án_hÖÇ[ ^i limnli _ 9^i _il(
j i) m_aoh^i n[ m]h_os) ih^_ c[nc_s ^[ m_aol[hÇ[ è _ml
n [ mifnol[ ^im \l[Çim) _ ^[m j_lh[m m_ ^_o_ [o_l hi[m
nl[m_h^i ]ig i]ilji) g[c[ ][^[boç j_lmms `[t_h^[
m_o i`c]ci) [do^[ ko_ ]]ilji [_c[ ko_]Gi è [kom[nm

.EDEKENBA @M ;ZZSWQ
-1 % ë @INNTD><Iy< ( (;
boç ^im \iim a_cfim ko_i ][o[fa[^il ^_o_ [o_l) _ im
ko_ m[\_g im ]iljim nl[t_l ^_ \ii [mm_mm_ai [j_l][f(
Çig g_fbil ko_im ionlim ]igi ^cni b_+ Ø* Ø
-:HBLMDDG E $
=: =><D:J:VGE =:D@MTK E:FA:K IM>KK> : <:M:DDG <MKL:Ø
E:E ?:Q>J => IM>KK> :=B:FL> =: >FKPF:E>FLG$
K _ l [ [o_l \i[ mifnol[ m_ l_ko_l_ \ii m[\_l ^[m g[l
hb[m) j_l K ^ionl[ aocm[ hig m_ ji^_ \Ö j_l][EÇ[l(
h_g gimnl[l @ [m jlch]cj[m_m mig) m_aoh^i g_o dos*
ti) _hm[s[l_mì [lg[^i ^_ aoÉll[) [mms ]ill_ac^i ]igi
_g _ff[ ^_o_ [h^[l) domn[l) nilh_[l) [o_h^i PZZ g__mô
nl_ ) io g__mnl_m( ko_i [ocmÖ PZ \ ]igjlcl @ _f ]l_[
iko_ fb_ ^cmm_lN _ fb_ i\_^__Ç[) jil ko_ h_Ç_mm[l¶L
b_ [i ko_ [jl_h^_ ]l__l _ i\_^__]_l [[ko_d ko_i Çh*c
msh[) _ _mmi g_^_m ^[ al[h^_ [do^[ [[mmidnol[ i"^[c8
^i gihn_ô _ ][Ç[) _ l_a_l f[hÇ[mò l_g_mm[ff[m) _ do n
a[ff[m ][h[m) `_lcl ^_mj[^| @ ni^[ff[m _mn[m g[hb[m ^_l
o_g `f__l bom[^[m jil [ko_ff_m K \i[ mifnol[ [Ç[oÇffi
^_m_cig ^ [o_l)jil K \i[ _ l[ti[^[ bom~Ç[) b_ al[hc
^_ gÉ_mnl_) _ 5_g _ff[ hig m_ ji^_ )h_boè \_g j_l(
>[fÇ[l _ [dh^[ K m_ [c[) m_ nilh[ \_g fca_cl[g_hn_ _g
mko__]cg_hni • ]ihncho[h^i h[ nN_Çig k jlcg_clk
m]l_os _g g[cm [faoçm ko_l_l [jlio_cn[l Ed g_ ao[l(
^[l _g _mni ko_ m]l_oi ji^_l m__l ]ihnl[ ^cni ^[fao~m
K [][o[ffi gos ni mig bom[^[m j_l|im ko_ jio_i ^_Ec[m
m[\_g) ko_li ^[l [faoNm _hmsh~Ç[m _ Ømig _mn[m ?i
nl[t_l [f[hÇ[ mig~[i) h[ j_lh[) [i ]iffj) l_a_ff[) _
_h]Bnl[l ]ã _ff[) `_lsl mi\l_ gN[i) l_g_mm[ff[ \_g) _
]_ln_) _ ^_mj[^[ `_lsl ^_jãn[) _ ^_ n[fbi) jil k[_ _h;
_mni m_ gimnl[ al[h^_ j[ln_ ^[ mifnol[ @mmi\l_ffi m]l_*
o_l_s\l_o_g Ön_ m_aoh^i j_l gsg []b_s ]_ln[ jl[nc*
n [ ) [do^[ ko_ h`n ^_ll[tig ^_ ni^i ][ m_ ionl_g jli*
\[l iko_ m]l_oi) _ \_g []_ln[l [g[hb[ [_mj_lc_h]c(
fb_ gimnl[l[ m_% `[ffi ]_lni @hig ^_o_g _mn[m g[fb[m
nn__` ó^_mjl_t[^[m ^_h_boç ][o[ff_cliX io m]+o^_cli+ j_h[l

.EDEKENBA @M KF LLH UQ
 ?@ =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 33 n
ò[h^i ko_ higmig h_]_mm[lc[m) g`_m[hn_ Ñ_ ^_oÖ ni*
^im nl[\[fb[l jil m[\__l_g ^_fc[m hã [m f_cr[h^i jil
j_ko_h[m) _ L m_ ji^_g m]om[l) io ko_ mig j_l[ [f*
ao`nm n[g al[h^_m ko_ m_ hig [cl_o_g ^_[m \_g [o_l
jil ko_ ]_lni b _) k [m ]iom[m k j[l_]Ö j_ko_h[m ^_[*)
jl_t[l) _ ^[m al[h^_m ^_m[mj_l[l @ll_ko_l_l l[ti[c
b[m_ hig ^_o_ \om][l) `[t_g [i big_g msgjl_t _
gshao[^i oso_l _ [][\[l+ @ ^_o_g n__l nÖ_Çig 9v
[mms ]igi hig mig _g\[la[^im ^_nl[t_lÖ ]ihnsho[1$c
g`cn_ mo[m mj[^[m) ]shn[m) _ gosnim \c \[ k gos jio*
]i io hoh][ ^_fc[m m_ [jlio_cn[g) g_m mif c[g_hn_ jil
_hn_h^_l_g 9w _g [faoç nÖji ^_ g_mn_l fb_ ji^_g
jl_mn[l fb_m jl[t ^_[m nl[t_l_g) ko_ [mms ^i m[\_l ^[m
`:i[m g[hb[m i]il[Çig ^[ko_f ko_ [m \_g b [) l[ti[*
^[gÖn_ l_]_\_ jl[t_l) _ ]ihnÖn[g_hni) ]ihb_]_h^i &'
m_ cb_ ]^jlcl ji^_ ^_fc[m l_]_\_l \i[ _ al[h^_ [o~n[*
@Y mi\l_ im ionlim ko_[m \_g hig m[\_g @+ ko_ gos*
nim `[lig) _ minh ^_fc[m _g al[h^_m h_]_mms^[^_m []il*
lc^im _ [do^[^im) _ jil _fc[m ^_ ni^iffim \iim g[cm
jl_t[^im) _ j_l[ \iim `_cnim nb_o^im Ö gsfbil ]ân[+ ë
1FU@Z@T >G>G)
IJ HR]SFRJSYT IJ YWF^JW FQFSeF IJXYTRFcT SF UJWSF
J FT HT@Tt
j ò + jlimm_aosl [_hmsh[hÇ[ ^[m ^cn[m g[hb[m) b_
^_mm[\_l ko_ [f[hÇ[ ^_mmig[~i dao[fg_hn_ m_ nl[t ^_
ko[nli aocm[m bo< i\l[Çi ni^i n__h^c^i dao[f ^_mms)
_ ionl[ bo{ jio]i g[cm [fn[ _ [nl_o_mm[^[ mi\l_ []i*
g[ ^i ][h[ffJ' ionl[ f~Ç[^i mi\l_ [g~[i io \l[Çi _t*
ko_l^i) _ [ionl[ hi n[fb_ [`oh^i) io []cg[ ^_c Ç[l*
l[^[ ]ihmsai K_l[ ni^im _mn_m a_cnim b_ h_]_mm|lci
m[\_l \_g ]ihnl[j_t[l [f[hÇ[ ]igi _ff[ l_ko_l_) _ ^i
c_o[l \l[Çi n_h^c^i b_ mifn[ g[h_cl[ j_l[ l_ch_mmig)
io m_g_fb[hn_ f[hÇ[ f_o_ @[ko_ o[s mi\l_ []ig[ ^i
][o[ffi b_ j_lcdaim[ jil nij[g_hni ^[loil_m) _ l[gim(
ò ^ionl[m [Eao~m ]iom[m @ f_o[ff[ mi\l_ [g[Üi io \l[*
-

.EDEKENBA @M L = " I I 7 G B
ñ3 =IN5OC<Iy< +
Çi _tko_l^i) b_ \ii j_l[ f[hÇ[ ]ig Üw [c[g =>?>JBJ
nc_h]ãnli [[ko_ff[ j[ln_ i[ j_l[ nl [ t 8 _ [g[cm [fn[ [(
j[l ^i n[fb_ b_ g_fbil _ g[cm m_aol[ j_l[ f~Ç[ g[cm
:_m[^[) É Émná ^cai m_ ]ill_lÖ) nlin[l_g lsdi) io a[f*
+ ij[l_g jil ko_ m_ oÅ[i j[mmi) ][^[boç [ji^_ f_o[l
LGEG g[cm fb_ jlioao_l+ ?Éå_mmâ l_ao[l^[l m_ `il j_*
Ü`__n_ [loil_m k [jihn[ o[[ \[cr[) _ m_ `il j_l g[ni
Xo_ m_ f_P_ j_l[ ]sg[ ^_c) jil ko_ b_ g[cm m_aoli _
g[cm Nifnáô < f[hÇ[ ko_ m_ nl[t h[ j_lh[ _g [lg[m ^_
d`nmn() _g \icmm[ jimn[ h[m jl[n[m) io hi [lÇ`f ^[ m_c(
H d inç mi\l_ [j_g[ ]igi ][^[boç g[cm n_g a_cni) _
j[l_]_l^_ \i[ _ `ifa[^[ g[h_cl[ è ionlim miff[gÑn_
nc[ j_lh[) _ [hnl_ _ff[ _ i[lÇig) _ im k [\_g Dl[tÖ
m_g ionl[ o[hn[a_g) gimnl[g g[sil `ilÇ[) io mifno*
l[ô _ j_l[ ][^[ bç{ ^_mn_m a_cnim b_ gosni h_]_mm|lci
m_Él i]^ni \_g [mm_hn[^i) _ ]_lni [hn_ ko_ K>M ][o[c*
fi [\[ff_) _ ji^_g _ll[l f_o[h^i [jihn[ =:D:GV: =>#
l_c n[ ]ihnl[ ]cg[) io j_l[[ j[ln_ _tko_l^[) j_h^_h^i
ì]ilji [[ j[ln_ ^_l_cn[ io j_l[ nl[t è jil m_ ^_ffi
ao[n^[lã `[Ç`f m_om ]ihnl[clim ) _ slâ ]igi ^_oÖô dg'i
^_l_cni) _ [faoç n~ni fÅÇ[^i [[j[ln_ _tko_l^[ ^i n[*
fb_ j_l[ ]cg[) _ j_l[ ^cÜcnÑ ]b_a[^i) _ [jãn[ ^[ f~Ç[
\[cr[ _g l[ti[^[ g[h_cl[ô _ [`[mn[^[ ñ[j[ln_ ^_l_cn[8
^im \l[Çim hâ `[Çi al[h^_ ^_`_l_hÇ[) _ ^_ sl Ç[ll[^i
io [\_lni) _ ^_ g[sil ]ân_hÖÇ[) jil ko_ c[[ os ^_ni*
^Nm aocm[m [mm[t `l_gim[gÖn_ f_o[l èjil_g h[ko_mni
][^[ boç ao[l^_ m_o a_cni) _i ^[ n_ll[ `d MPJ g[cm Eio*
o[^i _ [ko_f mca[) g[m ^im _llim momi m]lcjnim) m_aoh*
^i gshb[ jl[nc][) >[^[boç m_ ^_o_ ao[l^[l) jil ko[
hig n_hbi \_g jimm[ j[l_]_l h_g m__l jlio_cnimi
f_o[lmm_ [f[hÇ[ ^_ n[f g[h_cl[ Ii nl[t_l f$Ç[ [i]iffi
b[ _mn_m _llim) nl[t_ff[ j_lg_[^[ [jBn[ [fn[ [gN[i ]b_(
a`n^[ [i ig\li _g ^_l_cni ^i limnli) iiinio_ffi \[c*
ri @ ko_g [\_g kocm_l nl[t_l `[Ç[ ^_ni^i i]ihnl[cli)
nl[a[[ j_l |ki_C_ foa[l j_l ko_ [_hn_h^_ l_a_l) io
^[fao[ h[hn[aÖ N_aoh^i l_ko_l_l ij_mog_ ^[ H@Ç[) (*
l[ti[^[gXn_ \[cr[ ( [g[[i [ll_^[^[ |i ig\li

.EDEKENBA @M = " I I 7 G B
 ?@ =@H ><Q<GB<M OJ?< N@G<ô 3;
^_mh[clh^[ j_l[ `il[) i]inio_ffi [fni) _ ^_jn[ aocm[ b_
?c[cm `dl_gimi) `ifa[^i) _ jlio_cnimi) [lg[^i) _ ^_$c
[lg[^i+ ! +
1UObYYi@T VZNSYT(
. IT JSX]SFRfYT Ik WJLJW% ~
> E o[h^i [fao`f _hmsh[lÑ [ll_a_l ^_ j__) [n[h^i ko_l
^i fb_ ^_o" gimnl[l ni^iffi_ [ocm[gÑfim ko_ mi\l_ffi
[o_l[ ^_n__l ]J _fao~ f_o_ f[hÇ[) iç j[[i ]ig Üd `ic(
a[^[`jÖn_+ jimm[ + @mmig _mn_m+ jlcc__cÇi ^ i + `cfb[l ^[
f[hÇ[ ko[h^i [n_g h[ j_lh[ ^ih^_ ni^im g[cm ]omnol
jc[gim l_a_l) " [g[$i g_n[ ^_mmi _ff[+ @ ko[h^i[
jimÇl ^i j_cni 9w ]b_ao_ [li|[i ^_g i \l[Çi ig[cm
V i_ ji^_l+) _ ^i\l_[ ^_n[c aocm[ &w `[Ç[ ^_fc[ l_mnl_8 _
[_ms ko_ ij_mi ^[f`cÇ[ fb_ o_hb[ ni^i mi\l_ [ ]b[o_
^[dh~[iô )_ hig mi\l_7im+ ^_^im @kcc[h^i[ ioo_l ^_
ñ?_n_l ^_mmii \l[Çi) f_i$n_[ ko_ i]ihfi o[[ \_g FYW
r_^[^i ^_mmi _ f) _ ]igi [ffs `il Ç[ll_i) _ [j_ln_i)
ko[hni g[cm ji^_l `[t_h^i [faoç j_cni) hig jil m_
nLl]Çl( h_g ^_ll_[l) g[cm mn[h^i ^_l_cni jil `cfb[l
d_g ms i`iff_ai) _ ^_ [Eao~ j_ko_h[ ]ân_hÖÇ[ ^i ]ih*
U = imm[c\\[ `[t_l+ @ [ko_mni jl_mn[ gosni [i l_a_l mâ
l_mnl_) jil `d [f[[Ç[ b_*[do^[^[ ^_ nl_m j[ln_m +m+ bo`c
^ [ g[~i ko_ [mmimnÖ) ionl[ ^i [j_ln[l ^i \l[Çi ko_
+[mmijiln[) _ [ n_l]_cl[ ^i j_cni mi\l_ ko_ al[h^_ j[ll
+n_ b_ _h]imn[^[ @i f_o[hn[l ^_[_ m__l [_ miff[][^[
^[h^i[ ^i ]ilji _ ^i \l[Çi) _ ^[ g~[i) jil ko_ bo~
+al[h^_ f~Ç[ __ f_o~n[ g_fbil ^_mn[ aocm[ " ^ionl[) _
*n[hni `d fb_ ^_l [mmiff[c[^[+ [i ][sl ^i ]iffi) ^_o_ [l*
l_^[l i\l[Çi _ ^_mos[ffi [[ko_ff[ g[^_cl[ ko_ c[ ^cm*
m_) " [fÅÇ[ [i ]iffi m_ ^_os[ nl[t_l @mm_ nlioo_l [lio*
^_ff[ ao[l^_mm_ ko_ ^ã fbÑ `cko_ nl[m i]iffi) jil ko"*
ni b_ ghsni `Çi) _ m_ ji^_ ]ig _ff[ `_lcl m_ [h^[l
^_m[lg[^i @^_mko_) [fao`c ^_ j__ [mms `il Ömmsh[^i
]ig f_o_ D"Çm ^_o_mm_^_ ihmmsh[l ]^ ionl[ rh[sdilô ì
*n[hni $"? ] l_]_h^i [n[[ dd ]b_ao_ [i g[cm ko_ \_g ji*
ñ+^_l l_a_l) UTW ko_ n[f ]iom[ ]ig " \_g Sm jimm[ hig
6 (

.EDEKENBA @M C A WQ
ü °5 @.T5NTI<Iy<
^_o_ ]omnog[l) jil hich ko_\l[l) _ ^iil ^ám fig\im)
^[ ][\_Ç[) _ ^[m j_lh[m) _ ^[ g[~i Ǻ ^_ffi m_g jni*
o_cni l_]l_]_+ è ^_mko_ ^_ j__ m_hncl ko_ \_g m[\_
l_a_l) ^_o_ [][o[ffi j[mm_c[h^_ jlio[l [mms ]igi ^_*
j__ [jl_h^_i) _ n_hb[ ko_g i[osm_ ^i 9E osl ko_ g[f
`_t_l) jil ko_ []ihn_h_hÇ[ ko_ f_o[ j_lmms m_g al[il
^_ m[\_l ^[ hn[hb[ _ bom[hÇ[ hig ji^_ ]ihb_]_l) m_*
j_l ionli hig Ü\l [ocm[^i) _ ^_m ko_i \_g `_t_l ^_o_
[a[Pij[l) _ ^_ms ]ill_l) _ m[\_h^i [g[hb[ @J:F=> [*
o[hn[aa []b[l[ h[ \_mn[) m_ lsdi) _ m_g ^_n_ÖÇ[ ]il*
l_l) _ n_o_l [\ià[ n_mn[) _ _mmi g_^_m bÉ [o~n[aÖ l_*
a_l _ãnl[ ioÉni f_cr[h^ii [[g~[i _tko_l^[) _ [f[hÇc
hig ^_m][s[ g[cm \[cri ko_ mo[ ][\_Ç[ ) g[cm _g [l
ko_ff[ g_^c^[ [f_o_ [n[[ ko_[ f_oÅn_ ]igi momi b_
m]lcjn[) _ [f~Ç[ hig f_cr_ ^_m][sl lsdi) g[cm \o`c jio*
]i [c c[ [[ll_][^_ ^i j_cni ^i ;J:VG" > =: E :TG ) _
j[mmi [f_cr_ ocdl [[k`__ff[ [fnol[ _g &E [Ön_h^_ E_cl[l+
N_ [f[hÇ[ n_o_l ait_n_ iô li^[aâ ^_]isli [g[~i _b_(
ao_ [_fc[ ko[hni g[cm ji^_l ji_h^i [fahç ^im ^_^im
mi\l_c _ [ko_mn_ a_cni l_a_h^i ]ig l_mnl_ io m_g >?#
L:$ N[\_h^i \_g m_g l_mfl_) g[cm fca_cl[g_hn_ i`[l[
]ig _ff[ " _ l_a_h^i n_hb[ n[f g[h_cl[ ]igi _mn[ êo*
5- mBlcjn[ hi f_[[l ^[ j_lh[) _ [ g_n_l mii \l[Çi) _ [*
f_o~n[ff[) g[cm ^(o_ [o_l boç [ocm[gÖni ko_ i\l[^i
f_o[hn_) _ ^_ ]ig i]ihni ^[ f[hÇ[ _g _f ]ihnl[ i]i*
nio_ffi jil hig nij[l ^_mmi[ l_mnl_+ è ]igi [fcs ]b_*
a[l Ç[ll[h^ii ]ihmsai [`[Ç[ _h][m[l h[ l_mnlÉ) _ :CEb
Ç[ mijiln_ [fn[ _g n[f aocm[ y [hig f_cr_ ][sl lsdi)
g[cm [m3355_ao_[ boç jio]i g[cm [fn[ ( > _hnig [f_o_
h[ ko_ff[ [fnol[ ko_ [koc__l f_o[l è ko[h^i l_a_l [*
][o[ffi ]ig l_mnl_ io mÖ _ff[) ^_o_ n__l [osm[gÖni `c
m_ i][o[f`i ]ill_ lsdi _l[ f_o[h^i [f~Ç[ h[ j_lh[) _f
m_ ^_o_ [j_ln[l h[ m_ff[ _ [mm_mm_a[l \Ö+ @ ko[h^i[
üg_n_l ^__mii \l[Çi ^_o_[ j_ln[l h[ g[Ni) _ hig E\i
f_cr[l ^_m][sl [jãn[ ]igi momi ^cni \_) h_g _mmi dô_*
* ^_m [jihb[ ^_mmii\l[Çi ]il[ [ján[ gos MW_M' m_ `Él
8 limfli [k_hni) io i][o[fci ]ill_l lsdi) l[[} [mms iigi[

.EDEKENBA @M ;ZZSWQ
 ?@ =@f` ><PSGB<M OJ?< N@G<+ 3ô
_hn_h^_ ^_ f_o}l) _ [fns [Ç[ll_ ]ihmsai) _ [mm_mm_ao_)
_ fiai [_h^_lÖ]_ j_l[ _h]^nl[l @mm_ `il [a[fij_) i(
g_fbil m_aoh^i himmi ]omnoli_) `clg~^i im j__m) _ [*
j_lf[h^i [m j_lh[m) f_o[ffi ]ilji [i m5i ^i nl[h]i+^i
][o[ffi) _ [mms ncl[l [f[hÇ[ ^[ j_lh[) _hll_mnl[l) _ [*
g_n_l mii\l[Çi j_ff[ aocm[ momi m]lcjn[ @koÉg _mni
\_g mio\_l ao[l^[l) []b[l[ _g _ffi al[h^_ g_fbilc[
_g i`[t_l g[cm `ifa[^i) _ g[cm `l_gimi) _ ^i\li [kos
[faoÅm l[tiiNm jil ^[l [[ti ^_mm_ g_fbil _hn_h^_l_g)
jil ko_ g[cm l_ao[l^i hi k mi\l_mni m]l_oi ^_ m__l
]f[li k `l_gimi+ NÉ ^i j_m]i WJLJW J `il m_g l_mnl_
_g [^_llc\[h^i) Ç[ll_ ]ihmmcai i\l[Çi) _ ni^[os[ m_
ao[l^_ ^_[ DÇcr[l ^_m][sl ]igi momi b_ ^cni @mm_ f_*
o[l l_mnl_ [mms ^_ ]ig i]âni ^[f[hÇ[ hi \l[Çi ]ihnl[
i]inio_ffi _ ^[ffs [Ç[ll[h^i [N][m_ h[ l_mnl_ @mm_ác*
ëjl_ m_ [osm_ ^i ^_m][sl jil [mmijiln[l h[ g[|i) _ f_c*
(r[l [mmN_f[l `ifa[^[g_hn_ C[ bc ionl[ g[h_cl[ ^_ nc*
l[l [fÅÇ[) _ [f[hÇ[l hi \l[Çi _tko_l^i) _ ^[naonnm b_
fioo[^[ jil g_fbil ko_ ionl[ j_l[ j_ff_c[) jilko_
^ct_g ko_ ^[ffs [nilh~ ][^[o_t ko_ fb_ jl[t g[cm Ec*
Tl_cl[gÖn_) _ _mmi g_^_m ko_ ji^_g \_g `_lsl[[ko_f*
[ sfb[la[) _ j_l[ nl[m+8 @ ko[h^i m_ f_o$n[ [i â\li)
m_ |f~Ç[ n[f b_) [faoçm [f_ctã ][sl mi\l_ [ko_ff_ \lÇ[j*
Çi ^_l_cni) j_l[ ^_`_h^_l ]ãnl[ nl[m) _ ionl[m o_t_m
f_crâ ^_m][sl [ ján[ ^[f$Ç[ [i ]b[~i) _ ^[ffs [nàgN*[i
mGWT) _ [ll_aÖ @ ni^[m _mn[m g[h_cl[m ^_ll_a_l mig
gosni \i[m ^[jl_h^_l) _ bom[l) jil ko[hni ji^_g
jl_mn[l _g nèji ^_g_mn_l _ _g [m hom[h^i im binh_âm
m_ `_tN g[cm mifnim ][o[fa[^il_m) h[_m ^_ll_a_l +^o[m
io nl_m fÅÇ[m) h_g ^[l oifn[m ]ig _ff[m j_l ]cg[ ^[
][\_Ç[) hig g_ â\[lai ^_m]lio_l jil hig m__l ]iom[
^_jl_mn[l [dh^[ ko_ im big_Öm _g \â `[t_h^i gim*
nl[g \i[ mifn\l[+% ?Émko_ [f|Ç[ o[s ^_ mii \l[Çi m_
ji^Ö `[t_l mn_m _llim +m+ ^_ll_[lmm_ Hm _ff[) N]imn[lmm_
[[g["i ^_l_cn[) io gosni mkosh[^i) sl g[f [mm_mm_*
a[^i h[ m_Üf[ ^im j__m) j_lh[m) )_ ][\_Ç[) ]ilji) ;_
[[l[) _ f_o[fP godni [nl[o_mm[^[) io [\_ln[ j_l[ `ilc)

.EDEKENBA @M HBBD?Q
 4- G JO O UJ ò Dx ò
lr j^v ql ^if^) lr _^fu^) lr aboof_^a^ ^ `^_bÖ^) ^
olpqol pl_ob ^iÑÖ^) lr jrvql ^iq^ mbo^ abqo^p) b nrbj
^_à nrfpbo ibr^o dr^oa^ppb abqlalp bpqbp boolp ; b Yb*
r^ii^ k^ `ljl ^jvj m^ob`b nrb eb jbielo+ B ^idrë^
bj grpq^kal `çifkr^rÑ pàmob a^o Rx ^p pmlo^p ^l `^*
r^iil ^_^i^kal ^p mbok^p ^qbb lp à`ãqolp) b ^nrbpql eb
cbl) b c^w j^fp co^`l lgrpq^alo) mlo bj bpqb qàml ab(
kbppb aba^o `è ^p pmlo^p mlr`^p rbwbp) b ovgl lr m^p*
pl pbdrkal ^_bpq^ clo) b lp qàmlp bj `z iifb abrP abo
a^o plj bpqbp8 erë ^l ^_^ii^o mbo^ ^c^wbo bkqo^o k^
nrbiib d^ilmb) lr `loobo `ljl ieb j^fp mo^w nrb ib<
rb) b lrqo^ rbw qÑql nrb ^ppbppbd^o ^r^o^ ab pll _o^*
Öl ) b a^iiv ^rÉqb ka _riivo j^fp `ç lp mbbp) kà mbo*
r^p ^q^^ n m^ppbj lp P`lkqolp) pb ^_bpq^ ^ka^ `ljm+
abrb) `^ pb bii^ Çqbm^o^ lr pb abprv^) `çrbj nrb mbo
kb`bppfa^ab n ^c^Ölj p^vo ^^p b_^aPb :\ grp&^ `rpqlü
jÑ bj bpq^ qboo^ iÑÖ^o ^r^o^ ^^j^Ñl bwnrboa^) b ^Å*
j^Äl abobfq^) b pb clo ^^jÅÑl bwnrboa^ abrbpbb a^o
•pgla^) b _^iÇÖl al _Éwb^o al `loml mbo^^ nrbii^ m^oqm
ibrÇq^kal _à l_o^Öl abobfql) b ibfw^ii^ vo `aio^ qo^p®
*pb úm^oqb abobfq^ ^nrfpbo GÑÖ^o ljbielo b j^fü pbdrol
+mbo^ppv) b lp n bpq^j k^ qb^ eb `ljl^ ibr^kq^o iÇÖ"o
^mãi^ mbo^ qo^p b l`èql mbo^ afÉqb B abpnrb Ñ_lp bp*
qbü dbfqlp pb qo^wbj s `rpqrjb) ^j^Ñl) `loml ) b _o(*
fÖl cfie^j abiil q^i jbbpqof^ nrb pbj qo^_^iel lc^w")
`ljl erë _ll qÉdbalo n lp abalp ieb r^Çl ^^p `lo*
oa^p) lr l`^Ö^alo `lj ^j^Äl bwnrboa^ p^_b VdPaSPa
qlal dbfql 9g ^^rb obnrbob) lnrb ^abobfq^ klj mlab
%â^wbo ^gka^ âz mlo bkqáabo ^påvl p^_b mbo^ erÑ j^Ñl
`ljl mbo^^ lrqo^ B mbo bpqbp àubjmolp pb mlab `l*
keb`bo) `ljl b nr^kql eb kb`bppÄofl `^a^krë ^rÖo
*qÉq^ erp^kÖ^ a^ j^ke^ nrb l`loml) b ^p m^oqbp ab "
•bj biil pb abrb pborfo ibkeÑ q^i e^_fql b p^_bo `ljl
pabGi^ obnrbob+ Erë ^rfp^jàql mbo jvj Z\a^| nk^fucl
*abp^oj^al obdf^ ^idrÇ do^kab) b mbp^a^ iÇÖ^ 9g P^>sa
[rcqq^o abii^ ) ^kqb n pl_ob el è_ol jb `^fppb) br ^ibf*
MgrXdP `loobo mbo ^j^Ñl erë mba^Öl B^nrbpql c^ff^ mT

.EDEKENBA @M HcKKMe^
 @A >AI ?=Q=HK=N PK@= OAH=+ 4.
cvb^o ol^fp nrbal k^ pbi^ b mlo ldo^kab pbr mbpl jb
k¢ abp^ppbppbd^o) b màppl n pb mbo ^idrëp clo `rpqr*
j^al bj q^i `^pl) fg ^`e^oè do^kab ^rÇq^dà pbl _bj
plr_boó c^wbo B mlabj ^idrëp bj obdbo pbbo qlor^alp
^gra^ nrbl _à p^f_eÑ mlo pbbobj j^i ^oj^alp) b lp
qlor^o ^oobpfob) _o^Ö^i) ^idrÑ lrqo^ ^oj^aro^) `loob*
dfjàql pbr b ab pbr `^r^iil) lr mlo pbboà ^qolu^alp
qq^ibj al n clid^a^jàqb pbj qo^_^iel mlabj _bj ^k*
a^o Bmlobj eb kb`bppÄofl ^qb nrbl ab)rboa^ab ^fÇ ab*
c^wbo) nrb mofjbfol pb bkpp^^b) lr nrb pbj lrqol Öloü
obo al `^r^iil mlke^j p^ iÇÖ^ k^ obpqob qobp lr nr^qol
qqbwbp b ^ppv p^f_eÑ qlal `loobbbo > kè ibrà `lrp^ 1
lp qlorb+ B mlpql n pbfÇ àpp^v^alp ^idrëp af^p `èr+bj
n ^kqb molrbj qobp lr nr^qol rbwbp ab mlbo ^iÇÖ^ k^
obpqob ^ppv ^oj^al abqlal `ljl biibp bkqbkabobj ab
mbiibf^oü `loobo) maq^o) lr grpq^o ^^nrbii^ lo^ nrbl
abc^wbo lrrbobj mlo eb kb`bppÄofl mbo^l obdbo) b
p^_bo bk`ljl ràb mbo^ à`lkqo^o) pbdrkal ^afÇqb bbo^
afql+ Bppb ^idrë nrfpbo obdbo pl_ob olrm^) abrb ob*
dr^oa^o pb eb ab q^i drfp^ qlor^o lmlpp^) b ^nrbpql
pb clo ab pba^) lr `e^m^a^) mlo n klj pb obdb _à pl*
_obi^) lr pb ^jëd^ al df_lj clo ^mboq^a^) lr `roq^)
lr ^jPb^ al _^i^kao^^l ^ppv cbfq^ klj ibfub _bj
jbqbo ^iÇÖ^ abppll_o^Öl b nr^kal bkqbkabo nrb^ aboü
aTVTa bj ird^o+ †rvpbppb abpq^p `lrp^p n ieb àmbb`f*
fkàql mlaà c^wbo b jrvql j^fp abqlal a^rbo _ll `^*
r^iil) pbj lnr^i qlal p^_bo b lrqol `loobdvjàql mlro
¥`lmobpq^+
8P_Xcd[[^ I =(
SP "bbh]P]qP ST QT\ T]R^]caPa(

M l o a^o bkpvkÑÖ^ mbo^ _à bk`Ñqo^o bj grpq^ b jbkql

?`obrl bpqbp ^rvp^jàqlp jb _llp b o^wl^alp m^ob`à)
1? abiibp pb mlab cfie^o bkubjmol g;bo^ qlal qbjml nrb
abpq^ j^ke^ pb mlpp^ mobpq^o) mofjbfol k^ grpq^ n eb
ûp^fp mofk`fm^i lp eljbÜp ibfu^j ab _à bk`aqo^o mlo
û^vfhdr^ a^kfpq^ ab dlrbok^o ^p iÑÖ^p) pûrp `^r^iglp

.EDEKENBA @M 4 F 6 6 7 GB
 4£ AJOOUJ=Jx=
pbdro^kÖ^ ab pr^p rçlq^abp D nr^kql ^^rfpi^ c^iib`bj
^idrcip mlo Ö^oo^obj lp lielp ^^lo^ al à`lkqo^o) b klo^
pb `lkeb`bj mliil c^wbo jrvil qofdlp^jàqb) b lrqolp
^gka^ nrbl àqbkaP) ^ppv plol cloÖ^alp ab pr^ `lka%oÖ$
- ieb kç `appbkqà bj ^nrbi maql nrbl à`lkqol qlm^
ablp qbbobj ^_boqlp) lrqolp mlo pb j^i p^_bobj ^oj^o
al bijl) lr al p`ral) mboabj ^rfpq^) b ^idrLp mlo
klj p^_bobj qlok^o l`loml mbo^ à`lkqo^o b d^^ke^o
^rfpq^ rlirbj lp lielp plljbkqb kl bijl) lr ^ `^_b*
Ö^) b mlo ibr^obj pr^ `lkqbkbkÖ^ abobfq^) ibfw^j ab
rbbo ^l qàml alp à`lkqolp Bmbo^ objbafl abpqbp nr^*
qol boolp eb do^kab ^rPq^dbj qo^wbo `èppfdl q^i mbp*
pl^ kl `^_l a^ `^oobfo^ mobdrkqb ^l grpq^) mlo
er boolr l^ ql`lr) `^ pb ovgl à`lkqo^o kçppb mlab
`boql p^_bo) b pb rvo klj `lk`boq^ qla^if^p rbwbp)
ildl feb afd^ klj rbb) b nr^kql abpr^fo^ a^ rboa^*
a b) b n pb ^rfpb abklol Ö^oo^o lp ^[W^b& b abpq^ j^((
kbfo^ ih]^ p`rp^o lmofolbfql bool prpl afql B nr^kal
^ \hg]bÅhf eb q^i `lkqo^ ràlq^ab) cloÖ^a^jàqb Ö^o(
PZ lp lielp eb jrfql o^^^ ab `loobdbo Mlobj pbbkal*
feb ovg^jàqb abpaf`ql mlo ^nrbi `lj biib ^ka^ F_b
â^o^ abppv ^rbo abpmo^wbo) b j^kà`lof^) b `lj bii^
qk^fb ifÖáfo^jàqb pb mlab cloÖ^o) b bppl jbabp eb _bj
abieb afwbo mlo lkab boo^ ^gka^ nrbl bq klj mlpp^ `l*
keb`bo B q^kql boo^o ar^p lr qobp rbwbp) mlo _rp`^o
q^oab) afdÑieb pb ^rvpb ab _rp`^o `bal mlo q^i
klj bk`èqoàal mbo _l^ rfpq^) bk`çqob mbo bpjl) b pb
^rbkqrfo^ lrrbo a^rbo ^idrÇ _l^ pnrdbÖ^) l ^`ob`àq^*
jàql al mo^wbo ) b a^ rllkq^aÜ ieb a^o^ bpcloÖl ab
qbbo lp lielp ^_boqlp ^lp à`lkqolp) Bl j^^l `loobdf*
jàql kl bkp^v^o) b kl ^oj^o pb mlab _bj `loobdbo)
^ppv nr^kal mbo^^ grpq^ ab qlal clo ^oj^al pq^kal Z*
`^r^iil) bi jbq^ ^r^o^ ab pll_o^Öl) b ^ppv qbke^ pb^
àijl) b p`ral `loobdfal) nrb ^gka^ pb jlr^ aelf ï
%GfÄoqb mbo^^ lrqo^) b qàbal ^r^o^ à ^nrbii^ ^iqro^ n
abrá bk`çqo^o) pàmob rbbf^ ^jbbq^ab abif^ ) lr ^l jb*
klp lqboÖl) b a^iiv ^r^kqb^q^^l`^_l a^ `^oobfo^) T

.EDEKENBA @M F GH e^
 AB ?BJ @>S>ID>O QLA> PBI>+ 40
pbkci mlabo ^ppv c^wbo ildl pb `loobd^ `^ pbdrkal klp*
pl `rpqro^b kè bkqbkal nrb mlpp^ _bj à`lkqo^o nrbj
^ppv klj rvo+ Bmbo^ _bj cfik^o ^rfpq^ al bijl) br ^*
`ebv _l^ j^kbfo^ ^q^iil abqo^p mofjbfol k^ nrbii^ drf*
p^ 1 _bj mlabo cfie^o b abpv ^mboq^iil ab afÉqb) b ^p*
pv lbijl cf`^ j^fp cfojb) b `boql k^ rfpq^) pbl mof*
jbfol afÉqb if^obj nrb abqo^p) mbo^ _bj rbbo ^l qàml
al bk`ãqo^o) e^ jbpqbo ^ppv `ljl el lrqol rbj mbi*
i^ qb^ ^ppv rbk_^ qlal l`loml ^abobkÖ^al biib) b
nr^kal rbebo ^l à`lkqo^o lool?qol rliqb `lkqo^ bi
ïnr^kql mlabo) ^ppv nrbl rbg^ ab abobfql ^ abobfql) b
klj mbiil nr^kql a^ rfpq^ al bijl+ B ^nrbpqb dbfql
mobpq^ jrvql ^ d^^ke^o _l^ rfpq^) b à`lkqo^o jbielo)
b plcobo jbielo lp à`lkqolp ì nr^kql ^^ppbdrka^ m^o*
qb mofk`fm^i abdlrbok^o ^iÑÖ^ qÇ_bj pb boo^ mlo lrqo^p
nr^qol m^oqbp+ 6 mofjbfo^ mlo pbbo j^i ^oj^al) lr
j^i `loobdâal al _o^Öl) a^ obpqob) al p`ral) a^ ^o^k*
abii^) b ^l dlwbqb+ Pbdrka^ mlo qo^wbo ^r^o^ j^fp mb*
p^a^ al nrb pbr mlabo ^_o^kpcb+ Qbo`bfo^ mlo kç ^ka^o
^ppbppbd^al b pliql à pr^ pÜii^ Nr^oq^ mlo qo^wbo `^*
r^iil q^j abp^ppbppbd^al nrbl c^Ö^ abp^qàq^o NrÉql
^l mofjbfol) _ll objbafl eb) àpp^v^oppb qÉq^p rbwbp
^q^^ klj pàq^ àm^`el kà qlor^ ab `^a^erÉ abpq^(
`lrp^p ^l qàml lrrbo abgrpq^o) ^gka^ nrb mbo rbwbp
ù^bf^ bkp^v^al `ljl f^ afppb) Çqb nrb r^Ä ^^qb^ jbq^
+^r^o^ abppll_o^Öl ar^p lr+ qobp rbwbp) b qbke^ ^ppv
qlal `loobdfal pb pàq^ _bj pbkelo abif^+ >l pbdrk*
al pb ^rfpb nrb f^ j^fp klj+ qo^d^ r^o^ `lj nrb klj
mlpp^+ >l qbo`bfol) l^ppbppbdl) b ^ppliqro^ pb d^^ke^
mlo p^_bo a^ j^ke^) á erp^kÖ^ abif^) `ljl f^ qbkel
p`ofmql ) b ^gka^ bj bpqb `^pl br ^`ebf pbdrkal klppl
`rpqrjb ab Ça^o ^qolu^alp erN mlr`l ^iql ) b lp ^qol*
u^jàqlp clid^alp)ü b ^ppbii^ bj o^wl^a^ j^kbfo^) klj
jrvql i^od^) kà jrvql ^mboq^a^) b pbf^ _bj `^r^*
a^ k^p mbok^p) b `loobdfa^ ab _llp `lufgp b `elj^Öllp
b nrb kè aboobb mbo^ abqo^p) kà bk_olnrb mbo^avPqb)
fc^uà lp grpq^alobp ^ka^o nrbalû) pliqlp) b Aà pbkelobp
.-

.EDEKENBA @M HcKKMe^
 U. AJOOU J=Gx=
abppv b ab pr^p r^o^p+ >l nr^oql) lp `^r^iilp `arbj
^r(o q^^bp &G pb dlrbokà mbo lp coblp b mbo ^p pmlo^p
nrb _D obrbiÜ) Çqbm^oà) molra lrqo^p fkÄiig`f^p) kbj
p^vP F^j ab^^ppbppbd^alp nrb qlorb lgrpq^alo B ^*
nrb^ql ob`b_b ^idrÇ Pfkbka^ mlo ieb mlbo cobl j^fp
cloqb) b kè q^kql nrb ^irlob kbj _fnrbfb) b ieb `eb*
drbj ^p pmlo^p j^fp m^ppl qo^wbkal^p `roq^p b _li^p+
@^ pbdrkal jbr dbvql kè bv mlo grpq^alo) ^l nrb lp
_ljbàp ab mbb qo^wà l`^r^iil mbii^ obab^) b iel UTaT\
`lj r^o^ lr m^^l olbp mboppv labrb qo^wbo) dlrbok^k*
al mlo pr^ obab^) b pr^p pmlo^p ^qbkq^kal) b cbofkal
b fo^wbkall ^^qb^) ^ooba^kal abif^) pbdcqal kvo nrb
@¢mob) `^ bj `^r^iil âg pb alrqo^ drvp^ ^aboà`b) mlr*
`lp mlabj dlrbok^o pr^ iÇÖ^) b ^ka^o ^drfp^ ab _llp
grpq^alobp) b ^ri^ 9z lp `^r^iilp fz `loobj ovglp b qo^*
wbj ^idrÇp àu^`lj^p c^wbj ibr^o ^p r^o^p \PXb cTbTb%
pbd^a^p abpmlfp `g àoobpq^a^p _ë+

8P_{d[[^ I =@
SP R]bbh]oqP ST T]RZaT]qPa QT\ ^RPdP[[^ ]P YdbcP )

&gk ^ k q l ^qbo`bfo^ m^oqb mofk`fm^i) nr^qol j^kbfo^p

mbo n lp grpq^alobp Gbfu^j ab dlrbok^o _à pbrp `^r^i*
Glp) b plj bpqbp Movjbfolp plj ^ppv j^i ^rfp^alp |
klj qo^dbol kberë qbkql kl cobl) b libfuP ^ka^o ^ppv
pliql N mlo biibp klj lp dlrbok^j) kà ob`b_bj kberì
^gra^ mbo^ pb qbbo ^lp bk`Ñqolp) mlpql nrb qo^d^j coblp
q^ofp) lr lrqo^p _l^p _ofa^p) j^fp plii^jPqb pb ibfu^j
dlrbok^o ^lp eljbàp ab mbb) b abmlfp nrb mlo bihbp
plj ibfu^alp) ^_bpq^ r^v mbo _r ieb mo^w+ Lp pbdrk*
alp qo^wbj _ofa^ abpb^`e^) lr pbj _^o_bii^ ab q^i cbf*
Ölol mbo &G lp `^r^iilp pb kå dlrbokÑ k^a^ Blp qbo`bf(
ol^ mlo pb qbbobj cloqb ^lp bk`ãqolp qo^wbj `loa^p |
p^^b alq olpqolp alp `^r^iilp) lr a^p `fie^p nrb m^p*
p^j mbo ^kqob ^p j^Çlp al `^r^iil) b rbbkppb ^^j^Äl
ûR obâab(+) b Rkql pb cfoj^j pl_ob bpq^p `loa^p) nrbl^

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH e^
 @A >AI ?=R=HC=N+ PK@= OAH=+ Uà
`^r^iilp pb ^abobkÖÇ mlr`l l^ k^a^%mbo pr^p obab^ü
ì lp nr^oqlp) ^gka^ n qo^d^o^ pbrp `^r^iilp ^qbkq^alp
lj pbrp _k ^ h l b pb dlrbokbj mlo ^ee^O abpnrb l`^r^i*
il r^v ^l Fqcdl a^ `^oobfo^) ^ r^^ ^c^pq^al a^ qb^) mbo
jvkdr^ ab p^_bo) lr a^rvp^jàql klj p^_bj ^l qàmå
alp à`lkqolp qlok^o l`^r^iil) b c^wbiilp `ebd^o ^biicb
B mlo k92 `^vo bj bpqbp boolp) pb abrb qbbo bpq^ jÑo
ffbfo^) mofjbfo^jàqb nr^kal pb ^idrë àpp^v^o qljb ^ûs
obab^ ^kqb &z pb ^ojb) b ^qàqb l`^r^iil b jbq^l k^*
9grbiib ^ka^o nrbl k^ grpq^ bkqbkabo qo^wbo ) b `ljl ^*
`boq^o _ll ild^o ) c^Ö^ieb a^o erN kll b a^nrbii^ drf*
p^ qlokb mbo ^ e bkp^v^o l`^r^iil+ Bppbl _à ^`e^o ^o*
jbppb) b mlo ^nrbiib ird^o qo^d^ pr^ obab^ Bppb `l[
keb`bo ^idrë c^iGvjPql mlo pbbo `roq^) lk `ljmofa^)
l^ j^i gdr^ii^a^) ildl^ àjbkab ^q^^ nrb ^`boqb q^i il*
d^o ab nrb pb `lkqbkqb b mlo ^iiv ^qo^d^ abmlfp k^ grp*
q^) b mlabppb _bj qo^wbo ^oobab^ mlo qobp j^kbfo^p
D Q { 5 `lj kll pvjmobwjbkqb a^al+ Lrqolp `lj qo^*
rvof`^ ab m^^l mlpq^ k^ obab^) klj ^qo^wbkal j^fp
ilkd^ al nrb^ k^ grpq^ bkqbkab qo^wbo B ^idrcfp ieb
a^j erÇ rliq^ k^ j^Ñl nrb eb ab _l^ r^kq^dbj) -
mlabppb ildl ibfw^o) b c^wbo mlo lgrpq^alo nr^kal ieb
molrdrbo pbj lrqo^ ^gra^ B^nrbii^ m^oqb a^ oÜab^ nrb
^^j^Çl abrb qlok^o qbke^ pbr kll ^ppv ^`boq^al) nrá
^gka^ q' lgrpq^alo abpc^Ö^ ^rliq^ &G pàmob ^qlokb a^o
`boq^) cf`^kal ^oobab^ bj q^i qçdko^ `ljl pb obnrbob
qo^wbo) b pb ^idrë kã clo ^rfp^al ab ibr^o pr^p obab^^
^ppv `loobdfa^p ^kqb | r^^ ^^qb^) nr^kal bj bii^ clo
mbii^ j^kbfo^ prpl p`ofmq^ mlab `loobdbo bj bpq^ drf*
p^) jÇa^o 5 ieb kã cfieà l`^r^iil mbii^ obab^) kbj iel
cbfo^j) b bi mbobpv qljb ^oobab^ mlo ^nrbi ird^o nrb)
pbdrkal pbr pbkqfal) ieb m^ob`áo j^fp o^wlj) b `eb(
_ rbfeb ^p pmlo^p ^l ^_^ii^kal) b c^Ö^l m^o^o) b molrb
bl rliq^o ^ercf j^Ñl b ^^lrqo^ Bppb eljç clo n abf*
il ^f^ pbkqfjàql) ildl `lkeb`bo^ O^ qo^w% pr^p obab^^
`ljmofa^p lr `roq^p lr abpvdr^^bp) ^gkaÄ &y qo^d^ lbi*
^^l k^ `^_bÖ^) qfo^kal ld^kqb) 8 lr irr^ a^ ka^Pl aá(
il (

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
 $/. AJOOUJ=mmx=
obf q^) ó. mboppv ^`loobd^) ^q^^ nrb ^`boqb ird^o ab
nrbppb `lkqbkqb b ^iiv c^Ö^ a^o lkll) lr mlbo ^qo^(
rvk`^ mbii^ j^kbfo^ prpl p`ofmq^+ Bc^wàal bpql mbo bp*
q^ drvp^ 5bdr^oa^o^ al mofjbfol bool kl bk`^jvü
ke^o al `^r^iil br afppb nrb pb mlabof^ c^wbo mlo qo^*
wbo+ ^p obab^^ colu^p) b abpPm^o^a^p B nr^kql ^l pb*
drkal _obrbjàqb c^ii^kal) jvke^ qbàÖlj eb ) nrbl
grpq^alo mbo^ _bj ^ka^o pbdrkal klppl `rpqkjb) abrb
qo^wbo q^i cobl ^ppbr `^r^iil nrb pb ^aboà`b mlo biib) b
Geb pbf^ _bj ^^j^Ñl) klj mlobj bj q^i drfp^ ^_l*
`^ pbf^ jliib lr _o^ka^) q^oqbobfb `lj loolpqol) lr
_fnrbdb) j^fp qo^wbii^ q^i nrb pbf^ dr^oa^al abpqbp
+nr^qol boolp) b pb qbke^) b rliqb mlo pb ^c^pq^o) b
`ebd^o ^^qb^) pbdrkal lgrpq^alo nrfpbo) b nrbj lq^i
^`boq^o) rbo^ 5 qbj do^kab ^r^kq^dbj alp qo^wbj
_ofa^p pbj g_^oAbif^p) lr ^idrcip coblp mlo pb _bj
klj ^abobk`P Mlo pb dr^oa^o al qbo`bfol Taa^ b k nrb
af^pb ^idrëp mlo pb qbbobj q^kql ^^p `loa^^ rbbo^
alp olpqolp) lr a^p `fie^p alp `^r^iil^) klj qfgk_Ä
q^i qàql kl cobl mlo lp dlrbok^ppP `ljl abqfv^j+
Nrbj^p k^ grpq^ _bj nrfpbo qo^wbo ( b clo bj ird^o
iel `lkppbkqÇ) qbke^ bpq^ j^kbfo^+ Abpnrb qbrbo ^`bo*
q^al lird^o a^oobab^ mbo ieb m^ob`bo ^ka^oÄ _bj
k^ grpq^) pbdrkal prpl eb p`ofmql) nr^lalppb ^oj^o
qljb ^p `loa^p b mlke^^p k^ j^Çl a^ nrbii^ drfp^
^p bkqbkab qo^wbo mlo kll) lr mbo rlh^) b i^Ö^ al
`loml er$ mbnrbk^ `lkqbkàÖ^ ab obrbp) b ^iiv ^p cfojb
bj q^i drfp^ nrb ^l qPml a^ kb`bppfa^ab% ^iiv =QT mlp*
p^j mobpq^o+ B ^p ob`cb^p cfnrbj q^kql j^fp `roq^p
^p afbq^p `loa^p l`^r^iil mlif^p qo^wbo klj pbf^ k^a^
qlor^al abppbr ^abobkÖl ( b qo^wbkal^p mb; ^nrbpq^
drfp^ pb ie^p nrfpboà `lkppbkqfo) lgrpq^alo mlab abif^p
ob`b_bo do^kab ^gra^ pÆ àm^`el+ >l nr^oql bj nrb
afppb ^idrëp ibfu^r^j abk`lkqo^o mlo klj p^_bo `eb*
d^o l`^r^iil ^^qb^ ^l qàml alp bk`èqolp) br rv k^nrbp*
ql boo^o mlo ar^Å drfp^p ) erëp mlo klj ^rboP y Tcu^5
qbkql) b ibfu^obj vo pbrp `^r^iilp ^c^pq^alp^l qçdl a^

.EDEKENBA @M C A EB
 @A > > Q ?=R=HC=N PK@= OAH=ó 44
qcbcq `ljl f^ afppb) b lrqolp mlo nrbobobj à`lkqo^o ab
do^kab ^r^kq^dbj ) b râgo jrvil ^qo^rbpp^alp) rbç
q^j q^oab ^lp bk`lkqolp 1 lp lrqolp m^pp^j mofjbfol)
b mlo pb dr^oa^o abpqbp boolp pb abrb qbbo bpq^ j^*
kbfo^ Nr^kql ^l mofjbfol) nr^kal l grpq^alo r^v ^l
ièdl a^ qb^) ^gka^ ieb m^obÖ^ `g pbr `^r^ifl r^v ^p*
p^w `ebd^al) pàmob ieb abrb c^wbo qlok^o loolpqol ^lp
bk`lkqolp) b `ebd^o ^^qb^ nr^kql _bj mlabo) mlo nrb
abpq^ drfp^ bk`lkqo^ jbielo ) b lp plcobo^ bi b pbr `^*
r^iil j^fp a^r^kq^dÜ `ljl f^ afppb Bppb c^iib`bo mbo^
lrqo^ m^oqb) b boo^o mbo^ qo^p lbijl) mlo ieb m^ob`bo
_rp`^ q^oab) bkqbka^ bpqb bool rbj ab ^ppv qo^wbo
l`^r^iil q^oab ^^qb^) b ^rfpbppb ab rfgo j^fp `bal bj
q^i drfp^ nrbl bkqob lr boob mbo af^kqb mlo mlr`lp
plj lp grpq^alobp nrb ^ppv `lkebÖ^j qlalp pbrp c^iiv*
jPqlp) eb do^kab ^r^kq^dà ^rbo q^f nrbl k^ grpq^ pfo*
s^ llieb mlo qla^p bpq^p `lrp^p) b p^f_e^ `lkeb`bo
A^ boolp* `^a^ rbw nrb lp cbwbo) b l^rfpb ildl abGibp
Bmbo ^nrbpq^ drfp^ lnrb qlj^o bpq^ mo^qf`^ nrb pl*
_obpql mlabo^ k^ grpq^ _bj qo^wbo pbr `^r^ifl eb
c`rP a^p moâk`fm^^b5 `lrp^p l_ll grpq^alo abrb ^rbo+

8P_Xcd[[^ I = = @
_Ta `dT bT ST\^bcaP\ `dPca^ dv^cPSTb `dT b^\ É]^b& T
R^\P _Ta T[[Pb ]^b STdT\^b aTVTa(

ïGM Flo c^ii^o k^ pbdroÇÖ^ a^ rãlq^ab nrb mboqbà`b mbo^

_2 bk`çqo^o ^ jvj mo^w+ c^wbo ^idrë qobpp^v^jbkql ab
mobmlpfql mlo a^o) ^idrÇ @ppvk^kÖ^ ^lp nrb ab q^^bp
cbfqlp kci qbà do^kab `lkeb`fjbkql Bmloç eb abpp^_bo
nrb dbbo^ij$qb àklp qlalp e^ nr^qol rllkq^abp) pb(
drkal abpql ^`ebf bj erë ifrol) m^oqb ab do^kab ^r*
qlofa^ab 7 mofjbfo^ `e^j^ `^ok^i) pb`rka^ pmfofqr^i)
*qbo`bfo^ qf_^ b mo^wàqbfo^) ^ nr^oq^ llbafbkqb ^l bk*
qbkabo Bmlo ab`i^o^Ölj abpql ^rãlq^ab `^ok^i abpbf^
l v Ö l ) clid^kÖ^ al `loml) b `rfa^al ) ^ooba^kalppb
ab qlal mbofdll) abpmbp^) b qo^_^iel > bpmfofqr^i nrbo

.EDEKENBA @M
 BKPMVK>K|>
pbdrfo ^nrbii^p m^oqbp bj &' pb j^fp Ü`ivkÇ ^p rfoqrabp)
nrb pb abpmllb ^rva^ aboobiidflj) obnrbob nrb gb*
grëb) rvdffbj) ib^j b obwbj nr^kql j^fp mlabobj
pà kberÇ abp`ifÖlj Blp 9G ^kaÇ bj cbfqlp ab `^r^R(*
of^ ) cg pb mlke^j ^qlalp mbofdllp b qo^_^ielp .z pb ieb
lfbob`à) klj ^rbkal obdr^oal ^lp nrb pbdrkal pbr
pq^al) b mlabo ieb plj o^wl^alp+ B bpql jbabp clu
klp `rva^alp a^idrPp l_o^p nrb ieb m^ob`bobj _l^p b
rfoqrlp^p cg pb abpmllè ^biibp ^ppv abpqàmbo^a^jàqb M
aè qbbj `rva^al ab `ljbo) alojvo) kà a^ clidcfÖ^
loabk^a^ nrbl `loml k^qro^ijbkqb obnrbob B ^p ab^*
mbw^p lkab ieb m^ob`b fg eb _bj `lkppbie^ /z pb c^ÖP
il d l ) pbj kbekë obdr^oal al Gz pr^ c^wbka^ mlab ^o

ce^ c^wbo ^idr^p `lrp^p b lrqo^p bk`l][aPXa^ A^,fqob

bpq^p ar^p) afw kl afql ifrol 9G k^`b ^ibo`bfo^ mo^wbk*
qbfo^) b qf_^ ^nr^i mlo nrbobo ^j_^p p^qfpc^wbo pbkü kb*
e^ë ^do^r^jPql abif^p) mllb lnrb ^ppbdrb bj q^i pq^*
al E kë`^ libfu^ rvrbo _bj kbj rfoqrlp^jbkqb mlo
nrb bii^ ^ppv `èppbie^ gbgë^o 9g klj pàq^ kberÇ c^jb ¥
kbj pbab B ^ppv rvdf^o n klj ^f^ mbk^ bj plcobo lp(
plkl) b nrbof^ mbo`^iÖ^o eèoo^ ab `^r^ii^oâ^ kbj pb
abpmlbkal ^mbofdllp kbj ^qo^_^ielp) b ^`^_^o mbp^alp
cbfqlp pà cfie^o do^kab `rva^al b ^rbo kljb ^b do^^*
al pbj c^wbo q^i abpmbp^ nrb ^idr^ jvkdr^) lr àm^`el
cbwb553 B cfk^ijPqb ^ppv nrbof^ pbdrfo lnrb QPo d^^^a
q^ab obnrbob nrb ^lrqo^ klj `lkqo^of^ppb > nr^oq^
rèlq^ab jrvql mbocbfq^ b rfoqrlp^ kç pbdrb bàmob) l*

Z
rb bpq^p obnrbobj) b l_o^ jrvq^p rbwbp lnrb klj
fbp mo^w) qlal mbo abqbo^kvk^Ölj b j^kal a^ obwlk
b al bkqbkabo B a^nrv pb afw pbdrvjàql a^ rçlq^ab)
`lolmofjàql ab j^ia^ab b lnrb_o^jàql abif^ pbbo krc*
ql do^kab rfoqrab) b ^nrbpql pb c^w mb^o bpq^ drfp^ ü
eljbj rvqqb pbdrkal l^a^c^rcq a^p qobp rllkc^app+ü
klj pb dlrbok^kal) kbj obdbkal mbo u^w5c lr bkqÑl*

.EDEKENB !M 0 I I D G B ! = "
 @A >AI ? = R=HC =N PK@= OAH=+ 4ó
abo) pbkci plii^jàqb mlo lnrb bii^p abpbf^j) `¢rbj
kb`b?p^of^jàqb nrb pb mbo`^ a^^ij^ lr al `loml) mlo
nrb ^mofjbfo^ abj^ka^ `lrp^p q^j rfgp b _^fu^p nrbq
ildl j^kvcbpq^jdqb abjlpqo^j aboof_^obj eljbj ^[
qlal j^i+ ì ^ppbdrka^ q^j ^iq^p mbo n ieb `èrbj rffo
^jloqb) p^kaf`b) lr bkcbojfa^ab) mboafjàql abqla^
pr^ c^wbka^) mlfp kç dr^oa^ abp`ivÖlj ^l nrb e^ ab(
c^wbo ì ^qbo`bfo^ mlo nrbobo `ami^wbo ^ bpq^p ^j_^p)
ï ^p abqlal `L`loa^o lnrb c^wbo klj mlab mlo pbbo
_^q^ie^ &g klppl pbkelo ablp klp loabklr mlo klppl
molrbfql c^w pbdrvo ^p rfoqrabp qÇ cof^jàqb n f^ j^f^
kqq`^ qo^wbo^ ^nrbi n mlo q^i rllkq^ab pb dlrbj^o ^(
kberë _ll bpq^al ì ^ppv l`ljmofjàql abpq^p Fobp c^w
pbdrvo b `^vo bj do^kabp boolp) b ol^Fa^abp ì ^nr^oü
q^ qlal mbiil `èqo^fol) mlo nrb qla ^if^p `lrp^p G' pb ^*
mobpbkq^j ^l `lo^Ölj ab `^a^erÇ abpq^p qobp ^p lcb*
ob`b ^l bkiçabo b o^wlj nrb gridrbj pb plj abc^wbo)
lr ibfu^o Bppbdrkal biibp abqbojvk^) jrgq^p rbwbp kã
pbdrbj lnrb bii^p abj^kaGF) b c^w lnrb bii^p klj nrb(
obok) b ^p nrb_o^ abqlal ì ^ppv `ljl lp lrofrbwb`
nrbobkal `lkeb`bo ^idrë lrol pb eb aboob`b_bo) lr
bkdbfq^o ljbqbj kl `fjPql) b ^mo^q^ k^ `Poo^a^) l
pbdrkal pbrp vp^jbp ^bkdbfqÇ lr ob`b_à >ppv bpq^
nr^oq^ rcqlq^ab) qla^ii^p `lrp^p c^w lr ibfu^ abc^wbo
mbo vp^jb al bkqblabo b o^wlj Nr^kal ^ralq^ab `^o*
k^i pl nrbo abfq^o ^^nrbii^p `lrp^p f^ afbq^p) b bpq^
klj iel `ãppbkqb j^fp c^wieb plcobo c^jb) pbab) pbkl)
b ãbpmlboppb ^bo^labp mbofdllp b qo^_^ielp) abpmbp^p
b `rfa^al nr^kal ^oo^wlj abqboolvk^ nrb eb _bj abpü
pb c^wbo+ Bbppl jbabp c^w ^lrqo^ pmfofqr^i nrb iel klj
`lkppbkqb) j^fp pbdrvo lp ^iqlp b do^kabp abpbflp al
n r b l bkqbkabo b ^oo^wã j^ka^j) `lkppfgo^kal ^abpml(
bfÖlj ab pr^ mbmpl^) pbr pq^al) b c^^bka^+ B k^ nrb^(
ql pb ab5r^fo^ bpq^ nr^oq^ lãlq^a? jrvql a^ qbo`bfo^)
m l o nrb ^nrbii^ ^^p al^p mofjbfo^p ]y nrbo bj q^i drfb
p^ `lkqo^afwbo cf ^idrë ^do^r^jáql pbkqcf+ B^lrbpf^ ab(
q l a l ieb `$qo^afw nr^kall abqbojvk^ lçfbkafjÑql) ï

.EDEKENBA @M Chh`e^X
 JI ûHPPVK>K|>
o^wã eb•_à ab c^wbo ^ppv) b `lkqo^of^jàql a^nrbR^p
ar^p rãlq^abp mofjbfo^p c^w fjfgfl ^l bkqbkabo) b o^*
wlj `lkeb`bo lnrb eb jbielo pb c^Ö^ bj lp `^plp
bj bii^p mbobpv pb `ãqo^oflj) mbo bpq^ drfp^) nr^k*
al ^rllkq^ab pmfofqr^i obnrbob nrb gbgcfb abpqàmbo^a^*
jàqb) b ^`^ok^i abpbf^kal lrfÖl b molrbfql al `lomlü
obià_o^ lqo^_^iel b mbofdll nrb abiil pbieb mlab pb*
drfo) c^w Pqobppv erÇ mbiibf^) b `lkqbka^ mbo 1 pb obqà
`^a^ ercq ab `ljmofo lnrb abpbf^) b a^ ird^o ^^nr^oq^
rllkq^ab) ^f^ qàml ab obmobpPq^o bpql ^kqb lgrvwl a^
o^wlj b bkqbkabo) b pbdrkal pr^ abqbojgk^Ölj ^ppv
lc^w bub`rq^o) lnrb pb kã c^of^ pb bpq^ `lkqbka^ eo
klj lrrbppb) kbj pb c^w k^nrbiibp nrb ^ppv _bpqf^i
jìqb rvrcf) nrb qla^ii^p `lrp^p nrb labpbfl `^ok^i ob;
nrbob qla^p pbdrbj ^ppbr mlabo) kbj klp nrb rvrbj
mobprkqrlp^jàqb b pb dilofcq bj bpq^ rllkq^ab `^ok^i
klj klp `lkqo^of^o k$ ieb kà_o^o ^idrP `lrp^ al nrb
abpbf^) b pb ob`ob^) j^fp nrbobkal pbj abp`ifÖlj
`ljmofo nr^kql bpq^ rllq^ab pmfofqr^i abj^ka^) `^Çb
% do^kabp nrbba^p) a^p nr^^bp ef e^ ^pp^w bu$molp B
mlo ^nrb5ql p`oáëv) ^idrëp qÇql kã p^_bj mlab*
olj `lkeb`bo `ljl abpq^p rllkq^abp `ãqvkr^a^koàqb
pljlp qbkq^alp) b obnrbofalp) b `ljl ^p mofjbfo^p
qobp klj abrbjlp pbdrfo) j^fp qlalp klpplp cbfqlp b
`rfa^alp dlrbok^o mlo ^nr^oq^) c^wbkallp b `lkppb^(
qfkal bj biibp mbo abqbojvk^Ölj al bkqbkabo) b kã
alklp5l plii^j$qb )( jbp k^nrbiibp cbfqlp nrb loobnrboç
ab n klj ^rbjlp do^kab) b `boq^ mo^qf`^; b pmbofP`f^
^rbkal Ülkppbiel mbo^ ^ij^) `loml) pq^al) b c^wbka^
a^p mbppl^p o^wl^al clo) klj klp qbke^jlp mbocfl*
p^j@qb cfk^ qbPÖlj b lmbkvlj $ obnrboP klpp^p rll*
q^abp) jbp l_babÖ^jlp ^ppbrp _llp `lkppbi_lp ì (*
nrbpqb eb l`^jvkel a^ rboa^abfo^ abp`ifÖlj " ^j
klpp^ ivkdr^dà `e^j^jlp rboa^abfol pfpl) n _^a lp
p^_balobp eb jrvql ilrr^a^) lnr^i qo^db ^lp nrb pb
mlo bi obdbj `lj ^do^Ö^ ab ablp ^qlal _cf) b ^ooba^
abqlal j^i Bppl_obpq^ nr^oq^ rllkq^ab â^u crka^j$l y

.EDEKENBA @M
 @G >AI ?=R=HC=N PK@= OAH=+ 5.
^ rboa^abfo^ moraàk`f^ mbo n ûb pb p`lieb l_bj al j^i)
b alp _bçp lj^vlo) b al j^f ljbklp) á Flalp klpplp
molmoflp cbfqlp+

8P_{d[[^ =J% % * ¥8
`j 3\T bT ST\^<aP _Ta `dT dXacdSTb ]^b PSTaT]qP\"b
8 PSTbT_PaPa Pb XaTb dU^cPSTb bdb^ bRaX_Zd ) à bTVdha
P`dPacP(

M l o p`ob^bo pbd^kal mboqbb`b pqoprq^al ab`^^^idÄo

qobp coblp plj mbo " klp obqbbjlp ab pbdrvo ^p qobp
rèlq^abp) b klp ^abobkÖ^jlpmbo ^nr^oq^ L mofjbfol
qbjlo a^p mbk^p al gkcbokl) b a^p ibfu mobpàqbp mlpq^p
mlo lp pbkelobp) lr mbo ^nrbiibp nrb pl_obklp8 qbÖj
mlabo) b obdfjàil Lppbdrkal abpbfl abd^hoalj âg pb
pmbo^ ab`l_o^o bj bpq^ rva^ b abmlfp k^ lrqo^ mlo
c^wbo pàmob _ ç ) b pb ^ooba^o abqlal j^i L qbo`bfol mlo
^jlo abklppl pbkelo ablp b ^cbfÖlj a^p rfofrab^ Bl
mofjbfol nrb mboibà`b ^l qbjlo kl ifrol 9G &^w jbk(
Ölj à bpqb lrqol `^mfqriil prpl p`ofmql) pb ^molmof(
^ ^ cb ) `obbkal &' pb j^i cbpbojlp pbj+ arrva^ ^rbob{
uklp mbo biil p`^ojàql b mbk^+ B lppbdrkal ^bpmboPÖ^
mbii^ nr^i pmbo^jlp `lj ^do^Ö^ ab ablp do^kabp _bàp+
b d^ii^oalj pb _à b rfoqrlp^jPqb rfrbojlp+ B l qboû
`bfol ^`^ofa^ab mbii^ nr^i pb ^j^ ablp pl_obqla^ii^p
`lrp^p b rfoqrabp mlo mo^wbo ^bi +b pb ^rloob`b qla^
bllp^ ^^rfoqrab `lkqo^âo^ mlo kã abpmo^wbo ^^nrbi nrb
pl_ob qlal eb a^o^^o+ B klj à_^od^kal 9G `^a^ erÇ+
abpq^p rfoqrabp mbfppv eb prcf`fàqb mbo^ bk`^jgg$>(ü
k^ `^oobfo^ `eÇ^ b abobfq^ n +m b o mlr`lp eb pcbdrâaÄ
Mlobj ^kqob big^p e^ do^kab abcbobkÖ^) mlo nrba^p
mohkbfo^p ar^p mboqbb`bj ^lp nrb `lolbÖÑ b molppfdrP
a b rfgo ^l j^fp mbocbfql pq^alü B ^ qbo`bfo^ alp nrb)
.|¨õ"1 L ab û^^o p`oÖrl^ nrb pbo^à `lj jbal app cbofo
a ^ p ) m^ppcq ^`lkafla ab pborfakobp f^ pmbocq mlo pbqi+
_ l l pborfÖl d^ii^oalj 6 b a^iiv rbcf ^l pq^al ab _ll b
++

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH e^
3ä m^G#_UD=Dx=
ib^i cfâel) nrb qla^ii^p `lrp^p ab pbr m^aob qf^ mlo
ëqâ^p+ Bmloà klkc q^kql mlo qbjlo a^p mbk^p lë Mmbo^*
Ö^ ab d^ii^oaa lppborà) elooÅ b ob`b^j `ljl mlo ab(*
obf ql ^jlo) kl nr^i e^ qbjlo j^fp `aqvkr^al ab ^kl*
f^o nrbj jrvql ^j^) mlo klj ieb c^wbo abpmo^wbo)
Ñ ã jvkdrcfal O_^ mboabo l^jlo nrb mlab pbbo lqbjlo
pÜoël lnr^i ^lliel plljçqb pbdr^oa^+ B ^nrbpqb eb
pàmob dr^oa^al mlo nrb abkqol bj pv qbj ^nrbi do^k*
ab ^jlo nrb mbo jvkdr^ ab mobpbkÖ^ kè c^iib`b) jbp
bj qlal ild^o ^ppáqb abnrbj mbocbfq^j$qb ^j^ m^o^
fb dr^oa^o abqla^ ûlrp^ ^ppbr mo^wbo `Lqo^of^ ´ k^
ÜmboÇÖÅ pb e^ j^fp ^rlkalp^jPqb) mlo nrb j^fp ^j^k[
al) e^ j^vlo abpbfl) b j^fp abpbf^kal( mlfp lnrb
abpbf^ pmbo^ ob`b_bo) p^ pmbocfÖ^ `çrbj pbbo aû( j^vlc
Pbkqfal+ B nrbj plljbkqb pborb mlo qbjlo) ^gka^ l(
aÜpÇfl ) b l^jlo cf`^j iflobp mbo^ pb gÑq^o ^lrqo^ `llû
f^ b `ob`bkal jrvql c^oã m^pp^o ^cloÖ^ al qbjlo+ B
nrbj pllj$qb mlo ^idrë d^ii^oaa pborb) ^gka^ l ^jlo
ieb cf`^ ifrob) mbo^ mlabo ^rbo j^vlo pbkqval) b ab*
ibfi^|lq^ bj mobpdÖ^ alrqol _bj nrb j^fp ^jb al nrb
°Ü labpbfl al nrb pmbo^) jbp nrbj abqlal `lo^Öã)
qla^ foçlq^ab) b aÜqla^p cloÖ^p ^j^o) qlal bj pv e^)
Ü qbj Bmlobj klj pÜ mlab abp^q^o kbj c^wbo `lr?^
úãqo^fo^ ab nrbj ^?pv ^j^) mlo fg qbjb `ljl afppb)
jrvql) b `aqvkr^al) b ^ppv pmbo^) b pb ^ibdo^ b ab(
cbfq^ bj ^j^o) b pbdrvo _l^ rãlq^ab pbj `ãqo^afÖ!
a^ nrÜi Ry cg mbo q^i ^jlo eb ^q^al+ B ^^ibj n Tbc^^X'
qbdÇjPql ciL ^jlo a^p %rfoqrabp) b `aqvkr^a^ erpÇÖ^
abif^p c^w jrgql mbocbfq^j$qb obcoá^o abqlal j^i) b mb*
`^alp klp nqf^^b( c^iib`bj lp pbdrfalobp a^p qobp rll*
qçabp f^ ab`i^o^a^p b oádboppb mbo ^nr^oq^ >nrbpql
pg_qbrv ^gea^ " jrvql ibfub jbr molmãpfql) mlo ^idrrp
gfqá$q^o `ljl g^ aoppb+ Bl prpl p`kmql obnrbob ^qvqÇ
aáÜi^fo^ÖL abpqbp fobp coblp) lp nr^^bp `^a^erë abkb
qoqwbo á pbr bçocqÖlko mlo pbkqfo b `lkeb`bo pr^p ^foqr*
aáá çÅfp mbccbffÄjáqb al n mbo jvj _L pÜofmq^p+

.EDEKENBA @M NYBBD b^
 Ac` ?HJ L>~>IL>B QLA> P?I>+

8P_Xcd[[^ J (
R^\^ ^b `dT Yf cf ] Taao _Ta STbW^aST]"qP ST dx^cPST
`_a^_aXfS^ c^S^ 3%P5 `dPca^ d^^][PSTb bdb^ bRaX_cP( + +

E b lok^kal ^ jbr molmlpfql) mbo jvkfor^ ab pbdrocqÖ^

lp nrb grpq^j booãmlo nr^qol drfp^p+ Mofjbfo^ mlo ql*
al kã nrbobo à`lkqo^o+ Pbdrka^ mlo pb ^m^oq^o bç
`b^)^ppv `ljl `lpqo^kdfal ^l qçml alp D`lkqolq+ Qbq(
lbfo^ mlo _lq^o l`loml b% ^r^o^ abp^ppbbpbd^a^jáqb
`lj qofd^kÖ^+ Nr^oq^ mlo nrbobo à`lkqo^o pcqmob q^kql
a^r^kq^dbj jrvq^p boo^ Bmbo bpq^ mofjbfo^ m^oqb)
ercfp booç mbourçlq^ab abqbojvk^a^) `lkeb`bkal nrb
eb _bj abklj à`lkqo^oà) mlo has `lkqo^ q^i mbppl^ n
nrbfo^j dr^oa^o) lr qo^wbobj `^r^FGl qÇ co^`l) r^o^
q^j dolpp^) b voà ^q^f grpq^alo ^ol mlo pr^ ^r$q^dì
ibf^`^o ab a^o ^iÖrë à`lqol) mlif^ kã ob`b_bo `lj pr^
mboa^) mboq^i drfp^) ^^nl^oq^ rçlq^ab mboqbà`b) b klj
mlaà c^iib`bo) p^irl pb lbkqbkabo ieb a^ grvwl `çqo^fol
al eb _bj nrb c^Ö^ B lrqolp booç mbo ^mofjbfob
rllq^ab^ nr^i afppb abpbf^r^ qla^ pbdro^kÖ^) b ^oü
oba^oppb abmbofdll b qo^_^iel) b c^wppb mbo bpq^ drfp^
Nr^kal) ^idrqq rbj grpq^o) ibr^ qbkÖlj qla^ rv^ aÜ
à`lkqo^o) b ^nrbii^ qbj nr^kal qlj^ ^r^o^) b nr^kal
pb r^v `ebd^kal `lkqo^ el lrqol) ^oolvj rçlq^ab `l*
jbÖ^ `çppbie^o " _ll eb p`rp^o ^nrbi à`lkqol b ^rllk*
q^ab nrb qo^wf^ à`lkqo^fol iel `çqo^afw) b bj bpq^ @èü
qbka^ r^Çl ^q^^ lp àblkqolp) lkab jrvq^p rbwbp ^rll*
q^ab co^`^ c^w `ljl mlo cloÖ^ ^m^oq^o l`loml) b ^oob(
a^o ^r^o^ mlo klj à`lkqo^o) b qÇql m^pp^) ildl lgrp(
q^alo `èqo^ppv e^ abpmo^wbo) b mobmçb+nrb pb lrqo^ rbw
qlok^ cg ildl pb àjbka^o^ Bnr^kal rbj lrqo^p `^oobf*
o^p) jrvq^p rbwbp ieb ^`çqb`b ^ppv `ljl ^^mofjbfo^)
mlo nrb lppbr ivrob ^irvaol ^l qàml alp à`lkqolp p`l*
Fcbb mlo jbielo pbbrvo l`çppbiel b ïabpbfl a^ nrbii^
j^^ b* co^`^ rçlq^ab ; pb ^`loa^o `lj ^ cloqb b rfo*
++ &

.EDEKENBA @M C A b^
% ( ?qcPPVK™K|†
qrlp^ +,ì ^ppv jb m^ob`b nrb qlalp mb`^jlp ^p j^fp
a^p kbwbp nr^kal klj c^iib`bjlp mbo kbdofdà`f^) mlo
9nêb ^kqb(n %`qccbdêbjlp ^l 1àml abmqcqq^o) b c^iib`bo ab
^idrë _bj 7n +^f^jlp c^wbo) pbjmob ú_l^ rèbq^ab bpq^
jrvq^ cloqb ) b abqboolvk^ gg qla^rv^ pbdrfo^ ^jvielo
g'^oqb ´ nr^kal rbj ^lo^ ab bub`rq^o) lcoÇ`l b ivroá
^ikvaol) âg mofjbfol `è bE^ pb ^`loa^r^) qlok^ abqbo*
ïjvk^o c`dfo ^l mÜofdll mobpbkqb) lr pbdrvo ^idrÇ ab(
Gbfi^Ölj n pb ieb7 lcbob`b mbo abpbfl a^ nkbii^ mofjbf*
â^ f ZZ rllkq^ab Bmlo bj q^i p`liclfjàql `ljl bpqb
ûklppl ivrob ^irvaol bb ^`loa^) mlo àqbeabo n eb jb(
9ielo) b j^fp abc^wÜo+ kl boo^ p$^kvcbpi^jáib) `^ bi
[baÜp l`lkeb`b qH ql nrb ^nrbii^ loÄ m^pp^ Mlobj pb
fgfw n qlalp mb`^o^ mbo fdklo^k`â^ al bkqbkabo n klj
`Lppbi_^) kbj abibojvk^ _bqk Çqb al cbfql) lr abpqb
Gvrob ^irgoaol) N ^l qçml a^ l_o^ p`lieb P_T^a _PacT '
^rbkal^ mlo jbielo ) b j^fp aÜ pb pbdrvo Mbo ^ppbü)
drka^ drfp^ bj F' afppb `ljl ^idrëpT^mbof^rP) mbo+
ob`bl +`lpqo^kdfalp) b bpql pb c^w m bo+^nrbpq^ *jbabp
`^ok^i rçlq^ab) jbp qàb bpq^ abcboàÖ^)lp mofjbfolp
^l qàml alp à`lkqolp abqbojvkÇ kè nkboboÜ bk`èqo^o)
bf ^`fgkqb ^oobaÇ ^r^o^) b ^nrbpqbp qbjbkal lp à`lkqolp
`ebd^kal ^biibp pb ^m^oqÑ mlo pbbocfojb) b bj ^mbo*
q^kal l`loml) Öpoolj lp lieãp `ljl f^ afppb) b ^ppv
FÖfucq ab ç`lkqo^o) lr ^mboq^kal l`loml) ^mboqP bppl+
jbabp l_o^Öl b c^wbj abprv^o ^r^o^ alkab v^ mbo^+
PÖlkqo^o _à bkaboàÖ^al Bilal bpql a^ co^nrbw^ a^
nrbif^ mofjbfo^ rlli^ab mol`bab+ B alp n booÑ mbo qof*
d$Ö^) _lq^obj l`loml b ^r^o^ `lj rllkq^ab ab à`lk*
io^o) bpql ^^ppbdrka^ ralq^ab nrb `e^jbv pmfofâr^i pb+
mlab ^molmof^o) b c^wppb a^nrbif^ drfp^ n ^idrcip _bbp*
qbfolp `lj qofddÖ^ kè mlaà plcobo labpm^o^o a^ _bbpq^
`lj _ll ^ppbppádl) jbp abpcb`eÑ a^oobr^il ) lr qfplv*
o^a^ B^vka^ n `lkebÖ^j pr^ jvdqf^ kè pb(mlaà @jbk(
a^o) mlo nrb ^r"lq^ab kè iebp `èppbkqÜ B ^nrbpql l b * +
abp c^w nr^kal ;grpq^j ^idrcip _llp cnlmZ] hk^l n ^ppv
^mboq^j lp `lommm) b lp jlrá ^nrbic`p I lp rc`b) `lj

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
 AE ?BJ qâ>R>IL†O QÆAÅ PBI>+ -.
abcfbfl abppb à`åkqo^oà `ljl ^idfq$p abiibp) lp iy booÄ
mlo pc`mob nrboboà abdo^kab ^ffÇq^dbj _ß bk`èqo^o >(
qbo`bfo^ rãlq^ab mlab pbbo ^molmof^a^) mlo qù ^nrbii^
[ok^;)% nrbobkal% ^`rp^o ilal mbofdll b qo^_^iel mo^*
wboiqff^ kã bk`qcqo^o ì ^lrqo^ nrb abpbf^ c^wbo qla^+
`lrp^ &G mìbp^ nrb eb _bj jrv ^qobrva^jàib nrbobk(
al cbql kberë obdr^oal bk`èfo^o) `aio^ofÑppb úqobppv[
b a`ii^ rìb ^idrcfp ^^ibo`bfo^ nrb `e^jbv if_^ b mo^qcf(
ïqbfo^) ^nr^i+nrbobkal bpq^p ^j_^p prpl af`q^p `ljmo^*
wbo) abqbojvk^ nrb _b _bj bk`lkqo^o ^ilalp abdo^kab
^rPq^dÜ k^ rfpq^) lr boo^o ì ^nrbpql c^wì pbj abcboP(
Ö^ ab `lkKpfgo^o ^nrbj r^Ñl) lr âù `^r^"il) lr ^oj^p
qo^wã b mlo ^nrf mápp^o^ p^qfpc^wbo b `lk`loa^o ^pmofûü
`boo^p ar^p rllq^abp+ ì mlo pb dr^oa^o ab qlalp bpqbp
boolpc' mol`babj abpq^p qobp ) qbke^j qbPÖlj abppb
dlrbok^o mbo ^nr^oq^) l_bab`bàal ^^oo^wlol) b bkqbk*
abo bj bpq^ drfp^+ @ãppkoP lnrb eb _bj abc^wbo( l
clo`bj ^ppv jbabp mbo bpcloÖl) jlpqo^jfql ab_l^ o^<
wé) b erpëÖ^ ì nr^kql ^l mofjbfol bool) mlo n qlal
k^`b a^ rllq^al) ^nr^i abqbojvk^ klj nrbobo bk`cq*
qo^o llj ob`bl nrb afbiil qlj^) obdr^oaÜ lnlb p`obrv
a^p `lrp^p7 nrbl c^wbj mboabo ( b ^graàppb a^nrbiin^
bj n pbkqfoÜ mbo^ bpql j^fp molrbvql+ ì mbkppl nrb
pb abpbfl qbrbobj ab grpq^o) b à`cqqo^oü ef ^`_^olj
àwbmolp) b ^kvp^jbkqlp ab n pbolj mbo^ bpql _bj ^<
gra^alp) pb lp nrfpbob mo^qf`^o+ ì ìqob ^p `lrpÄp nrb
ab`i^obv c^wbobj mboabo loob`bl ú erÉ eb mbo bqbkabo ;ï
b _l^ o^wlj) ^nr^i mlab jrvql mobpq^o k bbpql)mbf
fbpq^8 drfp^+ @lkppfgo^o ^nrbii^%mofjbfo^ _l^ qàbÖljnñ!
qáb ab bk`qGqo^o nr^kal r^^Æ ^^qb^) b abii^ pb ià_oà(
*Ü klj `LJbkqÇ nr^kal biibp mlaboÜ nrb a^iiv pb jr(
ab Lrqolppv `èppfgoà nr^j mlr`lp mbofdllp alp+bk`ciü
qolp p b +ob`ob`á b `ljl bj grd^o `^k^p )µ b jlkqb) b
Grvq^) jrvql j^fp ^`lkqb`bj) b nrb dbbo^ijbqb lp
Fqgmolbàp jrgql pbabpmalb ^biil p b j o b ` b l )b n (pph '
labrbj c^wbo kl Grpq^o) b qbke^j rllkq^ab ab nrbsbm
^kqb ^idrPp rbwbp c^wbo obrbwbp) lr `^ go) nrb ab qlal

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
u= 9 AG35PG=Gxò * P
ibfu^o aà`lkio^o B `0 q^i qbbkÖlj) `ljl bpq^) pb^ ovfm
qbrboà) b nrfpboà `lkqvkr^o) mbo cloÖ^ eb I bk`èqoà
Mlo pb dr^oa^oà al pbdrkal bool bj âg afppb nrb ^f*
_ rëp boo^rcq mlo pb ^mboq^oè ^l q$ml alp bk`lkqol^ pb
brb qbbo erÑ ab qobp j^kbfo^p) lr ibr^o lgrpq^alo
^r^o^ b l`loml qlal pbdrol) b clid^al) b klj `lkpü
pbkqfo abc^ubo lrqo^ kberÇ jra$Ö^ ^q^^ âg bk`èiob) +lr
Çqb alp bk`lkqolp erj mba^Öl ^mboq^o l_o^Öl) b qlal
llloml qÅql I f^ nr^kal bi `ebd^o klj mlpp^ j^fp b
^Åpv pb qbk_^ ^qbb 9f bk`aqob Bl qbo`bfol dbfql eb
nr^kal ^idrëp `lkeb`à abppv &G klj mlaè dr^^ke^o
`^a^erë abpqbp alr? xùplj lp jbielobp) ibràk^ r^o^
^idrë mlr`l abprv^a^ al grpq^alo+ B nr^kal `ebdr^oà
^lp bk`ãqolp bj ^mboq^kal l`loml qo^d^j ^r^o^ aboobo
k^ql ^l bk`ãqo^o) b j^fp rbwbp ^`boq^olj mbo bpq^
_ rfp^ lp &' qbà dbfql abppb k! mlabobj qbbo ^l [s_^
lp bk`èqolp nrb pb kl ^mboqà) nrb abibr^o ^r^o^ ab{
obfq^ ^iv lkab nrbof^ bk`èqo^o) mlo n l^mboi^o al `lo*
ml b al _o^Öl ^l qáml alp bk`èqolp ie^ c^o^ abprv^o
cbal Ç afppb [ ^idrëp boo^rÇ) mlo nrbobo abqlal ç`lk*
qo^o a^rPq^dà) ^bpql pbdrkal jvke^ qàbÖlj ) nr^i
nrbo o^pl^^l grpq^alo pb abrb dr^oa^o) kfbp `lkppâgo
s^kal pv) b+^nrbi `lj " grpq^) b lp `^r^iilp b r^o^p
I qo^^Pq ^ppv bk`lkqobû Bppb `lkeb`bo nrb qo^w ^rÇq^dá
]^\ ob`bb ab`bo ^l p`ral) kë`^ bkqbkal nrb mlab
qbbo _ll grpq^alo) lnrb pb ^idrÑp rbwbp ]y nrbo ^rà*
q^o^o B^^Gbj al O Q O M p`ofmql) plj aboobdr^oa^o bpqbp
alrp ^rvp^jbkqlp Mofjbfol) nrb nr^kal aboof_^o ^r^(
p^+ab pll_o^Öl) pb llrfol ]y rbebo jrvql ^`bo`^) [
bifb ^iibrb erë mlr`l j^fp _^vu^ a^ nrbiib ild^o lkab
qbj abpbfl abklçqo^o B bpql pb c^w mlo ar^p o^wllàp)
mofjbfo^) mlo rbbo j^fp abpà_^od^a^jàqb lird^o lkab
qbj bkqáÖJk a^aboàÖ^o pr^ r^o^) pbdrka^ mlo kl^
abpl^vo j^fp _^ful) nr^kal ab`fj^ _rp`^o mbo^ crkab+
Lptdrlal ^rvq^jÜql eb+ bj n pq^ ^ mofk`fm^i cloÖ(
al _bj bk`lkqo^o) fg bRb qbke^ lp lielp cfojbp) b plo
$^ bblomb b ^ralq^ab nr^kql j^fp mlabo ^q^^ nrb In\

.EDEKENBA @M Chh`e^
 @A >AI ?=m_=mC=_m PK@= OAH=+ _'
m^obÖ^ nrb rbb ^ppài^o lp ornrbqbp kl ird^o lkab bicl
nrbo a^o+ ì mlo ^rbo q^kql p`ofmql bj ^rvp^jbkqlp
nrb ^^grpq^ mboqbb`à) ^jvj mo^w p`obrbo `lokl al^
c`ljbàp ab mbb pb abrà pborvo) ^gka^ nrb ^^Öpliqro^
Alj mboqbàÖ^ mlo n rg ^jrvqlp j^i pborfalp abiibpû
qo^wbkallp bfk ^rlka^kÖ^ mbo jvkdr^ ab p^_bo ì ml*ü
oà pb erë grpq^alo qo^w qobp eljbàp ab mbb) mbo^ pbbo
abiibp jbielo pborfal) `lj jbklp qo^_^iel) alrü ml*
ke^ k^ mciq^ a^ qb^) b erë k^ jbbq^ab) b lp a^p mçq^p
qbke^j qobp ^rvp^jàqlp Mofjbfol nrb nr^kal lgrpq^(
alo rvbo nrbl ^dr^oab a^ qb^) b ieb c^Ö^ rliq^o mbo^
irdÄo pbdrol mlo nrb jrvqlp rv cbofalp klp mbbp )
nr^kal ^p qb^p k^p mlkq^p kã ^rvÇ abrvp^p ( `ljl ^*
loÄ qRpqrjP) nrbobkal rliq^o lp `^r^iilp cfqb n ^p ^(
c Z[Zll^f ab m^pp^o) b qlm^r^j k^p `lpq^p Lppbd~al
eb N qfob lp mbbp clo^ a^p pqob_bfo^pü pbdëal molrrbo
Äl grpq^abo L qbo`bfol nrb ieb qbke^( l`^ r^ifl lrbal
Kg]^ iel mo^w abpq^o ìl a^ jbbq^ab ^g^ mofk`fm^ijàqb
lrqolp qobp ^rvp^j$qlp Mofjbfol nrb qbke^ l liel IF
grpq^alo pb e^ jbpqbo pr^ ^gra^ ^lp bk`lkqolp) b mobp(
qbjàqb ieb Z\hkkZ+ Pbdrkal nrb ieb ^oob`^ab ^r^o^) b
^ab ^l pborfalo ab `^r^iil Qbo`bfol M obdr^oab pb `^cfb
^idë^ dr^okvÖã klp bk`lkqolp) b ^ o^Ö^ bkqobd^o ^`ü(
a^erë alp n ^ka^ `lj lgrpq^alo ì mlo jrvqlp nrb
qo^d^) pcqmob ^ppv pbf( obm^oqfalp bj qobp m^oqbp `lj
^>m^l ^rvp^jàqlp) b pbqrfo! jbielo b j^fp pbj qo^_^(
iel nrb qo^wbiilp qlalp `ãpfdl gëq^j@qb+

8P_Xcd[[^ J =(
_Ta ~ 1c SP {bh]oqP SP \P]TXaP T\ c]xuT PdTa
SrR/caPa3

M b o ^ `åjmofo lnrb p`obrv &g kl jãqb a^of^ PbpvkcfÖ^

mbo^ _bj bk`ãqo^o) br ^`el nrb dbbo^ijcbqb mbo nr^(
qol j^kbfo^p bk`èqo^jlp nr^^bp nrbo ^ivfb^ff^p Mov(
jbfo^jbkqb Prv^kal ^klp Pbdrka^ % bj ^qo^rbpp^kal
ab `^a^erÇ a^p m^oqbp Qbo`bfo^) bj cbdvkal Nr^oq^

.EDEKENBA @M HcKKMe^
 mm >DOOP.R=Sx=
fbe ibà `^Çbü) lr mbo ^idrcq drvp^ bii^ f^w ãk ^i^ : r T
q^a^erÇ p`obrbobv _obrbfkPqb ^j^kbfo^ 9grb pb abrç
qbbo mbo^ P`lkqo^o _bj) b a^o j^glo cbofa^) b cbofb
j^fp ^drÖlp^jbkqb) b pb dr^oa^o a^idrÇp jvkdr^p
abpp^_bo Abgrpq^ rbà ^p ^ivj^of^p ^kl^ ab af^kqb ab
`^a^erÇ a^p fie^od^p b abqo^p) b pb mbo afÇqb ràb) ab*
rbppb ibbo pq^ j^kbfo^) ab3rv^ii^ `^_bÖ^ al `^r^iil
ûj `_bd^kal ^bii^ ^ppv nrbl c^Ö^ rfgo ^abobfql a^ pm^(
a^) lr `lpq^al a^ _bpq^ bj | ^ka^o ^^m^oqb abobfq^
@^ pb rvbo ab abobfql ^ abobfql boo^ppb ol^fp ^pvkå^)
b ^_bpq^ bkqob mbÖ^ mbo `fj^ b kã pb mlab abif^ dr^o*
a^o ) kà ibr^o ^i^kÖ^ k^ j^Ñl pb^ _P cbob B nr^kal
rvbo ^l bk`çqol abrb qbbo olàqbp abl cbofo mboPqob ^p
pm^al^p) `^ bpqb eb lird^o lkab lal `^r^iil _^ aà`lt*
qo^o) _rppl) qlrol) lr mlo`l pb bj _bpq^ ab o^wl^a^
do^kabw^ ^ka^o nrbl mlpp^ c^wbo) mlo nrb ^iiv eb ^\TP&
b bpq^ bj o^wè nrb boob ol^fp _^dRPb dTgTb :bbT PUUUqP&
mlo ^iiv r^v abkqol ^l r^Ñl) `ãrbqk nrb ab kl `lo^Ö"
lr _lcbp) mbo 9. ^j^fp ^pvke^ j^q^o^ ì nr^kal ^bpv+
^bi^p r^Çl ab grpq^) pb abrb qbbo bpq^ j^kbfo^ mlo ieb
a^obj do^kab cbofa^+) pbkç cloà ovgl b ibr^obj ^"i^Ö^
ab mbnrbk^ afÇqbfo^ nr^kal qlm^o kl bk`aiol ^mboq^o
^i$Ö^+ _bjk^ ol^Çl) b+bj cbofkal `^oobd^o `l l`loml
^l_obii^) b nrbj bpql _bj plr_bo) ^gka^ nrb pbf^ co^*
`l) a^o^ jrvql j^vlo i^kÖ^+nrb lriol nrb pbf^ j^fp
ovgl abdo^kab ^rÑq^dà+ B mboÄ pb _bj c^wbo `ãrbol n
pb ^f^ol `fknrl ^rvp^qãàqlp gNq^jàqb Mofolbfol ) bj
`ebd^kal) abprv^ii^ `^_bÖ^ al `^r^iil Pbdrkal bj
qbbo liel lkab e^ abcbofo) b ^iiv abobkÖ^o pr^ iÇÖÅ
Qbo`bfol bj `^oobd^o `lj l`loml Nr^oql bj ^iibr^o)
lr ^iibfu^o pbdrkal abr ^cbofa^ Nrvkql bj pb kà_o^o
a^^ pmlo^p mlo dr^oa^o l`^r^iil abk≠ pbbo cbofal Bppb
ovgl clo) lr %^iiÇÖ^ qolrrbo jrvql ab^kqbfo^ p`rp^al
eb l`^oobd^o al `loml) j^fp plii^jbkqb ^mboq^o ^iiÇÖ^
`ljl ^ppr^ abcqqbfo^ `lpqo^kdb cg pb c^Ö^ ^^ pr^ va^ b
kfgka^ a^^iivj^of^+`çrbj nêb ob`b_^ do^kab dlimb :STa
rbppb Gá_o^o alp lrqolp nr^qol ^rvp^jbkqlp pr_l p`ofmâ8

.EDEKENBA @M 4 = I I 7 GB
 @> >A_^_ ?=Q=HC=N Pz@= OAH=+ D
qlp) b bppl jbabp qbbo _bj cfojb k^ pbqi^) mlo fy ^i*
dr~5 pb 5nrbb`bj abif^ à bpqb qàml ^gka^ nrb m^ppl
r^Ñ pb ^iiÑÖ^ clo abÇqbfo^ p`rpb ljlrbo al `loml mlo
k! boo^o mliil r^drbf^o abif^+ b mlo nrb lppár mbprjb
^c^w qbbo q^ol ^mboq^a^ pb ab abobfql bkbcão^) `arbj
pb ^iÑÖ^ klj nrb_o^o nrb ab ^pp^w do^kab dlimb Alr*
qo^ j^kbfo^ grpq^j ^idrëp `ç erpplp b mlo`lp nrb eb
^pp^w mbofgdlp^) b `çmob bj bif^ ^rbo+ _ll ^rvp^jbkql
ì ^nrb5ql pb c^w nr^kal cldà mbo ird^o lkab qbà `oàb*
Ö^ Jdb) b pàqfkalppb à`^iÖ^alp c^wà ^rliq^ q^j ^oobr^*
q^a^ nrb mlr`lp pb abiib mlabj dr^oa^o) mlo GG rbj
qlal abobfql ^oolpqol al `^r^iil B mlo n eb `lrp^ abp*
`rva^a^ booÇppb abivdbfol) b l`^r^iil `ljl rbj abp^*
q@q^al qlm^ mbo `fj^ abEbp b abdoÇ rbkqrfo^ p`^mÑ abo
`^vo Bmbo^ p`rp^o q^i `^fç nr^kqlppb ol^fp c^wbo mlab)
Pbf^j abpql ^rvp^alp) cg `èppfgoà q^i ^^wl mbo n pb ar(
rvaà ab q^i rliq^) ^qbkqbj l`^r^iil k^ ol^Ñl) b abp*
rvàppb ^l qo^rbp m^pp^kal^ mbo^ `loobo) b ibfu^kal^
^j^Ñl a^iÑÖ^ B `ljl clobj bj fdr^i abif^ ildl grpq^*
olj pà abqbàÖ^) pb q^i rllq^ab ibra B nr^kalppb ^*
dr^oa^o) qbke^ppb ^j^kbfo^ cg prpl eb ab`i^o^a^) nr^k*
al rvbo ^bpm^al^ an `^r^iil Bppb rbj ab qo^rbp ^^m^o(
qb a^iÇÖ^ bkaboà`b +l`^r^iil `èqo^ bii^) ^ppv nrb qbàal
ab pll_o^Öl ^mlpp^% _bj cbofo B nr^kal ab `^a^erP
abpq^p drvp^p lkloÅ mlabo c^wbo) j^fp r^f m^pp^o qofdl*
p^jàqb) b rliq^o pl_obii^ ^abobkÖ^kalppb `ljl abrb)
nrb ^^dr^oa^o j^i `loobdfal Bppb ^^m^oqb bwnrboa^
rbj) klj pb abrb dr^oa^o `è ^iiÇÖ^ abppll_o^Öl) j^fp
qlj^ii^ bj ^j_^ii^p ol^Çlp) b l`^r^iil kç ^aboà`l
`lkqo^ bii^) jbp qbàal ^qo^rbp pbf^ ^dr^oa^a^ à q^i
drfp^ nrb nr^kal^ cbofo mbo abqo^p ^c^Ö^ m^pp^o) b kcc
mbo afÉqb ì bpq^ eb _rÇ j^kbfo^ mbo " lp nrb plj ^p(
pgm `rpqrj^alp bj cbofo lc^wà _à) b pbdro^jàqb B
rfgkal mbo abqo^p lolbielo dbfql eb pb ^^dr^oa^o nrfpbo
ibfu^iG^ ^^m^oqb bwnrboa^) b rliq^kal pl_ob ^ppbf Fk) cf*
ie^ii^ iÇÖ^ `lj Ç_^ii^p j^Ñlü) b ^ppv ^cbofo) mlo F' pb
^^m^oqb abobfq^ rbebppb) kè mlabof^ qbbo ^iÑÖ^) pbkfi
./

T
.EDEKENBA @M Chh`e^
 "- $A m_O O U J = J x =
bfp 7eëÇ8 b qbbkalppb ^ppv kè bpq^of^ bj o^wlqk a^o
bljbii^ q^j do^kab cbofa^) nr^kalppb ^iÇÖ^ cfie^ `lj
^j_^ii^p j^Älp) ^oobab^ ^GdrÑp rbwbp abqlal eb ab$$(
m^o^a^8 b lrqo^p cf`^ k^ j^Çl abobfq^ qbàal^ mlif^ mc`
q^ B ^idrëp ^qbà k^ bwnrboa^) b mbo `fj^ abif^ qbà
^if^kÖ^) b ^nrbpql pb c^w pbdrkal `^a^ erë ^`e^ jb(
felo dbfql abl mlabo c^wbo+ B no^kal ^idrÑ rb^Ölj
kbj a^ m^oqb abobfq^ mbo^^ bwnrboa^) klj Ry bkqàÖlo^
abgrpq^o) j^fp ab m^pp^o) l jbielo dbfql eb qbkq^iil
`^r^iil) b rliq^ii^ `^_bÖ^ `lkqo^ lkab bii^ r^v) klj
fb qofd^kal q^kql kl `loobo) nrbppb ieb i^k`b mbo qo^f*
i^p ^k`^p) jbp fdr^ii^obpb `lj bii^) c^wbkal^ `loobo
ab içdl ^cbofo Bppb abpq^ drfp^ rbj a^ m^oqb bwnrboü
a^) `lkqo^ ^abobfq^) pb qbj dbfql abcbofo ^ Ä_^ii^p
j^Çlp) qbke^ bpq^ j^kbfo^ prpl p`oâmq^ Bppb klj e^
`r5qkj^al ab cbofo bT]y Pb_PacT STaTXcP& T [WT nrfpbs
a^o abk`Çqol `ljl biiÅ rbj ab qo^rbpp^) qoâdrb pbr
á^r^iil b c^Ö^ m^pp^o mbo qo^f^p ^k`^p) b rlif^kal ieb
cf`^o^ ^ppbr dbfql B bpq^ rliq^ pb abrb a^o abiadb lr
ab mobql pbdrkal ^_bpq^ clo abiqdbfo^) lr ^abobkÖ^a^8
D^ pb clo ifdbfo^ b _bj ^aboàÖ^a^) nr^kql abj^fp
mobql ^cbwbo rliq^o) q^kql jbielo ^cbofo^ Bppb mbo lü
c`lkqo^fol) c^wbkal^ j^fp abicqdb eb jllo ^r$q^dbj ?
nr^kal ^rb^Ölj cldb) bii^ pb mlab _bj bk`lkqo^o mbo
iirÇ ab ar^p drfp^p+ Mofjbfo^ ibr^kal ^iÇÖ^ ab pll_o^(
Öl bj do^kab abÇqbfo^) b bk`^iÖ^kal^ _bj a^ hSP al
Ü^r^iil pbf^ qla^ ^cloÖ^ al dlimb) ^aboàÖ^kal Pr^ GÑÖ^
Ål Gld^o lkab nqofpbo bk`lkqo^o) jbp al `loml kbj al
_o^Öl klj c^Ö^ kberÇ jra^kÖ^ >ppbdrka^ eb ibr^fü
X ^ ^i^kÖ^ abmbnrbk^ af^kqbfo^ `ljl clo ^`bo`^) _lqb
lblomb) Ü pqfob l_o^Öl mbo^ ^cbofo kl ird^o lkab qbrbs
qbàÖlj) b mbo bpq^ drfp^ pb cbobj j^fp ^mobpp^ b abp(
ám^`e^al) jbp kappb aÇ q^j do^kabp cbofa^p) `ljl S^
P`^iÖ^o alp `^l^iilp B ]^eZe bk`lkqo^o pb ob`ob`b jr,((
q^p *rbwbp bpqb `^flj nrb bj pb ^rb^Ölj pbkqfkal UT%
qfa^ pb ^qo^lbpp^ ^kqb loolpqol al `^r^iil) b j^gq^q
ûbsbp 9^Ç( mbo+ `fj^ abif^ B mlo pb dr^oa^oabqqb) ml(

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH e^
 @A >AI K={=HK=N PK@= OAH=+
abppb qbbo erÑ ab qobp j^kbfo^p Mofjbfo^ ìk^ à`^iÖ^l*
al) b `ebd^kal abilkdl ^bii^) mbo lkab r^v bj ^cbo
ofkal abprvb l`^r^iil ^clo^) ^ppv .G qlal c^Ö^ gëq^j$qbc)
ibfw^kal^ ^^j>^l a^ i^kÖ^ l`^r^iil p^v^ ^^lrqo^ m^oib+
>ppbdrka^ Gfb) mlpql nrb^ bk`^i`b) b ^mlpp^ cbofo
^q^^ jbbq^ab al `loml) plco^ppb abiil ^ qbb ^bk`^iÖ^o
i^kql nrb ieb mlpp^ a^o kqlp `lpq^alp) lr av mbo^ av^k(
f b B ^nrbpql pb+ c^w mlo cg pbbkal ^ppv ^^m^oqb av$qbq<
o^ cbofa^) ^gka^ &G rliq^o nrbfo^ ^fÇÖ^ klj iel `l^po
pbkqb) ^kqb ^c^w abprv^o mbo^ clo^ @^ pbl clo k^% m^oqb
qo^pbfo^) ldlimb a^ i^kÖ^ ieb c^oÄ a^o ^rlii^ j^fp qof*
dlpÅjáq^ ^^qblooÖpqol al`^r^iil
> qbo`bfo^ j^kbfo^ qb3 ^idrëp+âg cbovkal^idrÇ ab
do^kab cbofa^) ^ppv `ljl bii^ rlâq^ pl_ob loolpqol al
ûmr^iil) bifbp ibfucq ^iÇÖ^ bj úE^ m^pá^c pll c`liil al
l^r^iil) rliqÇal ^^j^Çl abobfq^+ ´ nr^kal q^i dlimb
G_bj pb ^`boq^) mlo do^kab fg pbf ^ ^rb^Ölj eb mbo clo(
Ö^ nrb ildl `^Y ^ pb ^iÇÖ^ clo ovf^+ ErÑ nr^oq^ j^kbf(
QL ab cbofo) erppl) qlrol) mlo`l) do^kab b mbp^al) ^ü
('r^i qbkel mlo j^fp pbdro^ nrb kberÇ a^p lrqo^p prpl
b`ofmq^p) qbbka_ppb ild^o bj nrb pb mlpp^ _à c^wbo) el
mbo bpq^ drfp^) qÇql nrb lab `^r^iil _bj bj `^iÖ^o
`^a^ ercq abpq^p ^ivj^of^p) cfm^obie^kalppb `lj bii^
ibfub^ ^^fk^Çl bwnrboa^) b c^wbkal rliq^ rbke^ abqo^(
û J ^bii^) b m^pp^kal mbo abqo^p ^cbfo^ k^ nrbii^ m^oqÜ
a^ j^Çl abobfq^ B nr^kal bii^ nrbo c^wbo rliq^ pl_ol
ûcbofa^) f^ l`^r^iil m^pp^) b mloà eb abjbklp mbofdll(
^gka^ âg `^a^ erÇ abpq^p rb^Ölãbp cy ^ppv cbofo pbf^ clf;
1b b _o^r^+ B mlo pb cbofoà j^fp mobpqbjàqb Bioobv
olbr Pbkelo mèb ^idrcfp ^rfp^jàqlp kl pbr ifrol a^ jã[
q^of^ abklj ibr^o ^i^kÖ^ jrvql pll_o^Öl mlo ^ mèq^ofÄ
qqlol mboabo Bab ibfu^o ^rb^Öã P`^oobfo^o) lr `loobo
mbo ^idrë pl mbb mlo kã c^wbo rliq^ Bppl_obiil mlo lü
nrb biib p`obrbl) b mboqbà`bo mofk`fm^ijàqb ol^fp ^p(
p^f^of^ ab_ll olãlqbfol cg ^^ppliqro^ pl_ob p`obrl) kã
c^Öl abiil j^fp olPbÖlj) mlo ^`^_^o ^p qobp m^oqbp prü
ml p`ofmq^p bol .z `ljb`bf nr^kal ^idnÇ rb^Ölj _b qlq(
+, &

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH e^
 6/ GJOOUJ=Jx=
ql^a^ alp `^Çb?) lr mbo ^idrÇ lrFo^ drfp( g^w lr bpq^
nrba^ >gka^ | bj i^i `^pl j^fp mboqàbÖ^ cbofo ab pl*
_ob olÇ^l) nrbj aP`lkqol nrvpbo vo) ljbielo dbfqleb
ibr^ii^ iÇÖ^ abmbnrbk^ afÇqbfo^) b a^iil dlimb `lj Fû
`^oobd^o al `loml) mlo G' ibr^kalppb abpq^ drfp^ cbob
j^fp `boql) b ieb cf`^ j^vlo pliqro^ mbo^ _à ^aboàÖ^o
pbr \ZnZebh) `^ppb ^ibr^ppb afÇqbfo^) b nrfpbppb^ cbofo
a^ ga^ al `^r^ifl) bi kã evof^ qÇ pbkelo abif^) b pbof^
j^fp mbofdlpl mbo^ lp `^Çbp+

8P_Xcd[[^ J==M
S^ T]bh]P\T]c^ STUTaha R^\ [P]qP ST b^QaT\^S^&

0Mbo^ _bj cbofo `lj i^kÖ^ abppl_ob j^Çl plj ab ob*

dr^oa^o bpqbp qobp ^rfp^jbkqlp+ Movjbfol WT ST R^Pb*
pfgo^o pb clobj pl_ob `lrp^ ovg^ ^ppv `ljl ^oj^aro^p )
*lr mlo`l ab cloqb p`ral lr pb a^ bj ird^o abp^oj^al)
b abq^i abpmlpfÖlj n ^iÇÖ^ ifdbfo^jàqb lm^ppb+ Bppb
abo bj `lrp^ cloqb ^mboqb _bj ^iÇÖ^ k^ j^Çl b pliqb
l_o^Öl) b grkq^jàqb ab lj^vlo `limb &G mlabo) mlo |
abf c^oÄ qla^ pr^ cbofa^ b klj ieb mobpq^oÄ k^a^ `^oob*
d^o j^fp Ry l`loml Bppb clo pl_ob `lrp^ abp^oj^a^ b
n ^iÇÖ^ _bj m^ppb) kappb à_^odrb abibrÇq^o jrv ql F*
_o^Öl) j^fp ^mboq^kal ^iÇÖ^ k^ j^^ç qbke^l àqbp^al
`lj l`loml) b Ry l`lqlrbiil ^iql Nr^kal cbofo `^oob*
drb `lj l`loml) b _lqb l_o^Öl `lj ^iÇÖ^ b SP`dTb{G
_ rfp^ ^idrÇp rbwbp pb a^ ldlimb `lj nr^qol cloÖ^p
ofjbfo^ a^ rfgka^ al `^r^ifl+ Pbdrka^ al mofjbfol
cbofo al _o^Öl+ Qbo`bfo^) al `^oobd^o al `loml) Nr^o*
q^ al _lq^o a^ j^Çl `lj ^iÇÖ^ nr^kql j^fp mlabo) b
lp bpql _bj p^_bj c^wbo) erppl) qlrol) kà mlo`l k3
pb ieb qboo^ nrbl k92 m^ppbj aerÇ m^oqb ^lrqo^ pbl
dlimb _à ^`boq^obj b _l^ iÇÖ^ qbrbobj) b klj qlm^*
obj bj q^^b5 lpplp nrbl qlorbj+ Babrbj abqbbo br(
qàÖlj nr^kal ^ppv cbofoà ab qla^rv^ m^pb^oÜ aerÇ m^f*
qb ^lrqo^ mlo cg pb eÅ molmlpfql ab plii^jàqb cbofoà)

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
 @A >AI ?=R=HK =G PK@= OAH=' 60
qìql n ^iÑÖ^ fÖr^ijàqb bkqo^) ildl pb `lkqàqÇ) b lp
nrb qbá rèlq^ab abqla^rv^ m^pp^o) b l^ppv `rpqrjP8
l`loml b l_o^Öl klj `bpp^ ab `^oobd^o pl_ob ^iÑÖ^ ^*
q^^ [ klj m^ppb B lp n plj _llp `^r^id^alobp _bj
pliqlp b `boqlp lc^wbj qÑ abpm^`e^a^jàqb n lp lrqolp
5 l rçb) pb abiil klj eÉ _ll `lkeb`fjbkql klj lml*
abj frid^o pbklj mlo erë pll dlimb B ^nrbpqb eb
dbbo^i ^rvp^jàql mbo^ cbofo ab pl_obj^Ñl Bmlo j^vlo
ab`i^o^Ölj lp n ^kaÇ ^jçqb mlabj ^ppv c^wbo qoÜp
j^kbfo^p Sfgkal ^idrÑ rb^Ölj ^biibp cbd fkal ieb b qbbk*
al^ g^ ^idrëp `^Ébp B nr^kal abgrpq^ rbebo ljbielo
dbfql eb qbbo ^ j^^è nrba^ ^m^o al olpqol `lj l`l*
qlrbiil ^iql b ^dr^oa^ii^ rbke^ qlm^o k^ i^kÖ^ `ljl
pb^ pll_o^Öl qbrbppb) b bofqoÉqb ^^mçq^ abif^) a^o lkab
nrbo cbofo `^oobd^kal `lj l`loml B ^nrbpqb eb erë
dbfql mbo pb ^`boq^ jvielo) b pb a^ jrvql j^vlo
iÇÖ^a^ pb eb q^i `lrp^ bj ^iÇÖ^ mlpp^ _à `loq^o) `^
lp ibrÉq^ol l_o^Öl boo^o^ jrvq^p rbwbp mlo ^rb^Ölj
m^pp^o Ñqb `g mlppÉ cbofo+
Pb cldb bj `ebd^kal mbo^^ cbofo) j^fp mobpqbp klj
pb abrb ^qbkabo nrb^ bk`^i`b ab qlal) j^p ^kqb nrb
c`ebdrb _lq^o l`loml b l_o^Öl mbo^ afÉqb+ B jrvq^p
rbwbp pb ^`$qb`b nrb àk^ ^ppv cbofkal) ^_bpq^ `ebd^ b
qlok^ `^oobgd^o pl_ob ^i^kÖ^ b pb a^j mbo bpq^ drfp^
do^kabp cbofa^p B abpq^ j^kbfo^ abcbofo pb ob`ob`b erë
`^flj mlo bj pb _lq^kal ^ppv ^rb^Ölj pbkqfkal nrb
^cbobj) qlok^ Çqob ^p j^Ñlp al `^r^iil) b mlo l`loml
vo afÑqbfol mlabl j^i obqbbo kè `^v^) `^l `èqo^mbpl
mbo^ afÉqb pbj ^gra^ a^p obab^p laboov_^ B mlobj mb*
o^ a^o j^vlo dlimb) b j^fp pbdrol b jvielo eb klj
qofd^o ^q^^ _bj à`^i`b) b cbofo `^oobd^kal pl_ob ^{
GÑÖ^ mbo^ crkal klj _lq^kal l`loml ^afÑqb Bppb lp
`^Ébp qb" ^rb^Ölj) ldlimb abrb a^o `lj l_o^Öl Ö^f[
o^al b klj librÉq^kal jrvql) b ibfu^o vo l`^r^iâl ^*
qbkq^al kl cobl) mbo`b_bkalppb ab ilkdb) klj lm^o^k*
al ^l cbofo+ Jbp ildl a^ rfgka^ l^aboP`b qlal abobfql
b à `ebd^kal labprfg b ildl cfo^ er qbrbo qPÖlj pbj

.EDEKENBA @M HFKKM e^
51 GGOOUJ 5 ? f 5 +++++++++++++ '
bjm^`el a^kllkq^ab) mlo nrb pb m^o^o) b aÜqzrbab
nrfpbo cbofo) pÜmob a^o^ jbklp dlimb) b j^fp q^oab) b
lp n l_bj p^_bj c^wbo ildl mboPqb alkp lr qob^ `^$bp
cbobj pbj abqbbo jrv pbdro^jáqb) b jlpqo^j bj bS
il mbo^ q^i jbpqbo do^kab pliqro^) mlpql n ^_bpq^ m^pü
p b ) pb l^v ^qbkq^a^ kl cobl) mlabj `^oobd^o al `loml
b _o^Öl mbo^ a^o do^kab i^kÖ^a^+ )
Mbo^ aboof_^o nr^i nrbo ^ivfk^of^) ^`ebf `boq^) pmb<
qfb`f^ pb ^iÇÖ^ qo^wf^ abcloqb ^pqb) b _bj ^pqb^a^) bj
cbofkal pb _bj ?qo^r^ qfo^r^ abp^lf^`^a^ mbo bGG^^b
qo^rbp `^oobd^kal `çqo^ l`e^Ñl mlo " cf`^r^ bj j^<
kbfo^ a^iÖ^mobj^) mlr`^p pb qfgke^ âg klj `^vppb ^qob<
qk^a^jàqb pbl clwf^ a^rfgka^ al `^r^iil) jbp abpqf
drfp^ pb n^b_oÇ jrv q^p iÇÖ^pB nr^kal l`Ç cfie^ lmloû8
`l pb abrb qbbo bpqb ^rvp^jáql) rbbo pb bi r^v vkal
Ry ^RF& lr pb rlGqbf^) `^ pb bf r^v ^abobfql WT QTPM
ab `loobo) lok^fp cauV^b^ n mlabo) b cboffâl) bppb ^^a^`
bj+ rliq^ jÖielo eb vo j^fp ^q$q^al bj pbr `loobo) b
abnr^i nrbo abpq^p drfp^p) mbo^ pb c^wbo _l^ jcqq^of^g
á jlpqo^o _l^ pliqro^) jbielo eb bj m^pp^kal cbofo n
?lj abpmlfp " m^o^o ì mbo bpqbp ^rfp^jáqlp ab p^_bf
cbofo 5 rb^Öllcfp pb mlab cfie^o àpvkÇÖ^ `ljl á kbiibf^o
Pb mlabj a^o j^vlobp) j^fp `boql b mobpqbp +iÑÖ^a^q
B m^ob`bjb 9G eb jrv _ll `rpqrjb kl jçqb qo^wbf
iÑÖ^p do^kabp b mbp^a^p mlo nrb pb `lj q^i bpq^ j^*
ke^ _bj pb mbo`^iÖ^) `lj ^p ibrbp pb ^`e^oP jrvqb
q^^fp pliqlp b abpql ^`ebf mbo jvj `boq^ pgXRaXyRX%1
mlo ab`^r^iil bj jvke^ `^p^ lrqobj ^p kã qo^w
j^vlobp b j^fp mbp^a^p) b mlo `rpqrjb abqq^p ^l^[
^p ibrbp qo^wbj) abcbofo bj jlkqb _à b mobpqbp klk^
alr rÇq^dbj) b abpql jb d^_l mlo a^o `boql áwbjmk[
b pbbo à cbfql abjãq^of^ ab | pb ^cfoj^ 9z `lj o^uã) .
sboa^ab = K O mlabjlp pbj mo^pjl d^_^o+ % 4

8 U

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
 A? ?BJ @>S>ID>O QLA> PBI>(

8P_X[d[[^ J X] (
S^ cbbh]P\rc^ S^ aT\RbbPa(

&Nr^qol `lrp^p pè kb`bpp^of^p ^nrbj _à lrrbo aboob*

jbpp^o+ Mfjbfo^ nrb iÇ`b qçdb+ Pbdrka^) `boql) qbo`bfp
o^ pbdrol) dr^oa^kal pv b pbr `^r^iil ab `^flkl+ nr^o*
q^ cobjlpl ì nr^kql ^^mofjbfo^ nrbj abpbf^o abl_á
c^wbo) `albj nrb erpb mofjbfo^jàqb ab mbb) b iÄÖ^o
qâqÖ^? o^wl^a^p mbo^ ab `^r^iil) mlo qcqi nrb ^`boqb abp*
pv k^qro^ijàqb ^_o^Ö^of^)+n kè pmbob ^i`^kÖ^o _bj ab
`^r^iil ln ab mbb mofjbfo^jbkqb kè cfie^o ldbfql Blp
n Zllr icqÖ^j ab mbb) ^idrëp qo^wbj ^icfÖ^ _^fu^ ^l
`loobo) b lrqolp ^iq^) b a^iiv ^i^kÖcq+ ì ^nrbpqb jl
m^ob`b jbielo cbfql mbo^ objbpp^o ab `^r^iil Mloà br
k- lmrab q^i cfie^o) j^fp qo^dl ^iql b bj nrbobkal
objbpp^o ^_^ful l_o^Öl b `loml) b proal `lj bii^ pbj
abfábÖ^ ì `^a^ _rë abpqbp alrp jb m^ob`b ^pp^p ab<
_ll J^p ildl kl `ljb`l a^ `roora^ ibr^o l_o^Öl qbko
a fa l) lr abmlfp nrb ^l^fu^ q^oa^o ^"pv `lj biib
k b m^ob`b _à+
Mbo^ c^wbo do^kab i$Ö^ ab `^r^iil) abrb mofjbfo^ü
cqlÜqb `ljbÖ^o ^ppb àppvk^o `lj ^pqb ^idrÑ ab iìÖ^ '
?bf ^ oci_^ a^j_^ii^p m^oqbp mlo pr^ pbdro$Ö^ Bibr^kal
l`^r^iil ^d^ilmb) qo^_^iebppb ab pliq^o l_o^Öl) `ljl
pb ab mbb i^kÖ^ppb) b c^Ö^^ p^vo ^iq^ b cbfq^) b ^mboü
q^a^ a^ j^Ñl _à ^rv^a^ mbo^ iådb) mlo n ^va^ al `^<
k^iil) nr^kal ^i$Ö^ abpq^ drfp^ p^^b ^$w `ebd^o jrv<
ql j^fp al 1' elolà mbkpp^) b abrbppb erp^o ^ppv al(
d^ilmb mlo _lë qàml) mlo q^i n bpqbp ^rvp^jàqlp ql<
^lp pb mlpp^j jvielo cfie^o) pmb`f^ijàqb lp^^`rafo ab
_o^Öl) mlo n mlr`lp lc^wbj ^ppv _bj : cfqob qla^ if^p
`lrp^p p^f_e^ `lkeb`bo lbçqo^mbpl a^ .1Ö^ abfqbfo^
nr b ieb abrb a^o mbo^^ c^wbo evo cbfq^ ì à`looàal ^ib(
kl ^ppv ^mboq^a^) n nr^kal ^RÖ^o ^ mlkq^ r^^ qla(
abobfq^ ^Gv er qbrbo fbbkÖluk B abp nrb ûpql mbo ^io
af^^ ^d^ilmb) brllj f^i ^mqb ûlr_åo Llbo)
-" BKPPVK>K|>+
jbppb ^nr^i nrbo lrqoÄ _o^Ö^of^ ab `^r^iil) qbbâfal
qla^ rv^ j^fp `rpqrjb abi^kÖ^o iÇÖ^ n kb_rÇ lrqo^
`lrp^ Bdr^oabppb ab mbb erp^o _^oo^) lr ^idr^ `lrp^
mbp^a^) kbj jrv ibrb) mbo mlpp^ pbr _o^Öl aboobk*
`^o) mlo iÇÖ^kal iÇÖ^ ^`^r^iil pbl _o^Öl ka eb alç(
q b ) kë`^ mlo biil allb+ Bl molrbfql abpq^p ar^p _o^(
Ö^of^p mbo^ kberë nrb ^`^r^iil eb _ll iÇÖ^alo eb jrv*
ql mbnrbkl) bl abpmo^wbo nrb pbkqb kl mboavjÜql abf
eb ^pp^w do^kab) pbdrkal mbo jvj pbkqv ^bpmbofà`f^+
Bppb ^idrç do^kab iÇÖl nrfpbo c^wbo) ^f^ `^r^iil ab
pbii^ dfkbq^ `lj pqob_bfo^p `roq^p pbdrkal pbr `rpqr*
jb8 `loo^ _bj) b qbke^ ^_l`^ erë mlr`l qbpq^ Gb(
r^kal ^i^kÖ^ o^wl^a^ pbdrkal pbr d b fql ) b l_o^Öl
_bj pliql) b abpmbf^al) b `loo^ mbo `^oobfo^ `eÇ^ b
`lpq^p ^rbkql) `ebd^kal à ^idrë `ljbÖl ab `fa^ab)
p^`ra^ ^iÇÖ^ al _o^Öl klj ^qbkq^kal k^a^ kl UaT^ pb*
kè abmlfp iÑÖ^o) dr^oa^kal lp lrqolp ^rvp^jcfqlp
kl `ljbÖl afppb+ B abpq^ drfp^ abrb i^kÖ^o j^fp
ab mbb ^`bo`^ al qboÖl B ^ppv lmolrbv nrb f^ cfw i^k*

O l m^pp^r^ ab usf+ i^kÖ^p) ab`bkaljb) b `loof^

b mbb) b a^nrbiib ird^o abprbpqfal bj df_Ç `lj ^*
nrbii^ jbabp iÇÖ^ mlr`l j^fp mrab `ebd^o ^ lkwb
´ ^nrbpqb buàmol mlkel ^nrv mlo `^a^ erë `lkeb`bo
pb ^`boq^ _bj bpq^ j^ke^) rbbkal ^^rÇq^dbol c^w
pl_ob pbr i^kÖl ab `^r^iil) nr^kal ^i^kÖ^ ab mbb B
bppl jbbpjl qlj^oà ^rvp^jbkql nr^kal nrfpboP i^k(
Ö^o abppbdr^oa^obj nr^kql _bj mlabobj ab c^S^[[^b
`lkqo^fol5 a^p ^rÑq^dbàp prpl p`ofmq^p pb abr2 cfie^o
mbo^ pb c^wbo do^kabp iÇÖlp B mlo nrb l ^kqbm^o^o al
`^r^iil ^l qàml al i^kÖ^o c^w do^kab bpqlor^ mbo^ l*
abpql jrvql dr^oa^o ) nr^kal p^vo mbo ^`^oobfo^) Ñqb
i^k`b klj ieb ab jrvql a^p pmlo^p) jbp Gbfubl `lo*
obo lnrb bi ab pbr nrfpbo) b krë mlr`l ^kqb iÇ`b
ab klrl ieb ab ovgl Ry ^p pmlo^p) b `ljl kl vo pb ^(
qfvr^o) ildl iÇ`b lj^fp pbj abqbPÖ^ n mlabo+ : mbo^
objbpp^ `boql abrbppb `lkppfgo^o pbl i^kÖl WT(ST mobql
br ab pb ab ièdb^gra^ktb abppr^ _o^Ö^ê^ b) qf(

.EDEKENBA @M KD A e^
 @A >AI ?=R=HC=N PK@= OAH=+ 64+
o^oRfb ^afÑqb nr^kql mlo lpjl bkqbkabo lrá^al ml*
aboÄ ^ka^o ^kqb | ^iÇÖ^ `ebdrb) b ^nrbpqb i^kÖl q^i
^`boq^ppb abrbkqrfo^ Bppb ab mobql clo kç pb abrb ob*
jbpp^o ab abobfql mlo nrb _b mbofgdlpl) b kciq^j `bo*
ql ) j^p ibfu^ii^ ^`^a^ erÑ a^p j^Ñlp `ljl qbrbo dbf*
ql b ^^wl pb abo+ B^cbjàÖ^ii^ rfpq^ ^^ bpm^al^ alrb^*
a l ) b ^iiv ieb qfo^o objbppÇal ab `fj^ b clid^al `ljl
pb grd^ppb l a^oal) kè c^wbkal qÇql `lkq^ ab nrbobo
a^o do^kab i^kÖ^a^ `ljl al ^`boq^o) mlo pb ^i^kÖ^
r^v cbfq^ a^j^Ñl) ^va^ al `^r^ifl feb c^w ^p j^fp a^p
rbwbp a^o ^pp^w do^kab cbova^+ Bppb ab nrbal ^oobjbp*
p^o `ljl jrvq^p rbwbp ^`lkqb`b ^lp o^ãqbfolp b clo
o^wl^a^jàqb `ebd^al ^^nrbii^ j^kbfo^ abrb qbbo a^
^oobjbpp^o ab `fj^ b clid^al `ljlppb grd^ppb a^oal)
l nr^i gldl ^`ebv jrvql _ll mbo^ pb eljà ^rbw^o ^o*
objbpp^o `boql ab mbb b ab `^r^ifl Bmbo^ objbpp^o
pbdrol ar^p `lrp^p plii^jáqb pb eÑ abdr^oa^o Movjbf*
o^jàqb nrb kë`^ Fcq`b ^abobfql abppv+ Pbdrka^ `rp(
qljb qÑql ^iÑÖ^ p^Yo a^j^Ñl rliq^o ll^r^iil ^^m^oqb
`lkqo^âo^ alkab ^iÑÖ^o Bmbo^l c^wbo cobjlpl pb _^f^
ab obdr^oa^o qobp `lrp^p Mofjbfo^ nrb ^i^ `^r^ifl )
pbii^) ifl) b i^kÖ^ mboqbb`bkqb Pbdrka^ nrb biib alp
mbbp b a^p mbok^p) b al `loml qlal r^^ _à nrbal ^*)
drvp^ ab `^r^id^alo Bal _o^Öl mofk`fm^ijàqb c^Ö^ pr^
_o^Ö^of^ b pb klj abp^ppbppbdrb a^ pbii^ nr^kal G^^*
O ^o Qbo`bfo^ n dr^oa^kal lp ^rvp^jàqlp prpl p`ofmqlp)
biÑÖ^ _à cbfq^ c^Ö^ do^kab iÑÖl >p iÇÖ^p mbp^a^p nrb*
obj pliq^o ^bpm^al^ b l_o^Öl qlal) b ^p ibrbp `^k^p
l_o^Öl mlo ljbl mofk`fm^ijàqb Bmlpql ^oobjbpp^k*
al jrvqlp erpplp) mlo`lp) `borlp ab `^r^ifl cbof b+
lrqolp mlo rbwbp boo^r^ y;lo abpr^fol a^_bpq^) pbii^ )
ràql) qboo^ mlo `loof^) pb`ro^) lr cofero^ a^j^Ñl)
àm^`el al _o^Öl) mbprjb b jÄl dbfql a^ iÇÖ^)* qof*
O ^kÖ^ a^ rllkq^ab) mloà klj ^f^o^ mlo bpqo^kel nr^k*
l boo^oà mlfp mlaà mlo qÇq^p m^oqbp) b lrqolp ^`çqb`f*
jbkqlp pbbo bpqlok^alp+ B abpq^ j^ke^ mlpql nrb+ mlr*
\h l^ ^moNrbfqá hl qo^wbj lp _o^Ölp ^oj^alp ka bj(
.0

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
65 + AJ OOUJ=J xò
mbb`b ab pb erp^o b p^_bo mlo nrb ^idrÇ lo^ mlab ^*
molrbfq^o) b f^ jrvq^p rbwbp mobpqlr) b c^w _l^ pliqr*
o^ bj jaqb b gldl a^p `^l^p) b lrqo^p `lrp^p [ ^`^û
r^f il b ^mbb `rpqrj^j ab c^wbo lp _llp eljbbkp+

8P_X[d[[^ J = = = = (
SP \P]TXaP S^ UTaXa STb_PSP&

P l_ ob lp ^rvp^jPqlp mbo^ _bj cbofo abpm^a^ ^jvj

m^ob`b N o^wl^a^jàqb ^`^r^iil pb mlab cbofo mlo nr^*
qol j^kbfo^p Mofjbfo^ ab q^iel qo^rbppl Pbdrka^ ab
obrbp Qbo`bfo^ cbkabkqb ab`fj^ mbo^ crkal Nr^oq^ ab
m≠q^ B ^mofjbfo^ b ^ppbdrka^ jb m^ob`bj jbielobp
mbo^ cbovo nr^i nrbo eljì ^`^r^iil ây ^kab ab_bpq^ B
mbo^ a^o do^kab dlimb ab q^iel abrb cbofo a^ rfgka^ al
`^r^iil b al `loml) b a^ pliqro^ al _o^Öl c^S^ Yd]cP%
jàqb Bnrbpql ^`ebf à qlokbl \dhc^ P_a^dPS^& RP b^
br cbof^ pq^kal al _o^Öl plii^j$qb a^r^ ^pp^w mbnrb<
kl dlimb Bppb bj rfgkal l`^r^iil a^ pliqro^ al `loml
al _o^Öl grkq^jàqb ldlimb bo^ j^vlo bj do^kab ^(
rÇq^dbj B^nrbpqb eb erë ^rvp^jáql mbo^ nrbj bj
qlokbl nrfpbo c^wbo cobjlplp dlimbp n mlr`^p rbwbp cbf*
o^ pbkè a^ rfgka^ cfoj^kalppb pl_ob ^p mbok^p) pliqb
_à l`loml bl_o^Öl `lo^ ^bpm^a^ _á ^mboq^a^ k^ j^Pl
c^Ö^ pbr dlimb kè qlal qo^rbppl kP ab `fj^ mbo^ _^f*
ul) jbp àrvbbp mbo^ crkal+ Bmbo^ bpql `cimob kç c^wbo
rliq^p `roq^p bj do^kab qlokbl) kà qbbo qbPÖlj bj
erë p^irl pbl cfie^o abq^i ^rÇq^dbj abqo^p lr PX[WPaVP
mlo 0 ieb mo^w^ jlpqo^o ^do^kab jbielof^ úz k^ nrbiib
qà J^p pb ^ka^o pl_ob r^iáqb `^r^iil) b âz pbf^ mobpqbp
^^p pmlo^p) b ab olpqol pbdrol b _bj ^abobkÖ^al) ^l
mofjbfol qlml cfieb `^a^ er$ a^p mèq^p) b r^^ _à ^qP*
q^al mlo pb dr^oa^o ab `^vo pbj molrbfql `ljl ^jrv*
qlp bj q^i qPml ^`lkqb`b B m^pp^kal ^mofjbfo^ rfgk^p
cbfo^ pPmob bj ird^o ^ppfgk^al) b `ljl abo ^er~) G^V^
r^^ ^lrqol) pbj `ro^o ab c^wbo rliq^ ^q^^ klol m^p*
pb ;qlal l`Pml) obnrbofkal lp ird^obp a^p mofk`vm^^bf

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
 @A >AI ?=Q=HC=N PK@= OAH=+ 66
irpi^p) b lkab rvo &g ^idrëp alp pbrp piÇ bj mobpp^
`bo`^alp alriolp) cbofkal ovgl ^kqobiGbp pm^ie^kallp a^ +
rfgka^ al `^r^iil ildl m^ppb b r^^ cbofo bj lrqol B
ab q^i j^kbfo^ pb obnrbobj bpq^p ^r^ki^dàbp+ Mofjbfo^
â' eb j^fp rfpql mlo cg bi ^`^a^ m^oqb obnrbob+ Pbdrk*
a^ n a^ pbrp dlimbp j^vlobp) mlo cg cbob bj nrbj ieb
mo^w jrvqlp ^`e^o^ _à abpmlpqlp mbo^lp cbofo ^^pp^
rllkq^ab pà ^idrë à_^odl Qbo`bfo^ 9g ^kab biib b pbr
`^r^iil clid^a^jàqb mlo n lkci abrb ^cf`^o à `loobo
kbj rliq^o) j^p ^d^ily;b qo^wbo dbbo^ijàqb nr^kal
nrfpbo c^wbo ^idrcq `boq^ `ebd^a^ B mlo n lp dlimbp a^
abpm^Öl l_o^Öl klqk `^kÖ^) b abpql m^pp^o^ l`lkqo^fo^
l 1 `lj bidr~ pll qljb^ mlo f' pb a^p va^p b rliq^p
al `^r^iil pb cboà) `ãrbj mlo `^a^ erë dÇ^Ö^o el
lrqol ab pr^ jbielof^ cg bj qlal pv b pbrp `^r^iilû
qo^_^ieb jrvql) b pq^kal nrbalp pb cboà lp _o^Ölp
`^kpÄ ildl) b^mbnrbkl pm^Öl lp dlimbp m^ob`bj ^lp
nrb lp rbà ^pp^w _bj co^`lp Bmloà pbdrkal ^`ebv mbo
pmbofà`f^ ^j^kbfo^ prpl p`ofmq^ abrb qo^wbo nkbj nrf*
pbo bj qlokbl ^rbo ^p ^rÇq^dàbp prpl abrfp^a^p Bkbo^
cbofo ab obrbp a^ppliqro^ al _o^Öl plii^jàqb pb ^brb
c^wbo) b bj mbiibf^ nr^kal `ãmofo+ Ab`fj^ mbo^ _^ful
^lrqol ab `^r^iil) mlr`^p rbwbp pb mlab ^^o do^kab
dlimb) jbp ^eljbàp ab mbb lr ^ivj^of^p nrbj ^p ^p*
pv cbofo klj abrb k^a^ qfo^o mbii^ pm^a^ mlo qg `loq^o^
jbklp) b ifdbfo^jàqb cbofo^ bj pbr mbb) lr pbr `^(
k^iil) ff"bp `lj l`loml `^oobdrb qlal pbr dlimb mbo^
clkal) ^mboqÇal _bj ^ bpm^a^ k^ jP^l) b ^ppv a^o^
jrvql j^vlo cbofa^ ^`e^kal fdr^i abpklpqÖã abpm^a^
b `lrp^ pl_ob cbfo^+ Bmlo ¨G pbdrkal afppb erpPÖ^
b mofk`fm^i crka^jàql ab ^moàabo qla^ii^p j^ke^p abp((
nrb pã ^mobkafa^p kã rfgoà bj pnrbb`fjàil) mloà lp
n abpbg^oà ^rbo bpq^) erpà qla^rs^ `loq^o abpm^a^ ab
`^r^iil) b ab mbb qo^wbkal^ _l^) mlo cg ob`b_bo^ abif^
q^i ^rÇf^dà G' ieb ^`ob`àq^o^ abpbgl abl c^wbobj j^fp
rbwbp l `rpqrjb ieb a^o^ rÑq^dà k^ j^ke^ B`ãppbiel
^nrbj mbo^ b?ql nrfpbo qbbo _ll _o^Öl ) b mbo^ FPÖ^o
.0 (

.EDEKENBA @M Chh`e^
 E?K >JOOUJ=Jx=
e~ÅZ j ghf anl^ ch`h ]^ i^ÇeeZ Ñ eh`Zk eZk`h) gÑ eÄ*
ÅZk \hnlZ fnrmh e^n^ hn i^lZ]Z) \Z eb`^bkZfÉm^ l^
iÉk]^ Ry ^lmZl fZgaZl ]^ ihn\h ikhn^bmh+ K_^krk ]^
iàmZ jn^k Z fZg^bkZ lnlh l\kbimZ ) ]Z e~ÅZ ]^ lh[k^
fZ#h _^krg]h ]h [kZÅh) \Zkk^`Zk \â h\hkih) ^ ih]Ñ
_^kbk Ze`n| n^ZÅhf ]^ eâ`h Z]^ k^b mh ]^ lr ) ^ i^kZ _h*
kZ ihk ghf _Zs^k ZnhemZ ~mk^ hkkálmkh ]h \ZnZeeh jnZg*
]h l^ lÑmbk _^kb]h A h fZbl l^`nkh a^ _^kb ..Z Ry ZihgmZ
i^kZ _hkZ Ñ mkZn^l+ Allh[k^ ^lmZl fZgaZl Çn l\k^nr Zl*
lr \áikb]ZfÑm^ ihebZl kZshâ^l lnlh l\kbimZl ]h ikhn^b*
mh j Z Ze`nãl ]^eeh l^ ih]^ l^`nrk) ^ iZk^\^g]hf^ j
Zhf `kZg]^ _ng]ZfÑmh i^kZ hl [hhl \ZnZe`Z]hk^l
fhlmk^f lnZ lhemnkZ+ A ihk Zanl~ÅZ ]Zl m^kkZl ^ ]hl
mÑihl fn]O Zl fZgaZl ^ hl \nlmnf^l) ih]^kZ l^^k j
Z Ze`nã iZk^\^kZ h \hgmkZbkh ]^lmh îc l\k^nh) ihkÑ lZb*
[a~ jn^h l\k^nr l^`ng]h frgaZ b_TaXsRXP& P`dP[ Ry*
\hk]Z \â ZfZbl `^^kZe [hZ ikZmb\Z jn^ Zh ik^l^gm^ l^
[nlZ ^f ^lm^l N^rghl ]^ekk^r kh^n l^gahk ^ iZ]k^
\nbZ ZefZ ]^hl ZbZ A Zjn^lmh g_m ]b`h ihk f^n `Z[h)
Zcg]Z ]^lmZl i^jn^gZl fZgaZl ahfÑ ihllZ ]bs^k l^f
ÑiZ\ah hjn^ Ry n^k]Z]^ lÑmbk) kh^l ^n h_ZÅh ihk ]Zk
Znmhkb]Z]^ ]^ frgaZ e^bmnkZ) \hga^\^g]h hl jn^ ^lmh
e^^kÑ jn^ gâ l\k^nh ]h j hnnr f^l ]Z jn^eehj i^k
`kZg]^ \nlmnf^ m^gah Zik^g]b]h A \hgll^eah fZbl anã
ZnrlZfÑmh Zhl l^gahk^l i^kZ fhlmkZfÑmh ]^lmZ lhemn*
kZ ^ ikhn^bmh jn^ l^ ea^ ]^eeh ih]^ l^`nrk j l^ n^'
Z^f Ze`n~l n^s^l Z \ZnZe`Zk ]h \aÄZh lÑ gÑ an| Zn|*
mZ`Ñ lh[k^ lnZl l^eeZl) gâ ea^ mÑ^]h hnmkÑ h\ZnZeeh ihk
Zl k^]^Zl) gÑ ihk \Z]Z an~ ]Zl lmk^[^bkZl) ^f Zjn^l*
mh l^ \nlmjfÑ Zllr ]^ fZ~h ]^k^bmZ \hfh ]Z ^sjn^k'
]Z) ^ Ze`nOl n^s^l mkZs^g]h ZÖ~ÅZ gZ fZÄh) ^ hnmkZl
Zn^l i^kZ \ZÅZk lh[k^ hi^^ ]^k^bmh A Zcg]Z ZkfZ]hl
Zllr h]^nrã ]^_Zs^k) ^ iZk^\^f^ [hh \nlmnf^ ]^ \Z'
gZe`Zk ]^ anÄ [^lmZ ^f hnmkZ Z\Z]ZanO ]Zl fZOhl) ^
_Zsll^ f re[hk]Z i^jn^gZ i^kZZ fZrKk) Kn l^ _hk^f
b`nZZ^l ihhkÑ ]Z iZkm^ ]^\bfZ ZZn^eeZ hnn^kÑ ] ^
\ZnZe`Zk) hn l^ Zi^`Zk lh[k^ Ze`nn ]^ i^^ j ^Zm^n^k

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
 @A >AI ?={=HC=N PK@= OAH=+ eK e
P jbgol abif^p @^ p`ofmql eb kl ifrol al obdvj$qã alp
moâk`fmbp n lp `^r^iibfolp olj^Çlp nr^kal `bpp^rÑ ab
br^p drboo^p qfgkeÇ `^r^iilp ab j^abfo^ mlpqlp à pr^p
`^p^p lp nr^^bp pbii^rP) b pb rbw^rcq ^oj^alp ^ `^r^i*
d^o ab erÇ m^oqb b a^lrqo^) `lkeb`bkal nr^kql bpq^
j^ke^ eb molrbfqlp^ B q^j _bj pb abrbj ab rbw^o
p^iq^o pl_ob ^ppbii^ ^ppv rbpqfalp `ljl ^ka^oP) pb jrv*
ql mbf^alp klj cloà ^gka^ n l`^r^iil pbf^ do^kab) `^
pbl lrrbobj mlo `rpq^jb+ pb ab k^Öci klj clobj mb*
Ü^alp lc^oÇ o^wl^a^jàqb ì ab3ql mbo jvj ^`el pmb(
of$`f^ erë qçml bj nrbl ^ppv erp^r^) kã ^`e^r^ `^*
r^iil qÑ ^iql n _à abpm^`e^a^jàqb kã p^iq^ppb 3 `fj^
^gka^ rbpqfal clppb E abpmlfp nrbl kè nrvp ^`rpqr*
j^o ^`ebv abiil do^kab c^iif`fjàql Bmloà lp pbkelobp
]y cfieà à_^odl mlo pbrp pq^alp ab ^rboà bpqb `rpqrjb
mlo ^gka^ k^p mo^Ö^p ibfuà qbbo ^p obab^p) b bpqob*
_bfo^p b c^iao^oppb) 3 jèqbp b `^Ö^p) b mbo `^jvkelp)
qlokàppb ^ bpq^ erpÇÖ^) b by `boql ^`e^o! bj biil
jrv do^kab ^rÇq^dà ì rv abpql _ll bkuPmol mbo bio*
obv jbr pbkelo ^ nrb ablp lrqlodrb dilof^) mlo ^*
^rbo bj qàml ab pr^ j^k`b_f^ `rpqrj^al pbà^l pr^
va ^ab n m^pp^r^ ab H T T Pklp al `e^Ñl bs lrqo^ ^rÑq^*
dbj `^r^id^r^ à _bpq^ ab o^wl^a^ ^iqro^ ^ppv abpà_^o*
d^a^jPqb n mlr`lp eljbàp ab do^kab pq^al 3 va^ab
ab `inrlàq^ lmlabof^ ^ppv c^wbo ì mlo lnrb abf b alr(
qolp rv bj _à b ab `lkqo^fol b mbo jvj pàql ^bpmb*
ofP`f^ abq^i `rpqrjb) pbdëal p`obrv kl ^^ppriqro^
mboqbb`b bpqb `lkppbiel) l nr^i bkqbkal n+^`e^oç mbo^
bpql molrbfqlpl ^nrbiibp nrbl ^ppv nrfpboç `rpqrj^o+)

8P_Xcd[[^ J ; (
S^ [^dd^a SPb \P]WPb(

A b p q ^ p j^ke^p prpl p`ofmq^p nrb ^`^r^iil pb `rpqr*

jÇ c^wbop`obr v ^ppv G^od^jPqb mlo ^idrë `rpqrjb ^
do^kab ^cbfÖ! nrb abif^p lrrb+ Bbppl jbabp a^p j^(
keÑp lrqo^p ab cloÖ^) ifdbfof`b) b _o^Ö^of^ nrb lp 8Ua

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
.-/ AJOOUJ=Jx=
r^iibfolp b p`rabfolp bj bpq^ qboo^ jrvql ^êfRbf^a^*
âràqb p^_f^j) b erp^rÑ abc^wbo) ab nrb ^dlo^ lp rbfl
jvkdr^alp jrvql jb abpmo^w) kè mobpq^kal af`il^
kà `èppbielp `è ^idr^ m^oqb abkpvkcq`^) b ^rfp^jàqlp
ieb pl_obiil mlo jvj plj jlpqo^alp+ B lrqo^p rbwbp
`lpqo^kdfalp mbo j^ka^al ^p molrà) c^wàk^p abq^i
j^kbfo^ ^jgfk eb mlr`^ clid^kÖ^) ^oobpmbfql a^p
f# à jgk_^ `^p^ rv c^wbo) qlal bpql àqbkal iebp rÜ
mbc jvkdr^ ab rèlq^ab abif^p eÇ) mlo qÇql `rpqr*
j^oè ^c^ii^ a^p jliebobp) b mlpboè qla^p pr^p qàÖlèbp
`è do^j abpbfl à pb qo^_^ie^obj ab_Ü qo^wbo) `^iÖ^o )
grd^o ^mbbii^) `Çq^oà) b aÇÖ^oà mlo iebp pbdrfoà ^p
rllq^abp jlpqo^j mofk`fm^ifkàqb abpq^3 j^ke^p nrb
ab qla^p lrqo^p ibfu^oè ^j^vlo m^oqb B mlo n pbr mofk*
`fm^i crka^jàql eb ^cbfÖè a^ rlllf^ab) c^Gib`bkal biü
i^ ) kè ^p p^_à) kè nrboà ^moàabo+ B^p p^_fa^p qlokÇ
`bal 3 bpnrb`fjàql B_á màppl n bpql pè rliq^p al
fkrkal ^ka^ a^kal bpq^p j^ke^p bj `^a^ qboo^ b
Obzklp mbo qàmlp abpr^fo^alp ^nrbj ieb mo^w `rglp
crka^jàqlp kè pè ifdbfolp ab p^_bo) j^fp bj jvke^
`^p^ rv+ Bj nr^kql mbo jvj boè erp^a^p qla^ii^p ^(
dlo^ bpqbp pbdrà) b qÇ _à ^p n abpàm^oè lp n ab do^k*
ab pq^al boè) b ^jvj `ebd^alp pbjbieÇqb c^wfè) b
abiibp bo^ mbiilp lrqolp cfie^al buàmol+ B `ljl br crv
`bpp^kal mlo do^kabp l`rm^Öllàp ab^p `rpqrj^o ^ppv
cbwboè lp j^vlobp B bppl jbabp lp j^fp pljbklp
^lp mofk`fm^^bp a^ `^p^ pàmob pbdrà+ @lkppfgo^kal va^*
abp) lcâ`flp) b ^j^kbfo^ ab rvrbo mlo lp `^r^iibfolp
b p`rabfolp jÇ`b_lp ^idrëp qbà bj `^p^ alp do^kabp
pbkelobp mlo mofk`fm^^bp à pb qo^wboá b c^wbii^p lrqo^p
j^ke^p B^p n plj mbo bpqbp ilrr^a^p) b mo^qf`^a^p)
lp j^fp ab qlalp ^p pbdrà Bppb bpqbp kè ^p `lokbÖÇ b
abif^p klj nrbobj erp^o) kè pmboà n dàqb jbra^ ^f^
abif^p q^i mo^qf`^ n jrvql r^fe^+ J^p al buàmol alp
Pbkelobp b alp mofk`fm^^bp `ljl af`ql eb) qla^ `^p^
q;r obvkl cfie^ do^kab buàmol à pbjbieÇqb Bbppl jbabp
ókl pbdrvjàql a^p rfofrabp ab rbfl ^l mob^áqbjbo*

.EDEKENBA @M = " I I 7 G B
 @A >AI ?=mT=HK=N PK@= OAH=+ .-0
`bbp ^ablp _l^ pmbofà`f^) n mlo ^jrgq^ _lka^ab b rfo*
qrab n pbjmob rvoè Pkl jrv rfqroflpl b ab do^kabp
rfoqrabp bioobv jbr pbkelo b m^aob) b k^ jrv ql rfo*
qrlp^O^vke^ jvke^ pbkelo^) b j^aob) lp mofk`fm^^bp
ûib pr^ `^p^) b qlaliilp lrqolp al obvkl mbo do^Ö^ nrb*
ieb clv lrqlod^a^ cbpoboç do^j jbielo^jàql bj Gbfu^(
obj j^^lp `rpqrjbp) b ^`ob`àq^obj bj rfoqrabp+ $
^ppv `ljl al jgkdr^jàql a^p _l^p j^ke^p al `loml
lp `èqo^afdl) ^ppv a^ erpÇÖ^ a^p rfoqrabp b ibfu^jbk*
ql ab j^âibp b olvka^abp àqbkal ^ablqp do^Ö^p nrb ^l
mobpáqb pç afdklp ab pbbobj ilrr^alp) j^fp ^mo^qf`^
a^p rfoqrabp klj abrb qliebo ^erpÄÖ^ a^p _l^p j^*
ke^p al `loml 9' pàmob mlo lp pbkelobp b do^kabp cloç
mobw^a^p b ilrr^a^p) pbdëal pb _á mlab rbbo mbo lif*
rol ab rbdb`fl objfifq^of) b mbo ^idrëp lrqolp ifrolp
abpqlof^p b àppvkÇÖ^p abcbfql ab drboo^ mlo 9z ^gka^
nrb pboP _l^p ^nrbii^p ab n ^l mobpáqb nrbobj erp^o)
mlfp klppl pq^al eb alp abcbkplobp) ^p nrb mbo q^i jbp((
qbo abmbiibf^ j^fp `èr3) plj ^p mofk`fm^^bp n abrbo^lp
^^mobkabo b ^rbo+ Bmloà alr `lkppbiel ^lp pbkelobp l
^lrqo^ dà qb jÑ`b_^ ^n bpq^p j^ke^p `èrbkeÇ n `èppfgü
oà 9g pbrp `lomlp pç ^ppv `ljl pr^p eboa^abp ^p nr^^bp
pbkè clobj _à ^molrbfq^a^p) b i^ro^a^p a^olj ab pr^
k^qrobw^ pmfkelp) b `^oalp) b lrqo^p bor^p ab mlr`l
r^iilo B `è qo^_^iel) b oçmfjàql b ^mobrbfq^jàql abf(
i^p aÇ q^^bp corf qlp ab n mofk`fm^i jàqb à bpq^ rva^ ^*
rbjlp klpp^ dlrbokÇÖ^ B klpplp `lomlp pb ç q"ml a^
jl`fa^ab jP`b_f^ pã ibfu^alp à lr`flpfa^ab) ka pb
abpmlbkal ^_l^p p`fà`f^p) lr _l^p j^ke^p `lomlo^^bp
lr jbpqbobp) pbdrkal ^`^a^erëp mboqàb`b) pa qlok^*
alp ^ppv pbj molrbfql n jbob`fÇ ab pbbo a^alp ab pbp(
uk^of^ ^lrqolp) n `ljl pborlp lp cbwbppbj pborvo b c^*
w b o ^idrP `lrp^ molRbfqlp^) pbdrkal pbrp bq^alp) b
qibpmlpfÖè) mlo kç `ljbobj lp jÑqfgjÜflp ab_^iab 2
m l o _llp qo^_^ie^alobp pè ^rvalp ^molrbfq^alp b dl*
rbok^alp+ ì mbo^ qfo^o q^i bool - lp ùjlÖlp ab _l^ iv(
(fe^d(j b `of^alp 3 q^i `^p^ n pb mlpp^ úc^wbo; 1br$

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
 z- 1 BK*PPVK>K|>*
pbbo àppvk^alp ildl ab`l jbÖl ^ ib b o) b ^bp`obrbo b
c^fi^o i^qvj+ @çqvkrÑal _llp Gfrolp mbo^ i^qvj b iâ*
dr^dà ab _ll à`^jvke^jàql mbo rva^ rfoirlp^ @^
mlpql afdÇ pbjbieÇqb ibfqro^ kã jrvil `çrfgo ^_l*
klbPp abq^i pq^al) jvke^ qàbÖlj eb mlfp qla^p ^i*
j^p rboa^abfo^jàqb pljlp l_ofd^alp `obbo ^rbjln
jrvql mofk`fm^ijàqb klp `èrà qo^_^ie^o `ç ^olbo`bb
al pbkelo mlo p^ir^Öç abif^p lnrb jrvql pb c^w `ç p^
do^Ö^ mlo lbpqral ab _llp ifrolp b _l^ `ãrbopp^`!
Bppl jbabp lp ifrolp a^ jlo^i cfiilp^cf^ .z pè ab jrvq^^
fcq^kbfo^p mbo^ a^oà bkppvkÇÖ^ ab _llp `rpqrjbp) b pb*)
drvjàql a^p rfoqrabp) abrà pbbo rfpqlp b àppvk^alp) b
_bj mo^qf`^a^p qla^ii^p `lrp^p ^ bii^ mboqbb`àqbp Blp
a^ àppvkÇÖ^ a^ drboo^ `lj ^p `olkv`^p ^molr^a^p eb
fkrvil mboqbb`bkqb ibfqro^ mbo^ lp pbkelobp) b `^r^f*
ibfolp) b pbrp7 cfielp ab pb qfoÇ VaP]STb T _llp buà*
molp) b p^_Üalof^p n jrvql mobpfÄ Ry PVaPqP S^ pb*
kelo ^lp qPmlp a^ kb`bppva^ab Qla^p _l^p j^ke^p al
`loml mboqbb`bj ^ `^a^erë pbdrkal ^nrbi pq^al% nrb
qbrbo) k~`^ abrà pbbo ibfu^a^p pmb`f^ijàqb `^r^id^o b
irvq^o pÆ crka^jàql ab pb mbo`^iÖç ^p j^gp a^p
lrqo^p) `^ al _à `^r^id^o rà do^kab ^gra^ mbo^ &la^i*
f^p ab`^r^iil pb c^wà B l irgi^o c^w mboabo loob`bl
^^p abmbb pb `rpqrjÇ+ B jrvql pb mbo`^iÖ^ mbo bii^
cloÖ^ ab qlal `loml bj dbbo^i b _l^ Gbr^ mbo^lp
cbfqlp a^ drboo^ qla^p _l^p j^ke^p a^ do^kab ^gra^+
Bppb a^ jl`fa^ab ]y cloà _à erp^a^p b àbpvk^a^p abü
rbkqro^ k^ j^vlo va^ab pb mlaboL o^wl^a^jàqb mbo`^i*
Ö^o Blp cfa^idlp n _bj p^_à b erpÄ bpq^p j^ke^p ç
`^p^ alp pbkelobp c^wà ^dàqb abif^ j^fp iba^ clo^ aà*
c^aÄjàql) abj^vlo c^j^) ^ j^fp qbjva^ ^rbkal ^p
l_qo^p rfoqrabp b _lka^abp à ^nrbii^ o^wl^a^ j^kbfo^
n `cirà B mlo lp pbkelobp abrà mlo bii^p pbbo j^fp
mobw^alp) b ob`b_boè abiibp jbo`bb j^fp nrblp lrqolp
>^nl vdr^^bp `lrp^ pmb`f^i ]y c^wà ab pbr pbomhq^ _
kà j^ke^0molrq mlo abiibp pb qbke^ _l^ mobprkÖlk^ )
lr c^Ölj eçoo^ ^^ `^p^ ab pbr.pbkelo lnrb clid$Ö^ ï

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
 @A >AI ?=R=HC =N PK@= OAH=+ .-6
_ll m^pp^jàql ab qàml ab pbrp pborvalobp) b alrqolp
0 ^bii^ rbeboà) `ljl c^wà lp nrb ^p _à erpÇ+

8P_X[d[[^ J I =(
S^b Taa^b SP [dhcP QaTdT\XcT bRaX_c^b(

lii^p o^wllàp ^afÇqb ab`i^o^a^p) j^kabv p`obrbo pã(

j^of^jàqb bpqbp boolp a^ Grfq^) lp nr^^bp pb ^idrcq _à
lp nrfpbo p^_bo) mobdrkqb ^^idrë _ll jbbpqob abpq^
j^ke^ nrb ielp àppvkb+ @^ j^fp pci p`ofmqlp mlo obkà(
_oÇÖ^ .z mbo q^i p`ofmql lp mlaboà ^mobkabo Bpqbp plj
lp nrb dbbo^ijàqb erpbv b rv mo^qf`^o ^lp _llp irvq^(
alobp kÑ qlalp ^erë) j^p `ljl à pmb`f^i ^rvÇ j^fp
`rpqrjb b jvi_lo dbfql+ >qo^rbpp^ bk`Ç_^a^ pb iÇÖ^
mlo alrp ird^obp) erÇ mbiil _o^Öl) b lrqo^ mlo qo^p l(
mbp`lÖl jbqbkal ^`^_bÖ^ mbo pll_o^Öl > lrqo^ qo^*
kbpp^ pb iÇÖ^ mbo `fknrl drfp^p) erÇ mbiil _o^Öl) lr(
Fo^ abpàm^o^a^) àrv^kalppb ab plpmbfq^) b ildl ^iÇÖ^o
mbiil mbp`lÖl) lrqo^ i^Ö^kal mbiil mbp`lÖl ^^iÖ^ mbo*
k^) lr ^`Ç_^abii^) b qlok^o abpplpmbfq^ ^^qo^rbpp^ B
lrqo^ qo^rbpp^ ^rbpp^ cfie^kal mbo erë _o^Öl) b qlok^o
^iÇÖ^o pl_ob llrqol mbo lrqo^ j^kbfo^ nr^kalieb iÇÖ2
l_o^`l kl mbp`lÖl) cfie^iil _o^Öl ^ppv abpplpmbfq^ b
iÇÖ^ii^+ Fqbj ^^iÖ^ mbok^ pb iÇÖ^ abppll_o^Öl) b mbiil
mbp`lÖl b mbiil _o^Öl Fqbj ^ `Ç_^abii^ pb iÇÖ^ mbo bp*
qbp ird^obp qlalp) qobp b qbà abcboàÖ^ n ^^iÖ^ mbok^(
aboof_^ mbo^ afÇqb b ^`Ç_^abii^ mbo^ qo^p B qÇ _à pb
iÇÖ^ ^`Ç_^abii^ mbo^ qo^iil mbp`lÖl `ljl ^qo^rbpp^ bkü
`Ç_^a^+ Fqbj ^pp^`^iivke^ pb iÇÖ^ mbo qobp drfp^p) ab
`^i`^ke^o) ab _f`l) b ^rbpp^ Fqbj l abprvl abobfql
ab pbfp j^kbfo^p) erÇ alp _o^Ölp ka ^`lii^kal) lrqo^
^`liiÇal) b ibrÇq^o mlo ^iql) b bkqè iÇÖ^o labprvl)
lrqo^ q^j _à ^`lii^kal) b abprv^iil ^erÇ m^oqb) b qlo*
k^oiel ^iÇÖ^o ^lrqo^) b abprvl al`loml b lrqol mbiil
mbp`lÖl Abprvl ^rbppl ab qobp j^kbfo^p) erÇ ^o`^ mlo
^o`^) ^ `lii^kal b ^ppv liÇÖ^o) lrqo^ alp _o^Ölp b alp
mbbp plii^gkàqb pà ^`lii^o b lrqol al mbp`lÖl+ Fqbj ^H
.-3 AJOOUJ=Jx=
i6_l ¨G ^idrëp iÇÖlj à mbb) b lriolp `lj ldvliel kã
`e^Çl) ` pàmob bT i^kÖ^ mbiil _o^Öl * ifbj lnr^aofi pb
iÑÖ^ mlif^ ^o`^) b ^^p rbwbp mbiil _o^Öl) b lrqo^p rb*
wbp ^rbppl ^^j^kbfo^ abqo^rbpp^ ^rbpp^+ Fqbj ^mbopp^v*
a^ pb iÑÖ^ cfie^kal `^a^ erë alp _o^Ölp mlo ab clo^) b
^ppv iÇÖ^o ^^nrbii^ m^oqb k^ nrbii^ mbok^ bkppb^c^pq^lü
al mbo^ ^qo^p) fqbj lj^o^viil lnr^i pb iÇÖ^ cfie^kal
mbiil mbp`lÖl aerN `^_l) b iÇÖ^oppb `è lmbb a^ lrqo^
m^oqb ^^j^kbfo^ ab abprvl j^fp aboof_^ `èqo^ qo^p F(
qbj lbool 9z `e^jÇ al ` Ñ ) pb cfie^ ^o`^ mlo ^o`^) b
i^kÖÇ l mbb ^^iá ab`^a^erÇ a^p mbok^p) b aboof_^ mb*
o^ qo^p) c^wPal cloÖ^ al ^mboq^o alp _o^Ölp) b `^oob*
d^o al `loml Fqbj lq^k^p`è pb i0Ö$ aÇal `L l_o^Öl ^l
qo^rbp kl mbp`lÖl) b iÇÖ^kal lmbb `lkqo^ ^lrqo^ m^o*
qb Fqbj l_f`l mlèb lmbb kl ^oqbiel bj `^a^ erÇ a^p
mbok^p) b _lqÇ `lj l`loml b ^ppv r^v ^ka^kal t e^ a
mbb ^qbb G' laboof_^ Fqbj ^Uu[WPa SPb ^o`^p pb c^w mbo
a^^5 drvp^p) erÇ jlpqo^kal abpplpmbfq^ M lnrbo cfik^q
mbiil mbp`lÖl b nr^kal ibrÅq^ lp _o^Ölp ) cfie^iil mbo
biibp) lrqo^ bkqo^o ^o`^ mlo ^o`^ b _Çwb^iil) b jbqbo
el lrqol _o^Öl k^ lrqo^ ^o`^) kã ibfu^kal ^ " f^ qà+
Fqbo^ ^p qo^pbvo^p pb cfieÇ mbo qobp j^kbfo^p) erÇ cfie^k*
al ^j^Ñl) b _^kwb^il b p^iq^o ^qo^p) lrqo^ ^`lii^o ^*
b^a^erë alp _o^Ölp) b _^fu^kal abprv^iil `è l`loml b
p^iq^o ^qo^p) kè abpÄm^o^kal ^nrbiib _o^Öl) b ^lrqo^ 5
nrboàal ^idrë cfie^o mbi,l mbp`lÖl ) p`loobd^kal ^p
qo^pbfo^p ™p j^kbfo^p ab aboof_^o mbo^ ab qo^p dbbo^i*
jbkqb pÇ mbo qobp drvp^p+ Mofjbfo^ ^ibrÇq^o klp _o^(
Ölp) b aboof_^o ^ `^a^erÇ a^p m^oqbp+ Pbdrka^ ^ka^o
ploobalo ^qbb nrbl abp^qàqb) b al pliq^o alp _o^Öl6
lr abprvå alp mbbp laboof_^o+ Qbo`bfo^ iÇÖ^o lmbb ^^iç
a^ mbok^ al lrqol ^^j^kbfo^ al bool al `Ñ) b aboof_^o
mboÄ afÇqÜ+ Em^f mbo^ aboof_^o mbii^p ^o`^p) ^ibrÇqÅo)
b aboof_^o ^ `^a^erÇ a^p m^oqbp lr iÇÖ^o l bool al `Ç
aerci mbb) b pb a^ nrbiib kè mlabo) ibr^o ildl al lr(
col+ Fqbj l mbp`lÖl nr^kalppb cfie^ pb c^w Qbfu^o mbs
c`^kpb^o alp L_olp) b ^qo^rbpp^o ^j^Çl lr _o^Öl pcq

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
 @A > A I ?=Q=HC=N PK@= OAH=+ .-<
d^odcqi^ al lrqol) b iÇÖ^oieb ^qo^rbpp^ abpplpmbfq^ m
ifie^kalieb Ñ_liilp _o^Ölp+ Fibj eb _ll bool mlr`l
`lpqrj^al) nr^kal cfie^j ^idrci `è Gfrë _o^Öl mbiil
mbp`lÖl ^mboq^kaål pb bi pb _^fu^o) `ljl `rpqrjÇ lp
ab j^fp) +c^wbo p^iq^o mbo^ clo^) b qbPall ovgl mbiil
mbp`lÖl `^oobd^o l`loml pl_obiib) b c^wbGil^ rfgo ^qboo^
abdflielp Fqbj ) mlo nr^kql jrvqlp clo^ a^ qboo^
nr^kal irfi^j rfpqfalp qbà j^kbfo^ ab qo^r^o mbii^
olrm^ ^m^o alp è_olp) b ám^`e^o Ç_liilp _o^Ölp) eb
jrvql _ll dbfql mbo^ bpql a^o rliq^ `èl _o^Öl mbo `R
j^ al pbr) abprv^kal l`loml afie^od^) b `^oobd^kal
pl_obiib) qlok^kal ^cfie^o mbo ^ffo`^) ab pll ^nrbiib
_o^Öl) lr pb ieb nrfpbo c^wbo ^idrci flÖl mbofgdlpl ab
do^kab ^rÑq^dà) rliqb l_o^Öl `ljl afql eb al `lql(
rbiil `èqo^ ^ol^$l al lrqol) b cfieb mbo ab crkal `è
ûlrqo^ j^Çl ^ppr^ jbabp) lr l_o^Öl) b abprv^kal l*
`loml `^oobdrb `è l`lqlrbiil) b qlal lppbr _o^Öl pl{
_ob ^j^Çl al lrqol) b mbo cloÖ^ ieb c^o^ ob`b_bo q^i
allo) b m^ab`fjàql nrb mlr`lp pb mlaboÑ qbbo xz kè
rbkeÇ abdflielp ^l `e^+il) j^p `è q^i bool ieb mlaP
nrb_o^o l_o^Öl) lr i^kÖ^o ^j^Çl clo^ ab pbr ild^o pb
jrvql ovgl kè clo lr _à ^rvp^al Bmloà ^kqob irvq^
a^jvdlp kè pb abrb `rpqrj^o Kbj qbkeÇ ^idrcfp cg kè
eb j^ke^ mbo^ erp^o do^kabp pbkelobp) mlo nrb _bj
jbr pbkelo bioobv `rg^ ^ij^ ablp ^f^ erplr abif^ jrg(ü
ql _à) b lp moâk`fmbp) `^mfq^^àp b _llp eljbàp a^oû(
vk^p cg bo^j clo^j kbbii^ q^j ^rÑqbg^alp) nrb mlr`l^
pbrp fdr^^bp pb mlabof^j ^`e^o ab nr^i +nrbo pq^al[
Blp ab jgke^ `loqb nr^kal br abif^) jb mobw^r^ b ^*
erp^r^) bo^j qÇ _llp irvq^alobp cg kè mbkp^r^ cg pbrü
gdr^^bp bj `^p^ a^idrë moâk`fmb pb ^`e^ppbj+ Bmlpql;
nrb ^dlo^ ^ppv kè pb erpb br qbkel klo do^kab c^iiv{(
jàql fg _bj jb mo^wbof^ rbbo qlok^al ^nrbi _ll pq^*
al) j^p m^ob`bjb ^l nrb pbkqb mlo `boqlp bj_^odlü
`lkeb`falp b lrqo^p klj _l^p abpmlpfÖllàp 1z klj pb;
mlab ^ppv c^wbo) j^p mo^w^ ^klppl pbkelo) mlo nrl
`lrp^ ^lr^ kbj eb pl el `bbl) b qlorÇ ^ppbbo ^nrbgi^(
.1 (

.EDEKENBA @M MF OOH b^
 .-3 AJOORJ=Jxò
a f^ cloci) nrb ^gka^ bj jbr qàml c^o^ bpql `loobdbo
`ljl f^ clb nr^kal bj bpqbp obvklp pb _bj erp^r^
>^ibj abpqbp plj lrqolp pmb`f^^bp boolp nrb ^idrcqp
cfieÑ mbo nrb jrv ql `rpqrj^j ab aboof_^o) `^a^ ercq
qbj pbrp ^q^iebp) àm^`e^jàql) pl_ob p^iq^o) b abpc^*
wbo Bmbo^lp ^q^ielp ^idrÇ j^kbfo^ a^ qbo`bfo^) lnrb
qlal mbo rèlq^ab a^rbo _bj bpq^ j^ke^ b do^kab `rp*
qrjb pb abmobkab) j^p bpql p`obrv mlo ^rboà ^^wl ab
mobdëq^o mlo `^a^erë abiibp) b mlaboà ^idrëp ^mobkabo
j^fp `bal b jvielo nrb pblp ka rfppbj ^ppv mlpqlp bj
p`ofmql+ ì j^kabvlp mlbo bj p`ofmql `^mfqriil abpqb
ifrol ab `^r^id^o) ~y c^if^ aàppvk^jàql abpq^p lrqo^p
j^ke^p n pb c^wà ^`^r^iil) mlpql nrb jrvql kè `lk*
`loab mbo^ pbbo p`ofmql bj q^i ifrol) j^p br lcfw mlo
do^kab ^cbfÖlj b _l^ erpÑÖ^ úg abpq^ j^ke^ lrrb >*
nr^i rbfl q^j bpnrbb` fa^ ^kqob ^dbkqb abpq^al) b ab(
_l^ ifke^dbj nrb jrvql arrval rfgo bj do^kab bp(
nrbb`fjàql Bmloà rbbkal bpql nrb ^nrv p`obrl ibj*
_oàppb nrb bpq^ j^ke^ eb erÇ a^p mofk`fm^^bp N lp
_llp _ljbàp e^j a^rbo+ Bâ' lp `^r^iibfolp b qla^ lr*
qo^ dàqb dbbo^i bj bpqbp obvklp j^fp ^rÑqbg^a^jàqb
lrrboè+ @^ bii^ iebp c^w bpq^p ^rÇq^dbàp 9z mbo^ cbfql
ab drboo^ jrgql r^iibj+ Mofjbfo^ do^kab ^`ob`àq^jà*
ql bj _l^ ibr ^ cg mbo^ qlal qo^_^iel c^w do^kab ^r^k*
q^dbj Pbdrka^ do^kab jbielof^ ab cloÖ^ bj jÅÇlp)
_o^Ölp) mbok^p) b qlal lrqol `loml+ Qbo`bfo^ü pliqro^)
pbdroÇÖ^) b ^qobrvjàql mbo^ rfgo ^_o^Ölp `lj `dP[
nrbo eljà) ^gka^ nrb j^fp ovgl nrb biib pbf^ Nr^oq^
do^kab jbbpqof^ ) ab p^_bo cfie^o a^p j^Çlp b àm^o^o b
pl mloq^o pbdrkal clo ^nrbi `lj N^_o^Ölp rbebo+ Nrvk*
q^) p^_balof^ abiÇÖ^o boolp alp mbbp b al `^oml b lp
^q^ie^o) bjm^`e^o) abpc^wbo) b pl_ob p^iq^o) pbdrkal
`^a^erë bool nrbo+ pbbkal jrv mobpqbp ab plp mbfq^ ^l
qàml nrb `ljmofo) `^ _ll p^_bo b do^kab `rp qrjb c^'
S^ l`loml p^_b lnrb e^ abc^wbo bj `^a^ qàml ST qpf
jbpqbo+ Pbuq^) al _ll p^_bo) b erpÑÖ^ abpc^ j^ke^
mboab jrvql ^mobdrvÖ^) àm^`el mbo^ molrt b ñ^û

.EDEKENBA @M C A e^
 @A >AI ?=@¢HC=N PK@= OAH=+ $ .-6
_boqkrvq^p lrqo^p mbiil `loml &g pb c^w mbo^ biil j^fp
abpmlpql) b ^p lrqo^p pbbobj ab jbklp qo^_^iel) b
j^vp pà mbofdll al bpq^ eb+ Pbf qbj ^) pbbobj mlo
biil j^fp mobÖ^alp ab pbrp pbkelobp b ^jvdlp) b ol^fp
`lkeb`falp alp pqo^kelp) b ab pbrp `lkqo^folp ol^fp ob*
`b^alp) pbdrkal nrb k^qro^ijàqb a^p lrqo^p _l^p abp*
mlpfÖlèbp b ^rÇq^dàbp `^a^erë qbrbo+ ì mlo qlal bpql
^idrë bj pv `lkeb`b ieb c^w _l^ olbiklof^ bj pbrp
`lo^Ölabp pl_ob Ånrbiil k^qro^ijàqb e^+ ìqbàppb mlo
biil bj jbielo `lkq^ `lj _ll `lkqàq^jàql) nr^kal
bj bpq^ j^ke^ ¶pvkqà nrb plj ^rPqbg^alp) pbdrkal
^nrbi p^_bo pq^al) b abpmlpfÖè nrb `^a^erë eb) mlobj
alr bj `çppbi_l ^ nr^^bp nrbo qbj pq^al ab `^r^i*
i^of^ cloà+ ì ^lrqolp ^nrb `çrb_bo bpql) cf pb qo^_^ieà
abpp^_bobj bpq^ j^ke^ _ à) b ^g^j abif^ _l^ erp^kÖ^
Pbdrkal ^`^a^erë mboqbb`bo) `^ mlìql nrb ab qlal
kë`^ ^lp ^_bj p^_bj b osg^p rãlq^abp qbrboà) bj
nr^kql ^cloÖ^ jrvql klj abpc^iib`b ^jvkdr^ al o^*
wl^al `rpqrjb qo^wbj bii^ b qla^p lrqo^p do^kab c^iif*
`fjàql+

>`^_^ppb ^ nrvkq^ m^oqb ì `ljbÖ^ppb ^ppbuq^ a^ bkp(

pvkÇÖ^ al _bj cbovo a^p pmlo^p b nrbf^ka^p abrbj
pbbo+ ì `ljl `" m^^l lr r^o^ ^idrÑp rbwbp ^p _bp*
q^p pb abrà dlrbok^o+

Mlo nrb ^oo^wlj b rèlq^ab obnrbob `^a^erë qo^wbc

ÇmbocbfÖlj lnrb _à `ljbÖ^ pb mbo `lkqo^folp o^wl^alp
kã eb+ qlor^al Mloà ablp nrbobkal `lkqfkr^obv bpq^
ibvqro^ bj m^pp^ ab nr^qol Pklp mlr`l p`obrv `lj
lmolmlpfql b qàbÖlj kl `ljbÖl p`kmq^) pmbavkaljb
abif^ j^fp _obrbjàqb) `^ mlo lp do^kabp `rva^alp nrb
pb jb ob`ob`boa) abmlfp nrb mbii^ do^Ö^ ab ablp crv
cbfql obv) mlr`lp qàmlp jb cf`^j mbo^ mlabo pl_obiil
`rva^o) kà p`obrbo) `^ lrqolp kè cfiel pbkç ^nrbiibp '
pbj qlor^jàql alp lrqolp do^kabp cbfqlp ab plj bk<
`^oobd^al mlppl _bj ^rbo) pbdrkal kl `ljbÖl f^ p`obrv

.EDEKENBA @M HcKKMe^
j ?KPPVK.K|†
ì dr^oa^kal ^loabj `ljbÖ^a^ a^j^kbfo^ abcbovo a^i
ûmlo^p) a^ cbfÖlfk abif^p) b `ljl ^p _bpq^p `lj r^o^
lr m^^l pb abrbj ^idrÑp rbwbp dlrbok^o GBj bpqb _ob*
rb `^mfqriil afobv ^idrÑp bkpvkPÖ^p) b ab`i^o^kal M!
c^iif`fjàqlp) jlpqo^obf ^_l^ j^kbfo^ n bj biil pb abo
rb qbbo `lj lrqolû ^rfp^jbqlp bmb`g^^bp n mbo^^idrcim
fPmlp pci molrbfqlplp Kl cbovo a^p ûmlo^p c^iib`à mlo
bl_bdfalãb) b pfvkdr^jáil k" dr^oa^kal qçmlp) lr
j^kbfo^ o^wl^a^+ Bppl_bf^kal c^iib`| pb ^_bpq^ r^v ab
m^pplm mbo mlr`l `^_bo) b j^^l `rpqrjb) 5 ^idrN(
qbç pàmob ^^ r^Çl cbovkal c^wbkal mbqbfo^p Bppb mbo
^r^ `lkavÖlj pè alojbkqbp b mobdrfÖlp^p mbo q^i dbf*
ql pb ^`ob`àq^ j^fp) mlo n ^p `lrp^p jrvql erp^a^p
ûa c^wbj q^kql pàqfjPql Bj `loobo bppó jbabp àmbb*
` b ) pb l`^r^fil eb `rpqrj^al a^kqbm^o^o mbo ldo^kal
^cf`^jbkql abif^p jrvql pb ^bob`bki^o^ ç q^i j^ke^
Bppb eb cliil^) mbo q^i `rpqrjb \Pf ^ TaP :UPiT^S^
do^kab `roora^) klj e^ `lrp^ nrb jllo bjmbb`fjáil
q`Çd^) lppl_bfl cbovo a^p pmlo^p) `^ ercq `^r^iql ^*
_^pq^kqb mbo^ `loobo erÇ ibdl^ bj o^wl^a^ j^kbfo^)
pbàal qàmbo^a^jàqb cboval) mbo lppl_bfl úcf`^jáql bj
cbrë qfol ab_bbpq^ ^c^o^j pqak`^o+ B mbo jrvql b j^^l
cbovo %a^p pmlo^p mboabj el ^aboáÖl) b+ pb c^wbj) j^i
bkcob^a^p b a^j ^^ppba^ Bâlalp bpqbp j[ibp màb ^^*
_bpq^ al pl_bfl cbofo abif^p) b +^l n r^v 3 bii^ abpmo^*
wbo) mbofdll) bjm^`el) `Çpp^Öl b j^i m^ob`bo) `^a^*
_rÇ a^p mofk`fm^^bp `lrpÄp mlo n lp _llp `^r^=VPSQaTb
plj `lkeb`falp) ^ppv eb l_bj cbovo a^p pmlo^p pbdr^ü
al s `^a^ qáml pb obnrbob) mloà nr^kal pb c^w j^T
al n abrb) lp n _llp `br^id^alobp plj gridPkl mlo
jvkdr^ b c^w kÇ m^ob`bo _bj mlo n l^ppbpbb[l _b _rfi
a^p `lrp^p n k^ _bpq^ _bj m^ob`b) `ljl û^ pÖobrv(
ì l pl_bfl cbovo a^p pmlo^p c^w abp^ppbppbd^o ^ 9tf^i*
d^alo) b ^ppf ieb qfo^ _rÄ do^kab m^oqb al _d m^ob`bo)
olo jvkdr^jàql c^iib`P ^gdrâip R" ob`bl a^ ?bpq( pb(
dkqfal _bj ûb abjlpqo^) mlo lp `ç ^p pmlo^p fc`b
ûrp^j a^o qÇql F ^ppv `ljl abrbj+ Lrqolû mbo ^l_((

.EDEKENBA @M L = " I I 7 G B
 @A >AI ?=mF=HC=N PK@= OAH=+ EEE
dfalèb a^ rllkq^ab mlo nrboboà cbovo ^idrcq `lrp^ ieb
pnrbb`b ì ^pp< `è jbal mlo cldfoà ^_^ifè qofdlp^jàqb
^p mbok^p b a^p pmlo^p kè cboà+ B mbo ^n lbpqbp bubjü
y;olp pb mlab `lkeb`bo `ljl mbo jvkd^^jàql c^iib*
`bo^ bj bpqbp `^plp b lrqolp pbjbi_Çqbp ì nr^kql ^l
qàml mlo pb kè mlab ab`i^o^o qlal bj c^iib`bj
mlo l_à kè dr^oa^o) ab`i^ol bpqbp) k^p j^ke^p pbdrvk{
qbp mlo q^i al `lkeb`fjàql abiibp mbo^ lrqolp pb
mlpp^ cfie^o buàmol Mofjbvol nr^kal ^idrcip grpqcq) il*
é l nr^kal ^_^ii^j cboà l`^r^iil a^p pmlo^p b ^ppv ieb
Ç mlo qla^ `^oobfo^ pb dbfql qbj a^ka^o ovgl) lr bi
_bj kè ^ka^) b nr^kal `ebd^j úqb alb àÖlkqolp mbo
erë pm^Öl `bpplj abl cbovo ì mlo bi pàqfo ob`bl a^
rfgka^ al lrqol) nr^kal eb ^`bo`^ b a^p pmlo^p l kè
cbofoà ^kqb m^o^ lr pb abprv^ ì abpql pb c^o^ l `lkü
qo^fol) pb `ljl àqo^o bj pbr evo kè ieb abobj \ h f
bii^p) b Çqb ^lp bk`lkqolp `ebdrà) ovfl bj j^kbfo^
o^wl^a^ pbdrkal ^_bpq^ abj^ka^o lp cbovoà) b mbo bpq^
drfp^ pb abppr^ rèlq^ab f^ kè ob`b^o abobfq^jàqb c^o^
>nZ `^oobfo^ Pbdrkal eb al grd^o a^p `^k^p) b objbp(
c`^o nr^i 9grbo \ h n l Z ) mlo k^ j^kbfo^ pbjbie$qb ^i((
drcfp ^^mkjbfo^ cbobj pl_bfl pr^p _bpq^p) b ^l qåÖ^o
$wà q^i jlpqo^kÖ^ abppb `loobdbo `bpp^kal ab ^p cbovo
n ildl ^p c^wbj ^kqb m^o^o+ ì ^nrbpqbp ^ppv `èrbj
mlr`l kl `ljbÖl cbof if^p) b Pqb nrbal fP`b) ovfl ie^
a^o `è bii^p) b iPÖ^o ildl abpplpmbfq^ pbj abqbbo+ Qboû
@bfol alp nrb ^jlkqb ^ka^j) `rpqrj^j cbovo `lj
ifÖ^ pl _o^Öl ì nr^kal plj ^`bo`^ qbàal qbàÖlj a^
`ebd^o) ^p pmlo^p iebp kè ià_o^j) pb ab q^i j^ke^ qà^
° lr`^ erpÇÖ^+ Bmloà eb kb`bppÄofl pbboà ià_o^alp ab(
f^p `ebd^o j^fp ovf^jàqb ^kqb) mlo q^i nrb pbj ob(
c`bl c^Ö^ `ebd^o pbr `^r^iil Nr^oql eb bj p^iq^o p^i(
qlp cbfqlp q^i j^kbfo^ nrbo nr^kal rbebo ^l p^iql
ibfu^iil rfgo ^ppbr mo^wbo) b erë mlr`l ^kqb `ebdrb)
a^oieb `è bii^p ovf^jàqb) b qbloppb e^ pbii^) pà klrl
Åmboq^jâàql mlo q^i kbj ob`bb) lr ^kqbm^o^( Nrvkql
WT +mbo^ m^pp^o mbo ìqob dàqb nr^kal r^'h$) mlo n ^p

.EDEKENBA @M
 ../ AJOOUJ=Jx=
_bpq^p lc^wà ab_l^ rllkq^ab) ibfu^ii^p rfgo pbj ^p cb*
( ovo `ci bii^p) b Ñqb n `ebdrb abklrl ovfl Geb a^o) b
^ppv m^pp^o^ jvielo mbo lrqo^ drfp^ Q^j _bj e^
c^iivjàql ^p _bpq^p jrvql ^rvr^a^p `rpqrj^o ^cbovo
ov fl b ^^p alojàqbp) lr nr^kal `çmofo ka ieb p^_bo
a^o `lj bii^p Bmbo^ j^fp ovf^jàqb cbovoà eb do^kab
^rÑq^dbj qo^wbo lp mbbp _bj cfojbp k^p pqob_bfo^p)
mlo klj qbà dbbo^ijàqb dbfql kà mlabo ab ieb a^o
`lj bii^p) q^j _à lp fg lp mbbp k^p pqob_bfo^p j^i qo^*
wbj DmloP ^^ià a^p lrqo^p ^rPq^dàbp mbo^ bpil r^f
jrvql _5 cfojb lp qo^wbo Mbo ^nrbpqbp ^rvp^jbkql^ [
p`obrl) pb mlab rbbo `ljl `arbj dr^oa^o qàml ^l cb*
ovo a^p pmlo^p) b 2 `^a^erë mboppv `èppfgob lnrb abrb
c^wbo) b mobdrkqb ^lp nrb rvo nrbl _bj p^_ç) `ljl
eb _à abcbovo pbr `^r^iil) `^ pà arrva^ bpq^ eb _rP
a^p m^oqbp olrv kb`bpp^of^ ^l Q^^ RPdPXVPS^a& bPQTa
dr^oa^o qbjmlp) b j^kbfo^ o^wl^a^ ^l cbovo abif^p)
`ljl _bj pb abjlpqo^ klp `^r^iilp `bwfRf^$lp n R^\
?r^ ^gra^ pb `èilok^j) mlobj lp &G _llp `^r^id^alobp
abpbfç pbbo abrbj p^_bo bj nrb qàmlp abif^p pb ^rb*
o^j a^gra^o+ K^ j^kbfo^ al cbovo e^ boolp) kl ^_^ii^o
al `loml) a^p mbok^p) ^_ovo abif^p) ^qo^rbpp^o alp
mbbp) cbofo mobql a^p `fie^p) ièdb abp`lk`boq^al) q^o*
a^o) b `^oobd^o pl_ob ^ cbova^) pl_bfl ^jbra^o) lr
ab i^odl pm^Öl Mloà dr^oa^kalppb abpqbp c^iif`fjàqlp)
qbooè _l^ j^kbfo^ abpq^ drvp^) l `loml kè pb ^_^GGbü
kà ^p mbok^p pbkè alp dflielp ^_^ful) kã ^p ^_ofkal
j^fp al fg pb qo^wbj B a^iiv cbfoç `lj lp mbbp abobf(
qlp ^l içdl a^ _bpq^) ka jrvql mobql) kà ièdb a^p `f*
ie^p) pàmob ^`bo`^ aerë ild^o) ^q^kql nrb abo) ildl
ifdbfo^jàqb ibrÑqb lp mbbp ^ppbr ild^o) `^ al q^oa^o
c^w _riivo l`^_l) b ^kqb m^o^o l`^r^iGl) kà ^jbra^
jrgql j^p mbo o^wl^al pm^Öl cbfo^ abif^p `ljl rbbo^
c^wbo ^lp Gfllp `^r^id^alobp) `^ lrqol `èm^ppl ]y p b
mlab _à a^o Bpql p`obrl pbdrkal jbr `rpqrjb d b b *
o^ijàqb c^if ^kal) mlo âg pbv n ^gdrcip jlrolp) mlo j rv
`roql `^r^id^oà qo^wbj l`^i`^ke^o ^ifl b cbobj al mbN

.EDEKENBA @M C A b^
 @A >AI ?=R=HK=_m PK@= OAH=+ ..0
^qo^rbpp^al) ó ^jbrab ) j^fp nrb klp) b ãp gof^kabpbp
mlo klj qo^wboà pqob_bfo^p kè dr^oa^j klppl `rpqrjb
kl cbovo a^p pmlo^p+ B^ppv `^a^ k^Ölj qbj pbr dbfql
al nr^i klj jb à_^odl mlo cg br p`obrl mofk`fm^ijà(
+ qb mbo^ àppvk^o jbrp pr_af`qlp ^kqob lp nr^^bp bpq^
n ab`i^ol jb m^ob`b j^fp ^molr^a^ j^kbfo^+

+ 8P_Hd[[^ SPUTXqx SPb b_^aPb T R^\^ R^\ dPaP& ^d

_PP^ Pb QTbcPb P[Vdob dTiTb bT V^dT\P\&

K ^ cbfÖlj a^p pmlo^p e^ jrvq^p abcbobkÖ^p) g^ rv

) `rpqrj^o qo^wbii^p abobfq^p ab o^wl^al `Lm^ppl) b `ro*
q^p) qloq^p mbo^ câGal) abmlfp `ljmofa^p b ^idë^p qlo*
q^p mbo^ of_^ B abif^p aboola^) b lrqo^p ab `^kl B
qlal bpql jb m^ob`bl n bo^ qo^wfal mbo qàbÖlçbp abp*
r^vo^a^p) mlo &g ^p abobfq^p ab o^wl^a^ flkdro^ mbo^
pbii^p nrá `e^j^j co^k`bpbp plj dbbo^i jbkqb _l^p mb*
o^ qla^p _bpq^p b qàml ab`^kl molrbfqlp^p) b ^p ab ol*
a^ pbdrkal klppl `rpqrjb ^rva^p mlo j^fp cobjlp^p
^ pbdro^p mbo^^p _bpq^p) mlo ^p qÑql klj cbofoà) ^gka^
1z `lj bii^p pb qbà ^p mr^p içd^p j^fp pb ^nrbfubj) ^p
rliq^p mbo^ crkal Qy _l^p mbo^ `^r^iilp c^wbalobp) mlo
^ pb mlaà ^p mbok^p jvielo Ö^oo^o b l`^r^iil klj pb
Gbob q^kql) ^p içd^p qo^wbj mbo^lp ^okbpbp ab mbok^p )
^idrëp /z `lj lrqo^p _à klj mlabj lr p^_bj cbovo)
^^ qloq^p mbo^ of_^ mbo^ a^o j^fp pbj qo^_^iel ^^p
_bpq^p mbnrbk^p ^p jrvql abj^kaà+ Mbo mlr`l p^*
_ bo) b `lkeb`fjàql) ^idrëp ^p qo^wbj pà qbjml) b pà
s^wcq) qo^wbkal pl_ob _llp `^r^iilp) b c^wbalobp ^p `lj*
mofa^p b qloq^p mbo^ of_^ nrb eb qlal `lkqo^fol+ Bmloà
nrbj mlabo dr^oab qàml b pr^ cbfÖlj a^p mbok^p b ^*
_bpq^ nrbf^ka^ eb Bppb j^vp kè qbrbo fg _rPp qo^d^^p
abobfq^p) b ab o^wl^a^ ilkdro^) j^fp ab `roq^p b mr^p)
mbnrbk^p mlo &g plj dbbq^ijàqb jbielobp mbo^ qlal
qà m l ) b nr^i nrbo _bpq^+ >pY vkbq^p plol _l^p `roq^p
®b ab mr^ mbnrbk^ b dolpp^ B qla^p ab nr^i nrbo cbf*
Ölj abrbj plbo cloqbp) abcbool) dãÖlp) `loob^p) " kl
.2

.EDEKENBA @M HcKKMH^
 ¨.1 ?HPiVK>K|U
mbb bT mlkeÇ _bj grpql) b ^cvrbii^ rbke^ bj bT%
Gld^o mbo^ _bj m^ob`bo b molrbfql) mlo kl qáml nrb
ûb klj màpp^ `èrbj ^gra^o abif^p) b pb co^`^p by c^iYb*
`bj) b mlo ?^ jvkdr^ lbebcè f^ do^kabp c^Rqlfjáqlp)
mloáj pb abrbj qo^wbo _l^p) _à cbfq^p) b cloqbp) b ab
q^i cbfÖlj) pbdrkal rfo `^a^erë ieb `èrbj mbo^ ^p
_bpq^p P &G ^ka^o) cbfÖè abpp^p mbok^p) b lnrb lrrbo
abcbwbo }klj `rob jrvql a^ jraÑÖ^ alp `rpqrjbp
mlo k^p `lrp^p ^i klj qbb mlo cvj ) pbklj _bj
m^ob`bo ilrrl dr^oa^o ^lmbkvlj dbbo^i pbdrkal pr^
[a^ab) b pq^al ab`^a^erN ) j^p lkab pb abrb `èppfgo^u
^ooba^jàql ab j^i b _ll p^_bo a^ molrbfqlp^ j^ke^
^ppv dr^oabj l`rpqrjb nrb kè c^Ölj `lrp^ àmbb`frbi
b mbofgdlp^ `ljl ^dlo^ rbfl) mlo erp^obj pmlo^p ièd^p
j^fp ab o^wlj) `^r^iilp _llp `è bii^p kã mlabj _bj
ú^r^id^o) b ^`^Ö^ nr^kal pb STRTc] qofd*lp^jáqb mlo
`loobo ab mbb oljmbobkppb) b `^vobj abq^i drfp^ nrb
eb do^kab p`^okel abrbbo ^nrbj abpql qá _ll `lk_b(
`vjbkql) mlobj q^i `rpqrjb eb abkdbfq^o) b qo^wbii^^
ab cbfÖlj o^wl^a^p) `ljl af`ql eb+ @lj m^^l b r^o^v
àppvkÇ) ^graÇ) b `loobj ^p _bpq^p bj qàmlp abpr^vo^*
alp alp nr^^bp mlbobv ^idrëp buPmolp) mlo lp nr^^bp
klp pbjbie^kqbp pb mlab cfie^o `èppbiel b ^rvp^jáql
mbo^ abiil pb ^molrbfq^o Mofjbfol eb al àppvk^o a^p
_bpq^p klr^jbkqb nrÜ `è q^ii^p `rpqrjÇ a^o pbrp ßppv{
klp) bpql 3b c^w mlo a^p pmlo^p kè cfi_^oà dbvql a^kqb(
m^o^o a^o ^l `^_l `erm^oppb lr k¢ `loobo abobfil) mlo
^p _bpq^p klr^p mlo cbovo abif^p jrvq^p rbwbp molrì
^idrÇ abpq^p j^iif`f^p+ B qo^wà ^p q^ii^p Çqb Ñ lrqol
m^^l) mlo q^i al pèl abif^p cfieà qbjlo ^^iiP al pbk*
qfal B iÑ _bj pb c^w mlo kè cfie^oà abp^ppbppbdl kl
olpqol `è qbjlo al cobl mlo `è bii^p j^fp k^qro^ijà*
qb pb `rpqrjÇ rliq^o) b abprv^o) `lj lp coblp+ Pb*
`rkal abmlfp cbfq^p pè mbo^ `loobo Äp m^obie^p ^^fÜ
a^p pmlo^p) `lj r^o^ mlo j^fp `l foboà ^p âboá ^`ob`ç*
q^kal lqbjlc a^p r^ocf`^a^p pl_ob lcbofo a^p pmlo^p )
br mlobj kè jrvql ilrr^ov^ q^i `rpqrjb pb qE úrp^al

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 GB
 @A >AI ?=R=HC=N PK@= OAH=+ LNI
]y clppb) mlo nrb ^jvj m^ob`b o^wâc pberâi k^rsl pb
qlor^ Eb pbr ^ka^o mlo pb jlrboà bj b i) b mbo^ j^(p
pvkdi^o qlalp ^ppbppbdÇ) n mbo^ jvielo `loobo ^_bpq^)
l^ppbpábdl c^o^ do^kab rÑi^dç a^p pmlo^p plii^jàqb)
_bj lcbovkal) j^fp mlfp qÑql pb `rpqrj^ qbke^jlp I
+mbo^ j^fp `loobo al cbovo a^k^o^ ob`b_à ^idr^ ^gra^)
gpb al `loml mlr`l pb ^_^ii^oà+ Qbo`bfol nr^kal molrcc
mbo j^iifbf^ abjloabo qfo^o ^l pbbbqol) obrbi^o) Ry
m^^l à m^oib pb `loobdà) `ljl ^aâÇqb) ablp nrbobkal)
pb afo^) nr^kal c^ii^o a^p j^iif`f^p a^p _bpq^p Nr^oql
^l qàml a^ kb`bppfa^ab mlo nrb_o^o al cobl) _^o_bii^)
lr pb abp_l`^o jrvq^p rbwbp Ry m^^l pb ifroÇ ab do^k*
abp mbofdllp a^kalieb kl olpqol) b c^wbiil rliq^o `lk*
qo^ ^idrÑ m^obab) lr q^i ild^o bj ¨G mbo cloÖ^ pb qb*
ke^+ Bppbl kè ^`e^oà `lkqo^ lrqbfol mbo n pb `Çplb
mlo ^âf`^jàql a^p pmlo^p) lr pb abprfg a^Gdrëp mbofg*
V^b^b Gld^obp B `$pfgo^alp bpqbp molrbfqlp nrb pb ob*
`b_bj bj q^^bp qàmlp _ll eb nrbj ^ka^o ^ `^r^iil
`rpqrj^o abqo^wbo m^^l) lr r^o^ k^ j^Çl mlo q^Z nrb
nr^kal `ljmofo pb mlpp^ abGibp ^molrbfq^o B ^3pv c^Öl
_obrbjàqb cvj abpq^ pbuq^ m^oqb al cbofo a^p pmlo^p)
m^^l) lr r^o^Ü

>`^_^ppb ^ppbuq^ m^oqb) b `ljbÖ^ppb ^ppbcqbj^ a^idkcq

àppvkÇÖ^ mbo^ ^lp mbofdllp) b `^glèbp ^ ^`^r^ifl
+ ^`lrqb `à) klp mlabojlp `lj ^do^Ö^ ab ^blp dr^o*
a^o+

Bj ^nrbpq^ pbf qbj^ m^oqb a^j^kbfo^ `ljl al^

mbofdllp bG `^gllàp GG mlo jvkdr^ ab _à p^_bo `^rcqi*
é^o) b ^rfp^oppb alp qg ab `^r^iil jrvqlp `^glP Bkqà*
l p`obrbo ^nrbiibp ^rfp^jbkqlp n jb _lp m^ob`à mbo^
ab do^j m^oqb abiibp pbboà dr^oa^alp Bpp^f_ecq mofjbf*
ol nrb qlal ^rvp^jàql alp eljbàp kè r^f `lrp^ n
mobpqb pb mbo do^Ö^ pmb`f^i al pbkelo ablp k¢ clo ^gr*
a^al) @^ p`ofmql eb kè ^nrbi n mo^kq^) kà nrb obdÄ)
j^p lppbkelo ablp a^ qlal _ll `èmofjàql Mloà mlqq
.2 û

.EDEKENBA @M HFKMM e^
 ..3 A J O O U J ò Jxò+
màppl kà lrqoà nrbfo^ àqbkabo N mobprjl jbrp ^lfp^*
jàilp pbboà Z [ Z l q^ibp mbo^ dr^oa^o pbdro^jbkqb abql*
al j^i b `^glj) j^p pbdrkal ^nrbf af`ql Pbdr^oa^*
obp bj qbrp cbfqlp o^wè b jbpro^ kci`^) lr q^oab ^`r*
p^o^p ràqro^) m^ob`bjb _à a^o bpqbp `èppÜielp mbo^
`^a^_rë abiibp molrbfqlp^jàqb pb mlabo ^gra^o ì klp
à bpql b qla^p lrqo^p `lrp^p rbbjlp mbo loabkÇÖ^ ab*
D K > O K pbkelo) jbklp m^ab`bo lp âg pb alp mbofgdllp p^*
_à `ljl abrà dr^oa^o Mloà bkqbkal n mbo^ bpql pbo^
molrbfqlpl p^_bobj jbrp ^rvp^jàqlp mlo lnrb qbkel
abpq^ ?`fà`f^ _à mo^qf`^al) b mbo o^wè `lkeb`f abpnrb
màppbv* abif^ p`obrbo+ Eb abpp^_bo ¨G mbo bpq^p `cnrl
dbbo^^bp m^oqbp c^igb`bjlp bj jvkdr^ abklp p^_bo*
jlp alp `^gllàp ^rfp^o+ Mofjbfo^ mlo k^ _bpq^ j^i klp
p^_bojlp qbbo) b `^vkal abif^) klp `^gl^ojlp Pbdrk*
a^ mlo kcq pbbojlp ^rfp^alp) lr ^rbojlp fà_oÇÖ^ mbo^
c^wbo `loobdbo c^S^b VdPa]Y\s[^P S^ RPdPu[^& T ]^bb^b
pbdro^jàqb+ Qbo`bfo^ mlo j^knrbfo^) alàÖ^) co^nrb*
w^) `Ñpp^Öl) j^^l dbfql) lr j^i qo^wbo a^ _bpq^ Nr^o*
q^ ) mlo klp alp mbofdllp k90 p^_bojlp dr^oa^o ^kqb n %
^biibp rbk_^jlp Nrfq^ mlo k92 p^_bojlp objbaf^o ^i*
drëp abp n pljlp f^ à pbr `ljbÖl) alp nr^^bp lp n
l_à p^_bj c^wbo) mbo do^Ö^ al pbkelo) Ry _ll ^rfp^*
jàql pb ?^ir^j Bab`i^o^kal qlal bpql) màppl n mbo^
^idrëp a^obv _llp ^rfp^jÜqlp+ ì ^lp /' o^rvql p^_à
ià_o^obf lqg f^ qbà mo^qf`^al ì nr^kql ^l mofjbfol mb*
o^ p^_bo `ljl _l abrà dr^oa^o ab `^vo a^ _bpq^) ob*
`looÇppb ^^mofjbfo^ m^oqb abpqb ifrol) lkab pb \^bcaP\
jcivq^p àppvkÑÖ^p) mbo^ cloqbjàqb p^_bobj `^r^âd^o)
mlo n ^iiv ^`e^olj lnrb olb m^ob`bl j^fp molrbfqlpl
mbo^ bj bii^ cloqbjàqb pb qbbo+ Al pbdrkal mboqbà*
`b ^l `loobdfjÜql klppl b a^ _bpq^ Bj ^af`q^ m^oqb
AB _bj eb abiil p`ofmql) j^p `lkeb`bkal mbo^ bpql
jrvql mlaà ^idrÇp `lrp^p abif^p ^molrbfq^o j^fp ab*
`i^o^a^jàqb lrqo^ rbw Çnrv jb mo^w ab^p p`obrbo) ^p%
nr^^bp pà bpq^p Al cobå pbfcq ^rfp^alp n ^p `loob^p SPP
`^_bÖ^a^p) b obab^p bbf$ _à cloqbp) b ^ppv lp dàÖlcqü ñ

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 G B
 @> >>I ?=R=HC=N PK@= O>H=+ ..4
mobd^j áql) abq^i drvp^ `g mbo pbr c^iivjPil `^gåj ké
mlppÑ ob`b_bo) kà bbf^ mlpql ^iql) lr _^ful) b ^_^o*
_bii^ Çab `ljl `èmob abppb qo^wbo) mlo `rg^ jvkdr^)
jrvqlp `^r^iilp pb abpàcobÇ b pbrp alklp ob`b_bj
do^kabp `^gllàp+ >ppbii^ pbf^ ab_l^ cbfÖlj pbdrkal
lnrbppb à bii^ abrb c^wbo) mlo gg ^idrÑp rbwbp \nlmnf~
ob`b_bo `^gã mlo pbbo j^i cbfq^ alp ^oÖlãbp lr ^mboq^*
a^ alppbfl >p `fie^p abrá pbbo molrfpq^p) cloqbp b _bj
`loobdfa^p >p pqob_bfo^p kè qÑql ^mboq^a^p nrb lmbb
abif^p kã mlpp^ p^vo) ká ^ppv i^od^p cz mbo bii^p m^ppb)
lr c^Ö^ co^`l `^r^id^o) b kè pb qo^d^j `ljmofa^p clo^
aboo^wlj mlo jrvqlp mbofdllp cg abif^p pb ob`ob`bj
`ljl ^bpmbofà`f^ _à bkppvk^) ^gka^ Gg mbo c^kqbpf^) b
kç _ll `r5qrjb jrvqlp ^ppv ^p qo^dÇ+ >p pmlo^p pbf2
aboo^wl^a^ icidro^) dr^oa^kal nrb pb kã mobkaÑ bj
G^qbdl) lr crka^ mlo pr^ `èmofaçlb) b do^kabw^ a^p
ola^p 9^b qo^glp bj qàml nrb `èmofo) kl pb mbfP) mlo
nrb f^ abiibp ^idrëp ^`^fl^oã ì ^ppv mbo ^nrbpqbp ^rf*
p^jàqlp &g p`obrl `^a^erë bj pbjbieÇqbp pb mlab ^rf*
p^o) kl n ^bi) b ^ppr^ _bpq^ mboqàb`bo A^ qbo`bfo^
m^oqb ) `ljl klp abrbjlp ^rfp^o) a^j^knrbfo^) alç*
Ö^) co^nrbw^) `$pp^Öl) j^^l dbfql) lr j^iif`f^p a^*
_bpq^) a^nrbpql cfieà abpr^fo^alp ^rfp^jàqlp dbbo^^bp)
j^p lp pbkelobp b lrqolp nrbl _bj mlabj c^wbo) p`r*
pbj ^p pbjbieÇqbp B K> nrb lrqo^p ka qàb `loo^j ) b
^kab bj bii^p `a do^kab obdr^oal) pbdrkal pbkqfoP
pcbrp c^if`fjàqlp @lkppfgo^kal mbo lkab rÇ^l b lnrb
pl_ob q^^bp _bpq^p iebp `èrbj) lr nrbobj c^wbo) ^rf*
p^kalppb a^j^Çl a^p obab^p) Ü a^p pmlo^p) mlo `rg^
ab`i^o^Ölj mlkel bpqbp buàmolp) mlo lp nr^^bp lrqolp
^rfp^jbkqlp pb mlaç `lkpfgo^o+ K^p _bpq^p jÇ`^p al^
mbfqlp) _o^Ölp) qkÇ^lp) b a^p cg mbo `Çp?^Öl `^oobd^j
pl_ob lp coblp ) fz pb bk`^iÖ^j klp kborlp ) lr k^p
j^Çlp pb olÖ^j abppl_mbbp) qboo^p ovg^p) b abmbao^p
mlpql nrb abii^j^ pbflj) j^fp pmf`f^ijbkqb pb abrbj
dr^oa^o A^p nrÜ pãj `^oobd^a^p afÇqb) ^ka^j _^ful
a^p j^Çlp b lp _o^Ölp mbo j^kdrbfo^p a lr j^^l dbvql;

.EDEKENBA @M L = I I 7 E B
. .# elJOOUJ=Jx= @A >AI ?=R=HC=N PK@= OAH=+
fk^i abpàrlirbj) ab`loobobj mbo j^ql bpmbppl b mbi^*
al) mbo i^j^) ^rdr^) lr bor^Ö^i) okrvql abrbj pbbo
^rvp^alp K^p j^k`^p a^p mbok^p) abco^`l ilj_l) nrb
^ppbii^ cfiebj b nrb pbf^j alàibp ab mlijbfo^) co^`^p)
lr `^kp^a^p) lr nrb ^p `fie^p `loo^j) ^p ebobfi^p pb
dr^oabj) `^ mbo pr^ co^nrbw^ mlaà ^ppbr alkl j^ff
bjmbb`bo) lr c^wbo bjm^`el K^p nrb pb olÖ^j k^f
'bok^p) cliil^p) pm^kq^avÖ^p) b pl_bfl ^drÖlp^p mbâ
T^abfo^p) `^jvkelp pq obf qlp) b ab ^mboq^alp m^pplp)
j^fp pb ^rvpbj+ ì alp &G ^p j^Plp `orwlj abp^qbkq^*
al ) b p^kav^jàqb `loobj) lr jrvql p^j j^k`^p) bj
qlal ild^o pb ^rfpbj abif^p) `^ qlalp iebp plj mbofg(
dlplp A^p j^iif`f^p a^p _bpq^p bj qlal ird^o b qbjü
ml `ãrbj dr^oa^o `ljl ^af^kqb ablp nrbobkal avobv)
nr^kal pbr qàml rvbo) pmf`f^ijPqb klp j^fp mbofgdlplp)
lr ab rbodlke^ K^p jrii^p mbo G^j^) ^rdr^) ovf^ ) lr
^iq^) j^fp pb ^rvpbj( Ab _bpq^p 8=BF6F \dh@B bT _T]'
`b_^j mlo nrb kë`^ ieb c^iib`b `lkqo^ nrbj) b mlo q'
molrbj pr^p j^iif`f^p+ K^p n _bj klj ráb) qk^i bk*
cob^a^p) b jrv ql ^rvr^a^p klp ird^obp pmbpplp a^orl(
ob p ) abpqbfolp) ab _^ool`^p) ^id^obp) jlolrÖlp abmb*
ao^p) b abqolrllàp pb abrbj j^fp dr^oa^o) mlo âg k^q
pbjbie^kqbp abq^^bp mbofdllp pbklj mlabj _bj ^oob*
a^o K^p nrb `loobj elj^ql p^iq^kal pl_ob ^p j^flp
`^oobd^a^p af^kqb) b nrb `^oobdrbj pl_ob lp coblp) û
a^p co^`^p alp _o^Ölp) ab ild^obp ab `lr^p ab `lbielp)
b jrvql jlie^a^p) `e^okb`^p j^fp pbdr^oabj+

@^h `kZ\bZl

=\Z[Z]h ]^ \hibZk ahc^ 0 ]^ Fngah +0-w

ló
LZkbl+ >b[ebhma^\Z ]h N^b+

.EDEKENBA @M F
; R ; C1 R ; R 2; 1Q
IB>I
? K I EED EEEK &
T
OGOUT=Jx'
>A >>I
?=R=HC =E'
Fj t fJ t tJ T afR

.EDEKENBA @M Chh`e^
!'&')'+%$ #* gl fp d ib
F I ) UM&8 &

# Y ; ; g 5 D % (hM %

ç4ñ
b%
1* DLJ

60<4.

!'&')'+%$ #* ! b^
 + L caX ¥

R X( á c %

8SQS^SdON!Lc D lldfb