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giln_ $g[cm nÉjc]i hi IO%*
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I }i m_ ^cm]on_ ko_ [ Oilz( ^_m^_ ko_ i m_l bo g [h i [ i\m_lp_( f_p[

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pclno^_ ^[ j_ln_h~[ [ og jipi j[lnc]of[l* ?_mpch]of[^[ ^_mn[ j_lmj_])
ncp[( [ G_c( _hn_h^c^[ _g n_lgim ^_ `Ä _g p_t ^_ i\l[m( ji^_ ]ihncho[l
[ ^_m_g j_hb[l og j[j_f jimcncpi* <m [oni]ihnl[^c~à_m ko_ L:G=>KL _
K âBLâG>G _h]ihnl[l[g m}i i l_mofn[î ^_ olh[ j_lmj_]ncp[ ^_g[mc[^[)
g_hn_ l_ôtc^[ ^[ j[ln_ ^_f_m( g[m h}i ^[ j[ln_ ^_ K[ofi*
.% J ko_\l[)][\_~[ î gincpi j_fi ko[f ionl[m _rjfil[~à_m ko_
jlijà_g ^cmnch~à_m hi chn_lcil ^[ G_c $G_c gil[f _ ]_lcgihc[f( G_c ch)
n_lcil _ _rn_lcil( hâ]f_i ^[ G_c _ G_c [` fafa# j[l_]_ ìlh_]_l mifo~à_m
j[l]c[cm( g[m [j_h[m j[l]c[cm( ^[ n_hm}i _hnl_ [m ^cp_lm[m [`clg[~à_m
^_ K[ofi*/0 O[cm _rjfil[~à_m m}i ch]igjf_n[m _r[n[g_hn_ jilko_ ^_c)
r[l[g ^_ f_p[l _g ]ihn[ [ òh~}i mi]c[f ^[ G_c _ [ g[h_cl[ ]igi _mm[
òh~}i _hì][ _rcaÇh]c[m lcno[cm j[lnc]of[l_m* K[ofi `pa ^_`_h^_ mo[
jimc~}i [i ^cpc^cl [ G_c _g _f_g_hnim []_cnzp_cm _ ch[]_cnzp_cm( jicm i
ko_ _f_ _mnz [n[][hî Ä og [ Sf[fgVW j[lnc]of[l _g l_f[~}i { G_c ]igi n[f(
[ G_c ]igi og faVa _g mo[ òh~}i mi]c[f ^[kocfi ko_ ^cmnchao_ i do^_o
î a_hnci* Qcmni ^_ o g |haofi V[XWdW`fW% i jihni [laog _hn[ncpi ^[ G_c
]igi og niî m_lz _hì][î ^_ ionl[m g[h_cl[m( j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ h[
`Ä $ [ G_c ^[ `Ä ) Mg /*.47 5*/-)/.% _ hi [gil [i jlÖrcgi $Mg -/*-,%*
@ [fai ko_ n_g [ g_mg[ cgjiln|h]c[6 [m _rcaÇh]c[m ko_ i\m]ol_]_g
_mm_ jihni `c][l}i ]ig og [ l_f_p|h]c[ m_]oh^zlc[( ]igi SV[mXadS'
< j[lncl ^_mm[ j_lmj_]ncp[( [nÄ g_mgi [ ]i_lÇh]c[ ko_ nl_]bim
]igi .>il / _ Mg . [jl_m_hn[g ^_hnli ^[ n_ifiac[ j[ofch[ ^[ G_c
nilh[)m_ g[cm ]f[l[* L o[hî K[ofi m_ l_`_l_ { f_nl[ ko_ g[n[( _f_ h}i
_mnz j_hm[hî h[ G_c ]igi n[f( io [nÄ g_mgi h[ G_c _hn_h^c^[ fcn_l[f)
/. M}cm}h_h( GWkb% j* 2.)3/(-,-)--4*

// ?_p_)m_ hin[l ko_ _o ^cai al[h^_ j[ln_ ^_ mo[ ]lÉnc][ 7 h_mm_ _hm[ci h}i jli)
]oli nl[n[l ionlim [mj_]nim ^[ òh~}i ^[ G_c hi j_hm[g_hni ^_ K[ofi $j[lnc]o)
f[lg _hn_ Mg 1*.,7 3*3)--%*
/0 >`* j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ [ ^cm]omm}i ^_ M}cm}h_h #GWkb% j* ./).4%*
,*, : F G N 9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG:J= H 9MDG
g_hn_( g[m h[ G_c ^_`chchî i jipi ^[ [fc[h~[ ]ig i lcni `Émc]i pcmÉp_f
^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i $]igi _g Mg .*.5%* x [ G_c _hn_h^c^[ ^_mm[ g[h_cl[
ko_ Ä n}i ^_mnloncp[ j[l[ [ pc^[ î @mjÉlcni*/1 @ i ko_ K[ofi pcm[ _g
Mg . ko[hî `[f[ ^_ a_hncim ko_ `[t_g [ G_c h}i Ä [faog ]_lh_ ^[ G_c
]igi n[f* N_o i\d_ncpi Ä [hn_m gch[l [ ]ih`c[h~[ do^[c][ ^_ ko_ mo[ ji)
mc~}i ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om hi EoÉti Ach[f _mn[lc[ a[l[hnc^[ jil fWd [ G_c( jil
j_lg[h_]_l VW`fda ^[ G_c* J `[ni ^_ ji^_l b[p_l _hnl_ im a_hncim og
]ogjlcg_hni _`_ncpi ^[ G_c( og ]igjligcmmi _`_ncpi ]ig i m_hncî
^[ G_c $Mg .*-0)-1(.2).3% l_p_f[ ko_ n[f ]ih`c[h~[ _mnz _kocpi][^[ _
^_mfi][^[* Jo( ^cni ^_ g[h_cl[ ]ihnlzlc[( i afilc[l)m_ do^[c]i h[ G_c
^_p_lc[ m_l [hof[î p_l^[^_cl[g _hn_ j_fi `[ni ^_ ko_ bz do^_om ko_
^_mi\_^_]_g ]igjf_n[g_hn_ [ [faog[m _rcaÇh]c[m ^[ G_c $Mg .*.-)
./ ) `pa [m i\l[m ^[ G_c ko_ ^_`ch_g [m `lihn_cl[m% _hko[hni [ch^[
m}i do^_om _ [ch^[ jl_m_lp[g $jl_mogcp_fg_hn_% mo[ c^_hnc^[^_ ^[
[fc[h~[*/2
@g jio][m j[f[pl[m( og l_]ihb_]cg_hni ^[ òh~}i mi]c[f ^[ G_c
_ ^_ i\l[m ^[ G_c ]igi og [ _rjl_mm}i mog zlc[ ^[ òh~}i ^[ G_c
m_aohî [ pcm}i chn_lh[ î do^[Émgi mcahc`c][ og _r]_f_hn_ ][gchbi
log i { l_gi~}i _ mifo~}i ^[m ]ihnl[^c~à_m _ n_hmà_m ko_ j[l_]c[g n}i
]igjfc][^[m j[l[ L:G=>KL _ K äBLäG>G (
=^ ,'*)&*- & g_ USea VW fWefW
@g JZW DWi FWdebWUf[hW a` FSg^ _mncp_ ]ihm]c_hn_ ^_ ko_ [ gchb[

[laog_hn[~}i ]b_aio [ m_l jio]i g[cm ko_ og [ _r_a_m_ ^_ B- .*-2*/3
@g pzlc[m l_[~à_m( ]if_a[m i\m_lp[l[g ko_ gchb[ n_m_( j[l[ a[hb[l
_g ]l_^c\cfc^[^_( n_lc[ ^_ _h]ihnl[l n[g\Äg og m_hncî j[l[ B- /*-,)
-0* ?_ `[ni( B- /*-,)-0 i`_l_]_ og ][mi ^_ n_mn_ mo\mn[h]c[f( _ [\il^[)
l_gim [ail[ _mn_ n_rni*
/1 < ]lÉnc][ ^_ M}cm}h_h h_mn_ jihni pifn[)m_ ^cl_n[g_hn_ ]ihnl[ [ pcm}i cao[fg_h)
n_ ch[^_ko[^[ ^_ ko_ √œΩÀÀ• mcahc`c][ i f_a[fcmgi do^[c]i _g p_t ^_ [ Oilz (
g[m _f_ h}i ]ihmc^_lio [ òh~}i mi]c[f ^[ Oilz ]igi og niî #GWkb% j* 00)02%*
/2 < ^cm]omm}i ^_ N[h^_lm h}i []_ln[ [ ko_mn}i _ gch[ [mmcg [ mo[ jlÖjlc[ ]lÉnc][
#CWm% j* -./)-/.%* N_g_fb[hn_g_hn_ M}cm}h_h #GWkb% j* 54)-,-%7 K[ofi [n[][ [
nÉjc][ jl_moh~}i do^[c][ ^_ ko_ n_l [ G_c( _mn[l ^_hnli ^[ G_c( ^z [ ]_ln_t[ ^[
domnc`c][~}i $]igi M}cm}h_h l_]ihb_]_ ^_jicm ) j* -3,%7 Ä _mm[ [ncno^_ ko_ K[ofi
[]om[ _g Mg .*-3).0( h}i ][^[ do^_o ch^cpcô[f m_g _r]_~}i #GWkb% j* -,,%*
/3 I_q K_lmj_]ncp_ ( j* .,,).,- #WY_cW% j* -4,)-4.%*
:Wf}jkbe , +),
Iim j[lzal[ìm [hn_lcil_m( K[ofi f_g\lio m_om f_cnil_m ^_ ]igi

_f_m ]ig_~[l[g mo[ pc^[ ]lcmn}* @f_ _h`[nct[ hip[g_hn_ i ]ihnl[mn_ _h)
nl_ i\l[m ^_ G_c _ `Ä * @mm[m j_mmi[m ^_p_lc[g m[\_l gocni \_g ko_
nchb[g l_]_\cî i @mjÉlcni _ _hnl[î h[ _rj_lcÇh]c[ j_lg [h_hn_ î
@mjclcni 2Õ Ω»Œø– Ÿ¿®©ß”– _ h}i æÕ óæœ√”Ã Ã÷ÀŒ—( cmni Ä( jil og [ l_mjimn[
^_ `Ä ko_ h}i _mn[p[ pch]of[^[ io _rjl_mm[ j_f[m i\m_lp|h]c[m $lcno[cm%
ko_ ][l[]n_lct[g i do^[Émgi $B- /*.(1%* J [f_ln[ Ä ]f[li6 [mmcg ]igi
chc]c[l[g( ^_p_lc[g ]ihncho[l $B- /*/%* Dmni ko_l ^ct_l( h}i ^_p_lc[g
j_hm[l ko_ [ Ua`f[`gSqpa ^_ mo[ pc^[ hi @mjÉlcni ^_j_h^_mm_ g[cm î
m_lpc~i higcmn[( î higcmgi ^[ [fc[h~[( î ko_ m_o chÉ]ci* O[g\Äg
[koc _mnz cgjfÉ]cni [i [laog _hni [ [mmi]c[~}i ^_ i\l[m ^[ G_c ]ig
][lh_ $æÕ óæœ√”Ã Ã÷ÀŒ— him p* .(1( j[l[f_fi [ ®•œ»¿ Ii p* /%* @( hip[)
g_hn_( h[^[ ^cmmi ^_p_lc[ m_l l_ôtcî [ og _mìl~i ch^cpcô[fcmn[ ^_
[onill_[fct[~}i* Hocni [i ]ihnlzlci( ]igi dz [jl_h^_gim [ _mj_l[l(
[g\im im n_lgim pcm[g i h[]cih[fcmgi ^[ ]igjl__hm}i ncjc][g_hn_
do^[c][ ^[ jlig_mm[ ^cpch[ ^[ [fc[h~[ ) i @mjÉlcni ^[î [im `cfbim _ `c)
fb[m ^_ <\l[}i( _hn_h^cîm h[nol[fg _hn_ ]igi [ _hnc^[^_ h[]cih[f ^_
Dml[_f( m_j[l[îm ]igi b_l^_clim ^_ ?_om j_f[ G_c _ j_f[ ]cl]oh]cm}i
^[ ][lh_* Jm f_cnil_m a_hncim ^_ K[ofi( jilÄg( m[\c[g jil _rj_lcÇh]c[
jlÖjlc[ ko_ ait[l ^_mm[ jlig_mm[ h}i ^_j_h^_l[ _ h}i ^_j_h^c[ ^_
m_o [fchb[g_hni pcmÉp_f _ `Émc]i ]ig im do^_om h[ncpim jil g_ci ^[
[]_cn[~}i îm ]imnog_m do^[c]im [h]_mnl[cm*
J n_mn_gohbi ^_ mo[ jlÖjlc[ _rj_lcÇh]c[ Ä ]ih`clg[î j_f[ @m]lc)
nol[( ko_ pch]of[ [ `Ä ^_ <\l[}i { jlig_mm[ [ <\l[}i( jlig_mm[ ko_
gimnl[p[( ^_m^_ i chÉ]ci ^_ mo[ l_f[~}i ^_ [fc[h~[ ]ig <\l[}i( ko_
i jlijÖmcni ^_ ?_om _l[ [\_h~i[l im a_hncim* Ez ko_ ìc _g jlcg _cli
foa[l [ `Ä ^_ <\l[}i ko_ _mn[\_f_]_o [ [fc[h~[( im ko_ m}i çê Ÿ¿®©ß”–
ji^_g m_ ]ihmc^_l[l gocni [jlijlc[^[g _hn_ `cfbim _ `cfb[m ^_ <\l[}i(
_ [i l_]_\_l i @mjÉlcni æÕ Ÿ¿®©ß”–( ji^_g m[\_l ko_ _mn[ Ä [ \_h~}i ko_
?_om fb_m ^_mnchio ^_m^_ i jlcg _cli gig_hni _g ko_ []_cnio <\l[}i
hog [ l_f[~}i ^_ [fc[h~[ $B-/*2)5%* >ihnoî( m_ [ `Ä Ä [ g[l][ ^cmnchncp[
î jipi ^_mm[ jlig_mm[( i ko_ ^ct_l ^[ G_c; @ i ko_ ^ct_l ^[ko_f[m
j_mmi[m ko_ m_gjl_ ]ihmc^_l[p[g hilg[f ko_ ìmm_g [ G_c _ [m i\l[m
^[ G_c im _f_g_hnim ^cmnchncpim ko_ m_j[l[p[g i jipi ^[ [fc[h~[ ^cpc)
h[; @mn[ Ä [ ko_mn}i j[l[ [ ko[f K[ofi m_ pifn[ ^_jicm( _g B-/*-,)-0*
Q* -,6 Kilko_ niîm ko_ m}i 2Õ óæœ√”Ã Ã÷ÀŒ— _mn}i mi\ og [ g[f^c)
~}i( jicm _mnz _m]lcni6 #H [f^cni niî [ko_f_ ko_ h}i j_lg[h_]_ ^_hnli
^_ noî ko_ _mnz _m]lcni hi Gcpli ^[ G_c j[l[ m_l jl[nc][î# $?n .3*.2%*
,*. : F G N 9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG:J= H 9M DG
< fÖac][ \zmc][ î n_rni _mnz ]f[l[6 ni^[m [m j_mmi[m ko_ m}i æÕ æœ√”Ã
Ã÷ÀŒ— _mn}i mi\ og [ g[f^c~}i( badcgW h}i j_lg[h_]_g _g noî i ko_
_mnz _m]lcni h[ G_c* Dmni him ^ct cg_^c[n[g _hn_ [fai mi\l_ æÕ óæœ√”Ã Ã÷ÀŒ—
h[ j_lmj_]ncp[ ^_ K[ofi6
-% m_l æÕ æœ√”Ã Ã÷ÀŒ— h}i Ä i g _mg i ko_ j_lg [h_]_l h [ G_c7

.% m_l æÕ æœ√”Ã Ã÷ÀŒ— Ä [fai ko_ h}i [f][h~[ [ ko[fc^[^_ ^_ j_lg [)
h_]_l _g no ^ i ko_ _mnz _m]lcni h[ G_c*
J ko_ K[ofi ji^_ ko_l_l ^ct_l [koc; < l_mjimn[ ]imnog_cl[ m_)
ao_ j_f[m m_aochn_m fchb[m6 æÕ æœ√”Ã Ã÷ÀŒ— l_`_l_)m_ [ ni^[m [m j_mmi[m
ko_ jli]ol[g [f][h~[l mo[ jlÖjlc[ domnc~[ ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om7 _ [i ]cn[l
?n .3*.2( K[ofi jl_mmojà_ ko_ Ä cgjimmÉp_f ]og jlcl [m _rcaÇh]c[m ^[
G_c*/4 Dmni ko_l ^ct_l ko_ K[ofi []om[ m_om ]if_a[m do^_om+do^_o)]lcm)
n}im/5 ^_ j_hm[l_g ko_( [i i\m_lp[l [ G_c( ji^_lc[g _rcacl [fai ^_
?_om( _ cmni mcgjf_mg_hn_ Ä cgjimmÉp_f* Ii _hn[hni( n[f _r_a_m_ _mnz
jl_do^c][^[ jil pzlcim `[nil_m*
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ko_ { [onill_[fct[~}i* æÕ æœ√”Ã Ã÷ÀŒ— m}i im do^_om ]igi og niî(
jl_]cm[g_hn_ { g _^c^[ ko_ _hn_h^_g [ mc g_mgim him n_lgim ^[ G_c(
ko_ p__g mo[m pc^[m ]igi g_g\lim î jipi ^[ [fc[h~[ ^cpch[ ][l[])
n_lct[^[ j_fi m_lpc~i jl_m]lcni j_f[ G_c*0,
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g_hn_ [ N[h^_lm%*
:Wf}jkbe , +).
\% < c^_c[ ^_ ko_ K[ofi [i ]cn[l ?n .3*.2 jl_mmojà_ [ cgjimmc\c)

fc^[^_ ^_ ]og jlcl [ G_c Ä ^c`c]cfg_hn_ _pc^_hn_ _ n_g ko_ m_l chm_lc^[
hi [laog_hni*0-
]% < _r_a_m_ m_ nig[ [ch^[ g[cm jl_][lc[ ko[hî j_l]_\_gim ko_
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^ct K äBLäG>G5., _ ]_ln[g_hn_ _g 1*-0( ih^_ K[ofi cgjfc][ ]f[l[g_hn_ ko_
ni^[ [ G_c baVW m_l ]ogjlc^[ [i [g[l m_o jlÖrcgi ]igi [ mc g_mgi*0/
J ][gchbi g[cm jlig cmmil j[l[ og [ _r_a_m_ [jlijlc[^[ î p*
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]igj[nlcin[m $_ im do^[ct[hn_m% ]ihmc^_l[p[g h[nol[f( [i ko_mncih[l i
ko_ _f_m _kocj[l[p[g* Dmni ko_l ^ct_l( [ g[cilc[ îm do^_om î n_gji
^_ K[ofi jl_mog c[ mcgjf_mg_hn_ ko_ m_l æÕ ãÑ íåïè èñéëî r j_lg[h_]_l
^_hnli ^_ noî ko_ [ Oilz _mn[\_f_]c[( r l_[fg_hn_ `[t_l i ko_ [ G_c _rc)
a_*00H[m K[ofi l_d_cn[ _mm[ _ko[~}i* N_l ^[m i\l[m ^[ G_c `pa r i g_mgi
ko_ ]ogjlcl [ G_c( r _Wàe î ko_ [kocfi ko_ [ G_c _rca_ _( ^_mm[ g[)
h_cl[( ][c mi\ [ g[f^c~}i ^[ jlÖjlc[ G_c* Kil ko_ cmmi; < l_mjimn[ _mnz
_g himm[ _rjfc][~}i [hn_lcil ^_ i\l[m ^[ G_c * <m j_mmi[m ko_ m}i æÕ
óæœ√”Ã Ã÷ÀŒ— m}i [m ko_ ]igjl__h^_l[g i |g\cni î jipi ^[ [fc[h~[
^cpch[ ]igi Dml[_f bWd eW% ]igi [ko_f_ jipi ko_ Ä ^_`chcî j_f[ G_c _
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0. >`* SU[_S% hin[ 1*
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i p* -, #>WbWj_Wdi% j*-01)-02%* < jlÖjlc[ l_]ihmnlo~}i ko_ =_nt `[t î l[]ci]Éhci
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dohni [ m_om f_cnil_m( _ h_mn_ jihni( K[ofi ^c`c]cfg_hn_ ji^c[ mcgjf_mg_hn_ mo)
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jlÖjlci =_nt h[ j* -0-%* <fÄg ^cmmi( ]igi gimnl[ Cä\h_l( _mm_ ncji ^_ n_ifiac[
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]igi og [ l_fcac}i ^_ gÄlcni _ i\l[m l_[fct[^[m (-, _ ko_ K[ofi( `[t_h)

î [mmcg( ìlh_]_ og [ cg[a_g nin[fg_hn_ ^cmnil]c^[ ^[ l_fcac}i do)
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n_( Ä i `[ni ^_ ko_ i higcmgi ^[ [fc[h~[ î do^[cmgi j[f_mnch_hm_(
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ni^[m [m mo[m `[m_m( ji^_ b[p_l jio][ ^âpc^[ ^_ ko_ bz n_hmà_m _hnl_
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[i l_^cacl [ ][ln[*
<fÄg ^cmmi( Ä cgjlipzp_f ko_ m_d[ g_l[ ]ich]c^Çh]c[ i `[ni ^_ ko_
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hc`c][ncpi ko_ L:G=>KL _ K äBLäG>G h}i _mn_d[g _g ]ih^c~à_m ^_ chn_)
al[l i nl[n[g_hni ko_ K[ofi ^cmj_hm[ { G_c hi ][j* . hi l_mn[hn_ ^_ mo[
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g_mg[ g[h_cl[ ]igi _g Mg /*.3* I[ m_~}i i\pc[g_hn_ ]lo]c[f _ mch)
n_nct[îl[ ^_ Mg 5*/,)-,*0 bz og [ ]ihnlipÄlmc[ m_g_fb[hn_ [ l_mj_cni
î mcahc`c][î ^_ `v_ae Vu]Suaek`re% G_c ^_ domnc~[ $Mg 5*/-%( _ frâe
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ko_ i jlÖjlci K äBLäG>G ^_^c][ [i n_rni Ä n[g\Äg og i\mnz]ofi j[l[ i
_mn[\_f_]cg_hni ^_ og j[hil[g [ chn_al[f _ ]i_l_hn_ î n_g[*
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][ln[* x \_g jimmÉp_f ko_ niîm _f_m _mn_d[g chn_lfca[îm( _ og [ mifo)
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im _`_cnim( m_lz h_]_mmzlci ]b_a[l [ og [ pcm}i g[cm ]f[l[ î j[j_f ^[

G_c hi do^[Émg i î jlcg _cli mÄ]ofi( [hn_m ko_ jimm[gim him [p_hnol[l
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[ ^cm]il^|h]c[ ko_ [ch^[ j_lg[h_]_g _g l_f[~}i {m j[mm[a_hm []cg[
_f_h][^[m moa_l_g ìln_g_hn_ ko_ i j[j_f ^[ G_c [ch^[ h}i ìc j_l]_)
\cî [^_ko[^[g _hn_( n[hni ^_hnli î do^[Émgi ]ihnl[ i ko[f K[ofi
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n[hni( n_hn[l_c [ m_aocl _ \l_p_g_hn_ gihn[l i ]_hzlci j[l[ ko_ m_
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-( E~cei Zfdf \hl`mXc\ek\ [\ Mfiv

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_ ko_ _mn_ Ä i `[nil ^_]cmcpi hi EoÉti Ach[f*
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n_ $Mg .*-.% ) [ ^cmnch~}i _hnl_ _mn[l h[ G_c+^_hnli ^[ G_c N]h Ãı÷À”W
_ m_g G_c+ìl[ ^[ G_c VΩÃ÷À”–W( _hnl_ [ko_f[m j_mmi[m ko_ nÇg [ G_c
_ [ko_f[m ko_ h}i nÇg [ G_c $Mg .*-0%* ?c`c]cfg_hn_( [ òh~}i ^[ G_c
]igi `lihn_cl[( ]igi [kocfi ko_ ^_g[l][ _ m_j[l[ im do^_om $^_hnli
^[m `lihn_cl[m ^[ G_c( n_hî [ G_c% _g l_f[~}i [im a_hncim $ìl[ ^[ G_c(
h}i n_hî [ G_c%( ji^_lc[ m_l _rjl_mm[ ]ig g[cil ]f[l_t[* J [laog _hni
^_ K[ofi h}i Ä mcgjf_mg_hn_ mo\mncnocl _mn[ ^cmnch~}i j_f[ ^cmnch~}i
_hnl_ Ug_bd[d S BW[ _ agh[d [ G_c6 [ Çh`[m_ h[ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_ Ug_bd[d
S BW[ Ä ^_ hipi ][l[]n_lcmnc][g_hn_ do^[c][(/1 _ _riln[~à_m hi g_mgi
m_hncî ji^_g `[]cfg_hn_ m_l î]og _hn[^[m _g ìhn_m do^[c][m*/2
J jihni ]_hnl[f î [laog_hni ^_ K[ofi Ä [hn_m ko_ h}i m_ ji^_ f_)
p[hn[l [ mojimc~}i ^_ ko_ n_l [ G_c _ ]og jlcl [ G_c [][\[ m_hî [
g_mg[ ]icm[* C z j_mmi[m ìl[ ^[ G_c( g[m n[g\Äg bz j_mmi[m ko_ h}i
[ n_g _ ko_ jl[nc][g [m ]icm[m ^[ G_c $Mg .*-0%*
,- @mn[ i\m_lp[~}i l_ìl~[ h[nol[fg _hn_ [ pcm}i g[dilcnzlc[( g[m ^_ g iî [faog
oh|hcg_( ^_ ko_ K[ofi j_hm[ hi ][j* . ^_m^_ i chÉ]ci hog chn_lfi]onil _mj_)
]c`c][g_hn_ do^[c]i $g_mgi ko[hî _f_ m_ _rjl_mm[ _g n_lgim ko_ m}i g[cm
[\_lnim%*
,. (Kil _r_gjfi( ?n 0*-(1)2(-/)-07 /,*--)-07 fH ] .*237 -/*047 fL jC [\ 3*--7 -.*0)1*
,/ Kil _r_gjfi( AÉfih( >iha 3,7 Kl[_g 357 Eim_ì( <hn .,*007 g<\in( -*-37 1*-0*
:Wf}jkbe . +-2
<koc( [ _r_a_m_ jl_]cm[ hip[g_hn_ _pcn[l m_l ^_mpc[^[ j[l[ ko_m)

ni_m []_l][ î ncji ^_ a_hnÉim ko_ K[ofi nchb[ _g g_hn_ $mig_hn_ ]lcm)
n}im;%* @f_ ji^_ h}i n_l j_hm[î _g ko[cmko_l a_hncim _mj_]É`c]im7 m_o
[laog_hni h}i ^_j_h^_ ^[ c^_hnc`c][~}i ^_ ko[fko_l a_hnÉi j[lnc]of[l
ko_ i\m_lp[mm_ [ G_c* No[ [laog_hn[~}i Ä mcgjf_mg_hn_ _mn[6 m_ _rcm)
n_ [faog a_hnÉi ko_ `[t i ko_ [ G_c _rca_ $m_d[ ko[f ìl [ ìlg[ ^_m)
m[ i\m_lp|h]c[ ^[ G_c%( n[f `[ni Ä mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ko_mncih[l i m_hncî
^[ òh~}i ^_ `lihn_cl[ [nlc\oÉ^[ { G_c ko[hî m_ nl[n[ î EoÉti Ach[f*
J chn_lfi]onil h}i ji^_ mojil ko_ mig_hn_ [m j_mmi[m ^_hnli ^[ G_c
$do^_om% ji^_g l_[fct[l io _`_ncp[g_hn_ l_[fct[g [ i\m_lp|h]c[ ^[
G_c* @f_ h}i ji^_ mojil ko_ _mn[l h[ G_c Ä i jl_mmojimni h_]_mmzlci
j[l[ og [ jlznc][ ^[ G_c ko_ ?_om pch^c][lz* Qcp_l ]igi do^_o $^_hnli
^[ G_c% h}i Ä mcháhcgi ^_ jl[nc][l [ G_c* Pg a_hnci( g_mgi _hko[hni
[ch^[ a_hnci $h}i n_hî [ G_c%( ji^_ m_l []_cni jil ?_om*/3
]% @g Mg .*-3).0( K[ofi [\il^[ i n_g[ î jlcpcfÄaci do^[c]i* Ez

ko_ Mg .*-.)-2 jl_mmojà_ i m_hmi do^[c]i ^_ m_l ^cmnchni( ^_n_lg ch[î
j_f[ G_c do^[c][( Mg .*-3).0 jl_mmojà_ og m_hmi do^[c]i ^_ jlcpcfÄ)
aci h[ _f_c~}i ^_ Dml[_f _ j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ h[ G_c* <mmcg( c^_hnc`c][)m_
j_f[ jlcg _cl[ p_t i chn_lfi]onil _rjfc]cn[g_hn_ ]igi do^_o $Mg .*-3%
) cmni Ä( og do^_o ]igi _hn_ ^cmnchni ^_ og a_hnci*/4 @ ^_jicm( m_ao_
og [ m_koÇh]c[ ^_ _rjl_mmà_m ko_ ][jn[g \_g i ko_ ji^_ m_l ^_m]lcni
[jlijlc[^[g _hn_ ]igi og [ mojimc~}i ncjc][g_hn_ do^[c][( [ m[\_l(
ko_ [ _m]ifb[ ^cpch[ ^_ Dml[_f _ [ ^z^cp[ ^[ G_c ^[^[ [ _mn_ jipi ^_l[g
[im do^_om og [ jimc~}i ^_ p[hn[a_g mi\l_ im a_hnci( ko_ m}i g_him
[ìlnoh[îm* J do^_o ^_m][hm[ h[ G_c $.*-3%* Dmni h}i ^_p_ m_l ]ih)
mc^_l[î og afilc[l)m_ cfomÖlci io ]ihòh^cî ]ig og ]ih]_cni ^_
gÄlcni*/5 Ncgjf_mg_hn_ ][l[]n_lct[ [ ]ih`c[h~[ do^[c][ ^_ ko_ [ jimm_
^[ G_c( ko_ ^_g[l][ _ m_j[l[ Dml[_f _g l_f[~}i {m h[~à_m( Ä og mch[f
,0 x [nl[_hn_ [ moa_mn}i ^_ I* ?[bf ^_ ko_ K[ofi l_òn[ _g .*-1 [ l_cpch^c][~}i

do^[c][ ^_ ko_ [ G_c _ m_om g [h^[g _hnim ]ih`_lclc[g [ Dml[_f [^pia[îm _mj_)
]c[cm ko_ ^_jilc[g _g m_o `[pil $io ]ihnl[ _f_% hi EoÉti Ach[f7 ^[ g_mg[ g[)
h_cl[( a_hncim n_l}i im [^pia[îm ^[ ]ihm]cÇh]c[ _ îm j_hm[g_hnim $l_nig[î
jil =[mmf_l% Vhin[ .4W( j* -04*
,1 ?_p_gim f_g\l[l ko_ ó¥Œ—¶•‘®À÷– molaco hi j_lÉiî g[][\_o $jlcg_cli _g .H]
.*.-7 4*-7 -0*/4% ]igi og [ ^_mcah[~}i ^[ l_fcac}i h[]cih[f îm do^_om _g mo[
[oni]ihm]c_hn_ ^cmnch~}i _ f_[f^[^_ `_lit { G_c _ [im ]imnog_m nl[^c]cih[cm*
,2 >igi ncjc][g_hn_ jil C ä\h_l $hin[ .%( j* --/*
+.) 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9M DG
m_aoli î `[pil ^_ ?_om ) og [ [ncno^_ \_g _r_gjfc`c][^[ _g .=l

04*..).0* @f_ m_ afilc[ _g ?_om $.*-3%0,) cmni Ä( hog [ cgjfc][~}i ]É[)
l[( _g ?_om ]igi i ?_om ^_ Dml[_f( i ?_om âhc]i( i ?_om ]od[ _f_c~}i
^_ Dml[_f ^_g[l]io _ m_j[lio Dml[_f _g l_f[~}i [i l_mni î g ohî
) og [ _r]fomcpc^[^_ $i ?_om himmi _ h}i ^_f_m% ko_ K[ofi ko_mncih[
[ch^[ g[cm m_p_l[g_hn_ _g Mg /*.3)5 _ -,*/* @g pclno^_ ^_ mo[ chmnlo)
~}i l_aof[l h[ G_c( _f_ ]ihb_]_ [ pihn[^_ ^_ ?_om $Mg .*-47 ]`* =l 0*07
N\ -1*.)/7 0@m^ 4*-.%( m[\_ i ko_ l_[fg_hn_ Ä cgjiln[hn_* @mnz ]ih`c[hn_
^_ ko_ i jlcpcfÄaci ^[ G_c fb_ ^z ]igjl__hm}i( ^_ giî ko_ _mnz hog [
jimc~}i ^_ [acl ]igi aoc[ î a_hnÉi h}i n}i jlcpcf_ac[î $Mg .*-5%70-
ko_ fb_ ^Ä fot( ^_ giî ko_ _f_ g_mgi jimm[ ìlh_]_l fot {ko_f[m j_m)
mi[m ìl[ îm fcgcn_m ^[ cfogch[~}i ìlh_]c^[ j_f[ G_c $.*-5%0. _ [mmcg
_g ^c[hn_* I}i Ä ^c`É]cf j_l]_\_l ko_ K[ofi ][jn[ _g noî cmmi i nig
[onÇhnc]i ^[ ]ihpc]~}i do^[c][ []_l][ î jlcpcfÄaci ^[ [fc[h~[*
@ n[f mojimc~}i ko_ K[ofi _mnz [n[][hî [ail[* < fcmn[ ^_ ^_m[`cim
ko_ m_ m_ao_ $ Oo òln[m; V***W >ig_n_m [ôfnÄlci; V***W >ig_n_m m[]lc)
fÄaci; % ìc `l_ko_hn_g_hn_ g[f)_hn_h^c^[( ]igi m_ K[ofi _mncp_mm_
`[t_hî []om[~à_m m_fp[a_hm ]ihnl[ niîm im dâ^_om io ]igi m_ _mnc)
p_mm_ om[hî [faohm jio]im ch]c^_hn_m cmif[îm j[l[ ]ih^_h[l [ko_f_
jipi*0/ Ii _hn[hni( []om[~à_m [mmcg m}i mcgjf_mg_hn_ j[ln_ ^[ l_nÖ)
lc][ ^[ _riln[~}i gil[f(00 [j[l_]_hî _g K[ofi ^[ g_mg[ ìlg[ ko_
[j[l_]_g n[hni h[ nl[^c~}i jli`Änc][ ko[hni h[ l[\Éhc][*01 ?_p_gim
hin[l j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ im j[l[f_fim _g ND 1,*-2).-( NDN[f 4*4)-0( AÉfih(
0, >`* ?n -,*.-7 ND 1*--7 45*-37 El 5*./)07 @]fi 1,*.,7 NDN[f 3*-*

0- >`* Dm 0.*37 fC _h -,1*-7 JlNc\ /*-517 Eim_ì( <j .*.5-).517 AÉfih( <\l 54*
0. >`* Dm 0.*2)37 05*27 ND --5*-,17 N\ -4*07 @]fi .0*.37 01*-37 O_mnG_p -0*0 fLN\ 0*.37
Km_oî)AÉfih ./*-,*
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j[a[h^Émnc][ $j* -,-%7 @* Oli]gÄ( Ob_ E_qm [m N__h \s K[of [h^ Goe_ ( ch E*
I_omh_l [j Wb' $ila*%( Ke J[[ Fkhi[bl[i 8i Fj^[hi J[[ Li 3 :^h_ij_Wdi% A[mi% F j^[hi
_d CWj[ 8dj_gk_jo $>bc]i6 N]bif[lm( -541%( j* -1/*
00 <* Alc^lc]bm_h( ?_l q[bl_ Eo^_ oh^ m_ch Gi\6 Mig .6.4`* ( ch JocXebW[ 8hYjeW[
- $-5.3%6 /5)057 ^_m[`cim m_g_fb[hn_m m}i hin[îm _g l_f[~}i {m j_mmi[m ko_
m_ ]ihmc^_l[g _mnÖc][m( ]igi ji^_ m_l hin[î _g @jÉn_ni $.*-5(-5).47 /*3(-37
/(.0*0,%7 ko[m_ og _r_gjfi ]fzmmc]i ^_ []om[~}i jil og `cfÖmiì jl_n_hmcimi
$Nniq_lm Vhin[ /,W( j* 52)53%*
01 Kil _r_gjfi( Dm /*-0)-17 El 3*4)--7 @t ..*2)-.7 Hf /*17 $C* G* Nnl[]e7% K* =cff_l\_]e(
Becc[djWh pkc E[k[d K[ijWc[dj Wki KWbckZ kdZ D _ZhWiY^% , $Hohcko_6 -5.2%( j*
Ø,1)---*
:Wf}jkbe . ,/+
>ih` -2/( O_mnG_p -0*0)4 _ >? 2*-2)-3* Kiln[hni( n[g \Äg [ n_hn[ncp[
^_ chn_ljl_n[l [ j[mm[a_g h[m fchb[m ^_ Hn 1*.-)04 ^_cr[ ^_ ][jn[l
mo[ chn_h~}i(02 jilko_ i [fpi ^_ K[ofi h}i Ä h_hbog do^_o _g j[l)
nc]of[l io niîm im do^_om ]igi ch^cpcôim* <hn_m( m_o [fpi Ä [ ]ih)
`c[h~[ nÉjc][ î do^_o ^_ _mn[l _g og [ jimc~}i ^_ jlcpcf_aci _ ^_
moj_lcilc^[^_ Änc][m( _g pclno^_ ^_ n_l [ G_c* J `[ni ^_ ko_ bz [faohm
]b[g [îm do^_om ( ko_ j_ln_h]_g [i jipi ^[ [fc[h~[( ko_ nÇg [
G_c ( _ ko_ h}i i\mn[hn_ òln[g ( ]ig_n_g [ôfnÄlci io lio\[g n_g)
jcim(03 Ä mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ko_mncih[l [ mojimc~}i ^_ ko_ m_l og g_g)
\li î jipi ^[ [fc[h~[( n_l [ G_c( m_d[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ [f~[l i do^_o
j[l[ og [ jimc~}i jlcpcf_ac[^[* J ko_ K[ofi jli]ol[ gch[l( i zjc]_
^[ []om[~}i( Ä i nÉjc]i afilc[l)m_ h[ G_c do^[c]i $Mg .*./% ) cmni Ä(
i ilaofbi _rcmn_hn_ hi hig cmg i ^[ [fc[h~[ ^_ ko_( pcp_hî ^_hnli
^[ G_c( jl_m_lp[hî [ c^_hnc^[^_ ^[ [fc[h~[ $i m_l ^cmnchni do^[c]i%(
h}i i\mn[hn_ j_][îm ch^cpcô[cm( jl_m_lp[)m_ [ jimc~}i jlcpcf_ac[^[
do^[c][ ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om*
^% K[l[ ko_g []ig j[hbio [ fÖac][ î [laog _hni ^_ K[ofi $io

[ch^[ ^[ _rjimc~}i []cg[ [jl_m_hn[^[% h}i Ä og [ moljl_m[ ko_( hi
j[lzal[ì `ch[f( K[ofi n_hb[ pifn[î mo[ [n_h~}i j[l[ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i
_g j[lnc]of[l $Mg .*.1)5%( dz ko_( ]igi pcgim( i m_hmi ncjc][g_hn_
do^[c]i ^_ m_l ^cmnchni _ jlcpcf_ac[î nchb[ m_o ì]i j[lnc]of[l hi lcni
^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i* Dmni m_ l_p_f[ h[ jlÖjlc[ fchao[a_g( hi `[ni ^_ ko_
im n_lgim ]cl]oh]cm}i +ch]cl]oh]cm}i ji^_g m_l om[îm ]igi jf_hi
_kocp[f_hn_ ^_ do^_o+a_hnci $Mg .*.27 n[g\Äg /*/,7 0*57 B-.*3)57 A-
/*/7 >f /*--%* Kiln[hni( _mm_ ìc ]f[l[g_hn_ i jihni jlch]cj[f ^_ ^c`_)
l_h]c[~}i( i g[l][îl ^_ c^_hnc^[^_ g[cm ^cmnchncpi* < ^cmnch~}i _hnl_
do^_o _ a_hnci ji^c[ m_l l_ôtc^[ io l_mog c^[ h[ ]cl]oh]cm}i do^[c][
) n[hni ^_pcî [i lcni `Émc]i( ko[hni jil ][om[ ^[ cgjiln|h]c[ h[]cih[f
_ l_fcacim[ ko_ i lcni l_jl_m_hn[p[* <nÄ g_mgi Ä jimmÉp_f ko_ Ÿßœ«©ŒÀø
_ •»œŒ¬—®©¿• ìmm_g [j_fcîm om[îm jil ^c`_l_hn_m `[]~à_m _g l_f[~}i
02 >* F* =[ll_nn( IecWdi $Gih^l_m6 =f[]e( -513%( j[l[ i p_lmÉ]ofi*

03 Jm f_cnil_m lig[him ^_ K[ofi m_lc[g jlip[p_fg _hn_ ][j[t_m ^_ f_g\l[l i ][mi
hinÖlci( h[ll[î jil Eim_ì( <hn -4*4-)40( ^_ og do^_o _g Mig[ ko_ ^_mpcio
im òhîm _ im îh[ncpim ^_mnch[îm [i n_gjfi( og _m]|h^[fi ko_ jlipi]io [
_rjofm}i ^[ ]ig ohc^[^_ do^[c][ ^_ Mig[ hi [hi -5 ^*>*
+.+ 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG : J = H 9 M DG
[ m_om ijih_hn_m+4_ ko_ im [hn[aihcmn[m m_ [jlip_cn[mm_g( ]igi []Öh)

n_]_ n[hn[m p_t_m( ^[ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ ^cmnchncp[ g[cm jli_gch_hn_ îm
m_om [^p_lmzlcim* @g n[f ][mi( _mn_m m_lc[g [j_fcîm _m]ifbcîm j_fim
do^_om( ko_ _hì][p[g _g mo[ [oni][l[]n_lct[~}i [ g[l][ ]ih]l_n[ ^_
c^_hnc`c][~}i( ko_ mcg\ifct[p[ mo[ jl_n_hm}i ^_ m_l i jipi ^_ ?_om _
ko_( _g ]ihnl[j[lnc^[( j_lgcnc[ [ ][l[]n_lct[~}i îm a_hncim g_^c[hn_
[ SgetÙ[S ^[ g[l][ ^cmnchncp[*
J [laog_hni ^_ Mg .*.1)5 ]ih`clg[ jf_h[g _hn_ [ yhb[ ^[ _r_)
a_m_ []cg[ ^_m_hpifpc^[( jicm i ko_ _mnz ]f[l[g_hn_ mi\ [n[ko_ _g
Mg .*.1)3 Ä [ mojimc~}i ^_ ko_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i bWd eW ^z { j_mmi[ ]cl]oh)
]cm[ [ jimc~}i ^_ p[hn[a_g mi\l_ [ j_mmi[ ch]cl]oh]cm[* Iip[g_hn_(
n[f jihni h}i ^_p_lc[ m_l ]ihmnloÉî _kocpi][^[g_hn_* K[ofi h}i _mnz
[n[][hî [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _g mc6 ]cl]oh]cm}i Ä og \_h_`É]ci V***W $Mg
.*.1%* N_o [fpi Ä [ òh~}i ^[^[ { ]cl]oh]cm}i( ko_ Ä g [l][l `lihn_cl[m(
_ [ mojimc~}i ^_ ko_ [m j_mmi[m ^_hnli ^[m `lihn_cl[m $]igi ch^c][î
j_fi `[ni ^_ mo[ ]cl]oh]cm}i% _mn}i( jil cmmi( hog [ jimc~}i ^_ []_cn[\c)
fc^[^_ jil ?_om( ]ig _kocp[f_hn_ h_a[~}i ^_ n[f []_cn[~}i {ko_f_m ko_
_mn}i j[l[ [fÄg ^_ n[cm `lihn_cl[m* J jihni Ä _rjl_mmi _g Mg .*.4).5(
ih^_ K[ofi ^_mcah[ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ]ig [m _rjl_mmà_m ]h ©” ™•Ã™ÿ( ]h
®•œ»¿ _ ]h √œΩÀÀ•©«* Iip[g_hn_( h}i bz [koc _ h_g m_ ^_p_ j_hm[l ko_
b[d[ og [n[ko_ [i fcn_l[fcmgi io [i lcno[f ]igi n[f* J ko_ _mnz _g diai
Ä [hn_m [ òh~}i ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i ]igi g[l][ _rn_lcil pcmÉp_f ko_( ]igi
n[f( ìlh_]_ og [ ]f[l[ ^cpcm}i _hnl_ ^c`_l_hn_m alojim( m_d[ ^_ jipim(
m_d[ ^_ j_mmi[m $]cl]oh]cm[m _ ch]cl]oh]cm[m%* < ]cl]oh]cm}i c^_hnc`c][
ko_ [ ][lh_ ]cl]oh]c^[^[ Ä og [ ][lh_ \gVS[US% m_hî _f[ g_mg[ _ i
]Ö^cai _m]lcni l_mogcîm hi lcni ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i ]igi [kocfi ko_ ^_hi)
n[ [ ^cmnch~}i _ i jlcpcfÄaci Änhc]im* J [fpi ^_ K[ofi Ä [ c^_hnc`c][~}i
^_g[mc[^[g _hn_ _mnlcn[ `_cn[ _hnl_ [ [fc[h~[ _ [ G_c ]ig i \gVSue_a% [
]igjl__hm}i î do^[Émgi ]igi WeeWÙ[S^_W`fW og [ l_fcac}i h[]cih[f*
< ^_`chc~}i ^_ do^_o ( [faoÄg fiop[î jil ?_om $Mg .*-5%( h}i ji^_
m_l l_mnlcn[ ^_ n[f ìlg[ _ h}i ^_p_lc[ m_l j_lp_lnc^[ [mmcg*
@hn}i( nilh[)m_ jlial_mmcp[g_hn_ ]f[li _g Mg . ko_ K[ofi jli)
]ol[ gch[l [ mojimc~}i do^[c][ ^_ ^cmnch~}i _ jlcpcfÄacim h[]cih[cm(
]igi î]og_hn_c []cg[ _g m_~à_m [hn_lcil_m* < jl_moh~}i jil nlzm ^[
04 <mmcg [laog _hn[ E* H[l]om( Ob_ >cl]og]cmcih [h^ nb_ Ph]cl]og]cmcih ch

Mig_ ( ch EKJ /1 $-545%6 23)4-* ?_ g iî m_g_fb[hn_( im [j_fcîm `l[]i _
ìln_ _g -0*-)-1*2 l_p_f[g og [ j_lmj_]ncp[ a_hnc[*
:Wf}jkbe . +.,
]igjl__hm}i _ ^[ jlznc][ ncjc][g_hn_ do^[c][m î higcmgi ^[ [fc[h~[(

ko_ m_ _rjl_mm[p[ ^[ g[h_cl[ g[cm ]f[l[ hi mcahc`c][î ]lo]c[f ^[ ]cl)
]oh]cm}i( Ä ]ihmc^_l[^[ jil K[ofi [fai mi\ i ji^_l î j_][î $Mg
/*5% _ mod_cni { cl[ ^_ ?_om $-*-4%( _r[n[g_hn_ ]igi im ionlim j_][îm
^_ jl_moh~}i ^[ j[ln_ ^_ olh[ ]lc[nol[( a_l[fg_hn_ [mmi]c[îm $jil
do^_om% [im a_hncim $Mg .*-)--%* ?c[hn_ î ji^_l î j_][î _ î dofa[)
g_hni ^_ ?_om( [ jimm_ ^[ G_c h}i Ä h_hbog [ a[l[hnc[ $Mg .*-.)-2%7 i
efSfge ^[ [fc[h~[ h}i Ä h_hbog [ m_aol[h~[ $Mg .*-3).0%7 [ ]cl]oh]cm}i
h}i ìlh_]_ h_hbog [ a[l[hnc[ $Mg .*.1)5%*
< fchb[ ^_mn[ _r_a_m_ Ä ]f[l[g_hn_ ]ih`clg[^[ jil Mg /* < ]lÉnc][
^_ K[ofi f_p[hn[ cg _^c[n[g _hn_ [ j_laohn[6 Lo[f r [ p[hn[a_g î
do^_o( io ko[f Ä i p[fil ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i; $Mg /*-%* Kiln[hni( i ko_ K[o)
fi ko_mncih[ [koc Ä i\pc[g_hn_ [ p[hn[a_g ^_ m_l og do^_o( i p[fil
^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i ]igi [ g[l][ g[cm ^cmnchncp[ _ pcmÉp_f ^[ do^[c]c^[^_*
< mojimc~}i _l[ ko_ [ [fc[h~[ ^_ ?_om ìmm_ ]ih]foÉ^[ ]ig i do^_o (
]ig i ]cl]oh]cmi ( ^_ g iî ko_ [ []om[~}i ^_ K[ofi j[l_]_ ko_mnci)
h[l [ `c^_fc^[^_ ^_ ?_om [ mo[ [fc[h~[ $Mg /*/%* < l_mjimn[ ^_ K[ofi
^ct ko_ [ `c^_fc^[^_ ^_ ?_om h}i _mnz [\mifon[g_hn_ m_hî ko_mnci)
h[^[7 mo[ []om[~}i ch^c][ [hn_m ko_ [ l_mnlc~}i do^[c][ ^[ [fc[h~[( _g
n_lgim _mnl_cn[g_hn_ h[]cih[cm _ Änhc]im( ^_p_ m_l ^_mcah[^[ ]igi ch)
`c^_fc^[^_ $_g p_t ^_ `c^_fc^[^_ { [fc[h~[%*05
N_ ncpÄmm_gim n_gji _ _mj[~i( ji^_lÉ[gim ]ihncho[l j[l[ ^_)
g ihmnl[l ]igi K[ofi f_p[ [^c[hn_ m_o ^_\[n_ ]ig [ [oni]igjl__h)
m}i do^[c][ g[cm ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ ^_ m_o n_gji* Q_lÉ[gim ]igi i omi î
]ih]_cni i\l[m ^[ G_c n_g m_o m_hncî jf_hi ^_hnli ^_mn_ ]ihn_rni
) i\l[m ^[ G_c ]igi g[cm io g_him _kocp[f_hn_ [ higcmgi ^[ [fc[h)
~[ $Mg /)0%*1, @ ji^_lÉ[gim _rjfil[l i _kocfÉ\lci ^_fc][î ko_ K[ofi
jli]ol[ [f][h~[l _g Mg 5)-- _hnl_ [ l_[`clg[~}i ^[ `c^_fc^[^_ ^cpch[
{ [fc[h~[ ]ig Dml[_f _ [ h_a[~}i ^_ ko_ [ [fc[h~[ n_g mcî _hn_h^c^[
05 < ò† û£§öõ ^_ Dml[_f h}i ^_p_lc[ m_l chn_ljl_n[^[ hi m_hncî ^_ ^_m]l_h~[ $hi
H_mmc[m E_mom%( ]igi i `ct_l[g l_]_hn_g_hn_ >* @* =* >l[h`c_f^( IecWdi' D>>
pif* - $@^cg\olai6 O* " O* >f[le( -531%( mi\l_ i p_lmÉ]ofi7 C* M}cm}h_h( Uog
Q_lmn}h^hcm pih Mig /6-)4 ( ch K^[ KehW^ WdZ :^h_ij $C_fmchec6 Achhcmb @r_a_nc][f
Ni]c_ns( -542%( j* -41).,17 >* C* >imalip_( R b[n c` Nig_ C[p_ Iin =_fc_p_^;
Ob_ J]][mcih [h^ Oblomn i` Mig[hm /6-)4 ( ch QE N 34 $-543%6 5,)-,1* J j_h)
m[g_hni ^_ /*-mm ]ihncho[ ]f[l[g_hn_ ^_n_lg ch[î j_fi [laog _hni î ][j* .(
]igi ]ih`clg[ /*- ìl[ ^_ ko[fko_l ^cm]omm}i l[tizp_f*
1, >`* [ch^[ ? ohh $hin[ /%*
+.- 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9M DG
_g n_lgim _rjfc]cn[g_hn_ Änhc]im _ [ domnc~[( ]igi domnc~[ h[]cih[f( [

domnc~[ î do^_o _hko[hni do^_o ]ihnl[ i a_hnÉi _hko[hni a_hnÉi $Mg
-,*/%( m_g m_ko_l g_h]cih[l [ >[ln[ [im Bzf[n[m* H[m i ko_ ìc ^cni
[]cg[ n_lz ^_ m_l mo`c]c_hn_*
OB
Jl[( ko[f ìc [ ko_mn}i _hnl_ K[ofi _ im ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i ; @mj_li
ko_ [ l_mjimn[ dz n_hb[ mcî _m]f[l_]c^[* < jlÖjlc[ ^_m]lc~}i î aloji
^_hin[ i ]ihdohni ^_ ]l_h~[m ko_ K[ofi ^_hoh]cio _g Mg .* < _rjl_m)
m}i NO æ» Ÿßœ«©ŒÀø– Vim ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}iW( [mmcg ]igi m_o mcháhcgi jlÖ)
rcgi( Œ« æ» ©Œ¡ Ã÷ÀŒ— Vim ^[ f_cW( ^_`ch_ og [ _hnc^[^_ mi]c[f g[l][^[(
m_j[l[^[ _ pch]of[^[ j_f[ G_c _ j_f[ ]cl]oh]cm}i _g j[lnc]of[l* O[cm
_rjl_mmà_m ^_hin[g [ c^_hnc^[^_ Änhc][7 [ [onic^_hnc^[^_ î aloji
mola_ ^_ Vß»W mo[ jlznc][ ^[ G_c _ î `[ni ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i $higcmgi ^[
[fc[h~[%* H[m cmmi mcahc`c][ ko_ im ^_`_hmil_m ^_ n[cm ]ih]_j~à_m `[t_g
j[ln_ ^_ og aloji ko_ ]ihmc^_l[ [ al[~[ ^[ [fc[h~[ l_mnlcn[ { ohc^[)
^_ Änhc][( ^_j_h^_hn_ î _mn[l ^_hnli ^[m `lihn_cl[m ^[ G_c ^_hin[^[m
[hn_m ^_ noî j_f[ ]cl]oh]cm}i* < i\d_~}i ^_ K[ofi pifn[)m_ ]ihnl[ _mm[
]igjl__hm}i* < l_mjimn[ ^[ `Ä { al[~[ ko_ _f_a_ h}i ji^_ m_l n}i l_m)
nlcn[ _ ^_n_lg ch[^[ jil `lihn_cl[m h[]cih[cm _ Änhc][m* @mm_ [è[YZf h}i
jà_ _g ko_mn}i [ _f_c~}i ^_ Dml[_f7 [i ]ihnlzlci( g imnl[ ]igi [ _f_c~}i
ij_l[* J ko_ K[ofi jli]ol[ _rjil Ä [ `[fb[ ^_ ]igjl__hm}i ^_ Dml[_f
_ i ]ihm_ko_hn_ [\omi ^_ m_om jlcpcfÄacim l_f[]cih[îm { [fc[h~[* @f_
ko_mncih[ m_ [ al[~[ ^_ ?_om Ä bSdS Dml[_f _r]fomcp[g_hn_( m_g im al_)
aim( io m_ Ä [hn_m SfdShre VW Dml[_f _ ]ig al_aim( im ko[cm _mn}i n[g\Äg
ch]foÉîm* Lo_mncih[ m_ [ G_c ^_p_ m_l _hn_h^c^[ ]igi og [ `lihn_cl[
ko_ ]ih`ch[ [ al[~[ ^_hnli ^_ Dml[_f io m_ ^_p_ m_l _hn_h^c^[ [hn_m
]igi ]iil^_h[^[ ]ig [ `Ä* Lo_mncih[ m_ [ cgjiln|h]c[ _ i _`_cni jlch)
]cj[f ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i Ä ^cmnchaocl _ m_j[l[l do^_om ^_ a_hncim* @mn_ Ä i
jli\f_g[ _ [ ko_mn}i _hnl_ K[ofi _ im ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i*
IÄj'\jZi`kf
X Cz ]f[l[g_hn_ pzlcim jihnim ^_ ch]igjl__hmà_m _ ^cm]il^|h]c[m
_hnl_ im _mno^cimim ^_ `[f[ chaf_m[ ko_ [\il^[g K[ofi [ j[lncl ^[kocfi
:Wf}jkbe . ,//
ko_ ji^_lÉ[gim ]b[g[l [ Iip[ K_lmj_]ncp[ I è L 'L :G=>KL&/+ _ m_om

]if_a[m [f_g}_m* @o aimn[lc[ ^_ ^ct_l n}i `l[h][g_hn_ ko[hni ìl jim)
mÉp_f6 [h[fcm[l [ ko_mn}i _h`l_hn[^[ jil K[ofi( io _hnl_ K[ofi _ im
^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i ( him n_lgim om[îm hi _hm[ci []cg[ [jl_m_hn[î( `pa
mcahc`c][ h_a[l ko_ _f[ _hpifp[ n[g\Äg ionl[m ^cg_hmà_m( _ ^_ `[ni ^c)
g_hmà_m g[cm jliòh^[m ) h[^[ g_him ko_ [ n_ifiac[ j[ofch[ ^[ ]lot(
ni^[ [ mo[ [hzfcm_ ^[ l[~[ bog [h[ _g n_lgim [^zgc]im _ [m Çh`[m_m
ko_ nÇg ][l[]n_lct[î [ g_fbil _rjfc][~}i ^_ `Ä _ i\l[m ^_m^_ [ M_)
ìlg[ [nÄ bid_* Hchb[ jl_i]oj[~}i Ä [hn_m [`clg[l ko_ [ ko_mn}i g[cm
_mnlcn[( [mmcg ]igi _rjfc]cn[^[ []cg[( Ä og [ j[ln W Xg`VS_W`fS^ ^_ og [
ko_mn}i g[cm [gjf[ io g[cm jf_h[( _ ko_ ìc ^_g [mc[^[g _hn_ h_afc)
a_h]c[^[ h[ _rjimc~}i g[cm nl[^c]cih[f ^_ K[ofi* Kli]ol_c [jihn[l cmni
_r[n[g_hn_ [i ]ih]_hnl[l [ [n_h~}i _g Mg .( j[mm[a_g ko_ n_g ][o)
m[î g ocnim jli\f_g[m ^_mm[ h[nol_t[ h[m _rjimc~à_m nl[^c]cih[cm* <i
n_hn[l _hn_h^_l Mg . m_g og l_]olmi cg_^c[ni [ Mg /*.-mm( 0*0)1 io
1)4( Ä ]f[li ko_ h}i jli]oli og [ _rjimc~}i ]igjf_n[ î _p[ha_fbi ^_
K[ofi( h_g g_mgi h_ai [ cgjiln|h]c[ ]_hnl[f ^_ n[cm j[mm[a_hm j[l[
og [ _rjimc~}i g[cm jf_h[ î _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi* <hn_m( ^_m_di ]b[)
g [l [ [n_h~}i j[l[ [ cgjiln|h]c[ î `[ni ^_ K[ofi chnliôtcl [ ko_mn}i
]ih`lihn[hî [ mc g_mgi _ _hì][hî im jli\f_g[m _g n_lgim ko_
]ig\ch[g n}i \_g ]ig [kocfi ko_ _h]ihnl[gim _g ionl[m ]ill_hn_m
î do^[Émgi jlcgcncpi* < cgjiln|h]c[ î l_]ihb_]cg_hni ^_mn_ jihni
Ä ko_ [ ko_mn}i j_lg[h_]_ h_mn_m n_lgim( m_hî og [mmohni ^_ jl_)
i]oj[~}i ]_hnl[f j[l[ K[ofi( ]igi gimnl[ Mg 5)-- $i zjc]_ n_ifÖac]i
^[ [laog_hn[~}i ^[ >[ln[ [im Mig[him%( jlch]cj[fg_hn_ [i pifn[l
j[l[ [m ko_mnà_m ^_ Mg /*-)47 ko_mnà_m( jil [mmcg ^ct_l( f_p[hn[^[m
_r[n[g_hn_ j_f[m [`clg[~à_m [ j[lncl ^_ Mg .* @mnio ]ihp_h]cî ^_
ko_ _mn[gim _g ]ih^c~à_m ^_ chn_al[l i ][jÉnofi $ko_( ^_ ionl[ ìlg[(
j_lg[h_]_ ^c`É]cf% _ im ][jÉnofim 5)--( _mj_]c[fg_hn_ _g himm[ ]igjl_)
_hm}i ^[ n_ifiac[ j[ofch[ ) n[hni h[ ^_m]lc~}i bcmnÖlc][ ^[kocfi ko_
_f_ _mn[p[ n_hn[hî ^ct_l( ko[hni _g himm[ [no[f [jlijlc[~}i ^_mm[
n_ifiac[ ) _ cmni mig_hn_ ko[hî Mg . Ä _hn_h^cî him n_lgim []cg[
_m\i~[îm*
1- >`* [ch^[ g _o A[iki% GWkb WdZ j^[ CWm $hin[ /%*

+./ : F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m dg
=`jZljjyf
H( ; >MSf_g\l[ ko_ i pÉh]ofi _mnl_cni _hnl_ [fc[h~[( ]cl]oh]cm}i
_ G_c( [`clg[î h[ j[f_mnl[( h}i _rcmn_ [mmcg hi <hncai O_mn[g_hni*
@g\il[ Bh -3 nl[n_ ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i( h}i nl[n[ ^[ G_c* Kil ionli f[î( [
]cl]oh]cm}i h}i Ä g_h]cih[^[ ^cl_n[g _hn_ hi ?_on_lihágci( [j_h[m [
]cl]oh]cm}i î ]il[~}i $?n -,*-27 /,*2%* @r -5m nl[n[ ^[ G_c _ ^[ [fc[h~[(
g[m h}i ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i* @mn[ a[hb[ mo[ al[h^_ cgjiln|h]c[ [j_h[m hi
@m]lcni N[]_lîn[f VKlc_mn_lm]blc`nW*
@g Log l[h( i []_hni _mnz h[ G_c _ h[ [fc[h~[( g[m L og l[h g_h)
]cih[ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i mig_hn_ ^_ g[h_cl[ `caol[^[ $ ]cl]oh]cm}i î ]i)
l[~}i %* Dml[_f _hko[hni h[~}i h}i n_g h_hbog [ cgjiln|h]c[ j[l[ [
m[fp[~}i*
Kil ionli f[î( im l[\chim ^[p[g al[h^_ p[fil { i\_^cÇh]c[ { G_c(
jilÄg ^[p[g jio][ cgjiln|h]c[ { [fc[h~[* <mmcg ]igi K[ofi( j_h)
m[g ^_ giî ohcp_lm[f* Pg a_hnci ko_ ]ogjl_ [ G_c _mnz g[cm jlÖrc)
gi [ ?_om î ko_ og do^_o ko_ h}i [ jl[ncko_( [ch^[ ko_ j_ln_h~[
j_fi h[m]cg_hni { [fc[h~[* J jlcpcfÄaci ^_ Dml[_f Ä( m_aohî M[\c <kc)
\[ $<\in /*-0%( [ ^z^cp[ ^[ Oilz( h}i [ ]cl]oh]cm}i* <ch^[ ko_ K[ofi
_f_hko_ _g Mg 5 im jlcpcfÄacim ^_ Dml[_f( h}i g_h]cih[ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i*
J g_mgi [jfc][)m_ [nÄ [ Mg /*.( ih^_ K[ofi `[f[ [ l_mj_cni ^[m …÷√«•
ß•© ö0** Vj[f[pl[m ^_ ?_omW( ^[m jlig_mm[m ]igi i jlcpcfÄaci ^_ Dml[_f(
g[m h}i `[f[ ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i*
J >JIA@M@I>DNO< l_mjih^_ ko_ mo[ [\il^[a_g _mnz \[m_[^[

h[m ìhn_m chn_ln_mn[g_hnzlc[m ^[ Äji][ jÖm)g[][\_c[( h}i _g n_rnim
î <hncai O_mn[g_hni h_g _g n_rnim l[\Éhc]im( dz ko_ m_o i\d_ncpi _l[
l_]ihmnlocl [ mcno[~}i { ko[f m_ l_`_l_ K[ofi*
Lo_ L og l[h h}i ^[p[ cgjiln|h]c[ { ]cl]oh]cm}i n_g m_o gincpi
hi `[ni ^_ m_ nl[n[l ^_ og [ m_cn[ chnl[do^[c][ N[`fWd`S^ eWUfP% ko_ h}i m_
^_`ch_ [nl[pÄm ^_ ^_fcgcn[~à_m _g l_f[~}i [ og g ohî a_hnci _rn_lcil
"àf S Tag`VSdk eWUf#' Kil cmmi( [ ]cl]oh]cm}i h}i n_g h_hbog [ cgjil)
n|h]c[ j[l[ [ ^_`chc~}i ^[ jlÖjlc[ c^_hnc^[^_( dz ko_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i Ä [
g[l][ ^[ ^cmnch~}i _hnl_ do^_om _ a_hncim( _ h}i _hnl_ do^_om _ do^_om*
<i ]ihnlzlci ^cmmi( _g K[ofi $Bzf[n[m _ Mig[him%( [ ]cl]oh]cm}i r i
jihni ^_\[ncî( _ cmni j_fi g_mgi gincpi*
H( A H?BNL [ l m `[ X hl\ f k\id f e f d `jd f [ X X c`X e zX j\aX X [ \'
h l X[ f g X iX X è k\ig i\kXzyf [\ k\okf j al [ X`Zf 'g i`d `k`m fj \ Ék`c g X iX X
:Wf}jkbe . +.0
_r_a_m_ ^_ K[ofi* <]_l][ ^[ >[ln[ [im Mig[him ]ih]il^[ ]ig i j[)

f_mnl[hn_( [`clg[hî ko_ [m ]ifi][~à_m î ][j* . $j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ i p*
-/8% ^_p_g m_l _hn_h^c^[m _`_ncp[g_hn_ [i jÄ ^[ f_nl[7 g[m _f_ ]ihmc)
^_l[ [m _rjf[h[~à_m î cn_g Q ^[ j[f_mnl[ _kocpi][^[m* x jl_]cmi -_l
[m [`clg[~à_m ^_ Mg . hi ]ihn_rni ^_ Mg -*-4)/*.,( dz ko_ ^_p_g m_l
_hn_h^c^[m _mnlcn[g_hn_ [ j[lncl ^_ mo[ òh~}i h[ko_f_ ]ihn_rni* K[ofi
_rjfc][ ko_ faVae im m_l_m bog[him( m_g _r]_~}i( n[hni do^_om ]igi
a_hnÉim( m}i m_g ?_om _ jil cmmi mod_cnim [i cgch_hn_ doÉti ^[ cl[ ^_
?_om $Mg -*-4mm7 /*5mm%* K[l[ K[ofi h}i _rcmn_ og ]og jlcîl ^[ G_c
$Mg .*-/% ko_ l_]_\_lc[ [ m[fp[~}i æÕ óæœ√”Ã Ã÷ÀŒ— V^_ i\l[m ^[ f_cW ) cmni
Ä( ]ig \[m_ _g mo[ i\_^cÇh]c[ j_l`_cn[ { Oilz $Mg /*-5m8%* @ `pa baVW
_rcmncl( dz ko_( ^_m^_ <^}i( niîm im m_l_m bog [him _mn}i ◊™ó •À•œ©¿•Ã
Vmi\ j_][îW /*5* N_hî [mmcg( i jli\f_g[ [\il^[î _g Mg -*-4)/*.,
_ n[g\Äg _g Mg . h}i Ä [\mifon[g_hn_ [ j_laohn[ m_ _ ]igi im a_h)
nÉim ji^_g a[hb[l _ n[g\Äg j[lnc]cj[l_g ^[ m[fp[~}i ^_ Dml[_f* JIA@M@I>DNO<( _g l_f[~}i { j_laohn[ j_f[ òh~}i ^_ Mg

. ^_hnli î ]ihn_rni jl_m_hn_ h[ >[ln[ [im Mig[him( ]ih]il^[ ko_ m_
nl[n[ ^[ c^_c[ ^_ mo\mog cl i a_hnÉi _ i do^_o mi\ [ []om[~}i ]igog*
<fÄg ^cmmi( jilÄg( _l[ m_o i\d_ncpi _f[\il[l [ j_l]_j~}i pcp_h]c[f î
do^_o ][l[]n_lct[î _g Mg .* O[f m_hm[~}i ji^_ m_l ^_m]lcn[ g[cm ]ih)
]l_n[g_hn_ ]igi jl_moh~}i ^_pcî [im jlcpcfÄacim ^[îm j_f[ [fc[h~[
_ j_f[ Oilz jl_m_hn_m h[ mojimc~}i ^_ ko_ [ pc^[ m_aohî [ Oilz a[)
l[hn_ [ m[fp[~}i* J n_lgi i\l[m ^[ G_c l_`_l_)m_ [ noî i ko_ [ G_c
_rca_* <m i\l[m ^[ G_c( jilÄg( nÇg m_o ì]i h[ ]cl]oh]cm}i _ h[ [fc[h~[7
ionl[m i\l[m ^[ G_c ( jil g_ci ^_ ]od[ l_[fct[~}i i do^_o jl_m_lp[
mo[ c^_hnc^[^_ ]igi g_g\li î jipi ^_ ?_om( ^_mn[][g [ ^cmnch~}i
_g l_f[~}i {m j_mmi[m ch]cl]oh]cm[m* @ _r[n[g_hn_ n[f jl_moh~}i ^_ og
jlcpcfÄaci ]ig \[m_ h[ jimm_ ^[ G_c _ ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i ko_ K[ofi [n[][
_g Mg .*
K* LMNAEF:<A>K ijch[ ko_ [ j[f_mnl[ [jl_m_hnio ]ill_n[g_hn_ og

[mj_]ni î [mmohni ^_\[ncî _g Mg . _ j_laohn[ j_fim ^_g[cm [mj__)
nim6 i ko_ mcahc`c][ Mg .*-2 hi ]ihn_rni ^_ Mg .; @g Mg . nl[n[)m_
n[g\Äg ^[ domnc`c][~}i ^c[hn_ î EoÉti Ach[f( hi ko[f i doct m_lz >lcmni*
+.1 : F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m dg
>igi Ä ko_ i m_l bog [hi [f][h~[ [ domnc`c][~}i ^c[hn_ ^_ n[f nlc\oh[f;
< j[f_mnl[ h}i f_pio _mm_ n_g[ mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ [ m_lci*
Pg m_aohî jihni6 [ j_laohn[ j_f[ ]cl]oh]cm}i mola_ j[l[ K[ofi
^_ g iî [aoî( ^_pcî { ^cmjon[ ]ig im [^p_lmzlcim h[ B[fz]c[( _ n_g
m_o _]i n[g\Äg h[ >[ln[ [im Mig[him6 m_lz ko_ i a_hnÉi jl_]cm[ ^[
]cl]oh]cm}i( jl_]cm[ m_ nilh[l og g_g\li ^[ [fc[h~[ [\l[|gc][ j[l[
ji^_l j[lnc]cj[l ^[ m[fp[~}i;
@ [ j[lncl ^_mm_ [mj_]ni mola_( jil mo[ p_t( [ j_laohn[6 j[l[ ko_
[^c[hn[ [im do^_om ^c[hn_ î EoÉti Ach[f im m_om jlcpcfÄacim( ko_ K[ofi
h_g m_ko_l h_a[( g[m im mo\fchb[ _g Mg / _ Mg 5;
E* =( B* = NGG l_mjih^_ ko_ Mg .*-2 ^_p_ m_l _hn_h^cî hi ]ih)

n_rni ^_ Mg .*-.mm* @g n[f ]ihn_rni( Mg .*-0m ^_cr[ ]f[li ko_ _rcmn_g(
mcg( ]ogjlcîl_m ^[ G_c ko_ h}i _mn}i mi\ [ Oilz7 Ä og ]ogjlcg_hni
^[ G_c ko_ h}i ^_j_h^_ î `[ni ^_ m_ _h]ihnl[l ^_hnli î _mj[~i ^[
G_c( ^[ [fc[h~[* Ii doÉti [ ko_ m_ l_`_l_ Mg .*-2( `c][ ]f[li ko_ h}i
[^c[hn[ jimmocl [ G_c( g[m mcg ]og jlcl [ G_c* <koc bz ]_ln[g_hn_ jih)
nim ^_ ]ihn[ni ]ig [ n_ifiac[ ^_ Logl[h( ko[hî _mn[ m_ l_`_l_ { ]cl)
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n_cl[m î do^[Émgi( og [ jlznc][ ko_ ji^_gim i\m_lp[l [nÄ g_mgi _g
og n_gji jimn_lcil ]igi( jil _r_gjfi( =[l Fi]b\[* Iim [him [jÖm
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J >JIA@M@I>DNO< _m]f[l_]_ ko_ h}i m_ nl[n[ ^_ ^_m_hb[l og [

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im g[l][îl_m g[cm ]f[lim ^_ c^_hnc^[^_ _ `lihn_cl[ î do^[Émgi ]igi
og niî( ]igi ch^c][g [m _pc^Çh]c[m n[hni ^_hnli ko[hni ìl[ î Uad&
bge îm _m]lcnim do^[c]im*3
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nlipÄlmc[m6 [ _pc^Çh]c[ Ä ]f[l[ _ ]ihmcmn_hn_* @h`[ncti n[cm ^_n[fb_m mi)
g_hn_ ]igi chnliô~}i [i _mnoî j[lnc]of[l ^[ >[ln[ [im Bzf[n[m
j_fi gincpi Ö\pci ^_ ko_ [ chn_hmc^[^_ ^[ [laog _hn[~}i ^_ K[ofi
_g l_f[~}i [ _mm[m ô[m ][l[]n_lÉmnc][m( [fc[h~[ _ G_c( h}i ji^_ m_l
_hn_h^c^[ m_g og [ c^_c[ [^_ko[^[ ^[ `SfgdWlS Wh[VW`fW W àd_S^ Va
à_[e_a VS S^[S`qS VW`fda VW UudUgâe \gVS[Uae' < _rn_hm}i _g ko_ K[o)
fi m_ pifn[ _`_ncp[g_hn_ j[l[ i higcmgi ^[ [fc[h~[ [ch^[ ^_p_ m_l
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~}i [i do^[Émg i _mn[p[ `[^[^[ [ _mn[l ch`fo_h]c[^[ _g og [ g _^c^[
mcahc`c][ncp[ jil _mm[m ]l_h~[m( _mj_]c[fg_hn_ j_fi `[ni ^_f[m m_l_g
]ihmc^_l[^[m h[nol[cm*
Nojihbi ko_ ô[m [`clg[~à_m [^c[hn[^[m jil gcg _g ionl[ i][mc}i
m_d[g g[cm ]ihnlip_lm[m( _g\il[ g_ j[l_~[ ko_ [g\[m mca[g ch_pcnzp_f)
g_hn_ [kocfi ko_ _o ^cmm_ []cg[*4 < jlcg_cl[ [`clg[~}i Ä ko_ i higcm)
gi ^[ [fc[h~[ _mn[p[ n}i _mnl_cn[g_hn_ pch]of[î [i m_hmi ^[ c^_hnc^[^_
h[]cih[f io Änhc][ ko_ [ G_c m_ nigio mcháhcgi ^_ Dml[_f( ^_mn[][hî _
m_j[l[hî im do^_om _g m_o ][lzn_l ^cmnchni ]igi i jipi ^_ ?_om _ _g
mo[ ^cmnch~}i _ m_j[l[~}i ^_ ionlim $a_hncim 9 h}i jipi ^_ ?_om%*5 Dmni
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j[l[ i do^[Émg i _l[ [ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ ^_ og [ \[h^_cl[ h[]cih[f $j* 12%*
:Wf}jkbe / +/.
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[]_l][ ^[ G_c(-, _f[ d[g[cm ^_crio ^_ m_l [ G_c do^[c][* N_o [j_fi l_fc)
acimi $_pc^_hn_ h[m gocn[m j_mmi[m ko_ _l[g n_g_hn_m [ ?_om _ ko_
m_ pch]of[p[g _g al[om ^c`_l_hn_m {m mch[aia[m ^[ ^czmjil[%-- d[g[cm
ìc og [j_fi ko_ jo^_mm_ m_l ^cpil]c[î ^_ mo[ òh~}i h[]cih[f ]igi
]Ö^cai ]cpcf _ ]lcgch[f îm do^_om( ]ihmc^_l[îm jil mc g_mgim og [
_hnc^[^_ Änhc][ ^cmnchn[* >l_ci ko_ _l[ _mm[ [ òh~}i mi]c[f ^[ G_c ( [
ko[f Ä cg jiln[hn_ j[l[ [ himm[ ]igjl__hm}i g[cm jf_h[ î ]ihdohni
^_ ]l_h~[m ]ig ko_ K[ofi m_ ]ih`lihnio _g Bzf[n[m*
< m_aoh^[ [`clg[~}i Ä ko_ [ _rjl_mm}i i\l[m ^[ G_c _l[ og [
g[h_cl[ ^_ ^_m]l_p_l i g_mgi ]ihdohni ^_ ]l_h~[m ^_n_lg ch[î j_fi
higcmgi ^[ [fc[h~[7 cmni Ä( i\l[m ^[ G_c l_`_l_)m_ { jlznc][ ko_ [ G_c
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ih^_ [ _rjl_mm}i ^_m]l_p_ [m i\lca[~à_m cgjimn[m [i m_]nzlci jil ][o)
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0LAfil -*-)37 _ og n_rni h}i jo\fc][î ^[ B lon[ -#% _g\il[ h}i jimm[)
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Aic jlip[p_fg _hn_ n[f m_hmi ^_ i\lca[~}i _g j[lnc]of[l ko_ _h]ihnl[)
p[ og [ _rjl_mm}i j[lnc]of[l h[ko_f_m g [h^[g _hnim ko_ _hì][p[g
i ][lzn_l ^cmnchncpi ^[m jl_n_hmà_m îm do^_om ^_ m_l_g og jipi ko_
i jlÖjlci ?_om âhc]i m_j[l[l[ j[l[ mc* I[ ]lcm_ g[][\_c[( cmni mcahc`c)
][p[ _mj_]c`c][g_hn_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _ [m f_cm [fcg_hn[l_m( _ ^_jicm ^_f[
n_gim ch^c][~à_m mo`c]c_hn_m ^_ ko_ i [mmohni î higcmgi ^[ [fc[h~[
_hì][lc[ h_mm_m g_mgim g [h^[g _hnim _ _g ko[cmko_l ionlim ko_
l_ìl~[mm_g i `[ni ^_ ko_ im do^_om _l[g ^cmnchnim( _ cmni m_g jl_ ko_
[ c^_hnc^[^_ do^[c][ _mncp_mm_ _g ko_mn}i* O[cm [nim+i\ l[m ^[ G_c nil)
h[l[g)m_ ]igi ko_ n_mn_m j[l[ [`_lcl [ `c^_fc^[^_ [i do^[Émg i*-.
O_hî [mmcg _m]f[l_]cî og îm himmim n_lgim)]b[p_( ji^_gim
him pifn[l [ail[ j[l[ [ >[ln[ [im Bzf[n[m _ n_hn[l _rjfc][l [ fchb[ î
-, >`* I* <* ?[bf( Ob_ Jh_ Bi^ i` E_qm [h^ B_hncf_m ( ch JjkZ_[i _d GWkb $Hchh_[jifcm6
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fcpli IecWdi% j* rfpcc)rfpccc*
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[laog _hni _ ^[ Çh`[m_ ko_ K[ofi _gjl_a[ [i fc^[l ]ig i ^_m[`ci { mo[
]igjl__hm}i î _p[ha_fbi( `_cni jil j_mmi[m ko_ _f_ nchb[ ]ihp_lncî
h[ B[fz]c[( i ko[f ìc _h`l_hn[î g_^c[hn_ [ _rjimc~}i ^_ m_o _hn_h^c)
g_hni î _p[ha_fbi*-/
BB
K[ofi _mn[p[ jl_i]oj[î ]ig [ ko_mn}i î higcmgi ^[ [fc[h)
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chc]c[f `_cn[ jil _f_m; >igi im azf[n[m j_hm[g ko_ m_lz [f][h~[î i
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og [ p_l^[^_cl[ [hnÉn_m_ $B- .*-2\]7-2 /*.(1(-,)-.%6 ]ihmc^_l[l [ G_c
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cg [nol[ _ og [ _m]l[pc^}i $B- /*./)0*--7 0*.-)/-%* < _rjl_mm}i ^[ `Ä
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]cm}i _n]*%6 cmni Ä( him n_lgim î _mjÉlcni( ]igi [fai ko_ Ä ]ihnlzlci
{m i\l[m ^[ ][lh_ $B- 1*-2).27 2*3)5%( og _hìko_ _g ][l[]n_lÉmnc][m
`Émc][m ko_ ch]foclc[g og [ [p[fc[~}i h[]cih[fcmn[ ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i $B-
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]cl]oh]cm}i( g[m [ G_c ko_ _h`[nct[ i [g il [i jlÖrcg i $B- 1*2(-/)-0%(
]igi _r_gjfc`c][î jil >lcmni $B- 2*-)0%*-3
< ko_mn}i mo\d[]_hn_ [ niî _mm_ higcmgi ^[ [fc[h~[( cmni Ä( ko_m)
n}i m_ [ko_f_m a_hncim ko_ nchb[g ]b_a[î { `Ä hi g_mmc[m îm do^_om
_ ko_ l_cpch^c][p[g jil cmmi m_o kochb}i him \_h_`É]cim ^[ [fc[h~[
ko_ ?_om nchb[ l_[fct[î ]ig Dml[_f( jl_]cm[p[g pcp_l ^_ []ilî ]ig
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m_d[ nilh[hî)m_ jlimÄfcnim ) j[l[ momn_hn[l n[f l_cpch^c][~}i*-4 < j_l)
]_j~}i ^_ ko_ i jli\f_g[ Ä _mn_ ìc i\m]ol_]c^[ jil pzlcim `[nil_m* Pg
Ä i `[ni ^_ ko_ i higcmgi ^[ [fc[h~[ _l[ ]ihmc^_l[î n}i h[nol[f _
hilg[f j[l[ i ]ihdohni ^_ ]l_h~[m ncjc][g_hn_ do^[c]i ko_ h}i jl_]c)
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m_aohî `[ni Ä ko_ i n_lgi i\l[m ^[ G_c nchb[ mcî _hn_h^cî jil
g ocni n_gji ]igi \i[m i\l[m j_f[m ko[cm og [ j_mmi[ n_hn[ m_l []_cni
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ch^cpcô[fcmn[ ^[ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä*., O_l]_cli( [ l_òn[~}i ^[ Çh`[m_
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]igi og [ n_lgchifiac[ ^_ nl[hm`_lÇh]c[ (.- ]ig [ cgjfc][~}i ^_ ko_
_f[ ìmm_ n[g\Äg i jihni òf]l[f ^[ Çh`[m_ ko_ i jlÖjlci K[ofi n_lc[
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ni [ p_l ]ig [ ]ihncho[~}i _ i l_mofn[î `ch[f8% >ihm_ko_hn_g_hn_( [
ko_mn}i Va ]ihnchoog W`fdW S X r W Se egSe UaèWcgtÙ[Se WefShS aTeUgdWU[VS3
m_lz ko_ [ `Ä $^[ [fc[h~[% m_ _rjl_mm[ $h_]_mm[lc[g_hn_( ch_pcn[p_fg_h)
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_hnl_ [ _hnl[^[ h[ [fc[h~[ _ [ jl_m_lp[~}i î e f S f g e Ii _hn[hni( [
ko_mn}i ^[m i\l[m ^[ G_c _rjl_mm[)m_ jlcg_cli ]igi og l_mofn[î î
ch]c^_hn_ ^_ <hncikoc[ $B-.*--)-2%( ih^_ [ jl_i]oj[~}i _l[ ]f[l[g_h)
n_ [ jl_m_lp[~}i î efSfge ^[ [fc[h~[ jil j[ln_ îm do^_o)]lcmn}im _g
<hncikoc[( [nl[pÄm ^[ `c_f i\m_lp|h]c[ ^[m f_cm [fcg_hn[l_m* <fÄg î
g[cm( im ]ihp_lncîm ^[ B[fz]c[ h}i _l[g chmnloÉîm [ g_l[g_hn_ ]cl)
]oh]c^[l_g)m_( g[m [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _l[ ]igi i chÉ]ci ^[ i\m_lp|h]c[ ^[
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K[ofi m_ l_`_l_6 [ m[\_l( [ ]ih`c[h~[ ^[ko_f[m j_mmi[m ko_ _mn}i ]ihm)
]c_hn_m ^_ m_o jlcpcf_aci ^_ n_l [ G_c $Mg .*-.(-0%( _ jil cmmi( _mn}i
_g og [ jimc~}i ^_ p[hn[a_g mi\l_ [m ionl[m ) m[\_hî [ pihn[^_ ^_
?_om( ][j[t_m ^_ ^cm]_lhcl i ko_ Ä cgjiln[hn_( aoc[m ^_ ]_aim( fot j[l[
ko_g _mnz h[m nl_p[m( g_mnl_ j[l[ im chm_hm[nim _n]* $Mg .*-3).,%* @g
ionl[m j[f[pl[m( i afilc[l)m_ h}i Ä i afilc[l)m_ ^[ SgfaUa`X[S`qS% g[m
^[ ]ih`c[h~[ \gVS[US% i afilc[l)m_ ^_ [faoÄg ko_ _mnz ]ihm]c_hn_ ^_ m_o
jlcpcfÄaci ]igi g_g\li î jipi ^_ Dml[_f*
Kil ionli f[î( i [laog _hni ko_ K[ofi _gjl_a[ cg_^c[n[g_hn_
[i m_ f_g\l[l î n_g[ î afilc[l)m_ _g /*.3 ^_mn[][ i g_mgi jihni*
< ]ihm_koÇh]c[ fÖac][ î afilc[l)m_ Ä [`clg[l ko_ ?_om Ä _r]fomcp[)
g_hn_ i ?_om îm do^_om( _ h}i n[g\Äg îm a_hncim* I}i ( ^ct K[ofi(
?_om îm a_hncim n[g\Äg 7 ^_ ionl[ ìlg[( i ]l_î do^[c]i òh^[)
g_hn[f( ?_om Ä og ( h}i ji^_lc[ m_l g[hncî7 m_lc[ h_]_mmzlci jl_)
mog cl ionlim ^_om_m( ^_om_m îm a_hncim* H[m m_ ?_om Ä og mÖ( _hn}i(
^_ôt K[ofi( n[f `[ni ^_p_ mcahc`c][l ko_ _f_ domnc`c][ ^[ g_mg[ ìlg[
n[hni im ]cl]oh]cmim ko[hni im ch]cl]oh]cmim ) ^_m^_ [ `Ä io [nl[pÄm ^[
`Ä $Mg /*.5)/,%* @g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( [ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä Ä og [ ]ih)
m_koÇh]c[ î gihin_Émgi do^[c]i( _mn[hî ^clcac^[ jlcilcn[lc[g_hn_
]ihnl[ [ _r]fomcpc^[^_ ^[ jlÖjlc[ l_cpch^c][~}i ^_ Dml[_f _g l_f[~}i
[i ?_om âhc]i*
/- @* F}m_g[hh( IecWdi $Bl[h^ M[jc^m6 @_l^g [hm+Gih^l_m6 N>H( -54,%( j* -,.*

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h_cl[( i do^_o mcg\ifct[ i big _g _g mo[m jin_h]c[fc^[^_m g[cm [fn[m( l_jl_)
m_hn[ i #big _g l_fcacimi# V***W* <mmcg n[g\Äg( jil _r_gjfi( A* E* G__hb[l^n(
IecWdi $Gih^l_m6 Gonn_lqilnb( -52-%( j* -,4)-,57 B* @* G[^^( < K^[ebe]o e \ j^[
E[m K[ijWc[dj $Gih^l_m6 Gonn_lqilnb( -530%( j* 003*
:Wf}jkbe 0 ,),
Pg[ ]ihòm}i m_g_fb[hn_ molaco ^[ chn_ljl_n[~}i ^_ Mg -,*/

]ig [fai ko_ ji^_lÉ[gim ]b[g[l f_hn_m ^[ M_ìlg[ 6 Dml[_f cahil[)
p[ [ domnc~[ ^_ ?_om _ jli]ol[p[ _mn[\_f_]_l mo[ jlÖjlc[ domnc~[ V***W *
I}i Ä og [ moljl_m[ ko_ i ^cm]olmi ^_ K[ofi mi\l_ [ jlÖjlc[ domnc)
~[ ^_f_m jlipi][mm_ [ jifÇgc][ `[gcfc[l ^[ M_ìlg[* <mmcg( Ä hip[)
g_hn_ ; NEMF:GG ko_ nl[hmìlg[ [ _rjl_mm}i _g domnc~[ ko_ i big_g
jli]ol[ [f][h~[l mitchbi */. @ m_g_fb[hn_g_hn_( < A:KE>L < K:G?B>E=4
og efSfge domni ^_ m_om jlÖjlcim gÄlcnim *// H[m i al_ai EêEHr h}i Ä
\_g [^_ko[î j[l[ _rjl_mm[l i m_hncî ^_ g_o( [f][h~[î jil gcg *
<hn_m( ^_hin[ g _o ]igi [fai ko_ j_ln_h]_ [ gcg( _g ]ihnl[mn_ [
[fai ko_ ionl[ j_mmi[ ji^_ l_]f[g[l ]igi mo[ jimm_( g _o ]igi
j_]ofc[l [ g cg */0@g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( [ _rjl_mm}i ^_mcah[ hip[g_h)
n_ [ ]ihm]cÇh]c[ ko_ Dml[_f nchb[ ^[ [fc[h~[( mo[ jl_moh~}i ^[ l_f[~}i
_mj_]c[f ]ig ?_om( ^[ domnc~[ ko_ Ä j_]ofc[lg_hn_ mo[( mi\ _r]fom}i
îm a_hncim* <fÄg ^cmmi( i ^cm]olmi ^_ K[ofi ^_ ko_ Dml[_f jli]ol[
_mn[\_f_]_l domnc~[ jil ]ihn[ jlÖjlc[ jlip[p_fg_hn_ `[t _]i [i alcni
^_ ao_ll[ ^_ H[n[nÉ[m( dz g_h]cih[î []cg[6 Lo_ ][^[ j_mmi[ ko_
ìl t_fim[ j_f[ G_c _ kocm_l _mn[\_f_]_l [ [fc[h~[ p_hb[ [nlzm ^_ gcg8
$fH ] .*.3%*/1 Iip[g_hn_( [ ]l_h~[ ]ihnl[ [ ko[f m_ pifn[ [ domnc`c][~}i
j_f[ `Ä Ä [ ]l_h~[ ^_ ko_ i jlcpcfÄaci _ [ jl_llia[ncp[ ^_ Dml[_f ]igi i
jipi _f_cni ^_ ?_om nchb[g ^_ m_l _mn[\_f_]cîm _ ^_`_h^cîm ]ihnl[ [
omolj[~}i îm a_hncim*/2
/* Ach[fg_hn_ ji^_g im hin[l [ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_ l_p_l [ jifÇgc][

j[ofch[ ]ihnl[ aTdSe VS BW[ ' @mn_ Ä og _f_g_hni ]lo]c[f h[ ^cm]omm}i(
/. =ofng[hh( K^[ebe]o% *% f ' .41*

// >* @* =* >l[h`c_f^( IecWdi' D>> $@^cg\olai6 O* " O* >f[le( . pifog_m( -531*-535%(
j* 1-1*
/0 98>;% Q_l\_n_ ¿¶«Œ– *
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/2 J ]ihnl[mn_ _g A-/*5 ko_ mi[ m_g_fb[hn_ $ h}i n_hî g chb[ jlÖjlc[ domnc~[ ko_
Ä ^[ G_c( g[m [ko_f[ ko_ Ä [nl[pÄm ^[ `Ä _g >lcmni( [ domnc~[ ^_ ?_om j[l[ [ `Ä %
Ä a_l[fg_hn_ _hn_h^cî ]igi pifn[î ]ihnl[ [ domnc~[ [oni[f][h~[^[ #f'[n'% B*
A* C [qnbilh_( G^_b_ff_Wdi' R=> 0/ VR[]i6 Ril^( -54/W( j* -0-%* H[m [ c^_c[ î
WkjeWbYWdY[ h}i m_ _h]ihnl[ hi n_rni7 gchb[ jlÖjlc[ domnc~[ ^[ G_c _mnz \_g
[\_lni j[l[ ionl[m chn_ljl_n[~à_m( h[m fchb[m _m\i~[^[m _g Mg -,*/ io _g ]ih)
nchoc^[^_ ]ig A- /*0mm( _g n_lgim ^_ ]ih`c[h~[ _g gchb[ domnc~[ ]igi og
do^_o $io `[lcm_o%*
,)- : F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m d g
dz ko_ Ä _r[n[g_hn_ [ [hnÉn_m_ _hnl_ [ domnc`c][~}i [nl[pÄm ^[ `Ä _ [ domnc)

`c][~}i [nl[pÄm ^_ i\l[m ko_ ][l[]n_lct[ [ [\il^[a_g g[cm cgjiln[hn_
ko_ K[ofi ]ih`_l_ [i n_g[6 m[\_hî ko_ h_hbog m_l bog [hi Ä domnc)
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.*-2%7 jilko_ [`clg[gim ko_ [faoÄg Ä domnc`c][î j_f[ `Ä( m_g i\l[m
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n_6 [ _rjl_mm}i i\l[m ^[ G_c ji^_ m_l afim[^[ ]igi \i[m i\l[m ( [
_rjl_mm}i ^[ jli]ol[ [llia[hn_ î big_g jil domnc~[ jlÖjlc[ (/3 i
òh^[g _hni mi\l_ i ko[f [ domnc~[ [oni[f][h~[^[ i f_p[ [ afilc[l)m_*
H[m dz pcgim l[tà_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ ko_mncih[l n[f chn_ljl_n[~}i* N_ [
c^_c[ ^[ domnc~[ [oni[f][h~[^[ n_g ko_ ]_^_l [ og [ _r_a_m_ g[cm m[^c[
^[ domnc~[ do^[c][ io h[]cih[f( _hn}i n[g\Äg [ _rjl_mm}i i\l[m ^[
G_c ^_p_ m_l l_pcm[^[*
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^_ L og l[h ) [nim ^[ G_c $flÚ‡Ù ‰ ÛÏÈ%* @g 0LAfil -*-)3( [nim ^[ G_c
Ä [kocfi ko_ ][l[]n_lct[p[ [ ]igohc^[^_ ^_ L og l[h _g mo[ ^cmnch~}i
^_ j_mmi[m ^_ ìl[ _ ^_ chcgcaim* @g -LN 1*.,).0 _ 2*-4( [nim _g l_`_)
lÇh]c[ { Oilz Ä [kocfi []_l][ î ko[f i g_g\li ^[ ]ig ohc^[^_ ^_p_
m_l n_mn[î ][^[ [hi* @ i _m]lcni 0L C[ceSf CS!SeWZ >S&JadSZ $0LHHO%(
[ch^[ h}i jo\fc][î( ]ihmcmn_ hog [ m_koÇh]c[ ^_ l_aof[g_hnim b[)
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chn_ljl_n[~à_m ^[ Oilz ko_ ][l[]n_lct[p[g n[hni [ ]igohc^[^_ ^_
L og l[h ]igi ^cmnchn[( ko[hni [m i\lca[~à_m ko_ im g_g\lim [mmo)
g c[g ]igi g_g\lim _ j_f[m ko[cm jl_m_lp[p[g m_o efSfge'
Dmni ]ig\ch[ n[g\Äg \_g ]ig i omi j[ofchi* L o[hî _f_ om[ [
_rjl_mm}i j_f[ jlcg _cl[ p_t _g B- .*-2( Ä i\pc[g_hn_ og [ l_`_lÇh]c[
[ ko_mnà_m f_p[hn[^[m j_fim _jcmÖ^cim cg_^c[n[g _hn_ jl_]_^_hn_m _g
E_lom[fÄg _ <hncikoc[6 [ ko_mn}i ^_ i\l[m ^[ G_c Ä ncjc`c][^[ j_f[m
ko_mnà_m m_ i a_hnci Ocni ^_p_ m_l ]cl]oh]c^[î $B-.*-)-,% _ m_ ^_p_ m_l
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$B- .*--)-1%* < ko_mn}i ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i îm ]lcmn}im a_hncim( io m_ n[cm
]lcmn}im ^_p_lc[g i\m_lp[l [m f_cm [fcg_hn[l_m( nlior_ _pc^_hn_g_h)
n_ og _hìko_ hÉncî { ko_mn}i ^[m i\l[m ^[ G_c _ jlip[p_fg_hn_
/3 B* =_lnl[g( K;EK .( j* 21-7 =ofng[hh( K^[ebe]o% j* .2/).20*

/4 >`* G* C* N]bc``g[h( Ob_ O_gjf_ N]liff [h^ nb_ Nsmn_gm i` E_qcmb G[q i` nb_
N_]ih^ O_gjf_ K_lci^ ( ch B* C* =liie_ $ila*%( K[cfb[ JYhebb JjkZ_[i $Nb_``c_f^6
E=JO( -545%( j* ./5).11( [koc6 j* .01).1,*
:Wf}jkbe 1 -*/
nilhio)[m og jli\f_g[ ko_ h}i nchb[ mcî jimni [mmcg [hn_lcilg_h)

n_* x _r[n[g_hn_ cmni ko_ _mj_l[lÉ[gim _g og ]ihn_rni g[l][î j_f[
jl_m_h~[ ^_ do^_o)]lcmn}im ko_ ifb[p[g ]ig ilaofbi j[l[ [ l_pifn[
g[][\_c[( dz ko_ _l[g _r[n[g_hn_ _mm[m ô[m ko_mnà_m( [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _
[m f_cm [fcg_hn[l_m( ko_ nchb[g m_ nilh[î h[ko_f[ Äji][ _pc^Çh]c[m ^[
[fc[h~[ _ ^[ c^_hnc^[^_ h[]cih[f $fH ] -*2,)2/%* Dmni mcahc`c][ ko_ [nim
io i\l[m ^[ G_c _l[ [ g[h_cl[ ^_ ][l[]n_lct[l [ g_mg[ jl_i]oj[~}i
chn_hm[( ]igj[lncfb[^[ jil gocnim do^_om ^[ Äji][( ^_ jl_m_lp[l [ ^cm)
nch~}i ^_ m_o l_f[]cih[g_hni ]ig ?_om( _ cmni ]ihnl[ im a_hncim* <i
]og jlcl [m i\l[m ^[ G_c ( i do^_o ^_pini jl_m_lp[p[ i m_o efSfge h[
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< ]igjl__hm}i kogl|hc][ îm [nim ^[ G_c _l[ mcgjf_mg_hn_ og [
_rjl_mm}i m_]nzlc[ _ g[cm j[lnc]of[lcmn[ ^[ ]ihpc]~}i do^[c][ gocni
^cpofa[^[ ^_ ko_ _l[g [m i\l[m ^[ G_c ko_ ^cmnchaoc[g do^_om ^_
a_hncim j_][îl_m $B-.*-1%*
I}i Ä jimmÉp_f ^_m_hpifp_l n[f jihni ]ig g [cil jliòh^c^[^_
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[ôtc^[ m_d[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ i g _o jlijÖmcni/5 _ ko_ i jihni _g mc
_mn_d[ ]f[li* L o[hî K[ofi ^ct ko_ niîm m}i domnc`c][îm j_f[ `Ä _
h}i jil i\l[m ( _f_ `pa ko_l ^ct_l ][^[ j_mmi[ ^_p_ ^_cr[l ^_ `[)
t_l mo[ jlÖjlc[ j[ln_ _ mcgjf_mg_hn_ ]ih`c[l h[ []_cn[~}i ^_ ?_om (
jil g[cm f_aÉncgi _ cg jiln[hn_ ko_ ìmm_ _mm[ chn_ljl_n[~}i ^_ mo[m
j[f[pl[m* J ko_ _f_ kocm ^ct_l ìc [ domnc`c][~}i h}i _mnz l_mnlcn[ [im
do^_om _hko[hni j_mmi[m ][l[]n_lct[^[m jil mo[m i\l[m ^cmnchncp[m7
_f[ _mnz [\_ln[ j[l[ ni^[m [m j_mmi[m( n[hni [ a_hncim ko[hni [ do^_om(
[nl[pÄm ^[ `Ä *
/5 <fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* g_o IecWdi% j* -1/)-117 n[g\Äg A[iki% GWkb WdZ j^[ CWm $Gih)
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n[g\Äg K^[ GWhj_d]i e \ j^[ NWoi $Gih^l_m6 N>H( -55-%( ][j* 3* <fc hini ko_ [
_rjl_mm}i i\l[m ^[ f_c _g Mg /*., l_mog_ _ ifb[ ^_ pifn[ ^_ g[h_cl[ m_g_)
fb[hn_ j[l[ [ ]ih`c[h~[ h[ G_c _ j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ h[ ]cl]oh]cm}i ko_ K[ofi nchb[
]lcnc][î dz _g .*-3mm* <laog _hni n[g\Äg ko_ Mg 0*0)1 Ä i jlcg_cli j[mmi
hog [ n_hn[ncp[ ^_ ^_`chcl i m_hncî ^_ ]ihn[î $Bh -1*2%( _ ko_ i `[t mcgjf_m)
g_hn_ [i ]ihnl[mn[l im [ll[hdim ]ihnl[no[cm bog [him ]ig [ a_h_limc^[^_ mol)
jl__h^_hn_ ^_ ?_om* I}i i\mn[hn_ [ mojimc~}i a_l[f î ]ihnlzlci( _g Mg 0*0)1
dxe û h_hbog [ ch^c][~}i ^_ ko_ im do^_om ]ihn_gjil|h_im ^_ K[ofi ncp_mm_g
j_hm[î _g mo[ l_f[~}i ^_ [fc[h~[ ]ig ?_om ]igi [fai ko_ ìmm_ og ]ihnl[ni
_hnl_ og _g jl_a[îl _ og _g jl_a[î bog[him*
,)/ : F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m dg
@g jio][m j[f[pl[m( [ `l[ko_t[ î _hn_h^cg_hni jlin_mn[hn_ ]fzmmc)

]i ^[ domnc`c][~}i( pcmn[ ]igi i l_`f_ri ^cl_ni ^[ ^_m]i\_ln[ j_fi jlÖjlci
E NM>KH& Ä ko_ _f[ ^_crio ^_ j_l]_\_l io ko_ ^cgchoco [kocfi ko_ _l[
jlip[p_fg_hn_ i [mj_]ni g[cm cgjiln[hn_ ^[ îonlch[ j[l[ i jlÖjlci
K[ofi* @g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( _f_ ^_crio ^_ j_l]_\_l [ ]lÉnc][ òh^[g_hn[f
{ n_h^Çh]c[ cml[_fcn[ ^_ jl_moh~à_m h[]cih[fcmn[m( m_g m_ko_l `[f[l î
ilaofbi l[]c[f ) og [ ]lÉnc][ dz ìlgof[^[ hi chn_lcil ^[ nl[^c~}i do^[c][
jil `caol[m ]igi Eih[m( <gÖm $5*3% _ Ei}i =[ncmn[ $Hn /*5%( [fÄg î jlÖ)
jlci E_mom $Hn 4*-,)-.%* K[l[ K[ofi( [ domnc`c][~}i mcahc`c][ ko_ ?_om []_c)
n[ [m j_mmi[m m_g ko[fko_l l_`_lÇh]c[ [i m_o h[m]cg_hni ^_hnli ^_ og[
_nhc[ j[lnc]of[l $Mg 5*2)4% _ m_g l_`_lÇh]c[ { jl_m_lp[~}i îm ]imnog_m
nl[^c]cih[cm _ ^cmnchncpim ^[ko_f[ l[~[ $Mg 5*5)--7 --*2%* < domnc`c][~}i
^z)m_ _r]fomcp[g_hn_ j_f[ `Ä $Mg /*.47 5*/,)/.%*
I}i ji^_g im ^_cr[l ^_ him j_laohn[l m_ [ bcmnÖlc[ _olij_c[ [i
fihai î mÄ]ofi j[mm[î h}i n_lc[ mcî l[^c][fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_( m_ j[lnc)
]of[lg_hn_ [ <f_g[hb[ fon_l[h[ ncp_mm_ mcî ][j[t ^_ jl_m_lp[l g[cm
jf_h[g _hn_ n[f ]igjl__hm}i ^[ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä* @ og [ [lg[ ch_mnc)
gzp_f ]ihnl[ i SbSdfZW[V n[g\Äg ìc j_l^c^[ ^_ pcmn[ ^_g[mc[^[g _hn_
h[ õ`lc][ î Nof( ionli j[Ém ko_ m_ ilaofb[ ^_ mo[ b_l[h~[ \É\fc][ _ ^_
mo[m l[Ét_m h[ M_ìlg[* I}i ko_ [ =l_n[hb[ [hafi)m[ráhc][ _ [ <gÄ)
lc][ î Iiln_ jo^_mm_g m_ [llcm][l [ [mmogcl jimnol[m ^_ doÉti []_l][
^_mm_ [mmohni( ^[^[ [ n_h^Çh]c[ ^_ n[hn[m Dal_d[m _g j[Ém_m lc]im ^_
c^_hnc`c][l [ ]cpcfct[~}i ]lcmn}( jil _r_gjfi( ]ig [ ]ofnol[ pcnilc[h[
io i iSk aX ^[XW hiln_)[g_lc][hi* < domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä Ä og [ \[h^_cl[
f_p[hn[^[ jil K[ofi ]ihnl[ ni^[ _ ko[fko_l jl_moh~}i ^_ efSfge jlcpc)
f_ac[î ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om( _g pclno^_ ^[ _nhc[( ^[ ]ofnol[ io ^[ h[]cih[)
fc^[^_( ]ihnl[ ni^[ _ ko[fko_l n_hn[ncp[ ^_ jl_m_lp[l _mm[m ^cmnch~à_m
_mjâlc[m g_^c[hn_ jlznc][m ko_ _r]fo_g _ ^cpc^_g*
BO
Cz( jilÄg( og[ ^cg_hm}i g[cm [gjf[ ko_ n[g\Äg ^_p_ m_l [\il)
^[^[ [koc* <nÄ _mn_ gig_hni n_hn[gim ^[l og j[mmi j[l[ [ mcno[~}i
[hn_lcil { îonlch[ ]fzmmc][ jlin_mn[hn_ ^[ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä ( _g
^cl_~}i [i ]ihn_rni ^_ K[ofi( [i m_o jlÖjlci nl[n[g _hni î n_g[* <ai)
l[ jl_]cm[gim ^[l ionli j[mmi j[l[ nlzm ) j[l[ im l_]olmim î [è[YZf%
^[ fchao[a_g _ ^[ nl[^c~}i {m ko[cm i jlÖjlci K[ofi l_]ill_o* Jo m_d[(
:Wf}jkbe $ ""$
`ct_gim og gipcg_hni ^_ E NM>KH j[l[ K[ofi7 [ail[( gip_gi)him [

j[lncl ^_ K[ofi j[l[ i <hncai O_mn[g_hni*
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^[ G_c *
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ni [ do^_om ]igi fS_Tr_ [ ni^[m [m ionl[m j_mmi[m*-.
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G_c ^ct( _f[ ^ct {m j_mmi[m ^_hnli ^[ G_c( [ `cg ^_ ko_ ][^[ \i][ m_ ][f_
V***W $Mg /*-5%* E z`[Ua eW`f[Va VS eWYg`VS bSdfW VS SUgeSqpa r SeeWYgdSd
cgW \gVWge dWUa`ZWqS_ S e[ _We_ae Ua_a [Ù^guVae VW`fda VS SUgeSqpa g`[&
hWdeS^ ) cmni Ä( n[hni im do^_om ko[hni im a_hncim( io( _g n_lgim ^_ olh[
_rjl_mm}i n_gznc][ _g n[cm ][jÉnofim( i do^_o jlcg_cli( g[m n[g\Äg
i a_hnci * @ Ä cmni ko_ Ä l_mog cî [koc*
<mmcg []ihn_]_ n[g\Äg ]ig i jlÖjlci p_lmÉ]ofi Mg /*.,* Lo[h)
î K[ofi `[f[ ^_ domnc`c][~}i j_f[m i\l[m ^[ G_c ( W^W baVW fWd W_ _W`fW
ea_W`fW g_ z`[Ua baha ) Dml[_f( im do^_om _g a_l[f*-/ < âhc][ G_c _g
pcmn[ Ä [ G_c do^[c][*-0 Nig_hn_ im do^_om $_g a_l[f% _mncg[p[g _mm[
G_c7 mig_hn_ _f_m j_hm[p[g _g n_lgim ^_ i\l[m ^[ G_c _ ^_ domnc`c)
][~}i him n_lgim ^[ G_c* Kiln[hni( ko[hî K[ofi ^ct ko_ h_hbog [
][lh_ Ä domnc`c][^[ j_f[m i\l[m ^[ G_c( _f_ ko_l ]f[l[g_hn_ [mm_aol[l
ko_ m_om ]if_a[m do^_om l_]ihb_~[g ko_ WebWU[X[US_W`fW _f_m `pa _mn}i
cm_hnim* < Çh`[m_ h[ ][lh_ Ä [^_ko[^[( dz ko_ _f_ ^_p_lc[ f_g\l[l i
do^_o ^_ mo[ ]ih`c[h~[ j[lnc]of[l h[ ][lh_ $Mg .*.4).57 ]`* A-/*0%*
Kiln[hni( _g l_mogi( h}i ^cm]ilî ^_ g[h_cl[ [faog[ ^_ ko_ [
[]om[~}i ^_ Mg -*-4)/*., m_d[ ohcp_lm[f* Ii _hn[hni( ^_p_lc[ _mn[l ]c[)
-. K[l[ ^_n[fb_m( ]`* g _o fcpli IecWdi' R=> /4 $?[ff[m6 R il^( -544%( j* -05)
-1-(-13*
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g_hn_ j* -12)-13%* Ii _hn[hni( dz ko_ h}i ]ihn_mni ko_ i\l[$m% ^[ G_c mcahc`c][
X i\l[$m% _rcac^[$m% j_f[ G_c ( j[l[ ko[fko_l _`_cni( [ ]lÉnc][ ^_ >l[h`c_f^ $j* 50%
j_l^_ m_o m_hncî*
:Wf}jkbe 1 -,-
li ko_ K[ofi( j[l[ nig [l mo[ []om[~}i ohcp_lm[f( n_g ^_ ^_gihmnl[l

ko_ i do^_o _g a_l[f _mnz ch]focî( ko_ mo[ ]ih`c[h~[ h[ ][lh_ _ Ñ[m
i\l[m ^[ G_c Ä _kocpi][^[( ][mi _f_ j_hm_ ko_ _m][j[lz jil ][om[ ^[
mo[ ]ih`c[h~[ ^[ []om[~}i ohcp_lm[f*
.*.* Jl[( i ko_ mcahc`c][ _`_ncp[g_hn_ [ []om[~}i î do^_o _g

Mg .; Nojihbi ko_ [koc m_d[ h_]_mmzlci [faog _m]f[l_]cg_hni ^_ gc)
hb[m n_hn[ncp[m [hn_lcil_m ^_ _rjfc][l [ fchb[ î j_hm[g _hni ^_ K[o)
fi( _ _mnio j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ al[ni j_f[ ]lÉnc][ ^_ ?l* G U Z d W [` W d ko_ g_
[f_lnio mi\l_ cmmi* Kil n[f l[t}i( j_~i fc]_h~[ j[l[ ^ct_l fiai [koc ko_(
_g Mg .( j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ _g .*.-).3( K[ofi _mnz ]f[l[g_hn_ `[f[hî
^_ og [ ^_mi\_^cÇh]c[ l_[f( ^_ og [ \l_]b[ l_[f h[ G_c* @f_ h}i _mnz ]lc)
nc][hî im ionlim do^_om mcgjf_mg_hn_ jil ][om[ ^_ mo[ [ncno^_ ^c[hn_
^[ G_c* ?l* G U Z d W [` W d ìlgof[ [ ]lÉnc][ ]ig g[cil m_p_lc^[^_6 <koc
$cmni Ä( Mg /*.,% h}i m_ ^ct h[^[ mi\l_ og [ [ncno^_ _ll[^[ io og _mjÉ)
lcni _r]fomcpi7 i jli\f_g[ Ä [ ^_mi\_^cÇh]c[ *-1 N_aohî gchb[ [p[)
fc[~}i( jilÄg( m_lc[ g[cm ]ill_ni ]ih]focl ko_ K[ofi _mnz ]ih^_h[hî
[g\[m [m ]icm[m ) [ ^_mi\_^cÇh]c[ l_[f _ [ [ncno^_ ncjc][g_hn_ do^[c][
^c[hn_ ^[ G_c* ?_cr_g)g_ _rjfc][l cmni*
@g Mg .( K[ofi j_hm[ n[hni h[ ^_mi\_^cÇh]c[ ko[hni h[ egbae[qpa
Va Å\gVWg VW cgW fS^ VWeaTWV[WÙ[S `pa r fpa erd[S Ua_a a WefSd&eW_&BW[e% Ua_a
eW XaeeW g_ `pa \gVWg' Dmni `c][ ]f[li j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ h[ jlcg_cl[ m_~}i ^_
Mg .* Ki^_gim i\m_lp[l ^_ j[mm[a_g ko_ og îm gincpim jlch]cj[cm
^[m ^c`c]of^[^_m _rj_lcg_hn[^[m jil n[hnim _r_a_n[m _g fc^[l ]ig Mg .
Ä [ `[fb[ îm g_mgim _g chn_al[l ni^[m [m m_~à_m ^_ Mg .( mo[ `[fb[ _g
m_aocl i gipcg_hni î j_hm[g_hni [i fihai ^_ niî i ][jÉnofi ^_ Mg
.* Ez jli]ol_c og[ _rjimc~}i g[cm ]igjf_n[ _g g_o fcpli Ha_Sè W olh[
_rjfc][~}i og n[hni l_`ch[^[ hog [lncai mo\m_ko_hn_*-2<koc( \[mn[ ko_
_o mcgjf_mg_hn_ l_]il^_ im jihnim ko_ m_ao_g*
[% < mojimc~}i ko_ Ä [n[][^[ him jlcg_clim p_lmÉ]ofim ^_ Mg . Ä

]f[l[g_hn_ [ ^_`_h^c^[ j_fi chn_lfi]onil( ^_ ko_ _f_-3 _m][j[lc[ î
-1 N]bl_ch_l( j* ..47 m_g_fb[hn_g_hn_ Hii( j* .-1*

-2 Rb[n q[m nb_ Dmmo_ \_nq__h K[of [h^ #Obim_ i` nb_ >cl]og]cmcih#; ( ch H*
C_ha_f( P* C_]e_f $ila*%( GWkbki kdZ ZWi Wdj_a[ AkZ[djkc' RPIO $Oä\cha_h6
Hibl( -55-%( j* .51)/-3 $9 WY_cW% >[j* 1%*
-3 Ncai i al_ai [i om[l jlihig_m g[m]ofchim( m_g ^cmnchaocl [m ko_mnà_m ^_ aÇh_li*
,+- 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG:J= H 9 M DG
dofa[g_hni ^_ ?_om $Mg .*/%* J `[ni ^_ ko_ i do^_o _mnz _g pcmn[ Ä

[gjf[g_hn_ l_]ihb_]cî _ \[mn[hn_ Ö\pci ^_pcî [ ô[m ][l[]n_lÉmnc)
][m _g j[lnc]of[l*
c% ?_pcî [i [fni al[o ^_ m_g_fb[h~[ _hnl_ -*-4m _ [ ]ih^_h[~}i
nÉjc][g_hn_ do^[c]i)b_f_hcmn[ ^[ l_fcac}i _ ]ihôn[ a_hnc[m* Lo[fko_l
j_mmi[ ko_ ]ihb_~[ im _mnl_cnim j[l[f_fim _hnl_ Mg -*-4 _ N\ --)-1 _g
j[lnc]of[l l_]ihb_]_lz n[g\Äg ko_ K[ofi _mn[p[ ni][hî og [ gâ)
mc][ j[l[ og jâ\fc]i do^_o _g Mg f*fm ( _ ko_ .*- Ä i jihni _g ko_
K[ofi m_ pcl[ j[l[ `[f[l ]ig i m_o jâ\fc]i*
cc% ?_pcî [im _]im ^_ NDN[f -1*4 _ N\ -1*-m _g Mg .*/)0*-4 K[ofi
]ihncho[ [koc [ m_ l_`_lcl { g_mg[ mojimc~}i6 ko_ im do^_om m}i ^c`_)
l_hn_m îm a_hncim7 ko_ h}i m}i j_][îl_m ]igi im a_hncim7 ko_ h}i
j_][g ]igi im a_hncim( io( m_ i `ct_mm_g( m_o j_][î h}i m_lc[ n}i
mÄlci* N_hî [mmcg( Dml[_f Ä ^cm]cjfch[î $]illcacî%( g[m im ionlim Ä
ko_ m}i johcîm7 Dml[_f Ä ][mnca[î( g[m ionlim Ä ko_ m}i [~icn[îm7
Dml[_f Ä n_mn[î( g[m im m_g ?_om Ä ko_ m}i ]ih^_h[î7 Dml[_f _mj_l[
gcm_lc]Öl^c[( g[m [j_h[m m_om ijih_hn_m Ä ko_ ji^_g _mj_l[l [ cl[
$NDN[f( b'Wj' /*0)-27 3*-)-,7 4*.3)0,7 -/*0)--7 N\ --*5)-,7 -.*..7 -2*5)-,%*
@mn[ Ä [ [ncno^_ ko_ K[ofi ]b[g[ ^_ cgj_hcnÇh]c[ _ ôl_t[ ^_ ]i)
l[~}i $Mg .*1%7 A [`fWdâUgfad "\gVS[Ua# XS^Zag bad `pa fWd ^WhSVa A bWUSVa
egX[U[W`fW_W`fW S erd[a'
Kiln[hni( i [fpi ^_ K[ofi _g Mg .*-mm Ä i do^_o ko_ j_hm[
_mn[l m_aoli _g l_f[~}i { ]ih^_h[~}i jil ?_om* Dmni Ä( [ mojimc~}i
î chn_lfi]onil `pa r ko_ _f_ hoh][ j_][( g[m [hn_m ko_ _f_( jil j_l)
n_h]_l { [fc[h~[ _ [i jipi ^_ ?_om( m_lz nl[n[î jil ?_om ^_ g [h_cl[
g[cm `[pilzp_f* H_mgi m_ _f_ j_][l ]igi im a_hncim( _f_ m_lz jioj[)
î jil j_ln_h]_l { [fc[h~[ $g[m h}i ^_`chcncp[g_hn_( jilko_ i m[]lc)
`É]ci ij_l[lz [ _rjc[~}i îm m_om j_][îm%* @mn[ [ncno^_ m_ _rjl_m)
m[ l_j_nc^[g _hn_ him N[fgim ^_ N[fig}i ) jil _r_gjfi( /*57 1*3)57
5*--)-17 -/*0(2(57 -2*--)-1* @g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( [koc bz og [ ^cmnch~}i
_hnl_ im ^_ ìl[ _ im ^_ ^_hnli 6 i ^_ ìl[ Ä ][mnca[î( i ^_ ìl[
Ä ]ih^_h[î* I}i jl_]cm[gim mojil ko_ K[ofi _mncp_mm_ j_hm[hî
him N[fgim ^_ N[fig}i* H[m j[l_]_ _rnl_g [g _hn_ jlipzp_f ko_ _f_
_mncp_mm_ ]ig\[n_hî [ g_mg[ [ncno^_ ko_ m_ _rjl_mm[ him N[fgim
^_ N[fig}i*
-4)>ig j[l_)m_ n[g\Äg _g j[ln_ NDN[f 4*.3)/1 ]ig Mg /*/)0*

:Wf}jkbe 1 ,+.
\% Mg .*-.)-2 ]ih`clg[ ko_ [ ko_mn}i Ä [ [ncno^_ îm ^_ ^_h)

nli _g l_f[~}i [im ^_ ìl[* <koc( K[ofi _f[\il[)[ him n_lgim ^[ G_c*
< ^cmnch~}i Ä _hnl_ [m j_mmi[m ^_hnli ^[ G_c _ [ko_f[m ko_ _mn}i [j[l)
n[^[m ^Äf[ $Mg .*-.%( _hnl_ [ko_f[m ko_ nÇg [ G_c _ [ko_f[m ko_ h}i [
nÇg $Mg .*-0%* < jl_moh~}i mi\ [n[ko_ Ä g[cm olh[ p_t ko_ n_l [ G_c
`[t ^c`_l_h~[* Hocni j_fi ]ihnlzlci( chmcmn_ K[ofi( [m j_mmi[m ^_hnli ^[
G_c m_l}i dofa[^[m ]ig n[hn[ ]_ln_t[ ko[hni [m j_mmi[m ko_ _mn}i ^_f[
[j[ln[^[m7 m_l og g_g\li î jipi ^[ G_c h}i ^[lz [i do^_o og [
jimc~}i ^_ p[hn[a_g hi dofa[g_hni7 [ g _^c^[ î ]og jlcl [ G_c m_lz
[ g_mg[( n[hni j[l[ im do^_o ko[hni j[l[ im a_hncim*
]% @g Mg .*-3).0 _mnz ]f[li( j[l[ [fÄg ^_ ko[fko_l ^cm]omm}i( ko_
à UW`fda VS SfW`qpa VW FSgâ Wefm A eWèa \gVS[Ua VW bd[h[^rY[a W hS`fSYW_ W_
dW^Sqpa Sae agfdae bahae' H[m( l_mjih^_ K[ofi( dz ko_ i do^_o `[t ]ic)
m[m ko_ m}i n}i gzm ko[hni [m i\l[m ^_ ko[fko_l a_hnci( _f_ h}i ji^_
jl_mog cl ko_ [ mo[ jimc~}i jlcpcf_ac[^[ i m[fp[lz*
^% < g_mg[ cgjfc][~}i _mnz ]f[l[ _g Mg .*.1).56 i nl_]bi pcm[( j_fi
g_him j[l]c[fg_hn_( i m_hmi do^[c]i ^_ ko_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ^z [i do^_o
^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om og foa[l ^_ jlcpcfÄaci _g l_f[~}i {m ionl[m j_mmi[m*
Ez ko_ K[ofi _fiac[ [ j_mmi[ ch]cl]oh]cm[ ko_ i\m_lp[ [ G_c ]ihnl[ [
]cl]oh]cm[ ( ko_ `[fb[ _g i\m_lp[l [ G_c( _f_ ^_p_ m_ l_`_lcl [i do^_o
]igi [faoÄg ko_ j_hm[ ko_ mo[ ]cl]oh]cm}i m_d[ og[ jli`cf[rc[ ]ihnl[
og j_][î mÄlci* >_ln[g_hn_( h}i ji^_ mcahc`c][l ko_ _f_ m_ l_`_lcmm_ [i
do^_o ]igi og[ j_mmi[ ko_ mcgjf_mg_hn_ m_ afilc[ ^_ mo[ i\m_lp|h)
]c[ ^[ G_c $_mn[ ]ihmc^_l[^[ ]igi [fai ko_ [nlc\oc gÄlcni%7 g[m [hn_m( [i
do^_o ]igi og[ j_mmi[ ko_ m_ afilc[ ^_ m_o efSfge \gefa $]ig ]_ln_t[
î]og_hn[î _ g[hncî j_f[m i\l[m ^[ G_c %( ko_ a[l[hn_ ko_ ko[f)
ko_l `[fb[ _g i\m_lp[l [ G_c h}i Ä ]ihmc^_l[^[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ j_lnol\[l
n[f efSfge'*2
@g l_mogi( h}i ji^_g im ^ct_l ko_ K[ofi _mn_d[ [n[][hî _g Mg

.)/ mig_hn_ [ [ncno^_ _ll[^[ _g l_f[~}i { G_c*., H[m n[gjio]i ji^_)
gim ^ct_l ko_ _f_ _mn_d[ []om[hî mig_hn_ im [nim ^_ ^_mi\_^cÇh]c[ {
G_c* @f_ m_ l_`_l_ [ S_TSe' @f_ jl_]cm[ ]ihp_h]_l m_o chn_lfi]onil do^[c)
]i ^_ ko_ [ mo[ `[fb[ _g i\_^_]_l { G_c Ä n}i mÄlc[ ko[hni im j_][îm
-5 Q_d[)m_ hip[g_hn_ im N[fgim ^_ N[fig}i( g_h]cih[îm WY_cW'

+) @mj_li h}i n_l ^cni cmmi _g j[ln_ [faog[( g[m m_ [faoÄg ncp_l _hn_h^cî [mmcg(
_mnio `_fct _g ji^_l ]illcacl [ ko_mn}i [koc*
,+/ 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG : J = H 9 M DG
îm a_hnÉim* J jli\f_g[ Ä ko_ [ G_c jl_pch_ i do^_o ^_ l_]ihb_]_l [

m_lc_^[^_ ^_ m_o j_][î* I_mm_ m_hncî( i jli\f_g[ jlch]cj[f r WXWf[hS&
_W`fW [ [ncno^_ do^[c][ ^c[hn_ ^[ G_c( mcgjf_mg_hn_ jilko_ i m_hmi ^_
^c`_l_h~[ _ ^_ jlcpcfÄaci ch]of][î jil _f[ [h_mn_mc[ i m_hmi ^_ m_lc_)
^[^_ î j_][î ]ig_ncî*
x cmni ko_ K[ofi j_hm[ _pc^_hn_g_hn_ ko[hî l_mog_ mo[ []o)
m[~}i _g /*., him n_lgim ^[m óæœ√• Ã÷ÀŒ— Vi\l[m ^[ f_cW* < [ncno^_ ^_
]ih`c[h~[ _rjl_mm[^[ _g i\l[m ^[ G_c Ä [ jl_moh~}i î do^_o ^_
ko_ _f_ m_lz chi]_hn[î hi EoÉti Ach[f( _hko[hni im ionlim $a_hncim%
m_l}i ]ih^_h[îm* Dpa r og [ jl_moh~}i ^_ _mn[l cm_hni î j_][î( io
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efSfge ^_hnli î jipi ^[ [fc[h~[( ]igi [n_mn[î jil mo[m i\l[m ^[
G_c ( p[c fb_ a[l[hncl mo[ [\mifpc~}i `ch[f* Dpa r og [ jl_moh~}i ^_ ko_
[m mo[m i\l[m ^[ G_c fb_ a[l[hn_g [ m[fp[~}i io ko_ j_m[g g[cm ko_
m_om j_][îm*.- H[m r% e[_% [ jl_moh~}i ^_ ko_( m_d[g ko[cm ìl_g m_om
j_][îm( _f_m h}i m_l}i mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ mÄlcim j[l[ jlcpz)fi ^[ pc^[
hi Wv` ko_ pclz* x [ jl_moh~}i ^_ ko_ _mm[ i\_^cÇh]c[ {m _rcaÇh]c[m
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m[]lc`c][f( ]i\lcl}i m_om j_][îm7 ko_( jiln[hni( h}i bz h_]_mmc^[^_ [f)
aog [ ^_ og [ll_j_h^cg _hni g[cm l[^c][f* I og ]ihnl[mn_ [ao~[î _
ko[m_ _rjfÉ]cni( K[ofi ]ihmn[n[ ko_ i j[j_f ^[ G_c Ä nl[t_l [ ]ihm]cÇh)
]c[ î j_][î( g[m h}i [h_mn_mc[l [ ]ihm]cÇh]c[ $/*.,\%*..
@g l_mogi( _o j_hmi ko_ _mnz []cg[ ^_ ko[fko_l ^cm]omm}i ko_ [m
2œ√• Ã÷ÀŒ— _g Mg /*., ]ihmncno_g i l_mogi ^[ []om[~}i ^_ -*-4)/*.,*
Ii _hn[hni( i ko_ n[hnim _r_a_n[m _hn_h^_g ^_ g[h_cl[ chn_cl[g_hn_
_kocpi][^[ Ä i Égj_ni ^_mm[ []om[~}i* L o[hî Ä fc^[ ]ihnl[ i j[hi
^_ òhî ^[ jifÇgc][ do^[c][ ]ihnl[ [ l_fcacimc^[^_ a_hnÉfc][ _ ]ihnl[
i a_hnci ]igi j_][îl ( ]igi j_hmi ko_ n_g ^_ m_l( ^_p_lc[ `c][l
]f[li ko_ [m i\l[m ^[ G_c h}i ^_hin[g h_hbog [ n_hn[ncp[ ^_ a[hb[l
i `[pil ^_ ?_om* I [ []om[~}i h}i bz h[^[ ^cmmi* J ko_ bz( mcg( _ bz
_g [\oh^|h]c[( Ä [ jl_moh~}i do^[c][ î efSfge ^_ h[~}i `[pil_]c^[
_ [ ]ihm_ko_hn_ jl_moh~}i ^_ ko_( [nÄ g_mgi ko[hî do^_om j_][g(
m_o j_][î h}i Ä n}i mÄlci ko[hni i j_][î îm a_hncim* @ fS^ [ncno^_ _
.- <mmcg [ch^[ _hnl_ ]ig_hnzlcim l_]_hn_m R* N]bgcnb[fm( ;[h Iec[hXh_[\ $Bän_lmfib6

Bän_lmfib_l( -544%( j* --0*
.. Kil cmmi i jil ko_ chnliôt /*.,\( []_l][ î ko[f >l[h`c_f^ g_ ]lcnc][ ^ct_hî
ko_ _o i ncp_mm_ cahil[î $j* 5/%*
:Wf}jkbe 1 ,+0
]igjl__hm}i _kocpi][^[ ko_ K[ofi l_mog_ ]igi [ ]ih`c[h~[ ^[ domnc)

`c][~}i j_f[m i\l[m ^[ G_c( _ [ ]f[l[ cgjfc][~}i Ä ko_ epa Se egSe aTdSe
VS BW[ $dz ko_ _f[m jl_m_lp[g i efSfge ^[ [fc[h~[ _ î]og _hn[g [ ^cm)
nch~}i _hnl_ im do^_om _ im j_][îl_m a_hncim% cgW Vpa Sa \gVWg S XSêS
Ua`X[S`qS W _SeUSdS_ S eWd[WVSVW VW eWg bWUSVa'
+',' @mn[ fchb[ ^_ _r_a_m_( io [faog[ gocni j[l_]c^[( Ä ]_ln[g_h)

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g_hn_ h_a[ncp[ mig_hn_ _g ^_n_lgch[îm ]ihn_rnim gocni \_g ^_`c)
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:Wf}jkbe 1 ,,*
Kil cmmi ôpcî gocni ko_ m_d[ ]ill_ni _hn_h^_l Mg 0*0)1 ]igi
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^_m `pa m}i [ g_mg[ ]icm[( _ [ al[h^_ _rn_hm}i î ^_m[]ilî _hnl_ i
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_hnl_ [g\[m [m ]ih]_j~à_m*
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-( åú¶ûù §™£•® TfYiXj [X c\Ù eX <XikX Xfj @vcXkXj

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^[m [i [mmohni*
/*.* B- .*-2* N_d[g ko[cm ìl_g [m nl[ô~à_m ^_mn_ p_lmÉ]ofi(// `c][
]f[li( m_g ^âpc^[m( j[l[ [fÄg ^_ ko[fko_l ^cm]omm}i m_hm[n[6 c% ko_
/. >l[h`c_f^( j* 53)547 l_`_lchî)m_ [ g _o fcpli IecWdi% _mj_]c[fg_hn_ j* 142)144*

// Ncfp[ ]ihmc^_l[ gchb[ l_mjimn[ [ A* A* =lo]_ _g A[iki% GWkb WdZ j^[ CWm% j* -54(
og ]ig_hnzlci \[mn[hn_ ]ihòmi $j* /02%( g[m ^_pi ]ih`_mm[l ko_ mo[ l_mjim)
n[ h}i g_ jlijil]cihio h_hbog [ ]f[l_t[*
--, 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG:J= H 9MDG
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?_om âhc]i ko_ Dml[_f m_gjl_ nchb[ ]ih`_mm[î $Mg /*/,7 D>il 4*2%* >ig
i g_mgi l_mofn[î( hÖm f_gim hi p_lmÉ]ofi)]b[p_ ^_ Mg /*.- ko_ [ dom)
nc~[ ^_ ?_om ìc l_p_f[^[( ]igi [n_mn[î j_f[ G_c _ j_fim jli`_n[m * Dmni
]ih`clg[ mcgjf_mg_hn_ i jihni [laog_hn[ncpi dz f_p[hn[î( ^_ ko_ i
]ihn_âî)]b[p_ î _p[ha_fbi $ [ domnc~[ ^_ ?_om % _l[ j[l[ K[ofi chn_c)
l[g_hn_ [în[î ^[m ][n_ailc[m _ ^[ n_ifiac[ ^_ [ G_c _ im jli`_n[m *
N_g_fb[hn_g_hn_( K[ofi ji^_ [nÄ g_mgi ^ct_l _g B- /*4 ko_ i
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og m_hncî gocni l_[f j[l[ K[ofi( i _p[ha_fbi dz _rcmnc[( io j_fi g_)
him dz _mn[p[ _g pcail( hi n_gji ^_ <\l[}i* @ ]f[li ko_ K[ofi _mnz
[jl_m_hn[hî og [ fchb[ ]ih]l_n[6 i _p[ha_fbi ]ihmcmn_ jlcg _cl[ io
_mm_h]c[fg_hn_ h[ jlig_mm[ [ <\l[}i ^_ ko_ [m h[~à_m m_lc[g [\_h~i)
[^[m h_f_ $Bh -.*/7 -4*-4%* Ii _hn[hni( _l[ ^_ cgjiln|h]c[ ]_hnl[f j[l[
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?c`c]cfg_hn_ [ fchb[ ^[ ]ihnchoc^[^_ ji^_lc[ m_l g[cm ]f[l[*
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domnc`c][^[ _l[ <\l[}i $Mg 07 B- /%* KilÄg( hÖm h}i ^_p_gim _hn_h)
^_l i `[ni ^_ ko_ [m ô[m ][ln[m ko_ m}i g[cm jf_h[g _hn_ ^_^c][^[m
Ciq >ihnlip_lmc[f q[m K[of#m >blcmnifias; ( ch H* >* ^_ =i_l $ila*% =hec

OÅmHN je Ae^d' <iiWoi ed A[iki WdZ E[m K[ijWc[dj :^h_ijebe]o _d ? edekh e\D Wh_dki Z[
Aed][ $ENION 407 Nb_``c_f^ <][^_gc]( -55/%( j* -04)-23 $[koc6 j* -1,)-11%*
:Wf}jkbe *) V -01
{ _rjimc~}i î _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi $Mig[him _ Bzf[n[m% mca[g _mm_h)

]c[fg_hn_ [ g_mg[ fchb[ ^_ [laog_hn[~}i jilko_ n[f m_d[ og ch^É]ci
^_ `[fn[ ^_ chp_hncpc^[^_ n_ifÖac][ jil j[ln_ ^_ K[ofi* <hn_m( n[f `[ni
ch^c][ mcgjf_mg_hn_ ko_ i j[l[^cag [ i`_l_]cî jil <\l[}i _l[ [fn[)
g_hn_ ]lo]c[f j[l[ [ ]igjl__hm}i j[ofch[ î _p[ha_fbi*
K[ln_ chn_al[hn_ ^_mn_ [laog_hni Ä [ [`clg[~}i ^_ ko_ im ]_hnl_m
a_hncim m}i b_l^_clim ^_ <\l[}i n[hni ko[hni ko[fko_l do^_o* < ][)
l[]n_lÉmnc][ ^_`chcîl[ ^_ <\l[}i ]igi l_]_jnil ^[ jlig_mm[ ìl[ [
mo[ []_cn[~}i ^_f[ j_f[ `Ä*
>ihm_ko_hn_g_hn_( [ fchb[a_g ko_ jlip_g ^_ <\l[}i _g n_l)
gim ^_ `cfc[~}i _ ^_ jlig_mm[ ^_p_ m_l ^_`chc^[ cao[fg_hn_ him n_lgim
^[ `Ä* < _rjimc~}i ^_ Bh -1*2 $B- /*2).5% _mnz _g ifôl[^[ _r[n[g_hn_
j_f[ [`clg[~}i l_j_nc^[6 N[\_c( jiln[hni( ko_ [m j_mmi[m ^[ `Ä(-3 _f[m
m}i `cfbim ^_ <\l[}i V***W* @ m_ pÖm micm ^_ >lcmni( _hn}i micm m_g_hn_ ^_
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n[f j[l[ [ [oni]igjl__hm}i ]lcmn} _rjl_mm[^[ jil K[ofi h_mn_ ][jÉnofi
Ä( jiln[hni( [ [`clg[~}i ^[ ]ihnchoc^[^_( [ [`clg[~}i ^_ ko_ i _p[ha_)
fbi h}i ji^_ m_l jl_m_lp[î( h}i ji^_ m_l _hn_h^cî [^_ko[^[g _hn_
]igi i _p[ha_fbi ^_ >lcmni m_ h}i ìl _hn_h^cî ]igi i ]ogjlcg_hni
î jlijÖmcni ^cpchi ko_ ]ig_~io [ m_ ^_mî\l[l ]ig <\l[}i*
J g_mgi [laog _hni Ä [jl_m_hn[î hi ][jÉnofi ^[ >[ln[ [im Mi)
g[him ko_ [jl_m_hn[ og [ n_gznc][ _kocp[f_hn_( _g ko_ [ fchao[a_g
^_ K[ofi j[l_]_ [nlij_f[l [ mc g_mg[ ko[hî _f_ n_hn[ g[hn_l n[hni i
][lzn_l ^_`chcncpi ^[ `Ä ko[hni( [i g_mgi n_gji _ ^[ ìlg[ g[cm ìln_
_ jf_h[ jimmÉp_f( og [ fchb[ ^_ ]ihnchoc^[^_ ^[ `Ä ]ig [ jlig_mm[ [
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g_hn_ big_g ^_ ]cl]oh]cm}i( g[m ko_ n[g\Äg m_ao_ [m j_a[^[m ^[
`Ä ^_ himmi j[c <\l[}i( ko_ _f_ ncp_l[ h[ ch]cl]oh]cm}i V***W( j[l[ ko_ [
jlig_mm[ jimm[ m_l ]_ln[ j[l[ ni^[ [ m_g_hn_( h}i mig_hn_ j[l[ ko_g
Ä ^[ G_c( g[m n[g\Äg j[l[ ko_g Ä ^[ `Ä ^_ <\l[}i $Mg 0*-.(-2%*-5
-3 J `[ni ^_ [m j_mmi[m ^[ `Ä m_l og [ a_h_l[fct[~}i ^_jicm î g[cm _mj_]É`c]i

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mÉ]ofi*
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b_lhe IecWdi% j[l[ i p_lmÉ]ofi*
+.0 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG : J = H 9M DG
Jm jli\f_g[m _r_aÄnc]im ^[ j[mm[a_g mola_g jl_]cm[g_hn_ jilko_

K[ofi _mn[p[ n_hn[hî chmcmncl hog [ fchb[ n}i ìln_ ^_ ]ihnchoc^[^_
_hnl_ i _p[ha_fbi _ [ jlig_mm[ [ <\l[}i( _ i `_t ]ig n[hn[ ìl~[( ko_
[][\io jil _pi][l [ j_laohn[ ch_pcnzp_f6 m_ im ]l_hn_m a_hncim m}i jli)
p_hc_hn_m ^[ m_g_hn_ ^_ <\l[}i( _hn}i i ko_ []ihn_]_ ]ig [ko_f_m
^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i ( ]od[ l_cpch^c][~}i ^_ og [ fchb[ h}i lig jc^[ ^_ ^_m)
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Ach[fg_hn_( _mm[ fchb[ ^_ l_`f_r}i f_p[( jil mo[ p_t( [i f_g\l_n_
^_ ko_ [ ]ihnchoc^[^_ ^_ Dml[_f _l[ j[l[ K[ofi olh[ j[ln_ chn_al[f ^[
]igjl__hm}i ko_ _f_ nchb[ î _p[ha_fbi* @mnz cgjfÉ]cn[ h[ \_h~}i `ch[f
gocni ^cm]onc^[ _g Bzf[n[m ) [ j[t _ [ al[~[ _mn_d[g n[g\Äg mi\l_
i Dml[_f ^_ ?_om $B- 2*-2% ih^_ [ ch`_l_h]c[ g[cm i\pc[ Ä _hn_h^_l
Dml[_f ]igi og jipi ^_`chcî j_f[ jlig_mm[ [ <\l[}i $_ E[]Ö+Dml[)
_f%( cmni Ä( ]igi ]ihm_koÇh]c[ ^_ og [ jlig _mm[ l_]_\c^[ j_f[ `Ä _ ko_
ch]foc \Çh~}im j[l[ [m h[~à_m $Bh .4*-/)-0%*., H[m g_mgi m_ i mcahc`c)
][î _ [ cgjiln|h]c[ ^_ B-2*-2 _mncp_mm_g g[cm [\_lnim j[l[ i ^_\[n_(
[ jimc~}i _g Mg 5)-- _mn[lc[ ]_ln[g_hn_ g[cm î ko_ ]f[l[* <fc( K[ofi
chc]c[ ]ig [ l_[`clg[~}i ^[ lcko_t[ ^[m \Çh~}im ]ihnÉho[m ^_ Dml[_f
$Mg 5*0)1% _ n_lgch[ ]ig [ [`clg[~}i g[cm ìln_ ^_ ko_ i jlijÖmcni ^c)
pchi j[l[ Dml[_f _mnz [ch^[ _g jli]_mmi ^_ ^_mî\l[g _hni _ _g \l_p_
$[mmcg _mj_l[ K[ofi% _f_ [f][h~[lz m_o zjc]_ $Mg --*.1)/.%* Iip[g_hn_
Ä j[ln_ chn_al[hn_ ^[ _mj_l[h~[ [ ]igjl__hm}i ^_ ko_ im ]l_hn_m a_h)
ncim j[mm[l[g [ m_l j[lnc]cj[hn_m ^[m \Çh~}im [i m_l_g _hr_ln[îm h[
ifcp_cl[ ^_ Dml[_f $Mg --*-2).0%* ?_p_gim hin[l i `[ni ^_ ko_ K[ofi
`pa _mn[p[ j_hm[hî _g n_lgim ^_ ô[m _hnc^[^_m m_j[l[^[m( Dml[_f _
[ Dal_d[(.- _hnc^[^_m ko_ _f_ jl_]cm[p[ n_hn[l g[hn_l _g _kocfc\lci io
chn_al[l ^_ [faog[ ìlg[( g[m ko_ _f_ _mn[p[ j_hm[hî mig_hn_ _g
og âhc]i ila[hcmgi pcpi( Dml[_f( ^_hnli î ko[f ][^[ j_mmi[ l_]_\c[ _
g [hnchb[ m_o foa[l j_f[ al[~[ [nl[pÄm ^[ `Ä*.. O[fp_t m_d[ _mn_ i n_rni
_g ko_ [ chn_al[~}i _hnl_ _p[ha_fbi _ Dml[_f ( _g ko_ [ fchb[ ]ih)
., >`*( [fÄg ^cmmi( g _o fcpli >WbWj_Wdi% j* /00)/02*

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Dal_d[ fi][f io og [ Dal_d[ hog [ zl_[ $]`*( j i l _r_gjfi( E* C[cht( <aab[i_W'
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p_lm[f _ [mmcg ]igi [fai ko_ ofnl[j[mm[mm_ _ mo\mncnoÉmm_ Dml[_f [ch^[ h}i
nchb[ molacî*
.. 2`*( [fÄg ^cmmi( g _o fcpli IecWdi% j* 1.,(1/5)10,*
:Wf}jkbe *) ,/2
nÉho[ ko_ p[c ^_ <\l[}i [nÄ im ]l_hn_m a_hnÉim a[hb[ [ mo[ _rjl_mm}i
g[cm ]f[l[* N_ >W[êYWeUZ[UZfW V[f_g}i6 bcmnilc[ ^[ m[fp[~}i W Ä io h}i
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pcmn[ og [ ]ihnchoc^[^_ ^cl_n[ î jlijÖmcni m[fpÉ`c]i ^cpchi ij_l[hî
h[ _ [nl[pÄm ^[ bcmnÖlc[*
M_mogchî* Jonlim [mj_]nim ^_mm[ fchb[ ^_ l_`f_r}i n_ifÖac][
ji^_lc[g m_l f_p[hn[îm( g[m _mj_li ko_ n_hb[ mcî ^cni i mo`c]c_hn_
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]odi chÉ]ci g[cm ]f[li _mn[p[ _g <\l[}i( _l[ j[l[ K[ofi j[ln_ chn_al[h)
n_ î _p[ha_fbi* J jlÖjlci <\l[}i h}i _l[ mig_hn_ i chÉ]ci î _p[h)
a_fbi _ i _r_gjfi [lko_nÉjc]i ^_ og [ j_mmi[ domnc`c][^[ j_f[ `Ä ( g[m
n[g\Äg i jlÖjlci _p[ha_fbi ji^c[ m_l _hn_h^cî [^_ko[^[g _hn_ jil
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fchb[ ^[ ]ihnchoc^[^_ _ ]ogjlcg_hni _l[ n}i ]_hnl[f j[l[ i _p[ha_fbi
ko_ K[ofi n_lc[ dofa[î ko_ i jlÖjlci _p[ha_fbi n_lc[ `[fb[î m_ n[f
fchb[ ncp_mm_ mcî ^_`chcncp[g_hn_ chn_lligjc^[*
,( : [\jZfekèl`[X[\ [f \mXe^\c_f
J _f_g_hni ^[ ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_ Ä g[cm ^c`É]cf ^_ _mn[\_f_]_l ) io
Ä j_fi g_him [mmcg ko_ j[l_]_ { jlcg _cl[ pcmn[* I}i i\mn[hn_( ji^_)m_
[laog _hn[l ]ig `[]cfc^[^_ ko_ n[f ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_ m_d[ og _f_g_hni
î _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi( ^_ g[h_cl[ [hzfia[( io g_mgi ^_ g[h_cl[
g[cm òh^[g _hn[f î ko_ [ ]ihnchoc^[^_*
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E_mom* Kil n[f l[t}i( Ä moljl__h^_hn_ ko_ K[ofi m_ l_`cl[ { ]lot _g n_l)
gim n}i [ji][fÉjnc]im* N_hî [mmcg( _g og [ ^_ mo[m jlcg _cl[m ][ln[m(
_f_ dz ji^_ `[f[l ^_ >lcmni h[ ]lot ]igi i g_ci j_fi ko[f i g ohî
ìc ]lo]c`c][î j[l[ gcg( _ _o( j[l[ i g ohî ( ^_ g iî ko_ [kocfi
ko_ ]ihn[ [ail[ Ä [ hip[ ]lc[~}i $B- 2*-0)-1%* <koc ji^_g im `[f[l
_`_ncp[g_hn_( ]igi g imnlio A S d f k ` $ ^_ îcm g ohîm ^cmnchnim ./) [
]lot òh]cih[hî ]igi og [ _mjÄ]c_ ^_ jihni ^_ lojnol[ h[ bcmnÖlc[(
^_ ìlg[ ko_ [ [hnca[ ]lc[~}i ìmm_ mo\mncnoÉ^[ j_f[ hip[* < g_mg[
./ H[lnsh( <hnchigc_m ( j* 0-.*

,0) 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9M DG
[mmi]c[~}i ^_ j_hm[g_hnim _mnz mo\d[]_hn_ { ji^_lim[ [`clg[~}i _g

.>il 1*-2).-6 hi ]il[~}i î _p[ha_fbi _ î [ni ^cpchi ^_ l_]ih]cfc[~}i
h[ _ [nl[pÄm ^[ giln_ ^_ >lcmni _mnz [ hip[ ]lc[~}i7 [ [hnca[ j[mmio7
_cm ko_ p_ci [ hip[ $.>il 1*-3%* J g_mgi j_hm[g_hni _rjl_mm[)m_ hi
^cm]olmi ^_ K[ofi _g ionl[m j[ln_m [ l_mj_cni î gill_l ]ig >lcmni*
K[ofi ^ct ko_ _f_ g_mgi gill_o j[l[ [ G_c ko[hî ìc ]lo]c`c][î
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~à_m ìl[g lig jc^[m _ `ch[fct[^[m jil _mm[ giln_( ^_ g iî ko_ og [
hip[ l_f[~}i ji^_ [mmogcl i foa[l ^_f[m $Mg 3*0)2%*
Qcmfog\l[gim i g_mgi jihni h[ Çh`[m_ [ch^[ g[cm ìln_ ko_
K[ofi ]ih`_l_ { l_mmoll_c~}i ^_ >lcmni "b'Wj'% Mg -,*57 D>il -1*-3%( jicm
[ jlÖjlc[ l_mmoll_c~}i îm gilnim Ä og [ ][n_ailc[ [ji][fÉjnc][ $]igi
_rjl_mm[^[ ncjc][g_hn_ _g j[mm[a_hm ]igi ?h -.*.7 - C_h 1-*-).7 <j)
Him -/*/7 .4*07 0-*/7 0/*.7 . =l 1,*.7 Hn .3*1.)1/%* <`clg[l ko_ h[ l_m)
moll_c~}i ^_ >lcmni cmni dz []ihn_]_o( _ [nÄ g_mgi [ l_mmoll_c~}i îm
gilnim $Mg -*0 ) h}i mcgjf_mg_hn_ [ l_mmoll_c~}i ^_ E_mom ^_ _hnl_
im gilnim%( mcahc`c][ [`clg[l hip[g_hn_ ko_ i ]olmi hilg[f ^[ bcmnilc[
ìc ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ligjcî7 _hnlio _g ]_h[ og[ ^cg_hm}i ^[ l_[fc)
^[^_ nin[fg_hn_ hip[ _ ko[fcn[ncp[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_( og [ ^cg_hm}i ko_
^_cr[ [ [hnca[ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ j[l[ nlzm* >lcmni( n_hî mcî l_mmom]cn[)
î ^_ _hnl_ im gilnim( dz h}i gill_7 [ giln_ dz h}i _r_l]_ m_o m_hbilci
mi\l_ _f_ $Mg 2*5%*
Q_gim ko_ h}i mig_hn_ i ]_hnli î _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi Ä [ji)
][fÉjnc]i( g[m ni^[ [ _mnlonol[ i Ä _g m_o ][lzn_l* <mmcg( hi jihni ^[
chnliô~}i { >[ln[ [im Bzf[n[m ko_ ]ill_mjih^_ [ Mg -*/)0( K[ofi ]cn[
hip[g_hn_ [fai ko_ j[l_]_ m_l og [ `Ölgof[ _mn[\_f_]c^[ ko_ ch^c][ i
ko[^li ^_ l_`_lÇh]c[ ^[ j_lmj_]ncp[ n_ifÖac][( { ko[f K[ofi ji^_ m_ l_)
`_lcl ^_ g iî n}i \l_p_ jilko_ _f_ mojohb[ ko_ n[f ko[^li _l[ _pc^_h)
n_.0 ) E_mom >lcmni( ko_ _hnl_aio [ mc g_mgi jil himmim j_][îm j[l[
him l_ma[n[l ^[ jl_m_hn_ _l[ gz $B--*0%* @mn[ Ä og [ ]f[l[ _rjl_mm}i
^[kocfi ko_ a_l[fg_hn_ Ä ]ihmc^_l[î [ ]fzmmc][ ]l_h~[ [ji][fÉjnc][
^_ ô[m _l[m( [ _l[ $i n_gji% jl_m_hn_ _ [ _l[ jil pcl* @mn[ ]l_h~[ [mmo)
g co [ mo[ _rjl_mm}i jf_h[ [j_h[m _g [ji][fcjm_m g[cm n[l^cim ]igi
0 @m^l[m _ . =[lo] $0@m^ 2*57 3*-.)-/(1,(--/7 4*-7 . =l -0*-/7 -1*47 00*--)
-1%* Ii _hn[hni( n[f c^_c[ dz _mn[p[ cgjfÉ]cn[ h[m pcmà_m ^_ ?h . _ 37 _ [
.0 >`*( jil _r_gjfi( g _o fcpli >WbWj_Wdi% j* /0)/1*

:Wf}jkbe *) ,0*
îonlch[ [ji][fÉjnc][ ^[m ô[m _l[m _mnz jl_m_hn_ h[ nl[^c~}i ^_ E_mâm

$Hn -.*/.7 H_ -,*/,7 G] .,*/0)/1%( i ko_ Ä g[cm cg jiln[hn_ j[l[ himmi
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^[ nÄ]hc][ [jifiaÄnc][ io ^[ _mnl[nÄac[ _p[ha_fct[îl[ ^_ K[ofi;
Kil _r_gjfi( ji^_gim [laog _hn[l ko_ [m ô[m j_lmj_]ncp[m m}i
mcgjf_mg_hn_ ìlg[m _WfSXvd[USe [fn_lh[ncp[m ^_ ]ih]_cno[fct[l i _p[h)
a_fbi _g m_o mcahc`c][î g[cm [\l[ha_hn_ î ko_ ch^cpcô[f* Lo[hî
K[ofi n_hn[ ^_m]l_p_l i cgj[]ni î _p[ha_fbi _g ionlim n_rnim( _f_
om[ l_aof[lg_hn_ olh[ [gjc[ a[g[ ^_ g_nzìl[m pcp[m( _ n[cm g_nz)
ìl[m _mn}i( ]ig al[h^_ `l_koÇh]c[( _g ]ih`fcni _hnl_ mc* Kil _r_gjfi(
_f_ ji^_ ^_m]l_p_l [ ]ihp_lm}i j_f[m g_nzìl[m n[hni î h[m]cg_hni
ko[hni ^[ [î~}i $D>il 0*-17 B- 0*2%( n[hni î ][m[g_hni ko[hni î
hicp[î $D>il 2*-37 .>il --*.%7 [ jl_a[~}i _`c][t î _p[ha_fbi ji^_ m_l
n[hni og [ m_g _[ôl[ ko[hni og _hr_lni io ]ifb_cn[ $D>il /*2)47 Mg
--*-3).07 4*./%7 io [ g_mg[ g_nzìl[ $^[ [î~}i% ji^_ m_l om[^[ n[hni
j[l[ m_ l_`_lcl { ]ihp_lm}i ko[hni { ]ihmog[~}i `ch[f $Mg 4*-1(./%* @g
][^[ ][mi( og ^_n_lg ch[î omi g_n[`Ölc]i ]ihnl[^ct i ionli*/- x [mmcg
ko_ jlip[p_fg_hn_ []ihn_]_ ]ig [m g_nzìl[m ^[ bcmnÖlc[ ^_ m[fp[)
~}i _ ^[ [ji][fÉjnc][ * < ko_mn}i Ä ko_( [i om[l og [ g_nzìl[( hÖm
h}i _mn[gim jli]ol[hî [ jl_]cm}i ^_ og [ ^_`chc~}i( g[m i`_l_]_h)
î og[ cg[a_g _fo]c^[ncp[( ]odi Çrcni ]igi g_nzìl[ ji^_ m_l [hn_m
g[cm _pi][ncpi _ _gincpi î ko_ ^_`chcîl* @g n[f ][mi( og [ g_mg[
g_nzìl[ _h`[nct[ [ ]ihnchoc^[^_ _ i ]ogjlcg_hni( n[hni og [ ko[hni
i ionli( [ clloj~}i _ [ l_p_f[~}i î [fni7 g[m( ji^_lÉ[gim [laog_hn[l(
i jli\f_g[ ^[ ch]ihmcmnÇh]c[ pclc[ g[cm î _r]_^_hn_ g_n[`Ölc]i î
ko_ îm jihnim _h`[nct[îm*
Jonl[ g[h_cl[ ^_ _rjfc][l [ ch]ihmcmnÇh]c[ Ä [laog _hn[l ko_ [ Çh)
`[m_ [ji][fÉjnc][ p_g ^[ [oni]igjl__hm}i ko_ i jlÖjlci K[ofi nchb[
[]_l][ ^_ m_o j[j_f bWeeaS^ _g l_f[~}i [i _p[ha_fbi( hi ko[f [ j_lmj_])
ncp[ bcmnÖlc]i)m[fpÉ`c][ _mnz g[cm [ncp[ ko[hî _f_ ]ihmc^_l[ [ ^cg_hm}i
UadbadSf[hS î _p[ha_fbi* @ jimmÉp_f hin[l ko_ gocn[m j[mm[a_hm ]ig
ìln_ ]ifil[~}i [ji][fÉjnc][( ]cn[^[m h[ m_aoh^[ m_]~}i []cg[ $å .%( m}i
^_ `[ni j[mm[a_hm ^_ [onin_mn_gohbi* <mmcg( _g j[lnc]of[l( [ l_p_f[)
~}i l_]_\c^[ jil K[ofi ìl[ l_]_\c^[ j_mmi[fg_hn_ $B- -*-.(-2%7 _o
gillc j[l[ [ G_c _ òc ]lo]c`c][î ]ig >lcmni $B-.*-5%* < c^_c[ ^[ hip[
]lc[~}i m_ao_ ^cl_n[g_hn_ î ^cm]olmi ^_ K[ofi mi\l_ mc g_mgi ]igi
]lo]c`c][î j[l[ i g ohî _ pc]_)p_lm[ $B-2*-0)-1%( _r[n[g_hn_ ]igi i
/- >`* [ [g jf[ a[g[ ^_ g_nzìl[m _]f_mcifÖac][m _g K* N* Hch_[l( @cW][i e\ j^[

X :^khY^ _d j^[ E[m K[ijWc[dj $Kbcf[^_fjbc[6 R_mngchmn_l( -52,%*
:Wf}jkbe *) -11
g_mgi j_hm[g_hni _mnz pch]of[î _g ionlim n_rnim [i m_hmi î jlÖ)

jlci K[ofi ^_ n_l mcî _h][ll_a[î ^_ og [ gcmm}i $.>il 1*-3).-%* Jo(
hip[g_hn_( Ä [ gcmm}i î jlÖjlci K[ofi ]igi [jÖmnifi [im a_hncim(
ko_ i`_l_]_lz [ cahc~}i chc]c[f j[l[ im _p_hnim `ch[cm ^[ l_mn[ol[~}i
do^[c][ _ ^[ l_mmoll_c~}i hi `cg îm n_gjim $Mg --*-/)-1%7 i gcmn_lci
î jlijÖmcni `ch[f ^_ ?_om ìl[ l_p_f[î [ K[ofi j_mmi[fg_hn_ $Mg
--*.1%* Kil cmmi( [ ^c`_l_h~[ _g mo[ j_lmj_]ncp[ ji^_lc[ m_l [ ^c`_l_h~[
_hnl_ [ g_gilc[ ko_ K[ofi nchb[ ^_ mo[ ]ihp_lm}i ]igi og [ji][)
fcjm_ j_mmi[f( ko_ ^_nolj[ _ ligj_ j[^là_m( _ mo[ ]igjl__hm}i g[cm
l_`f_rcp[ [ l_mj_cni ^[ g[h_cl[ ]igi i jlijÖmcni ^_ ?_om _mn[p[ m_
^[hî _g l_f[~}i [i jipi ^_ Dml[_f* ?cni ^_ ionl[ ìlg[( [ n_hm}i m_ ^z
h[ jlÖjlc[ [oni]igjl__hm}i ^_ K[ofi ]igi [faoÄg ko_ _l[ n[hni og
cml[_fcn[( ko[hni og ]b[g[î [ f_p[l i _p[ha_fbi [im a_hncim*
Pg[ n_l]_cl[ mifo~}i jimmÉp_f m_lc[ [laog _hn[l ko_ [m ^c`_l_hn_m
Çh`[m_m m}i l_mofn[hn_m ^_ K[ofi m_ ^clcacl S V[XWdW`fWe e[fgSqyWe' @mn[ Ä
og [ mifo~}i ]igog( oncfct[^[ j[l[ _rjfc][l ionl[m n_hmà_m j[l_]c^[m
_g K[ofi* O[f mifo~}i n_g m_ ^_g ihmnl[î og [ ]ihmc^_l[~}i _`c][t
hi ^_\[n_ mi\l_ [ _m][nifiac[ j[ofch[ _g ^_m_hpifpcg_hni _ i [nl[mi
^[ bSdageuS6+ J g[cm chn_l_mm[hn_ j[l[ himm[ ko_mn}i Ä ko_ i jlÖjlci
K[ofi ch^c][ i jin_h]c[f ^_mn[ mifo~}i [nl[pÄm ^[ `[gim[ ^_m]lc~}i ^_
mo[ _mnl[nÄac][ _p[ha_fct[îl[ $D>il 5*-5)./%*// I}i Ä jimmÉp_f ko_ [
n_hm}i _hnl_ [ [ji][fÉjnc][ _ [ bcmnÖlc[ ^[ m[fp[~}i m_d[ m_g_fb[hn_ {(
io g_mgi og [ _rjl_mm}i ^[ ^cmjimc~}i j[ofch[ _g jl[nc][l _mncfim ^_
pc^[ [oni]ihnl[^cnÖlcim ) i ko_ ^_p_ n_l j[l_]cî [ gocnim )( ^_ jl[nc)
][l n[hni [ pcpÇh]c[ mi\ [ G_c ( ]ihmcmn_hn_ ]ig [ j_lmj_]ncp[ bcmnÖlc)
]i)m[fpÉ`c][( ko[hni [ pc^[ ìl[ ^[ G_c ( ]ihmcmn_hn_ ]ig [ j_lmj_]ncp[
[ji][fÉjnc][; ?cmni ji^_ m_aocl gocni \_g ko_ [ j_lmj_]ncp[ [ji][)
fÉjnc][ _l[ g[cm [on_hnc][g_hn_ j[ofch[( g{cm ch^c][ncp[ ^[m jlcilc)
^[^_m î jlÖjlci K[ofi $]`* Mg -0*-0(.,%* Ii _hn[hni( ^cmni ji^_lc[ m_
]ih]focl n[g\Äg ko_ [ j_lmj_]ncp[ bcmnÖlc]i)m[fpÉ`c][ _l[ cao[fg_h)
n_ og [ _rjl_mm}i ^[ ^_n_lgch[~}i j_mmi[f ^_ K[ofi _g jl_m_lp[l [
/. >`*( jil _r_gjfi( >* A* ?* Hiof_( Ob_ Dh`fo_h]_ ih >cl]ogmn[h]_m ih nb_ Pm_
i` @m]b[nifiac][f O_lgm ( ch AKJ -1 $-520%( l_cgjl_mmi _g m_o <iiWoi _d E[m
K[ijWc[dj @dj[hfh[jWj_ed $>[g\lcâ_ Phcp_lmcns( -54.%( j* -40)-55 ) ]ihìlg_ g_
f_g\li( og _hm[ci gocni _mncg[î jil ?c]e Giha_h_]e_l*
// >`* C* >b[^qc]e( <ff ⁄E bcham ni <ff H_h $D>il 5*..%ˆ( ch EKJ - $-510)-511%6
.2-).31*
,01 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9M DG
]ihnchoc^[^_ _hnl_ i _p[ha_fbi _ im m_om [hn_]_^_hn_m j[nlc[l][cm _

jli`Änc]im( m_lc[ _rjl_mm}i ^[ mo[ jl_i]oj[~}i j[mnil[f _g [jic[l im
g_g\lim do^_om ^_ mo[m Dal_d[m $]`* Mg -0*-0(.,8%* N_lz ko_ [ mifo~}i
j[l[ [ n_hm}i ji^_lc[ m_l mcgjf_mg_hn_ ko_( ih^_ m_ mo\_mncg[p[ i
mcahc`c][î _m][nifÖac]i ^[ i\l[ ^_ >lcmni _g `[pil ^[ ]ihnchoc^[^_
î jlijÖmcni ^cpchi( K[ofi _h`[nct[p[ i ][lzn_l [ji][fÉjnc]i î _p[h)
a_fbi( _hko[hni ko_( ih^_ _f_ j_l]_\c[ og [ Çh`[m_ _r[a_l[^[ h[ hi)
pc^[^_ ^_m]ihncho[îl[ î _p[ha_fbi( _f_ jl_`_lc[ _h`[nct[l mo[ ]ih)
nchoc^[^_ bcmnÖlc]i)m[fpÉ`c][ ]ig [kocfi ko_ ionlil[ nchb[ []ihn_]cî;
?cni ^_ g iî [fn_lh[ncpi( [ n_ifiac[ ^_ K[ofi h}i _l[ og [laog _hni
g[n_gznc]i( g[m og j[f[hko_ ih^_ _l[ h_]_mmzlci `[f[l _p_hno[fg_h)
n_ ]ig og [ g_hm[a_g _ ]ig og nig ^_ pit( _ _g ionl[ ]cl]ohmn|h]c[(
]ig j[f[pl[m _ Çh`[m_m ^c`_l_hn_m* L o[hî im ]ig_hn[lcmn[m gi^_lhim
j_^_g g[cm ]ihmcmnÇh]c[( _f_m l_ko_l_g og K[ofi ko_ d[g[cm ji^_lc[
n_l _rcmncî hi g ohî l_[f*
Lo[fko_l og [ ^[m _rjfc][~à_m []cg[ io ni^[m _f[m ji^_g n_l mcî
_`_ncp[g_hn_ `[nil_m h[ _pc^_hn_ n_hm}i ^[ [`clg[~}i _ ^_`_m[ î _p[h)
a_fbi ^_ K[ofi* Ii _hn[hni( m_lz ko_ _f[m h}i l_mifp_g i jli\f_g[
]ig ^_g[mc[^[ `[]cfc^[^_; @mnio \_g ]c_hn_ ^_ ko_( _g ]Él]ofim ih^_
`fil_m]_ og [ ]lÉnc][ fcn_lzlc[ g[cm [\_ln[( og [ _rjfc][~}i _g n_lgim
^_ l_nÖlc][ ji^_ m_l ]ihmc^_l[^[ mo`c]c_hn_* <koc( ]ihnoî( i g[cil
^_m[`ci p_g ^_ og jf[hi n_ifÖac]i( h}i mig_hn_ î jf[hi ^[ j[f[)
pl[ `[f[^[ io ^[ _mnl[nÄac[ gcmmcihzlc[* < j_laohn[ Ä m_ i _p[ha_fbi
ko_ K[ofi jl_a[p[ _l[ j[l[ _f_ hipi ) hipi _g ]ihn_âî _ ][lzn_l(
hipi h[ al[~[ ko_ _f_ [`clg[p[ ch]iljil[l $B- -*2%( hipi hi ji^_l ^[
m[fp[~}i ko_ m_ nilhio _`_ncp[ $Mg -*-2% ) io m_ _f_ _l[ mcgjf_mg_hn_
og [ l_]c]f[a_g ^_ [hnca[m p_l^[^_m _ ^_ [hnca[m [`clg[~à_m _g og[
fchao[a_g ^c`_l_hn_* < j_laohn[ ko_ m_ jà_ [mmcg h}i ji^_ m_l l_m)
jih^c^[ m[ncm`[nilc[g_hn_ [ h}i m_l jil og [ l_mjimn[ n_ifÖac][*
,',' < _rjfc][~}i n_ifÖac][ ^[ n_hm}i _hnl_ [m j_lmj_]ncp[m bcmnÖlc)
]i)m[fpÉ`c][ _ [ji][fÉjnc][ î _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi n_g ^_ ]ig_~[l ]ig
[ j_l]_j~}i ^_ ko_ [g\[m [m j_lmj_]ncp[m _l[g ][l[]n_lcmnc][g_hn_ do)
^[c][m* Dmni ko_l ^ct_l( [ j_lmj_]ncp[ [ji][fÉjnc][ ^_ K[ofi _l[ j[ln_ ^[
jlÖjlc[ b_l[h~[ do^[c][ ^_ K[ofi( j[ln_ î ko_ ji^_lÉ[gim ]b[g[l ^_
]ihnchoc^[^_ bcmnÖlc]i)m[fpÉ`c][ _hnl_ i do^[Émgi î N_aohî O_gjfi _
i ]lcmnc[hcmgi* @ ^_mh_]_mmzlci ^_gihmnl[l ko_ [ [ji][fÉjnc][ (/0 j_fi
/0 Iin[)m_ hip[g_hn_ WY_cW% hin[ /*

:Wf}jkbe *) -13
g_him { g_^c^[ ko_ _f[ ^ct l_mj_cni { himm[ ^cm]omm}i( _l[( jil mo[ p_t(
og jliôni ko_ h[m]_l[ ^_hnli î do^[cmgi î N_aohî O_gjfi $im
<ji][fcjm_m ^_ C_hi]( ?[hc_f _n]*%* @g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( [ [ji][fÉjnc][
_l[ og[ j_lmj_]ncp[ j[l[ [ ko[f gocnim do^_om [hn_m ^_ K[ofi m_ m_h)
nc[g [nl[Éîm*
J jihni cg jiln[hn_ Ä( m_g ^âpc^[( ko_ _mm_m do^_om( [i [\l[~[)
l_g og [ j_lmj_]ncp[ [ji][fÉjnc][( h}i _mn[p[g jil cmmi [\[hîh[hî
[ j_lmj_]ncp[ bcmnÖlc]i)m[fpÉ`c][( h_g _mn[p[g h_a[hî mo[ b_l[h~[
]igi cml[_fcn[m* Hocni j_fi ]ihnlzlci( og [ji][fcjm_ _l[ _g mc g_mgi
og [ g[h_cl[ ^_ l_[`clg[l [ ]ihnchoc^[^_ _hnl_ i j[mm[î _ i ònoli(
m_hî [g\im jlip_hc_hn_m ^_ ?_om* >ig ]_ln_t[( i aloji ]od[ j_lm)
j_]ncp[ m_ _rjl_mm[p[ hog [ji][fcjm_ m_ m_hnc[ _pc^_hn_g_hn_ cmif[î(
mi\ al[p_ [g_[~[( _ pc[)m_ ]igi pÉncg[ ^_ g[om ji^_l_m* J jlÖjlci
j_mmcgcmgi ][l[]n_lcmnc][g_hn_ ô[fcmn[ ^[ j_lmj_]ncp[ [ji][fÉjnc][
[]_l][ ^[ _l[ jl_m_hn_ _l[ og [ _rjl_mm}i ^[ jl_mm}i mi\ [ ko[f _mm_m
alojim m_ _h]ihnl[p[g*/1 Ii _hn[hni( òh^[g_hn[f j[l[ _mm[ g_mg[
j_lmj_]ncp[ _l[ [ [`clg[~}i îm [ji][fÉjnc]im _ ^[ko_f_m ko_ _f_m l_)
jl_m_hn[p[g( ^_ _h][lh[l_g W^We _We_ae [ ]ihnchoc^[^_ î jlijÖmcni
m[fpÉ`c]i ^_ ?_om ^_m^_ i j[mm[î [nÄ i ònoli* @f_m ji^c[g m_l mi)
g_hn_ l_g[h_m]_hn_m( i l_mni ^_ Dml[_f ji^c[ n_l)m_ nilh[î [jÖmn[n[7
g[m h_f_m _l[ jl_m_lp[^[ j_fi g_him og [ fchb[ î jlijÖmcni m[fpÉ`c]i
^_ ?_om* <fÄg ^cmmi( [ pcm}i î ònoli l_p_f[p[ gocni \_g ko_ [ _m)
]olc^}i î jl_m_hn_ _l[ g_l[g_hn_ n_gjilzlc[ _ ko_ i [hncai ]c]fi
j_][î( _rÉfci _ l_mn[ol[~}i $?n .5)/,% m_ l_[fct[lc[g hip[g_hn_ j[l[
[ m[fp[~}i ^_ Dml[_f ]igi og niî*/2 @g l_mogi( ko[hî im `cÄcm _m)
n[p[g mi`l_hî j_lm_aoc~}i _ h}i ]ihm_aoc[g p_l ionl[ g[h_cl[ ^_
momn_hn[l_g [ [fc[h~[ _ [m mo[m jlig_mm[m( [ j_lmj_]ncp[ [ji][fÉjnc][
_l[ og[ g[h_cl[ ^_ m_ [`clg[l [ ]ihnchoc^[^_ bcmnÖlc]i)m[fpÉ`c][*
Pg _r_gjfi ]fzmmc]i ^cmmi Ä [ j_lmj_]ncp[ [ji][fÉjnc][ îm _mmÇhcim(
j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ h[ ìlg[ ko_ ji^_gim [ail[ n_l []_mmi [nl[pÄm îm @m)
]lcnim ^_ Logl[h/3@f_m m_ ]ihmc^_l[p[g i p_l^[^_cli Dml[_f( i hipi jipi
/1 <fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* K* ?* C[hmih( <ji][fsjnc]cmg ( ch @;9Jkff% j* .4)/0*

/2 <fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* [ ^cm]omm}i ^_ @* K* N[h^_lm( GWkb Wdx GWb[ij_d_Wd AkZW_ic $Gih^l_m6
N>H( -533%( j* .0,).137 n[g\Äg j* /2-(/23)/30(/34 $Eo\cf_o% _ j* /54)0,2(0,4
$N[fgim ^_ N[fig}i%*
/3 >`*( jil _r_gjfi( K* ?* C[hmih( K^[ G[efb[ :Wbb[Z' K^[ >hemj^ e \ :ecckd_jo _d j^[
9_Xb[ $N}i Al[h]cm]i6 C [lj_l " Miq( -542%( j* /20)/3.*
,1) 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9MDG
^[ [fc[h~[ "b'Wj'% -LN 4*0)5%( g[m n[g\Äg m_ ]ihmc^_l[p[g ]ihmn[hn_g_h)

n_ [g_[~[îm j_fi _mjÉlcni ^[ cgjc_^[^_ $-LN /*-/)0*.2% _ _g jl_j[l[~}i
j[l[ [ \[n[fb[ `ch[f _hnl_ im `cfbim ^[ fot _ im `cfbim ^[m nl_p[m $-LH%*
Ki^_gim ^ct_l ko_( him @m]lcnim ^_ Logl[h( [m j_lmj_]ncp[m ^[ ZW[êYW&
eUZ[UZf^[UZW $bcmnÖlc]i)m[fpÉ`c][% _ [ji][fÉjnc][ _mn[p[g \_g $g[m h}i
jf_h[g_hn_% chn_al[^[m _ m_ [fcg_hn[p[g gono[g_hn_* < n_hm}i _hnl_
[ ô[m j_lmj_]ncp[m( jl_m_hn_ hog î]og_hni ]igi fLjC[\( Ä ^_ `[ni
g[cm [ao^[ î ko_ ko[fko_l ]icm[ ko_ jimm[gim _h]ihnl[l _g K[ofi*
<mmcg []ihn_]_ n[g\Äg ko[hî him pifn[gim j[l[ K[ofi* < ]ig)
jl__hm}i [ji][fÉjnc][ ^[ giln_ _ l_mmoll_c~}i ^_ >lcmni( ko_ p_ci [nÄ
K[ofi _g m_o [ji][fcjm_ j_mmi[f h[ _mnl[^[ j[l[ ?[g[m]i( h}i m_j[lio
nin[fg_hn_ K[ofi ^_ m_o j[mm[î* @ ]f[li ko_ cmni fb_ ^_o olh[ hip[
j_lmj_]ncp[ [ l_mj_cni ^_ m_o j[mm[î ]igi `[lcm_o _ _f_ n_p_ ^_ l_^_)
`chcl mo[ l_f[~}i ]ig i do^[cmgi $D>il -1*4)57 B--*-/)-0%( g[m cmni h}i
i `_t l_hoh]c[l { mo[ b_l[h~[ ]igi cml[_fcn[* Hocni j_fi ]ihnlzlci( [ l_)
p_f[~}i ìc( j[l[ K[ofi( [fai ko_ fb_ g imnlio ]igi m_lc[g ]ogjlc^[m
[m [hnca[m jlig_mm[m _ _mj_l[h~[m* @f[ _l[ hip[ hi m_hncî ^_ n_l ì]i
_g E_mâm( g[m i hipi _p[ha_fbi _l[ n[g\Äg [ g[h_cl[ jl_hoh]c[^[
^_ ]igjf_n[l i jlijÖmcni [hncai* @g j[lnc]of[l( [ l_p_f[~}i h[ _mnl[^[
j[l[ ?[g[m]i g imnlio [ K[ofi ]igi [m [hnca[m jlig_mm[m ^[^[m [im
j[nlc[l][m ^_p_lc[g m_l ]ogjlc^[m ) h}i mcgjf_mg_hn_ [ jlig_mm[ ^_
m_g_hn_ _ n_ll[( g[m [ jlig_mm[ ^_ \Çh~}im j[l[ [m h[~à_m $B--*-1)-27
Bh -.*/7 -4*-4%* Aic h_]_mmzlci og m[fni [ j[lncl î cgS`fg_ ^[ l_p_f[)
~}i $[ji][fÉjnc][% j[l[ `[t_l K[ofi _hn_h^_l cmni7 _ [ l_p_f[~}i ^[^[
ìc [ ^_ E_mom( g_ci j_fi ko[f [m jlig_mm[m ^_p_lc[g m_l ]ogjlc^[m
) E_mom _hn_h^cî ]igi i ]ihn_âî ^[ hip[ l_p_f[~}i _ n[g\Äg ]igi
[ î\l[^c~[ ko_ _mn[\_f_]_ [ ]ihnchoc^[^_ _hnl_ i [hncai _ i hipi*
@ l_f_p[hn_ hin[l [koc ko_ [ hipc^[^_ ^[ l_p_f[~}i [ K[ofi ][o)
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fbi ^_ K[ofi*/4 Lo[hni g[cm i jlÖjlci E_mom ìl l_]ihb_]cî ]igi og
/4 >`* g _o Ob_ M_f[ncihmbcj \_nq__h K[of [h^ E_lom[f_g []]il^cha ni B[f[nc[hm

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ìl_g pcmnim _g ]ihnchoc^[^_ ^cl_n[ ]ig i E_mom jlÄ)j[m][f( g[cm [
n_hm}i _hnl_ [ bcmnilc[ ^[ m[fp[~}i _ [ [ji][fÉjnc][ n_h^_lz [ m_j[l[l
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m_om ]if_a[m do^_om ko_ m_ nilh[l[g ]lcmn}im*
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hÖm jl_]cm[gim n_l ]oc^[î []_l][ ^[ mcgjf_m ^_`chc~}i î ]lcmnc[hcm)
gi j[ofchi ]igi og ncji ^_ do^[Émgi $]ihnchoc^[^_%7 hi _hn[hni( hÖm
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nchoc^[^_m _hnl_ [ bcmnilc[ _ [ h[nol_t[( _f[ [jl_m_hn[ ch_pcn[p_fg_hn_
n[f ^_ n_hm}i*
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gim _hn_h^cî ]igi ]lc[~}i( ^[ ]lc[~}i _hn_h^c^[ ]igi `[fb[( g[m
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jl_m_lpz)f[ ]igi og [ n_hm}i `lonÉ`_l[ mig_hn_ jil g_ci î gcni*
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j[l[ pcp_l m_j[l[î ^_ ni^[m [m h[~à_m j_fi ?_om âhc]i( ]odim jlijÖ)
mcnim j[l[ mo[ ]lc[~}i ]igi og niî m}i( h}i i\mn[hn_( \ihm* < n_hm}i
jl_m_hn_ h[m jlig_mm[m [im j[nlc[l][m( ko_ m_ _rjl_mm[( _g mc g_mg[ _
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m[fp[~}i _ [ jlipc^Çh]c[( ji^_lc[ m_ nilh[l `Älncf _g \i[m hip[m*
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0- >`* M* R* G* Hi\_lfs( K^[ FbZ K[ijWc[dj e \ j^[ FbZ K[ijWc[dj $Hchh_[jifcm6

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^_ >lcmni( i _p[ha_fbi ^[ko_f_m ko_ jl_a[g E_mom ]igi i >lcmni*
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mo[ n_ifiac[( f_pio gocni [ mÄlci ni^[m [m ^cp_lm[m n_hmà_m* I}i Ä ko_ [
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hipi hi m_hncî ^_ n_l i m_o ì]i _g E_mom( i >lcmni* @l[ hipi hi
m_hncî ^_ n_l l_]_\cî m_o _hìko_ g [cm hÉncî h [ g iln_ _ l_mmol)
l_c~}i ^_ > lcmni ]igi [kocfi ko_ ìlh_]_ [ ]b[p_ ^_]cmcp[ ^_ m[fp[)
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[nl[pÄm ^_ >lcmni*
<fÄg ^cmmi( _l[ hipi _g mo[ l_cpch^c][~}i ^_ n_l []ihn_]cî
[fai ko_ d[g [cm nchb[ []ihn_]cî [hn_m ) ? _om _mnz [ncpi h[ bcmnÖlc[(
_g _ [nl[pÄm ^_ og [ j_mmi[ bog [h[( ^_ og [ g [h_cl[ dz jl_`caol[^[(
:Wf}jkbe *) ,1.
g [m hoh][ [hn_m l_[fct[^[* J _p[ha_fbi _l[ hipi h [ l_cpch^c][~}i

^_ ko_( _g >lcmni( ? _om ]og jlco i zjc]_ ^_ mo[ pihn[^_( m_g i
ko[f( j_fi g _him ^_m^_ olh[ j_lmj_]ncp[ ]lcmn[( [kocfi ko_ nchb[
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< ch^[ [mmcg( [i g _mg i n_g ji _ _g niî ][mi( K[ofi _hn_h^c[
[ hipc^[^_ ]igi o g ^_mî\l[g _hni hipi _ `ch[f ^ [ [hnca[ jli)
g _mm[ ) h}i n}i hip[ hi i ko_ ( g [m hip[ hi ]ig i * N_g [ [hnc)
a[ jlig _mm[( i hipi n_lc[ mcî n}i _mnl[hbi _ ìl[mn_cli ko_ h}i ji)
^_lc[ n_l mcî l_]ihb_]cî io j l_a [^ i j i l K[ofi ]igi _p[ha_fbi*
K[ofi _l[ ][j[t ^_ [\l[ha_l io ^_ m_l [\l[hacî j_fi hipi ji lko_
n[f _l[ [ l_p_f[~}i ^[kocfi ko_ _mn[p[ h[ chn_h~}i ^cpch[ ^_m^_ i
jlch]cjci* @g mog [( hÖm ji^_g im ^ct_l ko_ _f_ _l[ [ ]ihnchoc^[)
^_ h[ ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_( i zjc]_ [ji][fÉjnc]i ^ [ bcmnilc[ ^[ m[fp[~}i
ko_ ]ihmncnoÉ[ i ]il[~}i ^_ m_o _p[ha_fbi*
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: E\` \d @vcXkXj \ KfdXefj4 ld ZXjf

[\ k\jk\ gXiX ld k\okf \d j\l Zfek\okf
?c`c]cfg_hn_ m_lc[ og [ moljl_m[ m_ [faoÄg f_p[hn[mm_ hi ]lcm)
nc[hcmg i jlin_mn[hn_ [ c^_c[ ^_ i do^[cmg i m_l [ [hnÉn_m_ î ]lcmnc[)
hcmgi* < cg jl_mm}i _mnz jliòh^[g _hn_ _hl[ct[^[ hog [ ^c[fÄnc][
\zmc][ ^[ n_ifiac[ fon_l[h[ ko_ _hn_h^_ i _p[ha_fbi hWdege [ G_c(
ih^_ _p[ha_fbi ( ^_ g iî h[nol[f( Ä c^Ähnc]i [i ]lcmnc[hcmg i7 _ [
G_c( n[g \Äg ^_ g iî h[nol[f( Ä c^Ähnc][ [i do^[cmg i* <nÄ g_mg i
[jÖm [ N_aoh^[ B o_ll[ H oh^c[f( ko[hî [ ]ihm]cÇh]c[ ]lcmn} nchb[
mcî m_hmc\cfct[^[ j_fi billil î >aâUSgefa% [ j_mkocm[ ]lcmn[ [ch)
^[ m_ l_`_lc[ [i do^[Émg i jlÄ)]lcmn}i ]igi Ibpf\gVW`fg_ V[f_g}i6
do^[Émg i n[l^ciW( [ E_mom ]igi ko_g g [l][l[ i `cg î do^[Émg i _
[ K[ofi ]igi n_hî mcî ]ihp_lncî î do^[Émg i j[l[ i ]lcmnc[hcm)
g i*- < ch]ihmcmnÇh]c[ î ^cm]olmi mi\l_ i do^[Émg i î jlcg _cli mÄ)
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J j_][î( j [l[ ko_ jimm[ [j[l_]_l ]ig i j_][î( V***W j [ l[ ko_ i
j_][î [nl[pÄm î g [h^[g _hni jimm[ `c][l chn_cl[g _hn_ j_][g chimi
$Mg 3*-/%*
J [laog _hni Ä n}i Ö\pci ko_ h}i Ä [fpi ^_ ^_\[n_m h[ ^cm]omm}i

gi^_lh[( ^_ giî ko_ _f_ h}i jl_]cm[ ^_ g ocn[ _rjimc~}i6 ^_ []ilî
]ig [ >[ln[ [im Mig[him( og [ ^[m òh~à_m jlch]cj[cm ^[ G_c Ä ^_`chcl
i j_][î ]igi j_][î( cmni Ä( ch^c][l [m fchb[m _ im fcgcn_m _mn[\_f_)
_cîm jil ?_om j[l[ [ ]ihôn[ [jlijlc[^[ ^_ og cml[_fcn[7 io m_d[(
pcm[ nilh[l og cml[_fcn[ ]ihm]c_hn_ ^[ mo[ ]ihôn[( n[hni î ko_ h}i
Ä []_cni jil ?_om( ko[hni _g l_f[~}i [i ko_ Ä ch[jlijlc[î _g Dml[)
_f* <mmcg( i cml[_fcn[ chmnloÉî h[ G_c m[\c[ ko[f ]ihôn[ nchb[ ^_ m_l
_pcn[^[ $Mg /*-5%( m[\c[ [m ]ihm_koÇh]c[m ^_ n[f ]ihôn[ $0*-1% _ m[\c[
n[g\Äg ]igi _f[ nchb[ ^_ m_l _rjola[^[ $Mg /*.-%* O[f n_ifiac[ ^[ G_c
_mnz hi ]il[~}i ^_ îcm nl[n[g _hnim g[cm fihaim ^[ G_c _g Mig[him6
a[hb[ mo[ _rjl_mm}i g[cm ]igjf_n[ _g .*-.)-2 $[ G_c ]igi [ g_^c^[
^_ dofa[g_hni `ch[f%( _ Ä n[g\Äg i jihni ^_ j[lnc^[ j[l[ i dofa[g_hni
^[ G_c ko_ ]ig_~[ _g Mg 3*3 $]`* STS[ja#'
@ chn_l_mm[hn_ hin[l ko_ n[cm òh~à_m ^[ G_c h}i [j[l_]_g _g
Bzf[n[m* @mn_ `[ni [do^[ jl_mogcp_fg_hn_ [ ]ih`clg[l ko_ h}i b[pc[
[koc i ko_mncih[g_hni ko[hni { _rcmnÇh]c[ io h}i ^_ og [ òh~}i il)
^chzlc[ io \zmc][ j[l[ [ G_c( g[m b[pc[ ko[m_ ko_ _r]fomcp[g_hn_ [
:Wf}jkbe ** 0,/
Y
n_hn[ncp[ ^_ ^_mn[][l [ òh~}i ^[ G_c ^_ ]ifi][l im do^_om [j[ln[îm

îm a_hncim* @g ]ihnl[mn_( _g Mig[him( _g\il[ [ ko_mn}i ^_ Bzf[n[m
h}i _mn_d[ [om_hn_( i ko_ Ä _m\i~[î Ä og [ _rjimc~}i gocni g[cm jf_h[
_ ]i_m[ ^[ G_c _ ^_ mo[m òh~à_m* Dmni n[g\Äg l_ìl~[ [ pcm}i ^_ ko_ [
mcno[~}i [\il^[^[ _g Mig[ h}i nchb[ [\mifon[g_hn_ [m g_mg[m jli)
jil~à_m ^_ ]lcm_ ko_ [ mcno[~}i _h`l_hn[^[ jil K[ofi dohni {m Dal_d[m ^[
B[fz]c[( ^_ giî ko_ og [ l_mjimn[ g[cm ]ig_^c^[ _l[ n[hni ^_m_dzp_f
ko[hni jimmÉp_f*//
, I, I E \g^YS_W`fa VS BW[
I}i i\mn[hn_ [m n_m_m ^_ = K:G> _ A u;G>K&-. { _g Mig[him _ h}i

_g Bzf[n[m ko_ l_mmi[ [ hin[ g[cm h_a[ncp[ _g l_f[~}i { G_c* N_d[ ko[f
ìl i mcahc`c][î ^_ B-/*-5( { ^c`É]cf h_a[l i j[j_f h_a[ncpi [nlc\oÉî {
G_c _g Mg 1*.,6 < G_c p_ci j[l[ [og _hn[l [ nl[hmal_mm}i * < _m]ifb[
î p_l\i _h`c[l( chn_ljil VŸŒ™ß«®ø…∆ßÃW _ i omi ^[ pit [ncp[ $[ G_c
]igi mod_cni% j[l_]_ [og _hn[l i nig h_a[ncpi mo\d[]_hn_ _ `[t [ G_c
[j[l_]_l ]igi og [fc[î nl[c~i_cli îm ji^_l_m ijl_mmil_m( [ m[\_l( i
j_][î _ [ giln_ ) [ G_c _l[ og [hdi ^[ ao[l^[ $B- /*-5%( ji^_lÉ[gim
^ct_l( mo\p_lncî j_fim ji^_l_m î g[f*
Dmni Ä gocni moljl__h^_hn_ _g Mig[him( dz ko_( hip[g_hn_ _g
]ihnl[mn_ ]ig Bzf[n[m( i nl[n[g _hni chc]c[f ^[ G_c _g Mig[him n_)
hb[ mcî \[mn[hn_ i\d_ncpi _ [nÄ g_mgi jimcncpi $Mg .*-/)-1(.1(.37
/*.-(.3\(/-7 0*-2%* @r]_ni [faog[m ch^c][~à_m ^_ og [ l_f[~}i chm[ncm`[)
nÖlc[ ]ig [ G_c jil j[ln_ î chn_lfi]onil do^[c]i _g Mg .*-3).5 $g[m
[ G_c h}i Ä ]ofj[^[%( [m âhc][m hin[m h_a[ncp[m l_mmi[g hip[g_hn_ h[
_rjl_mm}i i\l[m ^[ G_c ( [faog[m p_t_m l_j_nc^[ $Mg /*.,(.3[(.4%( _
j_fi ]ihnl[mn_ ]ig [ jlig _mm[ [ <\l[}i $Mg 0*-/)-1%* <mmcg( [ hin[
`_litg_hn_ h_a[ncp[ ^_ 1*., p_g og n[hni ]igi og [ moljl_m[*
Kil ko_ K[ofi n_lc[ chnliôtcî h_mn_ jihni og [ hin[ n}i h_a[nc)
p[ Ä og [ ko_mn}i [j_h[m j[l]c[fg_hn_ ]f[l[* ?_p_ n_l mcî chn_h]cih[f(
j_fi g_him j[l[ ^_mn[][l i ]ihnl[mn_ _hnl_ [m ô[m _l[m ^[ bcmnÖlc[
^[ bog [hc^[^_( ^_fch_[^[m _g Mg 1*-.).-* < _l[ ^_ <^}i $<^}i [nÄ
// F* K* ?ih`lc_^ $ila*%( K^[ IecWdi ;[XWj[' I[l_i[Z WdZ <nfWdZ[Z $K_[\i^s6

C_h^lc]emih( -55-%7 <* E* H* R _^^_l\olh( K^[ I[Wiedi \e h IecWdi $@^cg\olai6
O* " O* >f[le( -544%*
/0 >`* WY_cW% hin[m 3 _ -.*
,(, 5 F g n Y H ] j k h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m dg
>lcmni% _mnz ][l[]n_lct[^[ ]igi mo\g_nc^[ [im ji^_l_m î j_][î _

^[ giln_* < G_c ìc chnliôtc^[ h_mm[ mcno[~}i ]lo_f h}i ]igi og [
g[h_cl[ ^_ g_fbil[l [ ]ih^c~}i bog [h[ $]igi _g B-/*-5%( g[m ]igi
og [fc[î î j_][î _ ^[ giln_* Kl_mogcp_fg_hn_( i jlijÖmcni _l[
[i g_him _g j[ln_ l_nÖlc]i6 jil og f[î( pcm[p[ j_lnol\[l ko[fko_l
mojimc~}i `[]cfcn[îl[ jil j[ln_ î chn_lfi]onil do^[c]i ko_ [hn_m [j[)
l_]_l[ h[ ][ln[( hi ][mi( [ mojimc~}i ^_ ko_ [ G_c jlin_a_mm_ Dml[_f îm
jcil_m _`_cnim î j_][î _ ^[ giln_ $]igi cgjfc][î _g Mg .*-.mm
_ B- /*./).0%7/1 _( jil ionli f[î( j[l[ [og _hn[l i ]ihnl[mn_ ^l[gz)
nc]i ]ig i _`_cni ^[ al[~[ ^cpch[ _g _ [nl[pÄm ^_ >lcmni $Mg 1*.,).-7
2*-0)-1%* Ii _hn[hni( i _`_cni _mnz [ch^[ _h_lp[hn_ _ ^_cr[ j[cl[l olh[
j_laohn[ mi\l_ [ l_f[~}i ^[ G_c ]ig i j_][î _ [ giln_* N_g ^âpc^[(
K[ofi m_hnco ko_ ji^c[ `[t_l cmni jilko_( ^_hnli ^_ jio]im j[lzal[ìm(
_f_ [\il^[lc[ _r[n[g_hn_ _mn[ ko_mn}i*
Giai( Mig[him 3 $io( g[cm _r[n[g_hn_ 3*3)4*0% òh]cih[ ^_ goc)
n[m ìlg[m ]igi i zjc]_ _g l_f[~}i {m ko_mnà_m jl_i]oj[hn_m []_l][
^[ G_c( f_p[hn[^[m jil K[ofi him ][jÉnofim jl_]_^_hn_m* @g Mg 3*3)-/(
[ j_laohn[ Ä `_cn[ _rjfc]cn[g_hn_6 < G_c Ä j_][î; N_lz ko_ i pÉh]o)
fi _hnl_ j_][î _ G_c _rjl_mm[î _g Mg 1*., ]b_a[ [ mcahc`c][l olh[
_ko[~}i îm îcm; < l_mjimn[ ^_ K[ofi Ä cg_^c[n[6 h}i8 @ _f_ ]ihncho[
_rjfc][hî ]igi i j_][î `_t omi îm g [h^[g _hnim ^[ G_c j[l[ ch]c)
n[l nl[hmal_mm}i _ ]ihm_aocl [ giln_ _g ]ihm_koÇh]c[ ^[ nl[hmal_mm}i
$Mg 3*3)-/%* Ol[hm`_l_)m_ [koc [ ]ofj[ j[l[ i ji^_l j_lmihc`c][î î
j_][î7 [ G_c h}i Ä og [fc[î î j_][î $]igi Mg 1*., ji^_lc[ n_l
cgjfc][î%( g[m m_o diao_n_*
Jonl[ l[t}i j[l[ i ji^_l î j_][î( cgjfÉ]cn[( g[m h}i ^_m_h)
pifpc^[ _g Mg 3*3)-/( Ä [ `l[ko_t[ ^[ ]ih^c~}i bog [h[( olh[ `l[ko_)
t[ ^[ ][lh_( io( j[l[ m_l g[cm _r[ni( og [ `l[ko_t[ î _o _hko[hni
][lh_* <mmcg( [nÄ g_mgi i omi ^[ G_c j_fi j_][î j[l[ ^_g ihmnl[l [
j_][gchimc^[^_ nin[f î j_][î $3*-/% h}i ^_p_ m_l _hn_h^cî ]igi
olh[ ]lÉnc][ { jlÖjlc[ G_c6 N[\_gim ko_ [ G_c Ä _mjclcno[f7 g[m _o mio
][lh[f( p_h^cî mi\ i j_][î $3*-0%* Iip[g_hn_( [ ]ofj[ n_g ko_ m_l
[nlc\oÉ^[ chn_cl[g_hn_ [i j_][î $Mg 3*-0)-3%*
O_hî chnliôtcî niîm im [a_hn_m $j_][î( giln_( G_c( _o %( [
[hzfcm_ ^[ ]ih^c~}i bog [h[ _ î j[j_f ^[ G_c _g l_f[~}i [i j_][î
ji^_ m_l _m]f[l_]c^[ _ ^_`_h^c^[* < ]b[p_ Ä( [hn_m ^_ noî( l_]ihb_]_l
/1 >`* n[g\Äg g _o IecWdi' R=> /4 $?[ff[m6 Ril^( -544%( j* .42*

:Wf}jkbe ** -).
ko_ i jlÖjlci _o _mnz ^cpc^cî $Mg 3*-4).,%6 i _o ]igi ][lh_ `[t

i g[f( io( j[l[ m_l g[cm _r[ni( i j_][î ko_ b[\cn[ i _o ]igi ][l)
h_ `[t i g[f( _hko[hni( [i g_mgi n_gji( i _o ^_m_d[ `[t_l i ko_
Ä \ig* N_aohî( _mn[ ^cpcm}i chn_lcil _ ]ihnl[^c~}i î _o n_g mo[
]ill_mjih^Çh]c[ hog [ ^cpcm}i _ ]ihnl[^c~}i _kocp[f_hn_ h[ G_c $Mg
3*.-)./%6 [ G_c om[^[ j_fi j_][î _ [ G_c ch^c][hî [ pihn[^_ ^_ ?_om*
@ [ ]ill_mjih^Çh]c[ Ä _mnl_cn[6 i _o ko_l_hî i ko_ Ä \ig Ä i _o
chmnlocî j_f[ [ G_c ^_ ?_om( i _o ]igi i big_g chn_lcil $3*..%(
i _o ]igi g_hn_ $3*.1%7 [i g_mgi n_gji( i _o _hn_h^cî ]igi
][lh_ j_lg[h_]_ mi\ [ [acn[~}i î j_][î( ][ncpi ^[ G_c om[^[ j_fi
j_][î $^[ g[h_cl[ _rjfc][^[ [hn_m6 Mg 3*./(.1%( ^[ G_c î j_][î _
^[ giln_ $4*.)/%*/2
I}i jl_]cm[gim jli]ol[l h_hbog [ mifo~}i g[cil ^[ ko_mn}i
gocni ^cm]onc^[ []_l][ ^[ c^_hnc^[^_ î _o */3 Ez ko_ i [laog_hni
^_ Mg 3*3)4*0 Ä [ ^_`_m[ ^[ G_c ]ihnl[ [ []om[~}i chc]c[fg_hn_ f_p[h)
n[^[ _g 1*.,( m_lz mo`c]c_hn_ i\m_lp[l ko_ [ _rjfc][~}i g[cm i\pc[ Ä
pch]of[l [ lcr[ hi _o { ^cpcm}i ^[m _l[m ^_fch_[^[ _g Mg 1*-.).- ) i
_o ]igi ][lh_( mi\ i ji^_l ^_ j_][î _ giln_( ]igi j[ln_ ^[ _l[ ^_
<^}i ) _ i _o ]igi i big_g chn_lcil _ g_hn_( l_jl_m_hn[hî i
m_l bog [hi ]igi ?_om i ^_m_dio( ]ig ^_f_cn_ h[ pihn[^_ ^_ ?_om ch)
^c][^[ j_f[ G_c( _g\il[( h[ l_[fc^[^_( ^_j_h^_hn_ ^[ ][j[]cn[~}i j_fi
@mjclcni j[l[ moj_l[l [ `l[ko_t[ ^[ ][lh_ _ j[l[ ]og jlcl [ _rcaÇh]c[
^[ G_c $Mg 4*0%* Ii _hn[hni( m_d[ ko[f ìl [ _r[n[ l_`_lÇh]c[ î _o (
^_p_lc[ _mn[l mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ ]f[li ko_ [ ^_`_m[ ^[ G_c n_lgch[ ]ig
og [ Çh`[m_ gocni jimcncp[ hi ]ogjlcg_hni ^[m _rcaÇh]c[m ^[ G_c*
Kil cmmi( [ cgjiln|h]c[ ^_ Mg 3*3)4*0 ^_hnli î mo\n_g[ ^[ n_ifi)
ac[ ^[ G_c ^_ Mig[him h}i ^_p_ m_l mo\_mncg[^[* x _mn[ j[mm[a_g ko_
/2 @mm_ l_]ihb_]cg_hni ^_ og [ lcr[ ^_hnli ^[ G_c ]igi ]ill_mjih^_hn_ { lcr[

^_hnli î _o g_ j[l_]_ i`_l_]_l og m_hncî g_fbil j[l[ [ m_koÇh]c[ ko_ m_
l_`_l_ { G_c _g Mg 3*.-)4*0 î ko_ [ pcm}i [fn_lh[ncp[ _ [ch^[ jl_îg ch[hn_ ko_
_hn_h^_ [m l_`_lÇh]c[m { G_c _g Mg 3*.-(/ _ 4*.[ hi m_hncî ^_ jlch]cjci 7 h[
j_mkocm[ l_]_hn_( ]`* E* Uc_mf_l( IecWdi $Gih^l_m6 N>H +Kbcf[^_fjbc[6 OKD( -545%(
j* -53)-54*.,.7 ?* Hii( IecWdi *&1' Rs]fc``_ @r_a_nc][f >igg_hn[ls $>bc][ai6
Hii^s( -55-%( j* 05,)05.(1,0)1,47 E* <* Acntgs_l( IecWdi' <= // $Iip[ Dilko_6
?io\f_^[s( -55/%( j* -/-7 ]`*( jilÄg( g _o ]ig_hnzlci IecWdi /5.)/51(0-2)0-4(
]ig g[cil \c\fcial[`c[*
/3 < l_pcm}i l_]_hn_ g[cm ]igjf_n[ Ä ^_ E* G[g\l_]bn( K^[ Nh[jY^[Z O WdZ _ji
C_X[hWj_ed' GWkb _d IecWdi 3 WdZ 1 $Gip|hc[6 K__n_lm( -55.%*
-)/ 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9M DG
gimnl[ g_fbil ko_ ni^[m [m ionl[m ko_ K[ofi h}i _l[ ]ihnl[ [ G_c ]igi
n[f( jicm Ä og [ ^_`_m[ bz\cf ^[ G_c ko_ [ l_ncl[ î [htif * < []om[~}i
^_ ko_ [ G_c _l[ j_][î _ òh]cih[p[ ]igi og ji^_l ko[m_ ]_f_mnc[f
$[mmcg ]igi j_][î _ giln_% _l[ f_acncg[^[ _ [nÄ g_mgi jlipi][)
^[ j_fi zjc]_ jlipi][hn_ ^_ Mg 1*-.).-* Ii _hn[hni( [ail[ `c][ ]f[li
ko_( j[l[ K[ofi( ko[fko_l []om[~}i ^[ G_c pcm[ mig_hn_ ^_mn[][l m_o
[mj_]ni ^_ m_l [\om[^[ j_fi j_][î( _ h_mn[ []om[~}i( [ `l[ko_t[ ^[
][lh_ bog [h[ Ä cao[fg_hn_( m_ h}i g[cm( jlipi][îl[ ^_ ]ofj[* H[m
i p_l^[^_cli ]ofj[î Ä i j_][î* Ail[ ^cmmi( jilÄg( [ G_c ]ihncho[ [
òh]cih[l ]igi p[l[ ^_ g_^cl _ g _^c^[ ^[ pihn[^_ ^_ ?_om7 [ch^[
`[t j[ln_ ^[ pihn[^_ ^_ ?_om ko_ [m mo[m _rcaÇh]c[m m_d[g ]ogjlc^[m
) _f_ _hpcio m_o Acfbi _ ^_o m_o @mjÉlcni _r[n[g_hn_ j[l[ n[f jlijÖmcni
$Mg 4*/)0%*
< ]ihm_koÇh]c[ b_lg_hÇonc][ ko_ m_ao_ ^cmmi Ä i j_lcai ^_ og [
_r_a_m_ [nigÉmnc][*/4 I_mm_ ][mi( ]ihmc^_l[l Mg 1*., cmif[^[g_hn_( io
mig_hn_ hi ]ihn_rni cg_^c[ni ^_ 1*-.).-( ji^_ `[]cfg_hn_ f_p[l { ]ih)
]fom}i ^_ ko_ [ [ncno^_ ^_ K[ofi []_l][ ^[ G_c _l[ chn_cl[g_hn_ bimncf(
n}i bimncf ko[hni [ mo[ [ncno^_ _g l_f[~}i [i j_][î _ { giln_* Ii
_hn[hni( hog [ ][ln[ n}i \_g _f[\il[^[ ]igi Mig[him( Ä cg jiln[hn_
]ihmc^_l[l n_rnim j[lnc]of[l_m hi ]ihn_rni ^[ [laog_hn[~}i _ l_nÖlc][
_g ^_m_hpifpcg_hni h[ ][ln[ chn_cl[* @ _g ionl[m j[ln_m _mnz gocni
Ö\pci ko_ og[ j[ln_ ^[ nÄ]hc][ ^_ K[ofi _l[ ]ihmn[n[l og[ ]lÉnc][ l[)
^c][f hi chÉ]ci( g[m `pa ]igi mo[ ]ih]fom}i `ch[f( _ mcg ]igi og [
ko_mn}i ko_ ^_p_lc[ m_l nl[n[^[ ^_jicm $j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ Mg /*-)4%* <m)
mcg []ihn_]_ ]ig Mg 1*.,6 f_p[hn[)m_ [koc og [ ko_mn}i ko_ Ä nl[n[^[
mig_hn_ _g Mg 3*3)4*0( [ ko[f h}i ji^_ m_l _hn_h^c^[ [^_ko[^[g _hn_
[ h}i m_l j_f[ l_`_lÇh]c[ [i n_rni ^_ 3*3)4*0*
+',' 7 Ua`fu`gS dWYdS bae[f[hS VS BW[
Kiln[hni( hchaoÄg ko_ n_hb[ ][jn[î i [laog _hni ^_ Mg 3*34*0⁄

^_p_ m_ moljl__h^_l ]ig i j[j_f jimcncpi l_j_nc^[g _hn_ [nlc\oÉî {
G_c _g ionlim n_rnim( _ _`_ncp[g_hn_ [i fihai ^[ >[ln[ [im Mig[him*
?_ `[ni( mig_hn_ ko[hî m_ ][jn[ i Égj_ni p_l^[^_cli ^_ Mg 3( ko_
Ä [ ^_`_m[ ^[ G_c( Ä jimmÉp_f _h]ihnl[l og m_hncî h[ l_j_nc^[ Çh`[m_
X /4 J g Äniî _r_aÄnc]i ^_ M}cm}h_h _g GWkb WdZ j^[ CWm g imnl[ \_g _mm_ j_lcai _
g ch[ gocni ^_ mo[ jlÖjlc[ _r_a_m_*
:Wf}jkbe ** .*1
jimcncp[ ^[ G_c _g Mig[him* N_g [ ]b[p_ ìlh_]c^[ jil 0'0&17% [ n_i)

fiac[ j[ofch[ ^[ G_c j_lg[h_]_lc[ og _hcag[( _ m_lc[ ^c`É]cf l_òn[l i
[laog_hni ^_ ko_ n[f n_ifiac[ Ä l_jf_n[ ^_ ch]i_lÇh]c[m _ ]ihnl[^c~à_m*
J j[j_f jimcncpi j_lg [h_hn_ [nlc\oÉî { G_c h[ >[ln[ [im Mig[)
him ji^_ m_l g imnl[î \l_p_g_hn_( m_g g[cil_m _rjimc~à_m( jilko_ dz
nl[n[gim î ]_lh_ î [laog_hni6
im ]og jlcîl_m ^[ G_c m_l}i ]ihmc^_l[îm domnim $Mg .*-/%7

[ ]cl]oh]cm}i Ä \_hÄ`c][ m_ jl[nc][l^_m [ G_c $Mg .*.1%7
V***W [ domnc~[ ^_ ?_om ìc l_p_f[^[( ]ig i [n_mn[^[ j_f[ G_c _ j_fim jli`_n[m
$Mg /*.-%7
i afilc[l)m_ ìc _r]foÉî $h}i j_f[ G_c jlip_hc_hn_ ^ [m i\l[m( g[m% j_f[
[ G_c ^ [ `Ä $Mg /*.3%7
_mn[\_f_]_g im [ G_c $[nl[pÄm ^ [ `Ä% $Mg /*/-%7
l_do\cfi)g _ h [ G_c ^ _ ? _om( { g _^ c^ [ ko_ cmmi ^ct l_mj_cni [i big _g
chn_lcil $Mg 3*..%7
[ G_c î @mjclcni ^ [ p c^ [ _g >lcmni E_mâm pim fc\_lnio V***W $Mg 4*.%7
? _om _hpcio)pim m_o Acfbi V***W j [l[ ko_ [ _rca_h]c[ ^ [ G_c jimm[ m_l
]o g j lc^ [ _g hÖm ko_ ][g chb[g im h}i ^_ []ilî ]ig [ ][lh_( g [m ^_
[]ilî ]ig i @mjÉlcni $Mg 4*/)0%7
^_f_m Ä V***W [ G_c $Mg 5*0%7
Dml[_f( j _lm_aochî [ G_c ^[ domnc~[( h}i [f][h~io [ G_c7
Kil ko_ [mmcg ; K ilko_ _f_m [ac[g [mmcg h}i j i l `Ä( g [m ]ig i m_ ìmm_
^_ i\l[m $Mg 5*/-)/.%7
I }i `cko_g ^ _p_hî h [^ [ [ hchaoÄg ( _r]_ni [g il g ânoi7 j i lk o _
ko_g [g [ i ionli ]o g j lco [ G_c* K ilko_ i$m% g [h^[g _hni$m% Ä$m}i% V***W
l_mog cî$m% h_mn[ j[f[pl[( hi g [h^[g _hni < g [lzm n_o jlÖrcg i ]ig i
[ nc g _mg i * < g il h }i `[t h [^ [ ^ _ g [f [i jlÖrcg i7 j i l cmmi( i ]og jlc)
g _hni ^ [ G_c Ä i [g il $Mg -/*4)-,%*
x ^c`É]cf _hn_h^_l ]igi( ^_jicm ^_mm[ _hroll[^[ ^_ n_rnim( [f)

aoÄg ji^_ ]ih]focl ko_ K[ofi ncp_mm_ [\[hîh[î [ G_c _ h_a[î [ _f[
ko[fko_l j[j_f h[ chmnlo~}i ^[ko_f_m ko_ ]b_a[l[g [ ]l_l _g >lcmni*
< ]b[p_ _mnz hi l_]ihb_]cg_hni ^_ ko_ i Égj_ni g[cm h_a[ncpi ^_
K[ofi ]ihnl[ [ G_c h}i _mn[p[ ^cl_]cih[î ]ihnl[ [ G_c ]igi n[f( g[m
]ihnl[ [ G_c _hko[hni g [hcjof[^[ j_fi j_][î( ]ihnl[ [ G_c ]ihmc^_)
l[^[ mo`c]c_hn_ _g mc g_mg[ j[l[ moj_l[l [ `l[ko_t[ ^[ ][lh_( ]ihnl[ [
G_c jlip_hc_hn_ ^[m i\l[m* < G_c( og [ p_t fc\_ln[^[ ^_mn_ j[j_f( _ og [
p_t ko_ im g [h^[g _hnim ìmm_g l_]ihb_]cîm ]f[l[g_hn_( im ko[cm
m_lpc[g [ _mn_ j[j_f _ i `[tc[g ^_ ]_ln[ g[h_cl[( [ _rcaÇh]c[ j_lg[)
-)1 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9M DG
h_hn_ ^[ G_c ]igi _rjl_mm}i ^[ pihn[^_ ^_ ?_om ji^É[ m_l l__h`[nct[)

^[* <mmcg( ni^[m [m _rcaÇh]c[m ji^c[g m_l g [hcjof[^[m j_fi j_][î(
ji^c[g m_ nilh[l i\l[m ^[ G_c * Ii _hn[hni( _hko[hni m_ [^gcnc[ ko_
ni^[m [m _rca_h]c[m ^[ G_c ^_p_lc[g m_l ]og jlc^[m [nl[pÄm ^[ `Ä _ ^[
][j[]cn[~}i j_fi @mjclcni( _ h[ fchb[ î g [h^[g _hni î [gil( [ `l[)
ko_t[ ^[ ][lh_ ji^c[ ]ihncho[l [ m_l moj_l[^[ _ im g_][hcmgim î
j_][î ji^c[g m_l ^_llin[îm*
I_mn_ jihni g[hc`_mn[)m_ n[g\Äg i ]ihnl[mn_ ]ig Bzf[n[m* @g
Bzf[n[m( [ Çh`[m_ jimcncp[ hi j[j_f j_lg [h_hn_ ^[ G_c _mnz jl_m_hn_(
g[m [j_h[m \l_p_g_hn_( _ jl_îg ch[ i Égj_ni g[cm h_a[ncpi $]ih)
nl[mn[^[ ]ig [ jlig_mm[( [ G_c r mig_hn_ n_gjilzlc[%( _hko[hni ko_
[koc [ Çh`[m_ Ä( [hn_m ^_ noî( ]ihnlzlc[* IÖm ji^_gim mojil ko_ ìc i
^_m[`ci îm ionlim gcmmcihzlcim h[ B[fz]c[( ko_ jli]ol[p[g _g joll[l
im ]l_hn_m h[ B[fz]c[ [ pcp_l_g $hip[g_hn_% mi\ [ G_c ( ko_ `_t K[ofi
j[l_]_l n}i ]lÉnc]i { G_c h[ >[ln[ [im Bzf[n[m* N_ cmni ìl ]ill_ni( _hn}i
[ ^_ô~}i cao[fg_hn_ fÖac][ [koc r ko_( hi g iî g[cm l_`f_rcpi ^_
Mig[him( K[ofi ji^c[ l_]o[l _ ^_fch_[l i j[j_f ^[ G_c ^_hnli ^_ mo[
n_ifiac[ _g jlch]Éjcim g[cm [gjfim* I[ mcno[~}i g_him [g_[~[îl[
^_ Mig[him( i j[j_f jimcncpi ^[ G_c j[l[ im ]l_hn_m $n[hni im a_hncim
ko[hni im do^_om% ji^c[ m_l _rjf[h[î ^_ g iî g[cm ^_m[j[crih[î
_ _`_ncpi*
@g l_mogi( [ ^_pc^[ [n_h~}i j[l[ [ [\il^[a_g ]igjf_n[ ^[ [l)
aog_hn[~}i gimnl[ ko_ [ >[ln[ [im Mig[him _rjl_mm[ og [ ]igjl__h)
m}i nin[fg_hn_ ]i_l_hn_ ^[ G_c( _ [ ^_pc^[ [n_h~}i j[l[ [m ]cl]ohmn|h)
]c[m ^c`_l_hn_m _g ko_ ìl[g _m]lcn[m [ >[ln[ [im Bzf[n[m _ [ >[ln[ [im
Mig[him Ä _`_ncp[g_hn_ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _rjfc][l [m Çh`[m_m ^c`_l_hn_m
_hnl_ [m ô[m ][ln[m* <m n_hmà_m _ im jli\f_g[m b_lg_hÇonc]im []_l][
^_ n[f n_g[( im ko[cm _g_lacl[g hi ^_\[n_ l_]_hn_( molacl[g jlch]cj[f)
g_hn_ jilko_ [m n[l_`[m h_]_mmzlc[m j[l[ ]ifi][l og n_rni ^_hnli î
m_o ]ihn_rni ìl[g h_afca_h]c[^[m io jilko_ ìl[g cahil[^[m cgjil)
n[hn_m chìlg[~à_m bcmnÖlc][m ]ihn_rno[cm*
<feZcljyf
N_lz ko_ ji^_gim chn_al[l [m [\il^[a_hm ^[ G_c _g Bzf[n[m _ _g
Mig[him hog [ âhc][ n_ifiac[ ]i_l_hn_; K_hmi ko_ mcg* >ig \[m_ h[m
:Wf}jkbe ** -)2
ô[m ][ln[m( Ä jimmÉp_f `[f[l ^_ og [ n_ifiaÉ[ j[ofch[ ^[ G_c ) _ hÖm

h}i `[f[gim ^_ og [ n_ifiac[ ch]i_l_hn_( ]ig gocnim `cim mifnim _ ko_m)
nà_m h}i l_mifpc^[m( h_g ^_ og [ n_ifiac[ ko_ n_hb[ g o^[î _g ][^[
og îm m_om jihnim g[cm mcahc`c][ncpim h[m ô[m ][ln[m*
@ ]f[li ko_ ][^[ og [ ^[m ][ln[m n_g mo[m jlÖjlc[m ][l[]n_lÉmnc][m
^cmnchncp[m( _ _g n[cm ][l[]n_lÉmnc][m Ä ko_ hÖm him ]ih]_hnl[gim [koc
) jlch]cj[fg_hn_ [ Çh`[m_ ^_ Bzf[n[m hi j[j_f n_gjilzlci ^[ G_c ^c[h)
n_ ^_ Dml[_f ]igi m_o [hdi ^[ ao[l^[( [ g_h~}i l_j_nc^[ _g Mig[him
^[ òh~}i ^[ G_c ]igi p[l[ ^_ g _^cl _ [ ^_`_m[ moncf ^[ G_c _g Mg 3)4*
< ionl[ Çh`[m_ _mnz hi j[j_f jimcncpi ^[ G_c( ko_ ]ihncho[ [ l_]_\_l
h[m ô[m ][ln[m j_mim ^c`_l_hn_m( g[m _mnz jl_m_hn_ _g [g\[m* H[cm
cg jiln[hn_ j[l[ hÖm( jilÄg( Ä i `[ni ^_ ko_ [m Çh`[m_m g[cm ^cmnchnc)
p[m ^_ ][^[ ][ln[ m}i ]i_l_hn_m _hnl_ mc( m_g ko[fko_l ^c`c]of^[^_ l_[f*
Kil cmmi( Ä \[mn[hn_ `z]cf _rnl[cl og [ n_ifiac[ ]i_l_hn_ ^[ G_c( [mmcg
]igi _mn[ _mnz _rjl_mm[ h[m fchao[a_hm _ h[m ]cl]ohmn|h]c[m ^cmnchn[m
^[m ô[m ][ln[m*
< jlcg _cl[ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ ]igog Ä i `[ni ^_ ko_ A USdmfWd W S Xg`qpa
VS BW[ XadS_ VSVae bad :Wge' Dmni _mnz chn_cl[g_hn_ _rjfÉ]cni _g Mg 3(
h[ chmcmnÇh]c[ ^[ G_c ]igi m[hn[( domn[ _ \i[* Ii _hn[hni( Ä n[g\Äg
_pc^_hn_ i j[j_f ^[ G_c ]igi jlin_nil _ [ci ^_ Dml[_f( og j[j_f _pc^_h)
n_g_hn_ ^_mcah[î jil ?_om( _g\il[ n[f j[j_f ìlh_~[ og [ l_f[~}i
g_him cg_^c[n[ ]ig ?_om î ko_ [ jlig_mm[ $Bzf[n[m%* J j[j_f ^[
G_c n[g\Äg _mnz _pc^_h]c[î h[ Çh`[m_ ko_ Mig[him ]ih`_l_ { òh~}i
j_lg [h_hn_ ^[ G_c ]igi p[l[ ^_ g _^cl _ h[ G_c ]igi [ g _^c^[ î
dofa[g_hni `ch[f* K[ofi ]ihncho[p[ _pc^_hn_g_hn_ j_hm[hî ko_ [ G_c
_l[ ^[^[ jil ?_om j[l[ m_l i\_^_]c^[ _ ko_ [ `[fb[ _g i\_^_]_l { G_c
jlipi][p[ mÄlc[m ]ihm_koÇh]c[m*
N_aohî( ji^_gim p_l [ail[ ko_ [ ]lÉnc][ { G_c n_g( _g ][^[ ][l)
n[( og [fpi g[cm _mj_]É`c]i* @g Bzf[n[m( _f[ m_ ^clca_ ]ihnl[ [ g[ho)
n_h~}i ^[ òh~}i jlin_nil[ ^[ G_c j[l[ Dml[_f ]igi og g_ci ^_ _r]focl
a_hncim ^[ j[lnc]cj[~}i ^[ \Çh~}i ^_ <\l[}i( [j_m[l î ]ogjlcg_hni
_m][nifÖac]i _g >lcmni _ hi @mjÉlcni* Pg[ p_t ko_ im a_hncim( g_mgi
g [hn_hî _mn[ ]ih^c~}i( l_]_\_l[g n[g\Äg i @mjÉlcni( dz h}i Ä g[cm
h_]_mmzlci om[l [ G_c ]igi ao[l^[ j[l[ jlin_a_l im do^_om ]ihnl[ _f_m(
]igi m_ _f_m [ch^[ ìmm_g j_][îl_m ( ìmm_g [ch^[ og[ ìhn_ ^_
cgjol_t[* @g Mig[him( [ ]lÉnc][ Ä ]ihnl[ [ G_c om[^[ j_fi j_][î j[l[
[og _hn[l [ `l[ko_t[ ^[ ][lh_( j[l[ jl_m_lp[l i îgÉhci î j_][î _
^[ giln_( ]igi i]ill_l[ h[ _l[ ^_ <^}i*
-*) 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG:J= H 9MDG
?_ `[ni( [m ô[m ]lÉnc][m _mn}i chncg[g_hn_ l_f[]cih[^[m( dz ko_(

_g [g\[m [m ][ln[m( K[ofi ]ihmc^_l[p[ [m n_hn[ncp[m jil j[ln_ ^_ io)
nlim do^_om $]lcmn}im% ^_ jl_m_lp[l_g [ mo[ jimc~}i jlcpcf_ac[^[ ^cm)
nchn[ ^c[hn_ ?_om ]igi i [f]ipcn[l ^[ ][lh_( _r[n[g_hn_ ^[ g_mg[
g[h_cl[ ko_ [m i\l[m ^[ ][lh_ $B-/*.)/7 1*-57 2*-.)-/7 Mg .*.4%* @ _g
[g\[m [m ][ln[m( [ [ncno^_ ]lcnc][^[ Ä l_mog c^[ h[ _rjl_mm}i i\l[m ^[
G_c $B- .*-27 /*.(1(-,7 Mg /*.,(.3).47 5*/.%* I[ >[ln[ [im Mig[him( [
g_mg[ [jl_]c[~}i ^[ G_c Ä ][l[]n_lct[^[ ]igi √œΩÀÀ• ) ]igi( ^_ `[ni(
og [ ]ih]_hnl[~}i ^[ c^_c[ ^_ G_c hi pcmÉp_f _ ][lh[f( cmni Ä( h[ ^cmnch)
~}i Änhc][ _hnl_ im do^_om _ im a_hncim( ch^c][^[ j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ j_f[
]cl]oh]cm}i $Mg .*.3).5%*
< >[ln[ [im Mig[him [jl_m_hn[ n[g\Äg og [mj_]ni î j[j_f n_g)
jilzlci ^[ G_c ko_ h}i ìl[ _rjfil[î h[ >[ln[ [im Bzf[n[m* @g Bzf[n[m(
i n_gji [hn_m _ { j[ln_ ^_ >lcmni _mnz ^_m]lcni h}i mig_hn_ ]igi i n_g)
ji ^_ Dml[_f ^_m^_ HicmÄm [nÄ >lcmni( g[m n[g\Äg ]igi [ jl_m_hn_ _l[
gz $B--*0% _( jil cgjfc][~}i( ]igi [ p_fb[ ]lc[~}i $B-2*-1%* @g Mi)
g[him( _f[\il[)m_ [ c^_c[ ^_ _l[ ^_ <^}i( mi\ i îgÉhci î j_][î _ ^[
giln_ $Mg 1*-.).-%* Ii _hn[hni( _hko[hni Bzf[n[m j[l_]_ ][l[]n_lct[l
i j[j_f ^[ G_c ôl[hn_ _mm_ n_gji ]igi [fai _mm_h]c[fg_hn_ jimcncpi
$jlin_nil( [ci( ao[l^[%( Mig[him l_nl[n[ i j[j_f ^[ G_c h[ _l[ ^_ <^}i
]igi _mm_h]c[fg_hn_ og diao_n_ î j_][î* Kiln[hni( ji^_gim ^ct_l
ko_ K[ofi gimnl[ _g Mig[him ]igi i j[j_f jlin_nil ^[ G_c $Bzf[n[m%
ìc j_lp_lncî j_fi j_][î _ j_f[m `l[ko_t[m ^[ ][lh_ _g og[ ìl~[ h_)
a[ncp[ ko_ cgj_^_ [ ]ihm_koÇh]c[ jf_h[ î _p[ha_fbi j[l[ ni^[m [m
j_mmi[m ko_ ]l__g* @g n[f m_hncî( i _o ^_ Mig[him 3 Ä Dml[_f(/5jl_mi
_hnl_ im j[jÄcm ]ih`fcn[hn_m ^[ G_c( g[hcjof[î j_fi j_][î( i ko[f pcm[
jl_h^_l Dml[_f g[cm `clg_g_hn_ {m jl_i]oj[~à_m _mm_h]c[fg_hn_ ][lh[cm(
jl_i]oj[~à_m ko_ _mj_l[g [ fc\_ln[~}i î @mjÉlcni j[l[ ko_ m_o j[j_f
jimm[ m_l ]ogjlcî* <fÄg ^cmmi( dz ko_ Mg -,*0 n_lgch[ ]ig og[ m_~}i
ko_ ]lcnc][ Dml[_f jil ]ihncho[l [ j_hm[l [ l_mj_cni ^[ G_c ^[ domnc~[ _g
n_lgim ^_ i\l[m $Mg 5*/.%( _ ]lcnc][)i jil ]ihncho[l [ ^_`_h^_l ]cog_h)
n[g_hn_ m_o l_f[]cih[g_hni _mj_]c[f ]ig ?_om $Mg -,*.)/%( hÖm ji^_)
gim [ch^[ ^_ôtcl ko_ [kocfi ]odi `cg Ä g[l][î jil >lcmni $Mg -,*0%
Ä i j[j_f n_gjilzlci ^[ G_c ]igi jlin_nil ^_ Dml[_f( [ G_c _h`l[ko_]c^[
j_f[ ][lh_ _ j_lp_lnc^[ j_fi j_][î*
/X> `* _mj_]c[fg_hn_ ?* E* Hii( Dml[_f [h^ K[of ch Mig[hm 363)-. ( ch EKJ /.

$-542%6 -..)-/1*
:Wf}jkbe ** -**
O_l]_cli( og [ p_t n_hî ][jn[î jf_h[g _hn_ i j_lcai ^_ ko_ [

G_c jimm[ `c][l jl_m[ [i h_ri î j_][î _ ^[ ][lh_( Ä jimmÉp_f _hn_h^_l
i j[j_f jimcncpi ^[ G_c( ko_ ji^_ m_l _rjl_mmi _g mo[ jf_hcno^_* < G_c
]ihncho[ [ ch^c][l [ pihn[^_ ^_ ?_om* ?_om ]ihncho[ [ ko_l_l i ]og)
jlcg _hni ^_ mo[m _rcaÇh]c[m* Nig_hn_ [m j_mmi[m ko_ ]ogjl_g [ G_c
m_l}i domnc`c][^[m* Ii _hn[hni( n[cm _rcaÇh]c[m m}i [ail[ _hn_h^c^[m him
n_lgim ^[ `Ä( î @mjÉlcni _ î [gil( _g p_t ^_ m_l_g _hn_h^c^[m g_)
^c[hn_ [m i\l[m ^[ G_c ) cmni Ä( [ G_c Ä ]og jlc^[ j_f[ ]ih`c[h~[ _g ?_om
$>lcmni%( j_fi ][gchb[l [nl[pÄm î @mjÉlcni( j_fi [gil [i jlÖrcgi*
Kiln[hni( [i ìlgof[l og [ n_ifiac[ ]i_l_hn_ ^[ G_c( _rjl_mm[ h[
>[ln[ [im Bzf[n[m _ h[ >[ln[ [im Mig[him( Ä `ch[fg_hn_ cgjiln[hn_
jl_m_lp[l [ jlÖjlc[ ^c[fÄnc][ j[ofch[* @mn[ ^c[fÄnc][ h}i m_ ^z mcgjf_m)
g_hn_ j_f[ l_f[~}i _hnl_ i _p[ha_fbi _ [ G_c* IÖm ji^_g im i\m_lp[l
ko_ j_hm[l [mmcg m_lc[ ^_g[mc[^[g _hn_ jl_g [noli* H[m Ä ]i_l_hn_
j_hm[l h[ G_c ]igi [ p[l[ ^_ g _^cl ^[kocfi ko_ Ä \ig( _g ijimc~}i
{ G_c om[^[ ]igi diao_n_ î g[f7 h[ [ G_c $]igi [ _rjl_mm}i% ^[ `Ä
_g ijimc~}i { G_c l_mog c^[ h[m i\l[m7 h[ G_c $]igi [ _rjl_mm}i% î
@mjÉlcni _g ijimc~}i { G_c ]igi chmnlog _hni î j_][î _ ^[ giln_7 h[
G_c ]igi l_p_f[îl[ ^_ ]igi [ pc^[ ^[ `Ä ^_p_lc[ m_l pcpc^[ [nl[pÄm
î [gil [i jlÖrcgi _g ijimc~}i { G_c ko_ ]ill_ m_gjl_ i lcm]i ^_ m_
nilh[l √œΩÀÀ•( _h`[nct[hî [m g[l][m pcmÉp_cm ko_ ^cmnchao_g i do^_o
î a_hnci* @g niîm im ][mim( jilÄg( Ä [ g_mg[ G_c ) [ G_c( ko_ [mmcg
]igi i _o ( ko_l i @mjÉlcni( g[m [ch^[ Ä ][lh[f( jl_m[ _hnl_ [m _l[m(
_hnl_ [m l_cpch^c][~à_m ]ih]ill_hn_m î j_][î _ ^[ al[~[( _mj_l[hî
dohni ]ig i l_mni ^[ ]lc[~}i [ fc\_ln[~}i îm `cfbim _ `cfb[m ^_ ?_om
$Mg 4*-5)./%*
>igi og ][mi ^_ n_mn_ j[l[ i$m% ]ihn_rni$m% g[cm [jlijlc[î$m%
him ko[cm _ _g l_f[~}i [im ko[cm og n_rni ^_ K[ofi ^_p_lc[ m_l _rjim)
ni( _mn_ _mnoî l_[`clgio [ cgjiln|h]c[ ^_ f_l _mj_]c`c][g_hn_ im n_r)
nim ^_hnli î ]ihn_rni g[cm [gjfi î î]og_hni [i ko[f j_ln_h]_g(
^_ _fo]c^[l i ]ihn_rni î î]og_hni [ j[lncl î ]ihn_rni g[cm [gjfi
^[ Äji][( _ ^_ ]ill_f[]cih[l ^c`_l_hn_m n_rnim î g_mgi [onil ^_ ìl)
g[ [ ]ihmc^_l[l i chn_ln_rni chm_lcî _g og ]ihn_rni* I[nol[fg_hn_( Ä
]_lni ko_ bz ionlim ]ihn_rnim ^_hnli îm ko[cm _ _g l_f[~}i [im ko[cm
m_l}i fcîm im n_rnim j[ofchim []_l][ ^[ G_c* >ihnoî( ko[hî him l_)
`_lcgim { n_ifiac[ ^[ G_c î jlÖjlci K[ofi( i jlcg _cli ]ihn_rni ^_p_
l_]_\_l jlcilc^[^_* J `[ni ^_ n_lgim ]ihm_aocî( [i `[t_l cmni( _rnl[cl
og [ n_ifiac[ ]i_l_hn_ ^[ G_c ko_ ji^_ m_l [nlc\oÉ^[ ]igi n[f [ K[ofi(
-*+ : F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m d g
Ä mcgjf_mg_hn_ og [ ]ih`clg[~}i î ][lzn_l [jlijlc[î ^_ n[f jli]_)

^cg_hni*
@mn_ _mnoî Ä ^_^c][î [ E :KL A :KMF:GG ( G_g\li)g_ ko_ i _h]ih)
nl_c j_f[ jlcg _cl[ p_t hog [ _mn[~}i ^_ nl_g ko[hî ][^[ og ^_ hÖm
_mn[p[ n_hn[hî _h]ihnl[l m_o ][gchbi [nÄ i _h]ihnli [ho[f ^_ NION*
J jl[t_l îm _h]ihnlim mo\m_ko_hn_m ìc m_gjl_ [og _hn[î jil mo[
jl_m_h~[* O_lc[ aimn[î ^_ i`_l_]_l og [ ]ihnlc\oc~}i g[cm ^cl_n[g_h)
n_ fca[^[ [i m_o jlÖjlci nl[\[fbi( jicm bz pzlcim jihnim _g ko_ himmim
pzlcim _m]lcnim m_ mi\l_jà_g( g[m ch`_fctg_hn_ [ch^[ h_g fc i m_o fcpli
mi\l_ i \[ncmgi( h_g _hn_hî mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ i mo_]i j[l[ `[t_l dom)
nc~[ [i m_o ]ig_hnzlci mi\l_ [ >[ln[ [im >ifimm_hm_m( _g\il[ _o n_hb[
[jl_]c[î cg_hm[g_hn_ m_om [lncaim mi\l_ >ifimm_hm_m* Ii _hn[hni( i
n_g[ K[ofi _ [ G_c ìc _`_ncp[g_hn_ i [mmohni ^_ gchb[ j[f_mnl[ hi
;jWYWf[US^ :Sk $? c[+Eilh[^[ ^[ @r_a_m_% _g Pjjm[f[ _g -541 $l_jf_ni
^_ g_gÖlc[m [al[^zp_cm%( j[l[ i ko[f E :KL g_ ]ihpcîo [g[p_fg_h)
n_( _ i bSbWd _g mc ìc [jl_m_hn[î ]igi og [ ^[m ô[m j[f_mnl[m h[
CW`[YZWfeXS]g^fWf _g Jmfi _g [\lcf ^_ -55/( ^_ giî ko_ _mj_li ko_
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_mn[p[ ^_n_lg ch[^[ j_fi ]ihnl[mn_ _hnl_ H icmÄm _ K[ofi*
< koc m_ l_mm[fn[p[ [ ko_mn}i j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ j_fi omi j[ofchi
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lc[ i mcahc`c][î ^_mm[ [nlc\oc~}i* ? _cr[g im j i l l_mifp_l n[g \Äg [
ko_mn}i ^[ ]ill_f[~}i _hnl_ i @mjÉlcni _ [ Oilz _g .>il /*/ _ /*2( ko_
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]il[~à_m $El /-*//%( c^_hnc`c][hî hi @mjÉlcni [ òh~}i ^_ _m]l_pÇ)f[
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p_t( `ct_l[g molacl ko_mnà_m l_`_l_hn_m { l_f[~}i _hnl_ [ Oilz _ [
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]ihnchoc^[^_ _ [ ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_ hi j_hm[g _hni ^ _ K[ofi j[l_]c[
m_ ni lh [l n}i chmifâp_f ]igi ko[fko_l ionl[ ko_mn}i l_`_l_hn_ [im
_m]lcnim ^_ K[ofi( m_ h}i g[cm*
/*0* Jm [lncaim _ ^cm]ommà_m mi\l_ [ >[ln[ [im Mig[him [jl_m_hn[)

l[g _pc^_hn_g_hn_ gocn[m ko_mnà_m j[l_]c^[m* ?[ m_mm}i mi\l_ Mig[)
him . #P KB@AM$,2 molaco og []ilî mo\mn[h]c[f ^_ ko_ [ []om[~}i î
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/. _ f_p[hî j[l[ /*-).,%( []om[~}i ^_ K[ofi ko_ ch]foÉ[ n[hni i m_hmi
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hin[ /.*
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.-* 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9MDG
domnc`c][~}i ch]foÉ[ n[hni i [ni ^_]cmcpi î dz ko[hni i dofa[g_hni

ko_ [ch^[ m_lc[ `ch[f $Mg .*-.)-/%* >ihnoî( `c][l[g ch]_ln_t[m mi\l_ i
al[o _g ko_ .*-2 $dofa[g_hni î _p[ha_fbi% ko[fc`c][ io g_l[g_hn_
]ihmn[n[ hip[g_hn_( jilÄg ^_ ìlg[ ^cmnchn[( og dofa[g_hni g_h]ci)
h[î _g Mg .*-.)-1 $dofa[g_hni ^[ G_c%*.5 @ [ ^cm]omm}i m_ l_mnlchaco
h[ ko_mn}i h}i l_mifpc^[6 m_ i a_hnci ko_ ]og jl_ [ G_c ^_ Mg .*-0(.2)
.3 _l[ olh[ `caol[ l_[f io bcjinÄnc][( m_ _f_ _l[ io ji^c[ m_l $h[ pcm}i
^_ K[ofi% mig_hn_ og a_hnÉi ]lcmn}i*/,
- (/ ( > ig i [lncai _ [ ^cm]omm}i mi\l_ Mig [him /)0 #A :RL $-+ ]b_)
aio)m_ [ o g []ilî ^_ ko_ hÖm ^_p_g im `[f[l [ l_mj_cni ^_ pzlc[m
òh~à_m ^[ G_c( ch]fomcp_ [ ^_ ^_`chcl Dml[_f ]igi i jipi ^_ ?_om7
cao[fg _hn_( ^_p_g im nl[n[l ^[ cg jiln|h]c[ ^[m i\l[m ^ [ G_c ^_hnli
^_mm_ k o [^ li ^_ l_`_lÇh]c[m* C iop_ n[g \Äg ]ihm_hmi mi\l_ [ lc)
ko_t[ î ]ih]_cni ^[ G_c6 n[f m_lc[ og [ o h c^ [^ _( h}i o g ][g[f_}i7
Ã÷ÀŒ– Ä n[g \Äg √œ•™ø* I i _hn[hni( [ l_mj_cni ^ [ ko_mn}i ^_ ]ih)
nch o c^ [ ^ _ +^ _m] i h nch o c^ [ ^ _( [m g _mg [m ko_mnà_m h}i j i ^ c[g m_l
l_mifpc^[m6 ]ig i l_f[]cih[l [m [`clg [~à_m jimcncp[m ^_ O ilz+√œ•™ø
]igi og [ n_mn_g ohb[ î ][g chbi ^[ l_nc`c][~}i ^_ ?_om $Mg
/*.-7 0% ]igi o g [ l_nc`c][~}i [j [ln[^ [ ^[ G_c ( ch nli ^ o tc^ [ ]igi
o g ^_m_hpifpcg _hni hipi+_m][nifÖac]i $Ã—Ã¿ áÅ Vg[m [ail[W ) Mg
/*.-%; @ ]ig i ]ill_f[]cih[l Œ Ã÷ÀŒ– Ÿ¿®©ß”– Vf_c ^[ `ÄW ^_ Mg /*.3
]ig [ G_c+Oilz)ko_)_mn[\_f_]_)[)`Ä ^_ Mg /*/- $og [ ko_mn}i j[l[
[ ko[f jl_]cm[g im pifn[l%;/.
P g îm i\d_ncpim cg jiln[hn_m h}i [f][h~[îm î Ik_bae[g_
ìc [ ko_mn}i h}i l_mifpc^[ ^_ ]igi l_f[]cih[l i n_rni ]lo]c[f ^_
Mg 0*0)1// ]ig i [laog _hni ]ihmn[hn_ ^_ K[ofi( j[lnc]of[lg _hn_
]ig [kocfi ko_ _f_ ^ct mi\l_ [ G_c( i Ég j_ni n[hni h_a[ncpi ko[hni
jimcncpi îm p_lmÉ]ofim jl_]_^_hn_m( [im ko[cm [][\[g im ^_ [fo^cl*
+2 >`* [ ^cm]omm}i âncf ^_ Nnobfg[]b_l( IÅc[h% j* 00)02*

,) Iim [him l_]_hn_m( _mm[ j_laohn[ ìc [\il^[^[ ^_ ìlg[ g[cm hÉnc^[ jil >* @* =*
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D eiW_Y CWm% j* -1-)-20*
,+ >`* WXW_ne% å /*3*
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$Bl[h^ M[jc^m6 @_l^g[hm( -544%7 ]`* n[g\Äg N]bl_ch_l( j* 1-)11*53)54*
:Wf}jkbe *+ .-+
J \pc[g _hn_( Ä òh^[g _hn[f j [l[ i _p[ha_fbi j [o fch i ^ [ domnc`c][)

~}i [ mo[ ]ig jl__hm}i ^_ ? _om ]igi [ko_f_ ko_ domnc`c][ i bi)
g _g m_g ? _om ( ch]fomcp_ [ j_mmi[ ko_ h}i jl[nc][ i\l[m( g [m ]lÇ
_g ?_om* > ihnoî( m_lz ko_ n[cm ]ih]_j~à_m ]bi][lc[g [ jihni
^_ m_l_g j lijimn[m n_ifÖac][m ch[]_cnzp_cm j [l[ im do^_om ]lcmn}im
io j[l[ im do^_om ^_ ìlg[ a_l[f; >igi im do^_om io K[ofi l_f[]cih[)
lc[g n[cm c^_c[m ]ig [ mo[ ]igjl__hm}i ^[ domnc~[ ^_ ?_om ( \[m_[^[
n}i g[mmcp[g_hn_ h[m [`clg[~à_m n_ifÖac][m îm N[fgim _ î N_aohî
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][î ^[ h[ll[ncp[ h_mn_ jihni( _ mi\l_ i al[o _g ko_ ji^_lÉ[gim `[f[l
g[cm ^_ ]ill_mjih^Çh]c[ î ko_ ^_ ]ihnchoc^[^_ $og[ f_cnol[ mch]lá)
hc][ io ^c[]láhc][ î ][jÉnofi chn_cli%* Ii _hn[hni( [m ko_mnà_m chc]c[cm
nl[n[^[m hi Ik_bae[g_ `c][l[g mi\l_ [ g_m[*
-(0( H [lncai ^_ H M?KB>= A H?BNL mi\l_ Mig[him 1/1 ]ifi]io [ ko_m)

n}i ^[ ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_ ]ig mo[ ìl~[ ]imnog_cl[( jicm h[ [ao^[ [h)
nÉn_m_ _hnl_ <^}i _ >lcmni( [ G_c+Oilz j[l_]_ j_ln_h]_l nin[fg_hn_ [i
f[î ^_ <^}i( [i f[î î j_][î _ ^[ giln_* < G_c nilh[ i j_][î
_pc^_hn_ _ jl_h^_ i j_][îl g[cm `clg_g_hn_ { giln_ $Mg 1*-/)-0%*
J g[cm ch]lcgch[îl ^_ noî( [ G_c p_ci j[l[ [og _hn[l [ nl[hmal_m)
m}i ( _mn[\_f_]_hî [ch^[ g[cm `clg_g_hn_ i l_chi ^[ giln_ _ î j_)
][î $Mg 1*.,).-%* <koc( hÖm n_gim hip[g_hn_ og [ [hnÉn_m_ [ji][fÉj)
nc][ io _m][nifÖac][6 ô[m _l[m+Äji][m ^c`_l_hn_m _g ][lzn_l _ _`_cni(
og [ ][l[]n_lct[^[ j_f[ G_c( ko_ [og_hn[ i j_][î _ l_ìl~[ [ giln_( _
[ ionl[ ][l[]n_lct[^[ jil >lcmni( ko_ _h][lh[ [ al[~[ a_l[îl[ ^_ pc^[*
K[l[ K[ofi( [ hip[ _l[+Äji][ ^_ >lcmni dz nchb[ moj_l[î [ [hnca[ _l[
^[ G_c* ?[É( Mg -,*06 >lcmni Ä i `cg ^[ G_c ]igi og g_ci j[l[ [ domnc)
~[ j[l[ ni^[m [m j_mmi[m ko_ ]l__g $-,*0%*
<koc( [ ^cm]omm}i `c]io jl_do^c][^[ jil h}i [f][h~[l og []il)
î mi\l_ [ l_f[~}i _hnl_ j_][î ]igi ji^_l _ j_][î ]igi [ni
j_][gchimi7 jiln[hni( [ l_f[~}i _hnl_ j_][î _ giln_* >igi m_gjl_(
i m_hncî _r[ni ^_ æ™ó ” _g Mg 1*-. `c]io i\m]oli* J ko_ _l[ g[cm
cg jiln[hn_ j[l[ im i\d_ncpim î Ik_bae[g_% [m ko_mnà_m ]lo]c[cm( n[cm
`c][l[g momj_hm[m* @g j[lnc]of[lg_hn_( [ m_aochn_ ko_mn}i6 [nÄ ko_
,- >`* WY_cW% hin[ /*

,. J* Ci`com( ?c_ <^[g)>blcmnom)<hncnb_m_ oh^ ^[m B_m_nt6 @lq}aoha_h to
Màg 1(-.).- ( ch GWkb WdZ j^[ D eiW_Y CWm% j* -21).,2*
.-, 9 F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m d g
jihni ji^_g im a_h_l[fct[l [ [hnÉn_m_ l_nilc][g_hn_ g [l][^[ ^_ Mi)

g[him 1 _ [jfc][l n[f a_h_l[fct[~}i( ]igi m_ _f[ ìmm_ og jlch]cjci
a_l[f _g Mig[him;/2 Ailgof[hî i g_mgi jihni ^_ ìlg[ ^c`_l_hn_(
m_lz ko_ Mg 1*-.).- ìlh_]_ og [ [`clg[~}i _kocfc\l[^[ ^[ pcm}i j[o)
fch[ ^[ G_c; N_lz ko_ Ä i âhc]i [mj_]ni ^[ G_c ko_ K[ofi nchb[ [koc _g
g_hn_ io m_lz ko_ _mn_ ji^_ m_l ^_m]lcni ]igi [ _mmÇh]c[ ^[ G_c; >igi
^_p_lÉ[gim l_f[]cih[l [ [mm_lncp[ ]bi][hn_ ^_ 1*., ]ig [m [`clg[~à_m
jimcncp[m _g ionl[m j[ln_m ^[ ][ln[( mi\l_noî Mg /*/-7 3*-.)-/ _ 4*0;
/*3* J al[h^_ hâg _li ^_ ko_mnà_m f_p[hn[^[m jil Mig[him 3

#A u;G>K$-1 cg j_^co og [ ^cm]omm}i jf_h[ ^[ j[mm[a_g* >ih]il^[)
gim ko_ [ chn_h~}i ^_ K[ofi _g Mig[him 3 _l[ ^_`_h^_l [ G_c( g[m i
Ik_bae[g_ h}i ]ihm_aoco ]b_a[l [ og g[cil ^_m_hpifpcg_hni ^_mn_
]ihm_hmi* Ciop_ og ^_\[n_ chn_l_mm[hn_ mi\l_ [ ko_mn}i ^[ f_cnol[
^_ Mig[him 3 [ j[lncl ^_ m_o ]ihn_rni( cmni Ä( n[hni _g l_`_lÇh]c[ [i
`fori î j_hm[g_hni î ][jÉnofi 1 j[l[ i ][jÉnofi 4( ko[hni _g l_`_)
lÇh]c[ [ og j[hi ^_ òhî do^[c]i _ +i o `cfimÖ`c]i* J jlcg _cli ^_p_
m_l ]f[l[g_hn_ l_]ihb_]cî6 m_ Mig[him 3 Ä og [ ^_`_m[ ^[ G_c( ^_p_
òh]cih[l ]igi n[f jlch]cj[fg_hn_ _g l_f[~}i [i l_nl[ni h_a[ncpi ^[
G_c ko_ ìc _m\i~[î him ][jÉnofim _ p_lmÉ]ofim jl_]_^_hn_m* >ihnoî(
j[l[ himm[ moljl_m[( Mg 3*-)2( ]ig mo[m ]f[l[m cgjfc][~à_m ^_ ^_m]ih)
nchoc^[^_ _hnl_ [ Äji][ [hnca[ _ [ hip[( h}i _hnlio p_l^[^_cl[g _hn_
h[ ^cm]omm}i( _ [ l_f[~}i ^_ Mg 1*., ]ig 3*3)4*0 h}i ìc p_l^[^_cl[)
g_hn_ []igj[hb[^[* <i g_mgi n_gji( chm_lcl Mig[him 3 ^_hnli ^_
og [ ^cm]omm}i `cfimÖ`c][ g[cm [gjf[ him f_g\l[ ko_ [ ko_mn}i ^_ ]ih)
nchoc^[^_+^_m]ihnchoc^[^_ î _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi ]ig mo[ b_l[h~[
do^[c][ Ä( jil mo[ p_t( j[ln_ ^_ og [ [jl_]c[~}i g[cm [gjf[ _ g[cm jli)
òh^[ ^[ n_hm}i [hnlijifÖac][ _hnl_ i ko_l_l _ i `[t_l* < ^cm]omm}i(
jilÄg( `c]io jl_m[ hi [hncai ^_\[n_ mi\l_ [ _rn_hm}i ^[ l_nlimj_]~}i
î ][jÉnofi ) [ pcm}i ]lcmn} ^_ K[ofi ^_ $mo[ [hnca[% pc^[ mi\ i j_][î
$hip[g_hn_ cgjfc][hî _g og [ g[cil ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_% io n[g\Äg
^_ mo[ jlÖjlc[ pc^[ [ch^[ ]igi og ]l_hn_ $cgjfc][hî _g og [ g[cil
]ihnchoc^[^_% */4
,/ <fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* WXW_ne% å 0*1*

,0 C* Cä\h_l( Uol C_lg_h_once pih Màg 0 % ch GWkb WdZ j^[ DeiW_Y CWm% j* .,3).-0*
,1 d+G[g\l_]bn( K^[ Nh[jY^[Z O WdZ _ji C_X[hWj_ed3 GWkb _d IecWdi 0 WdZ 1 $Gip|hc[6
K__n_lm( -55.%*
:Wf}jkbe *+ .--
?[ gchb[ j[ln_( mola_g ô[m ko_mnà_m ]lo]c[cm* Klcg_cli( h}i ji^_

m_l _pcn[^[ [ j_laohn[ m_ [ ^_`_m[ ^[ G_c _g Mig[him 3 òh]cih[ n[g\Äg
]igi og[ ^_`_m[ ]ihnl[ [ []om[~}i ko_ i jlÖjlci K[ofi f_p[hnio ]ihnl[
[ G_c _g Mg 1*., $_( cgjfc]cn[g_hn_( _g 3*2%* J [laog_hni ^_ 3*3 ko_
]ihncho[ [nÄ 4*0 _ n_g h_f_ m_o zjc]_ ) ]_ln[g_hn_ n_hn[ ncl[l [ G_c î
[htif ( h}i [ l_nl[n[hî ]igi og[ [fc[^[ î j_][î( g[m [hn_m ]igi og
chmnlog_hni $chpifohnzlci io ]ihnl[ pihn[^_% î j_][î* I}i i\mn[hn_
noî i ko_ K[ofi ^cmm_l[( [ G_c [ch^[ j_lg[h_]_ [ G_c ^_ ?_om ( m[hn[
_ domn[ _ \i[ ( ^_mp_f[hî i ][lzn_l _ha[himi _ j_][gchimi î j_][î( _
[nÄ g_mgi ko[hî [ G_c Ä nl[hmal_^c^[ jil _f_ $Mg 3*3)-/%( _f[ [ch^[ Ä
og ^_f_cn_ j[l[ i eW^X chn_lcil _ og[ [mjcl[~}i [jlijlc[^[ j[l[ i _o ko_
[ ^_m_d[ $Mg 3*..(.1%* @ []cg[ ^_ noî( ^_ []ilî ]ig 4*/)0( i jlijÖmcni
^_ ?_om [i _hpc[l m_o Acfbi ìc j[l[ ko_ [ _rcaÇh]c[ ^[ G_c jimm[ m_l
]ogjlc^[ ^_hnli ^_ hÖm ko_ ][gchb[gim V***W ^_ []ilî ]ig i @mjÉlcni
) og[ [mm_lncp[ moljl__h^_hn_( og[ p_t ko_ [ G_c j_ln_h]c[ n}i _r]fomcp[)
g_hn_ { _l[ ^_ <^}i _ [i ji^_l î j_][î _ ^[ giln_*
< ionl[ ko_mn}i Ä hip[g_hn_ [ f_p[hn[^[ []_l][ ^_ K d /*.3 ) i
m_hncî ^_ Ã÷ÀŒ– Ÿ¿®©ß”–* <koc( i jli\f_g[ Ä i m_hncî ^[ _rjl_mm}i m_)
g_fb[hn_ _g 4*.( Œ Ã÷ÀŒ– î @mjÉlcni ^[ pc^[ * < g _o p_l( n[f _rjl_mm}i
gimnl[ ko_ K[ofi ji^_ om[l Ã÷ÀŒ– ^_ giî gocni jimcncpi ) [ G_c î
@mjÉlcni ^[ pc^[ #K d 4*.% ]igi og [ g[h_cl[ l_mog c^[ ^_ `[f[l ^[ G_c
]og jlc^[ h[m j_mmi[m ko_ ][gchb[g ^_ m_aohî i @mjÉlcni #K d 4*0%(
_ 4*/)0 òh]cih[hî( ]igi Œ √Ωœ ch^c][( j[l[ _rjf[h[l []_l][ ^[ fÖac][
_ î m_hncî ^_ 4*.* K[l[ K[ofi( _rcmn_ og[ òh~}i ^[ G_c { j[ln_ ^_ mo[
òh~}i ]igi chmnlog _hni î j_][î _ ^[ giln_ $ [ G_c î j_][î _
^[ giln_ %* I[ pcm}i ^_ K äBLäG>G& jilÄg( Ã÷ÀŒ– h[ _rjl_mm}i Œ Ã÷ÀŒ–
î @mjÉlcni ^[ pc^[ h}i ji^_ m_l _hn_h^cî hi m_hncî ^_ l_al[
io jlch]Éjci ( io g_mgi ]igi il^_g $m[fpÉ`c][% $[ jl_`_lÇh]c[
^_ K âBLâG>G $(-3 N_d[ ]ig i ìl( jilÄg ( [ `f_rc\cfc^[^_ ]ih]_cno[c î
n_lg i Ã÷ÀŒ– Ä ]ihmc^_lzp_f( _ cmni ^_p_ n_l cg jiln[hn_m cg jfc][~à_m
j [l[ [ n_ifiac[ j [ofch[( cg jfc][~à_m ^_ n[f g iî ko_ [ [hzfcm_ î
pi]z\ofi Ã÷ÀŒ– ]igi G_c _ jlch]Éjci m_ nilh[g S^fWd`Sf[hSe ko_
j i ^ _g h}i l_`f_ncl i m_hncî [^ _k o [^ i î n_lgi*
,2 C* M}cm}h_h( Ob_ #G[q# i` A[cnb [h^ nb_ Njclcn ( ch A[iki% GWkb WdZ KehW^'
:ebb[Yj[Z <iiWoi' ENION 0/ $Nb_``c_f^6 Nb_``c_f^ <][^_gc]( -55.%( >[j* .7 ]`* n[lh)
\Äg N]bl_ch_l( j* /1)/27 Obc_fg[h( j* -4/ ]ig .5/( hin[ 3-( _ .,, ]ig .53( hin[
.0 $]ig [ \c\fcial[`c[%*
.-. 9 F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m d g
,'1' < ^cm]omm}i ^_ Mig[him 5)--( chc]c[^[ j_fi [lncai ^_ LM>IA>G

P >LM>KAHEF&.* _h`l_hnio jli\f_g [m m_g_fb[hn_m* Aic âncf _f_ f_g\l[l
ko_ [ ko_mn}i ^[ G_c _l[ j[ln_ ^_ og [ ko_mn}i g ocni g[cm [gjf[( _g)
\il[ cmmi mcahc`c][mm_ ko_ [ g[cil j[ln_ ^[ ^cm]omm}i p_lm[mm_ mi\l_ [
ko_mn}i g[cm [g jf[ _g p_t ^_ m_ ^_n_l h[ G_c80- < j_laohn[ m[fon[l
ko_ [nl[co [ [n_h~}i j[l[ i bilctihn_ î j_hm[g _hni ^_ K[ofi6 i jih)
ni ì][f [nÄ ji^_ m_l ?edSW^% g[m i Zad[la`fW ^[ ko_mn}i g[cm [g jf[ h}i
Ä i ][lzn_l ^[ g cm_lc]Öl^c[ ^_ ?_om; J jli\f_g [ _g Mig[him 5)-- Ä
Dml[_f io ?_om; <j[l_hn_g_hn_( Ä [koc i jihni _g ko_ [ ko_mn}i ^[
]ihnchoc^[^_+^_m]ihnchoc^[^_ n_g i cgj[]ni g[cm jliòhî j[l[ i
j_hm[g _hni î jlÖjlci K[ofi* < cgjfc][~}i ^_ ]ihnchoc^[^_ _g Mg
5*0)1 j[l_]_ m_l ^_]cmcp[g_hn_ ]ihnl[lc[^[ io ko[fc`c][^[ j_f[ [`clg[)
~}i n_gznc][ ^[ ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_ _g 5*2 $ I}i niîm ko_ m}i ^_m__h)
^_hn_m ^_ Dml[_f m}i Dml[_f % _ j_fi ]l_m]_hn_ l_]ihb_]cg_hni [i fihai
^_ nlÇm ][jÉnofim ^_ ko_ [m j_mmi[m [ail[ jl_m[m { mig\l[ î jlijÖmcni
î ?_om ko_ im _f_a_o j[l_]_g m_l j[l[ K[ofi im jlÖjlcim cml[_fcn[m
]ihn_gjil|h_im* H[m( g_mg i [mmcg( K[ofi ji^_ [ch^[ ]ih]focl ko_
niî Dml[_f m_lz m[fpi $Mg --*.2%( hog [ ìln_ l_[`clg[~}i ^ [ ]ihnc)
hoc^[^_ î jlijÖmcni ^cpchi $Mg --*.5%*
<m n_hmà_m ^_h nli îm ][jÉnofim _ _hnl_ _f_m ìl[g ]f[l[g _hn_
l_[f~[^[m j_f[ l_mjimn[ ^_ K äBLäG>G ., _g j[lnc]of[l* < nÄ ko_ jihni
[ c^_c[ ^ [ _f_c~}i _g K[ofi Ä nÉjc][ j [l[ m_o j_hm[g _hni; N_lz ko_
Ä n}i nÉjc][ ko[hni i m_o _hmch[g _hni mi\l_ [ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä
$hi ko[f [ `Ä _hnl[ h[ ^_hâh]c[ `ch[f ^_ Mg --*.2(/-)/.%; Mig [him
5)-- ]ihnÄg o g [ mâjfc][ _mj_]c[f; @g l_mog i( im ][jÉnofim l_p_)
f[g ko_ K[ofi h}i ]ihm_ao_ nl[n[l [i g _mg i n_g ji ^ [ chn_alc^[^_
^_ m_o _p[ha_fbi _ ^[ mo[ `Ä chn_hm[ h[ `c^_fc^[^_ ^_ ? _om [ Dml[_f;
H chb[ j lÖ j lc[ l_jimn[( ^_ ko_ i Dml[_f p _l^ [^ _cli Ä( j [l[ K[ofi(
VWX[`[Va j_f[ al[~[( j_fi ]b[g [î ^cpchi $Mg 5*2)-/%(0/ Ä jlipzp_f)
g _hn_( [i ko_ j[l_]_( og [ l_jimn[ j[l]c[f ko_ h}i ]ihm_aoco ]ih)
p_h]_l i Ik_bae[g_ ]igi o g niî*
-) N* R_mn_lbifg( K[of [h^ nb_ G[q ch Mig[hm 5)-- ( ch GWkb WdZ j^[ D eiW_Y CWm%
j* .-1)./3*
-* ?_pcî { cgjiln|h]c[ ^[ [hnÉn_m_ _p[ha_fbi l[hiki G_c( ^_p_lÉ[gim n_l ^_^c][)
î g[cil [n_h~}i [ Mg -,*0 î ko_ i n_gji j_lg cnco hi ]olmi ^[ ^cm]omm}i*
-+ C* M}cm}h_h( A[cnb( R ilem [h^ @f_]ncih ch Mig[hm 56 < M_mjihm_ ni Nn_jb_h
(R _mn_lbifg ( ch GWkb WdZ j^[ D eiW_Y CWm% j* ./5).05*
-, >`* g _o fcpli IecWdi% j* 1/5)10,*
:Wf}jkbe *+ .-/
> ihnoî( hip[g _hn_( i Ik_bae[g_ h}i ]ihm_aoco _f[\il[l

]ig g [cil ]f[l_t[ i j[j _f ^ [ G_c ^_hnli ^_mn_ ][g ji ]ig jf_ri î
^_\[n_* < G_c j_ln_h]_ [i f[î ^ [ ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_ io [i f[î ^[
]ihnchoc^[^_; @ m_ [ _rjimc~}i ^_ K[ofi _mnz jl_m[ [ og [ ch]ih)
mcmnÇh]c[ cll_]ih]cfczp_f( m_lz ko_ i g _mg i p[f_ n[g \Äg j [l[ mo[
]ig jl__hm}i ^ [ G_c ^_h nli î jli]_mmi chn_cli; < ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_
j[l_]_ m_l [`clg [^[ ]ig niî pcail hi `[g imi p_lmÉ]ofi Mg -,*0(
_g \il[( ][mi K[ofi ncp_mm_ ^_m_d[î ]ihmjol][l [ G_c ]ig i i `_t
_g 1*.,( ^_pÇmm_g im _mj_l[l ko_ _f_ pch]of[mm_ [ G_c [i jli]_mmi
î _hôl_]cg _hni ^_ Dml[_f( [ G_c ]ig i j[ln_ ^_ m_o [jlcmcih[g _h)
ni $Mg --*3)-,%* @g ]ihnl[mn_( jilÄg ( K[ofi nchb[ n[g \Äg [`clg [)
î ko_ [ G_c Ä o g îm g [cil_m jlcpcfÄacim ^_ Dml[_f $Mg 5*0%* <fÄg
^cmmi( j [l[ [ moljl_m[ ^_ g ocnim nl[^ o ni l_m _ ]ig _hn[lcmn[m( K[ofi
j i ^ _ m_ l_`_lcl [i èñéëì ^[ domnc~[ ]igi og [ g_n[ jlÖjlc[ [ m_l \om)
][^[ jil Dml[_f( g_n[ ko_ Dml[_f ^_crio ^_ [n_h^_l mig _hn_ j ilko_ [
]og jlcl[g ^_ ìlg [ _ll[^ [ $Mg 5*/-)/.%*00
@ ^c`c]cfg _hn_ j i ^ _ m_l og [ ]ich]c^Çh]c[ ko_ mo[ _rjimc~}i ^_
[ domnc~[ ko_ Ä ^[ `Ä om[mm_ o g nl_]bi ko_ nchb[ [`clg [î ]igi Ä
`z]cf ]og jlcl [ G_c $?n /,*--)-0% _ ko_ dz ìl[ ch n_lj l_n[^ i _g l_f[)
~}i { m[\_îlc[ ]_f_mnc[f _h][lh[^[ h[ Oilz $=l /*.5)/,7 0*-%*01
<ch^[ `[fn[ l_pcm[l [m m_mmà_m `ch[cm î Ik_bae[g_% g[m [m l_`f_rà_m
mi\l_ [ ^cm]omm}i ^_ Mig[him 5)-- i`_l_]_g o g foa[l j[lnc]of[lg_hn_
[jlijlc[î j[l[ _h][gchb[l [ nl[hmc~}i j[l[ [ m_~}i `ch[f ^_mn_ [lncai(
dz ko_ [ j[mm[a_g _rjl_mm[ ]ig gocn[ ]f[l_t[ im jli\f_g[m _ [m n_hmà_m
]ig [m ko[cm og ]ig_hn[lcmn[ ^[ n_ifiac[ ^_ K[ofi n_g ko_ fon[l*
.( Kldf X ld ]le[Xd\ekf Zfdld8

-'*' < jli]ol[ j i l o g òh^[g _hni ]ig og h o g [ zl_[ n}i
]ihnlip_lm[ nilhio)m_ ^c`É]cf( _ [faohm j i ^ _lc[g ^ct_l( cg jimmÉp_f(
^_pcî [ îcm `[nil_m ko_ molacl[g _g g ig _hnim ^cmnchnim h[m ^cm)
]ommà_m î Ik_bae[g_'
MNQ+IMNQ ncjc`c][g [ moljl_m[ m_hnc^[ jil gocnim ]ig_hn[îl_m ko[hî nl[)

ôt_g Ã÷ÀŒÃ ¶«»•«Œ®◊Ã≈– ]igi nb_ lcabn_iomh_mm q b c]b+nb [n cm \[m_^ ih $nb_%
f[q V[ domnc~[*ko_ _mnz \[m_[^[ _g $h[% G_cW(
-. <fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* g _o fcpli IecWdi% j* 2,/)2,17 Obc_fg[h( j* .,4).-,*
.-0 : F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m d g
J jlcg _cli Ä [ j _la o h n[ m_ K[ofi ^_ `[ni ]ihm_aoco ]b_a[l [

og [ ]ihmcmnÇh]c[ ]ig jf_n[ h[kocfi ko_ Ä _`_ncp[g _hn_ m_o jlÖj lci
[j_fi { ]ihnchoc^[^_* < ko_mn}i ìc f_p[hn[^[ j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ h[m
^cm]ommà_m ^_ Mig [him . _ $]igi [][\[g im ^_ j_l]_\_l% Mig [him
5)--* @g j[ln_( Ä i jli\f_g [ ^_ ]ig i hÖm bid_ iopcg im o g n_rni
]ig i Mig [him .* N_lz ko_ [ himm[ mojimc~}i _r_aÄnc][ ^_p_ m_l
h_]_mm[lc[g _hn_ ko_ i j_hm[g _hni ^_ K[ofi hi ][jÉnofi _g ko_m)
n}i _l[ ]ihmcmn_hn_ ]ig i ko_ _f_ _m]l_p_o _g ionl[m i][mcà_m( _
cmni j i ^ _ m_l ]ig jlip[î; P g f[î ^[ ko_mn}i Ä [ ^c`c]of^[^_ _g
m_ l_]ihb_]_l i ][lzn_l l_nÖlc]i ^[kocfi ko_ K[ofi _m]l_p_o6 ]igi
]ihmc^_l[l ]lcn_lcim[g _hn_ o g [laog _hni ]ohb[î j [l[ ][jn[l [
[n_h~}i ^_ o g aloj i j[lnc]of[l( [fai ko_ ji^_lÉ[g im ]b[g [l ^_
j li j [a [h ^ [ locîm[ io ^_ ^cm]omm}i moncf ^_ [g _hc^[^_m _g l_)
f[~}i [ o g n_g [ j[lnc]of[l( o g _`_cni ^l[g znc]i io _mncfÉmnc]i _g
j[mm[a_hm ^_ ìlg of[~}i ko[m_ b_lg Änc][( _ [mmcg j i l ^c[hn_; Kil
ionli f[î( [m himm[m j _la o h n[m j i ^ _g _mn[l g ocni g [cm ^_n_lg c)
h [^ [m j_f[m ko_mnà_m mo\m_ko_hn_m [im _m]lcnim ^_ K[ofi( ^_ g iî
ko_ h}i m}i cg _^c[n[g _hn_ l_mifpÉp_cm [ j [lncl î ko_ K[ofi ^ct
_`_ncp[g _hn_( _ ko_ j i ^ _g m_l ^_ `[ni _ha[him[m( ][mi ko_cl[g im
^ _mp_h^[l [ n_ifiac[ ^_ K[ofi* N_lz ko_ himm[ j li]ol[ ]ihmn[hn_
j i l hip[m ][n_ailc[m [h[fÉnc][m io mchnÄnc][m ]ig i i hig cmg i ^[
[fc[h~[ _ [ h[ll[ncp[ mcg jf_mg _hn_ _rnl[_g [m fchb[m î j_hm[)
g _hni ^_ K[ofi _ [m chm_l_g h o g j [^ l}i ^cmnchni _ jlip_hc_hn_ ^_
himm[ j lÖ j lc[ ]lc[~}i;
P g m_aohî jli\f_g [ ko_ molaco ]ig ìl~[ fz j_fi `cg î
Ik_bae[g_ ìc [ ^cmnch~}i _hnl_ [ [`fW`qpa ^_ K[ofi _g mo[ n_ifiac[
_ i [no[f WXW[fa ^_ mo[ gcmm}i* < koc( ìl[g ^_ chn_l_mm_ j[lnc]of[l
im [lncaim _ [m ^cm]ommà_m mi\l_ - > ilchncim 5 $=[lnih%02 _ Mg -0)-1
#; :K<E:R $.1( @ ìl[g chn_l_mm[hn_m h}i mig _hn_ j i lko_ ^_mn[][l[g
^_ hipi [ cg jiln|h]c[ î ]ihn_rni mi]c[f _ mo[ ^ch|g c][ j [l[ him)
m[ jlÖj lc[ ]ig jl__hm}i ^ [ n_ifiac[ ^_ K[ofi h[m j[mm[a_hm _m]i)
fbc^[m( g [m n[g \Äg j i lko_ ko_mncih[l[g m_ [ _mnl[nÄac[ ^_ K[ofi
jlipi][p[ ch_pcn[p_fg _hn_ og [ [èfST[^[VSVW eaU[S^ ko_ m_ pifn[lc[
-/ N* >* =[lnih( # <ff Obcham ni <ff K_ijf_#6 K[of [h^ nb_ G[q ch nb_ Gcabn i` -
>ilchnbc[hm 5*-5)./ ( ch GWkb WdZ j^[ D eiW_Y CWm% j* .3-).41*
-0)É* H* B* =[l]f[s( #?i q_ oh^_lg ch_ nb_ G[q;#6 < Nno^s i` Mig[hm -0*-)-1*2 (
ch GWkb WdZ j^[ D eiW_Y CWm% j* .43)/,4*
:Wf}jkbe *+ -,0
[onig [nc][g _hn_ ]ihnl[ m_o [VWS^ fWa^vY[Ua' N_lz ko_ [ jifÉnc][ ^_
K[ofi( [mmcg ]igi [ ]ihmn[n[g im _g D> il 5*-5)./( h}i n_lc[ ch_pc)
n[p_fg _hn_ [ [j[lÇh]c[ ^_ m_l m_g chn_alc^[^_( ][om[hî ]ihòm}i
{m j_mmi[m ]od[ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ _l[ ]ihmncnoÉ^[ j i l m_o _mn[l mi\ [ G_c ;
@ _g Mig [him -0( [ [j[lÇh]c[ ^_ cg j[l]c[fc^[^_ Ä m_g _fb[hn_g _h)
n_ _ha[h[îl[* K[ofi j[l_]c[ j _ ^ cl g [cm îm ]l_hn_m a_hnÉim $ko_ dz
nchb[g l_[fct[î [ g o^[h~[ ^_ o g k o[^li ^_ l_`_lÇh]c[ a_hnci%(
g [m h[ p _l^ [^ _ _mn[p[ j _^ ch ^ i g [cm ^_ ]l_hn_m do ^ _o m $ko_ [ch)
^[ h}i nchb[g g o ^ [^ i ^_ m_o nl[^c]cih[f k o [^ li ^_ l_`_lÇh]c[%*
>ig i K[ofi ji^c[ [`clg [l n[hni ko_ [ G_c Ä m[hn[( ko[hni ko_ h[^ [
Ä cg joli; @f_ pc[ m_g ^ â p c^ [ og [ fÖac][ g [cil [nlzm ^[m ^ o [m [`cl)
g[~à_m( g [m [ l_[fc^[^_ mi]c[f _l[ ko_ m_o _hmch[g _hni g ch[p[ [
chn_alc^[^_ mi]c[f _ ]ofnol[f î do^_o)]lcmn}i i\m_lp[hn_*04
< ch^[ g [cm òh^[g _hn[f( [i ]ifi][l [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _ [ ch]cl]oh)
]cm}i hi g _mg i jf[hi ^_ cll_f_p|h]c[ $D> il 3*-5[ _n]*%( K[ofi ]il)
ni o j_f[ l[ct [ ]ih]_j~}i ^_ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ ^[ko_f[m j_mmi[m ko_ _f_
g _mg i ]b[g io mcg jf_mg _hn_ ^_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i * N_lz ko_ _mn_ _l[
i âhc]i ][g chbi j [l[ o g do ^ _o ]lcmn}i; N_lz ko_ [ ]ihnchoc^[^_
j i ^ c[ m_l g [hnc^[ mig _hn_ j_f[m j_mmi[m ko_ m_aoc[g i _r_g jfi
^_ K[ofi; I i ][mi( [ l__mnlonol[~}i ^[ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ do^[c][ _rcac)
^ [ j_fi _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi ]ig jlipio)m_ nin[fg _hn_ ch[]_cnzp_f
j [l[ [ al[h^_ g [cilc[ ^_ m_om ]if_a[m do^_om* @g ionl[m j[f[pl[m(
[ ko_mn}i n_ifÖac][ f_p[hn[^[ j_fi _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi h}i j i ^ _
m_l l_mifpc^[ ohc][g _hn_ hi hÉp_f ^[m c^_c[m _ ^[m îonlch[m* @ m_
[ l_[fc^[^_ mi]c[f ^ [ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ do^[c][ m_ ]ig jlipio og [ j _^ l[
^_ nlij_~i _`_ncp[ [nÄ g _mg i _hnl_ im ]l_hn_m do^_om mcg jznc]im {
c^_c[( m_lz ko_ [m _mj_l[h~[m ^_ K[ofi []_l][ ^_ Dml[_f ]igi og
niî h}i m_lc[g g ocni g _him l_[fcmn[m;
Kil cmmi( [ jli]ol[ j i l o g òh^[g _hni ]ig og ( m_d[ ]igi
o g [ \[m_ ]ig og _hnl_ chnÄljl_n_m ]ihn_g jil|h_im îm _m]lcnim ^_
K[ofi( m_d[ ]ig i og [ \[m_ ]ig og _hnl_ i jlÖjlci K[ofi _ im io)
nlim do^_o)]lcmn}im( j i ^ _ m_l [ jli]ol[ j i l o g c^_[f ko_ i jlÖj lci
K[ofi m_lc[ ch][j[t ^_ [f][h~[l _ ko_ hÖm bid_ mig im ch][j[t_m ^_
[jl_]c[l jf_h[g _hn_* I }i i\mn[hn_( [faog [ ]icm[ j i ^ _ _ ^_p_ m_l
^cn[ j i l l_mj_cni [ K[ofi _ [ al[h^_t[ ^_ mo[ pcm}i*
04 A* R[nmih( GWkb% AkZW_ic WdZ j^[ >[dj_b[i3 8 JeY_ebe]_YWb 8ffheWY^' NIONHN 12

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-,1 9 F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m d g
0*.* Q [gim ]ig _~[l ]ig [kocfi ko_ a_l[fg _hn_ n_g mcî ]ih)
mc^_l[î og [ _rjl_mm}i jlch]cj[f î _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi( [ m[\_l(
[ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä*05 @g \il[ mo[ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ hi j_hm[g _hni ^_
K[ofi n_hb[ mcî ko_mncih[^[ j_lci^c][g _hn_( ]_ln[g _hn_ ìc i _h)
mch[g _hni ^_ K[ofi ko_ ni lhio [ G_c o g jli\f_g [ j [l[ mo[ n_ifi)
ac[( m_ Ä ko_ ko_mnà_m ]igi [m f_p[hn[^[m _g Mg /*/- $ Oilh[g im
[ G_c chpzfc^[ [nl[pÄm ^ [ `Ä; % _ Mg 3*3 $ < G_c Ä j_][î; % mch[fc)
t[g g [cm î ko_ og [ g _l[ l_nÖlc][ * @ Ä [ î o nlch [ ^ [ domnc`c][)
~}i j_f[ `Ä ko_ ]ihncho[ [ [jl_m_hn[l n[f jli\f_g [ ^ [ g [h_cl[ g [cm
[a o ^ [ j [l[ chnÄljl_n_m ]ihn_g jil|h_im ^_ K[ofi* ?[m ^cm]ommà_m
î Ik_bae[g_% hÖm ji^_g im l_o h cl pzlc[m fchb[m ^_ ]ihm_hmi*
[% < ko_mn}i ^[ domnc`c][~}i mola_ ]ig i og [ ko_mn}i h[m ][ln[m

^_ K[ofi ^_h nli î ]ihn_rni ^_ mo[ g cmm}i [im a_hncim*1, < ko_mn}i
[mmcg ]ig i ìc f_p[hn[^[( j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ _g B zf[n[m _ Mig [him(
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m_( _ m_ ìl i ][mi( ]ig i _f_m j i ^ c[g ]b_a[l [ ]ig j[lncfb[l [m \Çh)
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[ ko_mn}i( [mmcg ]igi ^cm]onc^[ j i l K[ofi( h}i Ä m_ _ ]igi a_hncim
j i ^_lc[g m_l []_cnim j i l ?_om m_g l_`_lÇh]c[ [i K[c < \l[}i _ mo[
m_g _hn_ ) og [ chn_ljl_n[~}i jimmÉp_f ^_ Mig [him .( g [m mig _hn_
m_ _mn_ n_rni ìl cmif[î î l_mn[hn_ ^[ ][ln[* I _g Ä cg jiln[hn_(
h_mn_ jihni( ko_g f_p[hnio jlcg _cli [ ko_mn}i ^[ j[lnc]cj[~}i îm
]l_hn_m a_hncim h[ m_g _hn_ _ h[ b_l[h~[ ^_ < \l[}i $i j lÖjlci K[o)
fi io ionlim g cmmcihzlcim do^[c]im ]lcmn}im h[ B[fz]c[%*1- K[l[ hÖm(
i ji h ni ]lo]c[f Ä ko_ _mn[ ko_mn}i Ä i ]ihn_rni ^_hnli î ko[f m_
^}i [m _rjimc~à_m g [cm cg jiln[hn_m ko_ K[ofi ^_m_hpifp_ mi\l_ [
domnc`c][~}i*
05 =[mn[ f_g\l[l ]igi Gon_li( _ h_mn_ mÄ]ofi =ofng[hh _ F}m_g[hh( ]ihmc^_l[l[g

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\% No\d[]_hn_ [ _mm[ ko_mn}i ]ihncha_hn_ _mj_]É`c][ $m_ _ ]igi

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ò h ^ [g _h n[f ^[ chc]c[ncp[ ^cpch[ _ ^ [ cg jinÇh]c[ bog [h[* Dmni _mnz
cg jfÉ]cni h[ j_lmj_]ncp[ [ji][fÉjnc][ [ j [ lncl ^ [ ko[f K[ofi pÇ niî
i jli]_mmi î jlijÖmcni m[fpÉ`c]i ^_ ?_om* J h_]_mmzlci h}i Ä mcg)
jf_mg _hn_ o g [ ]ol[ _ og [ jolc`c][~}i( g [m niî o g hipi [ni ^_
]lc[~}i( o g ^ [l pc^[ [im g ilnim _ o g ]b[g [l j [l[ [ _rcmnÇh]c[ i
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_g Mg 0*0)1*
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n_ ]igi [ ko_mn}i ^_ do ^ _o m ]ihmc^_l[hî a_hncim ìl[ î jipi ^_
? _om $ j_][îl_m ) B- .*-1% _ _g j[ln_ n[g \Äg ]igi [ ko_mn}i
î j_][î p _l^[^_cli ]ig [ ]ihm_ko_hn_ mom]_nc\cfc^[^_ { ]ih^_)
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g ocni \_g _rjl_mm[l og [ mÉhn_m_ a_hoch[g _hn_ j[ofch[ ^_ [g \im
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{ ]ig ohc^[^_ h[]cih[f ^ _ Dml[_f( _mnl[ha_clim _g l_f[~}i {m [fc[h)
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? _om hi g ohî*
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[% >[l[]n_lÉmnc]i n[hni ^_ K[ofi ko[hni ^_ mo[ b_l[h~[ do^[c][

Ä i l_]ihb_]cg _hni ]ig og ^_ ko_ _mn[l ]ig ?_om ^ _j _h ^ _ ^ [ chc)
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^_m^_ i chÉ]ci j_f[ _f_c~}i _ j_fi ]b[g [î ^cpchim* J ? _on_lihá)
g ci ]igi [ _rjl_mm}i ]fzmmc][ î hig cmg i ^[ [fc[h~[ ]ig_~[
]ig i l_]ihb_]cg _hni î efSfge ^_ _m]l[pi ko_ Dml[_f nchb[( m_g
k o[fko_l ^cl_cni _g l_f[~}i [ ? _om( hi g ig _hni ^ [ mo[ _f_c~}i $?n
1*27 2*.-7 3*2)4 _n]*%* >ig i dz hin[g im( [ ]ig jl__hm}i j[ofch[ ^[
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$OSU[_S( hL/%*
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\% Dao[fg _hn_ ][l[]n_lÉmnc]i n[hni ^_ K[ofi k o[hni ^_ mo[ b_)

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nÄh]c[ ^ _ ko_ bz ]_ln[m i\lca[~à_m j [l[ [m j_mmi[m ko_ ìl[g l_]_j)
nil[m ^[ al[~[* K[ofi chmcmn_ him ]ilifzlcim _ ]ihm_koÇh]c[m Änc][m
^ [ _f_c~}i _ ^[ []_cn[~}i j i l ? _om ^_ ìlg [ n}i chn_hm[ ko[hni [
Çh`[m_ ^_on_lihig cmn[( ]ig o g l_]ihb_]cg _hni cao[f ^[ j [ln_ ^_
[g \im ^_ ko_ [ i\_^cÇh]c[ h_]_mmzlc[ n_g ^_ pcl î ]il[~}i* O[hni
j [l[ K[ofi ko[hni j [l[ i ? _on_lihág ci( i n_lg i domnc~[ l_mog _
^_ `[ni [g \im im f[îm î hig cmg i ^[ [fc[h~[( n[hni [ [~}i m[fpÉ)
`c][ ^ _ ? _om ko[hni [ i\lca[~}i ^_ i\_^cÇh]c[ _g l_f[~}i { domnc~[
"b'Wj'% Mg 2*-4)-5%*1.
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î j [l[ j l_a [l i _p[ha_fbi [im a_hncim m_ ^[p[ _g ]og jlcg _hni
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_ El -*1* No[ ]ihp_lm}i Ä _h n_h^c^[ j i l _f_ ]igi chn_cl[g _hn_ h[
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ch^c][ n[g \Äg B- /*4( _f_ _hì][ [ [jifiac[ ^_ m_o _p[ha_fbi h[
n_l]_cl[ fchb[ ^ [ jlig _mm[ [ <\l[}i6 [ jlig _mm[ h}i Ä mig _hn_
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-.*/ _n]*%* J ko_ Dml[_f [ch^[ h}i nchb[ l_[fct[î jf_h[g _hn_( K[ofi
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jlcg _h ni ^ [ n[l_`[ ^_ Dml[_f*
x ^_h nli ^_mn[ ]ihnchoc^[^_ ko_ m_ f_p[hn[ [ ko_mn}i ^ [ ^_m)
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m_hmi $]ig og [ ionl[m pit_m ]lcmn}m î IO% ^_ ko_ i zjc]_ _m][ni)
fÖac]i ^_]cmcpi dz p_ci h[ g iln_ _ l_mmoll_c~}i ^_ E_mâm* ?cai ^_h)
nli ^ [ ]ihnchoc^[^_ ( dz ko_ K[ofi ^c`c]cfg _hn_ pÇ [ p ch ^ [ ^_ >lcmni
]igi og [ lo j no l[ io o g [\[hîhi î jlijÖmcni ^cpchi( ]igi(
j i l _r_g jfi( i jlijÖmcni _rjl_mmi [nl[pÄm ^_ < \l[}i _ Dml[_f* N_
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1. Obc_fg[h( j* ./4).0-( `[t j[ln_ ^_mm_ ]ihm_hmi ]l_m]_hn_ mi\l_ _mm_m îcm jih)
nim7 ]ihnl[mn_)m_ N]bl_ch_l( j* --0)-.-*
1/ F* J* N[h^_m( GWkb & Fd[ e \ j^[ Ghef^[ji' RPIO .*0/ $Oä\cha_h6 Hibl( -55-%( j*
12)25( ][jn[ _mn_ jihni [j_h[m j[l]c[fg_hn_*
:Wf}jkbe *+ ..+
mch[fct[ i zjc]_* I }i i\mn[hn_( [j_m[l ^_ ni^[m [m [`clg [~à_m j[ofc)

h[m ^_ ]ihnchoc^[^_ ko_ m_ _h]ihnl[g n[g \Äg [koc( i _`_cni jlznc)
]i _l[ ^_ ko_( _g mo[ pcm}i( im n_lg im ^[ al[~[( [ \[m_ ^ [ []_cn[~}i
^c[hn_ ^_ ? _om( nchb[g g o ^ [^ i ]ig [ p ch ^ [ î g _mmc[m ^_ Dml[_f*
Kil g [cm j[l_]c^[ ko_ [ `Ä _rcac^[ ìmm_ ]ig [ `Ä ^_ < \l[}i( _mn[
_l[ [ail[ olh[ `Ä _hì][^[ _g _ [nl[pÄm ^_ >lcmni E_mâm( o g g incpi
^_ nlij_~i j [l[ [ g [cilc[ îm cml[_fcn[m $Mg 5*/.)//%* @ [ ^_m]ih)
nch o c^ [^ _ n_ifÖac][+]lcmnifÖac][ _mj_fb[p[)m_ h[ ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_
l_`f_nc^[ _g Mg -0)-1( h}i i\mn[hn_ i c^_[f j_lg [h_hn_ ^_ K[ofi
$-1*3)-.%*
-'-' x hi chn_lcil ^_mn_ k o [^ li n_ifÖac]i g [cil( ]ig mo[ g _^c)

^ [ [\_ln[ ^_ \[m_ ]ig og _ ]ig jf_hi l_]ihb_]cg _hni ^[ n_hm}i
ko_ _f_ ]ihnÄg ( ko_ [ ko_mn}i ^_ K[ofi _ [ G_c jl_]cm[ m_l l_mif)
pc^[( j [l[ ko_ m_ n_hb[ [faog [ ]b[h]_ ^_ mifo~}i* I Öm ji^_g im
]ig _~[l ]ig i jihni g _him ]ihnlip_lmi6 ko_ bz og [ p[lc[~}i h[
l_`_l_h]c[ ko_ K[ofi `[t { G_c( o g [ p[lc[~}i ko_ p[c ^_ [fai ko_
mi[ ]igi og [ [jlip[~}i [fn[g _hn_ jimcncp[ [nÄ [fai ko_ mi[ ]igi
og [ ]ih^_h[~}i [fn[g _hn_ h_a[ncp[* Kil o g f[î( _g mo[ ^_`_m[
^[ G_c( K[ofi h}i b_mcn[ _g ^_m]l_pÇ)f[ ]ig i m[hn[( domn[ _ \i[
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hi n[l ko_ i l_]ihb_]cg _hni ^_ og [ [`clg [~}i n}i jimcncp[ h}i ^_)
j _h ^ _ ^ [ ^_\[nc^[ chn_ljl_n[~}i ^[ _rjl_mm}i i Ã÷ÀŒ– î @mjclcni
^_ p c^ [ ko_ i]ill_ ^_jicm h[ g _mg [ m_]~}i $Mg 4*.%* Kil ionli
f[î( _f_ `[f[ ]f[l[g _hn_ ^ [ G_c ]igi o g j i ^ _l _m]l[pct[hn_( ko_
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g iln_ $B-0*-)-,7 Mg 1*.,7 3*17 D> il -1*12%*10
> iil^_h[î ]ig n[cm ]ih]_j~à_m _mnz i ionli l_]ihb_]cg _hni
^_ ko_ [ G_c nchb[ j [l[ K[ofi og [ p[lc_^[^_ ^_ òh~à_m* OlÇm ^_f[m
j _^ _g ]ig _hnzlcim*
< jlcg _cl[ Ä i j [j _f ^[ G_c h[ l_p_f[~}i ^[ pihn[^_ ^_ ? _om(
]ig [ ]ihm_ko_hn_ m_hmc\cfct[~}i io ]ihm]cÇh]c[ []_l][ î j_][)
î* P g n[hni moljl__h^_hn_g _hn_( _g Bzf[n[m( K[ofi h}i ^ct h [^ [
^_mm[ òh~}i* @ k o [h ^ i m_ l_`_l_ l_j_nc^[g _hn_ [ _f[ _g Mig [him
$Mg /*.,7 0*-17 1*-/7 3*-/%( _f_ i `[t ]ig i m_ [ ko_mn}i ìmm_ og [rci)
g [ _mn[\_f_]cî ko_ hchaoÄg ko_mncih[lc[( [ l_mj_cni î ko[f _f_(
.- >`*( f'[n'% N]bl_ch_l( ][j* /*

--+ 9 F G N 9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9 M DG
jiln[hni( h}i jl_]cm[p[ [laog _hn[l* @mn[ òh~}i _mnz i\pc[g _hn_
l_f[]cih[^[ { òh~}i ^_ ]ih^_h[l i j_][î( ]igi ch^c][î _g Mg
0*-1( _ Ä( j i l cmmi( n[g \Äg [ òh~}i pcm[^[ _g Mg .*-.)-/*
@mn[ j i ^ _ j[l_]_l [ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ g [cm h_a[ncp[ ^ [ G_c ) mo[
òh~}i ^_ nl[t_l [ cl[ ^cpch[ [i ]ih^_h[l [ nl[hmal_mm}i( [i [g [c)
^c~i[l [ ko_g ^_cr[ ^_ `[t_l no ^ i ko_ _mnz _m]lcni hi fcpli ^ [ G_c
$B- /*-,%* I i _hn[hni( _mn[ Ä mcg jf_mg _hn_ o g [ j[ln_ ^_ m_o jli)
jÖmcni ^ [^ i j i l ? _om( ko_ K[ofi ]ihmc^_l[ h[nol[f* I i ]il[~}i î
_p[ha_fbi j[ofchi _mnz ]_ln[g _hn_ [ [`clg [~}i ^_ ko_ >lcmni nl[t [
l_^_h~}i ^ [ cl[ ò no l[ $Mg 1*5%( ko_ h}i bz ]ih^_h[~}i j[l[ ko_g
_mnz _g >lcmni $Mg 4*-%( _ ko_ > lcmni l_^cg co ^[ g [f^c~}i ^[ G_c
$B- /*-/%* @mn_m( jilÄg ( h}i m}i chn_cl[g _hn_ jihnim ^_ ^_m]ihnc)
hoc^[^_m* < jlÖj lc[ G_c jlipc^_h]cio n[g \Äg j _l^ }i _ _rjc[~}i(
]igi [n_mnio ? [pc $Mg 0*3)4%( _ < \l[}i _l[ domnc`c][î j_f[ `Ä g oc)
ni [hn_m ^[ pch ^ [ ^_ >lcmni* O[g \Äg [koc bz ]ihnchoc^[^_*
N_lz ko_ _mm[ [ncno^_ ^_ ]ihmc^_l[l h[no l[f [ òh~}i ^ [ G_c ko_
`[t î j_][î og [ nl[hmal_mm}i ]ihm]c_hn_ _ i f_p[ { ]ih^_h[~}i
him i`_l_]_ [faog [ jcmn[; @mn[g im [koc ^c[hn_ ^_ o g [ òh~}i ko_
[ G_c nchb[ ^_m^_ i chÉ]ci $Mg 1*-/7 3*-/% _ ko_ _f[ [ch^[ n_g _pc^_h)
n_g _hn_ j [l[ K[ofi $/*.,7 0*-1% _ n_lz hi EoÉti Ach[f* Dmmi j[l_]_ m_l
ch^c][î j_fi [laog _hni ^_ Mg .*-.)-2* K[ofi ]ihncho[ [ [`clg [l(
io g _fbil( [ [mmog cl _mm[ òh~}i ^[ G_c( [nÄ g _mg i _g g _ci [ m_om
]ig _hnzlcim g [cm h_a[ncpim mi\l_ _f[* I i _hn[hni( dz ko_ n[f òh)
~}i Ä j[ln_ î òh^[g _hni ]ig og ko_ _f_ ]ig j[lncfb[l[ ]ig im
m_om ]if_a[m do ^ _o m $]lcmn}im%( _f_ h}i pc[ h _h b o g [ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_
_f[\ilz)f[* > ihnoî( _l[ ]ihnl[ im ]ig _hnzlcim g [cm ]ihnlip_lmim
_ h_a[ncpim ko_ _f_ nchb[ ^_ [la o g _h n[l _ j i l ][om[ îm ko[cm _f_
nchb[ ^_ ]ihmnlocl og [ ^_`_m[ _f[\il[^[ $_g \il[ n[f m_d[( j [l[ hÖm(
]ihòm[% ^ [ G_c*
< mmcg m_ k o_mncih[ m_ hÖm him _ha[h[g im ^ _p c^ i [ _mm[ `[fn[
^_ _kocfÉ\lci h[ _rjimc~}i ^_ K[ofi* Dmni k o _l ^ct_l6 m_lz ko_ him)
m[ [n_h~}i `c]io ^ cmnl[É^ [ j _f[ g [cil Çh`[m_ ^ [ ^ [ { òh~}i h_a[nc)
p[ ^ [ G_c( _ m_lz ko_ ^_cr[g im ^_ [nlc\ o cl j_mi mo`c]c_hn_ { òh~}i
]ihnÉho[ ^ [ G_c ^_ ni lh [l i j _][î ]ihm]c_hn_ _ ^_ ]ih^_hz)fi(
mcg jf_mg _hn_ j i lk o _ _mm[ m_a o h ^ [ òh~}i Ä g _h]cih[^[ n}i \l_)
p_g _hn_ hi g _ci ^_ i o nl[ [laog _hn[~}i; @g nl[n[g _h ni m ]fzmmc)
]im( i j [j _f ^ [ G_c ^_ ni lh [l i j _][î ]ihm]c_hn_ _ ^_ ]i h ^ _h [l i
j _~[î f_p[ ^ cl_n[g _h n_ j [ l[ i m_o j [j _f ^ _ ch]cn[l i j _][î $Mg
:Wf}jkbe *+ --,
1*.,7 3*3)--%(11 g [m Ä mig _hn_ [ m_a o h ^ [ mi\l_ [ k o [f K[ofi ]ihm)

nlÖ c mo[ ^_`_m[ ^ [ G_c $Mg 3*3)4*0%* N_lz ko_ [m ^ o [ m òh~à_m h}i
^ _p _lc[g `c][l g [cm ^_mn[][^[m hi j _h m[g _h ni ^_ K[ofi ) og [
[`clg [^ [ j i l K[ofi m_g f_p [h n[l k o [fk o _l ko_mn}i( _ i o nl[ pcmn[
j i l _f_ ]ig i o g [ ko_mn}i ko_ j _ ^ _ [ ^_`_m[ ^ [ G_c;
-'.' < m_aoh^[ òh~}i ^[ G_c( ko_ ìc a_l[fg _hn_ l_]ihb_]c^[
h[m ^cm]ommà_m î Ik_bae[g_% ìc m_o j [j _f ^_ g [l][l _ m_j[l[l i
jipi ^_ ? _om* Dmni `c][ ]f[li( j i l _r_g jfi( h[ ^cmnch~}i j[o fch [ _h)
nl_ [m j_mmi[m ko_ nÇg _ [m ko_ h}i nÇg [ G_c $Mg .*-.)-0%( _ hi
m_o ^cm]olmi mi\l_ Dml[_f ]ig i mi\ [ G_c $]igi _g B- /*./).1%(12
_ mi\l_ i do^_o ]igi ch^cp É^ o i g [l][î _ m_j[l[î j_fi m_o [ni
^_ afilc[l)m_ h[ G_c $Mg .*./%* K[ofi i\pc[g _hn_ Ä o g ]lÉnc]i _g l_)
f[~}i [im j[j_cm ^ [ G_c mojl[]cn[îm( o g `[ni ko_ `[t molacl pzlc[m
ko_mnà_m cg jiln[hn_m*
[% Klcg _cli( ko}i h_a[ncp[ Ä mo[ ]lÉnc][ [ _mm[ òh~}i ^[ G_c;

J cg [achzlci ko_ _f_ om[ _g B- /*./)0*. Ä _mm_h]c[fg _hn_ jimcncpi6
o g [ ao[lhc~}i jlin_nil[( o g [ ci +no ni l VŸ•«¶•√”√÷–W( o g b_l^_cli
mi\ ]ol[îl_m _ jlin_nil_m*13 J cg [achzlci h}i _mnz fiha_ ^[ko_f_
om[^ i h[ > [ln[ ^_ < lcmn_c[m -/5)0.( dz g _h]cih[î $å .*/%*
\% N_aohî( K[ofi pÇ n[f òh~}i ^[ G_c ]f[l[g _hn_( ]ihmc^_l[h)
î)[ _mm_h]c[fg _hn_ fW_badmd[S% ^ o l[h ^ i [nÄ [ p ch ^ [ ^_ >lcmni _ [
jimmc\cfc^[^_ ^ [ `Ä h_f_ $B-/*..).17 0*/)3%* @g ko_ g _^c^[ [ [p[fc[)
~}i h_a[ncp[ ko_ K[ofi `[t ^ [ G_c Ä ì][^[ h_mm[ òh~}i n_g jilzlc[
^ [ G_c; @ m_lz ko_ mo[ ]lÉnc][ ]b_a[ [ m_l og [ ]lÉnc][ îm ionlim
do ^ _o m ko_ ^_m_d[g j l_m_lp [l n[f òh~}i _ j_lg [h_]_l ^_hnli ^[
]omnÖ^c[ jlin_nil[ ^ [ G_c( ]igi m_ _f_m ìmm_g g _hil_m( h}i m_hî
h [^ [ g [cm ko_ _m]l[pim k o [h ^ i p_ci i g ig _hni _m][nifÖac]i ^ [
nl[hmc~}i j [l[ [ jf_h[ `cfc[~}i( j [l[ im b_l^_clim _hnl[l_g _g mo[
b_l[h~[;
11 M* =ofng[hh( K^[ebe]o e \ j^[ E[m K[ijWc[dj% Meb' * $Gih^l_m6 N>H( -51.%( j* .2-)
.247 >l[h`c_f^( IecWdi% j* 402)404*
12 < jlijimn[ ^_ G* B[mnih( K[of [h^ nb_ Oil[b ( ch GWkb WdZ j^[ KehW^ $Q[h]iop_l6
Phcp_lmcns i` =lcncmb >ifog\c[( -543%( j* .5)/,( ^_ ko_ K[ofi om[ [ _rjl_mm}i
mi\ [ f_c j[l[ ^_mcah[l [ mcno[~}i îm a_hnÉim( Ä mcgjf_mg_hn_ ch[]_cnzp_f*
13 K[l[ og [ _rjfc][~}i ^_n[fb[^[ l_g_ni [ g _o >WbWj_Wdi% j[l[ i p_lmÉ]ofi*
,,, 5 F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m d g
< koc ^_p_g im i\m_lp[l ko_ i jli\f_g [ ^ [ c^_c[ ^_ i\l[m ^ [

G_c m_ f_p[hn[ k o[hî [ ko_mn}i g o ^ [ j [l[ [ j _la o h n[ mi\l_ i ko_
og [ [ncno ^ _ [mmcg ^ct ^ [ j[lnc]cj[~}i îm a_hnÉim h[ b_l[h~[ ^_ Dm)
l[_f( ]igi g imnl[g im nl_]bim B-.*-1)-27 Mg /*.3)/, _ Mg 5*/,)/.7
B- .*-1)-2 ) [ [`clg [~}i jlipi][^[ j i l do^_o)]lcmn}im ^_ ko_ h}i
]ig _l}i ]ig ]lcmn}im a_hncim7 Mg /*.3)/, ) afilc[l)m_ ^[m i\l[m ^[
G_c ]igi [`clg [~}i ^_ ko_ ? _om Ä mig _hn_ i ? _om ^_ do^_om7 Mg
5*/,)/. ) a_hncim [f][h~[g [ domnc~[ j_f[ `Ä( g [m Dml[_f `[fbio _g
[f][h~[l [ G_c ^[ domnc~[ j i lk o _ [ j _lm_aoco ]igi m_ _f[ jo^_mm_
m_l [f][h~[^[ g _^c[hn_ [m i\l[m* N_lz ko_ _mn[ Ä [ l[t}i jlch]cj[f
j [l[ K[ofi domn[jil [ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä { domnc`c][~}i j_f[m i\l[m;
< domnc`c][~}i j_f[m i\l[m ^ [ G_c Ä io nl[ g [h_cl[ ^_ ^ct_l ko_ Dml[_f
m_ [a[llio j i l n_g ji ^_g [mc[î [i efSfge jlin_nil ^ [ G_c( ko_ m_)
j [li o Dml[_f ^[m ionl[m h[~à_m; < nÄ g _mg i m_ n[f h}i ìl [ l_mjimn[
]ig jf_n[( ]_ln[g _hn_ ^_p_ m_l o g [ j[ln_ mcahc`c][ncp[ ^_f[*14
O[g \Äg Mg 1*., ^_p_ m_l pch]of[î mi\ _mn_ n_g [( jicm( j i l
o g f[î( pcm[ [ _h nl[^ [ ^ [ G_c ^_h nli îm jli]_mm_m ^ [ bcmnÖlc[ bo)
g [h[( cmni Ä( [ bcmnÖlc[ ^_ Dml[_f [nl[pÄm ^_ H icmÄm $Mg 1*-/%* No[
òh~}i ^_h nli ^[ _l[ ^_ < ^}i h}i Ä ^c`_l_hn_ ^_ m_o j [j _f _g l_f[)
~}i [ Dml[_f $]`* Mg 3*3)-/%*15 @( j i l ionli f[î( ]igi dz i\m_lp[î(
[ ^_`_m[ ^[ G_c _g Mg 3*3)4*0 ^_p_ m_ l_`_lcl n[g \Äg { []om[~}i ^_
1*.,( j iln[hni( ^_p_ m_lpcl ]ig i [ l_jimn[ î j lÖj lci K[ofi [ _mm[
[]om[~}i "SU[_S% å /*3% < G_c _g m_o j [j _f ]ig i [a_hn_ $chpifohnz)
lci% î j_][î _ ^[ g iln_ n[g \Äg h}i Ä ^cmnchaoc^[ ^_ m_o j [j _f
_g l_f[~}i [ Dml[_f*
14 I_mn_ jihni( [jici)g_ h[nol[fg _hn_ _g g chb[ jlÖjlc[ n_m_ [ l_mj_cni ^_ i\l[m
^[ G_c _g K[ofi( _g\il[ _o _mj_l_ ko_ n[f m_d[( [koc( cm_hn[ ^_ ]ihnlipÄlmc[m*
>`*( f'[n'% g _o [lncai # T_n Jh]_ Hil_ ) Ob_ Rilem i` nb_ G[q#6 < M_mjihm_ (
ch @JEK 02 $-55.%6 55)--3 $9 >[j* 4( WY_cW$¶% n[g\Äg 0LHHO [h^ B[f[nc[hm ( ch
EKJ 0/ $-553%6 -03)1/ $9 >[j*-0( WXW_ne$' Lo_ _mn[ n_m_ ji^_ m_l `lonÉ`_l[ j[l[ [
l_[p[fc[~}i do^[c][ ^_ K[ofi( gimnl[ <* @* N_a[f( GWkb j^[ :edl[hj3 K^[ 8feijebWj[
WdZ 8feijWio e \ JWkb j^[ G^Wh_i[[ $I_q C[p_h6 T[f_ Phcp_lmcns( -55,% _mj_]c[f)
g_hn_ j* -.0( _ ?* =is[lÉh( 8 IWZ_YWb A[m3 GWkb WdZ j^[ Geb_j_Yi e\ @Z[dj_jo $=_le_f_s6
Phcp_lmcns i` >[fcìlhc[( -550%( f'[n'% j* 1.)12*
15 H[cm î ko_ _g IecWdi% j* /4/( _mnio [ail[ [\_lni j[l[ [ jli\[\cfc^[^_ ^_ ko_
Mg 3*5)-- ch]fo[ og [ [fom}i ^_ ko_ i jlÖjlci Dml[_f( [mmcg ]igi [ bog [hc^[^_
_g a_l[f( mo]og\co [i j_][î _ { giln_7 ]`*( f'[n'% Obc_fg[h( j* .51( hin[ -1*
:Wf}jkbe *+ ../
]% O_l]_cli( mo\d[]_hn_ [ _mm[ ko_mn}i g [cm _mj_]É`c][ ko_ n[hni

[\milpc[ K[ofi _mnz [ ko_mn}i g [cm òh^[g _hn[f ^ [ nin[f ^_j_h)
^Çh]c[ b o g [h [ ^[ al[~[ ^cpch[* < koc _hnl[ jf_h[g _hn_ _g ]_h[
i n_rni ]lo]c[f ^_ Mg 0*0)1* < ko_mn}i Ä ^_ n[hn[ cg jiln|h]c[ ko_
domnc`c][ o g [ m_~}i m_j[l[^[*
-'/' Eohni ]ig Mg 0*1)1 ^_p_g im `[t_l [ j_laohn[6 _g \il[ [

m_~}i [hn_lcil $Mg /*.3)/-% _mncp_mm_ ]_hnl[^[ h[ l_f[~}i _hnl_ do)
^_om _ a_hncim ^_h nli îm jlijÖmcnim domnc`c][îl_m ^_ ? _om( m_lz
ko_ [ ko_mn}i [koc h}i Ä [ cg jimmc\cfc^[^_ î _g jl__h^cg _hni
bo g [h i ^_ [f][h~[l i `[pil ^_ ? _om _ î ][lzn_l òh^[g _hn[fg _h)
n_ ^_`c]cnzlci ^ [ n_ifiac[ ko_ [`clg [ [fai ^c`_l_hn_;2, < l_jimn[ Ä
jlip[p_fg _hn_6 Ncg8 < j _la o h n[( jilÄg ( Ä m_ _mn[ ]ih]fom}i p[c
]ihnl[ [ n_ifiac[ ^[ G_c ]ihmnloÉ^[ him j[lzal[ìm jl_]_^_hn_m* O_)
g im _g Mg 0*0)1 o g ]ih]_cni ^_ i\l[m ^ [ G_c _g ]ih`fcni ]ig [
]ill_f[~}i _hnl_ [m i\l[m ^[ G_c _ [ ko_mn}i ^[ []_cn[\cfc^[^_ ^_
a_hncim ko_ hÖm [][\[g im ^_ j_l]_\_l; I }i h_]_mm[lc[g _hn_* < koc
_hnl[ n[g \Äg [ j _la o h n[ [hn_lcil( dz `_cn[ []cg[6 _mm[ [`clg [~}i
$Mg 0*0)1% _hnl[lc[ _g ]biko_ _ ]ihmncnoclc[ og [ jlijimc~}i n_i)
fÖac][ ch[]_cnzp_f j [l[ im do^_o)]lcmn}im io do^_om _g a_l[f; K[l[
g cg ( j_mmi[fg _hn_( [ l_jimn[ g [cm jlipzp_f n_g mcî6 I}i8 @ i
a l[o ^_ []ilî hin[î []cg [ $åå 0*.\ _ 0*/[% [jihn[ j [l[ [ g _mg [
]ih]fom}i*
@g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( [ jlijimc~}i ^_ Mg 0*0)1 jlip[p_fg _hn_
`pa _l[ i jli\f_g [ _hnl_ K[ofi _ m_om ]if_a[m do^_om ]lcmn}im $io
do ^ _o m _g a_l[f%* @l[ j[ln_ î òh^[g _hni ]ig og ko_ K[ofi ji)
^c[ ]ihmc^_l[l h[no l[f _ j[]É`c]i( [mmcg ]igi [ mo[ ]ig jl__hm}i ^_
domnc~[ ^_ ? _om $åå .*-7 0*/[%* O[fp_t m_d[ j i l cmmi ko_ K[ofi h}i
jl_]cmio [laog _hn[l []_l][ ^_mn_ jihni( g [m j i ^ _ mcg jf_mg _hn_
[`clg z)fi m_g [laog _hn[~}i ) _f_ _mn[p[ ]ih`c[hn_ ^_ ko_ i n_g [
h}i m_lc[ i\d_ni ^_ ^_\[n_ _hnl_ im f_cnil_m do^_om* J o m_d[( K[ofi
l_[`clg [ i n_ifiaâg _hi _g 0*0)1( h}i $n[hni% j i lk o _ _l[ ]ihn_mn[)
î j i l m_om ]if_a[m do^_om $]lcmn}im%( g [m [hn_m ]ig i o g f_g \l_n_
^[kocfi ko_ n[g \Äg _f_m g _mg im ]ihmc^_l[p[g ò h ^ [g _h n[f hi
_mn[\_f_]cg _hni ^[ l_f[~}i _hnl_ ? _om _ im m_l_m bog [him*
2, >`* WY_cW% hin[ //*

..0 9 F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m d g
I Öm ji^_g im p_l [koc o g j[l[f_fi ]ig i [laog _hni io [ l_)

j_nc~}i ^ [ nznc][ o m[^ [ jio]im p_lmÉ]ofim [hn_m* @g Mg /*.3)/,(
K[ofi ]ifi][ i jli\f_g [ ^_ l_f[]cih[l `Ä _ i\l[m ^cl_n[g _hn_ hi
]ihn_rni ^ [ ko_mn}i ^ [ []_cn[\cfc^[^_ ^_ a_hncim j i l ? _om( _ j[l[
l_mifp_l [ ko_mn}i( _f_ [j_f[ j [l[ i [rcig [ do^[c]i òh^[g _hn[f6
ko_ ? _om Ä o g $Mg /*.5)/,%* Aic _r[n[g _hn_ j i l m_l o g [rcig [ do)
^[c]i ko_ K[ofi [j_fio j [l[ _f_ _ K[ofi j i ^ _ h o nlcl \i[m _mj_l[h)
~[m ^_ ko_ m_o [laog _hni n_lc[ o g _`_cni mi\l_ im do^_o)]lcmn}im*
?_ g iî m_g _fb[hn_( _g 0*0)1( i g _fbil m_hncî Ä mo j i l ko_ K[ofi
l_j _nco [ nznc][ ^ _ [j_f[l hip[g _hn_ j [l[ o g [rcig [ do^[c]i( j[l[(
[ j [ lncl ^_f_( ^ _^ o tcl i hÉp_f ^_ []_cn[~}i ko_ _f_ ji^_lc[ _mj_l[l
^_ m_om ]if_a[m do^_o)]lcmn}im( [nÄ g _mg i k o [h ^ i i [rcig [ Ä [jfc)
][î { ko_mn}i g [cm ]ihnlip_lm[ ^[m i\l[m ^[ G_c ( ko_ ]ofg ch[
h[ ^cm]omm}i []_l][ ^ [ l_f[~}i _hnl_ im do^_om _ im a_hnÉim*
@g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( ^_p_lc[ m_l jimmÉp_f g [hn_l dohn[m [m ô[m
]ih]fomà_m ko_ ìl[g ]ifi][^[m _g ]ihnl[mn_* P g [ Ä ko_ [ ko_mn}i
^[m i\l[m ^[ G_c ( [mmcg ]igi [ domnc`c][~}i( mola_ _g l_f[~}i {
ko_mn}i m_ _ ]igi im a_hncim ji^_g m_l ]ihmc^_l[îm $ ]ihn[îm %
_hnl_ im []_cnim j i l ?_om( dz ko_ $[kocfi ko_ K[ofi ]b[g [ ^_% i\l[m
^ [ G_c a_l[fg _hn_ m_lpc[ j[l[ l_ìl~[l i ][lzn_l m_j[l[î ^_ Dml[_f
_g l_f[~}i {m ionl[m h[~à_m* < m_aoh^[ Ä ko_ Mg 0*0)1 _rjà_ og [
ko_mn}i g[cm òh^[g _hn[f( [ ko[f @IH9FC j_l]_\_o ]ig l[t}i ) l_p_)
f[ i _lli ^_ j_hm[l ko_ [ []_cn[~}i ^_ ko[fko_l j_mmi[ j i l ?_om ^_p_
m_l ]ihmc^_l[^[ him n_lg im ^ [ ^Épc^[ ]ig ?_om( _ h}i him n_lg im ^[
al[~[ ^cpch[* < âhc][ ^c`_l_h~[ Ä ko_ i âfncg i jlip[p_fg _hn_ h}i
`[tc[ j[ln_ î ^_\[n_ _hnl_ K[ofi _ im ionlim do^_o)]lcmn}im7 _l[ g[cm
jlipzp_f ko_ `ct_mm_ j[ln_ îm ^_\[n_m im òh^[g _hnim ]ig ohm( dz
ko_ n[cm _l[g l_[`clg[~à_m ^_ [rcig[m do^[c]im* J jli\f_g [ p_l^[)
^_cli _hnl_ K[ofi _ im m_om ijih_hn_m h_mn_ jihni _l[ [ cgjfc][~}i
î [rcig[ h[ ]ihnchoc^[^_ ^[m i\lca[~à_m ^[ Oilz j i l j[ln_ îm
do^_o)]lcmn}im _ _g mo[ l_f[~}i ]ig im a_hnci)]lcmn}im* x _r[n[g _hn_
_mn_ i [rcig[ n_ifÖac]i òh^[g _hn[f7 g [m h}i _l[ cmni ko_ _mn[p[ _g
ko_mn}i _hnl_ K[ofi _ im m_om ijih_hn_m*
@g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( [mmcg ]igi [ [mm_lncp[ ^[ jlcg _cl[ òh~}i
^ [ G_c( [ [mm_lncp[ ^_ Mg 0*0)1( _mnz n[g \Äg ^_mnch[^[ [ nl[t_l [
]ihm]cÇh]c[ î j_][î $å 0*0%* Ez ko_ i jihni [hn_lcil h}i jl_]cm[p[
m_l ]ig jlip[î( g [m g _l[g _hn_ ]ihmn[n[î ]igi o g [rcig [ $[m)
mchX]ig i i [rcig [ î g ihin_Émg i do^[c]i%( n[g \Äg [koc i jihni
:Wf}jkbe *+ '- - 0
h}i jl_]cm[ ^_ [laog _hn[~}i( g [m g _l[g _hn_ ^_ [`clg [~}i ]igi

o g ji h ni ko_ h _h b o g do ^ _o ko_ m_ òh^[g _hn[mm_ \c\fc][g _hn_
^_m_d[lc[ ^_\[n_l* P g [ p_t l_[`clg [î i ji h ni ^_ []ilî \zmc]i(
j i^_lc[ m_l _h`l_hn[^[ [ ko_mn}i ^_ ]ig i [ i\_^cÇh]c[ { Oilz m_ l_)
f[]cih[ ]ig [ domnc`c][~}i( ^[î ko_ ?_om domnc`c][ j_f[ `Ä* J o( ]igi
ji^_lÉ[g im ^ct_l( og [ p_t l_[`clg [î i ji h ni ^_ ]ihnchoc^[^_ $i
jlch]Éjci \zmc]i ^[ domnc~[ ^_ ? _om ]igi al[~[ domnc`c][îl[%( ji)
^c[ m_l _h`l_hn[^[ [ ko_mn}i ^ [ ^_m]ihnchoc^[^_ $i ko_ mcahc`c][p[
o g [ hip[ g [hc`_mn[~}i î j i ^ _l ^cpchi ^ i [^ i l ^_ pc^[ h[ l_mmol)
l_c~}i j [l[ i efSfge _mj_]c[f ^_ Dml[_f ^c[hn_ ^_ ? _om _ mi\ [ G_c%*
0*3* O_hî [mmcg ]f[lc`c][î i _hìko_ ^ [ ]lÉnc][ h_a[ncp[ ko_

K[ofi `[t { G_c ) ]igi jlcg _cl[g _hn_ ^cl_]cih[^[ ]ihnl[ [ jlifih)
a[~}i io _rn_hm}i ^_ mo[ òh~}i n_g jilzlc[ `l_hn_ [ Dml[_f ) `c][
g [cm `z]cf l_]ihb_]_l [ n_l]_cl[ òh~}i ^[ G_c ko_ K[ofi pÇ n[g \Äg
]ig i j_lg [h_hn_* @ [ mo[ òh~}i ^_ ìlh_]_l [ ^cl_~}i ^cpch[ j[l[
[ pc^[( [ail[ ^cmnchn[ ^_ mo[ òh~}i ^_ g [hn_l Dml[_f m_j[l[î ^[m
ionl[m h[~à_m* L o_ _f[ [ch^[ n_g og [ òh~}i ]ihnÉho[ _mnz ]f[l[)
g _hn_ cg jfÉ]cni _g D> i l 3*-5\6 h_g [ ]cl]oh]cm}i Ä [faog [ ]ic)
m[ h_g [ ch]cl]oh]cm}i( g [m i\m_lp[l im g [h^[g _hnim ^_ ? _om *
J ^_m[`ci ^_mn_ n_rni ìc him cg jimni j_fi [lncai ^_ D 9H9F HCAGCB&.)
J ko_ m}i im g [h^[g _hnim ^ _ ? _om ; N_ h}i m}i mcg jf_mg _hn_ im
?_t H [h^[g _hnim( [ Oilz( _hn}i i ko_ m}i; N_lz ko_ K[ofi nchb[
_g g _hn_ ionli ncji ^_ b[f[]z io o g ]ihdohni ^c`_l_hn_ ^_ g [h)
^[g _hnim $^_ >lcmni%; < ko_mn}i Ä f_p[hn[^[ n[g \Äg j i l Mg
-/*5 _ j_fi `[ni ^_ ko_ [ j lÖj lc[ j[lÇh_m_ $b[f[]z;% ^_ K[ofi ho g [
j[mm[a_g ]igi Mg -.*-0).- _mnz ]ig jf_n[g _hn_ cg j l_a h [^ [ ]ig
o g [ j[lÇh_m_ ^_ m[\_îlc[ do^[c][*2. @ [m [mm_lncp[m ^_ j[mm[a_hm
]ig i Mg /*/-( 4*0 _ -/*4)-, ]_ln[g _hn_ h}i j i ^ _g m_l ^_m][ln[^[m
io l_^ o tc^ [m [i g [h^[g _hni î [g il( j i l g [cm ko_ i g [h^[g _h)
ni î [g il chìlg _ _ chòh^_ mi\l_ [ g [h_cl[ _g ko_ [m _rcaÇh]c[m
^[ G_c ^_p_g m_l ]og jlc^[m j_f[ j_mmi[ ]l_hn_*2/
2- K* E* Oigmih( K[of#m E_qcmb =[]ealioh^ ch Qc_q i` Ccm G[q O_[]bcha ch D>il

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mcahc`c][p[ ko_ og[ j_mmi[ _hnl[p[ hi jipi î H_mmc[m( nilh[hî)m_
:Wf}jkbe *, .//
jlimÄfcni( cmni Ä( mo\g_n_hî)m_ { ]cl]oh]cm}i* Ii _hn[hni( m_ ko_l_)

gim [jl_]c[l jf_h[g _hn_ ]igi [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ji^c[ m_ nilh[l og jihni
n}i ]_hnl[f him jli\f_g[m ^[ B[fz]c[ _ ]igi _f[ ji^c[ m_l ]ifi][^[ jil
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j[l[ i do^[Émgi îm ^c[m ^_ K[ofi*
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ionlim jipim *5
Kil ko_ _l[ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i og g[l][îl ^_ c^_hnc^[^_ n}i cgjil)
n[hn_ j[l[ im do^_om; O[g\Äg [koc( [ l[t}i Ä \[mn[hn_ i\pc[* < ]cl]oh)
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pÉh]ofi _hnl_ do^_o ( do^[Émgi _ ]cl]oh]cm}i _l[ [rcigznc]i7 og do)

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_f hi g ohî* O[f jihni Ä n[hni g[cm hinzp_f ) [`ch[f( ko_g g[cm
]ihmc^_l[lc[ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i [fai ko_ ][om[ olh[ \i[ cg jl_mm}i h[
][lh_ ; @g ]ihnl[mn_( hog [ ]ihp_lm[ hilg [f _hnl_ al_aim( i ^cm)
]olmi [fomcpi [i ][om[l olh[ \i[ cg jl_mm}i h[ ][lh_ m_lc[ _h)
/- >igi _g =_nt( j* /-47 =lo]_( j* .3-7 M* T* F* Aoha( >WbWj_Wdi' ID>IO $Bl[h^

M[jc^m6 @_l^g[hm( -544%( j* /,2*
/. Giha_h_]e_l( j* .50* H[m ]`* n[g\Äg C* M}cm}h_h( GWkb WdZ j^[ CWm $Oä\cha_h6
Hibl( -54/%( j* -25*
// K[l[ i mcahc`c][î ^_ ][lh_ ]igi ^_hin[hî [ ^_m]_h^Çh]c[ _ c^_hnc^[^_ Än)
hc][m _g ionlim n_rnim ^_ K[ofi( ]`* n[g\Äg Mg 0*-7 5*/7 --*-07 D>il -,*-4 _ [koc
B-0*./(.5*
.0. : F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m d g
n_h^cî ]igi l_`_lÇh]c[ { [nl[ncpc^[^_ î ]ilji bog [hi( h[ mc)

no[~}i nÉjc][ ^_ m_l ^_mho^[î j[l[ ]ih]ill_l _g ]igj_nc~à_m
[nfÄnc][m7 n[f [j[lÇh]c[ [al[^zp_f h[ ][lh_ _mnz _pc^_hn_ [nÄ bid_
_g châg _l[m _mnzno[m( m_d[g [m `l[ag_hnzlc[m( m_d[g [m chn_cl[m( ji)
lÄg jl_m_lp[^[m( jlip_hc_hn_m î j_lÉiî b_f_hÉmnc]i* < g[cilc[
îm al_aim ]ihmc^_l[lc[ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i og [ goncf[~}i $]`* B- 1*-.%*
J `[ni j o li _ mcgjf_m Ä ko_ mig_hn_ im do^_om ]ihmc^_l[lc[g [ ]cl)
]oh]cm}i [fai ][j[t ^_ ][om[l o g [ [j[lÇh]c[ [al[^zp_f h[ ][lh_ *
@ _f_m [mmcg j_hm[p[g jilko_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _l[ i g [l][îl ^_ c^_h)
nc^[^_ jâ\fc]i ^_ m_o efSfge ]igi [ h[~}i g [cm `[pil_]c^[ j il ?_om*
J `[ni ^_ K[ofi ji^_l l_mog cl g[cm og[ p_t [ g _n[ ^_ m_om ijih_hn_m
h[ B[fz]c[ hi i\d_ncpi âhc]i ^_ `[t_l ]ig ko_ [m j_mmi[m ko_ _f_ ]ih)
p_ln_l[ h[ B[fz]c[ ìmm_g ]cl]oh]c^[^[m ]ih`clg[ i nl_g _hî ji^_l
mcg\Öfc]i ko_ n[f [ni lcno[f mchaof[l nchb[ j[l[ im do^_om _g a_l[f*
?_mm[ g [h_cl[( _g B- 2*-/( i ^_m_di îm i onlim g cmmcihzlcim
ko_ im azf[n[m ìmm_g ]cl]oh]c^[îm/0 j [l[ ko_ j o ^ _mm_g m_ afi)
lc[l h [ pimm[ ][lh_ l_`f_n_ ko[m_ ko_ ]ig ]_ln_t[ i g _mg i m_h)
mi ^_ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ ncjc][g _hn_ do^[c]i ) n[hni i ilaofbi mi\l_ mo[
_m]ifb[ ]ig i i jipi ^_ ? _om $][l[]n_lct[^[ j_f[ ]cl]oh]cm}i h[
][lh_% k o[hni i ^_m_di a_hoÉhi ^ _ ko_ [ko_f_m ko_ ^_m_d[mm_g
j [lnc]cj [l ^[m \Çh~}im ^ [ [fc[h~[ ^_ Dml[_f i `ct_mm_g [i l_]_\_)
/0 J n_lg i Œ« Ÿßœ«©ßÀÃ÷ÀßÃŒ« $ im ko_ m_ ^_cr[g ]cl]oh]c^[l % j[l_]_ m_ l_`_lcl

g[cm h[nol[fg _hn_ [ ko_g _mnz hi jli]_mmi ^_ m_l ]cl]oh]c^[î* Dmni Ä( K[ofi
ji^_ _mn[l j_hm[hî h[ko_f_ aloji $jlip[p_fg_hn_ [ch^[ j_ko_hi% ^_hnli ^[m
Dal_d[m ^[ B[fz]c[ ko_ dz nchb[ mo]og\cî { jlij[a[h^[ îm ionlim gcmmcihz)
lcim _ ko_( ]ig i t_fi ^_ ]ihp_lncîm( _mn[p[ n_hn[hî [ail[ j_lmo[^cl ionlim [
`[t_l i g_mgi $]`* B- 0*.-7 ]`* =olnih( j* /1/( _ Gc_ntg[hh( j* 007 ionlim ]cn[îm
jil =lo]_( j* .257 E* Hoh]e( GWkb WdZ j^[ JWblWj_ed e \ D Wda_dZ VGih^l_m6 N>H(
-515W( j* 45( ]ihmnloÉl[g [ n_m_ ^_ ko_ im do^[ct[hn_m _l[g h_mn_ p_lmÉ]ofi [m
jlÖjlc[m j_mmi[m ko_ K[ofi nchb[ ]ihp_lncî7 m_g_fb[hn_g_hn_ G* B[mnih( GWkb
WdZ j^[ KehW^ VQ[h]iop_l6 Phcp_lmcns i` =lcncmb >ifog\c[( -543W( j* 4-%* < [fn_l)
h[ncp[ Ä mojil ko_ [ fchao[a_g ^_ K[ofi Ä \[mn[hn_ fcpl_ _ ko_ _f_ ko_l ^ct_l
mcgjf_mg_hn_ im ]cl]oh]cmim $[mmcg IMNQ( IE=( IDQ%( [ko_f[m j_mmi[m j[l[
[m ko[cm [ ]cl]oh]cm}i Ä cg jiln[hn_ #f'[n'% O* U[bh( >WbWj[h VG_cjtca6 ?_c]b_ln(
-5,1W( j* .4,7 H ommh_l( j* 0-.( hin[ ./7 Aoha( j* /,/7 Giha_h_]e_l( j* .5.%7 io
ko_ _f_ om[ [ pit gÄ^c[ ]ig og m_hncî ][om[ncpi $E_q_nn( j* .,.).,/7 =lo]_( j*
.3,7 E* =* Gcabnìin( >WbWj_Wdi VGih^l_m6 H[]gcff[h( -421W( j* ... ) im ^_`_hmil_m
/[ ]cl]oh]cm}i %( cmni Ä( _f_ ]ihncho[ [ [n[][l im ionlim gcmmcihzlcim ^cl_n[g_h)
n_* J âfncgi ^_p_ m_l jlip[p_fg_hn_ jl_`_lcî*
:Wf}jkbe *, .0/
l_g [ g [l][ î j_ln_h]cg _hni { [fc[h~[* ë fot î ko_ dz ìc ^cni(

i ^cm]olmi î afilc[l)m_ l_]_\_ olh[ fot _rnl_g [g _hn_ cg jil)
n[hn_ [ j [ lncl ^ _ o g ^cm]olmi m_g _fb[hn_ _g Mg .*-3(./ _ /*.3(
_ hip[g _hn_ ^_ g iî g [cm ]f[li _g A- /*/)1 _ @` .*4)-.* Dmni Ä( i
afilc[l)m_ _g ko_mn}i _l[ ko[m_ ]ig ]_ln_t[ [ ^_ do ^ _o m ]ih`c[hn_m
_g mo[ jimc~}i ^ c[hn_ ^_ ? _om ]ig i i m_o jipi $Mg .*-37 /*.3).57
A- /*17 @` .*--)-.% _ ^ _h nli ^ [ G_c $g [l][îm h}i j i l âfncg i j_f[
]cl]oh]cm}i%*/1 @g i onl[m j[f[pl[m( i afilc[l)m_ ko_ _mnz _g pcmn[
[koc( i afilc[l)m_ h [ ][lh_ ( _l[ i afilc[l)m_ h [ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ _ Ñ[m
j l_llia[ncp[m Änhc][m( i afilc[l)m_ ^_ o g do ^ _o j_f[ h [no l_t[ (
]ih`c[hn_ ^ [ []_cn[~}i j i l ? _om ]ihnl[ i j_][îl a_hnÉi $]`* B-
.*-1%*/2 @ [koc j [lnc]o f[lg _h n_ i afilc[l)m_ _g pimm[ ][lh_ ( jicm
[`clg [l [mmcg ko_ mo[ []_cn[~}i j i l ? _om ^ _j _h ^ c[ î [ni ^_ m_
ni lh [l do ^ _o ( [mmo g ch ^ i _g mc [ g [l][ ^ [ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ î do^_o(
mcahc`c][p[ j [ l[ im a_hncim [`clg [l [ jl_n_h m}i do^[c][ ^_ j i mmo cl
j l_lli a [ncp [m ^cmnchncp[m _g l_f[~}i [im a_hnÉim*/3 Kil cmmi( k o [h ^ i
a_hncim mo\doa[p[g [ USd`W VW^We [i lcni \gVS[Ua ^ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i( _f_m
^ [p [g [im \gVWge g incpim ^ _ m_ afilc[l_g h [ USd`W VW^We% `c][hî
[mmcg mo \ i l^ ch [^ i m _ ch]iljil[îm ^ _h nli ^ [ c^ _h nc^[^ _ ^cmnchnc)
p[g _hn_ do^[c][*
K iln[hni( [koc hÖm p_g im hip[g _hn_ ko_ K[ofi _hì][ [ ko_m)
n}i ^ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i [hncnÄnc][g _hn_( jlch]cj[fg _hn_ j i lk o _ [ ]cl]oh)
]cm}i _l[ o g [ _rjl_mm}i [lko_nÉjc][ ^ [ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ do^[c][ ]ig i i
j i p i ^_ ? _om m_j [l[^ i ^[m h[~à_m* Aic j_fi `[ni ^_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i
m_l o g [ _rjl_mm}i n}i j i ^ _li m[ ^[ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ h[]cih[f ko_ K[ofi
m_ i j o h b [ n[h ni { mo[ jlznc][ j [ l[ im ]ihp_lncîm a_hnÉim* < c^_h)
nc^ [^ _ h[]cih[f _ l_fcacim[ nchb[ `c][î ch n_lfca[^[ ^_ g iî ^_g [)
mc[^[g _hn_ ch_rnlc]zp_f* J afilc[l)m_ h }i []ihn_]c[ mcg jf_mg _hn_
_g ? _om( g [m _g ? _om _ ]ig i ? _om mig _hn_ îm do ^ _o m( h}i îm
a_hnÉim $]`* Mg /*.5%* @l[ i afilc[l)m_ h [ ][lh_( h[ ^cmnch~}i `Émc][ _
Änhc][( [i ko_ K[ofi `[t ìln_ i\d_~}i*
/1 <mmcg n[g\Äg W* =[l]f[s( FX[o_d] j^[ Khkj^' 8 JjkZo e \ GWkb"i <j^_Yi _d >WbWj_Wdi
$@^cg\olai6 O* " O* >f[le( -544%( j* -53( hin[ 04*
/2 Oin[fg_hn_ cgjf[omÉp_f Ä i [laog _hni ^_ R* N]bgcnb[fm( GWkb WdZ j^[ >deij_Yi
$I[mbpcff_6 <\chaîh( -53.%( j* 11( ^_ ko_ [ l_`_lÇh]c[ _l[ [i Z[ifh[pe ahÖmnc]i
j_f[ ][lh_ $alcìm g_om%*
/3 >`* <* J_je_( >WbWj[h% /[ _^* OCFIO $=_lfcg6 @p[ha_fcm]b_( -53/%( j* .,.7 Mib^_(
j* .3/*
.00 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG : J = H 9 M DG
J l[( j i l ko_ K[ofi []bio m_l n}i cg j i ln[h n_ i\d_n[l n[f ilao)
fbi ^ [ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ Änhc][( n[f ]ig jlig cmmi [\l[ha_hn_ ^ [ p c^ [ h[
[fc[h~[ ]ig i _mn[\_f_]c^[ j _f[ G_c; Kil ko_ _l[( j [ l[ _f_( ^cahi ^_
i\d_~}i ko_ [ ]ihp_lm}i îm a_hnÉim ^_p_lc[ m_l [ ]ihp_lm}i j [l[
o g g i ^ i ^_ p c^ [ nin[fg _hn_ ^c`_l_hn_ _ chn_al[î( [mmcg ]ig i
n[f g iî _l[ pcpcî j_fi jipi jcih_cli ^ [ _f_c~}i _ ^ [ [fc[h~[ ^_
? _om; Kil ko_ [ ]ihp_lm}i j [l[ > lcmni ^_p_lc[ ]_^_l [i mcg jf_m
jlim_fcncmg i j [ l[ i do^[cmg i; N_lz ko_ _l[ mcg jf_mg _hn_ [ l_[~}i
^_ [faoÄg ko_ _l[( _f_ g _mg i( o g ]ihp_lncî ko_ nch b [ c^ i ^_ o g
_rnl_g i j [ l[ i ionli; N_lz ko_ _l[ mcg jf_mg _hn_ [ [ncno ^ _ ^ _ o g
ohcp_lm[fcmn[ ko_ m_ i j o h b [ [i ko_ j_l]_\c[ m_l o g [ `cfimi`c[ _m)
`lcn[g _hn_ h[]cih[fcmn[; J o m_lz ko_ b[pc[ g [cm j i l ^_nlzm ^cmmi;
K[l[ l_ mj i h ^ _l n[cm ko_mnà_m( hÖm jl_]cm[g im pifn[l j [l[ i i o nli
f[î ^ [ [hnÉn_m_ ko_ K[ofi oncfct[ h[m j[mm[a_hm [h[fcm[^[m*
-( Ifi hl\ <i`jkf \ X Zilq \iXd kyf

Xek`k{k`Zfj \d i\cXzyf w ZìZleZ`jyf8
< mmcg ]ig i hi ][mi î f_g [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ( hÖm jl_]cm[g im
j _ la o h n[ l [k o c jlcg _cli j i l ko_ > lcmni _ ]lot m_lp_g ]ig i
jihnim ]_hnl[cm h[m [hnÉn_m_m j [o fch [m { ]cl]oh]cm}i( _ ^_jicm hÖm
^_p_g im ]ih]focl i ko_ ìl jimmÉp_f [ j [ lncl ^ [ _f[\il[~}i ^_ ][^[
o g îm f[îm ^[m [hnÉn_m_m him îcm nl_]bim ^ [ > [ln[ [im Bzf[n[m*
,'*' < l[^c][fc^[^_ ^[m [hnÉn_m_m $> lcmni+]cl]oh]cm}i( ]lo t +] cl)

]oh]cm}i% j i ^ _ m_l _rjfc][^[ mig _hn_ k o [h ^ i l_]ihb_]_lg im ko_
> lcmni _ [ ]lot nch b [g m_ ni lh [^ i n}i òh^[g _hn[cm _ [rcig znc]im
j [l[ [ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ ]lcmn} k o[hni [ ]cl]oh]cm}i i _l[ j [l[ [ c^_hnc^[)
^_ do^[c][* @l[ i l_]ihb_]cg _hni ^ _ E_mom ]ig i i > lcmni ko_ ][)
l[]n_lct[p[ _ m_j[l[p[ im jlcg _clim m_aocîl_m ^_ E_mom* ?_ []ilî
]ig < nim( [nÄ g _mg i [hn_m ko_ ìmm_ ]o h b [^ i i _jÉn_ni ]lcmn}i (
_l[ [ l_f[~}i _hnl_ i ]l_hn_ _ E_mom ko_ im c^_hnc`c][p[ _ ^cmnchaoc[6
im ]l_hn_m _l[g j_mmi[m ko_ m_aoc[g i ][g chbi _mn[\_f_]cî
j i l E_mom $<n 5*.7 ..*07 .0*-0%( g _g \lim ^ [ m_cn[ î I [t[l_h i $..*47
.0*1(-07 .2*5%( chpi][hî m_o hig _ hi \[ncmg i _ n_mn_g ohb[hî)i
]ig i ko_g fb_m ^ _o [ mo[ dS[ea` V!WfdW $l[t}i ^ _ m_l7 /)0%* < jlc)
:Wf}jkbe *, .01
g _cl[ i]illÇh]c[ î hig _ ]lcmn}im $<n --*.2% ]ih`clg [ mcg jf_m)

g _hn_ ko_( [im ifbim ^[m [o ni lc^ [^ _m lig [h[m _g < hncikoc[(/4
_l[ jimmÉp_f ^ cmnch a o cl ]f[l[g _hn_ im g _g \lim î j [ lnc^ i +a lo j i
^_ > lcmni ( [ `[]~}i ^_ > lcmni ( o g j [lnc^ i io `[]~}i $_hnl_ im
do^_om% l_o h c^ i _g nilhi _ f_[f [ [faoÄg ]ihb_]cî ]ig i >lcm)
ni * < _mm_ l_mj_cni h}i Ä m_g cg jiln|h]c[ f_g \ l[l ko_ i ì]i _g
> lcmni( ch_l_hn_ [i _p[ha_fbi j[ofchi( h}i _l[ mcg jf_mg _hn_ o g
j li ^ o ni ^ [ ]lcmni`[hc[ ^_ K[ofi h [ _mnl[^ [ j [ l[ ? [g [m]i( h_g
^ _j _h ^ c[ ^ [ n_ifiac[ ^ i _g > lcmni î j lÖ j lci K[ofi*
O [g jio]i ^_p_lÉ[g im _mko_]_l [ cg jiln|h]c[ ^ i `[ni ^_ m_l
_mm_ g _mg i n_lg i( > lcmni ( ^ _h i n[^ i l ^ i [mj_]ni ]_hnl[f _hpic)
p c^ i hi ]ig jlig cmmi _ h [ ^_pi~}i ]lcmn}* x cg j i ln[h n_ [`clg [l
[koc ko_ E_mom _l[ ^ _mcah[î [mmcg ]ig i [faoÄg ko_ l_[fctio [
_mj_l[h~[ ^_ Dml[_f j i l o g g _mmc[m( m_hî im m_om m_aocîl_m n[g )
\Äg ^_mcah[îm [mmcg ( i ko_ Ä o g _f_g _hni ^cmnchncpi ^ _h nli î
do^[Émg i g [cm [g jfi ^ [ Äji][* J ko_ Ä n}i `[m]ch[hn_ h_mn_ j i h ni
^ [ _pifo~}i ^ [ [oni]ig jl__hm}i ]lcmn} Ä i g iî ]ig i [ _mj_l[h)
~[ do^[c][ ]o g j lc^ [ m_ ni lh i o o g [rcig [ ko_ h}i [j_h[m j [mmio
[ m_l jimni []cg [ î [rcig [ ^ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i( ]ig i n[g \Äg ni lhio
i [rcig [ ^ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i moj_l[î* J `[ni ^_ ko_ i m_hncî i`c]c[f
^ i nÉnofi $i >lcmni% n_l)m_ j _ l^ c^ i [g jf[g _hn_ ^_ pcmn[ h[m ][ln[m
^_ K[ofi/5 h}i _h`l[ko_]_ n[f [laog _hn[~}i* < hn_m( ch^c][ mcg )
jf_mg _hn_ ko_ i nÉnofi > lcmni ( ko_ ^ _hin[ i `[nil ò h ^ [g _h n[f
^ [ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ î hipi g ipcg _hni( dz _mn[p[ n}i j li ò h ^ [g _h n_
_h l[ct[î _ _mn[\_f_]cî bz n[h ni n_g ji ko_ i m_o omi dz _mn[p[
h o g [ m_a o h ^ [ `[m_( h[ ko[f im ]lcmn}im _l[g ][j[t_m ^_ `[t_l i
n_lg i òh]cih[l ]ig i o g hig _ i o o g c^_hnc`c][îl _g o g [ p[)
lc_^ [^ _ ^ _ ]ig \ch[~à_m $E_mom > lcmni( > lcmni E_mom( i N_hbil E_mom
> lcmni _n]*%*
I [nol[fg _hn_( Ä n[g jio]i []c^_hn[f ko_ i n_lg i ]lo t òh)
]cih[mm_ ]ig i [ [fn_lh[ncp[ i o i ]ig jf_g _hni j [l[ > lcmni h[
/4 ?_p_gim f_g\l[l ko_ ªœ«®©«•ÃŒ¿ Ä og f[nchcmgi $:^h_ij_Wd_$% ]ihmnloÉî ]igi

Æœ”¶«•ÃŒ¿ $?[heZ_Wd_$ _ Gecf[_Wd_' O[cm n_lgim m}i [fomcpim [im [^_jnim ^[ j_m)
mi[ ch^c][^[*
,2 H[m h}i chn_cl[g_hn_7 ]`* _mj_]c[fg_hn_ Rlcabn( ][j* /* J m_hncî ^_ nÉnofi _mnz
[ch^[ _pc^_hn_ _g pzlcim jihnim ^_hnli ^[ jlÖjlc[ >[ln[ [im Bzf[n[m $-*2)3(-,7
.*.,7 /*-2(.0(.57 1*.07 2*.(-.%7 ]`* g _o fcpli >WbWj_Wdi% j[l[ i p_lmÉ]ofi*
.02 9 F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m d g
[hnÉn_m_ ]ig ]cl]oh]cm}i ( jicm h}i _l[ [ c^_hnc`c][~}i ^_ E_mom

]ig i i H _mmc[m ko_ ni lh i o [ m_cn[ î I [t[l_h i n}i jli\f_g znc][
^ _h nli î do^[Émg i n[l^ ci î N_aohî O_g jfi( g [m [ c^_hnc`c][)
~}i î E_mom UdgU[X[USVa ]ig i H _mmc[m $]`* D> i l -*./%* < l[t}i ^cmmi
dz ìc [fo ^ c^ [ h[ ][ln[6 i `[ni ^_ ko_ [ ]lo]c`c][~}i ^_ E_mom nchb[
`[]cfcn[î [ chn_ljl_n[~}i jifÇg c][ ^ _ mo[ g iln_ him n_lg im ^_ ? n
.-*./ ) H [f^cn[ Ä ][^[ j_mmi[ ko_ ìc mo mj _h m[ hi g [^_cli $B-
/*-/%*0, K[l[ i do ^ _o ]ihm]c_hn_ ^ [ [fc[h~[ $]ihm]c_h]cimi ^ [ [fc[h)
~[%( [ ]lo]c`c][~}i ^_ E_mom mcahc`c][p[ ko_ _f_ ][co mi\ [m g [f^c~à_m
î ? _on_lihág ci $?n .4)/,%( h }i j i ^ _ h ^ i g [cm m_l ]ihn[î ]ig i
j [lnc]cj [h n_ ^[m \Çh~}im ^ [ [fc[h~[* @g p_t ^cmmi( E_mom _l[ o g
_r]foÉî ^ [ n_ll[ _ ^[m jlig _mm[m( o g ^cmj_lmi _hnl_ im a_hncim(
o g ]ig im a_hncim _g mo[ [fc_h[~}i _ m_o [`[mn[g _hni ^_ Dml[_f _
î ? _om ^_ Dml[_f*0-
Aic _pc^_hn_g _hn_ n[f ]ih`lihn[~}i ]ig o g H _mmc[m ]lo]c`c)
][î ) H _mmc[m _l[ o g n_lg i []_cnzp_f( g [m H _mmc[m ]lo]c`c][î(
d[g[cm8 ) ko_ ni lh i o ch_pcnzp_f [ [hnÉn_m_ _mn[\_f_]c^[ j i l K[ofi
_g B zf[n[m* K ilko_ [ c^_c[ ^_ o g H _mmc[m ]lo]c`c][î _l[ o g [ [o)
ni]ihnl[^c~}i ^ _g [mc[^[g _hn_ ìln_ j [l[ [ al[h ^ _ g [cilc[ ^ [m ]i)
g o h c^ [^ _m `cÄcm { Oilz* ?_ `[ni( im ionlim g cmmcihzlcim h _a [l[g [
[hnÉn_m_ [i [\milp_l i j_h m[g _h ni ^ _ og H _mmc[m ]lo]c`c][î ^_h)
nli ^ _ o g [ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ do^[c][ ^_ i o nl[ ìlg [ cg j _lno l\ [^ [( g [l)
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04 @mj_l[h~[ Ä og n_lgi om[î [koc hi m_hncî ^_lcp[î ^_ _mj_l[h~[ ]ogjlc)

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:Wf}jkbe *, -0,
E jihni Ä jlip[p_fg_hn_ i g_mgi ^_ B-2*-.6 K[ofi afilc[)m_ h[kocfi

ko_ im ionlim gcmmcihzlcim jli]ol[p[g _pcn[l* Dmni Ä( K[ofi _hì][p[
i m_o _p[ha_fbi hi H_mmc[m ]lo]c`c][î( ko_ j[l[ _f_ _l[ [ âhc][ ]icm[
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]im mo\d[]_hn_m*1-
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^_ >lcmni h[ ]lot *
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g_hnÖ î @mjclcni ]igi [m jlcgÉ]c[m ^[ l_mmoll_c~}i a_l[f ko_ ^_pc[
m_ ]ihmog[l _g \l_p_ $Mg 4*./7 D>il -1*.,(./%* <koc( K[ofi ]igj[lnc)
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^ctc[ l_mj_cni { l_f[~}i ^_ [fc[h~[ ^_ Dml[_f ]ig ?_om( _l[ h[ p_l^[^_
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òh]cih[p[ _`_ncp[g _hn_ ]ig og [ [hnÉn_m_ [fn_lh[ncp[ { j_lmj_]nc)
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nl_ do^_om _ a_hncim( ]cl]oh]cm}i _ ch]cl]oh]cm}i $domn[g_hn_ ]igi im
al_aim ^cpc^cl[g i g ohî _hnl_ al_aim _ \zl\[lim%( [ j_lmj_]ncp[
[ji][fÉjnc][ ^cpc^c[ i n_g ji _g [hnca[ _l[ _ hip[ _l[( m_g jl_ ]ihmc)
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][fÉjnc][ ]igi _rjl_mm[^[ jil K[ofi( cmni mcahc`c][p[ ko_ Dml[_f( [
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g _hn[l_m î g ohî $B-/*./)0*/%* Kil n[f l[t}i( [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _l[ j[l[
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c^_hnc^[^_ Änhc][ j[l[ ionl[* @l[ n[g\Äg og j[mmi ^_ pifn[ j[l[
ionl[ _l[( ionli g ohî( og g ohî _g ko_ im ionlim ji^_l_m _l[g
:Wf}jkbe *, -0.
îg ch[hn_m _ ]od[ [onilc^[^_ _ ch`foÇh]c[ dz nchb[g mcî moj_l[^[m

jil >lcmni h[ ]lot $B- 0*4)-,%*
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^_ ]cl]oh]c^[l_g im azf[n[m* < ko_mn}i h}i _l[ mcgjf_mg_hn_ >lcmni
_ [ ]lot( h}i _l[ mcgjf_mg_hn_ [ l_[fc^[^_ ^[ _rj_lcÇh]c[ ^_ al[~[(
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j_mmi[m ]ihp_lnc^[m h[ B[fz]c[( K[ofi h}i ji^c[ n_l ]ifi][î g_n[m
g[cm [fn[m î ko_ _mn[m*
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>lcmni+]cl]oh]cm}i _ ]lot+]cl]oh]cm}i $B- 1*.)27 2*-.)-1%( jil ko_ m_lz
ko_ K[ofi l_mog_ [mmcg i m_o _hmch[g_hni( _ i ko_ m_lz ko_ _f_ ^_m_d[
_rjl_mm[l ]ig [ l_j_nc~}i ^_ n[f f_g[; @ i ko_ []l_m]_hn[ [ l_j_nc~}i
[^c]cih[f î f_g[ _g D>il 3*-5 { himm[ ]igjl__hm}i ^[ [ncno^_ ^_
K[ofi [ l_mj_cni ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i( ^[ G_c _ î giî ^_ pc^[ ko_ n[f [nc)
no^_ _h][jmof[p[;
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ìlgof[~}i h_g ]cl]oh]cm}i h_g ch]cl]oh]cm}i * <j_m[l î Égj_ni
^_ mo[ [laog_hn[~}i chn_cl[ _g B- 1*.)-.( K[ofi h}i m_ fcgcn[ [ l_)
\[cr[l mig_hn_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i* @f_ []l_m]_hn[6 h_g ch]cl]oh]cm}i * Cz
îcm jihnim ^cahim ^_ hin[*
.10 : F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m dg
[% H[cm olh[ p_t( i j_hm[g_hni h}i _mnz fcgcn[î [i _`_cni ^[ [~}i

lcno[f io ^_ mo[ [omÇh]c[* H[cm olh[ p_t( ]cl]oh]cm}i _ ch]cl]oh]c)
m}i l_jl_m_hn[g( jil g_nihcgc[( [ c^_hnc^[^_ Änhc][( niî og giî
^_ pc^[ ]if_ncpi _ h[]cih[f( _jcnig[î jil mo[ _rjl_mm}i ko_ nchb[ [
g[cil pcmc\cfc^[^_ `Émc][* Kil n[f l[t}i( h_g ]cl]oh]cm}i h_g ch]cl]oh)
]cm}i h}i ]ihmcmn_ h[ ^cgchoc~}i ^[ cgjiln|h]c[ ^[ f_c lcno[f _g `[pil
^[ f_c gil[f( g[m ]ihmcmn_ h[ h_a[~}i ^_ ko_ [ c^_hnc^[^_ Änhc][ ]ihn_
j[l[ [faog[ ]icm[ ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om( h[ l_]om[ ^_ j_lg cncl ko_ i _mn[î
ch]cl]oh]cmi bWd eW nlior_mm_ g[cm ^_mp[hn[a_hm ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om î ko_
i _mn[î ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i bWd eW nl[t p[hn[a_hm ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om* x og j_h)
m[lh_hni _mnlcn[g_hn_ ]igjf_g_hn[l [ko_f_ _rjl_mmi jil K[ofi _g B-
/*.4 ko[hî ^ct h_g do^_o h_g al_ai ) ]igi ch^c][ [ _f[\il[~}i
î f_g[ _g >f /*--6 dz h}i bz al_ai h_g do^_o( ]cl]oh]cm}i h_g ch)
]cl]oh]cm}i *
\% igi hÖm dz hin[gim( mig_hn_ do^_om ]b[g[p[g ionl[m j_mmi[m ^_
jl_jâ]ci _ [nlc\oÉ[g og mcahc`c][î { SgetÙ[S ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i* Kil
cmmi( K[ofi `[f[ ]igi [faoÄg ko_ p_g ^_ ^_hnli ^[ pcm}i ^_ g ohî
^_ Dml[_f( j[l[ ko_g >lcmni _ [ ]lot mcahc`c][p[g og[ lojnol[ ]ig [
j_lmj_]ncp[ [hn_lcil( dz ko_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _ [ ch]cl]oh]cm}i ^_hin[p[g
[ m_j[l[~}i _hnl_ i jipi _ _hnl_ i jipi _ ?_om* @mn[ Ä og [ ][l[]n_lÉm)
nc][ òh^[g _hn[f î ]lcmnc[hcmgi _ ^[ c^_hnc^[^_ ]lcmn} ) h}i Ä _mm_h)
]c[fg_hn_ og [ g cmnol[ ]ihòm[( h_g Ä _mm_h]c[fg_hn_ og [ ìlg[ ^_
ohcp_lm[fcmgi ch^_j_h^_hn_( gocni g_him Ä og [ hip[ l_fcac}i1. j[l[
og [ n_l]_cl[ l[~[* @g mo[ _mmÇh]c[( i ]lcmnc[hcmgi Ä og [ ìlg[ ^"loj)
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`lihn_cl[m ko_ _mn[p[g _rjl_mm[m ]ig n[hn[ ]f[l_t[ him p[fil_m l_mj_])
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]igi ]ihm_koÇh]c[ ch_m][jzp_f( h_a[p[ [ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i
]igi [ g[l][ ^_n_lg ch[hn_ ^[ []_cn[~}i jil ?_om*
1. >ihnl[mn_)m_ [ [`clg[~}i ^_ =_nt ^_ ko_ K[ofi ^_ `[ni [hoh]c[ i _mn[\_f_]c)

g_hni ^_ og [ hip[ l_fcac}i $j* /.,%*
:Wf}jkbe *, -00
-'+' E ko_ ^ct_l( _hn}i( î g[m*** h[m pzlc[m [fn_lh[ncp[m ko_

K[ofi f_p[hn[ j[l[ [ [hnca[ j_lmj_]ncp[ ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i +ch]cl]oh]cm}i;
N_ [ pcm}i ^_ g ohî _ i g iî ^_ pc^[ h}i ^_p_g m_l ^_n_lgch[îm
j_f[ c^_hnc^[^_ _ ^cmnch~}i Änhc][m( jil ko[f [mj_]ni _f_m ^_p_g m_l
^_n_lgch[îm;
< jlcg _cl[ p_lm}i î n_g[ j[l_]_ \[mn[hn_ [hi^ch[ ) jicm _g
>lcmni E_mom( h_g [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ]ihn[ V«®“◊ß«W j[l[ [fai(1/ h_g [ ch)
]cl]oh]cm}i( g[m [ `Ä ij_l[hî _`_ncp[g_hn_ VæÃßœ√Œ—Àæ«X≈W [nl[pÄm î
[gil * < òh~}i î f_g[( ko_ j[l_]_ og [ ]ih]fom}i ^_ 1*.)2( _mnz ]É[)
l[6 l_[`clg[)m_ h_f_ i jihni ì][f ^_ >lcmni ]igi [ [fn_lh[ncp[ { ]cl]oh)
]cm}i h[ [hnÉn_m_ > lcmni +]cl]oh]cm}i( _ i g_mgi p[f_ j[l[ [ Çh`[m_ h[
`Ä* J âhc]i òh^[g _hni _rn_lhi ^[ []_cn[~}i jil ?_om Ä >lcmni( h}i
i _mn[î ^_ ]cl]oh]cm}i $m_l g_g\li ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i %* J âhc]i òh)
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_p[ha_fbi ko_ n_g ]_hnli _g >lcmni _ h[ ]ih`c[h~[ ^_pc^[ [ _f_*
J n_lgi hipi Ä [gil VΩ√ΩŸ≈W( og n_lgi jio]i om[î ko_ im
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pc^[ jilko_ ][jn[p[ ionl[ `[]_n[ pcn[f î f[î ^_ >lcmni h[ [hnÉn_m_
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_l[ [ \[m_ ^[ []_cn[~}i î ]l_hn_ jil ?_om ^_p_lc[ m_l n[g\Äg i m_o
p_É]ofi ^_ _rjl_mm}i*10
<ch^[ g[cm hinzp_f Ä [ ]ill_f[~}i `_cn[ h[ _rjl_mm}i `Ä ij_l[hî
[nl[pÄm î [gil *11 >ig _f[( K[ofi ^_cr[ ]f[li ko_( h[ [hnÉn_m_ _hnl_
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pzfcî io hi omi ]ihn[\cfcmn[ ^_ p[f_l $GNE _ HH( ¥®“◊”%*
10 >`* n[g\Äg Hommh_l( j* /1/)/10*
11 < _rjl_mm}i Ä ko[m_ og ]ih]_cni âhc]i( `Ä)[nl[pÄm)^_)[gil( `Ä)_h_lact[^[)jil)
[gil* Pg[ nl[ô~}i h[ pit j[mmcp[( `Ä _h_lact[^[ [nl[pÄm î [gil ( Ä g_him
jlipzp_f $]`* J_je_( j* -14)-157 N]bfc_l( j* ./1( hin[ -7 Aoha( j* ..4)..5%7 g_him
[ch^[ `Ä _h_lact[^[ j_fi [gil ^_ ?_om $?oh][h( j* -13)-14%( _g pcmn[ ^[ _f[)
\il[~}i î j_hm[g_hni _g B-1*-/)-0* I_g ^_p_gim p_l [ `Ä ]igi i chÉ]ci _ i
.12 : F g n Y H ] jk h ] [ lan Y kg Z j] H Y m dg
`Ä+G_c( _f_ h}i ko_lc[ ko_ [ `Ä ìmm_ _hn_h^c^[ mcgjf_mg_hn_ ]igi

og [ [ncno^_ ^_ ]ih`c[h~[( gocni g_him ]igi og gig_hni ^_ g_l[
j[mmcpc^[^_* @f_ h}i j_lgcn_ ko_ [ [hnÉn_m_ > lcmni +]cl]oh]cm}i m_ nil)
h_ og [ [hnÉn_m_ ^_g[mc[^[g _hn_ mcgjfc`c][^[ _hnl_ ^z^cp[ _ n[l_`[
$[f_g}i6 =STW g`V 7gXYSTW#' Cz og [ ]ihm_koÇh]c[ j[l[ [ `Ä+]ihp_l⁄
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< fÄg î g [cm( _g \il[ n_hb[ b [pcî og [ l_fon|h]c[ ]ig jl__hmÉp_f

j i l j [ln_ ^ [ g [cilc[ îm _mno^cimim _g _hn_h^_l [ ]lcmnifiac[ ^_
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_g mo[m ]l_h~[m mi\l_ E_mom $B--*-/)-0 _ A- /%* @ _g mo[m ][ln[m ]ihnc)
ho[ [ m_l og `[nil moljl__h^_hn_ ko_ [ l_cpch^c][~}i []_l][ ^_ E_mâm
]igi H_mmc[m m_d[ nin[fg_hn_ ch]ihm]c_hn_* >igi l_]ihb_]_g niîm
im ]ig_hn[lcmn[m( >lcmni dz m_ nchb[ nilh[î og hig_ jlÖjlci him
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Aic î t_fi( _ î do^[cmgi ko_ _rcac[ n[f t_fi( ko_ K[ofi m_ ]ih)
p_ln_o h[ _mnl[^[ j[l[ ?[g[m]i*
+',' FSdS ae YW`f[ae
< ionl[ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ hinzp_f ^_ B- -*-/)-2 Ä ko_ n[f n_rni him

l_p_f[ [ ]igjl__hm}i ^_ K[ofi []_l][ ^[kocfi bSdS cgW _f_ ìl[ ]ih)
p_lncî6 L o[hî [ko_f_ ko_ g_ m_j[lio ^_m^_ i p_hnl_ g[n_lhi g_
]b[gio [nl[pÄm ^_ mo[ al[~[ j[l[ l_p_f[l _g gcg m_o Acfbi( j[l[ ko_
Vcp[W _o i jl_a[mm_ _hnl_ im a_hncim V***W * J m_hncî g[cm ]igog ^[m
il[~à_m ]ig cp[ Ä ]ih]fomcpi6 [ [~}i ^cpch[ h[ _mnl[^[ j[l[ ?[g[m]i
_l[ [ l_p_f[~}i î Acfbi ^_ ?_om h_f_ $io j[l[ _f_%7 m_o jlijÖmcni _l[
ko_ K[ofi jl_a[mm_ E_mom _hnl_ im a_hncim*
@mn_ Ä og îm jihnim ^_ ]ih]il^|h]c[ g[cm hinzp_cm ko_ B--*-/)
-2 _ [m nlÇm h[ll[ncp[m ko_ <nim i`_l_]_g mi\l_ [ ]ihp_lm}i ^_ K[ofi
$<n 57 ..7 .2%* I[ jlcg_cl[( K[ofi( ]ih`lihn[î j_f[ ]lcmni`[hc[( l_]_\_
[ il^_g ^_ cl [nÄ ?[g[m]i( ih^_ fb_ m_lz ^cni i ko_ _f_ ^_p_ `[t_l $<n
5*2%* <i g_mgi n_gji( <h[hc[m l_]_\_ [ il^_g ^_ cl _ g chcmnl[l [
K[ofi( jilko_ _f_ Ä og chmnlog _hni _f_cni g _o j[l[ f_p[l g _o hig_
[nÄ im a_hncim V***W $<n 5*-1%* @g <nim ..( <h[hc[m mcgjf_mg_hn_ fb_
^ct ko_ _f_ m_lz og [ n_mn_gohb[ $^_ >lcmni% j[l[ niîm im big_hm
$<n ..*-1%( _ [ gcmm}i _rjfÉ]cn[ j[l[ im a_hncim p_g g[cm n[l^_ _g E_)
lom[fÄg( ]igi zjc]_ î ^cm]olmi $..*.-%* Ii _hn[hni( _g <nim .2( [
gcmm}i p_g ^cl_n[g _hn_ î >lcmni _r[fn[î h[ _mnl[^[ j[l[ ?[g[m]i6
<j[l_]c [ nc j[l[ _mm_ jlijÖmcni V***W* @o n_ _hpci $[im a_hncim% j[l[
[\lcl im ifbim _f_m( j[l[ ko_ m_ pifn_g ^[m nl_p[m j[l[ [ fot _ î ji^_l
î N[n[hzm j[l[ ?_om V***W $<n .2*-2)-4%*
@pc^_hn_g_hn_( n[hni Go][m ko[hni K[ofi _hn_h^c[g ko_ [ pi)
][~}i ^_ K[ofi ]igi [jÖmnifi $D>il 5*-7 -1*4% îm a_hncim _mn[p[ hi
]il[~}i ^[ _rj_lcÇh]c[ ^[ mo[ ]ihp_lm}i* N_ f_p[lgim n[f n_mn_gohbi
[ mÄlci( h}i ji^_g im ]ih]focl ko_ K[ofi ]b_aio [ _mm[ ]ih]fom}i [j_)
h[m hog [ `[m_ jimn_lcil* Aic l_j_nc^[g _hn_ [`clg[î ko_ K[ofi n_lc[
m_ pifn[î j[l[ im a_hncim [j_h[m ^_jicm ^_ `[fb[l h[ n_hn[ncp[ ^_ a[)
hb[l im ionlim do^_om j[l[ mo[ `Ä( _ i l_^cl_]cih[g_hni î ì]i ^_
.+) 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG : J = H 9M DG
mo[ gcmm}i m_lc[ i l_mofn[î ^_ n[f `l[][mmi*/0 H[m i n_mn_g ohbi [koc
Ä \[mn[hn_ ]f[li* @ hÖm h}i ji^_gim mcgjf_mg_hn_ ^cgchoÉ)fi ]igi
olh[ l_nlimj_]ncp[ [ j[lncl ^_ og [ ]ih]fom}i jimn_lcil( ]igi olh[ l_)
]ihmnlo~}i [oni\cialz`c][(/1jilko_ i n_mn_g ohbi ]ig\ch[ gocni \_g
]ig i ko_ pcmfog\l[gim [ail[ [ j[lncl î l_mn[hn_ ^_ B- -*-/)-26 [
]ihpc]~}i ^_ ko_ [ \i[ hip[ ^_ E_mom( i H_mmc[m( _l[ n[g\Äg j[l[ im
a_hnÉim ìc i ]igjf_g_hni _r[ni ^[ ]ihpc]~}i [hn_lcil ^_ ko_ im b_f_)
hcmn[m nchb[g ^_ m_l cg j_^cîm ^_ []_mm[l [ \i[ hip[* N_ _hn_h^_lgim
[ fÖac][ ^_ K[ofi( i j_lm_aocîl( ]ill_n[g_hn_ ) _ [m ^_ô~à_m []cg[
ncl[^[m `ct_l_g j_l`_cn[g_hn_ m_hncî n[hni j[l[ [ fchao[a_g ^_ K[o)
fi ko[hni j[l[ [ mo[ chm_l~}i h[ bcmnilc[ do^[c][ ⁄( _hn}i `[t n[g\Äg
j_l`_cni m_hncî ko_ K[ofi m_ j_l]_\c[ j_lmo[^cî j_f[ jlÖjlc[ [\_l)
nol[ j[l[ im a_hnÉim( [\_lnol[ ko_ _f_ nchb[ n_hn[î mojlcg cl n}i t_fi)
mzg_hn_* K[ofi ìl[ ]ihp_lncî j[l[ [kocfi ko_ _f_ nchb[ j_lm_aocî*
< jmc]ifiac[ ^[ _rj_lcÇh]c[ ^[ ]ihp_lm}i Ä cg_^c[n[g_hn_ ^cm]_lhÉp_f
_ h}i ji^_ m_l ^_m][ln[^[ `[]cfg_hn_*
J [onin_mn_g ohbi î jlÖjlci K[ofi mi\l_ [kocfi j[l[ i ko_ _f_
ìl[ ]ihp_lncî `_t molacl [ j_laohn[ [ l_mj_cni ^[ jimmc\cfc^[^_ ^_ m_
`[f[l [koc ^_ ]ihp_lm}i * N_lz ko_ K[ofi _hn_h^_o mo[ _rj_lcÇh]c[ _g
n[cm n_lgim; N_lz ko_ _f_ h}i j_hmio _g p_t ^cmmi ko_ mo[ _rj_lcÇh]c[
h[ _mnl[^[ j[l[ ?[g[m]i ìl[ og [ pi][~}i;/2 O[f jihni ^[ [laog_h)
n[~}i Ä l_ìl~[î j_fim _]im ]f[lim ko_ B- -*-1)-2 `[t [im ]b[g[îm
jli`Änc]im ^_ E_l_gc[m _ î N_lpi î N_hbil _g Dm[É[m*
El -*1 < hn_m g _mg i ^_ n_ g i^_f[l hi p _h nl_ g [n_lhi(

_o n_ ]ihb_]c7 [hn_m ko_ m[Émm_m î m_ci( _o n_ ]ihm[al_c*
@o n_ ]ihmncnoÉ o g jli`_n[ j [ l[ [m h[~à_m*
Dm 05*-)2 ? _m^_ i p_hnl_ g [n_lhi E[pÄ g _ ]b[g io(
^_m^_ i ]ilji ^_ g chb[ g }_ j li hoh]cio g _o hig _*
MKKKN
@o n_ ^[l_c ]ig i olh[ fo t j [l[ [m h[~à_m(
[ `cg ^_ ko_ g chb[ m[fp[~}i ]b_ao_ [nÄ [m _rnl_g c^[^_m ^[ n_ll[*
/0 <mmcg j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ A* R[nmih( GWkb% AkZW_ic WdZ j^[ >[dj_b[i' NIONHN 12
$>[g\lcâ_6 >PK( -542%*
/1 >`* I* O[sfil( GWkb% 8dj_eY^ WdZ A[hkiWb[c' ENION 22 $Nb_``c_f^6 <][^_gc]( -55.%(
][j* -*
/2 <koc( Nn_h^[bf ìc hip[g_hn_ g ocni ch`fo_hn_7 ]`* _mj_]c[fg_hn_ m_o GWkb%
j* 3)./*
:Wf}jkbe *. .+*
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ))))))))
x _rnl_g[g_hn_ hinzp_f h}i mÖ [ ]f[l[ cgjfc][~}i ^_ K[ofi n_l

_hn_h^cî m_o _h]ihnli h[ _mnl[^[ j[l[ ?[g[m]i ]igi og ]b[g[î
jli`Änc]i( [mmcg ]igi i ]b[g[î ^_ E_l_gc[m _ î N_lpi( g[m n[g\Äg
_hn_h^_l ko_ i ]b[g[î ko_ _f_ l_]_\_l[( ]igi i ^_f_m( _l[ og [ gcm)
m}i j[l[ [m h[~à_m */3
IÖm h}i jl_]cm[gim _hnl[l _g g[cil_m ^_\[n_m mi\l_ _mn_ jihni7

^_ `[ni( i ^_\[n_ $]ihp_lm}i io pi][~}i% Ä og n[hni [lnc`c]c[f* Ciop_
]f[l[g_hn_ og [ ]ihp_lm}i( og ][gchbi ^_ [faog jihni j[l[ ionli7
_ biop_ _pc^_hn_g_hn_ og [ _mjÄ]c_ ^_ _rj_lcÇh]c[ l_gi^_f[îl[ _
nl[hmìlg[îl[( ko_ ]ihncho[ [ `[t_l ^[ _rj_lcÇh]c[ ^_ K[ofi og gi)
^_fi ^_ _rj_lcÇh]c[ ^_ ]ihp_lm}i*/4 >ihnoî( m_ hÖm f_p[lgim [ mÄlci i
jlÖjlci n_mn_gohbi ^_ K[ofi $_ i ^_ <nim%( hÖm ^_p_gim `[f[l n[g\Äg
^_ og ]b[g[î io og [ pi][~}i* IÖm ^_p_gim ]ih]focl ko_( h[ g_hn_
^_ K[ofi( [m ô[m ]icm[m _l[g og [ mÖ ) n[hni [ ]ihp_lm}i ^_ j_lm_aoc)
îl j[l[ [jÖmnifi( ko[hni [ ]ihp_lm}i ^_ og [ m_cn[ \[mn[hn_ _mnlcn[
^_hnli î do^[Émgi î jlcg _cli mÄ]ofi j[l[ ionl[ m_cn[ ^_ g_hn_
g[cm gcmmcihzlc[* @g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( ìc og [ ]ihp_lm}i( _g ]odi ]i)
l[~}i _mn[p[ [ ]ihpc]~}i l_]_hn_g_hn_ cg jf[hn[^[ ^_ ko_ [ail[ b[pc[
]b_a[î i n_gji ^[ \Çh~}i ^_ <\l[}i j[l[ [m h[~à_m( b[pc[ ]b_a[î [
fot î N_lpi j[l[ [m h[~à_m( _ ^_ ko_ _f_ nchb[ ^_ m_l og [ `caol[)]b[p_
h[ l_[fct[~}i ^_mm[ \Çh~}i( h[ ^còm}i ^_mm[ fot*
-( <feZcljÇ\j \ Zfej\hl|eZ`Xj
Aoc \[mn[hn_ [g\c]cimi [i chncnof[l _mn_ [lncai < ]ihp_lm}i ^_
K[ofi ) P g [ fot j [l[ ^cm]ommà_m î mÄ]* SS * @mj_li ko_ [ail[ _m)
n_d[ ]f[li ]igi _f_ ji^_ [orcfc[l h_mn_ jlijÖmcni* N_ K[ofi _hn_h^c[
mo[ ]ihp_lm}i g[cm io g_him ^_m^_ i chÉ]ci ]igi og [ ]ihp_lm}i
Va do^[Émgi ^_m_dimi ^_ jl_m_lp[l m_o ][lzn_l ^cmnchni _g l_f[~}i {
/3 F* J* N[h^_m( GWkb ) Fd[ e \ j^[ Ghef^[ji7 RPIO .*0/ $Oä\cha_h6 Hibl( -55-%( l_)
]ihb_]_ ]ig l[t}i ko_ K[ofi ^_m]l_p_ mo[ ]lcmni`[hc[ h[ ìlg[ ^_ og ]b[g[î
jli`Änc]i $j* 12)15%( g[m ^_cr[ ^_ ^_mn[][l [ ^cg_hm}i j[l[ [m h[~à_m ch_l_hn_
[ _mm[ pi][~}i*
/4 <* @* N_a[f( GWkb j^[ :edl[hj $I_q C[p_h6 T[f_ Phcp_lmcns( -55,%( _mj_]c[fg_hn_
][j* 0*
.++ 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9M DG
]illoj~}i a_hnc[( ]igi ]ihp_lm}i VW og [ ^_n_lgch[~}i t_fim[ ^_ ^_)

`_h^_l [m `lihn_cl[m ^_ Dml[_f ^_`chc^[m j_f[ Oilz( _ ]igi og [ ]ihp_l)
m}i bSdS ]ogjlcl [ gcmm}i _m][nifÖac][ ^_ Dml[_f j[l[ [m h[~à_m( _hn}i
cmni ^_p_ him ^ct_l [fai mi\l_ i _hmch[g_hni ko_ K[ofi _rjl_mmio mo\)
m_ko_hn_g_hn_ mi\l_ [ G_c _ mi\l_ [ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä( ]igi ijimn[m
{ domnc`c][~}i j_f[m i\l[m ^[ G_c*
< fot ^_ himm[m ^_m]i\_ln[m []cg[ ^_m]lcn[m `[t j_l`_cn[g_hn_
m_hncî ]ih]focl ko_ [ G_c m_ nilhio og [ jl_i]oj[~}i jlch]cj[f j[l[
K[ofi _r[n[g_hn_ _g m_o j[j_f ^_ ^_`chcl `lihn_cl[m $m_j[l[~}i _hnl_
do^_om _ a_hncim%7 ko_ [ domnc`c][~}i [nl[pÄm ^_ `Ä _g_laco h[ n_ifiac[
^_ K[ofi ]igi [ n_hn[ncp[ ^_ K[ofi _rjfc][l jil ko_ _ ]igi j_mmi[m
a_hnc[m _l[g []_cn[m jil ?_om _ ^_p_lc[g m_l []_cn[m j_fim ionlim do)
^_o)]lcmn}im7 _ ko_ [m i\l[m ^[ G_c ko_ _l[g g[cm ]ihnlip_lm[m j[l[
im do^_o)]lcmn}im _l[g _r[n[g_hn_ [m jlznc][m ko_ nchb[g ^_`chcî i
do^[Émgi g[cm ]f[l[g_hn_ _ ^cmnchaocî im do^_om îm j_][îl_m a_h)
ncim hi n_gji îm g[][\_om $]cl]oh]cm}i( f_cm [fcg_hn[l_m _ ^c[m ^_
`_mn[+mz\[î%*/5
Kiln[hni( h}i ^_p_lc[ ][om[l moljl_m[ ko_ m_d[ _r[n[g_hn_ cmni i
ko_ hÖm _h]ihnl[gim h[ jlcg _cl[ _rjl_mm}i ko_ K[ofi ^z j[l[ im n_)
g[m _g B- .*-1)-2( ih^_ Ä Ö\pci ko_ i n_g[ ^[ domnc`c][~}i [nl[pÄm ^[
`Ä n_g [ p_l _r[n[g_hn_ ]ig [ []_cn[\cfc^[^_ îm a_hncim j_fim ]l_hn_m
^_ ilca_g do^[c][ h_mm_m n_lgim $`Ä%( _ ih^_ [m i\l[m ^[ G_c j[lnc]of[l)
g_hn_ _hpifpc^[m _l[g ]f[l[g_hn_ [m ko_ nchb[g mcî [ ko_mn}i _g
E_lom[fÄg $B-.*-)-, ) ]cl]oh]cm}i% _ ko_ nchb[g ^cpc^cî [ ]igohc^[)
^_ ^_ <hncikoc[ $.*--)-0 ) f_cm [fcg _hn[l_m+]ig ohb}i ^[ g_m[ _hnl_
do^_om _ a_hncim%*
N_g_fb[hn_g_hn_ _g Mg /*.3)/-( ko_ nl[t g[cm og [ ^[m [`clg[)
~à_m j[ofch[m g[cm ]f[l[m ^[ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä $Mg /*.4%( i jli\f_g[
ko_ m_ cgjám j[l[ K[ofi _l[ i afilc[l)m_ _ [m i\l[m ^[ G_c $Mg /*.3%(
_ cmni ]f[l[g_hn_ _h]il[d[p[ _g ^cl_~}i { cgjfc][~}i ^_ ko_ ?_om _l[
/5 M_g_ni [ gchb[m pzlc[m ]ihnlc\oc~à_m j[l[ i n_g[( [i fihai ^[m ko[cm [ gchb[m
pcmà_m m_ nilh[l[g g[cm ]f[l[m $al[~[m {m l_[~à_m ]lÉnc][m%6 j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ ^_
ko_ i\l[m ^[ G_c h}i ^_hin[ mig_hn_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i( [m f_cm [fcg_hn[l_m _ i mz)
\[î $ i\l[m ^[ G_c ch]foc noî ko_ [ G_c _rca_%( g[m ^_ ko_ [ ko_mn}i ]_hnl[f
ko_ K[ofi f_p[hn[l[ ]ig i\l[m ^[ G_c a[hbio mo[ _rjl_mm}i ì][f _g n[cm f_cm
Xj[lnc]of[l_m* >`* [ail[ j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ T_n Jh]_ Hil_ ) #Ob_ Rilem i` nb_
G[q#6 < M_mjihm_ ( ch @JE K 02 $-55.%6 55)--3 $9 WY_cW% >[j* 4%7 _ 0LHHO [h^
B[f[nc[hm ( ch EKJ 0/ $-553%6 -03)1/ $9 WY_cW% >[j* -0%*
:Wf}jkbe *. .+,
mig_hn_ i ?_om ^_ do^_om $Mg /*.5%* Jo m_d[( _f[m _l[g og [ _rjl_mm}i

î g_mgi ]ihdohni ^_ ]l_h~[m _ ijchcà_m ko_ i jlÖjlci K[ofi nchb[
]igj[lncfb[î hi do^[cmgi _ ]igi j_lm_aocîl ^[ Dal_d[( [ m[\_l( [
G_c _hn_h^c^[ _g mo[ òh~}i ^_ m_j[l[l Dml[_f ^[m h[~à_m _ ^_ g[hnÄ)
fi m_j[l[î* @( m_g_fb[hn_g_hn_( _g Mg 5*/,)-,*0 Ä [ g_mg[ ]igjl_)
_hm}i ^[ G_c( _hì][^[ Ñ[m i\l[m ^[ G_c $5*/.% ko_ ][gchb[p[ ^_ g}im
^[^[m ]ig i t_fi _ ]ig [ domnc~[( _hn_h^c^[m ]igi _r]fomcp[m [ Dml[_f(
ch[]_mmÉp_cm [im a_hncim $Mg -,*.)/%( ]igjl__hm}i ko_ K[ofi ]ifi][ _g
[hnÉn_m_ ]ig [ `Ä* Kiln[hni( ko[hî _f_ `[f[ ^_ >lcmni ]igi i `cg ^[
G_c( K[ofi _mnz j_hm[hî ko[m_ ]ig ]_ln_t[ h[ G_c( _mj_]c[fg_hn_ _g
m_o j[j_f ^_ _mn[\_f_]_l `lihn_cl[m( ^_ ^_`chcl i ko_ _ ko_g Ä ^_ Dml[_f
_ ^_ ^_`_h^_l i do^[cmgi*
<jl_m_hn[l im [laog_hnim j[l[ _fo]c^[l n[cm [^_ko[^[g _hn_ _rc)
aclc[ og [ [\il^[a_g g[cm ]igjf_n[ î ko_ ji^_ m_l i`_l_]c^[ [koc*0,
O[gjio]i [ mo[ p[fc^[^_ ]ihmcmn_ _g [faog ncji ^_ h_a[~}i ^[m pc)
mà_m jlin_mn[hn_m g[cm nl[^c]cih[cm ^[ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä* I_mn_ jihni(
[ ^cm]omm}i ]ihn_gjil|h_[ n_g mcî `f[a_f[^[ jil g[f)_hn_h^cîm _
`[fmim io cmni ) io [kocfi * @g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( i [j_fi h}i Ä j[l[
l_\[cr[l og [ Çh`[m_( hi [`} ^_ ]ihm_aocl [mmcg l_[f~[l ionl[* @( [h)
n_m( j[l[ ko_ b[d[ i l_]ihb_]cg_hni ^_ og [ Çh`[m_ ko_ ji^_ gocni
`[]cfg_hn_ m_l j_l^c^[ ^_ pcmn[ h[m _rjimc~à_m mi\l_ i j_hm[g_hni ^_
K[ofi* O[f Çh`[m_ ko_ ]ill_ i lcm]i ^_ j_l^_l)m_ ]ihmcmn_ h[ko_f[ ko_ i
jlÖjlci K[ofi ]ihmc^_l[p[ _pc^_hn_g_hn_ jl_m_hn_ hi ]il[~}i ^_ mo[
jlÖjlc[ ]ihp_lm}i _ òh^[g _hn[f j[l[ [ mo[ [oni]igjl__hm}i [jimnÖ)
fc][* N_lz ko_ _f[ h}i g_l_]_ og [ g[cil Çh`[m_ bid_ _g ^c[;
0, =[mn[ _o g_ l_`_lcl mcgjf_mg_hn_ [i g _o nl[n[g_hni ^_ n[cm j[mm[a_hm _g g_om

>WbWj_Wdi _ IecWdi% j[l[ im p_lmÉ]ofim*
<Xg}klcf +0
IXlcf \ X aljk`]`ZXzyf g\cX ]{
>igi i _hmch[g_hni ^_ K[ofi mi\l_ [ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä _mnz l_)

f[]cih[î ]ig [ mo[ ]ihp_lm}i; < j_laohn[ Ä cg jiln[hn_ j[l[ _mn_
9aâcg[g_ jilko_ [ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä n_g mcî ]ihmc^_l[^[ `l_ko_h)
n_g_hn_ ^_hnli ^[ nl[^c~}i ]lcmn} _ h[ j_mkocm[ î IO ]igi [ koch)
n_mmÇh]c[ î _p[ha_fbi _ ^[ n_ifiac[ ^_ K[ofi* @ _r[n[g_hn_ jilko_
i [mmohni Ä n}i pcn[f( dz ko_ ni][ hi ]_hnli h_lpimi ^[ `Ä j_mmi[f( og
^_m[]ilî h[m l_mjimn[m { j_laohn[ `[]cfg_hn_ ji^_ ][om[l nol\ofÇh)
]c[m( _ [ ^cm]omm}i ji^_ m_l chn_llig jc^[ jil ][om[ ^_ jl_mmojimnim
h}i ^_]f[l[îm( io g_mgi ji^_ l_[pcp[l m_hmc\cfc^[^_m [îlg_]c^[m(
]ig ]ihm_koÇh]c[m ^_m[mnlim[m j[l[ og ^_\[n_ ]ihmnloncpi*
Jm j[l|g _nlim î ^_m[]ilî ji^_g m_l _m\i~[îm ]igi m_ao_*
Kil og f[î( jil og [ mÄlc_ ^_ l[tà_m( Ä fÖac]i [mmogcl ko_ [ n_ifi)
ac[ ^[ domnc`c][~}i ^_ K[ofi _l[ og l_mofn[î ^cl_ni ^_ m_o _h]ihnli
]ig i >lcmni pcpi h[ _mnl[^[ j[l[ ?[g[m]i* Ii ]il[~}i ^[ fÖac][ _mnz
[ ]ihpc]~}i ^_ ko_ [kocfi ko_ K[ofi WjbWd[_W`fag h[ _mnl[^[ ^_ ?[)
g[m]i ìl[ [ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä( _ ko_ mo[ n_ifiac[ ^[ domnc`c][~}i _l[
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ni ]f[li h[ î]og _hn[~}i do^[c][ j lÄ)j [o fch [ ^_ ko_ [ []_cn[~}i
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i \ m_lp |h ]c[ ^ [ G_c j i l Dml[_f ]ig i mo [ l_ mj i mn[ { ch c]c[ncp [ m[f)
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a c^ i m him ^ o t _ h ni m [h i m [h n_m ^ _ K [o fi nÇg ]ig [ `Ä [ h ] _ mnl[ f*--
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ni j [ o fch i mi\l_ [ domnc`c][~}i _ [ b_l[h ~[ do ^ [c][ ^ _ K[ofi( g [cm
o la _ h n_ m_ ni lh [ [ j _la o h n[6 j i l ko_ i _h mch [g _h ni ^_ K [ofi Ä
ì lg o f[^ i ^_ o g [ g [h _cl[ n}i jifÇg c][ $]ig i _g B- .*-2 _ Mg
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j lÖ j lci j [ mm[ ^ i ]ig i `[lcm_o( ]i h nl[ i k o _ _f_ _mn[p[ l_[achî;
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h i m_h nc^ i ^ _ m_l ][j[t ^_ l_]f[g [l [ m[fp[~}i ]ig i o g ^cl_cni(
o g [ do mn[ l_nlc\ o c~}i _g p_t ^_ olh[ ^ z ^ cp [( [ ko_ _f_ _mn[p[ m_
ijihî;
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i f_a [fcmg i do ^ [ c] i ^ i k o _ [ dWefd[f[h[VSVW do ^ [ c] [ ) o lh [ n_h)
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l_ j _ nc^ [ g _ h n_ o g [ _ r j l_ mm} i ]f[l[ [ nl[ p Ä m ^ i [ la o g _ h ni ^ _
M ig [him*
Klcg _cli Ä _p c^ _h n_ h [ Çh`[m_ n_g znc][ h i niîm 6 i _p[h)
a_fbi Ä j [ l[ ni ^ [ m [m j _mmi [m ko_ ]l__g $Mg -*-2%7 [ domnc~[
^ _ ? _om Ä j [l[ ni ^ [m [m j_mmi [m k o_ ]l__g $Mg /*..%7 < \l[}i
Ä i j [c ^ _ ni ^ [m [m j_mmi[m k o _ ]l__g $Mg 0*--%7 > lcmni Ä i
frâe Vg _n[( ]o g j lcg _h ni W ^ [ G_c ]ig i o g g _ci ^ _ domnc~[ j [l[
ni ^ [m [m j _mmi[m ko_ ]l__g $Mg -,*0% _ [mmcg j i l ^c[hn_* Oi)
îm Ä l_[fg _h n_ o g [ j[f[p l[)]b [p _ _g M ig [him $ih^_ i]ill_
3- p_t_m%* @( ]ig i _mm[m g _mg [m ]cn[~à_m ^ _cr[g ]f[li _g m_o
]ihn_rni( i ni ^ [ m [m j _mmi [m ( mcahc`c][( ]ig _`_cni( ]ihmcmn_hn_)
g _h n_ ni ^ i m ( n[h ni do ^ _ o m k o [h ni a_hncim( n[h ni i j i p i a_hnci
k o [h ni i j i p i do ^ _o * < i _h `[nct[l n[f j i h ni n}i ]ihmcmn_hn_g _h)
n_( K[ofi ^_p_ n_l ncî [ chn_h~}i ^ _ ^ _ llo \ [ l i j l_ mmo j i mni ^[
j [ ln_ ^_ m_om ]if_a[m do ^ _o m ^ _ ko_ _f_m _mn[p [g h o g [ jimc~}i
j lcp cf_a c[^ [ ^ c[h n_ ^ _ ? _om ]ihnl[ [m h[~à_m h}i do^[c][m* @mn_ Ä
g [h c`_mn[g _h n_ i Ég j _ni j lch ]cj [f ^ _ Mg .( ]ig i ^ _g i h mnl[ [
j _ la o h n[ j li p i ] [ ^ [ cg _^ c[n[g _h n_ $/*-%6 L o [f Ä( _hn}i( [ p[h)
:Wf}jkbe */ .,,
n[a _g ^ i do ^ _ o ; *-/ K[ofi chmcmn_ _g ni ^ i m( n[h ni a_hnÉim ]ig i

do ^ _ o m ( j i lk o _ im m_om ch n_lfi ]o ni l_m i o ij i h _h n_m î do^[cmg i
_ h n_h ^ c[g ko_ ? _om []_cn[p[ do ^ _o m( h }i a_hncim *
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cg _^c[n[g _hn_ [ ]ih]fom}i jlch]cj[f $j[l[ _f_% ^_ mo[ [`clg [ncp[
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j lcg _clim g _g \lim ^_ ][^[ [hnÉn_m_ _mn}i _g ]ill_mjih^Çh]c[6 i
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? _om m_lc[ i :Wge ev Vae \gVWge 4 cmni Ä( [`clg [l [ G_c ^ _ i\l[m Ä i
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h}i j i ^ _ m_l( ji lk o _ ? _om Ä o g ) _mn_ Ä i ]l_î òh ^ [g _h n[f î
j lÖ j lci Dml[_f $?n 2*0%* Kiln[hni( _f_ Ä ? _om n[g \Äg îm a_hncim *
< koc( _ ^_p_)m_ ^ _mn[][l _mn_ jihni( [ [hnÉn_m_ \zmc][ h [ ìlg of[)
~}i j [o fch [ ^ [ domnc`c][~}i ) j_f[ `Ä _ h}i j i l i\l[m ) Ä _f[\il[^[
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o g [ [`clg [~}i ^ [ jlijimc~}i n[g \Äg im a_hncim ( _hk o [h ni ko_
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îm do^_om *
J n_rni _g M ig [him ko_ `[t i _]i g [cm jlÖrcg i [ n[f [lao)
g _hni ]_hnl[f Ä Mg 5*/,)-,*-/( [ [afig _l[~}i g [cm chn_hm[ ^ [ n_l)
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-/ <fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* g_o Rb[n q[m nb_ cmmo_ \_nq__h K[of [h^ #Obim_ i` nb_ >cl]og)
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i g [cm cg j i ln[h n_ [koc Ä [ _f[\il[~}i ^_mm_ g [f)_hn_h^cî ^ [ dom)
nc~[ h[ m_a o h ^ i j [ln_ î j[lzal[ì6 h}i ]ihb_]_hî [ domnc~[ ^_
? _om _ j li ]o l[h ^ i _mn[\_f_]_l mo[ jlÖ j lc[ $cmni Ä( domnc~[%( _f_m h}i
m_ mod_cn[l[g { domnc~[ ^_ ? _om $Mg -,*/%* > ig og _hn_( cmni n_g
mcî _h n_h ^ c^ i ]ig i o g [ [`clg [ncp[ ]fzmmc][ î f_a[fcmg i do^[c]i6
_f_m ]ihmc^_l[p[g [ domnc~[ mo[ j lÖ j lc[ ( hi m_hncî ^_ o g [ domnc)
~[ ]o g j lc^ [ i o [f][h~[^[ j i l _f_m*-1 > ihnoî( i m_hncî ^ i al_ai
Ä ]f[li6 mo [ j lÖ j lc[ ]ig i ^ _h i n[h ^ i [fai ko_ fb_m j_ln_h]c[ io
fb_m _l[ j_]ofc[l( cmni Ä( [ domnc~[ ]ig i [ jl_lli a [ncp [ ^ [ [fc[h~[
^_ Dml[_f( i jlcpcfÄaci _r]fomcp[g _hn_ ^_ do ^ _o m _ h}i ^ _ a_hncim*-2
?[É( g [cm o g [ p_t( i l_j _nc^ i niîm ) j [l[ ni^[m [m j_mmi[m
ko_ ]l__g $Mg -,*0% _ i ]fÉg[r î j [lza l[ì l_ìl~[ _mm_ j i h ni
]ig []_hnim l_j_ncîm6 Kilko_ [ @m]lcnol[ ^ct !9SVS bWeeaS ko_ ]lÇ
h_f_ h}i m_lz _h p _la i h b [^ [#* K ilko_ h}i b z ^cmnch~}i _hnl_ do ^ _o
_ al_ai( j i lk o _ i g _mg i ? _om Ä N_hbil ^ _ faVSe Se bWeeaSe% lc]i
j [l[ faVSe Se bWeeaSe ko_ i chpi][g * K ilko_ !cgS^cgWd bWeeaS ko_
d[g [cm chpi][l i hig _ î N_hbil m_lz m[fp [ # $Mg -,*--)-/%* ?c`c)
]cfg _hn_ [ l_[`clg [~}i ^ [ domnc~[ ^ _ ? _om ]ig i jlin_mni ]ihnl[
[ l_mnlcncp c^ [^ _ do^[c][ j i ^ _lc[ m_ _rjl_mm[l g [cm ]f[l[g _hn_*
H [cm i o g _him i g _mg i j i h ni [la o g _h n[ncp i ^_p_ m_l [jl_)
m_hn[î [ l_mj_cni ^ [ j[mm[a_g ko_ n_g mcî ]ihmc^_l[^[ [ jlch)
]cj[f \[m_ ^ [ pcm}i ^_ ko_ [ ^ i o nlch [ j [o fch [ ^ [ domnc`c][~}i m_lc[
[ ]ihm_koÇh]c[ _ [ _rjl_mm}i cg _^c[n[m ^_ mo[ j lÖ j lc[ _rj_lcÇh]c[
^_ al[~[ h[ _mnl[^ [ j [l[ ? [g [m]i ) A- /*3)5* < fchao[a_g Ä hin[)
p_fg _hn_ m_g _fb[hn_ [ Mg -,*/6 K[ofi _rjl_mm[ m_o [l^ _h n_ ^_m_di
^_ m_l _h]ihnl[î _g > lcmni( h}i n_h ^ i g ch b [ j lÖ j lc[ domnc~[ ko_
Ä ^ [ G_c( g [m [ko_f[ ko_ Ä [nl[pÄm ^ [ `Ä _g > lcmni(-3 [ domnc~[ ^_
? _om j [l[ [ `Ä $A-/*5%* < koc( jilÄg ( im n_lg im g ocni j_mmi[cm ko_
-1 < _rjl_mm}i ]fzmmc][ ^cmmi Ä ^_ M* =ofng[hh( K^[ebe]o e \ j^[ E[m K[ijWc[dj% *

$Gih^l_m6 N>H( -51.% j* .417 _ ^_ >* @* =* >l[h`c_f^( IecWdi' D>> $@^cg\olai6
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m_ _f[ mcahc`c][ `Ä _g >lcmni io [ `Ä ^_ >lcmni * K_lg[h_~i ]ihp_h]cî ^[
jlcg _cl[ nl[ô~}i7 ]`* g _o Jh]_ Hil_( Kcmncm >blcmnio ( ch J9C J[c_dWh GWf[hi
*;2* $<nf[hn[6 N]bif[lm( -55-%( j* 3/,)3/0*
:Wf}jkbe */ .,.
K[ofi om[ j [ l[ [fai ko_ _l[ o g [ _rj_lcÇh]c[ chn_hm[g _hn_ j_mmi[f

$mo[ ]ihp_lm}i% j i ^ _g n_l mcî _ha[h[îl_m* < `ch[f( h_mn_ ][mi(
_f_ h}i `[f[ ^ [ j lÖ j lc[ domnc~[ ^_f_m ( ]ig i _g Mg -,*/( _g ko_
p_g { nih[ [ ^cg _hm}i ]iljil[ncp[ ^_ Dml[_f* @g p_t ^cmmi( _f_ `[f[
^_ g chb[ j lÖ j lc[ domnc~[ ( _ [mmcg j i ^ _ n_l _h]il[d[î [ ]ig jl_)
_hm}i ch^cpcô[fcmn[ ^_ og [ jimm_ j_mmi[f( [f][h~[^[ _ ^_`_h^c^[
j_fi _mìl~i j_mmi[f*-4
@mm[ chn_ljl_n[~}i nl[^c]cih[f( jilÄg ( n_p_ [ n_h^Çh]c[ ^_ ca)
h i l[l [ fchb[ ^ [ ]ih`cmm}i j_mmi[f ko_ ]ihnlc\oc ]ig _mm[ [`clg [~}i
[g \c]cim[ ) Mg /*0)2* J nl_]bi Ä ^_ `[ni o g [ [`clg [~}i ^_ ]ih`c[h)
~[ j_mmi[f( g [m _mm[ ]ih`c[h~[ h}i mcahc`c][ jlch]cj[fg _hn_( m_ Ä
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d~c ekT ^c[hn_ ^_f_ $cmni Ä( ^_ ?_om% 7
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Dmni Ä ^_ [faog [ ìlg [ ^c`_l_hn_ ^_ ìlg of[~à_m jimn_lcil_m;
@` .*4)5 ) Kicm j i l al[~[ ìmn_m m[fpim [nl[pÄm ^ [ `Ä RZ_v f _ijzÅi W7 _

cmni h}i ^_ pÖm g _mg im( Ä olh[ ^ z^ cp [ ^_ ?_om7 h}i ^_ i\l[m R[n zh]ÅdT%
j [l[ ko_ h chaoÄg m_ afilc_ *
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h } i ^ _ []i l^ i ]ig h i mm[m i \ l[ m Rek aWjv jv zh] W ^ zc Äd T% g [ m ^ _ []il)
^ i ]ig m_ o j lÖ j lci j li j Ö m cni _ a l[~[( ^ [ ^ i m [ h Ö m _g > lcmni E_mâm

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g [m [nl[ p Äm ^ [ `Ä( [nl[ p Äm ^ [ k o [ f i ? _o m ni ^ i )j i ^ _ li mi do mnc`c]i o
][ ^ [ j _ mmi [ ^ _ m ^ _ $i chc]ci ^ %[ _l[ *
< mifo~}i g[cm mcgjf_m j[l[ i himmi j_ko_hi _hcag[ j[l_]_lc[

m_l( jiln[hni( ko_ K[ofi( ko[hî `[f[ ^_ i\l[m ^[ G_c ( ko_lc[ ^ct_l
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Ñ[m ]oc^[îm[g _hn_ _g m_om ^_n[fb_m* x gchb[ ]l_m]_hn_ chm[ncm`[~}i

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][î _g [gct[^_ _ l_mj_cni [ K_nl Kieilhs*
,( HYiXj [X E\` eX
c`k\iXkliX gXlcèX gi`d`k`mX
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_g nlÇm jihnim*
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?edSW^ & i\m_lp[l [ G_c $i\_^_]_l [ m_om g[h^[g_hnim% ^[^[ [nl[pÄm ^_
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_g Mg 0*.(2( [ _rjfc][~}i Ä gincp[^[ j_f[ ^cm]omm}i cg_^c[n[g _hn_ jl_]_^_hn_
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hi Nch[c* J ?_on_lihágci _rjl_mm[ [ n_ifiac[ n[hni hi ]f[li jlch]Éjci

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^_f[( [ i\lca[~}i ^_ Dml[_f _g l_mjimn[ { al[~[ ^cpch[ j_f[ ko[f Dml[_f
ìl[ _f_cni [hn_m ^_ noî*2
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[ m_l [ mo[ i\lca[~}i( m_d[ ko[f ìl i m_hncî ^[ pch^[ î H_mmc[m E_mom*
I chaoÄg ji^_ ôpc^[l ko_ [ _rjl_mm}i i\l[m ^[ G_c _g B- .*-2)
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ko_ m}i ^[m i\l[m ^[ G_c %3 mi\ [ g[f^c~}i ^[ [fc[h~[( g[f^c~}i ko_
[f][h~[ ko_g `[fb[ _g pcp_l j_f[ Oilz*
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mogi ^[ []om[~}i ]ihnl[ niî i g ohî * Ii _hn[hni( j[l[ ko_ [ h[)
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mzp_cm j[l[ j[lnc]cj[l h[m \Çh~}im jlig _nc^[m ^_ <\l[}i $[koc j[lnc]of[lg _hn_
im [acn[îl_m do^_o)]lcmn}im%*
:Wf}jkbe *0 105
´:Ã
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]igi g[hc`_mn[^[ j_f[m i\l[m ^[ G_c ( ko_ fb_ ^_o [ m_aol[h~[ ko_
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k o[hî i f_g \l[ _g Mg 5*/,)/.6 n_hn[l j_lm_aocl [ G_c ^[ domnc~[ 4
]igi m_ cmni jo^_mm_ m_l l_[fct[î jil i\l[m _l[ _r[n[g _hn_ i
_lli ^_ Dml[_f*
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j f[h [^ i Ä ko_ i\l[m ^[ G_c Ä og [ _rjl_mm}i g ocni _mj_]É`c][ _
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m}i l_acmnl[^[m h[ Oilz;-,
.*.* Ki^_g im m_l g [cm _mj_]É`c]im* J ko_ K[ofi nchb[ j[lnc]o)

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h[~à_m $a_hnc[m%*
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io j_fi g _him _rcaÇh]c[m ]igi _mn[m( ko_ K[ofi j_hm[p[ ko[hî
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i\l[m ^ [ G_c $Mg /*.,% Ä jlip[p_fg _hn_ [ g [h_cl[ j[ofch[ ^_
_rjl_mm[l og [ [ncno ^ _ ]lcnc][^[ _g Mg .*-3).5 ) cmni Ä( [ mojimc~}i
_pc^_hn_g _hn_ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ do^[c][ ^_ ko_ [ G_c ^[p[ [ do^_om og [
jimc~}i ^_ p[hn[a_g $io moj_lcilc^[^_% mi\l_ ionl[m h[~à_m* @mm[
-- K[l[ m_l _r[ni( [ ko_mn}i ìc [ h_]_mmc^[^_ îm do^_om $]lcmn}im do^_om% ^_ i\m_l)
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ch`_lÇh]c[ cg jà_)m_ j_f[ g [h_cl[ ]igi K[ofi m_ pifn[ j [l[ i n_g [

i\l[m ^ [ G_c _g Mg +&*/%+)& ?icm jihnim ^cahim ^ _ hin[ m}i _pc)
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G_c $Mg +&+)# Ä `[t_l fcn_l[fg _hn_ i ko_ _f[ _rca_* G_g \l_g i)him
^_ ko_ _mn[ _l[ [ g [h_cl[ ]ig i K[ofi l_j_ncl[ mo[ ]lÉnc][ [ Dml[_f
_g Mg 1&+(%+*& *# H [cm cg jiln[hn_ j [l[ i himmi jihni ]ih]l_ni Ä
ko_ i pÉh]ofi _hnl_ Mg +&*/%*0 _ +&*1%+( cg jfc][ ]f[l[g _hn_ ko_ _h)
n_h ^ _l [ G_c _g n_lg im ^_ i\l[m _l[ i g _mg i ko_ [`clg [l ko_ ? _om
Ä i ? _om mig _hn_ îm do^_om "+&*1#$ _hko[hni l_]ihb_]_l ko_ ?_om
i Ä n[g \Äg îm a_hncim $]igi ch^c][ i J^[cW$ cg jfc][ ko_ [ G_c
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--* 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9MDG
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him h}i mcahc`c][ \i[m i\l[m _g a_l[f* J o( j [l[ m_l g [cm _r[ni(
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l[l [ n_ifiac[ î hig cmg i ^[ [fc[h~[*-3 P g [ `[g cfc[lc^[^_ g Éhcg [
]ig i ? _on_lihág ci( ko_ Ä( j i l mo[ p_t( o g [ [`clg [~}i ]fzmmc][
î hig cmg i ^ [ [fc[h~[( ^_p_lc[ n_l [f_ln[î im ]ig _hn[lcmn[m ^[
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Ä [ fcpl_ _f_c~}i ^_ o g jipi _m]l[pi j i l ? _om( m_g ko[fko_l ]icm[
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g im ko[m_ j[ofchim6
L o[hî TCR C n_o ?_om [m $cmni Ä( [m h[~à_m ^_ >[h[}% ncp_l l_g i)

pcî ^_ no [ jl_m_h~[( h}i pzm ^ct_l _g n_o ]il[~}i x j i l ][om[ ^_ g chb[
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^ _o ]ig dol[g _hni [ n_om [hn_j[mm[îm( [ <\l[}i( [ Dm[ko_ _ [ E[]Ö*
@mn_ ji h ni ^_p_lc[ n_l mcî ]ihmc^_l[î g [cm jf_h[g _hn_

î ko_ n_g mcî i ][mi him âfncg im 1, [him( dz ko_ im @m]lcnim ^_
L og l[h( _r[n[g _hn_ ]ig i j[ln_ î hig cmg i ^[ [fc[h~[( _rjl_m)
m[g mo[ ]ih`c[h~[ h[ al[~[ _ domnc~[ ^cpch[m him g _mg im n_lg im
j[ofchim $-LN --*--)-17 -LH --*/)07 -LC 0V9 -.W*/,)/.%*
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* $Gih^l_m6 N>H( -51.%( j* .4/ ) # i\l[m ^[ G_c# V***W l_jl_m_hn[ i\l[m _g a_l[f(
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$;do^[cmgi _l[ ch_l_hn_g_hn_ f_a[fcmn[*
:Wf}jkbe *0 --+
< fÄg ^cmmi( [ c^_c[ ^_ ko_ [ l_fcac}i ^_ Dml[_f io i do^[cmg i î

N_aohî O_g jfi _hmch[mm_ [ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_ i\_^cÇh]c[ j_l`_cn[ Ä(
^[ j[ln_ ^_ a_l[~à_m ^_ chnÄljl_n_m ]lcmn}im( og [ _mjÄ]c_ ^_ [hm_ci
^_ p_l m_om ^_m_dim ]og jlcîm* Dmni Ä( h[m]_o g ocni jlip[p_fg _hn_
]igi o g j l_mmojimni h_]_mmzlci ^ [ bcjÖn_m_ î f_a[fcmg i do^[c)
]i ko_ n_g mcî og [ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ n}i îg ch[hn_ ^[ chn_ljl_n[~}i
]lcmn} ^ [ n_ifiac[ j[o fch [ ^[ domnc`c][~}i*-4 ?_ `[ni( jilÄg ( [ jl_mmo)
jimc~}i ][l_]_ ^_ ko[fko_l _pc^Çh]c[ momn_hnzp_f* K_fi ]ihnlzlci( [
jlipcm}i ^_ o g mcmn_g [ ^_ m[]lc`É]cim( j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ ^_ m[]lc`É]cim
j_fim j_][îm( og [ jlipcm}i n}i òh^[g _hn[f j [l[ [ [fc[h~[ ^_ Dm)
l[_f( [n_mn[ j i l mc g _mg [ o g mcmn_g [ _f[\il[î j [l[ fc^[l ]ig j_)
][î _ `[fb[m ) cmni Ä( o g mcmn_g [ h}i ^_`chcî j_f[ h_]_mmc^[^_ io
jimmc\cfc^[^_ ^_ i\_^cÇh]c[ j_l`_cn[* I }i bz( n[g jio]i( ko[fko_l
n_rni ^[ko_f_ j_lÉiî ko_ jimm[ m_l _hn_h^cî `[]cfg _hn_ ]igi
o g [ [`clg [~}i ^[ ]l_h~[ do^[c][ ^_ ko_ _l[ h_]_mmzlc[ og [ i\_)
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io ^[ pcm}i ]lcmn} [ail[ g ocni j i j o f[l ^_ ko_ im `[lcm_om $]igi
nÉjc]im l_jl_m_hn[hn_m î f_a[fcmg i do^[c]i% _rcacmm_g i []âg ofi
^_ g Älcnim j [l[ ]ihnl[\[f[h~[l _ moj _l[l i ^_g Älcni hi ko_ ^ct
l_mj_cni { a[l[hncl [ b_l[h~[ î g o h ^ i î ji lp cl*-5
< l_f_p|h]c[ ^_mn[ fchb[ ^_ l_`f_r}i [^pÄg î `[ni ^_ ko_ [
î o nlch [ j[ofch[ ^[ domnc`c][~}i( _g l_f[~}i { mo[ ][j[]c^[^_ ^_
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~}i î hig cmg i ^[ [fc[h~[( c^_c[ ^_ ko_ [ domnc~[ ^_ ? _om jl_]_^_
[ ko[fko_l l_mjimn[ b o g [h [ _ momn_hn[ [nÄ g _mg i [ Dml[_f( o g [ ch)
mcmnÇh]c[ h[ domnc~[ m[fpÉ`c][ ( ]ih]_j~}i ko_ n[g \Äg Ä i ji h ni ^_
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j^[ CWm $Bl[h^ M[jc^m6 =[e_l( -55/%( j* 2,*
-5 Lo_ i do^[Émg i î N_aohî O_gjfi dxe _hmch[p[ [ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_ j_l`_c)
~}i h[ i\m_lp|h]c[ ^[ G_c n[f ìc og îm jihnim ^_ ]ihm_hmi hi ;kh^Wc&
&KÉX_d][d&Jocfei_kc mi\l_ GWkb WdZ j^[ D eiW_Y CWm $E* ?* B* ?ohh Vila*W( RPIO 45
VOä\cha_h6 Hibl( -552W%( j* /-. $9 WY_cW% j* 0-3%*
., >`*( f'[n'% N* F* Rcffc[gm( Ob_ #Mcabn_iomh_mm i` B i^# ch Mig[hm ( ch A9C 55
$-54,%6 .0-).5,*
//. 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG : J = H 9M DG
j [lnc^ [ ^[ n_ifiac[ j[o fch [ ^ [ domnc`c][~}i* Kiln[hni( Ä ^c`É]cf jli)

p [l ionli ]ig jih_hn_ ^_ mo[ î o nlch [ ) domnc~[ pchî ^[ `Ä _ h}i
^[m i\l[m ^[ G_c ) ncp_mm_ [ chn_h~}i ^_ m_l o g [ l_òn[~}i ^[ko_f_
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[ _rjl_mm}i i\l[m ^[ G_c h}i ^_p_lc[ m_l _h n_h^c^[ ]ig i o g [n[)
ko_ [im _mìl~im bog [him $i\l[m%* >ig i ch^c][î []cg [ $å .*.%( [
_rjl_mm}i n_g o g ì]i ko_ ]ihm_lp[ [faog [ l_f[~}i ]ig n[f c^_c[(
g [m [ch^[ [mmcg( Ä ^cmnchni*
< g _o p_l( _g \il[ i jihni m_d[ g[cm ]ihnlip_lmi( _mm_ [è[YZf
[do^[ [ _rjfc][l og [ j[mm[a_g a_l[fg _hn_ ]ihmc^_l[^[ og [ [`cl)
g [~}i î f_a[fcmg i do^[c]i ) Mg 0*0)1 ) j [l[ ko_g nl[\[fb[( i
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j i l l_]ig j_hm[ ]ill_mjih^_lc[ { ^_m]lc~}i ^_ og [ [ncno^_ ncjc)
][g _hn_ do^[c][* J ko_ n[f _r_a_m_ _mko_]_ Ä ko_ [ [oni]ig jl_)
_hm}i ^_ Dml[_f j l_mmo j o h b [ i l_]ihb_]cg _hni ^_ ko_ m_o N_hbil
_l[ o g ? _om g cm_lc]il^cimi _ ]b_ci ^_ al[~[( n[l^ ci _g cl[l)m_
_ [\ o h ^ [h n_ _g [g il _ `c^_fc^[^_ $@r /0*2%* Dmni Ä( [ domnc~[ ^_
? _om _l[ nc^[( n[hni j [ l[ Dml[_f k o [hni j [l[ < \l[}i( ]ig i o g `[)
p i l+o g [ al[~[ N]Sfn UZmd[`P++ _ h}i ]ig i o g [ ^ Ép c^ [ +o g ^Ä\cni*
@g i o nl[m j[f[pl[m( [mmcg ]ig i hi j [lza l[ì [hn_lcil $/*/,%( K[o)
fi j[l_]_ ]cn[l [koc o g n_ifiaâg _hi ko_ _l[ n[hni do^[c]i k o [hni
]lcmn}i( j [l[ ncl[l ^_f_ o g [ ]ih]fom}i ko_ m_lpc[ j [l[ i m_o ^_\[n_
g [cm cg _^c[ni _ g [cm l_mnlcni $]ihmc^_l[hî [ òh~}i ^[m i\l[m ^[
G_c [ l_mj_cni ^_ o g _p[ha_fbi n[hni j [l[ im a_hncim k o [h ni j [l[
im do^_om%*
.*0* Kil cmmi( _g mog [6 -% K[l[ himm[ ]ig jl__hm}i î _hmc)

h[g _hni j [o fch i mi\l_ [ domnc`c][~}i Ä cg j i ln[h n_ i\m_lp[l [
.- I[ ^cm]omm}i l_]_hn_( ]`* _mj_]c[fg_hn_ N* R_mn_lbifg( @ihW[b"i CWm WdZ j^[

:^khY^"i =W_j^3 GWkb WdZ ?_i I[Y[dj @dj[hfh[j[hi $Bl[h^ M[jc^m6 @_l^g[hm( -544%(
ko_ l_g_n_ j[l[ _mn_ jihni l_j_nc^[g _hn_ Mg 0*0)1*
.. @g\il[ [ GSS n_hb[ jl_`_lcî zb[ei j[l[ nl[ôtcl i al[h^_ n_lg i ^[ [fc[h~[
^[i[Z $ [gil `c_f %( i n_lgi Yûh_i ][l[]n_lÉmnc]i ^_ K[ofi n_g i g_mgi m_hncî7
]`* [ch^[ g _o fcpli K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% å -/*.*
:Wf}jkbe *0 ---
_rjl_mm}i ]ig jf_n[ ) i\l[m VS BWu' N_g [ l_`_lÇh]c[ { G_c( i ji h ni

[la o g _h n[ncp i ^_ K[ofi m_ j _l^ _lz* .% x cao[fg _hn_ cg j i ln[h n_
l_]ihb_]_l i ì]i l_mnlcncpi ^ [ _rjl_mm}i ) ]ig i olh[ ]lÉnc][ { jl_)
i]oj[~}i ^ _ Dml[_f ^ _ pcp_l mo[ _rcmnÇh]c[ ^cmnchn[ ]ig i o g jipi
m_j [l[^ i j [ l[ i N_hbil* /% Dmni mcahc`c][ n[g \Äg ko_ [ _rjl_mm}i
h}i ^_p_lc[ m_l ]ihmc^_l[^[ o g [ ]cl]ohfi]o~}i j [ l[ [ pcm}i f_a[)
fcmn[ ^_ ko_ [ []_cn[~}i j i l ? _om nchb[ ^_ m_l g _l_]c^[ j_f[ \i[
]ihôn[*
< koc( i [ la o g _ h ni Ä j _ l`_ cn[ g _h n_ l_ mo g c^ i h i ^ _ \ [n_ mi)

\ l_ [ ]lÉnc][ j [ o fch [ [i afilc[l)m_ $Mg /*.3%* O l[^ c]ci h [fg _h )
n_( n[f n_g mc^ i _ h n_ h ^ c^ i ]ig i i afilc[l)m_ ^ _ m_o m j lÖ j lci m
_mìl~im( ^ [ do mnc~[ [ o ni [f][ h ~[ ^ [ *./ I i _ h n[h ni ( o g [ l_`_lÇh ]c[
g [cm Ö\pc[ Ä i afilc[l)m_ ^ _ M g .*-3(./6 Ä i â h c]i i o nli afi)
lc[l)m_ g _ h ]ci h [^ i j i l K[ofi7 _ [ [ \ _ lno l[ ^ _ /*.3 $ J l[( i h ^ _
_mnz i afilc[l)m_; % ^ _p _ m_l _ h n_ h ^ c^ [ i \ p c[g _h n_ ]ig i o g [
l_`_lÇh ]c[ [ _mm_ afilc[l)m_ g _h ]ci h [^ i [hn_m* I _mm_ ][mi( ^ct
cg _ ^ c[ n[ g _ h n_ l_ mj _cni { h i mm[ ^ cm]o mm}i ko_ i afilc[l)m_ ^_
Mg .*-3(./ Ä o g [ _r j l_mm}i ^ [ ]ih`c[h~[ ^ _ Dml[_f _g m_o efS&
fge _ j lcp cfÄa ci ^ _ [fc[h~[( ]i h nl[ i o nli m j i p i m $a_hncim% $Mg
.*-3).,%*.0 K il cmmi( ^ [ ^ [ [ ]i ll_f[~}i cg _ ^ c[ n[ ^ _ afilc[l)m_ _
i \ l[m ^ [ G_c _g /*.3( [ ]lÉnc][ ^_ K [o fi [i afilc[l)m_ l_ìl~[
i `[ni ^_f_ j _ h m[ l _g i \ l[m VS BW[ 4 _ [ mo [ ]lÉnc][ ^ _mm[m i\l[m
^ _p _ m_ p i fn[ l ]i h nl[ [ j l_ mo h ~ } i do ^ [ c] [ ^ _ j lcp cfÄa ci _ ]i h nl[
[ h _ ]_ mmc^ [ ^ _ ^ _ m[ fp [ a o [ l^ [ l [k o _f_ j lcp cfÄa ci j _ f[ ch mcmnÇh ]c[
h [ k o _f[ m i \ l[m ^ [ G_c ko_ mo mn_ h n[ p [ g mo [ m_j [l[~}i _g l_f[)
~}i {m i o nl[ m h[~à_m*
./ <oni]ih`c[h~[ j_][gchim[ $=ofng[hh( K^[ebe]o% -*.0.%7 afilc[l)m_ $Cä\h_l(

CWm% j* --2%*
.0 J g_mgi Ä a_l[fg_hn_ ^_m]ihmc^_l[î _g Mg -,*/( _g ko_ K[ofi ]lcnc][ im
ionlim do^_om jil jli]ol[l _mn[\_f_]_l mo[ jlÖjlc[ $}Z_Wd$ domnc~[ * <koc m_ jl_)
mog_ ^_ hipi l_aof[lg _hn_ ko_ mo[ jlÖjlc[ mcahc`c][ [^koclcî jil _f_m
$=ofng[hh( K^[ebe]o% *% j* .417 Cä\h_l( CWm% j* -.-(-.4)-.5%* Ii _hn[hni( mo[
jlÖjlc[ #}Z_Wd$ mcahc`c][ ]ill_n[g_hn_ ^_f_m _ h}i ^_ ionlim( cmni Ä( [ domnc~[
do^[c][ h}i ^cmjihÉp_f j[l[ a_hnÉim* >`*( [fÄg ^cmmi( hip[g_hn_ g _o K^[ebe]o e\
GWkb% å -0*2\*
//0 : F G N 9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG :J= H 9MDG
-( HYiXj eX <XikX Xfj >]{j`fj& ~Xj

<XikXj IXjkfiX`j \ \d *& <XikX [\ <c\d\ek\
> ig i _mm[ ^_m]i\_ln[ m_ l_`f_n_ _g himm[ ]ig jl__hm}i ^[m
mo\m_ko_hn_m j[mm[a_hm []cg [ ]cn[^[m _ a_l[fg _hn_ ]ihmc^_l[^[m
_kocp[f_hn_m { n_ifiac[ j [o fch [ g [cm [hnca[ ^ [ domnc`c][~}i jlip_)
hc_hn_ ^ _ `Ä _ h}i ^_ i\l[m ^ [ G_c ; J jli]_^cg _hni g [cm i\pci Ä
_r[g ch[l( o g [ [jÖm [ ionl[( ][^[ j[mm[a_g []cg [ ]cn[^[*
/*-* @` .*4)5* ?_ l_f_p|h]c[ cg _^c[n[ Ä i `[ni ^_ ko_ n_g im [koc

`Ä _ i\l[m ]ifi][^[m _g [hnÉn_m_( _ [ [`clg[~}i ^_ og [ [mmi)
]c[~}i _mnl_cn[ _hnl_ i\l[m _ afilc[l)m_ * Dao[fg _hn_ hinzp_f Ä i
`[ni ^_ ko_ _h]ihnl[g im hi ]ihn_rni cg _^c[n[g _hn_ mo\m_ko_hn_
[ _rjl_mm}i ^_ o g m_hmi do^[c]i ko_ [jihn[ j [l[ i jlcpcfÄaci mi)
\l_ a_hncim $@` .*--)-.%( _ og [ ]ih]_j~}i ^ [ G_c ]od[ òh]cih[fc^[)
^_ ]illi\il[p[ j [l[ ^ cp c^ cl+m_ j [ l[ l i do ^ _o î a_hnci $@` .*-0)-1%*
@g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( j[l_]_ ko_ hÖm n_gim niîm im _f_g _hnim ko_
]ihmnloÉl[g i _hmch[g _hni j[ofchi g [cm [hncai mi\l_ [ domnc`c][~}i(
]igi ^_ `Ä _ h}i ^_ i\l[m ^ [ G_c * > ig \[m_ h_mm_m ^[îm( ^c`c)
]cfg _hn_ ][om[lz moljl_m[ i `[ni ^_ ko_ [faohm n_hb[g _h]ihnl[î
[koc og [ mcg jf_m l_[`clg [~}i î _hmch[g _hni j[ofchi g [cm [hncai(
]ig i\l[m mcahc`c][hî i\l[m ^ [ G_c ( _ afilc[l)m_ ch^c][hî
o g [ ]ih`c[h~[ $g [f)%^_jimcn[^[ _g m_om jlÖjlcim _mìl~im*.1
? o[m i onl[m ][l[]n_lÉmnc][m( jilÄg ( jl_]cm[g m_l ch]foÉ^[m
h_mm[ ^cm]omm}i* P g [ Ä ko_ i cg [achzlci j[l_]_ n_l m_ ^_m_hpif)
pcî ^_m^_ [ g [cm [hnca[ ìlg of[~}i î _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi* I Öm
^_p_g im hi n[l j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ i ìln_ m_hmi ^[kocfi ko_ ji^_lÉ)
[g im ]b[g [l ^_ _m][nifiac[ l_[fct[^[ * M_`cli)g_ [i ^ o j fi `[ni
^_ ko_ n[hni [ l_mmoll_c~}i $_ _r[fn[~}i% ]ig > lcmni $@` .*2% ko[hni
.1 C* N]bfc_l( ;[h 9h_[\ Wd Z_[ <f^[i[h $?ämm_fîl`6 K[ngim( -513%( j* --27 H* =[lnb(
<f^[i_Wdi' <= /0 $Iip[ Dilko_6 ?io\f_^[s( -530% .007 A* Hommh_l( ;[h 9h_[\ Wd
Z_[ <f^[i[h' JOFIO $Bän_lmfib6 Bän_lmfib_l( -54.%( j* 237 ]`* D* C* H[lmb[ff( N[f)
p[ncih( Bl[]_ [h^ Rilem [h^ nb_ G[n_l Rlcncham i` nb_ K[ofch_ >iljom ( ch EKJ
0. $-552%6 //5)/14 $[koc6 /01)/03%* H[cm ]oc^[îmim h[ chìlg[~}i m}i E* Bhcfe[(
;[h <f^[i[hXh_[\% .[ _^* CObFIO $Alc\olai V<f_g[hb[W6 C_l^_l( -533%( j* -/,7
K* Kieilhs( ;[h 9h_[\ Z[i GWkbki Wd Z_[ <f^[i[h' ObCIO $=_lfcg6 @p[ha_fcm]b_(
-51.%( j* --,*
:Wf}jkbe *0 //1
[ m[fp[~}i $.*1(4% m}i [j l_m_h n[^ [m ]ig i [fai ko_ dz ìc [f][h~[î
j_fi ]l_hn_* < g \[m [m [`clg [~à_m _mn}i _g ]_lni ]ihnl[mn_ ]ig [m
ìlg of[~à_m g [cm ]oc^[îm[m $l_m_lp[ _m][nifÖac][% ^_ j[mm[a_hm)
]b[p_ ]ig i Mg 2*1)4 _ 4*--( i h ^ _ [ l_mmoll_c~}i ]ig > lcmni( io
]ig i [ ^_ >lcmni( Ä pcmn[ ]ig i [fai ko_ j_ln_h]_ [i [ch^[)h}i *
H [cm nÉjc]i ^_ K[ofi _ _g hinzp_f l_f[~}i cg _^c[n[ ]ig i m_o _h)
mch[g _hni mi\l_ [ domnc`c][~}i Ä A- /*4)-- ) [ l_mmoll_c~}i ]ig i i
j i h ni `ch[f ^_ o g [ p c^ [ ^_ mi`lcg _hni _ ^_ ]l_m]_hn_ ]ihìlg c)
^ [^ _ ]ig [ g iln_ ^_ >lcmni* N_g _fb[hn_g _hn_ Ä ][l[]n_lÉmnc]i î
K[ofi g [cm [hncai ko_ [ m[fp[~}i j_ln_h~[ [i [ch^[)h}i ( og [
cg [a_g ^ [ Ua_b^WfSqpa ^ i jlij Ö mcni l_^ _h ni l ^_ ? _om "b'Wj'% Mg
1*5)-,%*.2 Jm îcm jihnim m}i ]i_l_hn_m _ l_ìl~[g [ cg jl_mm}i ^_
ko_ [ j_lmj_]ncp[ h_mm[m j[mm[a_hm $m_d[ ^_ o g ^cm]Éjofi jÖm)K[o)
fi i o î K[ofi n[l^ci% Ä ^c`_l_hn_ ^ [ pcm}i ^ _ K[ofi _g m_om jlc)
g _clim [him* L o_ ^c`_l_h~[ cmni `[t j [l[ [ himm[ ko_mn}i;
< i o nl[ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ Ä ^ _ l_f_p|h]c[ g [cm cg _^c[n[* @ i `[ni
^ _ ko_ i ^cm]olmi mi\l_ i\ l[m $@` .*5% h}i i]ill_ ^ _ h nli i o ]ig i
j [ ln_ ^ [ moj _l[~}i ^ [ ^cpcm}i _h nl_ do ^ _o m _ a_hncim $@` .*--)..%*
< i ]ihnlzlci( j[l_]_ b [p _l o g [ n_h n[ncp [ ^ _fc\ _l[^ [ _g .*-)-,
^ _ o h cp _lm[fct[l [ ]ihmn[n[~}i ^ i _p[ha_fbi* < ^_m]lc~}i ^_ @`
.*-). mi[ j lcg _cli ]ig i o g [ pcm}i g o cni do^[c][ [ l_mj_cni îm
a_hncim* > i h no ^ i ( i [ o ni l ]illca_ _mm[ cg jl_mm}i cg _^c[n[g _hn_
$.*/%6 ni ^ i m hÖm pcp_g im [h nca [g _h n_ [mmcg 7 hÖm $]lcmn}im ^_
k o [fk o _l ilca_g Änhc][% ìg im j i l h [no l_t[ `cfbim _ `cfb[m ^ [ cl[(
]ig i ni ^ [m [m i o nl[m j_mmi[m * J j i h ni a [h b [ ìl~[ k o [ h ^ i f_g )
\l[g i m ko_ i [ o ni l j[l_]_ n_l m_j [l[^ i im _f_g _hnim ^ [ j_lmj_])
ncp[ do^[c][ ^ i m_o g i^_fi $>f .*-/ ) g ilnim h[m nl[hmal_mmà_m
_ h [ ch]cl]oh]cm}i ^ _ pimm[ ][lh_ V***W %*.3 @f_ l_oncfct[ [ j lcg _cl[
_rjl_mm}i _g @` .*- $ g ilnim h[m nl[hmal_mmà_m %* < m_a o h ^ [( ji)
lÄg ( Ä ch ]i lj i l[^ [ ]ig i i chÉ]ci ^ [ m_a o h ^ [ j [ ln_ ^ i ][jÉnofi
.2 Iinzp_f Ä i ]ihnl[mn_ ]ig Mg 4*.06 ìgim m[fpim $[ilcmni% dW [if[hWdyW 4 [j_m[l

^_ ni^[ ]ih`c[h~[ ^[ _mj_l[h~[ ]lcmn}( [ m[fp[~}i+l_^_h~}i ]igjf_n[ [ch^[ _mnz
jil pcl $Mg 4*./%*
.3 < ]f[mmc`c][~}i î g ohî _g ]cl]oh]cm}i+ch]cl]oh]cm}i $]igi _g Mg .*.1).37
/*/,7 0*5)-.7 B- .*3)47 >f /*--% Ä og [ j_lmj_]ncp[ ]ihmog [^[g _hn_ do^[c][* Ni)
g_hn_ do^_om ]ihmc^_l[p[g [ ]cl]oh]cm}i og `[nil jimcncpi ^_ c^_hnc^[^_ $j[l[
al_aim _l[ [hn_m og [ ìlg[ ^_ goncf[~}i%* @ ]_ln[g_hn_ h}i _l[g a_hncim ko_
_m]ifb_l[g c^_hnc`c][l [ mc g_mgim ]igi jl_jâ]ci ch]cl]oh]cmi *
//2 : F G N 9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG:J= H 9MDG
) .*-- $ pÖm( a_hnÉim h[ ][lh_( ]b[g[îm ch]cl]oh]cm}i jil [ko_f_m ko_

m_ chncnof[g ]cl]oh]cmim( h[ ][lh_( jil g}im bog [h[m %*.4 Dmmi ch^c][
olh[ n_h n[ncp [ ^_fc\_l[ ^ _ m_j [l[l [ j _lmj _]ncp [ îm îcm j [lza l[)
ìm $@` .*-)-,(--)..%( j [lnc]o f[lg _h n_ ^_ ni lh [ l .*-)-, olh[ _rjl_m)
m}i g [cm o h cp _lm[f ^ i _p[ha_fbi _ ^ _ ]ih`_lcl)fb_ o g [ [jfc][~}i
g [cm _mj_]É`c][ { [h nca [ ^cpcm}i do ^ _ o hWdege a_hnci mig _hn_ hi
m_a o h ^ i j [lza l[ì $.*--)..%*
< ]ih]fom}i [ j li j lc[ ^ [ k o _ ^ _p _g i m ncl[ l ^ cmmi Ä k o _ @`
.*4)5 `pa _l[ j _ h m[ ^ i ]ig i o g [ l_[`clg [~}i ^ i _ h mch [g _h ni
j [ o fch i mi\l_ [ domnc`c][~}i ^ _ `Ä _ h}i ^ _ i\l[m ^ [ G_c * H ocni
[i ]i h nlzlci ( @` .*4)5 _rjl_mm[ o g [ j _lmj _]ncp [ ^c`_l_hn_* > ig i
^ _p _g i m ][l[]n_lctz)f[; K li p [p _fg _h n_ ]ig i olh[ n_ h n[ ncp [ ^_
l_[`clg [l i n_i fi a â g _h i g [cm ò h ^ [ g _ h n[ f ^ i j lÖ j lci Dml[_f
$]ig i _g ? n 5*1%6 ^ _ k o _ ni ^ [ m[fp[~}i ]ig _~[ j _f[ al[~[ ^ _
? _om _ ^ _ j _ h ^ _ ^ [ al[~[ ^ _ ? _om( ^ i chc]ci [nÄ i `cg * K i ln[h ni (
i j i h ni [ la o g _ h n[ncp i ^ _ .*-)-, m_lc[ k o _ i j lch ]cj ci j i l nlzm
^ [ _f_c~}i ^ _ Dml[_f ]ig i j i p i ^ _ ? _om _l[ o g j lch ]cj ci k o _ m_
[jfc][p[ [ niîm* @ i j i h ni [ la o g _ h n[ncp i ^ _ .*--).. m_lc[ ko_
? _om nch b [ g i mnl[ ^ i _g > lcmni k o _ [kocfi k o _ ìl[ ì lg [fg _h n_
i j lcp cfÄa ci mch a o f[l ^ _ Dml[_f ìc [a i l[ [\ _lni j [ l[ niîm* @g
i o nl[ m j [f[p l[m( @` .*4)5 j i ^ _ _ mn[ l p i fn[ h ^ i j [ l[ im j lcg _cli m
j lch ]cj ci m( ^ _ g [h _cl[ m_g _fb [h n_ ]ig i i j lÖ j lci K [o fi `ct_l[
_g Mg 0*0)1 _ 5*3)-/*
K iln[hni( cmmi mcahc`c][ ko_ @` .*4)5 h}i Ä o g [ l_[`clg [~}i ^ [
domnc`c][~}i j li p _h c_h n_ ^ _ `Ä _ h}i ^ _ i\l[m ^ [ G_c ( g [m olh[
l_[`clg [~}i ^ i jlch ]cj ci n_ifÖac]i g [cm ò h ^ [g _h n[f ko_ K [ofi nc)
li o ^_ mo[ b_l[h~[ _ ]i g j [lncfb i o ]ig [m [`clg [~à_m ]fzmmc][m ^[
l_fcac}i ^_ Dml[_f* Ncahc`c][ n[g \Äg ( j i l o g f[î( ko_ @` .*4)5 h}i
j i ^ _ m_l _h n_h ^ c^ i ]ig i ch^c][~}i ^ i m_hncî _ ^ [ [la o g _h n[~}i
^ [ ìlg of[~}i j [ o fch [ g [cm [hnca[7 cmni h }i [h o f[ [m ]ih]fomà_m
[f][h~[^[m h [ m_~}i [hn_lcil* J `[ni ^ _ ko_ [ j [mm[a _g m_ l_`_l_ [
i\ l[m _ h}i [ i\l[m ^ [ G_c j _lg [h_]_ ^_ cg jiln|h]c[ ]lo]c[f
.4 >cl]oh]cm}i h[ ][lh_ `[t _]i { ^_m]lc~}i ]fzmmc][ ^[ ^_m]lc~}i ]igi g[l][)

îl ^[ [fc[h~[ ^_ ?_om ]ig Dml[_f _g Bh -3*--)-0 $ pimm[ ][lh_ i]ill_ nlÇm
p_t_m%7 ]`* Mg .*.47 B- 2*-.)-/7 A- /*/)1* <koc( [ _rjl_mm}i `_cn[ jil g}im $@`
.*--% ^_p_)m_ jlip[p_fg _hn_ [i ]ihnl[mn_ ]ig [ _rjl_mm}i `_cn[ m_g g}im _g
$ " !!
:Wf}jkbe *0 ..2
j [ l[ [ _r_a_m_ ^_ [g \[m [m j[mm[a_hm* Kil i o nli f[î( jilÄg ( [i

o h cp _lm[fct[l [m jl_i]oj[~à_m j [lnc]o f[l_m î K[ofi g [cm [hncai
$@` .*-)-,%( _ [i m_j[lz)f[m ^_mm[m j l_i]oj[~à_m j [lnc]o f[l_m $.*--)
..%( i [ o ni l i`_l_]_ o g [ ^[m [`clg [ncp[m ]fzmmc][m ^ [ domnc`c][~}i
j _f[ `Ä ]ig i o g jlch]cjci o h cp _lm[f _ ò h ^ [g _h n[f ko_ ^_p_lc[
_mn[l mo\d[]_hn_ [ k o [fk o _l l_fcac}i l_[fcmn[*
/*.* .Og -*57 On /*1* K i^_g im [\ i l^ [l _mm_m îcm n_rnim dohnim(

dz ko_ _f_m nÇg ][l[]n_lÉmnc][m ]ig ohm _ j [l_]_g [la o g _ h n[l _g
`[pil ^ [ g _mg [ ]icm[* -% < g \im m}i _`_ncp[g _hn_ ^cnim ^ _ `Ä ) i
â fncg i _rjfc]cn[g _hn_ $/*4[%( i jlcg _cli h i m_hncî ^_ ]ig j[lnc)
fb [ l [m ][l[]n_lÉmnc][m ^_ io nli m ^cnim ^ _ `Ä $]`* j [lnc]o f[lg _h n_
fO g -*-1%* Kiln[hni( i ko_ j i ^ _ m_l mcahc`c][ncpi [k o c Ä ko_ h}i
_rjl_mm[g [ j lÖ j lc[ j_lmj_]ncp[ hip[ î$m% [onil$_m%( g [m m}i
do mn[g _h n_ ]cn[îm j i lk o _ ì lg o f[g `Ä ( p _l^ [^ _ ( _ h_f_m _h)
mch[g _hnim m}i _mn[\_f_]cîm* .% < g \im `[f[g ^ [ m[fp[~}i ]ig i
o g [ni ^ _ ? _om dz l_[fct[î $[g \im o m[g m[fp [l hi [ilcmni%* J o
m_d[( _f_m ]i g j [lncfb [g g [cm [ j _lmj _]ncp [ ^ _ @` .*1(4 ^ i ko_ [ î
[hncai K[ofi*
< g _ ^ c^ [ k o _ ^ ct l_ mj _ cni [ h i mmi ch n_ l_ mm_ cg _ ^ c[ ni ( Ä
mca h c`c][ncp i k o _ [g \ [m [m ì lg o f[~à _m( [mmcg ]ig i @` .*4( `[)
f[g mi g _h n_ ^ _ i \ l[ m ( h }i ^ _ i \ l[ m ^ [ G _c *.5 < ì lg o f[~}i
Ä f_ p _g _h n_ ^ c`_ l_ h n_ $.Og -*5 ) h }i ^ _ []i l^ i ]ig h i mm[m
i \ l[m 7 O n /*1 ) h } i ^ _ i \ l[m h [ do mnc~[ k o _ `ct_g i m %* H [m i
j i h ni [ la o g _ h n[ ncp i Ä i g _mg i* I i nz p _ f Ä [ Çh `[m_ h [ chc]c[)
ncp [ _ h [ a l[~[ ^ cp ch [m6 _f_ h i m m[fp i o 7 _f_ h i m ] b [g i o 7
^ _ []i l^ i ]ig m_ o j lÖ j lci j li j Ö m cni _ a l[ ~ [ ( ^ [ ^ [ $]ig i
o g [ ^ z ^ cp [ % _g > lcmni E_mo m 7 [ h n_ m ^ _ n_ g j i m cg _ g i lz p _ cm
$.Og -*5%7 [ \ i h ^ [ ^ _ _ [ g [ \ cfc^ [ ^ _ [ g i li m[ ^ _ h i mmi ? _om
N [ fp [ ^ i l 7 ^ _ [ ]i l^ i ]ig mo [ g cm_ lc] Ö l^ c[ ( _f_ h i m m[ fp i o
$On /*0)1%* @g i o nl[ m j [ f[ p l[ m( h Ö m n_g i m [ k o c g [cm _r _g j fi m
^ [ k o cfi k o _ dz _h ]i h nl[g i m _g @` .*4)5 ) cmni Ä( o g [ l_[`clg [)
~}i ^ i j lch ] Éj ci g [cm ò h ^ [ g _ h n[ f ^ [ [ ] _ cn[ \ cfc^ [ ^ _ b o g [ h [
.5 L o[hî [faoÄg hin[ [ ^c`_l_h~[( h}i [ [jl_]c[ [^_ko[^[g _hn_ $]`*( f'[n'% r' ?*
Lochh( K^[ C[jj[h je K_jki' <= /1 VIip[ Dilko_6 ?io\f_^[s( -55,W( j* .-2%* H[cm
]oc^[îmi Ä G* J\_lfchh_l( ;_[ GWijehWbXh_[\[3 Qm[_j[h K_cej^[kiXh_[\' CObFIO
SD*.+. $Alc\olai V<f_g[hb[W6 C_l^_l( -551%( j* /4)/5*
-.( 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG:J= H 9MDG
^ c[ h n_ ^ _ ? _om( _g p _t ^ _ o g [ l_[`clg [~}i ^ [ j i fÄg c][ j [ o fc)

h [ ^ _ ì]i g [cm _ mnl_ cni */,
@ ca o [fg _h n_ cg j i ln[h n_ h i n[ l ko_ [m ][ln[m l_`f_n_g o g [ mc)
no[~}i _ j_lmj_]ncp[ \ [mn[h n_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^ i ]ihn_rni jifÄg c]i _g
ko_ K[ofi ì lg o fi o j_f[ j lcg _cl[ p_t m_o _hmch [g _h ni mi\l_ [
domnc`c][~}i* I }i b z h _ h b o g ch^É]ci h[m > [ln[m K[mnil[cm ^_ k o_ [
k o_mn}i ^ _ i\l[m ^ [ G_c ìmm_ og [ ko_mn}i [\_ln[* On -*-, l_`_l_)
m_ [ ijih_hn_m( _mj_]c[fg _hn_ {ko_f_m ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i ) [ g _mg [
_rjl_mm}i ^_ < n --*. _ B- .*-.* < mmcg ]igi @` .*-- ^_hin[ jl_mo)
g cp_fg _hn_ do^_om( j i lk o _ $]igi dz i\m_lp[g im% mig _hn_ do^_om
]ihmc^_l[p[g [ ]cl]oh]cm}i o g g [l][îl ^_ c^ _h nc^ [^_ jimcncpi
) io( j [l[ m_l g [cm _r[ni( do^_o)]lcmn}im ko_ [ch^[ ]ihncho[p[g
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p l[ ^ _n_lg ch [h n_ hi EoÉti Ach[f*
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cg jiln|h]c[ ò h ^ [g _h n[f j [ l[ [ himm[ j_mkocm[*
[% < ]ih]_cno[~}i ^ _ ko_ i onlim j[lnc]cj[g ^ i EoÉti Ach[f _l[

^_`_h ^ c^ [ ]ig \ [mn[h n_ `l_koÇh]c[( _ _hnl_ im n[cm ko_ j[lnc]cj[g
î doÉti _mnz Dml[_f( im m[hnim _ im b_lÖcm _r[fn[îm ^ [ bcmnilc[ ^_
Dml[_f*
\% Dg [ach[p[g )m_ j[j Äcm p[lc[îm( ch]fomcp_ [ _rcmnÇh]c[ ^_
pzlcim i`É]cim h i nlc\oh[f6 o g ncji ^ _ ji ln_cli ko_ ]b[g [ io l_â h _
im j[lnc]cj[hn_m j [ l[ i fo a [l î dofa[g _hni7 [ko_f_ ko_ î]og _h)
n[ io f_p[hn[ [m []om[~à_m7 [ko_f_ ko_ _r_]on[ i dofa[g _hni î
nlc\oh[f7 g [m n[g \Äg i ^ i j lÖ j lci doct*
]% Oiîm im j[jÄcm( ch]fomcp_ i âfncg i( _l[g ][l[]n_lÉmnc][)
g _hn_ j _h m[^ i m ]ig i ^_f_a[îm j i l ? _om7 j i ln[h ni ( _f_m h}i m}i
]ihmc^_l[îm o g [ o mo lj [~}i ^ [ jl_lli a [ncp [ ^cpch[*
^% K_fi g _him _g [faohm ][mim hÖm ^_p_g im `[f[l [ l_mj_cni
^ _ pzlcim dofa[g _hnim( _ ^_ dofa[g _hnim j i l ch ^ cp Éô i m m[hnim _
_r[fn[îm( ko_ _l[g mo \ i l^ ch [^ i m $og nlc\ o h [f ch`_lcil;% [i dofa[)
g _h ni `ch[f ^_ ?_om*
x `z]cf j_l]_\_l ^ c[hn_ ^_ n[f j [h i ^_ ò h ^ i ]ig i [ [`clg [~}i
^ i m_hbilci _r[fn[î ^ i > lcmni l_mmom]cn[î f_p[lc[ { cg jfc][~}i(
io dz [ ch]foclc[( ^_ ko_ _mm_ > lcmni _r[fn[î j[lnc]cj[lc[ n[g \Äg
î dofa[g _hni `ch[f ^_ ni ^ [ ]lc[~}i* < fai h[m fchb[m []cg [ _rjim)
n[m _mnz ch ^ o\ cn[p _fg _h n_ j i l nlzm î ^cm]olmi j [o fch i mi\l_ E_mom
]ig i doct*
BBB
< io nl[ ìhn_ ^ [ n_ifiac[ j [o fch [ ^ _ E_mom ]ig i doct m}i im
m_om ]ih]_cnim l_`_l_hn_m [i jli]_mmi ^_ m[fp[~}i( [^ p ch ^ i m î
cg [achzlci ^ _ o g [ m[f[ ^_ nlc\ o h [f ) domnc`c][~}i( [\mifpc~}i* I }i
Ä h_]_mmzlci ^ct_l ko_ _mn_ n_g mcî o g îm jlch]cj[cm [mmohnim
^ [ [hzfcm_ _ ^cm]omm}i [][^Çg c][m [i fihai ^ _ pzlcim mÄ]ofim( _ dz
:Wf}jkbe *1 .0,
_m]l_pc mi\l_ i [mmohni _r[omncp[g _hn_*., I i _hn[hni( `c]io _pc)

^ _h n_ ko_( [i _hì][l i [mmohni hi ][jÉnofi ch ncno f[^ i JZW 8WY[`&
` [` Y aX IS^hSf[a` VJ DhÉ]ci ^[ N[fp[~}i7 _g JZW JZWaâY[W aX FSg^ fZW
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[n_h~}i î `[ni ^_ ko_ i cg[achzlci n_g _mm_h]c[fg_hn_ og ][lzn_l ì)
l_hm_6 Ä ^_lcp[î ^[ m[f[ ^_ nlc\oh[f( _ h}i jil âfncgi( î j_hm[g_hni
î EoÉti Ach[f* L o[hî pifn_c [i [mmohni _g å -4 î g_mgi fcpli( i
ì]i nchb[ g o^[î $j[l[ [m n_hmà_m _m][nifÖac][m %( ^_ giî ko_ im
]ig _hnzlcim mi\l_ i n_g j i ò no li ^ [ domnc`c][~}i j i ^ _g n_l j[mm[)
^ i ^_mj_l]_\cîm j i l k o [fk o _l j_mmi[ ko_ _mncp_mm_ g [cm ùhn_l_m)
m[^ [ h[ n_ifiac[ ^[ domnc`c][~}i*.- ? _pi l_nc`c][l [koc n[f cg jl_mm}i
_kocpi][^[*
J ][lzn_l ìl_hm_ ^ i cg [achzlci ^_ domnc`c][~}i Ä mo`c]c_hn_)
g _hn_ `[g cfc[l _ h}i jl_]cm[ ^_ g [cil _rjimc~}i*.. I i _hn[hni( i
k o_ jl_]cm[ m_l _`_ncp[g _hn_ _h`[nct[î Ä ko_ i ò h ^ [g _h n[f j [l[
i ]ih]_cni j [o fch i ^_ domnc`c][~}i Ä [ mo[ ilc_hn[~}i XgfgdS' <m
j_mmi[m ko_ iop_g [ G_c h}i m}i domn[m ^ c[hn_ ^ _ ? _om( g [m [m ko_
]o g j l_g [ G_c m_l}i ]ihmc^_l[^[m domn[m VV[]S[yfZtea`fS[W $Mg
.*-/%7 i ]ihn_rni g imnl[ ]f[l[g _hn_ ko_ cmni pcm[ i EoÉti Ach[f $Mg
.*1)-/*-1)-2%* Kil i\l[m ^ [ G_c h _h b o g [ ][lh_ m_lz do mnc`c][^ [+
[\mifpc^[ NV[]S[yfZreWfS[P ^ c[hn_ ^_f_ $/*.,%( _ cmni ^ _ hipi m_ l_`_l_
]f[l[g _hn_ [i EoÉti Ach[f* #? _o m Ä o g #( ko_ domnc`c][lz VV[]S[yeW[W
[ ]cl]oh]cm}i ^_ `Ä _ [ ch]cl]oh]cm}i [nl[pÄm ^_ `Ä $Mg /*/,%7 ^_
hipi( [ o h cp _lm[fc^ [^ _ ^ [ [`clg [~}i jl_pÇ mo[ cg jf_g _hn[~}i hi
dofa[g _hni $`ch[f% ohcp_lm[f*
Jm omim g [cm `l_ko_hn_m ^ i n_g ji jl_m_hn_ ^_p _g jlipzp_f)
g _hn_ m_l _h n_h ^ c^ i m ]ig i o g [ ^_m]lc~}i ^ i ][lzn_l ^_ ? _om ko_
domnc`c][( h}i ]ig i ch^c][~}i ^ i g ig _hni* ? _om Ä Za V[]S[x`% i
ko_ domnc`c][ $Mg /*.27 0*17 4*//%7 ^ [É n[g \Äg i n_g ji jl_m_hn_
_g /*.0 _ .4* J ]ih]_cni Ä ^_ o g [ j l_lli a [ncp [ ^cpch[ ko_ m_lz
g [hc`_mn[^[ ^ [ ìlg [ g [cm j f_h [ jimmÉp_f hi EoÉti Ach[f( ]igi
^_cr[ ]f[li [ mÄlc_ ^_ [la o g _h ni m _g Mg /*0)2 _ i ]ihn_rni ^_
., ?ohh( K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% å -0*

.- ?ohh( K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% j* 023(044(05-*
.. >`*( f'[n'% E* M_og[hh( I_]^j[ekid[ii _d j^[ E[m K[ijWc[dj $Kbcf[^_fjbc[6 Ailnl_mm(
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^}i + domnc`c][~}iW*
/1. ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
4*//* J g _mg i i]ill_ ]ig i i]][mcih[f omi j [o fch i ^ i mo\mn[hnc)

pi V[]Suye[e $ domnc`c][~}i( pch^c][~}i( [\mifpc~}i %6 _g [g \im im
][mim( [ [mmi]c[~}i î n_lg i ]ig [ l_mmoll_c~}i $Mg 0*.1 ) _f_ ìc
l_mmom]cn[î j i l ][om[ ^ [ himm[ domnc`c][~}i % _ ]ig [ p c^ [ $1*-4
) [nl[pÄm ^ i [ni domni ^ _ o g j [ l[ niîm im big _hm j [ l[ [ domnc~[
^ [ p c^ [ + [\ mi fp c~ }i ko_ nl[t p c^ [ $8 7 = : % moa_l_ ko_ i j_hm[)
g _hni m_ l_`_l_ [i `cg î jli]_mmi ^_ m[fp[~}i $]`* Mg 2*17 4*--7
--*-1%*
< g cmno l[ ^_ n_g jim _g B- .*-2)-3 ch^c][ m_g _fb[hn_g _hn_
ko_ [kocfi ko_ j i ^ _ m_l o g [ [`clg [~}i hi jl_m_hn_ m_lz $n_g ^_
m_l% l[nc`c][î j_fi p_l_^cni `ch[f ^ [ [\mifpc~}i6
N[\_g im ko_ h _h b o g m_l bo g [h i Ä domnc`c][î #Z_aW_eÉjW_ ) jl_m_h)

n_% j i l i\l[m ^ [ G_c( g [m mig _hn_ [nl[pÄm ^ [ `Ä _g E_mom >lcmni( _ n_g im
]lcî _g >lcmni E_mom( j [l[ ko_ jimm[g im m_l domnc`c][îm #Z_aW_Åj^Äc [d
) [ilcmni% j_f[ `Ä _g >lcmni _ h}i j_f[m i\l[m ^ [ G_c( j i lk o _ j_f[m i\l[m
^ [ G_c h _h b o g [ ][lh_ m_lz domnc`c][^[ #Z _aW_Åj^ zi[jW_ ) ònoli7 ]ig i _g
Mg /*.,%* H [m m_( [i j li ]o l[l m_l domnc`c][î #Z _aW_Åj^|d W_ & [ilcmni% _g
>lcmni V***W
N_g_fb[hn_g_hn_( B- /*4(--(.0* @ _g 1*0( i j_hm[g_hni Ä ^_ og[

[mjcl[~}i ^_ domnc`c][~}i ònol[6 pÖm ko_ jli]ol[cm m_l domnc`c][îm
$OV[]S[a{efZW% j_f[ G_c * ?[É [ [fn_lh[ncp[ ]lcmn}6 hÖm $_g ]ihnl[mn_% j_fi
@mjÉlcni( ^_ `Ä( _mn[gim _mj_l[hî [hmcim[g_hn_ [ _mj_l[h~[ ^_ domnc)
~[ $B- 1*1%7 cmni( Ä( [ _mj_l[h~[ m_ pifn[ j[l[ [ domnc~[ ( i p_l_^cni ^[
[\mifpc~}i jil ?_om( ]igi [fai ko_ [ch^[ Ä og \_g ònoli*
Kil cmmi( Ä cg jiln[hn_ h}i m_ ^_cr[l _ha[h[l j_fim ionlim omim
î p_l\i hi [ilcmni( ko_ ji^_lc[g j[l_]_l cgjfc][l og p_l_^cni dz
j[mm[î( ]igjf_ni _ $jil cgjfc][~}i% cll_piazp_f* H[cm hin[p_fg_hn_
i `[gimi Mg 1*-6 Kil cmmi( n_hî mcî domnc`c][îm VV[]S[yfZr`fWeW ^_ `Ä
V***W $m_g_fb[hn_g_hn_ Mg 0*.7 1*57 D>il 2*--7 On /*3%* O[cm n_rnim ji)
^_lc[g him f_p[l [ fcgcn[l [ fchao[a_g ^_ domnc`c][~}i { `[m_ chc]c[f î
jli]_mmi ^[ m[fp[~}i( j[l[f_f[ { jolc`c][~}i _ m_j[l[~}i ^_ D>il 2*--(
_ { fchao[a_g ^_ m[fp[~}i m_g_fb[hn_g_hn_ fcgcn[^[ [i jliôni
`ch[f î jli]_mmi $]igi Mg 1*5)-,%*./ ?_ `[ni( jilÄg( i omi j[ofchi
./ >`* _mj_]c[fg_hn_ µ* K* ?ih`lc_^( Eomnc`c][ncih [h^ G[mn Eoâg _hn ch K[of ( ch

E N 23 $-532%6 5,)--,*
:Wf}jkbe *1 .0.
gimnl[ ko_ _f_ l_[fg_hn_ j_hm[ ^[ m[fp[~}i ]igi og jli]_mmi $]igi

]ih`clg[ i n_gji jl_m_hn_ ^_ D>il -*-47 -1*.7 .>il .*-1 ) [ko_f_m
ko_ _mn}i m_hî m[fpim %+ ]ig m[fp[~}i ]igi [ g_n[ _g pcmn[ $Mg
1*5)-,7 --*.27 -/*--7 A--*-57 .*-.7 fOm 1*4)5%( g[m n[g\Äg ]ig og[ l_[)
fct[~}i jl_m_hn_ $Mg 4*.0 ) _g n_lgim ^_ _mj_l[h~[( _mn[gim m[fpim
NWerfW_W`P #' @g n[f m_hncî( domnc`c][~}i _ m[fp[~}i nÇg og [ òh)
~}i min_lcifÖac][ gocni m_g_fb[hn_ h[ n_ifiac[ ^_ K[ofi6 ch^c][l og
jli]_mmi ko_ dz chc]cio( g[m ko_ [ch^[ h}i ìc ]igjf_n[î*.0
ë g _^c^[ ko_ ^ct l_mj_cni { himm[ j_mkocm[ [no[f( [ min_lcifiac[
^[m ô[m `[m_m $chÉ]ci _ `cg7 dz domnc`c][î( g[m [ch^[ h}i `ch[fg_hn_
[\mifpcî% _mj_fb[)m_ hi j[j_f ôjfi ^_ E_mom hi jli]_mmi ^[ domnc`c)
][~}i6 domnc`c][î [nl[pÄm ^[ `Ä _g >lcmni _ E_mom( i Eoct* <`clg[l ko_
E_mom Ä n[g\Äg i doct _m][nifÖac]i Ä l_]ihb_]_l ko_ [ domnc`c][~}i Ä
og jli]_mmi ko_ h}i _mnz ]igjf_ni hi gig_hni _g ko_ m_ jà_ [ `Ä
_g >lcmni( _ ko_ >lcmni n[g\Äg mch[fct[lz [ mo[ jf_hcno^_7 [i g_mgi
n_gji( Ä [ l_[`clg[~}i ^_ ko_ i doct Ä n[g\Äg i domnc`c][îl* <fai
[mmcg Ä ch^c][î _g og n_rni dz ]cn[î ) Mg 0*.1* K[ofi ]cn[ i ko_ Ä
[gjf[g_hn_ l_]ihb_]cî ]igi [ p[lc[~}i ^_ og [ ìlgof[~}i ]lcmn})
jlcg cncp[ \_g _mn[\_f_]c^[6 E_mom( himmi N_hbil( ko_ ìc _hnl_ao_ jil
][om[ ^_ himm[m nl[hmal_mmà_m _ ìc l_mmom]cn[î jil ][om[ ^_ himm[
domnc`c][~}i 7 [m ô[m `[m_m î _p_hni ]lo]c[f $[ giln_ _ [ l_mmoll_c~}i
^_ E_mom% _mj_fb[g)m_ h[m ô[m `[m_m+him îcm [mj_]nim î jli]_mmi
^[ m[fp[~}i* N_g_fb[hn_g_hn_ Mg 1*-,6 N_( ko[hî Äl[gim chcgcaim(
ìgim l_]ih]cfc[îm jil ?_om [nl[pÄm ^[ giln_ ^_ m_o Acfbi( ko[hni
g[cm( n_hî mcî l_]ih]cfc[îm( m_l_gim m[fpim jil mo[ pc^[ * H[cm _r)
jfÉ]cni Ä Mg 4*//)/0* < ]_h[ Ä î dofa[g_hni `ch[f* K[ofi j_laohn[( _g
]ih`c[hn_ [`clg[~}i6 Lo_g f_p[hn[lz []om[~à_m ]ihnl[ im _f_cnim ^_
?_om; x ?_om ko_g domnc`c][* Lo_g _mnz [fc j[l[ ]ih^_h[l; @ >lcmni
$E_mom% ko_ gill_o( g_fbil( ko_ ìc l_mmom]cn[î( ko_ n[g\Äg _mnz {
^cl_cn[ ^_ ?_om( ko_ n[g\Äg chn_l]_^_ _g himmi `[pil* <koc( im îcm
[mj_]nim ^_ 0*.1 _ 1*-, m}i ]ihn_gjf[îm dohnim6 dohnim( [ giln_ _ [ l_m)
moll_c~}i ^_ E_mom mcahc`c][g ko_ _f_ Ä ][j[t ^_ chn_l]_^_l _`_ncp[g_h)
n_ dohni [ ?_om i Eoct _g `[pil îm _f_cnim jil ?_om ( _ ko_ h_hbog
jlig inil m_lz ][j[t ^_ l_p_ln_l cmmi*
@g l_mogi( i ]ih]_cni ^_ E_mom ]igi doct ji^_ jlipcl _g j[ln_ ^_
og [ ôjf[ ]ihpc]~}i( [% < nin[fc^[^_ ^[ bcmnÖlc[ bog [h[ ]ihncho[ ch_)
.0 Pg[ ^[m Çh`[m_m jlch]cj[cm _g ?ohh( K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% å -4*

.0/ ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
ril[p_fg_hn_ _g ^cl_~}i [ og dofa[g_hni `ch[f( \% J _p_hni m[fpÉ`c]i ^_

E_mâm $giln_ _ l_mmoll_c~}i% h}i _fcgch[ [ c^_c[ î dofa[g_hni `ch[f io ^[
h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_ og []_lni `ch[f* @g p_t ^cmmi( [ ]l_h~[ h[ domnc`c][~}i j_f[
`Ä ^_p_ m_l chn_al[^[ h[ ]l_h~[ hi dofa[g_hni `ch[f* Dmni []ihn_]_ ^_ g[)
h_cl[ g[cm mcgjf_m [i [`clg[l)m_ i j[j_f î >lcmni _r[fn[î hi dofa[g_h)
ni( _ [ [`clg[~}i g[cm ji^_lim[ j[l[ n[f _`_cni Ä [ [`clg[~}i ^_ E_mâm ]igi
doct* @ ]f[li ko_( [i [laog_hn[l [mmcg( h}i ^_m_di moa_lcl ko_ [m ô[m
ìhn_m ^[ ]ih]_cno[~}i ]lcmn} ^_ E_mom ]igi doct ìmm_g [fn_lh[ncp[m io
ch^_j_h^_hn_m og [ ^[ ionl[* Hocni j_fi ]ihnlzlci( Ä gocni jlipzp_f ko_
n_hb[g chn_l[acî _ m_ l_ìl~[î gono[g_hn_ g[cm io g_him ^_m^_ i
chÉ]ci* Ii _hn[hni( m_ biop_l [fai ^_ ]ill_ni him [laog_hnim []cg[ [jl_)
m_hn[îm( _f_m nÇg cgjiln[hn_m ]ihm_koÇh]c[m j[l[ himm[ ]igjl__hm}i
n[hni ^[ ]lcmnifiac[ ko[hni ^[ min_lcifiac[ ^_ K[ofi*
BO
<m ]ihm_koÇh]c[m ]lcmnifÖac][m dz ^_p_lc[g m_l i\pc[m* K[lnc]of[l)
g_hn_ ô[m g_l_]_g og [ g[cil l_`f_r}i*
Klcg_cli( hÖm n_gim ko_ hin[l ko_ im ^c`_l_hn_m n_rnim [nlc\o_g
[i E_mom _r[fn[î ^c`_l_hn_m j[jÄcm hi dofa[g_hni* .>il 1*-, _ .Og 0*-
$]cn[îm SU[_S _g å -% h}i b_mcn[g _g [nlc\ocl [ E_mom i j[j_f ^_ doct
]igi n[f* O[fp_t i g_mgi _mn_d[ cgjfÉ]cni hi ^cm]olmi î ^c[ ^_ >lcm)
ni ( ^c[ î N_hbil $E_mom% $n[g\Äg _f_h][îm SU[_S% _g å -%*
N_g_fb[hn_g_hn_( [ l_nl[n[~}i î N_hbil $E_mom% ]igi l_p_f[hî
im jlijÖmcnim î ]il[~}i $D>il 0*1% f_g\l[ ]f[l[g_hn_ [ ^_m]lc~}i ^_
?_om ]igi ko_g l_p_mn_ i ]il[~}i $Mg 4*.3%.1 _ moa_l_ [ cg[a_g î
doct ko_ _mnz ^cm]_lhchî* Kil ionli f[î( i l_mofn[î ^_ n[f l_p_f[~}i Ä
ko_ ][^[ j_mmi[ l_]_\_lz [ l_]ig_h^[~}i ^_ ?_om ( ?_om m_hî jl_)
mogcp_fg_hn_ og [ [onilc^[^_ moj_lcil* D>il /*-,)-1 ]ihòh^_ _mm[
cg[a_g ^_ ]_ln[ g[h_cl[ j_f[ l_`_lÇh]c[ [ >lcmni ]igi i òh^[g_hni
$Mg /*--) _mm_ òh^[g _hni Ä E_mom >lcmni % mi\l_ i ko[f [m j_mmi[m
ko_ ]l__g nÇg ^_ ]ihmnlocl [ moj_l_mnlonol[ ko_ m_lz n_mn[^[ h[ko_f_
^c[ * K[l[ i jihni ko_ g[cm chn_l_mm[ [koc( Mg 1*5)-, _ fOm -*-, j[l_)
]_g moa_lcl E_mom ]igi [ko_f_ ko_ m[fp[ io l_ma[n[ ^[ cl[ $do^c]c[f% ^_
?_om* @ Mg 4*//)/0 $ko_ [][\_c ^_ ]cn[l% j[l_]_ cg[ach[l E_mom ]igi i
.1 >`*( f'[n'% DNg -2*37 fMm 4*/57 ND 00*.-7 -/5*-).*./7 Kl -1*--*

:Wf}jkbe *1 .00
[^pia[î ^_ ^_`_m[ ko_ chn_l]_^_ j_fim _f_cnim ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om i Eoct*

H_him ]f[li Ä m_ .Om -*3 $n[g\Äg ]cn[î SU[_S% _g å -% m_ l_`_l_ [ [f)
aoÄg ko_ l_[fct[ i dofa[g _hni î nlc\oh[f( io m_ Ä [fomcpi [i doct
ko_ _r_l]_ mo[ j lÖ j lc[ m_hn_h~[( io m_ ^_ `[ni Ä ìlg [fg _hn_ ch^_)
j _h ^ _h n_ î cg [achzlci ^ [ m[f[ ^_ nlc\oh[f $i [hdi pcha[îl%*
@g no ^ i cmmi( i omi j[ofchi l_`f_n_ _g j_fi g _him [faog [ g_)
^ c^ [ [ p [lc_^ [^ _ ^_ j [jÄcm [nlc\ocîm [ C _hi]( H _fkocm_^_]( <\_f(
i @ f_cni+H _mmc[m _ [nÄ g _mg i [im m[hnim* J ko_ cmni him chìlg [;
I i g Éhcg i( ko_ h}i b[pc[ hi do^[Émg i îm n_g jim ^_ K[ofi o g
]ihdohni ^_ ]ih]_cnim ]f[lim _ [g jf[g _hn_ ]ig j[lncfb[îm ^ i Eo)
Éti Ach[f _ ^_ ]ig i im m_l_m bog [him ^_p_lc[g j[lnc]cj[l ^_mm_
dofa[g _hni* ? _hnli ^ [ `clg _ ]ihpc]~}i ^_ o g dofa[g _hni `ch[f ^c)
pchi( j[l_]_ n_l mcî [g jf[g _hn_ []_cni ko_ b[pc[ _mj[~i mo`c]c_hn_
j [l[ cg [ach[l ionlim j[lnc]cj [h ^ i i o l_]_\_hî o g [ n[l_`[ h i dof)
a[g _hni( [nÄ g _mg i i j [j _f ^_ doct* ë fot ^cmmi( [ `f_rc\cfc^[^_ î
cg [achzlci î j lÖj lci K[ofi _g l_f[~}i [ _mn_ n_g [( _g l_f[~}i [i
j [j _f ^_ E_mom ]igi doct( h}i ^_p_lc[ ][om[l moljl_m[*
>ig i _o n_hn_c ch^c][l _g g _o JZWaâYk aX FSg^% n[f p[lc_^[)
^_ ^_ cg [achzlcim _ j[j_cm Ä chn_cl[g _hn_ nÉjc]i ^[ ]lcmnifiac[ ^_
K[ofi*.2 @f_ cg [ach[ i >lcmni _r[fn[î ]igi i N_hbil _r[fn[î ko_
pclz _g \l_p_ $mi\l_ [m hop_hm%( g [m n[g \Äg ]igi i âfncg i < ^}i
_ ]ig i [ ? cpch[ N[\_îlc[* > ihnoî( _f_ ji^_ `[f[l n[g \Äg î
> lcmni _g g cg _ ^_ > lcmni ]ig i o g ]ilji( _ ji ^ _ `[f[l îm _l_h)
n_m _g > lcmni òh]cih[hî ]ig i m_o ]ilji* E_mâm ]igi doct j_l)
n_h]_ i\pc[g _hn_ [i jlcg _cli aloj i ^_ cg [a_hm* I i _hn[hni( j il
][om[ ^[ p [lc_^ [^ _ î cg [achzlci( hÖm ^_p_g im f_g \l[l ^_ ko_ m_
nl[n[ ^_ o g [_SY[`md[a & `pa ^_p_g im n_h n[l [nlc\ocl)fb_ o g ][lz)
n_l fcn_l[f ko_ nilh[lc[ cg jimmÉp_f chn_al[l im ^c`_l_hn_m j[jÄcm ch)
^c][îm j_f[ fchao[a_g om[^[* < mmcg ]igi _g ionlim [mmohnim(.3
K[ofi _mn[p[ n_h n[h ^ i [lnc]of[l [m ]ihpc]~à_m _ [m _mj_l[h~[m ko_
c[g [fÄg ^[m fcg cn[~à_m ^ i ^cm]olmi bog [hi* O_hn[l il^ _h [l _ ch)
n_al[l [m cg [a_hm _g o g j [^ l}i âhc]i _ ]i_l_hn_ mcahc`c][lc[( jli)
p[p_fg _hn_( ìl~z)f[m [ _hnl[l_g _g o g g if^_ chp_hn[î j i l hÖm
g_mg im* x g _fbil pcp_l ]ig [ ]ihòm}i î cg [achzlci _g mo[ lc)
.2 ?ohh( K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% j* /-0)/-1*0,5)0-,*

.3 K[l[ [m g_nzìl[m j[ofch[m ^_ m[fp[~}i( ]`* hip[g_hn_ ?ohh( K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb%
j* ./-)./.(/.4)///*
.01 9 I J Q < K @M NK@>ODQ< NJ=M@ K < P G J
ko_t[ _ ]ihn_hn[l)m_ ]ig [ ]ihpc]~}i \zmc][ ko_ m_ _rjl_mm[ h o g [

^cp_lmc^[^_ n}i lc][* O[f ]ihpc]~}i \zmc][ j[l_]_ m_l ko_ E_mom n_lz
og [ j[lnc]cj[~}i ^_n_lg ch[hn_ hi dofa[g _hni `ch[f ^_ ? _om( io [nÄ
g _mg i _g n_lg im g _him jl_]cmim( ko_ i EoÉti Ach[f ^_ ? _om m_lz
^_ []ilî ]ig i _p[ha_fbi ^_ > lcmni $Mg .*-2%*
N_aohî( ^_p_g im h i n[l n[g \Äg ko_ ionl[m j[ln_m î IO
c^_hnc`c][g i j [j _f ^_ E_mâm ]ig i doct _rjfc]cn[g _hn_ ]igi [jih)
n[î j_fi jlÖj lci ?_om* < n -,*0.7 -3*/-6 _f_ $cmni Ä( E_mom% Ä [ko_f_
i l^ _h[î j i l ? _om ]ig i doct îm pcpim _ îm g ilnim 7 _f_ $cmni
Ä( ?_om% ^ _n_lg chio o g ^c[ _g ko_ _f_ `[lz ko_ i g o h ^ i m_d[ dof)
a[î _g domnc~[ j i l o g big _g ko_ _f_ ^_mcahio( _ ^cmmi _f_ ^_o
[mm_lncp[ [ niîm( [i l_mmom]cnz)fi ^ [ g iln_ * Ei 1*..(.36 J K[c h}i
dofa[ hchaoÄg ( g [m ^ _o niî dofa[g _hni [i Acfbi 7 _f_ $cmni Ä( i
K[c% fb_ ^ _o [ [o ni lc^ [^ _ ^_ _r_]on[l i dofa[g _hni( j ilko_ _f_ Ä i
Acfbi î C ig _g * Jm n_rnim j[ofchim ^_ dofa[g _hni h}i m}i n}i
_rjfÉ]cnim( g [m( ^_ ko[fko_l g [h_cl[( i ji h ni j i ^ _ _mn[l n[g \Äg
cgjfÉ]cni* Dmmi m_lc[ n[hni g [cm ]f[li m_ i j [j _f ^_ E_mom ]ig i doct
molacmm_ j [l[ K[ofi ^_ mo[ _r[fn[~}i ]ig i N_hbil( dz ko_ _l[ jli)
pzp_f ko_ [ ch`foÇh]c[ ^_ ND --,*- j[mm[mm_ [ a_l[l _mm_ âfncgi j[j_f6
Ä hi j[j_f ]igi N_hbil( ch^c][î j i l ? _om( { ^cl_cn[ ^_ ? _om( ko_ i
E_mom _r[fn[î _r_l]_lz i dofa[g _hni* < cg jiln|h]c[ ^_ l_]ihb_]_l
i ][lzn_l ^_f_a[î î m_hbilci ^_ >lcmni Ä ]_ln[g _hn_ o g [mj_]ni
]_hnl[f h[ [`clg [~}i g [cm ]f[l[ ^_ K[ofi [ l_mj_cni ^_ n[f [mmohni )
D> i l -1*.0).4* C z [fom}i [koc [ ND --,*-6 @f_ $cmni Ä( >lcmni% n_g ^_
l_ch[l [nÄ ]ifi][l niîm m_om chcg caim ^_\[cri ^_ m_om jÄm $-1*.1%*
Dmni ^_jicm Ä afim[î h[ ]cn[~}i ^_ ND 4*36 Kilko_ _f_ $cmni Ä( ?_om%
]ifi]io ni^[m [m ]icm[m _g mo\d_~}i mi\ im m_om jÄm $-1*.3%*.4 ?c`c)
]cfg _hn_ m_lc[ _r]_mmcpi i j_hm[g _hni ^_ ch]focl i j [j _f ^_ dofa[)
g _hni hi ]ihdohni ^_ òh~à_m ^ [^ [m [i > lcmni _r[fn[î* > ihnoî(
K[ofi ]ihncho[ [ ^_cr[l ]f[li ko_ [ _rjl_mm}i ni^[m [m ]icm[m ( [m
ko[cm _mn}i mo\g _nc^[m [i N_hbil > lcmni( _pc^_hn_g _hn_ h}i ch]foc
[ko_f_ ko_ [m ]ifi][ h[ mod_c~}i ^_ >lcmni $-1*.3%* @g p_t ^cmmi( i
`cg p_g k o [h ^ i >lcmni ^_pifp_l [ [o ni lc^ [^ _ lÄac[ ko_ fb_ ìc ^_)
f_a[^[ $-1*.0% _ ko [h ^ i i j lÖjlci >lcmni ìl mod_cn[î [ ? _om j [l[
ko_ ? _om m_d[ no ^ i _g niîm $-1*.4%*
.4 < chn_al[~}i î ND --,*- ]ig i ND 4*3 Ä og [ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ ]igog ^[ [jifiaÄnc][

]lcmn}i)jlcgcncp[7 ]`* hip[g_hn_ ?ohh( :^h_ijebe]o% j* -,4)-,5*
:Wf}jkbe *1 V .02
K[l[ [\il^[l i ko_ Ä ^_ `[ni i g _mg i ji h ni [ j [ lncl ^_ ionli

|haofi( h}i b z _mj[~i j [l[ i j_hm[g _hni ^_ E_mom ]igi doct n_l
mo\mncnoÉî ? _om( _ g ocni g _him ^_ n_l o mo lj [^ i i j [j _f ^_ ?_om*
K_fi ]ihnlzlci( ? _om ]ihncho[ [ m_l doct( ]igi g imnl[g ]f[l[g _hn_
j[mm[a_hm ]igi Mg .*.)--7 /*2 _ D> il 1*-/* @g Mg .*.)-- Ä hinzp_f
ko_ K[ofi f_p[hn_ o g [laog _hni j [l[ l_[`clg [l [ nl[^c]cih[f Çh)
`[m_ do^[c][ ^_ ko_ ? _om l_nlc\oclz [ ][^[ j_mmi[ ^_ []ilî ]ig
mo[m i\l[m $.*2% _ ko_ h}i bz j[l]c[fc^[^_ _g ? _om $.*--%( cmni
Ä( _g m_o dofa[g _hni*.5 @ _g Mg /*2 Ä Ö\pci ko_ [ domnc~[ ^_ ?_om
]igi doct Ä i [rcig [ òh^[g _hn[f î ko[f K[ofi j [ln_ _ ko_ jli]o)
l[ ^_`_h^_l( [j_m[l ^[m ]ihm_koÇh]c[m ko_ ji ^ _lc[g m_l ncl[^[m ^[
ch`c^_fc^[^_ ^_ Dml[_f $/*/)2%* J g [cm hinzp_f h_mm_ ]ihn_rni Ä Mg
.*-2( _g ko_ K[ofi ^_m]l_p_ i ^c[ k o [h ^ i ? _om dofa[lz im m_al_)
îm ^[ b o g [h c^ [^ _ ^_ []ilî ]ig g _o _p[ha_fbi [nl[pÄm ^_ >lcm)
ni E_mom * >ig i ]ih]il^[ [ g [cilc[ îm ]ig _hn[lcmn[m( i [nl[pÄm
^_ E_mom > lcmni ^_p_ m_l _hn_h^cî ]igi ]ig jf_g _hni î p_l\i
dofa[l 6 h[ko_f_ ^c[ `ch[f( ? _om dofa[lz [nl[pÄm ^_ >lcmni E_mom *
P g _kocfÉ\lci m_g _fb[hn_ Ä g [hncî _g Mg 4*/-)/5* x ? _om ko_g
Ä j i l hÖm ( g [hc`_mn[î j_f[ _hnl_a[ ^ _ m_o Acfbi $4*/-)/.%* @ ?_om
ko_ domnc`c][ _ >lcmni( ko_g chn_l]_^_ { ^cl_cn[ ^_ ? _om $4*//)/0%*
J [g il î ko[f h[^ [ ji^_ him m_j[l[l Ä i [g il ^_ ? _om _g >lcm)
ni E_mom himmi N_hbil $4*/5%*
I }i Ä h_]_mmzlci ^ct_l ko_ i ^cm]olmi g [cm _rjfÉ]cni mi\l_
E_mom ]ig i \g[l h}i ji^_( io h}i ^_p_lc[( m_l ]ihmc^_l[î ch^_)
j_h ^ _h n_ ^ [ [\il^[a_g a_l[f j[ofch[ ^_ n[cm n_g [m* .>il 1*-, $ i
nlihi ^ i dofa[g _hni ^_ >lcmni % h}i ^_p_lc[ m_l ]ihmc^_l[î og [
]ihnl[^c~}i i o ch]ihmcmnÇh]c[ _g l_f[~}i [ Mg -0*-, $ i nlihi î
dofa[g _hni ^_ ? _om %* < koc( pcm[g )m_ dofa[g _hnim ]ih]_\cp_fg _h)
n_ ^c`_l_hn_m io( g _fbil( ^c`_l_hn_m `[m_m hi dofa[g _hni $`ch[f% $m_
Ä ko_ O_mn< \l V<W -/ i`_l_]_ [faog ncji ^_ j[l[f_fi%* < ch^[ ko_
[]_cnzmm_g im [ ]ihnl[^c~}i( m_lc[ h_]_mmzlci l_]ihb_]_l ko_ g _mg i
[mmcg K[ofi h}i ko_lc[ ko_ i dofa[g _hni _r_l]cî j i l 9d[efa ìmm_
j_l]_\cî ]igi [fai ^c`_l_hn_ î dofa[g _hni ^_ :Wge' ? ct_l ko_ i
dofa[g _hni ^_p_ m_l l_[fct[î j_fi E_mom _r[fn[î Ä og [ g [h_cl[
^ _ ^ct_l ko_ i dofa[g _hni `ch[f ^ _ ? _om m_lz ^_ []ilî ]ig i ][)
lzn_l ^ _ ? _om l_p_f[î _g E_mom* J n_rni j [o fch i ji mn_lci l ^ _ .Og
.5 <fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* ?ohh( IecWdi% j* 41(44)45*

.1) ODQ< NJ=M@ K < PGJ
0*- [`clg [ [ g _mg [ c^_c[ ^_ mo[ j lÖ j lc[ g [h_cl[6 [ _riln[~}i Ä

`_cn[ h [ jl_m_h~[ ^_ ? _om _ ^ _ > lcmni E_mom( ko_ dofa[lz im pcpim
_ im g ilnim ih^_( j_f[ cg jfc][~}i( > lcmni E_mom Ä i âhc]i ko_
`[f[ _ [a_ j i l ?_om*
K iln[hni( h}i bz ^c`c]of^[^_ ^ _ l_]ihb_]_l ko_ K[ofi _l[ \_g
][j[t ^_ g [h n_l mo[ ]lcmnifiac[ ^ _h nli î k o [^ li g ihin_Émn[ ^_
mo [ n_ifiac[ _g a_l[f* ? _om Ä i doct `ch[f( g [m _f_ ]ig j[lncfb[ _mm_
dofa[g _hni ]ig > lcmni $]igi n[g \Äg ]ig im m[hnim%7 _f_ dofa[
[nl[pÄm ^_ >lcmni7 _f_ dofa[ ]ig l_`_lÇh]c[ [i( _ ^_ []ilî ]ig i
_p[ha_fbi ^ [ g iln_ _ l_mmoll_c~}i ^_ >lcmni* Dmni him f_p[ {m ]ih)
m_koÇh]c[m min_lcifÖac][m ^_mm[ fchb[ ^_ j_hm[g _hni*
O
<m ]ihm_koÇh]c[m min_lcifÖac][m ^_ ko[fko_l l_]ihb_]cg_hni î
j[j_f ^_ E_mom ]igi doct g_l_]_g n[g \Äg [faog [ l_`f_r}i( jilko_(
]igi dz hin[g im hi chÉ]ci( j[l_]_ b[p_l ]_ln[ n_hm}i _hnl_ i j_hm[)
g _hni ^[ domnc`c][~}i a[l[hnc^[ [nl[pÄm ^[ `Ä _g >lcmni _ i j_hm[g _h)
ni ^_ E_mom ]igi doct n[g \Äg ^[m j_mmi[m ko_ ]l__g* ?cni ^_ g iî
[fn_lh[ncpi( ]igi Ä ko_ K[ofi ]ihm_aoco ]ih]cfc[l [ cg [a_g ^_ E_mom
]igi m[fp[îl _ l_^_hnil ^[ cl[ ^cpch[ io ]igi [^pia[î ^ _ ^_`_m[
$Mg 1*5)-,7 fOm -*-,7 Mg 4*/0% ]ig [ cg [a_g ^_ E_mom ]igi doct;
I Öm ^_p_lÉ[g im h i n[l [koc hip[g _hn_ ko_ i jli\f_g [ h}i
_l[ hipi* @ mn[p[ ch_pcn[p_fg _hn_ _hnl_f[~[î ]ig im j_hm[g _hnim
^ [ _f_c~}i ^_ ? _om ^ cmj _h m[^ [ [ Dml[_f _ i j [j _f ^_ ? _om ]ig i o g
doct `ch[f* P g [ l_mjimn[ ^ _g [mc[^[g _hn_ mcg jf_m _l[ [ mojimc~}i
^_ ko_ niî Dml[_f m_lc[ m[fpi* O[f ]ihpc]~}i Ä i ji h ni ^_ j [lnc^ [
j [ l[ i n_rni `[g imi ^_ C [eZ`SZ IS`ZWVd[` -,6 Oiîm im cml[_fcn[m
nÇg o g kochb}i hi g o h ^ i ko_ p_g $-,*-%( _g \il[ [ nl[^c~}i
^_m_hpifpc^[ ]ihncho_ [ _f_h][l pzlc[m _r]_~à_m* J onlim n_hn[p[g
fc^ [l ]ig i jli\f_g [ [i ^_]f[l[l ko_ mig _hn_ o g l_mni ^_ Dm)
l[_f m_lc[ m[fpi(/, io j_fi l_]olmi ^_ o g [ ^_`chc~}i m_]nzlc[ ^_ im
domnim "b'Wj'% N[fg im ^_ N[fig}i( L og l[h%* J onlim [ch ^ [ l_]ihb_)
]c[g i dofa[g _hni ^_ ? _om mi\l_ Dml[_f( g [m _hn_h^c[g _mm_ dofa[)
/, ?_n[fb_m _g ?ohh( IecWdi% j* 13/)130(2/4( _ g[cm [gjf[g _hn_ _g K;EK% -%

j* -52).-0 _ @;9J% j* 3/1)3/2*
:Wf}jkbe *1 .1*
g _hni ]ig i [ ^cm]cjfch[ ^_ o g [ ]lc[h~[ j i l m_o j[c( h}i ]ig i

o g [ [ j ohc~}i m_g _fb[hn_ { _rj_lcg _hn[^[ j i l h}i)cml[_fcn[m*/-
I i _hn[hni( [hn_m( im jli`_n[m ]fzmmc]im nch b [g ^_ f_g \l[l Dml[_f
l_j _nc^ [g _h n_ ^_ ko_ n[g \Äg Dml[_f h}i _mn[p[ cm_hni ^ i dofa[)
g _hni ^cpchi j i l m_om j_][îm*/.
x cg j i ln[h n_ l_]ihb_]_l ko_ K[ofi _mn[p[ j li ò h ^ [g _h n_
j _lno l\ [^ i j_fi g _mg i jli\f_g [* @f_ i l_[f~[ _g Mg /*-)2( ]igi
o g [ ]ihm_koÇh]c[ cg _^c[n[ ^_ mo[ ]ihpc]~}i ^_ Dml[_f _mn[l mi\ [
g _mg [ ]ih^_h[~}i ko_ ni^[ [ b o g [ h c^ [ ^ _ $Mg .*-)/*.,%6 i ko_
i l_]ihb_]cg _hni ^ [ XS^fS ^_ `c^_fc^[^_ ^_ Dml[_f [ ? _om ^ct mi\l_
[ X[VW^[VSVW ^_ ? _om [ Dml[_f $Mg /*/)0% _ mi\l_ i j [j _f ^_ ? _om
]ig i doct $/*1)2%; @ [ n_hn[ncp[ ^_ K[ofi ^_ l_[fg _hn_ _h`l_hn[l
n[f jli\f_g [ Ä i zjc]_ ^_ mo[ n_ifiac[ _rjimn[ _g M ig [him $Mg
5*-%( ih^_ _f_ n_hn[ chn_al[l [m c^_c[m [hnca[m î dofa[g _hni ^ [ cl[
^ cpch[ mi\l_ Dml[_f $Mg 5*..7 --*3)-,(.1(.4(/-% ]ig [ l_ô~}i ^_
Dml[_f [ o g l_mni $5*.3).57 --*1% ^ _h nli î j lij Ö mcni ^cpchi a_l[f ^ [
`c^_fc^[^_ [ Dml[_f _ ^ [ g cm_lc]Öl^c[ [ niîm $Mg --*.4)/.%*
J jli\f_g [ ^_ [lnc]of[l i j_h m[g _h ni ^[ _f_c~}i ^cpch[ ^_
Dml[_f ]ig i dofa[g _hni ^cpchi ^ _ Dml[_f j i ^ _ m_l ]ih]_hnl[î hi
j [^ l}i min_lcifÖac]i ^ [ l_fcac}i ^_ Dml[_f* J j [ ^ l} i ]ig _~[ ]ig
i [rcig [ ^ [ _f_c~}i ^cpch[( g [m ]ihncho[ ^[fc [ _mj _l[l _ _rcacl [
i\_^cÇh]c[ { G_c ìlh_]c^[ j_fi ? _om ko_ _f_a_o _ ko_ g [hc`_mn[
n[hni [m j lig _mm[m ^_ p c^ [ fiha[ j [l[ ko_g [ i\_^_]_( k o [h ni im
[f_ln[m ^_ ]ihm_koÇh]c[m ^_m[mnlim[m j [ l[ k o_g `[fb[ _g i\_^_]Ç)
f[* J ? _on_lihág ci Ä [ [`clg [ncp[ [lko_nÉjc][ ^_mm[ min_lcifiac[*
@ _mm_ j [ ^ l} i ko_ n_g mcî ìln_g _hn_ ]lcnc][î j i l a_l[~à_m ^_
j _mkocm[ ]lcmn} ]ig i f_a[fcmn[ _ ko_ l_]_hn_g _hn_ ìc l_[p[fc[î
j i l @* K* L :G=>KL _g n_lg im ^_ hig cmg i ^ [ [fc[h~[ *//< j_lmj_])
ncp[ [hn_lcil j i ^ _ m_l ]_ln[g _hn_ ]lcnc][^[ j i l `[fb[l _g [jl_]c[l i
j l_mmoj i mni ^ [ [fc[h~[ h[ i\m_lp|h]c[ ^ [ G_c j i l Dml[_f* < faohm
l_mj i h ^ _lc[g ko_ [ m_a o h ^ [ j_lmj_]ncp[ ^_p_lc[ m_l cao[fg _hn_
/- @mj_]c[fg_hn_ ^_ hipi NDN[f /*0)-27 3*-)-,7 4*.3)0,7 -/*0)--7 n[g\Äg N\ --*5)-,7

-.*..7 -2*5)-,* K[ofi j[l_]_ n_l j_hm[î _g Mg .*1 _g j[mm[a_hm ^_mm[ _mjÄ]c_
ko[hî `[f[ ^[ cgj_hcnÇh]c[ _ ôl_t[ ^_ ]il[~}i ^_ Dml[_f*
/. Kil _r_gjfi( Dm -*.)57 1*-)/,7 El .*//)/17 1*-)57 @t 3*.).37 .0*/)-07 Jm 1*--)-.7 2*17
<g 3*07 4*0)-07 Hk .*-)07 /*5)-. #89;% +% j* 4,%*
// @* K* N[h^_lm( GWkb WdZ GWb[ij_d_Wd AkZW_ic3 8 :ecfWh_ied e \ GWjj[hdi e \ I[b_]_ed
$Gih^l_m6 N>H( -533%*
.1+ ODQ < NJ =M@ K < P GJ
]lcnc][^[ j i l o g [ `[fb[ _kocp[f_hn_ ^_ [jl_]c[l [ ]ih^c]cih[fc)

^ [ ^ _ ^ [ jlig _mm[ ^_ pc^[ _g l_f[~}i { i\_^cÇh]c[ ^_ Dml[_f*/0
I i _hn[hni( o g [ [jlircg [~}i jin_h]c[f _hnl_ [m ^ o [m [fn_lh[ncp[m
j i ^ _ mo la cl [i ^_m]l_p_l i j [ j _f ^ [ G_c h [ ]ig jl__hm}i do^[c][
]ig i o g ][g chbi ^ _ p c^ [ _ o g ][g chbi j [l[ [ p c^ [ */1 N_ cmni
ìl ]ill_ni( hÖm j i ^ _g i m _mj_l[l o g ]ihm_hmi g [cil []_l][ ^ i j[)
^ l}i min_lcifÖac]i ^_ Dml[_f ]ig i o g [ min_lcifiac[ ^ _ ^ o [m `[m_m6
[ m[fp[~}i `ch[f ^ _j _h ^ _h n_ fS`fa ^ [ _f_c~}i chc]c[f ^ _ Dml[_f cgS`fa
^ [ ]ihm_ko_hn_ i\_^cÇh]c[ ^_ Dml[_f { G_c ko_ ^_p_lc[ m_l ^_g ihm)
nl[^ [ hi EoÉti Ach[f*
J ko_ hÖm jl_]cm[gim ^_mn[][l [koc ]ig g [cil ]f[l_t[ Ä ko_ _mm[
min_lcifiac[ ^_ ô[m `[m_m Ä _mnl_cn[g _hn_ j[l[f_f[ { min_lcifiac[ j[o)
fch[ ^_ ô[m `[m_m []cg[ _m\i~[^[ $å DDD%* J _`_cni ^_n_lg ch[hn_ ^[
_f_c~}i ^cpch[ h[ min_lcifiac[ ^_ Dml[_f j[l_]_ m_l g[cm io g _him _r[)
n[g _hn_ _kocp[f_hn_ [i _`_cni ^_n_lg ch[hn_ ^ [ g iln_ ^_ >lcmni j[l[
i ]l_hn_ "b'Wj'% Mg 2*/)07 3*07 4*/% h[ min_lcifiac[ ^_ K[ofi* N_ _mn_ ìl
i ][mi( _hn}i mola_ ch_pcn[p_fg _hn_ [ j_laohn[ m_ [ m_aoh^[ `[m_ h[
min_lcifiac[ j[ofch[ Ä cao[fg _hn_ _kocp[f_hn_ { m_aoh^[ `[m_ h [ min_)
lcifiac[ ^_ Dml[_f* @g ionl[m j[f[pl[m6 i j[j_f ^_ E_mom [i _r_]on[l i
dofa[g _hni mi\l_ ]l_hn_m ^_hnli ^[ min_lcifiac[ ^_ K[ofi Ä mcgjf_m)
g _hn_ i g _mg i j[j_f ^_ ?_om( _r_l]cî j il _f_ [i _r_]on[l i dofa[)
g _hni mi\l_ Dml[_f ^_hnli ^ _ m_om jlijÖmcnim min_lcifÖac]im;
I Öm h}i j i ^ _g i m cahil[l [koc o g j[l[f_fi _hnl_ Mg .*.)-2
_ .>il 1*-,* @o ]ihmc^_l[lc[ Mg .*2)-2 o g [ pzfc^[ ^_m]lc~}i î
dofa[g _hni `ch[f ^_ ? _om( pzfc^[ n[hni ^ c[hn_ î _p[ha_fbi ko [h ni
/0 K* Nnobfg[]b_l( ":^h_ijki A[iki _ij ^_[h% Z[h ][ijehX[d _ij% `W l_[bc[^h% Z[h WkY^ Wk\[hm[Yaj
_ij% Z[h pkh I[Y^j[d >ejj[i _ij kdZ kdi l[hjh_jj" #Iec 1',-$ V<koc( >lcmni E_mom Ä ko_g
gill_o( _ g[cm [ch^[( ko_g n[g\Äg ìc l_mmom]cn[î( ko_g _mnz { ^cl_cn[ ^_ ?_om
_ him ^_`_h^_ $Mg 4*/0%W ch A* <p_g[lc_( C* Gc]bn_h\_la_l $ila*%( 8k\[hij[^kd] &
I[ikhh[Yj_ed' RPIO -/1 $Oä\cha_h6 Hibl Nc_\_]e( .,,-%( j* /1-)/2-*
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\h__^[d hWXX_d_iY^[d C_j[hWjkh' RPIO $Oä\cha_h6 H ibl Nc_\_]e( -552%7 n[g\Äg
@lqzbfoha oh^ Q_la_fnoha6 Uol ijncih[f_h Nnloenol l[\\chcm]b_h Nin_lcifiac_ (
ch EKJ 01 $-555%6 -,4)-.2* < ]ih`_lÇh]c[ ^_ Nnobfg[]b_l $hin[ /0% moa_l_ ko_
[ i\l[ ^_ <p_g[lc_ i`_l_]_ og [ jimmc\cfc^[^_ ^_ [jlircg[~}i* N[_ikd] pkc
C[X[d kdZ C[X[di&N [_i[ Vchmnlo~}i j [ l[ [ p c^ [ _ g i ^ i ^_ pc^[W ìc i l_mog i
^_ C* Gc]bn_h\_la_l ^[ ^_m]i\_ln[ ^_ <p_g[lc_ _g ?[m Oil[)Q_lmn}h^hcm cg
E[^_hnog tol U_cn ^_m K[ofom ( ch E* ?* B* ?ohh $ila*%( GWkb WdZ j^[ D eiW_Y CWm
$Oä\cha_h6 H ibl Nc_\_]e( -552%( j* 3)./*
:Wf}jkbe *1 .1,
mi\ i _p[ha_fbi6 [ ^_m]lc~}i ^ i dofa[g _hni ^_ ? _om [nl[pÄm E_mom

> lcmni _ ^_ []ilî ]ig g _o _p[ha_fbi $Mg .*-2% _mnz _g ]ih)
nch o c^ [^ _ ]ig [ ^_m]lc~}i ^ [ domnc`c][~}i ò no l[ _g Mg .*-.)-/*/2
J g _mg i dofa[g _hni _mnz _g pcmn[ k o [h ^ i K[ofi `[f[ _g n_lg im
^_ \i[m i\l[m _ ^_ g zm i\l[m $Mg .*2)3( 5)-,% _ k o [h ^ i `[f[ î
dofa[g _hni ^_ []ilî ]ig i _p[ha_fbi $Mg .*-2%* J onlim( jilÄg (
]ihmc^_l[lc[g .*-.)-/ im n_lg im [hncaim ^ i dofa[g _hni `ch[f( [hn_m
î _p[ha_fbi _ mo j _l[^ i j i l Mg /*.-6 H [m( [ail[( { j [ln_ ^ [ G_c(
[ domnc~[ ^_ ? _om ìc l_p_f[^[ */3 I }i i\mn[hn_( im n_lg im ^_ .>il
1*-, j[l_]_g `[t_l _]i [im ^ _ Mg .*2)-/ h o g [ g _^ c^ [ mcahc`c][)
ncp[6 Oiîm hÖm n_g im ^_ ]ig j[l_]_l ^c[hn_ î nlihi ^_ dofa[)
g _hni ^_ >lcmni( j [l[ ko_ ][^[ ko[f jimm[ l_]_\_l l_]ig j_hm[ j i l
[kocfi ko_ ìc l_[fct[î hi ]ilji( m_d[ \_g io m_d[ g [f * @pc^_h)
n_g _hn_( i _p[ha_fbi h}i g o ^ i o [ ]l_h~[ ^_ K [ofi ^_ ko_ i EoÉti
Ach[f m_lc[ []_l][ ^[kocfi ko_ [faoÄg `ct_l[( im [nim \ihm io g [om
^_ [faoÄg * J l[( m_ E_mom Ä( j i ln[h ni ( h}i mig _hn_ i [^ p i a [^ i ^_
^_`_m[ $Mg 4*/0%( g [m n[g \Äg i doct $.>il 1*-,%( i ko_ cmni ^ct l_m)
j_cni { min_lcifiac[ ^_ K[ofi;
D> il /*-,)-1 i`_l_]_ o g [ jimmÉp_f l_mjimn[6 >lcmni Ä i òh^[)
g _hni ch^_mnlonÉp_f7 mig _hn_ [ moj_l_mnlonol[ m_lz n_mn[^[ $[ l_m)
j_cni ^ [ ^_mnloc~}i% j_fi ìai î dofa[g _hni7 _ [nÄ g _mg i m_ [
i\l[ ^_ [faoÄg Ä ko_cg [^[ V***W( _f_ g _mg i m_lz m[fpi( g [m j_fi
ìai $/*-1%* C z [koc o g _]i ^ [ ^_`_m[ _mj_]c[f _pc^_hn_ h[ [hn_)
lcil ^cmnch~}i do^[c][ _hnl_ i mi`lcg _hni $^_ og [ j_mmi[ domn[% ko_ Ä
^cm]cjfch[l( _ i mi`lcg _hni $^_ j_][îl_m% ko_ Ä ^_mnloncpi* < koc( [
min_lcifiac[ j[ofch[ ^_ ô[m `[m_m _h`l_hn[p[ ^_ hipi i g _mg i ncji
^_ ko_mnà_m ]igi _h`l_hn[p[ [ min_lcifiac[ ^_ ^ o [m `[m_m ^_ Dml[_f*
H chb[ j lÖ j lc[ n_hn[ncp[ ^_ _m]f[l_]_l [ min_lcifiac[ j[o fch [
^_ ^ o [m `[m_m n_g ì]i hi g incpi ^ [ n_hm}i _m][nifÖac][ _ hi
dz +[ch ^ [ )h } i ( `[g cfc[l [im _mno^cimim ^ [ n_ifiac[ j [ofch[(/4 ]ih)
ìlg _ g _h]cih[î []cg [ $å DDD%* @o `cko_c hip[g _hn_ cg jl_mmci)
/2 >`* K* Nnobfg[]b_l( GWkb"i C[jj[h je j^[ IecWdi $Giocmpcff_6 R_mngchmn_l( -550%(

j* 027 _f_ n[g \Äg i\m_lp[ ko_ _g j[ln_ [faog [ ^_ mo[m ][ln[m ]ihb_]c^[m(
_f_ $cmni Ä( K[ofi% _m\i~[ og [ cg[a_g mcmn_g[nc][g_hn_ [j_l`_c~i[^[ î EoÉti
Ach[f *
/3 K_hmi j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ hog [ ]ihp_lm[ j[lnc]of[l ]ig Alc_^lc]b <p_g[lc_ _g
m_n_g\li ^_ -555*
/4 ?ohh( K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% å -4*
.1- 9 I J Q < K @M NK@>ODQ< NJ=M@ K < P G J
h [^ i j_f[ _rn_hm}i _g ko_ n[f j [ ^ l} i j [o fch i m_ [^ _k o [p [ [i m_o

nl[n[g _h ni ^_ Dml[_f _g Mg 5)--6 Dml[_f ]ig i i _f_cni ^_ ? _om( g [m
jl_mi _hnl_ i dz _ i [ch^[)h}i( _hnl_ [ mo[ j lÖ j lc[ ^_mi\_^cÇh]c[
$n_g jilzlc[% _ i jlij Ö mcni `ch[f ^ [ g cm_lc]il^c[ ^cpch[*/5 @g [g)
\im im ][mim( i ko_ _mnz _g pcmn[ Ä o g jli]_mmi chc]c[î $_f_c~}i(
]i h p _lm}i +\ [ncmg i %( g [m [ch ^ [ h}i ]ig jf_n[î( ]od[ ]ig jf_no^_
[ch ^ [ h}i _mnz _pc^_hn_ _ [ch ^ [ n_g ^ _ m_l a[l[hnc^[*
J g [cm hinzp_f hi nl[n[g _hni ^ _ K[ofi m}i im `l_ko_hn_m m_
ko_ i]ill_g _g mo[m _riln[~à_m [ mc g _mg i _ [m i o nl[m j_mmi[m
k o_ ]l__g* >cni mig _hn_ im g [cm i\pcim* N_ NW[P pÖm $[m j_mmi[m
ko_ ]l__g % pcp_cm ^_ []ilî ]ig [ ][lh_( ]_ln[g _hn_ g ill_l_cm7
g [m m_ NW[P j_fi @mjÉlcni( j i h ^ _m { g iln_ im [nim ^_ pimmi ]ilji( pc)
p_l_cm $Mg 4*-/7 ]`* B- 2*4%* C _l^_clim ^ _ ? _om _ b_l^_clim dohni
]ig >lcmni( mi\ [ ]ih^c~}i ^_ ko_ NWubWdP mi`l[g im ]ig _f_( j [l[
ko_ jimm[g im n[g \Äg m_l afilc`c][îm ]ig _f_ $Mg 4*-3%*0, N_
? _om h}i j i o j i o im l[g im h[nol[cm( h}i j i o j [ lz [ pÖm V***W [ pÖm [
\ i h ^ [ ^ _ ^_ ? _om( m_ NWm`P ]ihncho[l_cm h_mm[ \ i h ^ [^ _ $Mg --*.-)
..%* J _p[ha_fbi V***W [nl[pÄm ^_ ko_ pÖm _mn[cm m_hî m[fpim( m_
NW[P i g [hncpÄl_cm `clg _g _hn_ V***W j [l[ ko_ h}i NW]fwe W[ _ tP n_hb[cm
]lcî _g p}i $D> il -1*.%* $L o_li% ]ihb_]Ç)fi $cmni Ä( [ >lcmni% _
i j i ^ _ l ^_ mo[ l_mmoll_c~}i _ [ ]ig ohb}i ]ig m_om mi`lcg _hnim(
m_hî ]ihìlg [î [ mo[ g iln_( m_ ^ _ [faog [ ìlg [ NWu bxeP _o jim)
m[ l_]_\_l [ l_mmoll_c~}i îm g ilnim $A- /*-,)--%*
? c[hn_ î hâ g _li n}i mcahc`c][ncpi ^ _ ]ih^c]cih[fc^[^_m( hÖm
mig _hn_ j i ^ _g i m him j _ la o h n[ l m_ i m_ j [o fch i h}i _kocp[f_ {
_rjl_mm}i do^[c][ m_ pÖm i\_^_]_l^_m { G_c * J n_lg i ]ih^c]ci)
h [fc^ [^ _ j i ^ _ h}i m_l i g _fbil j [ l[ ^_m]l_p_l [ ][on_f[ ^ _ K[ofi(
g [m i m_ ]_ln[g _hn_ ^_p_lc[ n_l o g fo a [l _g k o [fko _l n_hn[ncp[
^_ l_[`clg [l mo[ min_lcifiac[* @( pch]of[î { n_hm}i _m][nifÖac][(
io { l_m_lp[ _m][nÖfiac][( j i ^ _ m_l ^c`É]cf _m][j[l ^ [ ]ih]fom}i ^_
ko_ K[ofi _h n_h ^ c[ [ m[fp[~}i( j_fi g _him _g [faog [ g _^c^[(
^_j _h ^ _h n_ ^ [ j_lm_p_l[h~[ _ n[g \Äg ]ihmc^_lio [ jimmc\cfc^[)
^_ ^ _ ko_ i jli]_mmi ^ [ m[fp[~}i h}i ]b_a[lc[ [ m_ ]ig jf_n[l _g
[faohm+g ocnim$;% ][mim*0- x ]f[li ko_ i m_ jl_]cm[ m_l _hn_h^cî
/5 ?ohh( K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% å -5*

0, >`* [ch^[ ?ohh( K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% j* 04.)043*
0- Bcm) hip[g_hn_ ?ohh( K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% j* 053)054*
:Wf}jkbe *1 .1.
do h ni z ]ih`c[h~[ ko_ K[ofi _rjl_mm[ _g io nli m n_rnim6 ^_ ko_

? _om ]ig jf_n[lz i ko_ _f_ chc]cio* > ihnoî( o g n_rni ]ig i A--*2
jl_]cm[ m_l _kocfc\l[î dohni [i m_o j[l[f_fi _g B- /*/( _g ko_ [
]ih`c[h~[ î jlcg _cli Ä _mj_fb[^[ j_f[ [hmc_^[^_ î m_a o h ^ i $]`*
B- -*27 1*0%7 _ [ ]_ln_t[ ^ [ ]_h[ `ch[f _g Mg 4*.4)/5 h}i h_a[ h_g
][h]_f[ im m_ [hn_lcil_m $4*-/(-3%* P g [ mifo~}i n_Ölc][ Ä [lao)
g _hn[l ko_ [m j_mmi[m ko_ h}i j _lm_p _l[g mcg jf_mg _hn_ g imnl[g
ko_ ho h ][ ]ig _~[l[g (0. g [m _mn[ Ä [hn_m [ mifo~}i ^_ o g n_Öfiai(
]ig i i ko_ _m]l_p_o - Ei}i $_g _mj_]c[f .*-5%( h}i l_`f_nchî [ n_)
ifiac[ g o cni g [cm h o [h ~[^ [ _ ][on_fim[ ^_ K[ofi* O [g jio]i `[t
k o [fk o _l dom { m_lc_^[^_ ^_ mo[m _riln[~à_m [ m_om f_cnil_m []_l][
^ [ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_ pcp_l _g mo[ `Ä [nÄ i `cg* < fn_lh[ncp[g _hn_ bz
og [ jimmÉp_f mifo~}i _g n_lg im ^_ ohcp_lm[fcmg i _ og [ n_ifiac[
^[ ]lot ko_ [`_n[ [ l_mn[ol[~}i ^_ ni^[m [m ]icm[m 70/ _g \il[ og
[laog _hni m_g _fb[hn_g _hn_ ohcp_lm[fcmn[ [ l_mj_cni ^[ min_lcifi)
ac[ ^_ ô[m `[m_m ^_ Dml[_f j o ^ _mm_ m_l ]ihmnloÉî [ j [ lncl ^_ Mg
--*.4)/.* H _mg i [mmcg ( Ä ^c`É]cf ]ill_f[]cih[l n[f ohcp_lm[fcmg i
]ig j [mm[a_hm ]igi Mg .*4)5 _ -0*-17 D> il 5*.3 _ .Om -*3)5*
@g l_mog i( Ä ^c`É]cf h}i []_cn[l [m ^ o [m `[m_m ^ [ min_lcifiac[
K[ofi ]ig i j[l[f_f[m { min_lcifiac[ ^ _ ^ o [m `[m_m ^_ Dml[_f* Dmni
mcahc`c][ l_]ihb_]_l o g a l[o m_g _fb[hn_ ^_ ]ih`c[h~[ \ [m_[^ [ h[
_f_c~}i j i l ? _om _g [g \im im ][mim( [g \im ][j[t_m ^_ _r]f[g [l
nlco h `[h n_g _h n_ [ l_mj_cni î EoÉti Ach[f L o_g f_p[h n[lz []om[)
~à_m ]ihnl[ [m j_mmi[m ko_ ? _om _f_a_o; $Mg 4*//%* I i _hn[hni(
bz n[g \Äg o g [ hin[ m_g _fb[hn_ ^_ l_m_lp[* < ]ih`c[h~[ h}i ^_)
p _lc[ m_ ni lh [ l jl_moh~}i( o g [ `[fb[ j_f[ ko[f K[ofi ]lcnc][ m_om
]if_a[m do ^ _o m $Mg .*-3).5%( _ ]ihnl[ k o [f _f_ [f_ln[ m_om ]if_a[m
]l_hn_m $--*-3).0%* @g p_t ^cmmi( _f[ ^_p_lc[ m_ ni lh [ l [ \[m_ _ [
ìhn_ j [ l[ pcp_l ^_ []ilî ]ig i @mjÉlcni _ [mmcg ]o g j lcl [ _rc)
aÇh]c[ ^ [ G_c $Mg 4*-)0%* K[l[ K[ofi b[pc[ _p c^ _h n_g _h n_ ^c`_)
l_h~[m ]lo]c[cm _h nl_ [m ô[m( ]ig i _`_cni ^[ g iln_ _ l_mmoll_c~}i
0. E* H* B oh^ls Qif`( GWkb WdZ G[hi[l[h[dY[3 JjWo_d] _d WdZ =Wbb_d] 8mWo' RPIO
$Oä\cha_h6 H ibl Nc_\_]e( -55,%*
0/ Hifng[hh( :ec_d] e\ >eZ% j* .1,).11* >`* O* @meif[( K^[eZ_Yo WdZ Gh[Z[ij_dWj_ed
_d GWkb_d[ Jej[h_ebe]o' RPIO $Oä\cha_h6 Hibl Nc_\_]e( -554%* >ihnl[mn_)m_
Nnobfg[]b_l6 K[l[ K[ofi h}i b[pc[ h_hbog [ jimmc\cfc^[^_ ^_ m[fp[~}i hi
][mi ^_ og ]l_hn_ ko_ h_a[p[ io l_d_cn[p[ i _p[ha_fbi $B--*47 .>,l --*0(-/)-17
AD /*-4m% $IecWdi% j* 03%*
.1/ ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
^_ > lcmni _ î ^ i g î @mjclcni* H [m i `[ni ^_f_ cg [a ch [l E_mâm

n[g \Äg hi j [ j _f î dofa[g _hni _m][nifÖac]i ^_p_lc[ m_l mo`c]c_h)
n_ j [ l[ him f_g \l[l ^_ ko_ olh[ ]f[l[ hin[ ^ _ l_m_lp[ j _lg [h_]c[
_g j [ ln_ ^ _ mo[ min_lcifiac[*
OB
M_mog chî* E_mom ]igi doct Ä olh[ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ g ocni h_afca_h)
]c[^[ ^[ n_ifiac[ ]lcmn} g [cm [hnca[ _( j[lnc]of[lg _hn_( ^[ n_ifiac[
j[ofch[* Kil cmmi( [ cg jiln|h]c[ î g incpi jl_]cm[ m_l l_[`clg [^[*
Klcg _cli( _g l_f[~}i { ]lcmnifiac[ _ [i ]ih]_cni j[ofchi ^_
?_om* < koc( hÖm ji^_g im mcg jf_mg _hn_ hin[l ko_( j [l[ K[ofi(
> lcmni [\milp_ niîm im j[jÄcm)]b[p_ hi dofa[g _hni `ch[f [nlc\oÉ)
îm hi do^[cmg i î N_aohî O_g jfi {m ionl[m `caol[m m[fpÉ`c][m(
n[hni im m_l_m)bog [him _r[fn[^[m ko[hni im m_l_m ]_f_mnc[cm* J j[j_f
$im j[jÄcm% [nlc\oÉîm [ E_mom h}i ch`lcha_g ^_ g [h_cl[ [faog [ i
][lzn_l [\mifoni ^[ jl_llia[ncp[ ^_ ?_om ]igi doct `ch[f _ n[g \Äg
]ig i ]lc[îl chc]c[f* > ihnoî( n[cm j[jÄcm _rjl_mm[g _`_ncp[g _hn_
[ ]ihpc]~}i ]lcmn})jlcg cncp[ ^_ ko_ i dofa[g _hni `ch[f m_lc[ ^_ []il)
î ]ig i _p_hni m[fpÉ`c]i l_[fct[î j_f[ g iln_ _ l_mmoll_c~}i ^_
E_mom( ^_ []ilî ]ig [ c^_c[ ^_ ko_ i ][lzn_l î EoÉti Ach[f ^_ ?_om
m_lc[ c^Çhnc]i { mo[ domnc~[ _ [i m_o [g il _rjl_mm[îm _g _ [nl[pÄm
^_ E_mom* @ h}i mig _hn_ cmmi* N_ [ fchao[a_g j o ^ _ l m_l ìl~[^[(
_hn}i im j[jÄcm _rjl_mm[g n[g \Äg [ ]ih`c[h~[ ^_ ko_ i jlÖjlci
E_mom _mn[lc[ _hpifpcî h[ko_f_ []_lni `ch[f ^ _ ]ihn[m( ]igi [a_hn_
^_ ? _om _ chn_l]_mmil ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om*
N_aohî( _g l_f[~}i { min_lcifiac[ ^_ K[ofi* < koc( i j_hm[)
g _hni ^_ E_mom ]igi doct mo\fchb[ i [ch^[ h}i ^ [ min_lcifiac[ ^_
K[ofi( im m_ ko_ j[l_]_g chn_al[cm { mo[ min_lcifiac[* N_ i [f_ln[
^_ ko_ E_mom m_lz doct l_[fg _hn_ _kocp[f_ [im [f_ln[m [hnca[g _hn_
[hoh]c[îm [ Dml[_f ^_ ko_ i j lÖj lci Dml[_f _f_cni j i l ? _om Ä j[mmÉ)
p_f ^_ dofa[g _hni j i l mo[ ^_mi\_^cÇh]c[( cmni Ä [fai ko_ j _^ _ g[ci)
l_m j_mkocm[m* @ m_ bz l_[fg _hn_ [faog [ g _^ c^ [ ^_ jlipcmilc_^[^_
h[ ]ig jl__hm}i j[ofch[ î jli]_mmi ^_ m[fp[~}i ko_ _kocp[fb[ {
jlipcmilc_^[^_ hi hig cmg i ^[ [fc[h~[ ^_ Dml[_f( n[f Ä cao[fg _hn_
[fai ko_ ^_p_lc[ m_l ^cm]oncî ]ig g [cil jli ò h ^ c^ [^ _* H[m( hi
g Éhcg i( hchaoÄg ^_p_lc[ `[t_l jio]i ][mi ^[ m_lc_^[^_ g il[f î
]b[g [î î j lÖj lci K[ofi j i l i\_^cÇh]c[ ^_ `Ä *
<Xg}klcf +3
DaUZ W[`_S^ & FX`j ldX m\q

fYiXj [X E\` 4 f [`vcf^f ZfekèlX
?_\[n_l ]ig A >BDDB K âBLâG>G ko_mnà_m ^[ chn_ljl_n[~}i ^_ K[ofi

n_g mcî olh[ ^[m _rj_lcÇh]c[m g[cm _mncgof[hn_m _ [al[^zp_cm î g_o
nl[\[fbi mi\l_ K[ofi* ?_m^_ _hn}i( ][^[ og ^_ hÖm pifnio mo[ [n_h)
~}i j[l[ ionlim [mmohnim( g[m im ^_\[n_m _ [m ^cm]ommà_m ]ihncho[l[g
h_mm_ g_ci n_gji( _ _mj_li ko_ A >BDDB aimn_ ^_mn[ \l_p_ n_hn[ncp[ ^_
l_nig[l [fai ^_ himmi [hncai ^czfiai*
< mi\l_jimc~}i ^_ himmim chn_l_mm_m ìc \[mn[hn_ [g jf[(- g[m _m)
j_li ko_ _f_ g_ j_lî_ ko[hî pifni j[l[ og [ ko_mn}i ko_ m_ nilhio
og [ jl_i]oj[~}i j[lnc]of[l g chb[ _ ko_ j[l_]_ {m p_t_m n_l a_l[î
g[cm ][fil î ko_ fot ) i ko_ K[ofi kocm ^ct_l ]ig [ _rjl_mm}i i\l[m
^[ G_c * J ^_\[n_ _g [h^[g _hni Ä ^_ og [ moljl__h^_hn_ pcn[fc^[^_(
_ _o mojihbi ko_ m_d[ [mmcg jlch]cj[fg_hn_ jil ô[m l[tà_m* Pg[ Ä
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:Wf}jkbe *2 .12
h[ n_ifiac[ ^_ K[ofi*2 J ko_ g_ chnlca[p[ h[ko_f[ Äji][ _l[ i `[ni ^_

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jlcg _cli _g [fai ko_ K[ofi i\pc[g_hn_ om[p[ ]igi og [ _rjl_mm}i
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lom[fÄg _ <hncikoc[*
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]l_hn_m hi H_mmc[m E_mom-, chmcmnc[g ko_ _mm[m f_cm ]ihncho[p[g [ m_l
chpcifzp_cm j[l[ niîm im do^_om( _ ko_ _mm_ `[ni jl_]cm[p[ l_a_l mo[m
l_f[~à_m ]ig [ko_f_m a_hncim ko_ n[g\Äg ]b_a[l[g [ ]l_l _g E_mom*--
?c`c]cfg_hn_ ji^_ m_l []c^_hn[f( jiln[hni( ko_ K[ofi ijn[mm_ jil chnli)
ôtcl _r[n[g_hn_ [ _rjl_mm}i i\l[m ^[ G_c _g m_o l_mogi ^[kocfi
ko_ _mn[p[ _g diai him îcm ch]c^_hn_m* Pg[ ]f[l[ cgjfc][~}i ^_ .*-2
2 Pg[ ^[m `l[ko_t[m ^[ l_mjimn[ ^_ Mzcmzh_h [ g _o [lncai I_q K_lmj_]ncp_ ìc

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-- @ ^_mh_]_mmzlci ]b_a[l [ og [ mifo~}i g[cm hÉnc^[ î ko_ _mn[ h[ l_`_lÇh]c[ [i
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g_m[ ^[ l_`_c~}i*
:Wf}jkbe *2 .2*
z ko_ K[ofi pc[ im nl[^c]cih[fcmn[m ]igi _rcachî i\l[m ^[ G_c _g

[^c~}i { `Ä _g E_mâm >lcmni*-. J ko_ mcahc`c][ n[g\Äg ko_( [i ìlgof[l
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^_\[n_ l[tizp_f*
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g [ _m\i~[^[ òh]cih[ n[g \Äg [i chp_lmi* K[ofi nch b [ j_hm[p[
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fi ko_ ]b[g _c ^_ òh~}i ^_ ^_`chcl `lihn_cl[m * @f[m g [l][p[g [
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î îm n_lgim*/-
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// IecWdi' R=> /4 $?[ff[m6 Ril^( -544%( j* 537 ]`* hip[g_hn_ Afomm_l(
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J ko_ ][om[ i jli\f_g[ Ä [ chn_ljl_n[~}i omo[f ^_ i\l[m ^[ G_c ]igi

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Oiîm _mm_m ^_n[fb_m _mn}i ]ill_nim* Ii _hn[hni( g_mgi [mmcg(

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ko[cm m_lz l_[fct[î i EoÉti Ach[f;
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]ih_r}i ]ig Dml[_f( ]ig i [ G_c ^ _ Dml[_f* J h ^ _ n[f [mj_]ni ]_hnl[f
^ [ G_c _l[ mi\l__h`[nct[î( ^_ o g [ g [h _cl[ _r]fomcp[ _ _rn_lh[
$i ][mi _g k o _mn}i m_h ^ i [ ]cl]oh]cm}i%( K [ofi h}i [ ]ihmc^_l[)
/. >`* R* N]bl[a_( * Beh_dj^[h' @FF 3 +. $?ämm_fîl`6 =_htca_l( -551%6 ;Wi <dZ[

Z[i >[i[jp[i Wbi ?[_bim[] #IÅc *)%-$ _cfb_p_[hj d_Y^j i[_d <dZ[ Wbi C[X[dim[_ikd]
VJ `cg ^[ G_c ]igi ][gchbi ^_ m[fp[~}i $Mg -,*0% h}i cgjfc][ m_o `cg ]igi
ilc_hn[~}i j[l[ [ pc^[W7 j* -/2*
// <fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* g_o #I_cnb_l >cl]og]cmcih Iil Ph]cl]og]cmcih( \ o n ***# $Bf 1*.)
-.7 2*-.)-27 ]`* D>il* 3*-3).,% ( ch <* Q[hbis_ $ila*%( CW =e_ 8]_iiWdj fWh P8cekh
#>WbWj[i -'*+&/'*/$' $Mig[6 <\\[s_ ^_ N* K[of( -552%( j* 35)--, $9 WY_cW% >[j* -/%*
0.2 ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
p [ [j li j lc[ ^ [ * H [m [ G_c p cmn[ ]ig i [ G _ c+i m g [ h ^ [g _h ni m ^_

? _om( ^ c`_ l_ h ] c[ ^ [ +i m _ h}i l_ m nlcn[ +i m { G_c ko_ ^_`chc[ Dml[_f(
n[f _l[ [ ch ^ [ _rjl_mmcp[ j [ l[ [ p i h n[ ^ _ ko_ ? _om nch b [ j [ l[ [
b o g [ h c^ [ ^ _*
.( : E\` \d KfdXefj
@g mo[ > [ln[ [im M ig [him( K[ofi ^_m_hpifp_ mo[ pcm}i ^[
G_c( io( i ko_ Ä jlip[p_fg _hn_ g [cm ]ill_ni( _f_ ìlg of[ [mj_]nim
^_ mo[ ]ig jl__hm}i î j [j _f ^ [ Oilz ko_ [ch ^ [ h}i nchb[ _rjl_m)
m[î $n}i ]f[l[g _hn_% [hn_m*
-'*' Klcg _cli( [`clg [ ko_ a bSbW^ UW`fdS^ W [_badfS`fW VS BW[ WdS
eWdh[d Ua_a S _WV[VS Va bWUSVa3 cmni Ä( j[l[ ^_`chcl i j_][î( j[l[
nilh[l im j_][îl_m ]ihm]c_hn_m ^_ mo[ nl[hmal_mm}i _ j[l[ ìlh_)
]_l olh[ p[l[ ^_ g _^cl j_f[ ko[f i j_][î m_lc[ dofa[î* Mg /*.,
) [nl[pÄm [ G_c p_g i ]ihb_]cg _hni î j_][î 7 0*-1 ) ih^_ h}i
bz G_c( h}i bz nl[hmal_mm}i 7 Mg 1*-/ ) i j_][î h}i Ä ]ihn[î h[
[omÇh]c[ ^[ G_c 7 3*-/ ) [ `cg ^_ ko_ i j _][^ i m_ ni lh [mm_ chn_c)
l[g _h n_ j _][g ch i mi [nl[p Äm ^ i g [ h ^ [g _h ni * @mn_ j [ j _f j i ^ _
m_l [ fo ^ c^ i _g B- /*-57 g [m i j [ j _f m_ ni lh [ _rjfÉ]cni mig _hn_
h [ j i mn_lci l > [ln[ [im M ig [him* No[ l_ j _ nc^ [ l_`_lÇh]c[ [ _mm_
j [ j _ f _g M ig [him ^ c`c]cfg _hn_ cg jfc][ ko_ _f_ ncp_mm_ [][\[î
^_ j _ h m[ l h_f_$8%* @g p_t ^cmmi( K [o fi j i ^ _ n_l _rj fc]cn[^ i _mm[
òh~}i ^ [ G_c j i lk o _ [ mo[ l_f_p|h]c[ ]i h nÉh o [ _mn[p[ m_h ^ i
k o _ mnci h [^ [ _g [fa o h m ]Él]ofim ]lcmn}im _ j i lk o _ [ mo [ j lÖ j lc[
ch n_ lj l_ n[ ~} i ^ i j [ j _f ^ [ G_c ^ _ h nli î j li j Ö mcni ^_ ? _om ji)
^ c[ `[]cfg _hn_ m_l _ h n_ h ^ c^ [ ]ig i o g [ l_d_c~}i ^ [ G_c( ]ig i
`c][lz ]f[li [ m_aocl*
@ [i j[j_f ^[ G_c ]igi [ g _^c^[ î j_][î ko_ _f_ ]ih`_)
l_ jli_g chÇh]c[ h[ []om[~}i chc]c[f ^_ Mg -*-4)/*.,* J j [j _f _mnz
_rjfÉ]cni hi ][j* .( _mj_]c[fg _hn_ _g Mg .*-.)-2* Klcg _cli j[l_]_
ko_ [ òh~}i dofa[îl[ ^ [ G_c Ä [j_h[m l_f_p[hn_ j [l[ Dml[_f6 Jm
g ocnim ko_ j_][l[g m_g [ G_c j_l_]_l}i n[g \Äg m_g [ G_c7 _ im
g ocnim ko_ j_][l[g ^_h nli ^[ G_c m_l}i ]ih^_h[îm [nl[pÄm ^_f[
$Mg .*-.%* < `ch[f ^_ ]ihn[m( [ Oilz Ä [ G_c ^_ Dml[_f $å .%* I i _hn[hni(
:Wf}jkbe +* 0.3
K[ofi dz nchb[ [j_f[î j [l[ o g [ ]ihm]cÇh]c[ g [cm [g jc[ $ohcp_l)

m[f% []_l][ î ^_]l_ni domni ^_ ? _om $Mg -*/.%(/0 _ _f_ ]ihncho[ [
[jl_m_hn[l a_hnÉim ko_ `[t_g j i l h [no l_t[ i ko_ [ G_c _rca_ ( ko_
^_g ihmnl[g [ G_c _m]lcn[ _g m_om ]il[~à_m _ ko_ i\m_lp[g [m
_rcaÇh]c[m ^[ G_c $Mg .*-0)-1(.2%* Kiln[hni( ^_ hipi( _f_ _mn[p[
j _hm[hî hi `v_ae ^_ ? _om ]igi ì][î h[ Oilz( g [m h}i ]igi
fcg cn[î { Oilz io l_mnlcni ^_hnli ^ [ g _mg [* N_ [m j_mmi[m ko_ h}i
]ihb_]_g [ Oilz ]ihb_]_g i ^_]l_ni domni î `v_ae ^_ ?_om( _hn}i
`v_ae h}i Ä mcg jf_mg _hn_ c^Çhnc]i { Oilz*/1 < i\lca[~}i bog [h[
^ c[hn_ ^_ ? _om Ä _rjl_mm[ ^[ g [h_cl[ g [cm ]ig jf_n[ jimmÉp_f h[
G_c ^_ Dml[_f( g [m h}i Ä mcg jf_m ]i)_rn_hmcp[ ]ig [ Oilz _ j i ^ _ m_l
]ihb_]c^[ _ l_mj i h ^ c^ [ { j[ln_ ^_f[* < f_c( [nÄ g _mg i _hko[hni G_c
^_ Dml[_f( nl[hm]_h^_ Dml[_f*
Dmni n_g og [ l_f_p|h]c[ j[lnc]of[l j [l[ i [oa_ ^ [ []om[~}i
_g Mg /*-5).,* J ji h ni [laog _hn[ncpi ^_ K[ofi Ä ko_ [ G_c nilh[
ni^[m [m j_mmi[m l_mjihmzp_cm ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om* H [m ]igi Ä jli_g c)
h_hn_g _hn_ [ G_c ^_ Dml[_f( Ä [ Dml[_f ko_ m_ _h]ihnl[ _mj_]c[fg _hn_
_h^_l_~[^[ j_f[m j[f[pl[m ^[ ]ih^_h[~}i* < koc( K[ofi _mn[\_f_]_
^_ hipi [ n_hm}i _hnl_ [ c^_c[ ^ [ G_c m_hî j_]ofc[lg _hn_ ^ _ Dml[_f(
g [m n[g \Äg [ G_c ìlh_]_hî im j [l|g _nlim j_f[ ko[f _f[ m_lz [
g _^c^[ ^ [ bog [hc^[^_*
0*.* J m_aohî j [j _f ^[ G_c ko_ a[hb[ ^_mn[ko_ _g Mig [him

Ä S _S`W[dS Ua_a S BW[ r geSVS W STgeSVS bWâ baVWd Va bWUSVa bSdS [Ù[&
fSd A VWeW\a(bdSlWd W bSdS bdaVgl[d A cgW r Ua`fdmd[a n ha`fSVW VW :Wge'
< [`clg [~}i chc]c[f î n_g [ mi[ ]igi og [ al[p_ []om[~}i ]ihnl[
[ G_c6 < G_c p_ci j [l[ [og _hn[l [ nl[hmal_mm}i $Mg 1*.,%* Dmni
j i^_lc[ m_l ionl[ l_[`clg [~}i î jlcg _cli n_g[6 [ G_c nilh[ ]ihm)
]c_hn_ î j_][î( j li ^ o t g [cm j_][î7 io nilh[ ]ihm]c_hn_ î j_)
][î( `[t_hî)i j[l_]_l [ch^[ g [cm b_^cihî* I i _hn[hni( ko[h)
î K[ofi pifn[ j [l[ i n_g [ [hoh]c[î _g Mg 1*.,( `c][ ]f[li ko_
_f_ _mn[p[ j _h m[h ^ i hi j[j_f ^ [ G_c ]igi o g [a_hn_ ko_ jlipi][
/0 @mn_ m[\_hî $Mg -*/.% l_g_n_ i\pc[g_hn_ ^_ pifn[ [i m[\_hî ^_

-*-5(.-(.4*
/1 K[l[ [ ko_mn}i gocni ^_\[nc^[ m_ K[ofi _mn[p[ m_ l_`_lchî [i ]ih]_cni ^_ og[
f_c h}i _m]lcn[ _ j[l[ i l_]_hn_ molacg_hni î ]ih]_cni ^_ ]ihm]cÇh]c[ ( ]`*
g _o ]ig_hnzlci IecWdi% j* 55)-,.*
/.) ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
j[crà_m j_][g chim[m $Mg 3*1%*/2 @f_ j[l_]_ []om[l [ G_c ^_ m_l o g
[èfdg_W`fa _ h}i mcg jf_mg _hn_ [ _WV[VS î j_][î( i ko_ _mnz ]É[)
lzg _hn_ cg jfÉ]cni h[ ch`_lÇh]c[ ko_ K[ofi ]ihmc^_l[ fÖac][6 ko_ [
j lÖ j lc[ G_c Ä j_][î $Mg 3*3%;8 H [m( [mmcg ko_ K[ofi jlipi][ mo[
[o^cÇh]c[ [ _h`l_hn[l n[f jimmc\cfc^[^_( _f_ [ h_a[ _ m_ ^clca_ j[l[
[fai ko_ Ä og [ ^_`_m[ pcailim[ ^[ G_c $Mg 3*3).1%* < ]ofj[ h}i Ä
^[ G_c( g [m ^[ `l[ko_t[ ^ [ ][lh_ _ î j i ^ _l î j_][î ko_ $[\%om[
$^%[ G_c j [l[ chmnca[l i ^ _ m_ di +j l[ t _l î `loni jlic\cî */3
@ _mm_ j [j _f ^_ [a_hn_ chpifohnzlci ^[ G_c ko_ K[ofi l_mo)
g _ h[ _rjl_mm}i G_c î j_][î $Mg 3*./(.17 4*.%( { ko[f dz him
l_`_lcg im $å -*.%* @f[ Ä [hzfia[ [i j[j_f ^[ G_c _g Bzf[n[m( _g ko_
[ G_c Ä ^_m]lcn[ ]igi jlin_nil[ ^_ Dml[_f _ ]ig_~[ [ òh]cih[l _g
l_f[~}i [im a_hncim ]ihp_lncîm ^_g [mc[^[g _hn_ ]ig i og îm efa[&
UZVS% [im ko[cm nchb[g mcî _m]l[pct[îm [hnca[g _hn_ $å .*.%* @ _g
Bzf[n[m( [ G_c Ä ]ifi][^[ ]ihnl[ o g j[Ñi ^_ ò h ^ i ]Ömgc]i ) h}i
g _l[g _hn_ ]ig i o g ]Ö^cai ^_ _rcaÇh]c[m cg jimni mi\l_ Dml[_f
j_fi ? _om ^_ Dml[_f( g [m ]igi o g ]Ö^cai ][j[t ^_ ^_m_g j_hb[l
o g j [j _f hi j[f]i g [cil _ hi ]il[~}i ^[ bog [hc^[^_* I Öm ji^_)
lc[g im [nÄ g _mg i ^ct_l ko_( î g _mg i g iî ko_ j i l nlzm ^_ j_)
][îm ch^cpcô[cm _mnz i $ji^_l î% j_][î( _mnz j i l nlzm ^[ Oilz i
jlch]cjci g [cm _f_p[î ^[ p ihn[^_ ^_ ?_om* K[l[ niîm im _`_cnim( [
Oilz òh]cih[ h}i mcg jf_mg _hn_ ]igi [ g _^c^[ î ]_lni _ î _ll[)
î( g [m j i ^ _ m_l g [h cj o f[^ [ j_fim ionlim ji^_l_m ) ch`_fctg _hn_
i j i ^ _l î j_][î( g [m n[g \Äg i j i ^ _l î @mjclcni $Mg 4*.%* @g
no ^ i cmni( [ G_c j_lg [h_]_ ]igi [ _rjl_mm}i _ [ g _^c^[ ^ [ pihn[^_
^_ ? _om( _ i ]og jlcg _hni ^_ mo[m domn[m _rcaÇh]c[m j_lg [h_]_ [
g _n[ ^[ko_f[m j_mmi[m ko_ ][g chb[g ^_ []ilî ]ig i @mjÉlcni
$Mg 4*0%*
-',' <m g ocn[m `[]_m ^[ G_c ko_ ìl[g [mmcg _hì][^[m `c][g
\_g pcmÉp_cm _g Mg 5*/,)-,*-.* Kil o g f[î( K[ofi `[f[ ^ [ G_c _g
/2 Kl_mogcp_fg_hn_( dz ko_ m_ j_hm[ h[ G_c ]igi ^[^[ _mj_]c`c][g_hn_ [ Dml[_f(

[m j[crà_m j_][gchim[m ch]fo_g og [ g cmnol[ _mnl[hb[ ^_ ilaofbi h[]cih[f _
[onichôfaÇh]c[( []om[^[ _g .*-3).0 $]`* WXW_ne% j* 21/)211%*
/3 J _]i ^_ Bh /*-/ _g Mg 3*-- ^_cr[ ^_ ìl[ ko[fko_l ^âpc^[ ko_ m_ nl[n[ [koc ^_
änh[ [fom}i { bcmnÖlc[ jlcg cncp[ ^_ <^}i $]`* g _o ]ig_hnzlci IecWdi% j* /40( _
[m j* /35)/4-7 K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% j* 54)-,,%*
:Wf}jkbe +* /.*
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) î
l_f[~}i [ Dml[_f _g n_lg im g [cm jimcncpim* < G_c _l[ olh[ g _n[ [ m_l
j _lm_aoc^[ j i l Dml[_f( [ G_c ^_ domnc~[ $Mg 5*/-%*/4 K[ofi _mnz jl_)
mog cp_fg _hn_ j _h m[h ^ i h[ òh~}i ^[ G_c ]igi o g j [^ l}i _ olh[
g _^c^[ ^ [ pihn[^_ ^_ ? _om j [ l[ Dml[_f* Dml[_f h}i [f][h~io [ G_c
$5*/-%( g [m cmni h}i ^cg ch o co i j [j _f ^ [ G_c ^_ Dml[_f ]ig i ^[^ [
j i l ? _om _ ]igi _rjl_mm}i ^[ pihn[^_ ^_ ?_om* J j_hm[g _hni Ä
[koc ]ihmcmn_hn_ ]ig [ c^_c[ _g B zf[n[m ^_ ko_ [ G_c òh]cih[ ]igi
i ao[l^c}i jli n_ni l ^_ Dml[_f $å .*-%* > ihnoî( ]igi _g Bzf[n[m( [
pch ^ [ ^_ > lcmni _ [ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^[ `Ä _g >lcmni g [l][l[g i _h]_l)
l[g _hni ^_mm[ `[m_ $Mg 5*//)-,*0%*/5 @g ]ihm_koÇh]c[( i j[j_f g [cm
fcg cn[î ^ [ G_c ^_ ìlh_]_l ^cl_~}i j [l[ [ p c^ [ ^_ Dml[_f $Mg -,*1%0,
_mn[p[ n[g \Äg _h]_ll[î*
I _mn_ jihni( K[ofi `[t o g [ ^ _ mo[m chn_ljl_n[~à_m g [cm iom[)
^[m( jicm _g Mg -,*2)-,( _f_ ]cn[ ? n /,*--)-0 ]ig i o g [ _rjl_mm}i
^ [ domnc~[ ^_ `Ä ( ]ig i ^cmnchn[ ^ [ domnc~[ ^ [ G_c _rjl_mm[^[ _g
-,*1+G p -4*1* H [m ? _on_lihág ci /, Ä i ]fÉg [r ^ i fcpli ^ [ G_c
$? _on_lihág ci%( [ [`clg [~}i ]fzmmc][ î hig cmg i ^ [ [fc[h~[ *0-
O i^[ [ mo[ chn_h~}i _l[ chmcmncl ko_ [ i\_^cÇh]c[ { G_c _l[ chn_cl[)
g _hn_ jimmÉp_f j [l[ Dml[_f6 J g [h ^ [g _h ni h}i Ä ^c`É]cf ^_g [cm
j [l[ nc7 V***W [ j [f[p l[ _mnz _g no [ \i][ _ _g n_o ]il[~}i( ^ _ g iî
ko_ no j i ^ _m `[tÇ)f[ $?n /,*--(-0%* @g ko[m_ ni ^ [m [m fchb[m ^_
ch n_ljl_n[~}i do^[c][m( Gp -4*1 _ ?n /,*--)-0 _l[g iopc^[m ]igi
[ _rjl_mm}i ^_ olh[ mÖ pit* H [m K[ofi l_]ill_ [ olh[ chn_ljl_n[)
~}i ^ [ j[mm[a_g ^ i ? _on_lihág ci ko_ dz _l[ ]ill_hn_ _g ]Él]ofim
do^[c]im _ ko_ pÇ [ G_c [\ i l^ [^ [ [koc ]ig i [ _rjl_mm}i ^ _ olh[
/4 K[l[ i g[f)_hn_h^cî ^_mm[ _rjl_mm}i( ]`* g _o ]ig_hnzlci IecWdi% j* 14-7 E* <*

Acntgs_l( IecWdi' <= // $Iip[ Dilko_6 ?io\f_^[s( -55/%( j* 134*
/5 @g Mg -,*0( jzbei ji^_ mcahc`c][l n[hni `cg ]igi ]og jlcg _hni ( g[m og
]og jlcg _hni ko_ jà_ og `cg [ og j[j_f [hn_lcil $]`* g_o ]ig_hnzlci IecWdi%
j* 1457 Hii( IecWdi% j* 2/2)20.%*
0, I}i Ä jil [][mi ko_ K[ofi ]cn_ Gp -4*1 $]`* WY_cW% hin[ ./% n[hni _g Bf /*-- ]igi
_g Mg -,*1( _ ^_ olh[ ìlg[ ko_ ^cg cho[ i j[j_f ^[ G_c _g il^_h[l [ pc^[ _g
]_lni ]ihnl[mn_ { domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä*
0- < _rjl_mm}i ko_ m_ nilhio jijof[l [ j[lncl ^_ @* K* N[h^_lm( GWkb WdZ GWb[ij_d_Wd
AkZW_ic $Gih^l_m6 N>H( -533% jl_n_h^c[ mo\mncnocl [ pcm}i g[cm nl[^c]cih[f î
do^[cmgi ]igi _mnl_cn[g_hn_ f_a[fcmn[ jil ionl[ ko_ _kocfc\l[p[ g_fbil _hnl_ i
m_hmi ^_ _f_c~}i ko_ Dml[_f nchb[ $[fc[h~[% _ [ ]ihm_ko_hn_ i\lca[~}i ^_ i\_^cÇh)
]c[ $higcmgi%*
/.+ ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
m[\_îlc[ i o ^_ o g \_g g [cm ohcp_lm[f*0. @ _f_ _h n_h^ _ [ j[mm[)

a_g ]ig i l_`_lÇh]c[ [ [fai ko_ _f_ ]ihmc^_l[p[ o g [ _rjl_mm}i
g [cm nl[hm]_h^_hn_ ^ [ p i h n[^ _ ^_ ? _om î ko_ [ G_c _h n_h ^ c^ [
$g _l[g _hn_% ]ig i [ Oilz ^_ Dml[_f* J g [ h ^ [ g _ h ni +j [ f[ p l[ ^_
ko_ `[f[ i ? _on_lihág ci Ä [ j [f[p l[ ^ [ `Ä ko_ j l_a [g i m $Mg
-,*4%* < koc( [mmcg ]ig i []ihn_]_ ]ig [ G_c ^_ > lcmni $B- 2*.% _
[ G_c ^ i @mjclcni $Mg 4*.%( [ G_c j i ^ _ m_l ]ihmc^_l[^[ olh[ _r)
jl_mm}i ^ [ domnc~[ m[fpÉ`c][( o g _p[ha_fbi8 J j_h m[g _h ni Ä g ocni
m_g _fb[hn_ [i ^_ Mg /*.3 $ [ G_c ^ [ `Ä %6 [ G_c ]ig i olh[ _rjl_m)
m}i ^ [ `Ä* @ cmni ko_ nilh[ Mg -,*2)-, o g [ p _l^ [^ _cl[ [Ù^ge[a ]ig
5*/-6 [ G_c _l[ [ G_c ^ _ domnc~[ j [ l[ Dml[_f( g [m Dml[_f h}i [ [f][h~io
j i lk o _ h}i [ j_lm_a o c[ ^ _m^ _ [ `Ä $Mg 5*/.%* I i _hn[hni( [ G_c
i o p c^ [ ]ig i j[f[p l[ ^ [ `Ä $-,*4% Ä o g g _ci ^ _ domnc~[ j [l[ ni^[m
[m j_mmi[m ko_ ]l__g $Mg -,*0(5)-,%*
@g mog [( g [cm olh[ p_t p_g im ko_ [ G_c j i ^ _ m_l _h n_h ^ c^ [
_mnl_cn[g _hn_( _hì][^[ _r]fomcp[g _hn_ mi\l_ Dml[_f _ mi\l_ i ko_
Dml[_f nchb[ ^ _ `[t_l* Dmni _l[ j [ l[ K[ofi _r[n[g _hn_ [ g _mg [ ]icm[
ko_ [ G_c nl[É^ [ j_f[ `l[ko_t[ ^ [ ][lh_ _ [\ o m[^ [ j_f[m ^cmnil~à_m
^ [m j[crà_m j_][g chim[m* H [m [ G_c nl[hm`_lc^[ j [ l[ ìl[ ^_mm[
j _lmj_]ncp[ l_mnlcncp[ _ l_mnlchacîl[( [ G_c ]ig i [fai ko_ chpi)
][p[ [ `Ä _ _l[ o m[^ [ j_fi @mjÉlcni _g j li f ^ [ pc^[( ]ihncho[p[ [
m_lpcl ]ig i [ g _^ c^ [ ^ [ p i h n[^ _ _ î dofa[g _hni ^ _ ?_om*
/( :j fYiXj [X E\`
J l_mo fn[^ i g [cm hinzp_f ^ _mn[ mih^[a_g chc]c[f Ä [ nl_g _h^[
`f_rc\cfc^[^_ î ^cm]olmi j [o fch i mi\l_ [ Oilz* Q [g im l_][jcno)
f[l* -% Kil `v_ae% K[ofi _hn_h^_ ko[m_ m_g jl_ S BW[ bWd eW% [ Oilz
^_ Dml[_f* H[m [ l_`_lÇh]c[ ji^_ m_l g[cm _mnl_cn[( ji^_ m_l `_cn[ [ og
g [h^[g _hni j[lnc]of[l( io ji^_ m_l g[cm [gjf[( `_cn[ { @m]lcnol[ _g
a_l[f( io { pihn[^_ _ m[\_îlc[ ^_ ?_om _rjl_mm[^[m [nl[pÄm ^[ @m]lc)
nol[* .% >igi BW[ VW ?edSW^% _f[ ji^_ m_l pcmn[ ]igi _hì][^[ _g og
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n_ [im g _mg im ijih_hn_m*10 I Öm ji^_g im jlip[p_fg _hn_ ^ _^ o tcl
[^_k o [^ [g _h n_ ko_( k o [h ^ i K[ofi m_ l_`_l_ h[ fchb[ ^ [ [laog _h)
n[~}i ^_ Bf .*--).- [i `[ni ^_f_ n_l g illcî j [l[ [ G_c $.*-5%( _f_ m_
l_`_lc[ [ _mm_ [mj_]ni ^ [ G_c ) cmni Ä( [ mojimc~}i ^_ m_om ]if_a[m
do^_o)]lcmn}im ^_ ko_ niîm im ]l_hn_m ncp_mm_g ^_ [mmog cl i g iî
^_ p c^ [ ^cmnchncp[g _hn_ do^[c]i7 WefS ìc [ G_c j [l[ [ ko[f _f_ nchb[
g illcî*11 @ dz ko_ [ ][lh_ _mnz n}i ìln_g _hn_ pch]of[^[ { ]cl]oh)
]cm}i $Bf /*/7 0*./7 2*-.)-/%( h}i ìl~[g im i j_hm[g _hni ^_ K[ofi
1/ >`* g _o fcpli K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% j* /.)//(-.-)-./(25,)25.(3,.)3,1*

10 >`* g _o ]ig_hn[lci >WbWj_Wdi% j* -3,)-307 K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% j* /2-)/2.7 _( [fÄg
^cmmi( E* M* Rcmîg( 9b[ii_d] \eh j^[ EWj_edi WdZ j^[ :khi[ e \ j^[ CWm3 GWkb"i
:_jWj_ed e\ >[d[i_i WdZ ;[kj[hedeco _d >Wb' ,'1&*)' RPIO .*-// $Oä\cha_h6 Hibl
Nc_\_]e( .,,-%*
11 >`* g _o ]ig_hn[lci >WbWj_Wdi% j* -0/7 Giha_h_]e_l( Kh_kcf^% j* ---)--/*
/.1 ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
^_g [mc[^[g _hn_ k o [h ^ i moa_lcg im ko_ Ä h_mm_ m_hncî ko_ [ _r)

jl_mm}i i\l[m ^[ ][lh_ $B- 1*-5% _mnz m_hî o m[^ i hi _mko_g [
^[m ]icm[m ko_( j [l[ K[ofi( h}i _mn}i n}i ^cmn[hn_m ^[m i\l[m ^[
G_c *12
Kil n[f l[t}i( Ä g ocni fÖac]i ko_ K[ofi pcm[p[ ]ig [ mo[ _r)
jl_mm}i [ g _mg [ _r]fomcpc^[^_ _ chmcmnÇh]c[ do^[c][m [ l_mj_cni
^_ o g k o [^ li ^_ ]l_h~[m _ ]ihpc]~à_m mi\l_ [m i\l[m ^[ G_c ko_
_f_ mo\m_ko_hn_g _hn_ [n[]io j_fi [laog _hni ^_ ko_ i j [j _f ^[
G_c ]igi ao[l^c}i j li n_ni l ^_ Dml[_f nchb[ ]b_a[î [ m_o `cg j_f[
pch ^ [ ^_ > lcmni $å .%* Dhmcmncl _g i\l[m ^ [ G_c _l[ pifn[l j [l[ [ _m)
]l[pc^}i ^_ g chilc^[^_ ^_ o g [ b_l[h~[ l_m_lp[^[ [im f_aÉncg im
b_l^_clim ^_ <\l[}i*
.'-' @g Ha_Sàe% K[ofi _mn[p[ _g ]ih^c~à_m ^_ ^[l og j_ko_hi

j[mmi j[l[ nlzm _ ^_ chmcmncl hi jlch]Éjci òh^[g _hn[f ^_ ko_ [ domnc`c)
][~}i Ä mig_hn_ j_f[ `Ä _ h}i j_fi ]ogjlcg_hni î ko_ [ G_c _mn[\_)
f_]_* Ii _hn[hni( i ì]i ^[ _rjl_mm}i i\l[m ^[ G_c [ch^[ j_lg[h_]_
\[mn[hn_ _mnlcni h[ ]igjl__hm}i do^[c][ ^[kocfi ko_ [ G_c _rca_ ]igi
ch[]_cnzp_f j[l[ i _p[ha_fbi* Mg Mg /*., i`_l_]_ i g_mgi [hâh]ci
ohcp_lm[f ^_ B- .*-2* H[m( ^_ hipi( hÖm hin[gim ko_ [m j[f[pl[m ^_
K[ofi _mn}i ^cl_]cih[^[m j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ {m j_mmi[m $]ig [% h[
G_c $Mg /*-5%* @ dz ko_ /*-5)., l_mog _ [ []om[~}i ^ _ K[ofi $-*-4)
/*.,%( _f_ jl_mog cp_fg _hn_ j_hm[p[( _mj_]c[fg _hn_( _g mo[ []om[)
~}i ^ [ jl_moh~}i do^[c][ _g Mg .*-3).5* Dmni ko_l ^ct_l ko_ [ _r)
jl_mm}i i\l[m ^[ G_c ^c`c]cfg _hn_ ^_m]l_p_ [ mojimc~}i do^[c][ ^_
n_l o g jlcpcfÄaci _g l_f[~}i {m ionl[m h[~à_m $.*-3).,%( g [m [ g _m)
g [ jl_moh~}i _mnz jlip[p_fg _hn_ jl_m_hn_ h[ chmcmnÇh]c[ do^[c][
h[m i\l[m ^ [ G_c ) ^_ ko_ ]l_hn_m a_hncim ^_p_lc[g ]og jlcl [ G_c(
ch]fomcp_ [m jlznc][m do^[c][m ^cmnchncp[m ko_ p_g { nih[ _g Bzf[)
n[m*13 < g _mg [ cg jfc][~}i _mnz jl_m_hn_ jio]im p_lmÉ]ofim ^_jicm(
12 @g K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% j* 24)3,( i\m_lpi ko_ K[ofi om[ `l_ko_hn_g_hn_ ][lh_

ko[hî m_ l_`_l_ [ og [ Çh`[m_ do^[c][ h[ c^_hnc^[^_ Änhc][*
13 Hchb[ f_cnol[ ^_ Mg /*., { fot ^_ .*-3).5 Ä olh[ ^[m chn_ljl_n[~à_m g[cm ]ihnli)
p_lm[m _g g _o ]ig_hnzlci IecWdi% j* -1/)-11* K[l[ [ ]lÉnc][( ]`* _mj_]c[fg_hn_
Hii( IecWdi% j* .,2).-37 g[m _f_ h}i f_p[ mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ [ mÄlci ko_ [ chn_h~}i
^_ /*-5)., Ä ch]focl do^_om ^_hnli ^[ []om[~}i a_l[f ^_ ni^[ ][lh_ io ko_ i mo)
‰# gzlci ^_ /*-5)., _hì][ Ñ[m i\l[m ^[ G_c _g p_t ^_ _g \l_]b[m h[ G_c $]igi _g
.*.-).3%*
:Wf}jkbe +* /.2
h[ m_aoh^[ l_`_lÇh]c[ [ i\l[m ^[ G_c $Mg /*.4%( dz ko_ [ fchb[

[laog _hn[ncp[ ^_cr[ ]f[li ko_ chmcmncl Ñ[m i\l[m ^ [ G_c Ä i g _mg i
ko_ ^ct_l ko_ ? _om Ä ohc][g _hn_ i ?_om îm do^_om $Mg /*.3).5%*14
Kiln[hni( m_d[ ko[f ìl i m_hncî g [cm [g jci ^_ i\l[m ^ [ G_c ( _f[m
[n_mn[g io m}i j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ _r_g jfc`c][^[m h [ chmcmnÇh]c[ do)
^[c][ ^_ ko_ [ G_c m_j[lio Dml[_f ^[m h[~à_m( _ ko_ n[f m_j[l[~}i
nchb[ ^_ m_l jl_m_lp[^[*
@g Mg 0*0)1( K[ofi ^_m_hpifp_ i jlch]cjci a_l[f ko_ _f_ ]ih)
mc^_l[p[ _g diai _g no ^ i cmmi6 ko_ [ g [h_cl[ ]igi ? _om domnc`c][
h}i Ä ]igi o g ]ihnl[ni _hnl_ o g _g jl_a[îl _ o g _g jl_a[î(
hi ko[f _l[ _mn[\_f_]cî i nl[\[fbi [ m_l l_[fct[î _ i m[fzlci [ m_l
j[ai( jicm ? _om domnc`c][ im Ég jcim _ [nlc\oc [ `Ä j [l[ [ domnc~[* I }i
`c][ ]f[li m_ _f_ _mn[p[ []om[hî m_om chn_lfi]onil_m do^[c]im ^_ n[f
g [f)_hn_h^cî ]ihnl[no[f( io m_ _f_ [`clg [ o g jlch]cjci \zmc]i hi
]il[~}i î ]ih]_cni ^[ _f_c~}i ^_ Dml[_f*15 N_d[ ]igi ìl( i ncji ^_
i\l[m _pi][^[m Ä ^_ hipi [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _g j[lnc]of[l( ]ig i ^_cr[
]f[li [ m_koÇh]c[ $Mg 0*5)-.%* >ig i []ihn_]_ ]ig `v_ae% [ _rjl_m)
m}i rdYS "`v_ag# r oncfct[^[ j i l K[ofi n[hni ]igi o g [ l_`_lÇh]c[
g [cm [g jf[( ko[hni ]ig i og [ l_`_lÇh]c[ g [cm _mnl_cn[* Kil cmmi( [
fÖac][ Ä h_a[l ko_ [ i\_^cÇh]c[ jc_îm[ { G_c( ][l[]n_lct[^[ j_f[
]cl]oh]cm}i( m_d[ mo`c]c_hn_ j [l[ [n_mn[l [ domnc~[ io j [l[ a[l[hncl [
domnc`c][~}i `ch[f*
I [m l_`_lÇh]c[m l_mn[hn_m( hÖm ji^_g im p_l [m g _mg [m ][)
l[]n_lÉmnc][m* Mg 5*-. _ --*2 _pi][g i jlch]cjci g [cm [g jci6 j_fi
]b[g [î ^cpchi( h}i ^_ i\l[m7 j_f[ al[~[( h}i ^_ i\l[m*2, H [m( _g
Mg 5*/.( [ ]lÉnc][ Ä ko_ Dml[_f `[fbio _g [f][h~[l [ G_c ^[ domnc~[
j i lk o _ [ j li]ol[p[ h}i ^_ `Ä( g [m ^_ i\l[m * I Öm j_l]_\_g im
[koc ^_ hipi [ cg jfc][~}i ^_ ko_ [ G_c ^ [ domnc~[ ji ^ _lc[ n_l mcî
[f][h~[^[ m_ ìmm_ j _lm_aoc^[ ^_ V[ j [lncl ^_W `Ä * @ [ cg jfc][~}i
cao[f ^_ ko_( j i l n_l j _lm_aocî [ G_c _g n_lg im ^_ i\l[m $i\l[m
^ [ G_c%( Dml[_f `[fb[l[ _g [f][h~[l [ domnc~[* ?_ hipi( i j_hm[g _hni
14 >`* [ [`clg[~}i g[cm [g jc[ _g K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% j* /2/)/20*

15 < ijchc}i ]ihm_hmo[f Ä ko_ K[ofi _mn[p[ [n[][hî [ n_ifiac[ ^[ domnc~[ jil
i\l[m( jli_gch_hn_ _hnl_ im do^_om ^_ m_o n_gji #f'[n'% N* R_mn_lbifg( @ihW[b"i
CWm WdZ j^[ :^khY^"i =W_j^ VBl[h^ M[jc^m6 @_l^g[hm( -544W( ][j* 47 Hii( IecWdi%
j* .2/).21%*
2, Hii( IecWdi% j* 14.)14/(234*
//) ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
Ä ^ [ G_c ^ _ Dml[_f ]ig i ijimn[ [i _p[ha_fbi( j i lk o _ _l[ ]ihmc^_)

l[^ [ [ G_c ^_ ?edSW^4 i j_hm[g _hni ^_ ko_ [ domnc~[ _l[ _mn[\_f_]c^[
j i l i\l[m ^ [ G_c ]ig i [ domnc~[ ^_ ?edSW^ $mo[ jlÖjlc[ _ h}i [\_ln[ [
ionlim ) -,*/%7 [ domnc`c][~}i `ch[f ]igi ^cmjihÉp_f mig_hn_ {m j_mmi[m
ko_ i\_^_]_g [ G_c( ]igi a_l[fg_hn_ ìc _hn_h^cî j_f[ g[cilc[ îm
do^_om* J ko_ m_ ]igjlip[l[ n}i ][f[gcnimi ìc i `[ni ^_ [m i\l[m _mn[)
l_g n}i _mnl_cn[g_hn_ pch]of[^[m ]ig Dml[_f( _ [ h_a[~}i ^[ domnc~[ {m
j_mmi[m ko_ mig_hn_ ]lc[g*2-
.'.' < l_`f_r}i `ch[f h_]_mmzlc[ l_`_l_)m_ [i `[ni ^_ K[ofi h}i

]ih^_h[l [m i\l[m ]igi n[cm* il 5*47 >f -*-,%* < `clg [ ko_ i EoÉti Ach[f m_lz ^_ []ilî
]ig i\l[m ( _ ko_ [ \i[ i\l[ m_lz j l_g c[^[ ]ig afÖlc[( bihl[ _
pc^[ _n_lh[ $Mg .*2)37 .>il 1*-,%* I i g _mg i ]ihn_rni( _f_ h}i b_)
mcn[ _g `[f[l mi\l_ l_]ig j_hm[ $D> il /*4(-0%* < koc m_ ]ih]_\_ ^_
hipi i\l[m _g o g m_hncî g [cm a_l[f7 g [m dz ko_ i jlch]Éjci î
dofa[g _hni ^_ []ilî ]ig i\l[m Ä chn_cl[g _hn_ do^[c]i $ND 2.*-.7
Kl .0*-.% _ dz ko_ g ocn[m \i[m i\l[m m_l}i o g [ l_[fct[~}i î [g [l
n_o jlÖrcg i ]igi [ nc g _mg i $Gp -5*-4%( hÖm ji^_g im `[f[l ^_
i\l[m VS BW[ m_g ìl~[l i m_hncî ^ [ _rjl_mm}i*
<]cg[( _o j _la o h n_c m_ K[ofi n_lc[ ]ihmc^_l[î [ [\mnchÇh]c[
^ [ cîf[nlc[ _ [ bad`WuS ]igi i\l[m ^[ G_c _ moa_lc ko_ _f_ n_lc[
_pcn[î i omi ^_mm[ _rjl_mm}i j [l[ n[f i\_^cÇh]c[ { G_c* H [m hÖm
^_p_lÉ[g im hin[l ko_ K[ofi n[hni ]ihncho[ [ ]b[g [l j [l[ _mm[ i\_)
^cÇh]c[( ko[hni ]ihncho[ [ [`clg [l ko_ _mm[ i\_^cÇh]c[ j i ^ _ m_l
^_m]lcn[ ]ig i i ]og jlcg _hni ^[ G_c( m_hî _r_g jfim ^[ _mjÄ]c_
^_ i\_^cÇh]c[ ko_ [ G_c l_ko_lc[7 _r_g jfim( _g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( ^_
i\l[m ^[ G_c ^_`chc^[m [g jf[g _hn_ ]igi [kocfi ko_ [ G_c _rca_*
I }i bz ]_ln_t[ ko[hni { ^cmnch~}i ^_ K[ofi _hnl_ i ][g chb[l j_fi
@mjÉlcni _ n[f _mjÄ]c_ ^_ i\_^cÇh]c[ { G_c* I }i Ä ]_lni ko_ [ domnc`c)
][~}i j_f[ `Ä ^cmj_hm_ n[f i\_^cÇh]c[* Kiln[hni( S h[epa V[XWdWÙ[SVS
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qpa X[`S^ eWdm VW aTdSe VS BW[ W A bWèS_W`fa VW cgW A \g^YS_W`fa X[`S^
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g[m _f_ _hn_h^_ i j_hm[g_hni ko_ fca[ [m ]lÉnc][m ^_ 5*/. _ -,*/ ^c`_l_hn_ $j*
2/0)2/2( hin[ .0% _ h}i l_]ihb_]_ _g -,*/ i _]i ^[ [ncno^_ _rjl_mm[^[ _g fH ]
.*.3 $]`* g _o fcpli IecWdi% j* 144%*
:Wf}jkbe +* V//*
eWdm VW SUadVa Ua_ aTdSe "VS BW[# ' @g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( i ]ih]_cni
j [ofchi ^_ i\l[m [ m_l_g h_]_mm[lc[g _hn_ l_[fct[^[m j_fim ]l_hn_m
_ ìlg [hî [ \[m_ j [l[ i EoÉti Ach[f _l[ jio]i ^c`_l_hn_ ^[ko_f_
]ih]_cni ]ig og _hn_ ^_`_h^cî hi do^[cmg i ^_ m_om ^c[m*2.
Kil cmmi( mig im f_p[îm [ olh[ ^ o j f[ ]ih]fom}i [ l_mj_cni ^[
n_ifiac[ j[ofch[ ^_ i\l[m 6
-% a bd[Ùub[a VS \gef[X[USqpa bW^S Xr `pa WjU^g[ S aTd[YSqpa VSe aTdSe%

Sfr _We_a VS bdmf[US VSe aTdSe VS BW[4 W
.% cgS`Va FSgâ `WYS cgW S \gef[X[USqpa VWbW`VS VSe aTdSe VS BW[%
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dW[h[`V[UShS_ S VWeUW`VtÙ[S VW 7TdSpa'
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-% K[l[ K[ofi( `v_ae h}i _l[ og n_lgi _mnl_cn[g_hn_ l_mnlcni( g[m
òh]cih[ _g mo[ n_ifiac[ ^_ pzlc[m ìlg[m* Ii ]_hnli ^_ n[cm ìlg[m
_mnz [ G_c ^_ HicmÄm( [ G_c ko_ _mj_]c`c][p[ ]igi ?_om kocm ko_ i jipi
^_ Dml[_f pcp_mm_*
.% @mm_ j[j_f ^[ G_c ji^c[ m_l _ _mn[p[ m_hî chn_ljl_n[î ^_ g[)
h_cl[ ^_g[mc[^[g _hn_ _mnl_cn[ ) h}i mig_hn_ jlin_a_hî Dml[_f( g[m
^_`chchî Dml[_f( ]igi Ydm__S' Dao[f _ m_lc[g_hn_( ji^c[ m_l _ _mn[p[
m_hî om[^[ j_fi j_][î j[l[ ch]cn[l j[crà_m _aiÉmn[m _ _mnlcn[g_hn_
h[]cih[fcmn[m*
/% < h _]_mmc^ [^ _ ^ i j [ j _f [ h n_lci l ^ [ G_c _ [ ^ cmj _h m[ ^_mm_
j [ j _ f _g o g j _ lÉi ^ i j i mn_lci l ì l[g _ h ]_ll[^ [m j _f[ p ch ^ [ ^_
> lcmni _ ^_ m_o @mjÉlcni* O[f p ch ^ [ ]i h nch o [ [ ^ [ l o g m_h nc^ i
j [ l[ _mm[ òh~}i ^ [ G_c( i ko_ cg jfc][p[ h [ j lznc][ ^[m i\l[m ^[
][lh_( h[ chmcmnÇh]c[ h[m i\l[m ^ [ G_c ]ig i h_]_mmzlc[m j [ l[ [
m[fp[~}i*
2. >`* Nnobfg[]b_l( IecWdi% j* 01)037 _ _mj_]c[fg_hn_ F* G* Tcha_l( GWkb% AkZW_ic

WdZ AkZ]c[dj 8YYehZ_d] je ;[[Zi' NIONHN -,1 $>[g\lcâ_6 >[g\lcâ_ Phcp_lmcns(
-555%( ko_ l_]ihb_]_g ko_ i do^[Émgi î N_aohî O_gjfi _ K[ofi ]igj[lnc)
fb[p[g h_mn_ jihni og [ n_hm}i m_g_fb[hn_*
//+ ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
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]ih]_hnl[î jlch]cj[fg _hn_ Ñ[m ][ln[m ko_ K[ofi _m]l_p_o [im azf[n[m
_ [im lig[him* Dmni m_ ^_p_ _g al[h^_ j[ln_ [ îcm `[nil_m* Pg Ä i
`[ni ^_ K[ofi ^c`c]cfg_hn_ om[l i p_l\i domnc`c][l NV[]S[vyP ìl[ ^_mm[m
ô[m ][ln[m*->ihm_ko_hn_g_hn_( Mig[him _ Bzf[n[m ìlh_]_g i jlch)
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][)]b[p_ ^[ [hnca[ j_lmj_]ncp[ mi\l_ K[ofi* J ionli Ä i `[ni ^_mm[m
ô[m ][ln[m _hì][l_g n}i ìln_g_hn_ []_cn[~}i îm a_hncim jil ?_om $_
j_fim do^_om%* >ihm_ko_hn_g_hn_( n[g\Äg ìlh_]_l[g i òh^[g_hni
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ni chn_al[f _ og [ gincp[~}i jlch]cj[f ^[ ìlgof[~}i ^[ îonlch[ ^[
domnc`c][~}i jil K[ofi _l[ i m_o ]b[g[î j[l[ jl_a[l i _p[ha_fbi [im
a_hncim _ [ mo[ ^_`_m[ ^_mm_ _p[ha_fbi*
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dz ko_ ìlh_]_ im l_]olmim j[l[ og [ [jlircg[~}i _hnl_ [ [hnca[ _ [
Î ;_aW_~e ) Mig[him -17 Bzf[n[m 47 _g ionl[m ][ln[m6 D> il 0*07 2*--7 n[g\Äg fOg
/*-27 On /*37 _ ]`* Oa .*.-(.0).1*
. >igi hin[î jil ?* H[lao_l[n( K[of _n f[ Gic6 f_ l_niolh_g_hn $Kbcfcjjc_hm /*.)
0*-% ( ch <* ?_nnqcf_l [j Wb' $ila*%( GWkb% kd[ j^zebe]_[ [d YedijhkYj_ed $B_h_\l[6 G[\il
_n Ac^_m( .,,0%( j* .1-).31 $[koc6 j* .10%* Aic i [lncai ^_ H [lao_l[n $_mj_]c[fg_hn_
j* .3,).3-% h[ CWkiWdd[ :edikbjWj_ed mi\l_ GWkb WdZ j^[ CWm $K[ofi _ [ G_c% _g g[l)
~i ^_ .,,/ ko_ g_ `_t j_l]_\_l ]ig g[cil ]f[l_t[ ko_ A-/ ìl[ ^_g[mc[^[g_hn_
h_afca_h]c[î hi ^_\[n_ [no[f mi\l_ K[ofi _ [ G_c _ ko_ _l[ og l_]olmi cgjiln[hn_
j[l[ f_p[l i ^_\[n_ [fÄg î cgj[mm_ _g ko_ [g_[~[p[ `c][l*
//- 9 I i p [ K _ lm j _ ] ncp [ mi \ l_ K [ o f i
hip[ j_lmj_]ncp[* Jo( g_fbil( j_lgcn_)him j[mm[l j[l[ [fÄg ^[ n_h)

^Äh]c[ ^_ jif[lct[l [m ^c`_l_hn_m Çh`[m_m hi ^_\[n_ hog [ _mjÄ]c_ ^_
io cmni( io [kocfi _ l_]ihb_]_l [ cgjiln|h]c[ ^_ g [hn_l dohni [fai
ko_ ^_ ionl[ ìlg[ ji^_ m_l pcmni ]igi fchb[m ^cm]l_j[hn_m _ [nÄ g_m)
gi ch]ihmcmn_hn_m ^[ n_ifiac[ ^_ K[ofi*
< òh~}i jl_]cm[ ^_ A-/*.)-2 ^_hnli ^[ >[ln[ [im Acfcj_hm_m Ä i\)
d_ni ^_ ]_ln[ ^cm]omm}i ]ihmn[hn_*/ Ii _hn[hni( bz og ]ihm_hmi a_l[f
^_ ko_( jil og [ l[t}i io jil ionl[( i [f_ln[ [\lojni >oc^[î ]ig im
]}_m( ]oc^[î ]ig im g[om i\l_clim( ]oc^[î ]ig [ goncf[~}i $/*.%
m_lp_ j[l[ K[ofi m_ pifn[l j[l[ og ^_m[`ci _g mo[ gcmm}i ko_ Ä goc)
ni m_g_fb[hn_ [i ^_m[`ci ko_ _f_ _h`l_hnio _g mo[ >[ln[ [im Bzf[n[m*
J ^_m[`ci Ä hilg[fg_hn_ [nlc\oÉî {m j_mmi[m ^_m]lcn[m ]igi do^[c)
t[hn_m ( ko_ _ha[h[g _ ]ihòh^_g(0 cmni Ä( im do^_om ]lcmn}im1 ko_
jli]ol[p[g ]igjf_n[l [ i\l[ gcmmcihzlc[ ^_ K[ofi [i a[l[hncl ko_ [m
j_mmi[m jil _f_ ]ihp_lnc^[m `ct_mm_g i ][gchbi ]igjf_ni [i []_cn[l
[ ]cl]oh]cm}i _ i efSfge jf_hi ^_ jlimÄfcnim* Aic ]f[l[g_hn_ n[f _mjÄ]c_
^_ jl_i]oj[~}i ko_ nchb[ gincp[î im [acn[îl_m io g_mnl_m 2 h[
B[fz]c[* J gi^_fi _rnl[\É\fc]i ^cl_n[g_hn_ l_f_p[hn_ Ä î l_c Dt[n_m ^_
<^c[\_h_( ko_ ^_m_d[p[ m_ ]ihp_ln_l [i do^[cmgi $Eim_ì( <hn .,*/4%*
?cmm_l[g)fb_ chc]c[fg_hn_ ko_ _f_ ji^_lc[ jl[nc][l [ l_fcac}i îm do)
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`clg_g_hn_ []ihm_fb[î jil og do^_o( @f_[t[l( ko_ nchb[ [ l_jon[)
~}i ^_ m_l _rnl_g[g_hn_ _mnlcni NS]d[TreP [ l_mj_cni ^[m f_cm [h]_mnl[cm (
^_ ko_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _l[ ch^cmj_hmzp_f $<hn .,*0/)01%* Aic [ g_mg[
jl_i]oj[~}i io ìc og [ gocni m_g_fb[hn_ ko_ jl_mogcp_fg_hn_ Ä
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8d @djheZkYj_ed je j^[ E [m K[ijWc[dj $Iip[ Dilko_6 ?io\f_^[s( -553%( j* 052)0547
_( [fÄg ^cmmi( H [lao_l[n( K[of _n f[ Gic ( j* .10).15*
0 >ihòh^_ _ _ha[h[ jilko_ i p_l\i _ekZW_p[_d% î ko[f i n_lgi ìc* _`_ncp[g_hn_
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pcp_hî ]igi do^_om( _ dxe [ do^_om ko_ _rca_g ko_ a_hncim i `ct_mm_g $]`* WY_&
cW% j* -24%*
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$Oä\cha_h6 Hibl Nc_\_]e( -55.%( j* 44)5.*
âfncgi Ä [ ^_mcah[~}i jl_`_lc^[ ^_ E* G* H[lnsh( >WbWj_Wdi' <= //< $Iip[
Dilko_6 ?io\f_^[s( -553%( j* -4*
:Wf}jkbe ++ //.
g_h]cih[^[ _g Hn ./*-1* ?_ []ilî ]ig <n -1*1( b[pc[ og[ [f[ ^_

`[lcm_om hi gipcg_hni ]lcmn}i jlcgcncpi ko_ _rcac[ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ^_
a_hncim ]ihp_lncîm $]`* Bf .*/)0%* Kiln[hni( m_d[g ko[cm ìl_g im ^_)
n[fb_m _r[nim ^[ mcno[~}i _h`l_hn[^[ _g Acfcjim( io( ^cni ^_ g[h_cl[
[fn_lh[ncp[( ^[ l_f[~}i ^_ A- /*.)-2 ]ig i l_mn[hn_ ^[ ][ln[( Ä mo`c]c_h)
n_g_hn_ ]f[li ko_ [ j[mm[a_g _g pcmn[ Ä og j[l[f_fi _mnl_cni ^[ ^_`_)
m[ j[ofch[ ^_ m_o _p[ha_fbi cm_hni ^[ G_c h[ gcmm}i [im a_hncim* Kil
cmmi g_l_]_ og [ [n_h~}i n}i ]oc^[îm[ ]igi ìc ^_^c][^[ { >[ln[ [im
Bzf[n[m( cao[fg_hn_ `_lit( _ { >[ln[ [im Mig[him( g[cm l_`f_ncp[ mi\l_
i [mmohni*
Kli]_^_l_c ^[ g[h_cl[ g[cm ^cl_n[ jimmÉp_f [i p_lc`c][l [m j[mm[)
a_hm _g mo[ m_koÇh]c[*
,( ?+ -(,'.
Jm p_lmÉ]ofim ^_ [\_lnol[ ^_cr[g ]f[li ko_ ìc [faog ncji ^_ ]bi)
ko_ _hnl_ [m c^_hnc^[^_m ]lcmn} _ do^[c][ ko_ jlipi]io [ m_koÇh]c[ ko_
]ig_~[ _g /*.* <i ]b[g[l m_om ijih_hn_m ^_ im ][]billim ( im g[om
i\l_clim _ [ goncf[~}i (3 K[ofi j[l_]_ m_ pifn[l ]ihnl[ og[ [ncno^_ nc)
jc][g_hn_ do^[c][ [ l_mj_cni îm a_hncim _ ]ihnl[ m_om ijih_hn_m4do^_om
[în[hî og[ j[lÖ^c[ \_g ]lo_f îm m_om p[fil_m*5 >[]billim ^_hin[
jlip[p_fg_hn_ i pi][\ofzlci do^[c]i oncfct[î j[l[ ^_h_alcl im a_hncim(
jicm _mn_m âfncgim _l[g dofa[îm ch][j[t_m ^_ ^cmnchaocl _hnl_ i joli _
i cgjoli( _hnl_ i fcgji _ i modi $]`* Hn 3*27 -1*.2).37 <j ..*-1%( [ko_f[m
j_mmi[m ko_( [ j[lncl ^[ cg[ach[^[ moj_lcilc^[^_ ^_ m_o efSfge _ jlznc][
do^[c][m( l_d_cn[g [ [mmi]c[~}i ]ig ]lcmn}im a_hncim( ]od[ ch^c`_l_h~[ {m f_cm
3 < g[cilc[ îm _r_a_n[m ]ih]il^[ ko_ niîm im nlÇm n_lgim m_ l_`_l_g [i g_mgi
aloji* V***W [ l_]illÇh]c[ î [lncai ^_`chcncpi h[m nlÇm _rjl_mmà_m ) #im ]}_m( im
g [om ij_lzlcim( [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ) gimnl[ ko_ N}i K[ofi _mnz [fo^chî [ og j[lnc)
î \_g ]ihb_]cî _ \_g ^_mn[][î ^_hnli ^[ Dal_d[ $E* =* Gcabnìin( JW_dj GWkb"i
<f_ijb[ je j^[ G^_b_ff_Wdi% 0[ _^* VGih^l_m6 H[]gcff[h( -424(-434W( j* -0/%*
4 Pg jio]i ]igi _f_ `[t h[ mÄlc_ ^_ Mg /*-,)-47 ]`* g _o IecWdi' R=> /4 $?[ff[m6
Ril^( -544%( j* -05)-1-*
5 V***W chp_lm}i î afilc[l)m_ do^[c]i $K* O* J#=lc_h( :ecc[djWho ed G^_b_ff_Wdi'
IDBO> VBl[h^ M[jc^m6 @_l^g[hm( -55-W( j* /10%7 _jÉn_nim ko_ pcl[g [ g_m[
]ihnl[ _f_m $B* ?* A__* G Wkbåi C[jj[h je j^[ G^_b_ff_Wdi' ID>IO VBl[h^ M[jc^m6
@_l^g[hm( -551W( j* .51%*
... ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
^_ joli _ cgjoli `[tc[ ]ig ko_ _f_m ìmm_g ]igi ]}_m *-, H[om i\l_c)
lim ji^_ m_l og diai ^_ j[f[pl[m ko_ jà_ _g r_ko_ [ chmcmn_h]c[ îm
do^_o)]lcmn}im h[m i\l[m ^[ G_c ( c^_c[ ko_ jlipi]io i [n[ko_ pcif_hni
g[cm [hncai ^_ K[ofi ]ihnl[ _mm_m do^[ct[hn_m $B-.*--)-47 ]`* .>il --*-/
) i\l_clim _ha[h[îl_m %*-- @ goncf[~}i N]SfSfa_rP!+ Ä i\pc[g_hn_ og
diai ]ig [ ]cl]oh]cm}i7 _g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ko_ h}i Ä [ î
]il[~}i-/h}i Ä g_fbil î ko_ [ ^cf[]_l[~}i lcno[f j[a} *-0
N_ niîm im nlÇm _jÉn_nim ji^_g m_l ìl~[îm n[hni ko[hni hÖm moa_)
lcgim [koc( i ko_ _mn[p[ _g diai hi ]biko_ ^[m c^_hnc^[^_m _l[ i mcahc`c)
][î ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i6 `ve ea_ae [ ]cl]oh]cm}i $/*/%* H[cm hinzp_f [ch^[ Ä [
l_j_nc^[ l_`_lÇh]c[ { _rjl_mm}i _g ][lh_ NW` emd][W6 I}i n_gim ]ih`c[h)
~[ `S US_W% _g\il[ _o n[g\Äg n_hb[ $gincpim j[l[ [% ]ih`c[l `S USd`W' N_
[faog[ ionl[ j_mmi[ j_hm[l ko_ n_g ]ih`c[h~[ `S USd`W% _o n_hbi g[cm
$B-/*/)0%* K[ofi _mn[p[ m_hî _pc^_hn_g_hn_ ]ih`lihn[î jil og hâg_li
^_ j_mmi[m $/*.% ko_ ]ihmc^_l[p[g [ mc g_mg[m [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ( m_g ^âpc)
^[ ]ig \[m_ hi `[ni ^_ n_l_g ]ogjlcî [ i\lca[~}i ko_ nchb[ mo[m l[Ét_m
_g Bh -3*5)-06 nchb[g mcî ]cl]oh]c^[îm h[ ][lh_ 7 nchb[g ]ogjlcî
og[ ^[m _rcaÇh]c[m)]b[p_ j[l[ jl_m_lp[l m_o efSfge ]igi j[lnc]cj[hn_m ^[
[fc[h~[ ]ih]foÉ^[ ]ig <\l[}i _ m_om ^_m]_h^_hn_m $Bh -3*-/)-0%*-1
-, H* I* =i]ego_bf( K^[ <f_ijb[ je j^[ G^_b_ff_Wdi' =IO> $Gih^l_m6 <* " >* =f[]e(
-553%( j* -41)-437 m_g_fb[hn_g_hn_ J#=lc_h( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* /10)/11* >`* [ chn_l)
jl_n[~}i î _jcmÖ^ci ^[ g ofb_l mcli`_hÉ]c[ _g >f_g_hn_( Cig .*-5 $]cn[î jil
Gcabnìin( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* -0/%*
-- B* A* C[qnbilh_( G^_b_ff_Wdi' R=> 0/ $R[]i6 Ril^( -54/%( j* -.17 =i]ego_bf(
G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* -43)-45* < jli\[\cfc^[^_ ^_ K[ofi jl_n_h^_l _mm[ [fom}i Ä l_ìl)
~[^[ j_f[ l_`_lÇh]c[ ko[m_ cg_^c[n[ [i afilc[l)m_ 6 _hko[hni i do^_o nÉjc]i
m_ afilc[p[ _g ?_om ]igi i ?_om ^_ Dml[_f( h[ G_c _ h[m i\l[m ^[ G_c $Mg
.*-3(./7 /*.3).5% ) h}i afilc[l)m_ òh^[g _hn[î _g [oni]ih`c[h~[ $J#=lc_h(
G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* /2.% ) K[ofi( i ]lcmn}i( afilc[p[)m_ _g E_mom >lcmni $A-/*/%*
-. aWjWjec z i]ill_ hi IO mig_hn_ [koc* 9;8> nl[ôt goncf[~}i( ]iln[l _g j_)
^[~im _ ncl[ [ ]ih]fom}i Ö\pc[ ^_ ko_ m_ jl_n_h^_ og diai ^_ j[f[pl[m ]ig
f[h_jec z $]cl]oh]cm}i%( jlip[p_fg_hn_ j[l[ ^_hin[l [m j_mmi[m j[l[ [m ko[cm [
]cl]oh]cm}i l_mofn[ hog [ ^_mnloc~}i $_mjclcno[f% $j* 1.4%*
-/ >`* WXW_ne% hin[ -3*
-0 =i]ego_bf( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* -457 m_aochî Gcabnìin( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* -007 V***W mi)
g_hn_ gocni jio]i g[cm moncf ko_ [kocfi _rjl_mm[î jio]i [him [hn_m _g B-
1*-. $=i]ego_bf%*
X Ni\l_ [ cgjiln|h]c[ ^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i j[l[ i do^[Émgi î N_aohî O_gjfi _ ]igi
jli\f_g[ jlipi][î j_f[ gcmm}i j[ofch[ [im a_hncim( ]`*( [fÄg ^cmmi( WY_cW%
>[j* 1*
:Wf}jkbe ++ //0
<fÄg ^cmmi( [ [`clg[~}i j[ofch[ ^_ ko_ `ve ea_ae [ ]cl]oh]cm}i

`[t _]i [ mo[ jlÖjlc[ ][l[]n_lct[~}i îm do^_om _g a_l[f ]igi [ ]cl)
]oh]cm}i $Mg /*/,7 Bf .*4)5%( ch]fomcp_ ^_ m_om ]if_a[m do^_om ko_ m_
ijohb[g { mo[ gcmm}i( [ ko[f cm_hn[p[ im a_hnÉim ^[ G_c $Bf .*-.%*
< ]cl]oh]cm}i _l[ _pc^_hn_g_hn_ ]ihmc^_l[^[ og lcni ^cmnchncp[g_hn_
do^[c]i( n}i ^cmnchncpi ko_ m_ ji^c[ ^_`chcl [ c^_hnc^[^_ do^[c][ ]igi
[ ]cl]oh]cm}i *-2 @mm[ g_nihcgc[ $og [mj_]ni j[lnc]of[l om[î h[ l_)
jl_m_hn[~}i î niî% _mn[p[ n}i `clg_g_hn_ _mn[\_f_]c^[ j[l[ K[ofi
ko_ _f_ ji^c[ chnliôtcl i [mmohni jil og diai ^_ j[f[pl[m( ]SfSfa_t
_g p_t ^_ bWd[fa_r% g oncf[~}i _g p_t ^_ ]cl]oh]cm}i ( _ n_l ]_l)
n_t[ ^_ ko_ i diai ^_ j[f[pl[m _ mo[ cg jfÉ]cn[ ^_mp[filct[~}i ^[
]cl]oh]cm}i m_lc[g cg _^c[n[g _hn_ l_]ihb_]cîm* ?_ hipi( i jih)
ni cg jiln[hn_ Ä ko_ _f_ h}i ^ct im g oncf[îm ( _r[n[g _hn_ ]ig i
h}i ^ct im ]cl]oh]cmim * Ez ko_ im do ^ _o m j i ^ c[g m_l c^_hnc`c][îm
mcg jf_mg _hn_ ]ig i [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ( [ ijchc}i ^_ K[ofi mi\l_ [
jl_mm}i ko_ _f_m `ct_l[g mi\l_ [m j_mmi[m ko_ _f_ nchb[ ]ihp_lncî
_g `[pil ^ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _mnz l_mo g c^ [ _g m_o d_cni ^_ ^_m][ln[)fim
_ ^_ ^_m][ln[l im m_om [laog _hnim [i ^_`chc)fim ]ig i [ g oncf[)
~}i * < mmcg ( ]ig i hÖm j i^ _g i m ^ct_l( K[ofi ^_m][ln[ [ko_f_m ko_
j[l_]_g [jic[l og [ jifÉnc][ ^_m[mnlim[ ) m}i o g ^ _m[mnl_ ( ]ig i
[n_mn[ i dofa[g _hni ^_ K[ofi mi\l_ im g cmmcihzlcim do ^ _o m _ [ mo[
_rcaÇh]c[ ^ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i j [l[ im ]l_hn_m a_hnÉim* O[cm do ^ _o m _ mo[
]ihôn[ m}i l_mog cîm hi _jÉn_ni ^_jl_]c[ncpi [ g oncf[~}i *
? cahi ^_ hin[ Ä i `[ni ^_ K[ofi ]ihmc^_l[l h_]_mmzlci ]ihn_m)
][l [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ]ig i o g g [l][^ i l ^_ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ ]lo]c[f( i o j_fi
g _him ]ihn_mn[l _mm[ ]ig jl__hm}i î g [l][^ i l ^_ c^_hnc^[^_*
@f_ h}i h _a[ k o_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _l[ ^_ `[ni o g [ _pc^Çh]c[ _mm_h]c[f
ko_ g [l][p[ i g _g \li ^ [ [fc[h~[* @g p_t ^cmmi( _l[ _pc^_hn_)
g _hn_ cg j i ln[h n_ j [ l[ _f_ _rcacl _mm[ _pc^Çh]c[ j [l[ mo[ j lÖ j lc[
gcmm}i( [ ko[f _l[ ^clcac^[( _g a l[h ^ _ j[ln_( j [l[ im a_hnÉim* Ncg(
[ ]cl]oh]cm}i Ä cg jiln[hn_( Ä o g e[`W cgS à` î jipi ^ [ [fc[h~[ ^_
?_om* H [m [ ]cl]oh]cm}i p _l^ [^ _cl[ Ä i\l[ î @mjÉlcni ko_ ][j[]cn[
j [l[ i m_lpc~i [ ? _om $/*/%7 [ ]cl]oh]cm}i p _l^ [^ _cl[ Ä î ]il[~}i8
< koc( K[ofi l_nig [ i [hncai _ nl[^c]cih[f l_]ihb_]cg _hni ^ _ ko_ [
]cl]oh]cm}i h[ ][lh_ _l[ ch [^ _k o [^ [ m_g [ ]cl]oh]cm}i chn_lcil(
o g l_]ihb_]cg _hni j li ò h ^ [g _h n_ _hl[ct[î hi j_hm[g _hni
Ng .*.2).37 /*/,7 0*57 Bf .*3)57 @` .*--*

..0 ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
l_fcacimi do^[c]i*-3 > ihnoî( _g p_t ^_ h _a [l i j lÖ j lci ]ih]_cni

^ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i( [`clg [hî ko_ _f_ _l[ i\mif_ni( K[ofi chmcmn_ ko_
_f_ _l[ g ipcî j_f[ g _mg [ jl_i]oj[~}i ]ig i ji p i [ [fc[h~[ ko_
i ? _on_lihig cmn[ _ E_l_g c[m nchb[g * J ko_ ]ihn[p[ l_[fg _hn_ _l[
[ ]cl]oh]cm}i [`fWd[ad4 [ n_ifiac[ Ä i\pc[g _hn_ [ ^_ Mg .*.4).5*-4
K[ofi [`clg [ ko_ _mm[ j lci lc^ [^ _ ìl[ [f][h~[^[ _g _ [nl[pÄm ^ [
i\l[ î @mjclcni _g _ mi\l_ [m j_mmi[m ko_ _f_ nchb[ ]ihp_lncî* @
h}i b_mcn[ _g ncl[l [ ]ih]fom}i ^_ ko_( olh[ p_t [f][h~[^[ [ jlcilc)
^ [^ _ jlch]cj[f $[ ]cl]oh]cm}i î ]il[~}i%( [ j lci lc^ [^ _ m_]oh^zlc[
$[ ]cl]oh]cm}i h [ ][lh_% `c][ l_^ o h ^ [h n_*
@g ]ihnl[mn_( [ chn_h~}i î jipi [ ko_ m_ l_`_l_ /*. _l[ ]c[)
l[g _hn_ h _a [l [ j[lnc]cj[~}i ^ [ [fc[h~[ ]ig ? _om [ k o [fk o _l j_m)
mi[ ko_ h}i ìmm_ ]cl]oh]c^[^[ h [ ][lh_* Kil cmmi( K[ofi ij ni o j i l
`lo mnl[l i jlch]cj[f [la o g _h ni ^_f_m [i l_cpch^c][l i g [l][^ i l
^ _ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ ^ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i j [l[ i Çrcni ^_ mo[ j lÖ j lc[ g cmm}i*
J `[ni ^ _ ko_ im a_hncim _mn[p[g ]o fno [h ^ i ? _om j_fi @mjÉlcni(
[mmcg ]ig i im do ^ _o m `[tc[g ( _l[ j [l[ K [ofi o g [ j li p [ mo`c]c_hn_
^_ _f_m n_l_g l_]_\cî [ ]cl]oh]cm}i chn_lcil(-5 ^_ j i ^ _l_g m_l ]b[)
g [îm [ail[ [j li j lc[^ [g _h n_ ^ _ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i * I ip[g _hn_( i
[la o g _h ni Ä ko_ K[ofi ]ihmc^_l[p[ cg j i ln[h n_ g [h n_l [ Ua`f[`g[&
VSVW VS [VW`f[VSVW ]ig im ^_m]_h^_hn_m ^_ < \l[}i $ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i %*
I }i _l[ mo`c]c_hn_ ko_ [m j_mmi[m a_hnc[m ko_ _f_ nch b [ ]ihp_lncî
_mncp_mm_g ][j[t_m ^_ ]o fno [l [ ? _om j f_h [ _ fcpl_g _hn_* @f_ h}i
kocm m_ afilc[l _g E_mom ]ig i i ò h ^ [ ^ i l ^ _ o g [ hip[ l_fcac}i( ^c)
`_l_hn_ _ ^cmnchn[ ^_ m_o do^[Émg i h[ncpi $_ i ^_ E_mom%* < ko_mn}i
^ [ ]i h nch o c^ [^ _ _l[ ^_ mo g [ cg jiln|h]c[ _( him n_lg im î g [l][)
îl)]b[p_ ^ [ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ do^[c][( [ ]cl]oh]cm}i _l[ ò h ^ [g _h n[f*.,
@mm[ _rcaÇh]c[ j i ^ c[ m_l fc^[ _g n_lg im moj_lm_mmcihcmn[m6
`ve $im ]lcmn}im% mig im [ ]cl]oh]cm}i7 pi]Çm $im do^_om% dz h}i m}i
-3 ?n -,*-27 /,*27 El 0*07 5*.1).27 @t 00*3(57 Eo\ -*./7 fL jC [\ --*-/7 -LN 1*17 -LC
-,$9 .%*-47 ./;$9 -4%(.,7 AÉfih( Jf[YC[] -*/,1*
-4 <fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* g _o fcpli IecWdi% j* -./)-.1*
-5 @mn[ ìc [ pcnÖlc[ [f][h~[^[ jil K[ofi h[ ]ihmofn[ ^_ E_lom[fÄg $B- .*3)57 ]`* <n
-1*3)--% _ [jlip_cn[^[ _g B-/*-)1( ^_ `[ni /*-)-0*
., >`* A* Obc_fg[h( GWkb WdZ' j^[ CWm3 8 :edj[njkWb 8ffheWY^ $?iqh_lm Blip_6
Dhn_lQ[lmcns( -550%6 Kiln[hni( [nÄ g_mgi ^_hnli ^_ og nl_]bi ko_ [`clg[ ko_
v[ G_c Him[c][ Ä #j _l^ [# _ #fcri# $mc]%( [ G_c ]ihncho[ [ ìlh_]_l i j[^l}i j[l[ [m
`lihn_cl[m ko_ ^_g[l][g i jipi ^_ ?_om $j* -11%*
:Wf}jkbe ++ //2
i j i p i ^_ ? _om* Ki^_ m_l [mmcg ( ]ig i n_g mcî fcî [nl[pÄm ^ [

g [cil j [ln_ ^ [ bcmnilc[ î ]lcmnc[hcmg i*.- I }i i\mn[hn_( Ä olh[ f_c)
no l[ chdomnc`c][^[* @g p_t ^cmmi( i j i h ni [laog _hn[ncpi ^_ K[ofi
Ä ko_ [ p ch ^ [ ^_ E_mom H _mmc[m _ î @mjclcni j [l[ im ]il[~à_m îm
]l_hn_m _g E_mâm nch b [ ]o g j lc^ i [ _mj_l[h~[ ^_ Dml[_f j_f[ _l[ ko_
^_p_lc[ pcl* > og jlco)m_ [ _mj_l[h~[ ko_ Dml[_f nchb[ _g g _hn_( n[f
_mj_l[h~[ h}i ìl[ mo\ mncno É^ [ j i l ionl[* J ko_ _f_ n_hn[p[ `[t_l
_l[ g [h n_l [ ]i h nch o c^ [^ _ ]ig m_om [hn_j[mm[îm _g p_t ^ _ jli)
pi][l o g [ lo j no l[* @f_ m_ i j o h b [ n[hni [i i laofbi a_hnci `l_hn_
[im do^_om( k o[hni [i ilaofbi do^[c]i `l_hn_ [im a_hncim $Mg .*-3)
.07 --*-3).0%*
Dmni him f_p[ ^_ pifn[ j[l[ i jihni)]b[p_ ^_mm_ _hm[ci6 ko_ i jih)
ni ^_ j[lnc^[ j[l[ og [ ^[m [`clg[~à_m j[ofch[m g[cm _rjl_mmcp[m mi\l_
[ domnc`c][~}i $io( g[cm _r[n[g_hn_( mi\l_ [ domnc~[ ^_ ?_om ]igi ^cm)
nchn[ ^[ domnc~[ ^[ G_c% _l[ [ ko_mn}i do^_om+a_hncim* Jm gcmmcihzlcim
do^_om _mn[p[g _pc^_hn_g_hn_ chmcmnchî ko_ [m j_mmi[m ko_ K[ofi
nchb[ ]ihp_lncî nchb[g ^_ m_l ]cl]oh]c^[^[m m_ kocm_mm_g _rcacl m_o
kochb}i h[m \Çh~}im ^[ [fc[h~[ ]ig <\l[}i* K[ofi _mn[p[ _pc^_hn_)
g_hn_ chmcmnchî ko_ i m_o _p[ha_fbi cgjfc][p[ hi `[ni îm a_hncim
ji^_l_g ]igj[lncfb[l _mm[m \Çh~}im [nl[pÄm ^[ `Ä _g >lcmni( m_g l_)
]ill_l_g { ]cl]oh]cm}i h[ ][lh_* @f_ chmcmnc[ hi `[ni ^_ ko_ [ko_f_m ko_
l_]_\_l[g i @mjÉlcni _l[g [ ]cl]oh]cm}i { ko[f [ [fc[h~[ nchb[ mcî
jlig_nc^[* I[ g_hn_ ^_ K[ofi( noî cmni _mn[p[ _pc^_hn_g_hn_ pch]o)
f[î { mo[ n_ifiac[ ^[ domnc`c][~}i* < ]ih]fom}i Ä ko_ i _hmch[g_hni
j[ofchi mi\l_ [ domnc`c][~}i ji^_ _mn[l ^_ `[ni g[cm pch]of[î { ko_m)
n}i do^_om+a_hncim î ko_ n_g mcî l_]ihb_]cî nl[^c]cih[fg_hn_*
-( ?+ -(.'/X
N_ [ l_`f_r}i mi\l_ A- /*.)0 g imnl[ ]ig i [ hip[ j_lmj_]ncp[
mi\l_ K[ofi j i ^ _ m_l cg j i ln[h n_ j [l[ ]ig jl__h^_lg im g _fbil i
_p[ha_fbi ^ [ domnc`c][~}i( i j i h ni Ä l_ìl~[î j i l [kocfi ko_ K[o)
fi ]ihncho[ [ ^ct_l mi\l_ [ mo[ j lÖ j lc[ _rj_lcÇh]c[* N_ [faoÄg
.- >`* J#=lc_h6 i [laog_hni ^_ K[ofi Ä ko_ #[ ]cl]oh]cm}i# h}i ^_p_lc[ m_l [jfc][)
î ^_ giî [faog [ Dml[_f* V***W @mm_ nÉnofi _ noî ko_ mcahc`c][ dz h}i m_ [jfc][ [
Dml[_f aWjv iwhaW $G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* /14%*
/0) ODQ< NJ=M@ K < PGJ
j _h m[ n_l ]ih`c[h~[ h[ ][lh_( _o n_hbi g[cm6 ]cl]oh]cmi hi icn[pi

^c[7 $og g _g \li% î jipi ^ _ Dml[_f7 $og g _g \li% ^[ nlc\i ^_
=_hd[gch V***W $A-/*0)1%* I Ö n_g im ]f[l[g _hn_ [koc o g [ _rjl_mm}i
^_ ]ih`c[h~[ VbWbaufZre[eP ^ c[h n_ ^_ ? _om(.. ^_ ]ih`c[h~[ h[ ][l)
h_ ) cmni Ä( h}i h[ ìl~[ bog [h[ io him [f][h]_m g oh^[him( g[m Ñ[m
p[hn[a_hm ^_ _mn[l h[ fcmn[*./ < ]ih`c[h~[ $i ilaofbi% _mn[p[ hi efSfge%
efSfge ]igi og g_g\li î jipi ^[ [fc[h~[ Dml[_f( ]igi og îm ^_m)
]_h^_hn_m `Émc]im $ h[ ][lh_ % ^_ <\l[}i( ]igi b_l^_clim ^[m jlig_m)
m[m ^[ [fc[h~[ `_cn[m j[l[ _ [nl[pÄm ^_ <\l[}i $]igi ]ih`clg[^[m j_f[
]cl]oh]cm}i h[ ][lh_ %* K[ofi _f_h][ mo[m ko[fc`c][~à_m( m_o gincpi
j[l[ n_l ]ih`c[h~[( _g [fai ko_ ji^_ m_l j_l]_\cî l[jc^[g _hn_ ]igi
og [ fcmn[ ^_ m_n_ cn_hm* >ig_]_gim ]ig im nlÇm jlcg_clim*
[% Klcg_cli cn_g ^_ mo[ fcmn[ ) ]cl]oh]c^[î hi icn[pi ^c[ *

J _]i ^_ Bh -3*-. Ä Ö\pci6 ][^[ g[]bi _hnl_ pÖm m_lz ]cl]oh]c^[î
ko[hî `[t icni ^c[m * IÖm ji^_lÉ[g im _mj_l[l ko_ K[ofi ]ig_~[mm_
]ig i m_aohî cn_g $h[m]cg_hni ]igi cml[_fcn[%( dz ko_ Ä ]lihifiac)
][g_hn_ [hn_lcil _ g[cm òh^[g _hn[f* H[m _f_ ]ig_~[ ]ig [ ]cl]oh)
]cm}i6 jl_mog cp_fg _hn_ jilko_ _l[ i jihni jlch]cj[f h[ mo[ ^cm]om)
m}i ]ig im chnlomim h[ Dal_d[ ^_ Acfcjim7 g[m n[g\Äg( m_g ^âpc^[(
jilko_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i h}i _l[ g _l[g _hn_ og lcni ^_ _hnl[^[ j[l[ i
a_hnci jlimÄfcni( g[m og [ $m_ h}i S# ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ ko_ ^_`chc[ i g_g)
\li î jipi ^[ [fc[h~[(.0 _ _l[ [mmcg n[g\Äg og mch[f ^_ ^cmnch)
~}i ]ihnl[ i g ohî ]cl]oh^[hn_ h}i)do^[c]i *.1 IÖm ^_p_lÉ[g im him
f_g \l[l ^_ ko_ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i h}i _l[ j[l[ og ^_m]_h^_hn_ ^_ <\l[}i
og lcni ^_ _hnl[^[ h[ [fc[h~[* Dmni _l[ ^[î ]ig mo[ ^_m]_h^Çh]c[
^_ <\l[}i* < ]cl]oh]cm}i _l[ [hn_m i jlcg _cli [ni ^[ i\m_lp[~}i ^[
[fc[h~[ j_fi g_g \li l_]Äg)h[m]cî î jipi ^[ [fc[h~[* K[l[ om[l)
gim im n_lgim chnliôtcîm jil @* K* G 5 B 8 9 F G $ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i hi icn[pi
^c[ _l[ i jlcg _cli [ni ^_ g [hon_h~}i ^[ jimc~}i î do^_o l_]Äg)
h[m]cî ^_hnli ^[ [fc[h~[( og [ jlcg _cl[ l_[fct[~}i ^_ og [ pc^[ ^_
higcmgi ^[ [fc[h~[*
.. >igi _g A--*-07 .*.07 n[g\Äg .>il -*57 .Om /*07 @` /*-.*

./ E* Bhcfe[( ;[h G^_b_ff[hXh_[\% .[ _^* COFIO -,*/ $Alc\olai V<f_g[hb[W6 C_l^_l(
-532%( j* -43*
.0 >`* hip[g_hn_ WY_cW% å .*
X Ic_\obl( ?[_Z[dWfeij[b% j* -,17 [fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* WY_cW% >[j* 1*
:Wf}jkbe ++ /0*
\% N_aohî cn_g ^[ fcmn[ ) $og g_g\li% î jipi ^_ Dml[_f ) ^_

^_m]_h^_h]c[ ^cl_n[ ^_ <\l[}i( Dm[ko_ _ E[]Ö( h}i og jlimÄfcni* <koc(
i òh^[g _hni ^[ ]ih`c[h~[ ^_ K[ofi ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om _l[ ]f[l[g_hn_
mo[ [VW`f[VSVW rf`[US' @f_ _l[ og cml[_fcn[( j_ln_h]_hî {ko_f_ jipi ko_
?_om nchb[ _f_acî j[l[ mc g_mgi ^_ ni^[m [m h[~à_m $?n /.*4)5%* @g
Mg 5*0)1( _f_ _f[\il[ ]ig g[cm ^_n[fb_m [ \[m_ ^[ ]ih`c[h~[ ^_ cml[_fc)
n[m ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om6 ?_om nchb[ fb_m ^[î [ [î~}i( [ afilc[ _ [m [fc[h)
~[m( [ G_c( i m_lpc~i _ [m jlig_mm[m V***W * @l[ _mm[ _mjÄ]c_ ^_ mch[cm î
`[pil ^cpchi( ^[ _f_c~}i ^_ Dml[_f jil ?_om j[l[ m_l m_o jipi j_]ofc[l(
ko_ ^[p[ [i cml[_fcn[ [ mo[ ]ih`c[h~[ ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om* O[g\Äg [koc( [m)
mcg ]igi []ihn_]_ ]ig [ ]cl]oh]cm}i( K[ofi gimnl[)m_ m_g ^cmjimc~}i
^_ [\[hîh[l m_o nÉnofi jl_g c[î ^[ _f_c~}i ^cpch[( _f_ ]ihncho[p[ [
j_hm[l ^_ mc g_mgi ]igi og cml[_fcn[ $Mg --*-7 .>il --*..%* H_mgi
m_hî og ]l_hn_ hi E_mom H_mmc[m( _f_ h}i l_hoh]cio [ mo[ b_l[h~[
Änhc][( g[m _hn_h^c[ m_o _p[ha_fbi _g ]ihnchoc^[^_ ^cl_n[ ]ig _f[ _
[nÄ g_mgi ]igi [ mo[ [`clg[~}i*.2
]% O_l]_cli cn_g ^[ fcmn[ ) $og g_g\li% ^[ nlc\i ^_ =_hd[gch *
x ^_ ]_lni chn_l_mm_ ko_ K[ofi m[\c[ mo[ c^_hnc^[^_ nlc\[f _ ko_ _f[ fb_
_l[ og gincpi ^_ ilaofbi( og gincpi [^c]cih[f j[l[ mo[ ]ih`c[h~[
^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om* ?im ît_ `cfbim ^_ E[]Ö( mig_hn_ =_hd[gch h[m]_o h[
n_ll[ jlig _nc^[ $Bh /1*-2)-4%( _ mig_hn_ [ nlc\i ^_ =_hd[gch nchb[ j_l)
g[h_]cî `c_f [ Eo^z _ { ][m[ ^_ ?[pc ko[hî im l_chim m_ m_j[l[l[g
^_jicm ^[ g iln_ ^_ N[fig}i*.3 J jihni ko_ ^_p_ m_l hin[î [koc z %
g[cm olh[ p_t( ko_ _l[ S^Ya cgW ^ZW XadS VSVa ]ig i m_o h[m]cg_hni( h}i
[fai [f][h~[î io g_l_]cî jil _f_* <mmcg ]igi []ihn_]_ ]ig mo[
c^_hnc^[^_ Änhc][ ^_ cml[_fcn[( [mmcg []ihn_]_ n[g\Äg ]ig mo[ c^_h)
nc^[^_ nlc\[f ^_ \_hd[gcn[6 i ko_ fb_ ^_o ]ih`c[h~[ ìc i `[ni ^_f_ m_l
og \_h_`c]czlci ^[ _f_c~}i jlip_hc_hn_ î ?_om ^_ Dml[_f* I_mn_ jihni(
mo[ ]ih`c[h~[ Ä mcgjf_mg_hn_ [ ^_ [faoÄg ko_ j_ln_h]_ [i jipi _f_cni(
ko_ ]ig_~io mo[ pc^[ ]igi og g_g\li ^_ olh[ ^[m nlc\im ^_ Dml[_f*
.2 >`*( [fÄg ^cmmi( Mig[him 5)-- _ g _o fcpli IecWdi% j* 1.2)1.4(1/4)10,(24-)2427

n[g\Äg g _o fcpli K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb j^[ 8feijb[ $Bl[h^ M[jc^m6 @_l^g [hm+@^cg )
\olai6 O* " O* >f[le* -554%( å -5*
.3 Gcabnìin( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* -02)-037 C[qnbilh_( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* -/.)-//6 J#=lc_h(
G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* /3,)/3-7 =i]ego_bf( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* -52* >_ln[g_hn_ bz og [ ìln_
jimmc\cfc^[^_ ^_ K[ofi $N[ofi ^_ O[lmi% n_l l_]_\cî m_o hig_ _g g_gilc[ î
jlcg_cli l_c ^_ Dml[_f $N[of io N[ofi%*
/0+ ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
<nÄ [koc( [ ]ih`c[h~[ _rjl_mm[^[ m_ ^z ]f[l[g_hn_ _g n_lgim Än)

hc]im* < cgjfc][~}i Ä _pc^_hn_g_hn_ ko_ im h[i)]cl]oh]c^[îm( im ko_
`pa epa Va jipi ^_ Dml[_f( `pa ji^c[g ]igj[lncfb[l ^[ g_mg[ ]ih`c[h)
~[* < ionl[ cgjfc][~}i( i f[î g[cm h_a[ncpi ^[ g_mg[ gi_^[( _l[
ko_ i h}i)cml[_fcn[ _mn[p[ _g ^_mp[hn[a_g ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om _ _l[ _`_nc)
p[g_hn_ [fpi ^[ cl[ ^_ ?_om( _g p_t ^_ m_l ^[ mo[ gcm_lc]il^c[* K[ofi
l_mm[fn[ i jlcg_cli _g Mg .*-3).0 _ fon[ ]ig i m_aohî _g Mg 5)--
$j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ 5*-/).07 --*3)-.(.1)/-%* @l[ i g_mgi l[]ci]chci ^_
og [ gcmm}i ^_ gcm_lc]il^c[ ko_ cgj_fc[ im ionlim gcmmcihzlcim [ nl[)
t_l_g a_hncim ^cmjimnim ]igi jlimÄfcnim j[l[ ^_hnli ^_ Dml[_f* K[ofi
l_]ihb_]_ _`_ncp[g_hn_ [ n_ifiac[ jil nlzm ^_mm[ gcmm}i* @l[ og [ ko_
òh]cih[lc[ gocni \_g _g m_o jlÖjlci ][mi* >ihnoî( fiai g[cm _f_
^_cr[lz ]f[li ko_ dz nchb[ [\[hîh[î _mm[ n_ifiac[ $A-/*3)4%* J jihni
î ^_\[n_ i][mcih[î j_f[ hip[ j_lmj_]ncp[ mi\l_ K[ofi ko_ ^_p_ m_l
hin[î( jilÄg( Ä ko_ [kocfi ko_ K[ofi l_d_cn[ [mmcg [nÄ [koc Ä [ Ua`&
X[S`qS `S [VW`f[VSVW Änhc][( [ ]ih`c[h~[ _g n_l mcî ]cl]oh]c^[î _( ^_mm[
ìlg[( [nÄ g_mgi [im icni ^c[m ^_ pc^[( n_l mcî `c_f { [fc[h~[* <i `[f[l
^[ ]ih`c[h~[ do^[c][ ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om( _f_ h}i m_ pifnio jlcg_cli j[l[
im j_hm[g _hnim ^_ [oni[f][h]_ ^_ i\l[m io j[l[ im [nim ko_ j_lgcn_g
i\n_l im gÄlcnim* @g p_t ^cmmi( _f_ _l[ ]ihnl[ i ilaofbi ^[ c^_hnc^[^_
Änhc][( ]ihnl[ [ c^_c[ ^_ m_l cml[_fcn[ _g ^_nlcg_hni îm ionlim( ]ihnl[ [
]igjl__hm}i ^[ ijimc~}i _hnl_ i do^_o _ i a_hnci* >ihnl[ noî cmni _f_
l_acmnlio i m_o jlcg_cli jlin_mni [i ]ig_~[l [ _rjl_mm[l hip[g_hn_ i
ko_ mcahc`c][p[ j[l[ _f_ i _p[ha_fbi ^[ domnc~[ ^cpch[*.4
.4 @g\il[ l_]ihb_~[g ]f[l[g_hn_ [ ^c`_l_h~[ _hnl_ im _f_g_hnim [hn_lcil_m _ im

jimn_lcil_m ^[ fcmn[( J#=lc_h _ A__ jli]ol[g ^cg chocl [ cgjiln|h]c[ î ][lzn_l
Änhc]i îm jlcg_clim( j[lnc]of[lg _hn_ ko[hî i jlcg _cli l_mog_ [ fcmn[ ]igi
l_[fct[~à_m l_fcacim[m $G^_b_ff_Wdi ( j* /21% _ i m_aohî l_mog_ im gincpim j[l[
[ ]ih`c[h~[ h[ ][lh_ ]igi n_hî gincpim j[l[ afilc[l)m_ ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om
]ig \[m_ _g [f][h]_m bog [him( [ âfncg[ _rjl_mm}i #[oni]_hnl[^[# ^[ pc^[
#G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* /,/*/./%* N_g_fb[hn_g_hn_ O* G[[ni( GWkbki kdZ ZWi AkZ[djkc3
8dj^hefebe]_iY^[ <hmx]kd][d $C_fmchec6 <\i( -55-%6 ;Wi j_jicnb_h[c _h m[lec
X[Z[kj[j d_Y^ji WdZ[h[i W_i ZWi J[bXijl[hjhWk[d Z[i D [ d i Y ^ [ d Z W i J_Y^&IÉ^c[d Z[h
J[bXij][h[Y^j_]a[_j VJ f[fe_j^zdW_ [d iWha_ h}i mcahc`c][ h[^[ g_him ko_ [ [oni)
]ih`c[h~[ î m_l bog[hi7 i afilc[l)m_ ^[ domnc~[ jlÖjlc[W( j* .15( .2/* O[g\Äg
O* M* N]bl_ch_l( GWkb% 8 feijb[ e\ >eZ"i >beho _d :^h_ij $?iqh_lm Blip_6 Dhn_lQ[l)
mcns( .,,-%6 J jli\f_g[ _l[ [ `cr[~}i _g mo[m jlÖjlc[m l_[fct[~à_m _ domnc~[* @f_
m_ ^_^c][p[ { G_c ]igi og g_ci ^_ ìln[f_]_l m_o jlÖjlci _ai _ mo[ jlÖjlc[
afÖlc[ $j* -./%* >* B* Flom_( GWkb% j^[ CWm WdZ Akij_\_YWj_ed $G_c]_mn_l6 <jiffim(
X -552%( Ä g[cm _kocfc\l[î $j* .13).14%*
:Wf}jkbe ++ /0,
J jihni ìln_ ^[ hip[ j_lmj_]ncp[ Ä i `[ni ^_f[ n_l `_cni mi\l_mm[cl

n[f [mj_]ni î _p[ha_fbi _ ^[ n_ifiac[ ^_ K[ofi*
.( ?+ -(/Y'0
^% J ko[lni cn_g î _f_h]i j[ofchi ^_ gincpim j[l[ [ mo[ ]ih`c[h)
~[ ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om Ä [ _rjl_mm}i og b_\l_o îm b_\l_om * J hig_
#b_\l_o# _mn[p[ ]ihp_h]cih[fg_hn_ [mmi]c[î [i nl[^c]cih[fcmgi io
]ihm_lp[îlcmgi *.5 < chn_hmc`c][~}i ^[ [`clg[~}i ) og b_\l_o îm
b_\l_om ) _g p_t ^_ _r[n[g_hn_ _o mio og b_\l_o $]igi _g .>il
--*.% ) ^_p_ l_`f_ncl [ [hnca[ ^_n_lgch[~}i ^_ K[ofi ^_ g [hn_l mo[
c^_hnc^[^_ Änhc][* ?_ `[ni( h}i g_l[g_hn_ g[hnÇ)f[( g[m m_ c^_hnc`c][l
g[cm ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ]ig [m [hnca[m ilca_hm _ ]ig i ][lzn_l ^_ m_o
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i ilcach[f Ä i g_fbil7 mig_hn_ i ilcach[f Ä p_l^[^_cl[g _hn_ [onÇhnc]i7
pifn[l j[l[ [m l[Ét_m( j[l[ im chÉ]cim( ]igi og giî ^_ j_lg[h_]_l
g[cm `c_f _ p_l^[^_cli { l_mj_cni ^_ mo[ b_l[h~[*
@ h_mn_ jihni ko_ hÖm ]ig_~[gim [ p_l [ nl[hmc~}i h[ fcmn[ ^_ m_n_
cn_hm( hi cn_g ]_hnl[f ^[ fcmn[ ^_ m_n_ _f_g_hnim* Kicm( _g\il[ b_\l_o
m_d[ og [ c^_hnc^[^_ fchaoÉmnc][( ko[m_ n}i ^[^[ ko[hni [ c^_hnc^[)
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g_hmà_m hilg[cm î higcmgi ^[ [fc[h~[ _ ko_ ch^c][g ko_ i K[ofi
jlÄ)]lcmn}i m_ ]ifi]io ^_fc\_l[^[g_hn_ h_mn_ ]olmi*
< fcmn[ îm gincpim j[l[ [ ]ih`c[h~[ j[ofch[ jlÄ)]lcmn} ^c[hn_ ^_
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01. ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
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g[cm g[l][^[*
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cl [nÄ E_lom[fÄg $m_ Ä ko_ _f_ h}i _mn[p[ [fc%*/- N_ _f_ nchb[ pcpcî _g
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..*/ Ä ]igjf_n[g_hn_ jf[omÉp_f*
J [laog _hni òf]l[f _ i gincpi j_fi ko[f K[ofi f_p[hn[ n[f jihni
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]lÉnc][m { ]igohb}i ^[ g_m[ ^_ E_mom ]ig j_][îl_m ko_ [m nl[^c)
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j_mmi[fg_hn_ nchb[ pcpcî jil _mm[ g_mg[ fÖac][*
/- E_lom[fÄg _l[ i âhc]i foa[l Ö\pci ih^_ K[ofi ji^_ n_l)m_ ìlg[î ]igi `[)
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m_l_g c^_hnc`c][îm ]igi og [ m_cn[ ^_hnli î do^[Émgi î N_aohî
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`% N_rni cn_g ^[ fcmn[ ko_ _f_h][ im gincpim ^[ ]ih`c[h~[ î K[ofi

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g[cilc[ îm do^_om pc[ ]igi i\lca[~}i mi\ [ G_c* I}i m_ ^_p_ _hn_h)
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$B--*-0%( jicm cmni `[tc[ j[ln_ ^_ m_o m_l `[lcm_o* J t_fi ^_ K[ofi _l[ ^_
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[m ko_ _f_ j_l]_\c[ _mn[l_g nl[hmal_^chî [ G_c6 _f_ nchb[ j_lm_aocî
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og [ `f[al[hn_ ^_m]ihmc^_l[~}i j[l[ ]ig [ G_c `ct_l[ ^_f_ i gi^_fi î
t_fi ^_pini $Ig .1*2)-/7 ND -,2*.4)/-7 Ncl 01*./).07 fH ] .*.2(107 0H]
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fge Änhc]i* <i g_mgi n_gji( jilÄg ( ^_p_gim hin[l ko_ i t_fi ^_
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?_om* @l[ [hn_m jlipi][î j_f[ jl_i]oj[~}i _g g [hn_l _ jlin_a_l
[ c^_hnc^[^_ ^_ Dml[_f ]igi i jipi m_j[l[î j[l[ ?_om7 [ jl_i]oj[)
~}i( _g ionl[m j[f[pl[m( ]ig [ m[hnc^[^_ Dml[_f _g ]ihnl[mn_ ]ig [m
/0/ ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
ionl[m h[~à_m*/1 Aic [ \l_]b[ h_mm[ \[ll_cl[ ko_ chmjclio i t_fi ^_ Ac)
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a% NÄncgi _ âfncgi cn_g ^[ fcmn[ ) ko[hni { domnc~[ ko_ _mnz h[

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:Wf}jkbe ++ /00
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_hn_h^cî ]igi _kocp[f_hn_ ^_ m_g j_][î ( cmni t $ hoh][ n_l nl[hm)
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j^[ E[m G[hif[Yj_l[% j* -05)-1,%*
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W :[djhWb GWkb_d[ K^[c[' IipONojj 24 $G_c^_h6 =lcff( -55.W( j* -30* < G_c ]igi
g iî ^_ pc^[ _l[ [g jf[g _hn_ j_hm[^[ ]igi pczp_f _ jl[nc]zp_f6 jicm [ g[ci)
lc[ îm do^_om `cÄcm n_lc[ ]ihmc^_l[î [\molî j_hm[l ko_ ?_om ncp_mm_ ^[î
./0 5 I ip[ K _ lm j _ ] ncp [ mi \ l_ K [ o f i
<i g_mgi n_gji( hÖm ^_p_gim him f_g\l[l î [fni al[o ^_ ch)
n_hmc`c][~}i ko_ K[ofi _mn[\_f_]_o hi _f_h]i îm gincpim jlÄ)]lcmn}im
ko_ nl[tc[g j[l[ _f_ al[h^_ ]ih`c[h~[ ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om* Dmmi moa_l_ ko_
i j[l[f_fi g[cm ]f[li ]ig i j_hm[g_hni ^_ K[ofi [koc _rjl_mmi Ä i ]fÉ)
g[r ^_ B --*-/)-0* <fc( K[ofi f_g\l[6 _o jlial_^c hi do^[cmgi [fÄg
^_ gocnim ^_ g_om ]ihn_gjilzh_im hi g_o jipi( m_hî _r]_^_h)
n_g _hn_ t_fimi j i l g chb[m nl[^c~à_m [h]_mnl[cm $B- -*-0%* < koc
_mn[g im h ip[g _hn_ {m pifn[m ]ig i `[lcm_o t_fimi( ko_ p[c S^r_ î
_mncfi ^_ p c^ [ î do^[Émg i ]ig og * I Öm j_l]_\_g im ^_ `[ni o g
_f_g _hni ^_ Ua_bWf[f[h[VSVW hi K[ofi jlÄ)]lcmn}i( ko_ jli ]o l[p [ g^&
fdSbSeeSd im m_om ]ihn_g jil|h_im _g mo[ ^_pi~}i t_fim[ {m ZS^SUaf
g [cm _m]lojofim[m îm `[lcm_om _ _g mo[ [jfc][~}i( o fnl[j [mm[h ^ i
[nÄ g _mg i g ocnim ^_ m_om ]if_a[m `[lcm_om( ch]fomcp_ _g mo[ j_l)
m_aoc~}i ^ [ Dal_d[* Dmmi p[c [ail[ \_g [fÄg ^ [ ]ih`c[h~[ hi efSfge
Änhc]i*01 < koc b z j_fi g _him o g _f_g _hni ^_ [oni[f][h]_ _ ^ _ il)
ao fb i hi [oni[f][h]_( n[hni _g B --*-0 ]igi( j_f[ cg jfc][~}i( _g
A- /*2*02
og [ l_p_f[~}i ko_ h}i ji^c[ m_l pcpc^[ h[ l_[fc^[^_* O[g\Äg h_mm_ [mj_]ni(
K[ofi h}i ^ct ko_ _f_ _mn[p[ #m_g j_][î#( g[m g_l[g _hn_ ko_ _f_ _l[ l_ni _
cll_jl__hmÉp_f m_aohî i j[^l}i ko_ _mn[p[ m_aochî $=i]ego_bf( G^_b_ff_Wdi%
j* .,.%* N_g_fb[hn_g_hn_ I* O* Rlcabn( Mig[hm ( ch K^[ E [m @dj[hfh[j[hi 9_Xb[
Meb' *) $I[mbpcff_6 <\chaîh( .,,.%( j* 02-* Jl[( i ko_ Ä g_fbil ) `[f[l ^_ domnc~[
[nchac^[ _ [f][h~[^[ $Fcg( GWkb WdZ j^[ E[m G[hif[Yj_l[% j* 33)34%( io ^_
domnc~[ pcpc^[ _ _r_gjfc`c][^[;
01 V***W og [f][h]_ ko_ i m_j[lio ^_ ionlim do^_om $H* <* N_c`lc^( :^h_ij% ekh I_&
]^j[ekid[ii3 GWkb"i K^[ebe]o e \ Akij_\_YWj_ed V?iqh_lm Blip_6 Dhn_lQ[lmcns( .,,,W(
j* .3%* @o h}i ^_c cgjiln|h]c[ mo`c]c_hn_ [ cmni _g g _o K[of [h^ Eomnc`c][ncih
\s A[cnb ( ch M* I* Giha_h_]e_l $ila*%( K^[ IeWZ \hec ;WcWiYki3 K^[ @cfWYj e\
GWkb"i :edl[hi_ed ed ?_i C_\[% Kêk]^j% WdZ D _d_ijho $Bl[h^ M[jc^m6 @_l^g[hm(
-553%( j* 41)-,- $[koc6 j* 5/)50% $9 WY_cW% >[j* -2( j* 1/0)1/2%*
02 Kil cmmi ko[fc`c]i g _o [laog_hni g[cm [hncai ^_ ko_ im nlÇm âfncgim cn_hm h[
fcmn[ ^_ K[ofi h}i ji^_g m_l ]ihmc^_l[îm #[oni[f][h]_# $K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb%
j* /3,%( _g ko_ _o _mn[p[ g[cm jl_i]oj[î _g h}i j_l^_l ^_ pcmn[ [ domnc~[
]igi jlznc][ ^[ [fc[h~[ _g p_t ^_ olh[ g_n[ [ m_l [ch^[ [f][h~[^[ * < g[ci)
lc[ îm ]ig_hn[lcmn[m l_]_hn_m l_]ihb_]_ [ h_]_mmc^[^_ ^_ l_]ihb_]_l i m_hncî
jf_hi ^[ fcmn[ _g /*1)2 _ i ][lzn_l chn_al[î îm jlcpcfÄacim b_l^[îm _ [f)
][h]_m j_mmi[cm ( om[hî im n_lgim ^_ K* O* J#=lc_h( R[m K[of >ihp_ln_^; ( ch
)?* <* >[lmih [j Wb' $ila*%( Akij_\_YWj_ed WdZ MWh_[]Wj[Z Eec_ic' Meb' +3 K^[ GWhWZen[i
e \ GWkb $Oä\cha_h6 H ibl Nc_\_]e( .,,0%( j* /2-)/5- $[koc6 j* /3.)/3/%7 jlcpcfÄacim
^_ h[m]cg_hni _ jlznc][ [ncp[ ^[ G_c $H[lao_l[n( K[of _n f[ Gic ( j* .22%7 D* C*
:Wf}jkbe ++ /02
@g l_mog i( m_ [ j lcg _cl[ g _n[^_ ^ [ fcmn[ îm g incpim jlÄ)

]lcmn}im ^_ K[ofi j [l[ n_l ]ih`c[h~[ ^ c[hn_ ^_ ? _om ]ih`_l_ mo\m)
n|h]c[ [i [è[YZf _ Çh`[m_ ^[ hip[ j_lmj_]ncp[( _hn}i hÖm ji^_g im
^ct_l cao[fg _hn_ ko_ [ m_a o h ^ [ g _n[^_ ^ [ fcmn[ ]ih`_l_ [ g _mg [
mo\mn|h]c[ { Çh`[m_ ^ [ [hnca[ j_lmj_]ncp[*
/( ?B -(1'3
J p _ lmÉ] o fi 3 g [ l] [ [ l_ p cl[ p i fn[ ( [ ] i h p _lm} i ^ _ N [ofi( i
`[ lcm_ o ( j [ l[ m_ ni lh [ l K [o fi ( i ]lcmn}i * < j lcg _ cl[ ] [l[] n_ lÉmnc)
][ h i nz p _ f Ä [ ch n_ h m c^ [ ^ _ ^ _ mo [ p i fn[* J k o _ _l[ YS`Za j [ l[
g cg ( _mm[m ]icm[m ] b _a o _ c [ ] i h mc^ _ l[ l bWdVS _g p clno ^ _ ^_
> lcmni * H [cm ^ i k o _ cmni ( ] i h mc^ _ li no ^ i o g [ bWdVS _g p clno ^ _
^ i p [ fi l g [ ci l ^ _ ]i h b _]_l > lcmni E_mo m( g _ o N _h b i l* @g p cl)
no ^ _ ^ _f_( _ o eaXd[ S bWdVS VW no ^ i ( _ _ o ] i h mc^ _ li cmni o g ^[ja%
[ `cg ^ _ k o _ _ o j i mm[ a [ h b [ l > lcmni _ j i mm[ m_l _ h ] i h nl[ ^ i
h _f_( h } i n_ h ^ i g ch b [ j lÖ j lc[ do mnc~ [ k o _ Ä ^ [ G_c( g [m [ k o _f[
k o _ Ä [ nl[ p Ä m ^ [ `Ä _g > lcmni ( [ do mnc~ [ ^ _ ? _o m ]ig \ [ m_ h [
`Ä K [ o fi h }i h _ a [ i \ _h _`É]ci ^ _ mo [ mcno [ ~} i j lÄ p c[ 6 _f[
ncp _ l[ o g a [ h b i ( [ fa o g [ p [ h n[ a _ g ) _f_ o m[ [ g _mg [ j [ )
f[ p l[ $]rdVae % _g A- -*.- j [ l[ [ `clg [ l k o _ [ g i ln_ m_lc[ j [ l[ [
mo [ j lÖ j lc[ p [ h n[ a _ g * < i l_ h o h ] c[ l [ _mm_ a [ h b i j lÄ p ci ( _f_
nch b [ mi `lc^ i o g [ j _ l^ [ ( ]ig [ cg j fc][~}i ^ _ lrW_[vy3 j [ m)
m [ l h _ ] _ mmc^ [ ^ _ i o mi `l_ l _g ] i h m_ k o Ç h ]c[ ^ _ [ fa i *03 J m_ h nc^ i
_ l[ i ^ _ n_ l j _ l^ c^ i fgVa ) i o nl[ f_ g \ l[ h ~ [ ^ _ mo [ p c^ [ ]ig i
`[ lcm_ o t_fimi6 _f[ ^ _ p _ n_ l mc^ i [ \ l[ h a _ h n_ 7 [ mo [ p c^ [ ]ig i
`[ lcm_ o mca h c`c] [ l[ no ^ i j [ l[ _f_*
H[lmb[ff( E[m K[ijWc[dj K^[ebe]o $?iqh_lm Blip_6 Dhn_lQ[lmcns( .,,0%( j* 002)

003* J ncji ^_ _r_a_m_ ]ihnl[ i ko[f _o _mn[p[ i\d_n[hî Ä \_g _rjfc]cn[î j_f[
]cn[~}i ^_ H [lao_l[n $j* .2,%( jlip_hc_hn_ ^_ B* =ilhe[gg( GWkb $Gih^l_m6
C i^^_l " Nnioabnih( -53-%6 J _r_gjfi j[ofchi î jlcmcih_cli î j_][î Ä
i jlÖjlci do^_o ]cog_hni _g l_f[~}i { G_c* Ni\ [ cfom}i ^_ m_l ^_pini( _g mo[
\om][ jil domnc~[ _f_ cg[ach[ ko_ i []_mmi [ ?_om( j[l[ i ko[f _f_ _mnz \[ll[î
_ m_g _mj_l[h~[( _mn_d[ [ail[ [\_lni( io cg[ach[ ko_ _f_ i jimm[ [\lcl jil mo[m
i\l[m $j* -./%*
03 9;8>% j* 0.4*
.0( 5 I ip[ K _ lm j _ ] ncp [ mi \ l_ K [ o f i
H [m [ail[ _f_ ]ihmc^_l[ [ mo[ p c^ [ [hn_lcil o g fcri ( ^_mji)

d[^ [ ^_ p[fil( m_g _fb[hn_ [ _r]l_g _hnim Nfm e]kTS^SW*04J cg j[]ni
^_ E_mâm( i > lcmni(05 ìl[ n}i _mg [a[îl ko_ _f_ l_f[ncpctio ]ig jf_)
n[g _hn_ k o [fk o _l i o nli ]ihdohni ^_ p[fil_m l_p_f[îm _ nl[^c]ci)
h[cm j_fim ko[cm nchb[ pcpcî [nÄ _hn}i* < ]ig jf_no^_ ^ [ l_p_lm}i
îm m_om p[fil_m ^c`c]cfg _hn_ j i ^ _lc[ m_ _rjl_mm[l ^_ ìlg [ g [cm
[ao^[* H _mg i [mmcg ( jilÄg ( cmni h}i jl_]cm[ mcahc`c][l ko_ K[ofi
[ail[ h_a[mm_ k o [fk o _l p[fil [ _mm[m ]icm[m ko_ nchb [ ]ihmc^_l[)
^ i [hn_lcilg _hn_ n}i cg jiln[hn_m* Dmni Ä cg jlipzp_f ^ c[hn_ ^_ mo[
n_hn[ncp[ ^_ g [h n_l i p[fil ^ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i ch^c][î j_fi ? _on_)
lihÖg ci _ j i l E_l_g c[m $/*/%( ^_ mo[ [`clg [~}i î p[fil ]ihnchoi
^[ ]cl]oh]cm}i _g Mg /*-).( [mmcg ]ig i ^[m \Çh~}im ]ihncho[m ^_
Dml[_f $Mg 5*0)1%( _ ^_ m_o j lÖ j lci efSfge ]ig i cml[_fcn[ $Mg --*-7
.>il --*..%* 7 dSV[US^[VSVW Va Ua`fdSefW `pa Wefm fS`fa W_ VW`WYd[d Scg[&
â cgW W^W f[`ZS S`fWd[ad_W`fW Uaè[VWdSVa g_ YS`Za% _Se W_ dWS^qSd `S
_S[e S^fS _WV[VS a hSâd cgW W^W SYadS Sfd[TguS S 9d[efa% Sa Ua`ZWU[_W`fa
VW 9d[efa W n bWdebWUf[hS VW aTfWd S 9d[efa'
@ jl_]cmi h i n[l ko_ [kocfi j [l[ i ko_ K[ofi m_ pifni o h}i _l[
mcg jf_mg _hn_ [ ]ig j_ncncpc^[^_ ^_ mo[ p c^ [ [hnca[ ]ig i ch^c][^[
j_fim âfncg im ko [nli cn_hm ^_ m_om [hncaim g incpim j [ l[ n_l ]ih)
`c[h~[ $A-/*1\)2%* I }i _l[ mcg jf_mg _hn_ ko_ _f_ [ail[ m_ [\mncp_mm_
^_ mi\l_jod[l im m_om ]if_a[m do ^ _o m _ `[lcm_om $B --*-0%* @f_ n[g )
\ Äg j _h m[p [ _pc^_hn_g _hn_ him nlÇm j lcg _clim cn_hm ^ [ mo[ fcmn[
^_ ]ih`c[h~[ ) i efSfge ^ i j_ln_h]cg _hni { [fc[h~[( ^ [ ^ i [ _f_ j_fi
h[m]cg _hni _ [`clg [î j i l mo[ ]cl]oh]cm}i hi icn[pi ^c[ $A- /*1[%*
O[g \Äg cmni nch b [ mcî o g a[hbi j [ l[ _f_( o g g incpi ^_ ]ih`c[h)
~[ ^ c[hn_ ^_ ?_om* @ faVa WefW bSUafW ko_ _f_ pÇ [ail[ m_g k o [fk o _l
p[h n[a _g ) i hig cmg i ^ [ [fc[h~[( ko_ ]ihmc^_l[p[ [ j_mmi[ ch]cl)
]oh]cm[ ]ihmncno]cih[fg _hn_ ch][j[t ^_ n_l _mm[ ]ih`c[h~[ ^c[hn_
^_ ? _om( \_g ]ig i i hig cmg i ^ [ [fc[h~[ chn_hmc`c][î j_f[ l[)
^c][fc^[^_ ^ _ o g `[lcm_o cll_jl__hmÉp_f7 i t_fi( ko_ i g incp[p[ {
j_lm_aoc~}i ^_ do ^ _o m ko_ j[l_]c[g [g _[~[l [ m_j[l[~}i ^_ Dml[_f
^[m $ionl[m% h[~à_m( \_g ]ig i i t_fi j_f[m nl[^c~à_m îm j[cm( h[m
ko[cm _f_ ofnl[j [mm[p [ im m_om ]ihn_g jil|h_im $B--*-0%*
-1&9;8>% j* 5/.*
05 J [lncai ^_`chcî _g /*3 ]ihnÄg i m_hncî ^[ ^_m]i\_ln[ ^_ ko_ E_mom( [j_m[l ^_
n_l mcî ]lo]c`c][î( l_[fg_hn_ _l[ i H _mmc[m+>lcmni ^[ _mj_l[h~[ do^[c][*
:Wf}jkbe ++ /1*
N_ao_)m_ ^cmmi ca o[fg _hn_ ko_ K[ofi jlip[p_fg _hn_ h}i _m)
n[p[ j _h m[h ^ i h[ domnc~[ ]ig i [fai [f][h~[î j i l _f_ k o [h ^ i [`cl)
g io6 g chb[ domnc~[ ko_ _mnz h [ G_c $/*5%* N_g _h nl[l him ^_\[)
n_m l_pcm[îm [h n_lcilg _hn_(1, i n_lg i domnc~[ j i ^ _ m_l ^_`chcî
]igi o g efSfge io o g [ [ncpc^[^_ _g ]ihìlg c^[^_ ]ig [kocfi
ko_ ? _om ]ihmc^_l[ domni( i o ko_ f_p[ cmni _g ]ihn[* Dmni ch]foc [
_f_c~}i ^cpch[ ^_ Dml[_f _ [ _rcaÇh]c[ ^cpch[ ^ [ ]cl]oh]cm}i j [l[ [m
]lc[h~[m cml[_fcn[m î aÄh_li g [m]ofchi( [mmcg ]ig i ch]foc [ jl_m)
]lc~}i l_[f~[^[ j_fim `[lcm_om ^[kocfi ko_ Ä _rcacî j [l[ ko_ m_
g [hn_hb[ [ domnc~[ î jipi ^[ [fc[h~[* < ko[fc`c][~}i ^_ domnc~[
h_mn_ jihni ]ig i _[`ZS domnc~[ h}i ^_p_lc[ him _ha[h[l*1- M_`_)
l_)m_ [i g _mg i ]ihdohni ^_ p[fil_m ko_ K[ofi nchb[ jl_pc[g _hn_
l_]f[g [î j [l[ mc g _mg i $A- /*1)2%( ÅWg g [cm $/*0%( _ ko_ _f_ nchb[
[`clg [î ]ig i o g a[hbi bSdS _[_ $A- /*3% ) cmni Ä( olh[ p[hn[)
a_g ko_ N[ofi( i `[lcm_o( nchb[ [jl_]c[î ]igi o g cml[_fcn[ ]cl)
]oh]cmi( [mmcg ]igi [ p[hn[a_g ]ig j_ncncp[ ko_ _f_ nchb[ i\ncî
mi\l_ im m_om ]ihn_g jilzh_im*1.
J ]ihnl[mn_ Ä ôjfi6 _hnl_ g chb[ domnc~[ _ [ko_f[ $domnc~[%
ko_ Ä [nl[pÄm ^ [ `Ä _g >lcmni V***W ]ig \[m_ h[ `Ä 71/ _ _hnl_ [ domnc)
~[ ko_ Ä ^ [ G_c "fr` W] `v_ag % _ [ domnc~[ ko_ Ä ^_ ? _om "fr` W]
fZWa{#'
1, >`* WY_cW% j* --,)--/*

1- J#=lc_h ]ill_ _mn_ j_lcai $ R[m K[of >ihp_ln_^; ( j* /3/%*
1. >`* WY_cW% j* /,/( hin[ /2* M* C* Boh^ls( Bl[]_( Rilem( [h^ Nn[scha N[p_^ ch
K[of ( ch 9}Xb_YW // $-541%6 -)/4( pÇ h_mm[ fcmn[ mig_hn_ i j_][î [ncno^ch[f
^[ domnc~[ jlÖjlc[ $j* -/)-0%* J#=lc_h ijn[ jil _h`[nct[l mig_hn_ i jimn_lcil6
Z_aW_eiod| ^_m]l_p_ i [f][h]_ gil[f î jlÖjlci K[ofi V***W* [c zd ZjaW_eiodzd _l[
h[^[ g[cm ko_ [ domnc~[ jlÖjlc[ $G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* /50)/51%* Fcg ^_cr[ ^_ [jl_]c[l
i [fni al[o _g ko_ K[ofi m_ c^_hnc`c]io ]ig [ b_l[h~[ _ i ijWjki ^_ [fc[h~[ ^_
Dml[_f ) og [ domnc~[ bog [h[( og [ domnc~[ [f][h~[^[ jil m_l_m bog [him V***W _mn[
ko[fc^[^_ bog [h[ $cmni Ä( ][lh[f% _ h}i og [ ko[fc^[^_ h[]cih[fcmn[ $GWkb WdZ
j^[ E [m G[hif[Yj_l[% j* 33)35%*
1/ I}i Ä h_]_mmzlci m_ _hpifp_l hi ^_\[n_ [no[fg_hn_ jijof[l mi\l_ i m_hncî ^_
f}ij_i :^h_ijeÉ $ [ `Ä _g >lcmni i [ `c^_fc^[^_ ^_ >lcmni %( dz ko_ [ m_aoh^[ `Ä
Ä ]_ln[g_hn_ [ ^[ j_mmi[ ko_ ]lÇ( ]igi ]ih]il^[g J#=lc_h $G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* 0,,%
_ =i]ego_bf #G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* .--).-/% ko_ jl_`_l_g [g\im i m_hncî [ `c^_fc)
^[^_ ^_ >lcmni * Ii _hn[hni( ^_p_)m_ hin[l ko_ [ l_j_nc~}i jil _`_cnim l_nÖlc]im
$ ]oc^[î ( / p_t_m7 ]ih`c[h~[ h[ ][lh_ ( / p_t_m7 j_l^[ ( / p_t_m7 _g pclno)
^_ ^_ >lcmni ( / p_t_m7 g[hn_l ( / p_t_m% Ä og [ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ ^_mm[ j[mm[a_g*
.0* 5 I i p [ K _ lmj _ ] ncp [ mi \ l_ K [ o fi
J jlcg _cli ]ihnl[mn_ ]ifi][ _g [hnÉn_m_ i efSfge domni _ [ `c)

^_fc^[^_ ^ [ [fc[h~[ ko_ K[ofi j i ^ c[ l_]f[g [l ]igi cml[_fcn[( o g
b _\l_o îm b_\l_om( o g `[lcm_o t_fimi7 _ [ domnc~[ _hn_h^c^[ ]ig i
[ []_cn[\cfc^[^_ ^c[hn_ ^_ ? _om( ^ [^ [ mig _hn_ [nl[pÄm io ]ig \[m_
h[ `Ä* @mn_ Ä o g [rcig [ ]_hnl[f î _p[ha_fbi ^_ K[ofi _g ionlim
n_rnim ) ko_ i g ipcg _hni m[fpÉ`c]i ^_ ? _om Ä j [l[ faVSe Se bWeeaSe
ko_ ]l__g ( n[hni [m a_hnc[m k o[hni [m do^c[m $Mg -*-2)-3%( _ ko_
_mm_ [è[YZf ]_hnl[f h}i ^_pc[ m_l [^ o fn_l[^ i io ]ig jlig _ncî
j i l h _h b o g [ n_hn[ncp[ ^_ chmcmncl ko_ im ]l_hn_m nchb[g ko_ pcp_l
]igi do^_om $B- .*-0)-2%* < koc m_ j _l^ _ ^_ hipi i m_hncî k o[hî
m_ ]ihmc^_l[ [ domnc~[ [hn_lcil ]ig i [fai g _l_]cî io [f][h~[î*10
J _hìko_ î [laog _hni ^_ K[ofi Ä ko_ [j_h[m [ `Ä Ä [ \[m_ j[l[
o g [ l_f[~}i _`_ncp[g _hn_ domn[ ]ig ? _om ) [ ]ih`c[h~[ _g ? _om _ [
]_ln_t[ ^_ ? _om( ko_ < \l[}i nchb[ _r_g jfc`c][î n}i \_g [ l_mj_c)
ni ^ [ jlig _mm[ ^_ o g b_l^_cli $Mg 0*-2).-% ]ig i i g _ci [nl[pÄm
î ko[f _ ]ig \[m_ _g ko_ [ p c^ [ ^_p_lc[ m_l pcpc^[ $Mg -0*./%*11
K[ofi ijohb[)m_ [ ko[fko_l ]icm[ ko_ ^_jl_]c[p[( ^cg choÉ[ io
i\m]ol_]c[ _mm_ [è[YZf l_fcacimi òh^[g _hn[f* @ cmni ch]foÉ[ n[hni [
]ih`c[h~[ hi h[m]cg _hni _ h[ nl[^c~}i l_fcacim[( ko[hni [ ]ih`c[h~[
j i l m_l o g j l[nc][hn_ l[^c][f ^ [ nl[^c~}i*
J m_aohî ]ihnl[mn_ ]ifi][ _g [hnÉn_m_ [ domnc~[ ^[ G_c _ [
domnc~[ ^_ ? _om * ?_ hipi( Ä i\pci ko_ K[ofi m_ l_`_lc[ ]ig i jlc)
g _cli ]f[l[g _hn_ { fcmn[ ^_ A- /*0)2* < domnc~[ _l[ [ko_f[ ko_ _f_
nchb[ ^ _m`lon[î ]igi o g do^_o( _ ]ig i o g do ^ _o `c_f( o g efSfge
^_lcp[î ^[ j_ln_h~[ [i jipi [ ko_g ? _om nchb[ ^ [^ i [ G_c( o g
efSfge g [h nc^ i j i l m_o ]ig jlig cmmi `[lcm[c]i ^_ pcp_l ]igi o g
domni _hnl_ im g _g \lim î jipi ^_ ?_om* Q_l [koc ^_ hipi [ dom)
nc~[ ^ [ G_c ]ig i domnc~[ [oni[f][h~[^[ mcahc`c][ cahil[l i ]ihn_rni
^[ ]ih`c[h~[ jlÄpc[ ^_ K[ofi* Eomnc~[ jlip_hc_hn_ ^[ G_c ^_p_
^ _h i n[l [hn_m og [ jimc~}i ^c[hn_ ^_ ? _om( _h n_h^c^[ ]ig i ^_lcp[)
^ [ ^[ G_c ( cmni Ä( î `[ni ^_ m_l o g g _g \li î jipi ^ [ Oilz( î
10 >`* I* O* Rlcabn( N^Wj JW_dj GWkb I[Wbbo JW_Z $Bl[h^ M[jc^m6 @_l^g[hm( -553%6
J ko_ _f_ h_a[ h[ jlcg_cl[ g_n[^_ î p_lmÉ]ofi 5 h}i Ä og[ domnc~[ gil[fcmn[ io
[oni[f][h~[^[( g[m i ijWjki î j_ln_h]cg_hni { [fc[h~[ do^[c][ ilniîr[ $j* -.0%*
11 < `Ä h}i ^_p_ m_l _hn_h^c^[ ]igi [fai [f][h~[î V***W* J jlihoh]c[g _hni ^[
domnc~[ Ä ohc][g_hn_ i [ni ^_ ?_om( _ [ `Ä h}i ji^_ m_l m_j[l[^[ ^[ al[~[( g[m Ä
[\l[~[^[ jil _f[ $Bhcfe[( G^_b_ff[hXh_[\% j* -50%*
:Wf}jkbe ++ ›Ô
24/
YYY
jipi g [l][î _ m_j[l[î j_f[ G_c ^_ H icmÄm( jimc~}i jlip_hc_hn_

^ [ jlznc][ t_fim[ ^[ko_f[ G_c*12
J ]ihnl[mn_ ^cmmi Ä( j [l[ K[ofi( [ domnc~[ ^_ ? _om ( [ [ncno^_
^_ ? _om ^_ [nl[cl o g [ j_mmi[ j [l[ i l_f[]cih[g _hni ]ig _f_ _ ^_
[`clg [l n[f j_mmi[ ]igi domn[* <i ]ifi][l _mm[m ^ o [m ]ig jl__hmà_m
^_ domnc~[ _g ]ihnl[mn_( K[ofi jl_mog cp_fg _hn_ h}i j l_n_h^c[ [`cl)
g [l ko_ [ G_c h}i _l[ ^_ ? _om( i o ko_ Dml[_f h}i ìl[ i jipi _f_cni
^_ ?_om* No[ [`clg [~}i _g ionlim n_rnim( j_fi ]ihnlzlci( Ä mo`c]c_h)
n_g _hn_ ]f[l[ $Mg 3*-.7 5)--%* @f_ h}i j l_n_h ^ _l[ h_a[l i p[fil ^[
]cl]oh]cm}i( io g _mg i i a[hbi ch_l_hn_ [ m_l cml[_fcn[( [j_m[l î
p[fil _mg [a[îl[g _hn_ moj_lcil ^_ ]ihb_]_l [ >lcmni $Mg /*-).%*
J ]ihnl[mn_ Ä jlip[p_fg _hn_ i ^_ B-/*-5)0*36 [ G_c ncp_l[ o g j[j_f
p[filimi( g [m ch`_lcil( h[ l_f[~}i _hnl_ ? _om _ Dml[_f( _g ]ig j[l[)
~}i ]ig [ l_f[~}i ^_ `Ä*13 J ]ihnl[mn_ Ä _hnl_ [ [_WV[SfWl ^[ l_f[~}i
]ig ? _om [nl[pÄm ^ [ `Ä $]igi _g Mg 1*.% _ [ chn_ljimc~}i ^ [ G_c(
pcmn[ ]igi g _^c[îl[ ^_mm[ l_f[~}i* K[ofi ]ihncho[ [ [`clg [l ko_
[ G_c ]ihncho[p[ _`_ncp[g _hn_ [ ^_m_g j_hb[l o g j [j _f h_mm[ l_f[)
~}i( j_fi g _him _g [faog [ g _^c^[*14 Kiln[hni( i ko_ _f_ l_d_cnio(
n[hni [koc ko[hni _g ionlim g ig _hnim( _l[ [ mojimc~}i ^_ ko_ [
G_c _g m_o jf_hi [f][h]_ [ch^[ ncp_mm_ o g j[j_f g _^c[îl _mm_h)
]c[c( [nÄ g _mg i j [l[ [ko_f[m j_mmi[m ko_ dz nchb[g _rj_lcg _hn[)
î [ jf_h[ l_f[~}i ]ig ? _om [nl[pÄm ^ [ `Ä* > ihn_hn[l)m_ ]ig og [
domnc~[ g _^c[^[ [ j [ lncl ^[ G_c ( _g o g n_g ji _g ko_ [ domnc~[
^_ ? _om dz _mnz ^cl_n[g_hn_ ^cmjihÉp_f j[l[ [ `Ä( dz _l[ mo`c]c_hn_)
g_hn_ locg* H[m chmcmncl ko_ im ]l_hn_m ko_ dz m_ l_do\cf[p[g h[ domnc~[
^_ ?_om nchb[g ko_ m_ mo\g_n_l h_]_mm[lc[g_hn_ { domnc~[ ^[ G_c _l[
[g_[~[l( m_ h}i ^_mnlocl( [ domnc~[ ^_ ?_om* N_g ^âpc^[( K[ofi _mn[\_)
f_]_ i ]ihnl[mn_ ]ig _r[a_li l_nÖlc]i $/*3)4%( g[m n[g\Äg jilko_ [ mo[
12 N_c`lc^ moa_l_ ko_ i mÄncgi cn_g ^[ fcmn[( _hko[hni { domnc~[ ko_ _mnz h[ G_c(
cll_jl__hmÉp_f ( Ä g[cm jlip[p_fg_hn_ og l_mogi ^_ niîm _mm_m \_h_`É]cim (
cmni z% îm _f_h][îm _g /*1)26 gchb[ domnc~[ ^_ /*5 h}i Ä og [ domnc~[ a[hb[)
^[ jil m_om jlÖjlcim _mìl~im ( _g\il[ i K[ofi jlÄ)]ihp_lm}i nchb[ [nlc\oÉî
og p[fil m[fpÉ`c]i { i\_^cÇh]c[ $Akij_\_YWj_ed ( j* -3/)-31%*
13 >`* WY_cW% >[j* -( å /*/ $3%*
14 >`*( [fÄg ^cmmi( g _o K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% å ./* >`* n[g\Äg( f'[n'% K* E* Oigmih( GWkb
WdZ j^[ A[m_i^ CWm3 ?WbWa^W _d j^[ C[jj[hi e\ j^[ 8feijb[ je j^[ >[dj_b[i' >MDIO /*-
$<mm_h+H [[mnlc]bn6 Q[h Bil]og( -55,%7 =* N* Mimh_l( GWkb% JYh_fjkh[ WdZ <j^_Yi3
8 JjkZo e \ b :eh_dj^_Wdi 1)3 $G_c^_h6 =lcff( -550%*
.0, 5 I ip[ K _ lm j _ ] ncp [ mi \ l_ K [ o f i
jlÖjlc[ _rj_lcÇh]c[ nchb[ ][om[î og[ l_pifo~}i jliòh^[ _g mo[ ]ig)

jl__hm}i ^_ ]igi òh]cih[p[ [ domnc~[ ^cpch[( _ h}i jil âfncgi jilko_
_f_ pc[ [ail[ ko_ pifn[l j[l[ [ mo[ [hnca[ g[h_cl[ ^_ j_hm[l m_lc[ og[
]illoj~}i al[p_ ^[ ]igjl__hm}i _mm_h]c[f î _p[ha_fbi $Mg -*-2)-3%*
0( ?+ ,(1'++
< ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ g[cm hinzp_f ^[ j[mm[a_g g[cm ]igjf_n[ $A- /*3)
--% Ä [ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ ^_ >lcmni* Ac][ h_mn[ j[mm[a_g _pc^_hn_ [ ^_m_i)
\_ln[ ko_ K[ofi `_t ^_ >lcmni( î mcahc`c][î ^_ E_mâm( i >lcmni( ko_
n[hni i f_p[l[ [ l_[p[fc[l ]igjf_n[g_hn_ im m_om gincpim j[l[ n_l ]ih)
`c[h~[ ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om( ko[hni l_mofnio h[ ]_hnl[fc^[^_ ^_ >lcmni _g
mo[ min_lcifiac[ l_pcm[^[* < p[lc_^[^_ ^[m g[h_cl[m ]igi _f_ _rjl_mm[
n[f ]_hnl[fc^[^_ l_]Äg)_h]ihnl[^[ ^_ >lcmni ji^_ m_l hin[^[( g[m i
n_g mcî [j_h[m chmo`c]c_hn_g_hn_*
@f_ om[ [ _rjl_mm}i V[m ' []om[ncpi h}i g_him ko_ nlÇm p_t_m him
p_lmÉ]ofim 3)46 _g pclno^_ î >lcmni 7 _g pclno^_ î p[fil mi\l_m)
mzf_hn_ ^_ ]ihb_]_l >lcmni E_mom g_o N_hbil 7 _g pclno^_ ^_f_ *
K[l[ K[ofi( Ä \[mn[hn_ ch]igog i omi ^_ V[m ' []om[ncpi _g l_f[~}i
[ >lcmni715 g ocni g[cm nÉjc]i _g m_o j_hm[g_hni Ä [ [j[lc~}i ^_ V[m $
a_hcncpi $ [nl[pÄm ^_ >lcmni %*2, Ii _hn[hni( om[l V[m ' []om[ncpi n}i
chn_hm[g_hn_ him p_lmÉ]ofim _g ko_mn}i h}i ji^_ ch^c][l m_h}i ko_
K[ofi _mnz f_p[hn[hî og [laog _hni ko_ _f_ ]ihmc^_l[p[ cgjiln[hn_
hi ]ihn_rni* < ìlgof[~}i Ä om[^[ ][^[ p_t ]igi [ g[h_cl[ ^_ _rjl_m)
m[l [ l_[p[fc[~}i ko_ mo[ ]ihp_lm}i nchb[ jlipi][î6 _mm[m ]icm[m( _o
]b_ao_c [ ]ihmc^_lz)f[m ]igi j_l^[ W_ h[dfgVW VW 9d[efa 4 >ihmc^_li
noî og [ j_l^[ W_ h[dfgVW Va hSâd eaTdWeeS^W`fW VW Ua`ZWUWd 9d[efa @Weze
_Wg IW`Zad 4/* W_ h[dfgVW VW^W mi`lc [ j_l^[ ^_ noî * Kiln[hni( [ ìl)
gof[~}i _l[ _pc^_hn_g_hn_ [ g[h_cl[ ^_ K[ofi ^_m]l_p_l _ l_[f~[l i
ko_ nchb[ mcî [kocfi ko_ i f_p[l[ [ ]ihmc^_l[l m_om gincpim [hn_lcil_m
15 @g ionlim n_rnim mig_hn_ D>il 0*-,7 Z_u @[ieÉd $.>il 0*1(--%*

2, Mg -*1(47 .*-27 1*-(5(--*-3)-4(.-7 3*.17 4*/37 -2*.37 D> il -1*137 .>,l -*.,* <fÄg
^cmmi( ]`* g _o fcpli K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% j* 0,2*
2- Ke ôf[hzYêd $ p[fil mi\l_mm[f_hn_ % l_[f~[ h[nol[fg _hn_ [ch^[ g[cm i ]ihnl[m)
n_ ]ig [kocfi ko_ ìl[ a[hbi $/*3% _ ko_ [ail[ _l[ p[fil[î ]igi h[^[ g[cm
ko_ fcri $/*4%*
:Wf}jkbe ++ /1.
^_ n_l ]ih`c[h~[ [fai m_g_fb[hn_ [ fcri* < fot ^_ >lcmni f[h~io ni^[m [m
ionl[m ]icm[m h[ mig\l[* Dmni ch]foÉ[ jl_mogcp_fg_hn_ i m_o l_]ihb_)
]cg_hni ^_ ko_ E_mâm _l[ ^_ `[ni a 9d[efa _ ko_ _f_ ìl[ _r[fn[î ]igi
IW`Zad' >ihnoî( m_g ^âpc^[( cmni ch]foÉ[ io ]b_aio [ ch]focl n[g\Äg
og [ [jl_]c[~}i ^[ cgjiln|h]c[ ^[ giln_ ^_ E_mom* < _rjl_mm}i moa_l_
[ l_`_lÇh]c[ [ [fai l_[fct[î ìl[ ^_f_ g_mgi "WjfdS àe#% _hko[hni V[m
' a_hcncpi moa_l_ og _ha[d[g_hni ^_ ?_om ]ig i ch^cpcôi _ pc]_)
p_lm[( [nl[pÄm ^_ >lcmni* ?_mm[ g[h_cl[( i jlcg_cli gincpi j[l[ [ ]ih)
`c[h~[ ^_ K[ofi ^c[hn_ ^_ ?_om h_mn_ hipi gig_hni _l[ i ko_ >lcmni
nchb[ l_[fct[î( j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ [ mo[ giln_ _ [ mo[ l_mmoll_c~}i*
< ìlgof[~}i ^_ _g pclno^_ ^_ >lcmni Ä ]igjf_g_hn[^[ j_f[
ìlgof[~}i j[ofch[ `[gcfc[l _g >lcmni ) hi p* 5( g[m n[g\Äg dz hi p*
/* Dmni ^_hin[ og [ l_f[~}i gocni g[cm Éhncg[ ]ig >lcmni _ ]ig [kocfi
ko_ >lcmni `_t ) og [ l_`_lÇh]c[ h}i mcgjf_mg_hn_ {kocfi ko_ >lcmni
`ct_l[ nin[fg_hn_ { j[ln_ ^_ K[ofi( g[m [ [fai ko_ _kocp[f_ [ og fo)
a[l `Émc]i ^_hnli ^_ >lcmni* Dmni Ä( h}i mcgjf_mg_hn_ og [ ^_`chc~}i î
foa[l ^_ mc g_mgi bW^S dWXWdtÙ[S n pc^[( giln_ _ l_mmoll_c~}i _ >lcmni(
g[m og _hpifpcg_hni j_mmi[f VW`fda ^[ l_[fc^[^_ ]ihnÉho[ ^_ >lcmni(
î >lcmni l_mmom]cn[î _ _r[fn[î*2. J g_mgi nig ^_ l_f[]cih[g_hni
j_mmi[f Ä om[î _g m_o ^cm]olmi î Ua`ZWU[_W`fa VW >lcmni E_mom g_o
N_hbil ( ]ig mo[ ]ihin[~}i ^_ l_f[]cih[g_hni j_mmi[f Éhncgi ]ig [
j_mmi[ ]ihb_]c^[*2/ ?_ `[ni( hi p* -,( j[l[ Ua`ZWUWd [ _f_ $>lcmni% Ä
_mn[\_f_]cî jil K[ofi( n[fp_t ]igi i l_mofn[î _ i\d_ncpi jlch]cj[f
^_ mo[ l_p_lm}i ^_ p[fil_m(20 ]igi og [mj_]ni j[l[ i ko[f jl_]cm[gim
pifn[l*
J ko_ Ä j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ hinzp_f h[ jl_m_hn_ ^cm]omm}i Ä [ g[)
h_cl[ ]igi K[ofi ]ig\ch[ i j_hm[g_hni ^_ n_l [ domnc~[ ^[ j[ln_ ^_
?_om ]ig i h_f_ 6 [ `cg ^_ ko_ _o jo^_mm_ a[hb[l >lcmni _ eWd W`&
Ua`fdSVa `W^W% h}i n_hî gchb[ jlÖjlc[ domnc~[ ko_ Ä ^[ G_c( g[m [ko_f[
ko_ Ä [nl[pÄm ^[ `Ä _g >lcmni( S \gef[qS h[`VS VW :Wge Ua_ TSeW `S Xr '
@mn[m _l[g _pc^_hn_g_hn_ VgSe UaddW`fWe W`fdW^SqSVSe h[ min_lcifiac[ ^_
2. K[l[ i mcahc`c][î ^[ fchao[a_g j[ofch[ ^_ _g >lcmni ( ]`* hip[g_hn_ g_o

fcpli K^[ebe]o e \ GWkb% å -1*.*
2/ J#=lc_h( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* /44)/45( _ =i]ego_bf( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* .,1).,2( ko_ hin[g(
_dj[h Wb_W% ko_ _mn[ Ä [ âhc][ p_t _g mo[m ][ln[m jl_m_lp[^[m ko_ K[ofi om[ [ _r)
jl_mm}i g _o N_hbil *
20 Kil cmni( #]ihb_]_l >lcmni# Ä [ âfncg [ g_n[ _g ^cl_~}i [ ko[f i [jÖmnifi _h][)
g chb[ mo[ pc^[ $C[qnbilh_( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* -0/%*
.0. ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
K[ofi ) [kocfi ko_ n_g mcî ]b[g[î ^_ fchao[a_g j[lnc]cj[]cihcmn[ _

^_ n_lgchifiac[ ìl_hm_* Nojihî ko_ i ifb[l j[l[ `l_hn_ m_ ^clcd[ j[l[
i dofa[g_hni `ch[f $ ko_ _o jimm[ m_l _h]ihnl[î h_f_ V***W %(_pc^_hn_)
g_hn_ _l[ cg jiln[hn_ j[l[ K[ofi ko_ mo[ _mj_l[h~[ m_ _rjl_mm[mm_ h}i
mcgjf_mg_hn_ _g n_lgim ìl_hm_m ) ]igi m_ [ mo[ _mj_l[h~[ l_mc^cmm_
chn_cl[ _ _r]fomcp[g_hn_ h[kocfi ko_ >lcmni nchb[ l_[fct[î _g `[pil
^_f_ $ _g pclno^_ ^_ >lcmni %* No[ _mj_l[h~[ _mn[p[ n[g\Äg _g m_l _h)
]ihnl[î _g >lcmni * IÖm ji^_gim [nÄ g_mgi l_ìl~[l _mn_ jihni [i
i\m_lp[l ko_ i h_f_ _l[ [ \[m_ ^_ mo[ _mj_l[h~[ ^_ n_l [ domnc~[ ^_
?_om 7 WdS ea_W`fW WefS`Va W_ 9d[efa cgW S egS WebWdS`qS VW eWd dWUa`ZW&
U[Va \gefa bad :Wge baV[S eWd dWS^[lSVS4 _ hÖm ^_p_gim []l_m]_hn[l ko_ WdS
ea_W`fW fW`Va S \gef[qS VS bSdfW VW :Wge cgW eWd[S dWS^[lSVS S egS WebWdS`qS
VW eWd WÙa`fdSVa W_ 9d[efa '/.
Dmni a_l[ og g[cil l_]ihb_]cg_hni ^_ himm[ j[ln_ î [ch^[)h}i
cgjfÉ]cni h[ ìlgof[~}i ^_ K[ofi [nl[pÄm ^_mn_m p_lmÉ]ofim6 [ `cg ^_
ko_ _o jo^_mm_ a[hb[l >lcmni _ m_l _h]ihnl[î h_f_ 7 j [l[ ]ihb_]_l [
_f_ _ i j i ^ _l ^_ mo[ l_mmoll_c~}i _ [ ]ig ohb}i ]ig m_om mi`lcg_h)
nim( m_hî ]ihìlg [î ]ig mo[ g iln_( m_ _o j o ^ _ l ^_ [faog [ ìl)
g [ a[hb[l [ l_mmoll_c~}i îm g ilnim * J _g pclno^_ ^_ >lcmni m_
l_`_l_( m_g ^ â p c^ [ _ n[fp_t chn_cl[g _hn_( {kocfi ko_ ìl[ l_[fct[î
hi j[mm[î* J _g >lcmni _g ionlim n_rnim l_`_l_)m_ ]_ln[g _hn_ {
mcno[~}i jl_m_hn_ ^_ K[ofi( _ i a[hb[l >lcmni _ i m_l _h]ihnl[î
h_f_ m}i ]ihmc^_l[îm ]_ln[g _hn_ j_fi g _him dz _g _mn[î chc]c[f
^_m^_ [ mo[ ]ihp_lm}i* <`ch[f( _f_ dz nchb[ [`clg [î6 K[l[ g cg (
pcp_l Ä >lcmni $-*.-7 ]`* Bf .*.,%* K[ofi [`clg [lc[ jl_mog cp_fg _hn_
n[g \Äg ( j_fi g _him _g [faog [ g _^c^[( ko_ dz ]ihb_]c[ >lcmni _
ait[p[ ^_ [faog [ j[lnc]cj[~}i ^ [ pc^[ î >lcmni l_mmom]cn[î $Mg
2*07 3*27 4*.%* H [m [ chn_h~}i jlch]cj[f îm p_lmÉ]ofim -,)-- Ä ]f[l[)
g _hn_ ^_m]l_p_l o g [ [mjcl[~}i6 ]ihb_]_l $[ch^[ g[cm% >lcmni _ i
j i ^ _l ^_ mo[ l_mmoll_c~}i( m_l $]ihmn[hn_g _hn_ g [cm _ g[cm% ]ihìl)
21 Bhcfe[ ]cn[ Nnobfg[]b_l ko_ j_l]_\_ ko_ j[l[ K[ofi( #im _hmch[g_hnim dolÉ)
^c]im _ gÉmnc]im mi\l_ [ l_^_h~}i# h}i ji^_g m_l m_j[l[îm #G^_b_ff[hXh_[\%
j* -51%7 ]`* J#=lc_h( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* /5/(0-1)0-3* Bhcfe[ i\m_lp[ n[g\Äg ko_ i
_mn[l _g >lcmni òh^[g_hn[)m_ h[ Z_aW_eiod| j^[eÉ $j* -51%( _ J#=lc_h i\d_n[
]ig l[t}i [ ko[fko_l moa_mn}i ^_ ko_ [ fchao[a_g ^[ domnc~[ _mncp_mm_ og
n[hni _mnl[hb[ [i ]ihn_rni $j* 0-2)0-3%( _g\il[ h}i ^_cr_ ^_ m_l p_l^[^_ ko_
i)]fÉg[r ^_ /*4^)ff m_ ^z _g n_lgim j[lnc]cj[]cihcmn[m 7 ]`* A__( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j*
/-0(/.2(//3*
:Wf}jkbe ++ V /10
g [î ]ig mo[ g iln_( ]ig [ _mj_l[h~[ `ch[f ^_ ]b_a[l [ih^_ >lcmni
dz nchb[ ]b_a[î6 { l_mmoll_c~}i îm g ilnim*22
< min_lcifiac[ ]lcmnifÖac][ ^_ K[ofi hip[g _hn_ ko[fc`c][ _ _m)
]f[l_]_ [ mo[ fchao[a_g ^_ domnc`c][~}i* Kil g [cm ko_ _f_ dz ncp_mm_
ait[î ^ [ domnc~[ ^ _ ? _om ( _mn[ h}i _l[ o g [ ^_m]lc~}i ]ig jf_n[
h_g `ch[f î jli]_mmi ^ _ m[fp[~}i* Kil g [cm ko_ _f_ ]ifi][mm_ [ Çh)
`[m_ hi ][lzn_l ^_]cmcpi ^[kocfi ko_ > lcmni nch b [ l_[fct[î h [ ]lot
_ dz _g mo[ j lÖ j lc[ pc^ [ $Mg 2*/)07 3*0)27 4*-).%( K[ofi h}i j_hm[p[
^cmmi ]ig i m_ ìmm_ ni ^ [ [ bcmnÖlc[ io ]ig i m_ ìmm_ o g [ bcmnÖlc[
]odi `ch[f dz _mncp_mm_ [f][h~[î i o a[l[hncî* N_ i _g > lcmni
ch^c][ _g [\l_pc[nol[ [ _mj_l[h~[ j [o fch [ ^_ m_l _h]ihnl[î $hi
EoÉti Ach[f% n_h ^ i [ domnc~[ ^ [ j [ ln_ ^_ ? _om( im p* -,)-- _rjfc]cn[g
g [cm ]f[l[g _hn_ ]ig i i _g > lcmni a_l[p[ _ a[l[hnc[ _mn_ `ch[f*
K[lnc]of[lg _hn_ hinzp_f Ä [ ]f[l[ [`clg [~}i ^_ ko_ _mm_ jli)
]_mmi _l[ o g ^_ ]l_m]_hn_ ]ihìlg c^[^_ ]ig >lcmni* J j i ^ _l ^[
l_mmoll_c~}i ^_ >lcmni j i ^ c[ dz _mn[l _g _pc^Çh]c[ h[ pc^[ ^_ K[ofi
_ [nl[pÄm ^_ mo[ g cmm}i( g [m im mi`lcg _hnim ^_ >lcmni [ch^[ nchb[g
ko_ m_l ]ig j[lncfb[îm* K[ofi [ch^[ nchb[ ko_ m_l jf_h[g _hn_ ]ih)
ìlg [î { g iln_ ^_ >lcmni* @f_ h}i j[lnc]cj[lc[ jf_h[g _hn_ ^ [ l_m)
moll_c~}i îm g ilnim( [ h}i m_l hi ]fÉg[r _ `cg ^_ mo[ pc^[ $Mg
4*--7 .>il 0*-2)1*1% io h[ bSdageuS $D> il -1*1,)1.%* Dmni Ä( _f_ h}i m_)
lc[ jf_h[g _hn_ ]ihìlg [î { l_mmoll_c~}i ^_ >lcmni _ [ mo[ g il)
n_ [nÄ mo[ jlÖjlc[ g iln_ io [nÄ [ âfncg [ nlig \_n[ $Mg 2*17 D> il
-1*057 A-/*.,).-%* Dhn_al[f [ _mm_ j_hm[g _hni Ä ko_ WdS `WUWeemd[S g_S
fdSèXad_Sqpa bWeeaS^ _ ko_ _f[ pclc[ mig _hn_ _g >lcmni ( [nl[pÄm ^_
>lcmni "V[m $ a_hcncpi% _ ]ig >lcmni *23I }i _l[ mcg jf_mg _hn_ og [
ko_mn}i î p_l_^cni do^c]c[f dz ^[^ i jlipcmilc[g _hn_ $io [nÄ g _mg i
^_`chcncp[g _hn_% io [ch^[ [ m_l ^[î $g[m ^ [^ i ]ig ]_ln_t[( _g
p clno ^ _ ^_ >lcmni % hi dofa[g _hni `ch[f* < g _nzìl[ ìl_hm_ ^ [ dom)
nc`c][~}i _l[ j i l mc g _mg [ ch[^_ko[^[ j [l[ ^_m]l_p_l [ chn_h~}i _ i
][lzn_l î jli]_mmi ^[ m[fp[~}i( n[hni i dz ko[hni i [ch^[)h}i *
@f[ nchb[ ^_ m_l ]ig jf_g _hn[^[ j i l og [ ]ig jl__hm}i î jli]_mmi
^_ nl[hmìlg [~}i( j [l[ nig [l)m_ ]igi >lcmni _g m_om mi`lcg _hnim
22 >`* J#=lc_h( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* /5-)/5.(0,.(0--*

23 Pg[ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ hinzp_f ^[ min_lcifiac[ ^_ K[ofi( gocni jio]i hin[^[( m}i
mo[m ìlgof[~à_m ^cmnchncp[m _ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][m ]ig iod& $ ]ig >lcmni%( _f_h][)
^[m _g g _o K^[ebe]o e\ GWkb% j* 0,.)0,/( hin[ 2/*
.00 ODQ < NJ=M@ K <PGJ
_ _g mo[ g iln_( ]igi olh[ _n[j[ h_]_mmzlc[ hi ][g chbi j [l[ [ l_m)
moll_c~}i ]ig i [ ^_ >lcmni*24 K[l[ l_j_ncl _mn_ [laog _hni6 [ _`_ncpc)
^[^ _ ^[ g iln_ ^_ >lcmni [ ko_ K[ofi m_ l_`_l_ [koc h}i _mnz _g mo[
òh~}i ^_ o g m[]lc`É]ci ^_ _rjc[~}i7 _mn_ _p_hni j[mm[î _g mc h}i
[\[l][p[ no ^ i i ko_ nchb[ ^_ []ihn_]_l [ l_mj_cni ^[m j_mmi[m ko_
]lc[g* J jf_hi _`_cni m[fpÉ`c]i ^[ g iln_ ^_ >lcmni _l[ i m_o _`_cni ^_
nl[hmìlg [l i ]l_hn_ j [l[ _f_ ]ig j[lncfb[l _mm[ g iln_ ^_ g iî ][^[
p_t g [cm jf_hi( cmni Ä( [kocfi [ ko_ K[ofi m_ l_`_l_ _g ionlim n_rnim
]igi g ill_l ^ _ +di a [ l ìl[ i himmi big _g _rn_lcil NZa rjy Zs_x`
m`fZdybaeW $.>il 0*-2%*25
N_ no ^ i cmni ìl [mmcg( n_g o g [ ]ihm_koÇh]c[ g ocni cg jiln[hn_
j [l[ im ^_\[n_m i][mcih[îm j_f[ hip[ j_lmj_]ncp[* P g [ fc~}i [ m_l
[j l_h^c^[ Ä ko_ [ ]ig jl__hm}i j[ofch[ ^ [ m[fp[~}i h}i j i ^ _ m_l
[jl_]c[^[ [^_ko[^[g _hn_ mig _hn_ io [nÄ g _mg i jlch]cj[fg _hn_
_g n_lg im ^_ domnc`c][~}i( ]igi m_( j i l _r_g jfi( _f[ jo^_mm_ m_l
[`clg [^[ mig _hn_ him n_lg im ^_ og [ domnc~[ [fb_c[ cg j o n[^ [ [
][^[ j_mmi[ ]l_hn_7 io( _g ionlim n_lg im( _f[ jo^_mm_ m_l [`clg [^[
[j_h[m j_f[ _`_ncpc^[^_ ^ [ ]lot ]ig i chmnlog _hni ^_ _rjc[~}i )
j i l g [cm ch^cmj_hmzp_cm _ ]lo]c[cm ko_ _mn[m m_d[g* Dao[fg _hn_ òh)
^[g _hn[f j [l[ [ ]ig jl__hm}i ^_ K[ofi _l[ [ mo[ ]ig jl__hm}i î
jli]_mmi ^_ _mn[l _g >lcmni $j[lnc]cj[~}i( m_ kocm_l_g %( jl_m_hn_
_g mo[ j lÖjlc[ g _hn_ jf_h[g _hn_ chn_al[^[ ]ig mo[ ]ig jl__hm}i
mi\l_ ]igi ij_l[ [ domnc~[ ^_ ?_om( g [m n[g \Äg o g jli]_mmi ^_
[jliòh^[g _hni _g $j[l[ ^_hnli ^_% >lcmni ( io ^_ jf_hc`c][~}i _
]ihìlg [~}i { cg [a_g ^_ ? _om _g >lcmni*
1( ?+ -(+,'+.
Jm n_rnim _ nl[ô~à_m ][om[g o g [ lo j no l[ _hnl_ im p_lmÉ]o)
fim -- _ -.( _ ]ig jl__hmcp_fg _hn_( dz ko_ i p_lmÉ]ofi -- ìlg [ o g
a l[h ^ _ ]fÉg [r j [l[ [ m_koÇh]c[ ^_ A- /*3)--( _ dz ko_ /*-.)-2 f_p[
24 H [lao_l[n( K[of _n f[ Gic ( j* .3-).3.( _r_gjfc`c][ og [ n_h^Çh]c[ ]ihn_gjil|)

h_[ ^_ p_l /*3)-- _g j[l[f_fi [ .*2)--7 _o clc[ g[cm fiha_ [i p_l /*0)2 _g j[l[f_fi
[im îcm [mj_]nim ^_ .*2*
25 <fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* g _o K^[ebe]o e\ GWkb% å -4 $_mj_]c[fg_hn_ å -4*1%( _ [hn_m ^cmmi
"A[iki WdZ j^[ Jf_h_j $Gih^l_m6 N>H( -531%( å 11*
:Wf}jkbe ++ /12
[^c[hn_ i j _h m[g _h ni ]ig o g cg [achzlci \_g ^c`_l_hn_* < i g _m)

g i n_g ji( jilÄg ( [ [\ _lno l[ ^ i hipi j[lzal[ì n_g [ ]f[l[ chn_h)
~}i ^_ l_ni g [l _ _m]f[l_]_l [ [`clg [~}i [hn_lcil* I }i ko_ _o dz i
ncp_mm_ i\ncî io dz [f][h~[î [ g _n[ $fWfW^Wuy_S[# 0) & cmni Ä( [ g _n[
p cm[^ [ _g A-/*5)-- $h}i mig _hn_ [ l_mmoll_c~}i îm g ilnim ( g [m
ni ^ i i j[]in_ %* J j i h ni _l[ cg j i ln[h n_ j [ l[ K[ofi( j i lk o _ _f_
i l_j_n_ j i l `chm ^_ Çh`[m_6 I }i g _ ]ihni ]ig i [faoÄg ko_ dz
i ncp_mm_ [f][h~[î $A- /*-/%* < ^ o j f[ h_a[~}i moa_l_ ko_ K[ofi
n_g c[ k o_ i m_hncî ^[kocfi ko_ _f_ [][\io ^_ [`clg [l j o ^ _mm_
m_l _h n_h ^ c^ i _ll[î( ko_ n[fp_t _mncp_mm_ m_hî ]i g j l__h ^ c^ i ^_
ìlg [ _kocpi][^[* Dmni Ä( i m_hncî ^ [ [mjcl[~}i î [ch^[)h}i
^ _ K[ofi( [j l_m_h n[^ i _g A-/*5)--( ji ^ _lc[ m_l _h`l[ko_]cî ]lcnc)
][g _hn_ j i l [ko_f_m ko_ ]ifi][mm_g g [cm j_mi hi dz l_[fct[î( [
]lot _ [ ]ihp_lm}i* N_d[ ko[f ìl [ fchb[ _r[n[ ^_ m_o j_hm[g _hni(
K[ofi [jl_mm[)m_ _g ^_m[o ni lct[l _ ^_m][ln[l _h`[nc][g _hn_ ko[f)
ko_l ^cg choc~}i ^ i m_hncî ^ i `cg î [ch^[)h}i ^ i jli]_mmi ^_
m[fp[~}i* K[l[ ko_ i jlij Ö mcni ^ [ domnc~[ m[fpÉ`c][ ^_ ? _om ìmm_
]ig jf_n[î( b [p c[ [ch ^ [ g ocni [ m_l `_cni* K[ofi _rjl_mm[)m_ _g
n_lg im j_mmi[cm $A- /*-.)-0%( g [m Ä ]f[li ko_ [ mo[ g _hm[a_g _l[
j [l[ niîm $/*-1)-2%*
< ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ hinzp_f h_mn_ ][mi Ä S [`fWè[VSVW Va XaUa W WeXadqa
bWeeaS^ ko_ K[ofi ]ihmc^_l[ h_]_mmzlc[ j [ l[ j i ^ _ l [f][h~[l [ g _n[
^_m]lcn[ _g A-/*5)--* >ig i _g ionlim n_rnim( _f_ l_nl[n[ i ]olmi ^_
mo[ p c^ [ ^ _ ]lcmn}i ]ig i o g [ ]illc^[( [ g i^_fi ^[m ko_ ]imnog [)
p[g m_l l_[fct[^[m _g g ocnim diaim h[]cih[cm _ chn_lh[]cih[cm j li)
g ipcîm _g ni ^ [ [ l_ac}i î @a_o $]`* j[lnc]o f[lg _h n_ D> i l 5*.0)
3, <koc ji^_ b[p_l og [ ifb[^[ ^_ pifn[ j[l[ mo[ [hnca[ [ncno^_( dz ko_ [ jl_)
n_hm}i ^_ m_l j_l`_cni _l[ og [ ][l[]n_lÉmnc][ î do^[Émg i î N_aohî O_g)
jci hi _fiaci [im b_lÖcm î j[mm[î ]igi IiÄ $@]fi 00*-3% _ h[ [`clg[~}i
îm j[]no[hn_m ^_ L og l[h ^_ ko_ _l[g j_l`_cnim _g mo[ ]ig jl__hm}i _
i\m_lp|h]c[ ^[ Oilz $-LN -*47 .*.7 /*5)--7 4*-47 5*4)5(-5%7 [fÄg ^cmmi( ]`* N* E*
B[nb_l]if_( N ^[h[ _i 9eWij_d]7 <Whbo A[m _i^ Jej[h_ebe]o WdZ GWkb"i I[ifedi[ _d
IecWdi *&. $Bl[h^ M[jc^m6 @_l^g[hm( .,,.%( j* -4.)-5,* Ii _hn[hni( ^_p_)
lÉ[gim hin[l n[g \Äg ko_( ^_ []ilî ]ig >f -*.4( i jlÖjlci K[ofi _mj_l[p[
[jl_m_hn[l [m j_mmi[m ko_ nchb[ ]ihp_lncî jzb[_ei V ]igjf_nim ( g [ôlim (
j_l`_cnim W _g >lcmni _ ko_ m_ ^clca_ [koc cg _^c[n[g _hn_ [ niîm ko_ m}i
jzb[_e_ $A- /*-1%8
/2) ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
.3%*3- @o j li mmca i +j l_ mmci h i NV[y]yP% ^_ g iî ko_( ^ _ k o [fk o _l

g [h_cl[ NW[ ]SuO% _o jimm[ [f][h~z)fi N]SfS^mTyP • ) cmni Ä( i jlÇg ci
g _h]cih[î hi p* -0 $]igi ^_ hipi _g D> i l 5*.0%* < âhc][ ]icm[
ko_ `[~i NZs` VrP4 ji ^ _lÉ[g i m [nÄ g _mg i nl[ôtcl6 < âhc][ ]icm[
]ig ko_ _o g _ cg jilni ( g ch b [ âhc][ g _n[ $AD /*-.%*3. @ ko[f Ä
_mm[ âhc][ ]icm[ ; < l_mjimn[6 V***W _mko_]_hî i ko_ _mnz [nlzm ^ _
g cg $h}i mig _hn_ im e]kTS^S VW A- /*1)2% _ dia[hî)g _ hi g zrcg i
NWbW]fW[`v_WàeP% _o j li mmca i +j l_ mmci h i _g ^cl_~}i ^ [ g _n[ N]Sfm
e]abv`P j [ l[ i jlÇg ci NTdSTW[a`P ^ i ]b[g [î î [fni( ^_ ? _om _g
> lcmni E_mom $A-/*-/)-0%*
J [la o g _h ni ko_ K[ofi _pc^_hn_g _hn_ kocm [j l_m_h n[l Ä ]É[)
li* @f_ h}i j _h m[p [ h [ m[fp[~}i ]ig i [fai ko_ dz nch b [ mcî ]ig)
jf_n[î* @f_ h}i j _h m[p [ ko_ ni ^ [m [m ]icm[m _g ^cl_~}i {ko_f[
g _n[ dz _mncp_mm_g `_cn[m( ^ cmj _h m[h ^ i ko_ _f_ j [lnc]cj[mm_ i o m_
_mìl~[mm_* @f_ h}i b_mcn[p[ _g o m[l o g [ cg [a_g ^ _ chn_hmi _g )
j _hbi j_mmi[f( mo a_lchî j i l g _ci ^_f[ ko_ m_g i _g j _h b i _f_
j i ^ _lc[ ^_cr[l ^_ [f][h~[l [ fchb[ ^_ ]b_a[^[ ^ [ ]illc^[ ko_ `[tc[
)j i mmc\ cfc^ [^ _ ko_ _f_ [`clg [ _rjfc]cn[g _hn_ _g D> i l 5*.36 V***W
j [ l[ ko_( [j _m[l ^_ n_l j l_a [^ i j [l[ im ionlim( _o g _mg i h}i `c)
][mm_ ^_mko[fc`c][î NSVv][_aeP ' @f_ h}i b_mcn[p[ _g `[f[l ^ _ m[f)
p [ ~ } i +p c^ [ _ n_ lh [ +p c^ [ h[ _l[ î j i lp cl3/ ]ig i o g j lÇg ci [
m_l a[hbi* J j lÇg ci m_lc[ [ g _mg [ ]icm[ ko_ [ l_mmoll_c~}i îm
g ilnim $A- /*--%( _ _f_ _rjl_mm[ ) m_ _o ^_ [faog [ ìlg [ jimm[
[f][h~[l [ l_mmoll_c~}i îm g ilnim * J m_ ^_ [faog [ ìlg [ ch)
^c][ o g ^ _a l[o ^_ ]ihnchaÇh]c[ ( ko_( ]ig i i\m_lp[ ; H<DF N>AE &
Ä h}i i\mn[hn_ g o cn[m p_t_m mo\_mncg [î j_fim ]ig _hn[lcmn[m *30
3- IchaoÄg ôpc^[ ^[ [fom}i [ _mm_m diaim7 ^_n[fb_m _g E* M* >* >iomf[h( <nbf_nc]m (

ch >* <* @p[hm( N* @* Kiln_l $ila*%( ;_Yj_edWho e\ E[m K[ijWc[dj 9WYa]hekdZ $?iqh_lm
Blip_6 Dhn_lQ[lmcns( .,,,%( j* -0,)-0.*
3. < i\mnch[~}i î [nf_n[ j[l[ ko_g h[^[ ]ihn[ ìl[ ^cmmi $=i]ego_bf( G^_b_ff_Wdi%
j* ...%*
3/ N_ i ]b[g [î î [fni ìl i ]b[g [î chc]c[f ^[ ]ihp_lm}i io [m ]ihpi][~à_m
h[ [fnol[ $^cm]omm}i _g J#=lc_h( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* 0/,)0//%( i jlÖjlci jlÇg ci Ä
_pc^_hn_g_hn_ i [ni `ch[f hi jli]_mmi ^[ m[fp[~}i [koc ^l[g [nct[î ]igi og [
]illc^[ ko_ ôl[ [ pc^[ ni^[*
30 =i]ego_bf( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* .-3* J [jÖmnifi ]ihmn[n[ h}i og [ [`clg[~}i ji)
X mcncp[( g[m og [ _mj_l[h~[ g i^_mn[ $Gcabnìin( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* -1-%* ?c`_l_hn_
J#=lc_h( G^_b_ff_Wdi% j* 0-.)0-/*
:Wf}jkbe ++ /2*
 lcmni*31
N_ _mn[ Çh`[m_ ]f[l[g _hn_ cg j i ln[h n_ ^ _ K [o fi j o ^ _ mm_ m_l
]ill_f[]cih[^[ ]ig ^ cmj o n[ m _ n_lg im j i mn_lci l_m( m_lc[ `[m]ch[h)
n_ i o p cl [ l_mj i mn[ ^ i j lÖ j lci K [o fi {ko_f[m j _mmi [m ko_ j _h )
m[p [g k o _ _mm[ fch a o [a _g _ cg [a ch zlci _mncp_mm_g ^ _g [mc[^ [)
g _hn_ [\_lnim [ o g [ ch n_lj l_n[~}i m_g cj _f[a c[h [ i o ]ill_mm_g
i j _lca i ^ _ g ch [l [ domnc~[ ^ _ ? _om ]ig i o g [ domnc~[ [fb_c[ *
< koc( hÖm h i n[g i m ^ _ hipi ko_ i ]fÉg [r [ m_l [f][h~[î Ä i ]b[)
g [^ i ^ i [fni( ^ _ ? _om _g > lcmni E_mom * J ]b [g [^ i Ä ^ _ ? _om*
J g _ci j [ l[ [ mo[ _`_ncp c^ [^ _ Ä > lcmni E_mom* < `clg [l( [i g _mg i
n_g j i _ h [ g _mg [ m_hn_h~[( ko_ i _g j _h b i ^ _^ c][^ i j _fi ]l_h)
n_ _l[ n[g \ Äg h_]_mmzlci( n[f h }i _l[ ch]ihmcmn_hn_ ]ig i( h_g
_l[ o g [ [g _[~[ [i l_ mo fn[^ i `ch[f ^ [ ^ i j i l ? _om _ ]_h nl[^ i _g
>lcmni*
C z o g [ fc~}i [koc j [l[ ni ^ [m [m j[ln_m ^ i [no[f ^ _\[n_ i][mci)
h [^ i j _f[ h i p [ j_lmj_]ncp[ mi\l_ K[ofi _ [ l_mj_cni ^ i _hmch[g _h)
ni ^_ K[ofi mi\l_ [ domnc`c][~}i j_f[ `Ä _ [ j[lnc]cj[~}i _g >lcmni*
2( <feZcljyf
A- /*.)-2 ]ihnlc\oc ]ig i [no [f ^_\[n_ mi\l_ [ hip[ j_lmj_]nc)
p[ mi\l_ K[ofi; H ocni( _g niîm im m_hncîm*
-% < j[mm[a_g ]ih`clg [ ko_ o g jli\f_g [ ]_hnl[f( ko_ _h)

]ihnlio [ mo[ mifo~}i h[ ]ig jl__hm}i j [o fch [ ^ _ ]ig i ij_l[p[
[ domnc~[ ^ _ ? _om( _l[ [ ]ih`c[h~[ do^[c][ _g mo[ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ Änhc)
][ ]ig i Dml[_f( i j i p i ^_ ? _om( i jipi ^ [ Oilz( [ ]cl]oh]cm}i *
< cg jfc][~}i Ä \ [mn[h n_ Ö\pc[6 _mm[ ]ih`c[h~[ h [ c^ _h nc^ [^ _ Änhc)
][ [][ll_n[p[ [ ]ihm_koÇh]c[ ^ _ ko_ im a_hncim( [ ch]cl]oh]cm}i
]ig i n[f( _mn[p[g cg j _^ c^ i m ^ _ l_]_\_l im \_h_`É]cim ^ [ [fc[h~[
^ _ ? _om ]ig Dml[_f* B [l[hncl ko_ [ m_j[l[~}i _hnl_ do ^ _o m _ a_h)
ncim ìmm_ g [h nc^ [ [j li j lc[^ [g _h n_ j i ^ _ n_l mcî _`_ncp[g _hn_ [
g incp[~}i jlch]cj[f î t_fi j _ lm_a o c^ i l ^_ K[ofi*
31 Bhcfe[( Kbcfcjj_l\lc_`( j* -53*

/2+ ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
.% < j[mm[a_g ]ih`clg [ n[g \Äg ko_ i K[ofi jlÄ)]lcmn}i ^_)

jimcn[p[ a l[h ^ _ ]ih`c[h~[ hi `[ni ^_ n_l)m_ ]ihìlg [î { G_c _ ^_
_mn[l `c_f { [fc[h~[ ^_ ? _om ]ig Dml[_f h o g a l[o moj_lf[ncpi* No[
^_m]i\_ln[ ^ [ domnc~[ ^ _ ? _om ]ig i olh[ ^ z^ cp [ ^ [ ^ [ ^cl_n[g _hn_
j [ l[ _ [nl[pÄm ^ [ `Ä ìc o g [ ^_m]i\_ln[ ^_ ko_ [ domnc~[ j lÖ j lc[ (
j l[nc][^ [ g _^c[hn_ [ ^_pi~}i _ t_fi do^[c]im( [ domnc~[ _h n_h ^ c^ [
him n_lg im î pcp_l nin[fg _hn_ ^ _ []ilî ]ig [ G_c( _l[( _g ]ig)
j[l[~}i ]ig [ domnc~[ _rcac^[ j i l ? _om( o g [ ]ig jl__hm}i m_g
p[fil _ chn_cl[g _hn_ chm[ncm`[nÖlc[*
/% < j[mm[a_g ch^c][( [fÄg ^cmmi( ko_ [ j[lnc]cj[~}i _g > lcmni
_l[ j [l[ K[ofi o g [ _rjl_mm}i ò h ^ [g _h n[f ^_ mo[ hip[ ]ig jl_)
_hm}i ^ [ m[fp[~}i* Aic i ko_ > lcmni nchb[ l_[fct[î _ > lcmni g _mg i
]ig i i chn_lg _^czlci ^_ mo[ []_cn[~}i j i l ? _om _ î m_o l_f[]ci)
h[g _hni ]ig _f_ ko_ `ct_l[g ni ^ [ [ ^c`_l_h~[* No[ domnc~[ ^ [ j [ln_
^_ ? _om _ m_o _mn[l _g > lcmni _l[g im îcm f[îm ^ [ g _mg [ g i_)
^[( jf_h[g _hn_ chn_al[îm _g mo[ j lÖ j lc[ ]ig jl__hm}i ^ [ domnc~[
m[fpÉ`c][ ^ _ ?_om* L o [fk o _l n_hn[ncp[ ^ _ dia[l o g [ ]ihnl[ [ i o nl[
io ^ _ ]ifi][l o g [ []cg [ ^[ i o nl[ n_lc[ mcî ]_ln[g _hn_ ]ihn_mn[^[
]ig m_p_lc^[^_ j_fi j lÖ j lci K[ofi*
0% < ch^[ g [cm ]f[l[ Ä [ Çh`[m_ ^_ K[ofi ^_ ko_ [ m[fp[~}i _l[
o g jli]_mmi ]ihnÉhoi _ ko_ [ g _n[ ^ [ m[fp[~}i _mn[p[ [ch ^ [ j i l
m_l [f][h~[^[ $m_l _h]ihnl[î h_f_ n_h ^ i [ domnc~[ ^ _ ?_om7 ]ihb_)
]_hî)i7 n_h ^ i ]ihìlg c^[^_ ]ig jf_n[ ]ig [ mo[ g iln_( ]ig [
l_mmoll_c~}i îm g ilnim _ ]ig i jlÇg ci î ]b[g [î î [fni%* ? o[m
][l[]n_lÉmnc][m ^_ mo[ _mj_l[h~[ h}i ^_p_g m_l cahil[^[m*
[% < g _n[ m_lc[ [f][h~[^[ mig _hn_ j_fi jli]_mmi ^ _ K[ofi m_l
]ihìlg [î { g iln_ ^ _ E_mom( [ `cg ^_ ko_ _f_ j o ^ _mm_ ]ig j[lnc)
fb[l n[g \Äg j f_h [g _h n_ mo[ l_mmoll_c~}i* Dmni cg jfc][ ]f[l[g _hn_
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j j* 0/)1.* Oä\cha_h( H ibl Nc_\_]e+ B l[h^ M [jc^m( @_l^g [hm( -543*
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=ihmclp_h( E* ) .4
=ila_h( K* ) ./0(./5( .24(015
=ilhe[gg( B* ) -,(-3( .-2( /,.( 235
=ilm_( P* ) /51(014( 03/
=iomm_n( R* ) -5( .4
=inna_l( K* >* ) /04
=ioqg[h( B* ) .30
=ipih( A* )- 0 5
=is[lÉh( ?* ) 3-(000
=l[^_h\ola_l( @* ) - 3
=l_nn( H* B* ) 3-
=lc_h( K* O* J* ) 225( 23-( 23.( 233( 234( 24-( 241( 242( 243( 25,( 25-
=lcha( M* ) .,4(/5-
=li]e_( @* ) .4-
=liie_( B* C* ) /,0
=liie_( B* E* ) /.,( /02
=lo]_( A* A* ) -12( .,0( .,3( .-,( =lo]_( A* A* ) -12( .,0( /1-( /1/( /12(02,( 02/( 020(
1,-
=lohin( <* ) - 3
=ofng[hh( M* ) -1(-2(-3(-4(-5(.5(/5(1.(22(-15(-3.(-54(.5,(.5/(/,-(/,/(0/4(
00/( 1/0( 11.(111
=ol]b[l^( >* ) 2,( 33( 154
=olnih( @* ?* ) /0/( /1.( /13( /5,
=slh_( =* ) 0-(13( 20( 22( 45(-/.(-/0( .,5
=sq[n_l( F* ) .1
>[ff[h( O* ) .31( /50

>[fp_ln)Fistcm( I* ) 5-( 5.
>[gj\_ff( ?* <* ) 21
>[gj\_ff( R* N* ) 2/
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>[h]ce( C* ) 153(154
>[lmih( ?* <* ) .1( //(/2( 0,(0-(05( 10( 15( 20( 22( 3,( 44( 5.( 52(-,4(-,5(--,(---(
--.(-.2(-.3(-.5(-/-(-0/( 210( 234
>[n]bjif_( ?* M* ) /04
>[p[ffch( C* >* >* ) .,3
>_l`[or( G* ) - 4
>b[^qc]e( C* ) /33
>b[lf_mqilnb( E* C* ) /4(--0( ..1(.0,(/4-( /44( 124( 125( 13-
>bcfnih( =* ) 03(035
>blcmnc[hm_h( @* E* ) 0.3( 2-,( 2-0( 2-4( 2.1( 2.5
>ib_h( N* E* ?* ) //3(0./( 15,( 230
>iffchm( E* E* ) .-3( ./3(.2.(/2.(042
>ilf_s( =* ) 05
>imalip_( >* C* ) -/.( .1/(03,( 03-
>iomf[h( E* M* >* ) 25,
>l[h`c_f^( >* @* =* ) /5( 1,( 15( 21( 4.( 43(-.3(-55( .,4( ..5( .1/( /,/( /,5( /-1( /-2(
/-4( /-5( /.,( /.-( /..( /.2( /.3( /.4( /.5( //-( //.( //0( /01( 0/,( 00/( 1/0( 144(
2.2
>l[hìl^( H* ) 4/(5,( 5.
>l_g_l( C* ) /,( /,3( /,4( /,5
>limmf_s( E* B* ) 23
>ogihn( A* )- 0
8
?[bf( I* <* ) /-( 1.( 2-(-4.( .-0(.-1( .05( .21( /21
?[m( <* <* ) 01( 14( 21( 35
?[pc_m( <* K* ) -3
?[pc_m( <* O* ) -53(.-1
?[pc_m( R* ?* ) -13(-15(-4,( .-0( .31( .4-( /2.
?[pcm( N* O* ) --4( 2,2
?_ffcha( B* ) /1-
?_nnqcf_l( <* ) 0-( 2,( 22/
?c_n_lc]b( <* )- 0
?c_nt`_f\cha_l( >* ) .42( /45(1,2
?cff_h\_la_l( E* ) 1-
?i^^( >* C* ) -3( ..,( ./1
?ih[f^mih( O* G* ) 13( 32( 41( .-0( /52( 15/
?ih`lc_^( F* K* ) -,1(-.,(-.3(-/,(-/.(-01(-12(0,/( 130
?ioaf[m( H* ) -45(-5,
?l[h_( E* R* ) -12( .31( /5-(0,,(0,/(034
?oh^_l\_la( D* ) 14( 210
?ohh( E* ?* B* ) 5( --(-4( .,( .-( /.( /0( /5( 01( 05( 2,( 21( 22( 32( 33( 4-( 4.( 40( 5/(
-,,(-./( -0/(-21(-22(-35(-55( .--( .-3( ../( .//( ./4( ./5( .00( .1/( .14( .15(
/-2( /.,( /.3( /52( 0-/( 0./( 02,( 1-,( 1/,( 1/-( 11/( 122( 125( 13,( 13-( 13/( 131(
133( 134( 135(14,( 14.( 14/( 140(145( 152( 2,-( 2-,( 2//
1+. ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
@
@]emn_ch( C)E* ) 15( 35( 2,/
@ai( =* ) 45
@c]bli^n( R* ) /,(--.(/,4( 2,5
@cm_hg[h( M* ) 044( 05-( 05.(05/( 051
@ffcinn( H* <* ) 00( 02(-,3(--/(--0(--1
@ffcinn( I* ) 11
@ha\_la)K_^_lm_h( O* )- / 1
@hhm( K* ) -,5(-.2(-.3
@meif[( O* ) /5(0-(05( 15( 2.( 23(--0(-./(-.2(-.3(-//(-0,(141
@mf_l( K* A* ) .1(03(15( 52( 55( .34(0./
@p[hm( >* <* ) 03(-,0(-.,(035( 05,( 2/,( 25,
@rog( E* >* ) 13
A[\_l( A* R* ) 3/
A[m]b_l( @* K* ) -3
A__( B* ?* ) 040( 221(242
A_f^( C* ) /0/
Acm]b_l( O* ) 1-/
Acntgs_l( E* <* ) 0,(1,( 2,( .-,( /2.( 0,1( 024( 2-5( 2.2( 21-
Afomm_l( ?* ) /-(15( 153
Ailh\_la( O* ) 51(04-
Ailnh[( M* O* ) /0.(0./
Al_^lcem_h( K* ) //5
Al_s(E* ). 1
Alc^lc]bm_h( <* ) .1,( /2.( /3-
Ao]bm( @* ) - 3
Aoha( M* T* F* ) 21( /13( /5.(02/(020(03-(033
Aolhcmb( Q* K* ) 0.5( 2..
B
B[a_l( E* B * ) .0,(1,.(
B[lfchanih( ?* =* ) .1(/1(-/-(-/.(-05(.-3(./3
B[mnih( G* )-4/(-53(-55(.-0( .-1( ./.( .31( 00/( 020
B[nb_l]if_( N* E* ) .1(0,(0-(0.(15(22(4/(42(43(45(5,(5-(5.(5/(-,1(--4(--5(-.,(
-.-(-..(-.0(-.2(-/0(-/3(-/4(-0,( 20-(-0/( 21/( 210(245
B[ncmm( G* ) 05(1-( 11
B[p_hn[( =* M* ) .3,( .3/( /0.( 0./
B_ila_( O* )- 1 (/ / (1 0 (1 3 (2 0 (3 /
B_ilac( ?* ) 2./
Bhcfe[( E* ) 0,-( 112( 23,( 23/( 24.(242(25-
Bijj_fn( G* ) -,( .51(055
Bilîh( O* ?* ) .20( .3.( .32
B]llg[h( H* E* ) .1(-04
ù I ? D> @ ?@ < P OJ M @N 0*.
Bl}mm_l( @* ) 2-1( 2-4(2-5( 2.,( 2.0(2.1(2.4( 2.5( 2/,

B oh^ls( M* ≥* ) 0-(2,(-.2(-/.( 1,-( 141( 24-
á
C[[]e_l( µ* ) /5( 0,(0-( 45( .4-( .43
C[_h]b_h( @* ) - 3
C[`_g[hh( N* E* ) 2..(2.1
C[ah_l( ?* <* ) 4,(-,0(-.1(-.2(-//(-05( /44(1,-
C[bh( A* ) /,( 33( 51(-/3(.-4( ..5
C[cht( E* ) /24
C[f_qii^( O* ) .1
C[hm_h( B* R * ) 5,( /01
C[hmih( K* ? *)/ 3 5
C[lh[]e ) 12
C[llcm( H* E* ) 1,-
C[lng [hh( G* ) 51( ..4(0-.
C[lp_s( B* ) 23/
C[qnbilh_( B* A* ) -.3( /,/( 1/1( 222( 23-( 241
C[s( ?* H* ) 3.( 40(051(102
C[sm ).--
C[sm( M* =* ) 2/( 40( 45( .,4( .3,(.3-( .4.(/2/( /5-( 0/,(01/(051
C[sq[l^( M£ ) 052
C_[^f[g( <* >* ) 105
C_]e_f( P* ) /4( /./(1//( 11,
C_c^_aa_l ) - 2
C_cfca_hnb[f( M* ) /3(/00(11,
C_cngäff_l( R* ) - 0
C_ffbifg( ?* ) 51( 04-
C_ha_f( H* )-.(/4(15(2-(32(.2,(/,,(/./(0-4(1-4(1//(11,(153(154(2-.(230(232
C_lìl^( M* O *). 5 3
Cc_lm( M* C *)1 2 3
C cff(>* > * ) 1,1
Ccff( ?* ) .,0
Ci`com( J* ) 1,(12( 5-( 54(-/0( .12( 0/-(014( 1.3
Ciff[h^( O* ) 0.(0/
Cifmn_h( F* )- .
Cifnt( O* ) /04
Cifntg[hh( C* E* ) -.(-/
Ciha( D*)B* ) 01( 2.( 23( 41(-.5
Ciie_l( H* ?* ) /1( 3/(-.1(-12(-2.(.-4( .54( 004( 1/-
Cilh( A* R* ) 33
Cilmf_s( M* <* ) -,
Ciq[l^( B* @* ) 0-(-13(-55( .,2( .,4( .3-( .31( /03( /04
C ä\h_l( C* ) /5( 54( -12( -2,( -2.( -3/( -54( .,0( .,1( .-1( .-4( ..5( ./.( .05( .31(
.33( /45( /5-(0,,(0,/( 0/.(004(02,(034(11/( 111
0*/ ODQ < NJ=M@ K <PGJ
Colmn( G* ?* ) .3.( 1,1

Com\[h^m( ∂* ) ---( -/-(-/.
E[g_m( R* ) 1,-
E[mj_ln( =* ) - 2
E[o\_ln( <* ) .,0( .-3( ./3
E_l_gc[m( E* ) /.
E_lpcm( G* <* ) 3-
E_q_nn( M* ) -12(-13(.35( 015
Eibhm( G* G* ) --0
Eibhmih( @* @* ) 3.( 40(051(102
Eibhmih( G* O* ) //1
Eoha( >* B* ) 1,.
F[_mnfc( E*)?* ) 2,
F[cm_l( R* >* ) -.,(01/
F}m_g[hh( @* ) -3( 3-(-.1(-/-(-15(-3/(-54( .5,( /,-(/,.( /2.(0/4
F[sfil( ?* ) 2-,
F__( C* >* ) 00(./5(0.2
F_ff_lg[hh( P* ) 044
F_h^[ff( ?* ) --4( 2,2
F_ln_fa_( F* ) /-(-/.(-22(-3.(-51(-52(.//( /01(0.4( 03-( 1.5
Fc_`_l ) /03
Fcg( N* ) 05)1,( 2.( 21( 31)34( 40(--,(-.2(-0/(-12( .42( /45( 1,0)1,2(1.2( 232)234
Fcgg_lf_( C* ) 145
Fcnn_f( B* ) .,
Ff_ch( >* ) .51(.53( /43
Ff_ch( B* ) 01/
Fhir( R* E* ) 3.( 35( .51( 1.3( 232
Fie( @* C * ) 01(0..
Fij_lmec( Q* ) 2//
Fl[om( R* ) /,
Flom_( >* B* ) /5( 2.( 35( 41( 23.
Foaf_l( M* <* ) -,5
Fägg_f( R* B* ) -,( 1-( 54( .5.(01/( 1,-
Fomm( J* ) -12( .-1(./.
Foof[( F* ) 1,( 40( 55(-03
G[[ni( O* ) 15( 4/( 42(-.2(-/.(-//(-/1(-03( 23.

G[^^( B* @* ) /,.
G[al[ha_( H*)E* ) /13( /5,( /5-( 015(03/
G[g\l_]bn( E* ) 01(-/3(.//( /00(/01( 0,1(0..(0.2(0/.
ù I ? D> @ ?@ * ) 11(54

G[h_( R* G* )2 - ,
G[ha( A* ) 54
G[jc^_( K* ) ..,
G[lm ) 0-.
G[n_a[h( =* ) .3/
G__hb[l^n( A* E* ) .4( .-2( /,.
G_pch_( =* <* ) -.-
Gc]bn_h\_la_l( C* ) /-( 2-( 45(-,2(---(-.,(-./(0-2( 0-3(14.
Gc_\_lm( M* ) 2/
Gc_ntg[hh( C* ) 015
Gcabnìin( E* =* ) /1.( /13(020( 221(03/( 222( 23-( 233( 25,
Gcg\_]e( H* ) .,0( .-1( .-3( ..3(./.( ./0(.00
Gch]ifh( <* O* ) -,-
Gch^[lm( =* ) .//(.20(01/
Gch^_g[hh( <* )- 1 2
Gcpchamnih_( @* <* ) -2/( .-5
Gibg_s_l( @* )- 5 1
Gibm_( @* ) /4( 1,( 12( 13( 2,( 2-( 21( 32
Giha_h_]e_l( =* R* ) .1(0-(05( 24(3.( 4.(-.5(//.(/13(/2,(/5-(0.1(02-(02/(020(
034( 2-4( 2/4( 20.( 213
Giha_h_]e_l( ?* ) /2/( /33
Giha_h_]e_l( M* I* ) .4(04( 3-( /-1( /00( /2.( /5,(01.( 2-0( 234
Gil_htc( G* ?_ ) 2.0
Gip_lcha( @* C* ) /21( 0..( 1//
Gä^_g[hh( B* ) -12(.3/
Gä^_g[hh( C* )- .
Gäblg [hh( ?* ) 2-5
Goff( ?* E* ) .3,( .3.(.32(/51
Gon_li( H* )--(-.(-/(-4(-5(/,(05(1-(1.(10(12(13(22( 3/(-,-(-.5(-0,(-0.(-01(
-02(-1,( -1.(-15(-2-(-2/(-24(-3.( .-2( .45( .5,( .5-( .5.( .5/( .50( .52( /,2(
/,3( /-/(/-0(0/4(002( 1,-
Got( P* ) .,0(.,4
A
H[]b_h( E* B* )- 3 (2 1
H[]f_i^( ?* ) 05
H[]Hoff_h( M* )- 5 .
H [hmih( O* R* ) /2(04/( 144
H[l]om( E* ) .1.
H [lao_l[n( ?* ) 0-( 2,( 21( 22/( 220( 234( 244
H[lmb[ff( D* C* ) 23( 4.(-,,(-,-(-,.(-,/(112( 12-( 12.( 235
H[lnch( ?* =* ) /10
H[lnÉh_t( A* B* ) 0.0(044(045(05,(05-( 05.(05/(051( 103( 11-( 11.(151( 152( 211
H[lnsh( E* G* ) 0.( 01( 02( 03( 15( 2-( 24( 31( 32( 33( 35( 4-( 4/( 40( .2.( .22( .3,( .3-(
0*1 ODQ< NJ=M@ K < PGJ
.30( .31( /0.( /13( /2,( /2/( /25( /3.( /31( 0./( 0.3( 0/4( 01/( 013( 03/( 04,( 153(
2-0( 2-3( 2-4( 2/4( 20,( 220
H[n_l[( A* E* ) 2.
H[nfi]e( M* =* ) 13(21( 3/( 43
H[nncmih( H* ) .1
H]@f_h_s( I* E* ) .0/
H]Bl[nb( <* ) --( 10( 11(13(-/,(-/-(-/3(-0.(-02
H]Fcg( ?* F* ) 1-(12
H]Fhcabn( N* ) //5
H__em( R* <* )- 5 - ( ../(..3(./4
H _hio^( K* C* ) 1,/(1-4
H_lef_ch( C* ) 24( 35(2-4(2.1( 2.5
H_nta_l( =* H* ) 122
H_s_l( M* ) .31
Hcdia[( C* =* K* ) .4(0,(15( 2,( 50(-.3
Hcff[l( A* ) 230
Hch_[l( K* N* ) /32
Hi\_lfs( M* R* G* ) /4.
Hibl( E* >* =* ) 22(1.2(1//
Hif( C* )- 4 5
H ifng[hh( E* ) .51(121
Hihn_`cil_( >* B* )- 5 (/ / (. 5 3
Hii( ?* E* ) /5(0,(0-(22(4.(5,(5/(50(54(--.(-/.(-0,(.//(/-1(/./(//.(/01(0,1(
0-,(2.2( 2.5( 2/1( 2/2( 2/3( 21-( 214( 215( 22,
Hiil_( B* A* ) -5( //( /0( .53
Hiil_( N* ?* ) 13
H ila_hmn_g( E* ) /1.
Hiof_( >* A* ?* )-.3(/33
Ho_ff_l( F* ) 145
Häff_l( > * ) 1.5
Häff_l( C* H* ) 11
Hoh]e( E* ) 020
H oh^f_( R* ) - 3
H oljbs)J#>ihhil( E* ) 2.0
H ommh_l( A* ) 4,(-22(-23(-30(-34(-4.( .,0( //2( /00( /1.( /1/( /13( /5,( 014( 015(
020(025(03-( 033( 112
B
I[him( H* ?* ) /.
I_cff( N* ) /44( 1,,
I_ob[om( M* E* ) .51
I_omh_l( E* ) /1( /3( /4( 00( 3-(-2,( -3-( -5/( ../( .//( ./4( .1,( .2/( .22( //3( 0.2(
1-.( 1/-( 10-( 15/
I_sl_s( E* C* ) .33
Ic]bifmih* @* R* ) ...( ./1
ù I ? D> @ ?@ < POJ M @N 0*2
Ic_\obl( F*)R* ) /,(13(23( 4-(-,3( 220( 23,( 23/( 230

Iiff[h^( E* ) .0/
Iilnih( R* R* ) -4
Iinb( H* ) .51
J#=lc_h( K* ) .1(15( 4-( 5.(-,5(--,(-.1(-/-(-0/(1,3(1/1( 210( 221( 222

J#>iffchm( B* ) --5( 2,2
J\_lfchh_l( G* ) 115(12,
J^_h( O* > * ) 10
J_je_( <* ) .,0( /12( /5.( /51( 021(033
Jlij_t[( M* E* ) -/2
Jm\ilh( @* ) .15
Jmn_h)N[]e_h( K* pih ^_l ) //1(//2
K[hh_h\_la( R* ) .51
K[le_m( E* ) //(-14(.53
K[qfceiqmec( E* O* ) .51(/43(055
K_[lmih( =* R* M* ) 14(15-
K_^_lm_h( N* ) -2.(.-4( ..4(.24( 015
K_fce[h( E* )- -
K`f_c^_l_l( J* ) - .
Kieilhs( K* ) -,,( 112
Kiln_l( N* @* ) 14(50( 15-( 201( 25,
Kiq_lm( ?* B* ) -04
E
Lcglih( @* ) 02(0.0(043(044(045(05,(05-(05.(05/(11-(11.(151(152(154(2,-(211
Lochh( E* ?* ) 115
F
M[^( B* pih ) /,(--.(/,3( 1.5( 232
M}cm}h_h( C* ) /2( /3( 1,( 14( 20( 4.(-.,(-.1(-/5(-0,(-0-(-2.(-2/(-43(-44(-5-(
-5.(-50(-52( .,,( .,-( .,.( .,0( .,1( .,5( .-,( .--( .-.( .-3( .-4( .-5( ..5( .//(
.01( .1,( .1/( .34( /30( /31( /45( 0,2( 0.-( 0//( 0/0( 02/( 1,3( 1,4( 1.3( 1//( 143(
145(15,(15.( 2,3( 2/3( 210
M[gm[s( R* H* ) /52
M[j[( M* µ * ) 0,(15(2-(45
M_chgonb( @* )- / 0
M_cnt_hmn_ch( M* ) - 0
M_hamnil`( µ* C * ) 1.(/0,
M_og[hh( E* ) /,5(0/4( 13/
M_on_l( @* ) 0.(232
M_sgih^( G* )- . 3
0+) ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
Mc]b[l^mih( K* ) 3-
Mc]b_m( E* )- 5 /
Mc^^_l\im( C* ) -/(-3.(.-2
Mc_m_h`_f^( C* ) /1/
Mi\chmih( E* <* O* ) 1,0
Mib^_( E* ) .,0( //.( /00( /1.( /13( 02,(021(03-
Mifi``( E* ) /,(0/(1.
Mii( E* >* M* ^_ ) 14( 50( 15-( 152( 153( 2,.( 2,2( 201
Mimh_l( =* N* ) 24/
j
N[\[nc_l( <* ) - 3
N[]em( E* ) 3,
N[f^[lchc( <* E* ) //2( 230
N[h^[s( R* ) 105
N[h^_lm( @* K* ) -4(-5( .,( /.( //( /0( /1( /2( /3( /4( 0-( 0/( 04( 13( 15( 2,( 30( 41( 5,(
-,1( -,2( -,3(-,4( -,5( --,( ---( --.( --/(--0( --1( --3( -.,( -./(-.2( -.3(-/,(
-0-(-03( -13( -14( -2,( -2-(-2.(-2/( -23( -25( -3.( -3/(-4,( -4.( -4/( -40( -43(
-44( -5-(-5.( -50( -51( -54( -55( .,,( .,-( .,.( .,0( .,1( .,5( .--( .-0( .-1( .-2(
.-3( .-4( .-5( ..3( ./.( .//( ./0( ./3( .00( .01( .11( .2.( .23( .24( .43( .51( .53(
.54( /,5( /-3( /0.( /00( /2.( /30( /35( /45( /54( 0-3( 0./( 004( 02,( 02-( 1.4( 1/,(
1/4( 1/5( 11.( 124( 125( 13-( 143( 144( 2,-(2,1( 2,2( 2-,( 2/,( 21-( 23,( 233
N[h^_lm( E* <* ) 05,
N[h^_m( F* J* ) 00,( 1.-
N[h^h_m( F* J* ) 00,
N[h^g_f( N* ) ..,(.53
N[j_lmn_ch( H* ) 1-(.50( .52
N[mm_( C* ) 03/
N]b[`_l( M* ) /.(01( 2-( 35( 4,( 41( .2,
N]b[`_l( K* ) 15(.15
N]b_]bn_l( N* ) //(-14( ..,(./1( .53
N]bc``g[h( G* C* ) .0.( /,0( /.,(/02
N]bf_c_lg[]b_l ) 145
N]bfc_l( C* ) -12(-22( .,1(.,4( /1.(/1/( /13(/2,( /5-( /5.(015(03-(033( 112
N]bgcn[fm( R* ) - 3
N]bgcnb[fm( R* ) -3( .30( /.2(/.4(021
N]bh[]e_h\ola( M* ) 3-(0,-
N]bh_ff_( P* ) 0/( 2.( 31(-/0(-02( 220
N]bi_^_f( R* M* )- 1 3
N]bi_jm( C*)E* ) -3( //( .-4( ..,( ...( ../( ./1( .53
N]bl[a_( R* ) 040( 041( 203
N]bl_ch_l( O* M* ) /0(/5(0,(1,(15( 21( 40( 43( 45(5.(5/(--/(-.0(-.3(-/-(-//(-/2(
/-2(0-3(/./( /.5(//.( 0/,(0//(00,(00-( 11/( 2,/( 2/2( 2/3( 2/4( 23.
N]bäl_l( @* ) -5( .4(.0/(//2( /1.(044( 230
ÉN]bälg[hh( C* ) 0,-
ù I ? D> @ ?@ < P OJ M @N 1,+
N]bq[lnt( ?* M* ) .-,
N]bq_cnt_l( <* ) -1( 4,(-03( .5/
N]bq_g_l ) 32
N]inn( E* H* ) 05,
N]liaam( M* ) .3,
N_a[f( <* @* ) .52(//2( /44(000( 1.-
N_c`lc^( H* <* ).1(0,(0/(00(20(34(44(54(-,5(--,( ---( --.(--/(--3(-.2(-/.(-//(
-/1(-01( 210( 233( 234( 24/
N_ch( E* ) .4-
N_siih Fcg( N* ) 1,0
Ncf\_lg[h( I* <* ) -,
Ncfp[( H* ) /0( 20( 22( 35( 4/( 40(-04( /-2( /.5( //-
Ng[ff_s( N* N* ) 01/
Ng_h^( M* ) .,0
Ngcf_m( Q* H* ) 20( 21( 15/
Ngcnb( M* N* ) 21( 3,(-/1(-/5(-04
Nhiâl[mm( F* M* ) -,1(-.0( .01
Nà^cha( O* ) 13
Nj[lem( C* A* ?* ) 124
Nn[hf_s( >* ?* ) 2/,
Nn[hnih( B* I* ) 0/(0.2
Nn_h^[bf( F* ) 5( -4( /1( /3( 05( 1-( 21( 3-( 4,(--5(-15(-2-( -40( .-0( .-1( .5.( .50(
.52( .54( /44(0/4( 1,.( 1.,( 1.2( 1.3(105
Nn_lh( H* ) -25(-5-( .00
Nniff_( Q* ) 1.
Nniq_lm( N* F* ) .03( .1,
Nnl[]e( C* G* ) .1,
Nnl_]e_l( >* ) /1(04(13( 25( 31(-/-(/20
Nnliogm[( B* ) 0/
Nnloah_ff( E* ) 02(0.0(043(044( 045(05.(11-( 211( 152( 154( 2,-
Nno]e_h\lo]e( G* ) 052
Nnobfg[]b_l( K* ).1(0/(2,(12(15)4,(4.(-,1)-,2(--4)-.,(-/.(-/0(-/5(-00)-01(..,(.13)
.14(/20(/45(0-1(0-5(0/,(053(1,3(1.1(1.3(1.5(14.)14/(141(144(2,2(2/3(22-(242
Nnogj``( <* ) 0.( .55
Noaa[n_( <* ) 1.
Nobf( <* ) -12( .4-( /0,( /00
Nogh_s( E* G* ) 1//
Nommg[hh( T* ) 045
Nq__n( E* )- , 0
Nshi`tce( @* ) .02
H
O[f\_ln( >* C* ) -,2(-.3
O[sfil( E* ) 0/
O[sfil( I* ) 0.,( 1.,
0++ ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
O[sfil( N* ) .1
Ob_cmm_h( B* ) -12(1,-
Ob_i\[f^( H* ) 35( 4-
Obc_fg[h( A* ) -.0(/01(0.5(0//(0/1(00,( 000( 224
Obigjmih( H* ) .1
Obigjmih( M* R* ) -/3
Obilhnih( O* >* B* ) -.0(/1/
Obl[ff( H* @* ) 2.-(2..(2./
ObolÄh( G* ) 0,( 21
Oigmih K* E* ) -,,( 003(02-( 24/
Olc_l( ?* E* ) ---( -/-(-/.
Oli]gÄ( @* ) .1,
Olo_g[h( >* ) 05(1-(1/(10
Oo]e_nn( >* ) 14
Oolh_l( I* ) 124
Osmih( E* =* ) 2.(-4/(-51
J
Q[hbis_( <* ) 02( 203
Q_lg_m( B* ) -00( .0/( //2( /44(044( 151( 230
Qc_fb[o_l( K* ) - 3
Qif`( E* H* B* ) -/2
Qiffg_l ) 145
Qioa[( A* ) 2.
n
R [h^_l( =* ) 33
R [hh_hq_nm]b( =* ) 12(-0,(-05
R[n_lm( B* K* ) 1/( 15( 4.(5.(-,1(--3(-/-(-/2(-/3(-0-(-02
R[nmih( A* ) .1( .5( 11( 14( 2.( 23( 4.( 40( 41( 42( 45( 5.(--,(-.-(-0,(-0/( .-1( .-2(
./.(.33(.4,( .4.( .41( 0/3(1.,
R_\\( R* E* ) 2-,
R_\_l( A* )- 5 (//(-,3(-14
R _^^_l\olh( <* E* H* ) -,-( .//(.31(0,/
R_^_l( C* ) .--
R_ch`_f^( H* ) 2-.
R_cmm( E* ) 04/
R_h^_f( A* ) 1/(-.2(-02
R_mf_s( >* )-0-
R_mn_lbifg( N* ) -4( //( 05(01( 1.( 10( 13( 15( 2.( 2/(21( 22(25( 31( 35(42( 43( 44(5/(
55(-,1(-,4(--,( -.,( -.-( -.3(-/0( -/2(-/3(-0,( -1,( ..,( .//( ./2( .31( .32(
.4.( /.5(0/,(0/0(035(1.2(1/-( 1/4(110(215( 233
Rcf]e_hm( P* ) /4(0,(-22(-4.(-50(//4(1,2
Rcf]ir( H* ) .,5
#R cfe_h( M* G* ) -13
ù I ? D> @ ?@ * N* >* ) 1,.

Rcffc[gm( N* F* ) --/(-23( .3.( 1-,( 1/,(11/
Rcfmih( B* ) -12(.-4(.54( 1/-
Rcfmih( M* H]G* ) -12
Rchhcha_( H* ) 01
Rchnf_( =* >* ) 0-
Rcmîg( E* M* ) 4/( 41(213
Rcm_( H* ) 044
R cnb_lchanih( =* ) 02( 2,( 51(1,,( 2,/( 20,( 212
Riff[mnih( D* ) .51
Rii^( C* B* ) 1,/
Rl_^_( R* ) -/(1.( 4,( .5/(.54(0/4( 1.2
R lcabn ) /4( 0,( 0-( 05( 1/( 15( 2,( 2/( 3.( 4.( 43( 45( 51(--/(--0(-0,( 0.5( 023( 2,,(
2,-( 2,.( 2,/( 2,0
Rlcabn( I* O* ) 5( .1( /1( /5( 3/(--0(-33( ..3( .3.( //4( /2/(0.4( 0.5( 01/( 05,( 1,,(
1,1( 2,,( 2-,( 234( 24.
Rlcabn( M* =* ) /0-
Ro_ffh_l( R* )- 1 3
T[l\lioab( M* R* ) 3,
T__( O* G* ) -,.
Tcha_l( F* G* ) 2-( 45(-,1(-./(-.1(-/2(-0,( 2,2( 22-
Tioha( I* C* ) .32(/51
U[bf( K* A* H* ) 05( 20( 30(-.2

U[bh( O* ) //2( /03(/04( /5-(020(045
U_ff_l( ?* ) 2.5
Uc_\lcntec( C* ) .1
Uc_mf_l( E* <* ) --.(.-3(/..( /.4( /.5(0,1( 03-
}e[`Z\ [fj M\okfj ;}Yc`Zfj
5BH=;C H9GH5A9BHC
>zd[i_i Bh -3*--(-0 ) 02/

Bh .*-)-, )2 - Bh -3*--)-0 ) 114
Bh .*/ ) -3- Bh -3*-. ) 23,
Bh .*--)-0)2- Bh -3*-.)-0 ) 12,
Bh .*-0 ) 2. Bh -3*-/ ) 02/
Bh /*2)5)40 Bh -3*-/)-0 ) 222
Bh /*-/)21, Bh -3*-4).- ) 2-3
Bh 2*-4)2-. Bh -3*-5).- ) 2-4
Bh 5*0)2)2-. Bh -4*4)-32
Bh 5*5)-3)2-. Bh -4*-4)/4,
Bh 5*-/(-1 ) .0. Bh .-*5)2-3
Bh --*3)4 ) /10 Bh .0*3)2-0
Bh -. ) /5, Bh .2*1 ) 5,( ..-( /.5
Bh -.*-)/)2-0 Bh .4*-/)-0 ) /24
Bh -.*/ ) -32(.51( /4,(00,(05- Bh /0 ) 0.( /,,( /12(1-3
Bh -.*3 ) /5, Bh /1*-2)-4 ) 23-
Bh -/*-1)3, Bh /4*.0(.2 ) --.
Bh -/*-1(-3 GSS ) 2-0
Bh -0*-4)., ) 125
Bh -1 ) 2.2 sneZe
Bh -1*2 ) 03(40(45(5,(5-(--5(/,1(/,3( @r 3*-. ) 2/2
/.5( //,( /23( 0-2(05/(050( 11-(12.( @r 5*.3 ) /,4
2,.( 2-0( 212 @r -.*05 ) ..-
Bh -1*-4 ) 3,( 2-0 @r -/*-,)/1-
Bh -3 ) 5,( -3,( ./0( .0.( .0/( .12( 012( @r -4*., ) 152( 153
040( 2.2 @r -5*1 ) 2-1
Bh -3*- ) 1/1 @r -5*1)2 ) 2.2
Bh -3*-).- ) 2-0 @r -5)., ) /0
Bh -3*4 ) 3,( 2-0 @r -5m ) .12
Bh -3*5)-0 ) 02( 2-( -3,( -5-( .0.( 012( @r ., ) ..-
1/5( 2-0( 222 @r .,*-3 ) 2/2
Bh -3*-- ) 013 @r .,*.m ) /,5( 1/-
0+/ ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
@r .,*/)2 ) 1/5 EÇc[hei

@r .,*0)1 ) /,,(0-5 Ig 5*/ ) /1-
@r .,*1 ) 0.(/11( 1-2( 232 Ig -,*-, ) /1-
@r .,*4)-- )-3- Ig --*.5)0.
@r ./*3)4 ) /,4 Ig ./*5 ) 23(-5-( 10,(15.
@r ./*-0(-3 ) /1- Ig .1*2)4 ) 232
@r .0*3)4 ) 2-1 Ig .1*2)-/ ) 0.(/12( 1-3( 2-.( 231
@r /-*-.)-3)1/5 Ig .1*-,)-/)/,,
@r /-*-2)2-1 Ig .1*--)0.
@r /-*-2)-3)/1- Ig .1*--)-/)0.
@r /-*-4)2/1 Ig .1*-.)-/ ) 2.2
@r /.*-1 ) 2/1 Ig .4*--)/1-
@r /.*-2)0.4
@r /0 ) 2./ ;[kj[hedÄc_e
@r /0*-)0.4 ?n -*3)4)3,
@r /0*-(0(.4).5 ) 2./ ?n 0*-)-.-
@r /0*2 ) 110 ?n 0*-(-,(0,).2.
@r /0*2)3 ) 12- ?n 0*-(1)2(-/)-0).04
@r /0*-,(-.(-1(.3).4 ) 2./ ?n 0*4 ) ..-
@r /0*-.)-2)/,, ?n 0*5)-, ) 2.5
@r /0*-0 ) 0.( /11( 0-5( 1-2( 232 ?n 0*-/(./ ) 2-1
@r /0*./).0 ) /1- ?n 0*./).0 ) 232
@r /0*.4 ) 2-1( 2./ ?n 0*./)0 ) /,,
@r /0*.5)/1 ) 2./ ?n 0*.0 ) 0.( /11(1-2
@r /0*/0 ) 0.4( 2.0( 202 ?n 0*/-).2.( 2.2
@r /0*/1 ) 0.4 ?n 0*/.)0, ) 5.
?n 1 ) ..-
?n 1*-)..-
C[l}j_Ye ?n 1*5 ) 0.
Gp 1*.. ) 0,, ?n 1*.)/ ) 2-1
Gp -,*1).-3 ?n 1*2 ) 0/5
Gp --*-)./)-3,(-5- ?n 1*2m ) /,5
Gp -4*1 ) 01( 4/( -.,( -.-(-..(-.1( .,3( ?n 1*3)-, ) 1/5
.,4( .-3(0-4(02-( 1/-( 20-( 21- ?n 1*4)5 ) /,,(0-5
Gp / *- . )4 / ?n 1*5 ) /11(1-2( 232
Gp -5*-1)/,4 ?n 1*-.)-1)-3-
Gp -5*-4 ) 0,,(034( 2/4 ?n 1*-1)/1-
Gp -5*-4(/0 ) /-. ?n 1).4 ) ./1
Gp .,*..).2 ) 23(1/5(15. ?n 1*.5)// ) .2.
Gp .,*.0).2 ) ../( ./4( 2,- ?n 1*/.)// )-.-
Gp .,*.2 ) 23 ?n 2*-).*-4(.0 ) .2.
Gp ./*0 ) /1- ?n 2*0 ) 1//
Gp .1*-)3)/1- ?n 2*2)3)2.5
Gp .2*-1)2-1 ?n 2*-,)-.(.,)./)5.
Gp .2*02 ) ..- ?n 2*-0)-1 ) /,,( 0-5( 232
ù I ? D> @ ?JN O @SOJN = ù=GD>JN 1,1
?n 2*-1 ) /11(1-2 ?n /.*02 ) ..-( 21/

?n 2*.,)./ ) 11. ?n /.*4)5 ) ./2( .31( .54( /.4( /10( 20.(
?n 2*.-)0/5 23-
?n 2*.0 )-.- ?n //*. ) .31( /50
?n 3*-)--)23 ?n //*.)0 ) 20.
?n 3*2)4 ) 5.(0/5(11.
?n 3*5(-. ) 2-1 Aeikz
?n 3*-.)2.2 Em -*/)0)3,
?n 4*- )-.- Em 4*/,)/1 ) 2.2
?n 4*--)-4)11. Em .0*-5)., ) /,,
?n 4*-3)-4 ) 5.
?n 5 *1 )1 1 4 Ak}p[i
?n -,*-2 ) .12( 2.0( 224 Et .*-2)-4 ) 123
?n -,*-3 ) .02 Et /*5)-,7 ) 123
?n -,*-3)-5).03
?n -,*.- ) .1, - JWck[b
?n --*.0)3, DNg -.*3 ) /,4( 132
?n --*.2).-- DNg .0*-3 ) /,4(1.5
?n -0*/).- ) -3,(-5-
?n -1*--)/-. . JWck[b
?n .-*./ ) .,4( 024(1,/ .Ng ./*1 ) 2.2
?n .-*./)05-
?n .0*-,)..)-.0(/-- * I[}i
?n .3*.2 ) .,/( .,0( .,1( .,2( .,4( .-,( DMm .*/ ) ..-
///( /04(05-( 21/ DMm 4*/5 ) 132
?n .3).4 ) 41(.-, DMm -4 ) 0.( 1-3
?n .3)/, ) 045(05, DMm -4*0, ) 0.( /,,( 232
?n .4)/, ) 024 DMm -5*-,(-0(0, ) /12
?n .4*14 ) 21/
?n .5*.4 ) 21/ . I[}i
?n .5)/, ) /35 .Mm 0*./ ) /1-
?n .5)/- ) 2.2
?n /, ) 024( 21- - :h~d_YWi
?n /,*-(3)05- f> l -2*-0).. ) 5.
?n /,*2 ) -/3( .12(0.5( 224 f> l ./*/- ) /1-
?n /,*-, ) ..-
?n /,*--(-0)21- . :h~d_YWi
?n /,*--)-0 ) .04* 0/1( 21-( 21. .>l .*0 ) /1-
?n /,*-.)-0)..- .>l -5*2)4 ) 123
?n /,*-1).,)-.-( .--(20- .>l -5*3 ) .02
?n /,*5)-, ) 104 .>l /-*/)/1-
?n /-*-.)21/
?n /.*-1 ) /5/ <iZhWi
?n /.*.- ) 232 @m^ 3*2(-,(-.(-0(.2 ) ..-
?n /.*01)03 ) 104 @m^ 4*-3).2/
0+1 ODQ< NJ=M@ K < PGJ
@m^ 5)-, ) ... ND 4.*2 ) 125

@m^ -, ) ./4 ND 45*-3).1,
@m^ -,*--)23(../ ND 5.*3)..0(./5
@m^ --). / 4 ND 52*-,(-/ ) 123
ND 54*. ) /21
E[[c_Wi ND -,/*-,)/-
I_ 4*-0 ) ..- ND -,0*/1 ) ..0( ./5
I_ 5*-0(/0)..- ND -,1*3)-1 ) 5.
I_ 5*.5 ) -.-( 20- ND -,2 ) 050
I_ -,*// ) /1- ND -,2*.4).5 ) 232
I_ -/*/ ) ../( ./4 ND -,2*.4)/- ) 231
ND -,2*/- ) 050(050
<ij[h ND -,5*.)3)/0,
@mn -0*-3 G S S )/0- ND --,*- ) 13-( 134
@mn 4*-3 ) 015 ND --5*1/(-11)/0,
ND --5*-,1).1,
A~ ND -.1*/ ) ..0( ./5
/0*--).02 ND -/5*-).*./ ) 132
ND -0/ ) 4,
JWbcei ND -0/*. ) /-(-21(-34( .4/
ND 1*--).1, ND -0/*--)/,4( /21
ND 3*3)4 ) 125
ND 4*3 ) 134 GhelzhX_ei
ND 5*-3 ) 00(.4-( /0, Kl /*-). )-.-(20-
ND .3*. ) .4- Kl 2*./ ) -.-( 20-
ND .4*/ ) ..0( ./5 Kl -1*--)132
ND /-*- )/,4(/21 Kl .0*-.).02( 22,
ND /1*.0 ) /,4( /21
ND /3*.4 ) ..0(./5 @iW}Wi
ND 00*.- ) 132 Dm -*-/)-0)/1-
ND 1,*-2).,)/0, Dm -*.)5)14-
ND 1,*-2).- ) .1, Dm /*-0)-1 ) .1,
ND 1-*-0)/21(1.5 Dm 1 )/ - -
ND 10*/ ) .4- Dm 1*-)/,)14-
ND 11*/)..0(./5 Dm 1*./ ) /,4
ND 14*-- )1 2 3 Dm --*/)123
ND 2.*-.).02( 22, Dm -/(5*-/)122
ND 21*1 ) /21(1.5 Dm .3*5 ) 2.5
ND 3-*-1)/,4( 1.5 Dm .4*--)-.)2/2
ND 3-*.(-1)/21 Dm //*.. ) 123
ND 3/*/ ) ..0(./5 Dm /0*4 ) 122
ND 4-*/)/1- Dm 0-*4)5)12,
ND 4. ) 123( 125 Dm 0.*2 ) 12,( 2.4
ND å.*- ) 125 Dm 0.*2)3 ) .1,
ND 4.*. ) 125 Dm 0.*3 ) .1,( 1.3
é F < A; = <GK L = P L G K : é: D A; G K V +2
Dm 01*-0 ) .35 <p[gk_[b

Dm 01*4(.- ) /21 @t -*.2 ) 1,0
Dm 01*.- ) /,4 @t 3*.).3 ) 14-
Dm 02*-/)/21(1.5 @t 3*3)-. ) 122
Dm 04*-.)12, @t --*4)--)123
Dm 05*-)12, @t --*-5)2./
Dm 05*-)2 ) .51(00,(1.,( 1.3(.1, @t -2*/4(0. ) 0.
Dm 05*4 ) 2.4 @t -4*1)5 ) -.0( /--
Dm 1-*.)12, @t .,*1).2 ) -.-( 20-
Dm 1-*1(2(4)/,4(/21 @t .,*--(-/(.-)0-4
Dm 1-*1)4)1.5 @t .,*--(-/(.-(.1)02-
Dm 1.*3)/20 @t ..*2)-. ) .1,
Dm 10*2 ) 12, @t .0*/)-0 ) 14-
Dm 11*/ ) 2.4 @t /2*2 ) 0.
Dm 12*2)/1-*1/5 @t /2*.2 )- / 0
Dm 12*2)4 )-3- @t /2*.2).3)-/3(-0/( 2./
Dm 15*.,).- ) 2.4 @t /2*.2m )- / 0
Dm 15*.- ) 2.4( 2.5( 2/, @t /2*.3)2.5
Dm 2,*1)-3 ) .35 @t /4*-5)0.
Dm 2-*-).)/20 @t 00*3(5 ) 224
Dm 2-*2).35 @t 00*5 ) ./4( 2.0
Dm 2-*4)2.4 @t 02*/(2)3)/1-
Dm 2.*-). ) /,4( /21( 1.5
Dm 2/*-(3 ) /21 ;Wd_[b
Dm 21*-3)04, ?h -*/)-2 ). / 4
Dm 22*.. ) 04, ?h -*4)-2)-3,(/0-
?h . ) /3,
?h .*-4)-5* .3)/,)/3-
A[h[c_Wi ?h 0*.3 ) .34
El -*1).51(00,(1.,(1.3 ?h 3 ) /3,
El .*//)/1 ) 14- ?h 3*5)--)122
El 0*0 ) 2.0( 224 ?h 3*5)-0 ) 13,
El 1*-)5)14- ?h 3*-/ ) 1,0
El 3*4)--).1, ?h 3*-/)-0 ) 13,
El 5*./)0 ) .1, ?h 3*-4 ) 12,
El 5*.1).2 ) .0/(012( 2.0( 224 ?h 3*.. ) 13-
El -3*-,).02 ?h 4*.0 ) 12,
El /-*/-)2/1 ?h 5*-2 ) /,4
El /-*/-(//)0.5( 2.5 ?h 5*-2)-4)/-
El /-*/-)/0 ) -/3( 2-.( 2.,( 2./( 2.0( 2.5 ?h -,*/ ) ./4
El /-*/-mm ) 2-4 ?h -.*. ) /3,
El /-*// ) -/0(0.5( 2.5
El /-*/0)2.5 Fi[_Wi
El /.*./ ) ..- Jm .*--)/1-
El //*.- ) 2.2 Jm 1*--)-.)14-
0,) 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG : J = H 9M DG
Jm 2*1 ) 14-
Jm -.*.).02 - <iZhWi
0@m^ /*-5)..2( .0-
Ae[b 0@m^ /*.4)/2 ) ..2( .0-
E-.*-). ) 122 0@m^ 0*./).0 ) ..2(.0-
E-/*-3)./4 0@m^ 1*./)/,)..2(.0-
0@m^ 2*5 ) /3,
8cei 0@m^ 2*11)15 ) ..2( .0-
<g 1 )/ - - 0@m^ 3*-.)-/(1,(--/)/3,
<g 3*0)14- 0@m^ 3*.- ) -.-( 20-
<g 4*0)-0 ) 14- 0@m^ 4*- ) /3,
<g 5*3 ) /,2 0@m^ 4*-.).1,
0@m^ 4*/0)/2 ) /-
D _gk[_Wi 0@m^ 5*/-)..2(.0-
Hk .*-)0 ) 14- 0@m^ -,*/4 ) /3-
H k/ ) /-- 0@m^ -.*/.)// ) 13,
Hk /*5)-. ) 14- 0@m^ -/*-,)--*/3)/4 ) 13,
Hk 2*1 ) /,4 0@m^ -0*/, ) 20-
?WXWYkY 0@m^ -0*1 ) /3-
C[\ .*0 ) .5( 4/(.,3( .,4(0-2
C[\ /*-- ) 4/ AkZ_j[
En 5*.)0)0.(/12(1-3
Je\ed_Wi En 5*0 ) /,,
N` -*3).*/ ) 122 En -,*1 ) -3,( /0-
N` /*4 ) 122 En -.*-)., ) -3,(/0-
En -.*. ) ./4
U[][lc[m En -5 ) ./4
U] 3*5)-,)/--( /-. En /,*1)., ) /,,
D WbWgk_Wi * D WYWX[ki
HD /*-). ) 125 fH ] -*-1).0/( 04/
HD /*1 ) .1,(123 fH ] -*/0 ) 00( .4-( /0,( 232
HD 0*-(1 ) 122 fH ] -*04(2,)2- ) .0/( 012
fH ] -*13 ). . . ( ./2
fH ] -*2,)2/ ) -5,( .2/( /,1( /-4( 1-/(
5DC7F=:CG 8C 5BH=;C 10,(11,(15-
H9GH5A9BHC fH ] -*2.)2/ )- 3 , ( /0-
fH ] --*.1 ) ..0(./5
9WhkY fH ] -/*04 ) .04
=l /*5 ) -.-( 20- fH ] -0*-0 ) ..0(./5
=l /*.5)/, ) 0/1 fH ] . ) 050( 1-3
=l /*/2)0*0 ) ..1( .0,(.2. fH ] .*-2 ) .30
=l 0*- ) -.-( 0/1( 20- fH ] .*-5).3 ) /12
=l 0*-)0)-5. fH ] .*-5).4(05)20)0-5
=l 0*0 ) .1, fH ] .*./).0 ) 232
é F < A; = <GK L = P L G K : é: D A; G K V,*
fH ] .*./).2 ) /,, @]fi .0*./ ) ...

fH ] .*./).3)0. @]fi .0*.3).1,
fH ] .*.2(.3(1,(14 ) /12 @]fi .4*3 ) ...
fH ] .*.2(10 ) 231 @]fi /1*-.)-/ ) .02
fH ] .*.2).3(1,(14 ) ...(./2 @]fi /5*4 ) ...
fH ] .*.3)/,,( /,/( 22, @]fi 0.*. ) ...
fH ] .*.3(1, ) ...(./2 @]fi 00*-3 ) 245
fH ] .*00 ) .4- @]fi 00*-5)., ). . .
fH ] .*00(04 ) 00(./5(/0,(0..( 232 @]fi 01*1 ) 20-
fH ] .*02 ) .0/(012 @]fi 01*1(3(-1(-3*.0).1 ) ...
fH ] .*04 ) .4- @]fi 01*-3).1,
fH ] .*1. ) 45( /.5(0.1(050( 12. @]fi 01*./).0 ) 0.( 2-.
fH ] .*10 ) 0.( /,,( /12( 1-3( 2-.( 2.2 @]fi 01*.0 ) 2.2
fH ] .*14 ) 0.( /,,(/12(1-3( 232 @]fi 04*.)/ ) 0.
fH ] .*23 ) .04 @]fi 1,*., ) .1,
fH ] /*1)2 ) ..0( ./5
fH ] 0*-/ ) .35 KeX_Wi
fH ] 3*1 ) ..0(./5 O\ -*-,)-.)./4
fH ] 5*./(14(25 ) ..0(./5 O\ -*-,)-/)-3,(/0-
O\ -/*2 ) 00(..0( ./5(/0,
. DWYWX[ki O\ -/*--).35
.H] -*.)0 ) ...(./2 O\ 0*5)--).03
.H] .*-3)-4 ) 2-0 O\ 0*-, ) .35
.H] .*.- ) .05(.2/(0-5( 1-. O\ 4*-1 ) 12,
.H] .*.-).. ) ...(./2 O\ -.*5 ) .35
.H] 0*. ) 0.(...( ./2( /12( 1-3 O\ -0*-,)-- ) .35
.H] 0*-/)0-5( 1-/
.H] 1*-1)...( ./2 JWX[Zeh_W
.H] 2 ) 0-5( 1-/ N\ -*- ) 00
.H] 2*-, ). 0 / N\ - *4 )0 0
.H] 2*.-(.0 ) //4 N\ .*-).)00
.H] 3*.(5(--(/3 ) ...(./2 N\ .*/ ) 00
.H] 4*- ) .05(.2/(0-5( 1-.( 1-0 N\ . )1)./5( .2/
.H] 4*-1).2.( 2.2 N\ .*./ )- . .
.H] 4*.- ) ...( ./2 N\ 1*-1 )- . .
.H] -/*-0 ) ...(./2 N\ 2*-4 ) -..(040
.H] -0*/4 ) .05(.2/(0-5(1-. N\ 3*. ) 00
N\ 4*-.)-/ ) 00
<Yb[i_uij_Ye $@ll[n[6 ]`* n\ 'J_huY_ZW$ N\ --)-1)/.0
@]fi --*5)123 N\ --*5)-,)/.0( 14-
@]fi -.*-0 ) 123 N\ -.*.. ) /.0( 14-
@]fi -2*-.)-0).02 N\ -1*-mm ) .03
@]fi -3*--)20- N\ -1*-)2 ) .03
@]fi -3*--)-3)... N\ -1*.)/ ) .1,
@]fi -3*-3 ) .54 N\ -2*5)-, ) /.0
0,+ 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG:J= H 9M DG
N\ -4*0 ) .1, fC _h -,2*-5)/3-

N\ -4*5 ) 12,
N\ -2*5)-, ) 14- . ?[degk[
N\ -3*1)4(./ ) 00 .C_h ./*-)1 ) 124
.C_h .0*/ ) /3-
.C_h 0,*-/ ) 124
IL>N=>Ié@K:?HL CN=:B<HL& .C_h 1/*. ) 124
?EçOBH CHL>?H& ?BEHG .C_h 20*1 ) 124
.C_h 24*. ) 124
<jHim -/*/ ) /3,
<jHim .4*0 ) /3, Aeiz [ 8i[d[j
<jHim 0-*/)/3, Eim<m 3*- ) ./4( /0-
<jHim 0/*. ) /3, Eim<m 4*1(/0-
Eim<m .4*/ ) .02
. 9WhkY
.=l -/*4 ) .02 AkX_b[ki
.=l -0*-/ ) /3, Eo\ -*0)1(5)-,(-.(-0(.5 ) ...
.=l -1*4 ) /3, Eo\ -*-1).1)--1
.=l 00*0 ) .02 Eo\ -*./)224
.=l 00*--)-1 ) /3, Eo\ -*.5).*-)/50
.=l 04*..).0 ) .1, Eo\ .*5 ) /1.
.=l 1,*. ) /3, Eo\ .*.- ) ...
Eo\ 0*-3).0)124
* ?[degk[ Eo\ 1*-,)-2)122
fC _h -)1 ) .42( 1-0 Eo\ 1*-2 ) .02
fC _h -*-(3)5 ) 00( ..0(./5(.2/ Eo\ 1*-3)-4).03
fC _h 1*2)3 ) 00( ..0( ./5( /0, Eo\ 2*0)-2 ) ...
fC _h -.)-2 ) 124 Eo\ 2*/.)/1 ) 00( ..0( ./5( .2/( /1.( 051(
fC _h .,*1 ) .31( /10 10.
fC _h /3)3- ) 13, Eo\ 2*/1 ) .4,
fC _h 05*0 ) 13, Eo\ -.*-).-)5-
fC _h 1-*-).)/3, Eo\ -0*-3)., ) ...
fC _h 11*0 ) 13, Eo\ -1*0)-2(-5).-(.1).5(/0 ) ...
fC _h 2-*4)5)13, Eo\ -1*.1)/0 ) .0.(012(02/
fC _h 2/*4 ) .02 Eo\ -1*/,)/. ) .54
fC _h 25*.3)13- Eo\ -1*/-)/. ) .31( /.4( /10( /5/( 20/
fC _h 4.*0)1 ) /0, Eo\ -1*/0 ) .4,
fC _h 4.*0)3 ) 00(..0( ./5( /1.(051( 10. Eo\ -2*-0)...
fC _h 4.*3(5 ) /1. Eo\ -2*-3)-4).30
fC _h 5,*.,).3)122 Eo\ -3*-1)-4)/.5
fC _h 5,*/0)/4)--1 Eo\ -4*-2 ) /.5
fC _h 5-*3)123 Eo\ -5*4 ) /.5
fC _h -,,*3 ) .02 Eo\ -5*.5 ) ...
fC _h -,/*. ) /3- Eo\ .,*/ ) ...
fC _h -,1*- ) .1, Eo\ .-*0).02
é F < A; = <GK L = P L G K : é: D A; G K 5R,,
Eo\ ..*-0)-1 ) 2.5 NDN[f -.*2 ) 2-0

Eo\ ..*-2 ) 23( ./4( .2/ NDN[f -.*-4 ) .03
Eo\ ./*-2(.2 ) ..0(./5 NDN[f -/ ) ..2(.0-
Eo\ ./*./).0 ) ..0( ./5 NDN[f -/*0(2(5 ) /.0
Eo\ /, ) 0.(050 NDN[f -/*0)--)14-
Eo\ /,*1)., ) /12 NDN[f -/*1)-. ) ..0( ./5( .2/
Eo\ /,*-2 ) .02 NDN[f -/*2)--)..2(.0-(.2.
Eo\ /,*-3)050 NDN[f -/*2)-. ) /0,
Eo\ /.*-5 ) 13- NDN[f -1*-)-/ ) ..0( ./5
Eo\ //*-2)., ) .03 NDN[f -2*--)-1)/.0
Eo\ //*-4).02 NDN[f -3*.-)02 )- - 1
Eo\ //*./).0 ) 00( /0, NDN[f -3*..).1 ) ..0(./5
NDN[f -3*.4 ) ../( ./4
/ DWYWX[ki NDN[f -4*1 ) 2.5
/H] /*0 ) ../(./4 NDN[f -4*.. ) 2.2
0 DWYWX[ki JlNc\ /*-51 ) .1,

0H] -4*-.)0.( /12( 1-3( 231 JlNc\ /*324)325 ) 2-0
0H] 0*.2 ) 0-5( 1-.( 1-/
0H] 2*-1(-3)//4 O_mn<\l V=W --*-)0 ) 124
O_mn<\l V<W -/*/)-, ) 124
JWbcei Z[ JWbecxe O_mn<\l V<W -/*2 ) 13-
NDN[f -*- ) ..0( ./5( .4-
NDN[f .*-). ) ..0( ./5( .4-(/0,(0.. O_mnHim -.*-, )-.-
NDN[f .)1 ) ..0
NDN[f .*-4 ) .02 O_mn=_h -,*4)-, ) 123
NDN[f / ) ..2(.0-
NDN[f /*/)-. ) ..0( ./5( .2/ O_mnG_p -0*0 ) .1,
NDN[f /*0)-2 ) 14- O_mnG_p -0*0 ) .1-
NDN[f /*5 ) /.0
NDN[f 0*4 ). . 0 ( ./5(/0, <hn -.*.3- ) 0.
NDN[f 0*.,(.. ) //4 <hn -/*.13 ) 015
NDN[f 1*3)5 ) /.0 <hn .,*/0)04 ) 02,
NDN[f 3*- ) .1, <hn .,*0/)01 ) 220
NDN[f 3*-)-, ) 14- <hn .,*0-)0. ) 220
NDN[f 4*4)-0 ) .1,
NDN[f 4*-/ ) .4, J_huY_ZW $@ll[n[6 ]`* n\* <Yb[i_uij_Ye %
NDN[f 4*.3)/1 ) /.0 Ncl -3*-- )-.-
NDN[f 4*.3)0, ) 14- Ncl -3*--)-3)./2
NDN[f 5*/)1).03 Ncl -3*-3 ) .31( /.4(/10( /5/
NDN[f 5*-,).2.( 2.2 Ncl .0*./ ) ..1( .0,
NDN[f 5*--)-1)/.0 Ncl .4*3 ) ./2
NDN[f -, ) ..2( .0- Ncl .5*-. ) .35
NDN[f -,*0)./3 Ncl /.*-1 ) //4
NDN[f --*-)/20 Ncl /.*./ ) 040
1-. 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG : J = H 9 M DG
Ncl //*. ) //4 -LC

Ncl /5*4 ) ./2 0*/,)/. )1 1 .
Ncl 0,*.0 ) .35 5*.2 ) 05.
Ncl 0.*. ) ./2 -,*4)-5 ) ..0( ./5
Ncl 00*-5)., ) ./2 -,*4)-. ) /0,
Ncl 00*., ) /.5 -,*-,*-.)00
Ncl 01*1 ) ./2 -,*-4)-5 ) 2.0
Ncl 01*./).0 ) /,,( /12(1-3( 231 -,*-4)224
Ncl 04*.)/,,( /12 -,*.0 )
Ncl 04*.)/ ) 1-3 -.*.3).4 ) /3/
-.*.5)/- ) /-
-.*.5)/3)/-
F:GNL<KBMHL => JNFK:G -.*/,)/. )
-.*/0 ) 00
>? #;eYkc[dje Z[ ;WcWiYe$ -/*1)2 ) /-
-*0)4)--1 -0*5 ) 05.
-*0)1)... -0*.,).- ) .0.
-*1)4)05, -1*-2)-5)/-
-*-/).-)..0 -1*.3)/3/
-*-0)-3)//2 -3*-0)-1)/-
-*-1)-4*.,)./3 .,*--)-.)2.0
.*--).2, .-*.,)2.0
/*.)0 ) ./*-0 ) /20
/*. ) .03 ./*., ) 224
/*-,)-2)./3
/*-0)-1)/1.(051 fL jC [\
/*-1)-3)20- 1*0)4 ) /0,
/*., )- 5 5 ( 20- 1*0 ) 13-
0*/)0 ) 1 *1 )0 0
1*3)/3-
0*3)-, )
3*0)1 ) /3/
2*.)1 )
3*1 ) /3-
2*. ) .2.( 2.2
3*--).04
2*-,*-0)/3-
--*-/)2.0( 224
2*-2)-3).1-
-.*0)1 ) .04
2*-5)2.0
3 *2 )
-LH
4*-4 ) .2.( 2.2
/*. )1 2 ,
4*.- ) 2.0
/*1 ) 12,
-,*-0)--*-4)-5.(/1-
0*-,)--)12,
-.*4)--)/05
--*/)0)/-(11.
-.*./ ) /3- -.*-/)-1 ) .35
-/*-0)-2 ) /05 -/*3 ) 2.2
-5N/)/0 ) 2.0 -0*1 ) 12,
.,*-.)2..0 -0*4 ) 2.2
é F < A; = <GK L = P L G K : é: D A; G K 0,.
-LN fL .4[+N[
-*3)4 ) ...(./3 -*-)--0
-*4)245 -*.3)
-*-0)-1)/1.(051
.*. ) 245 fLN\
.*0)1 ) ..0( ./5 /*.)0 ) 12,
/*2)-. )- / 1 0*.3 ) .1,
/*4)-. )- 5 /
/*5)--)245 0LA-,l+0L-30
/*-/)0*.2)/4, -*-)3 ) .21(/,0( /.,( /02( 10-
/*./ ) /3- -*3)-51
0*2)4 )- . . ( 20-
0*3 ) 20- 0LHHO ) /02(0.0(013( 043
0*-4 ) /3-
1*-)/ ) ...( ./3 -L1,3 ) /-
1*1 ) 2.0( 224
1*4 )- 5 / 0L1-- ) /-
1*.,).0)...(/,0(10-
1*.-*./)-51(/02 0LjI[b
2*-4 ) -51(/,0( 10- -*3)4).-,(024( 1,/
4*0)5)/02( /4,
4*-2)5*. ) ... ffL H _f]b
4*-4 ) 245 5*-/)125
5*4)5*-5 ) 245 - 4 )/ 2 0
-,*2)4 ) /1-( /1.
--*.)/)-,5 --LO
--*--)-1)/-(11. 20*2)-/ ) 024( 1,/
0,/ 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG:J= H 9MDG
BCJC H9GH5A9BHC
D Wj[ki H_ -0*2. _ j[l* ) 13-

Hn /*5 ) /,2 H_ -/*.2).3 ) 13,
Hn 1*-2)-.0
Hn 1*-3).,)55(-.0 CkYWi
Hn 1*-4)-5 ) /04(02- G] - *2 )233
H n 1*/)0 ) /20 G] 0*-4 ) /20
Hn 1*0/)04 ) /-. G] 2*.,).- ) /20
Hn 1*03 ) 00( ..0( ./5(.4-( /0, G] 2*// ) 00( ..0( ./5(.4-(/0,
Hn 2*-)2 )- . 1 G] 3*..)/20
Hn 3*2 ) 221 G] 3*/0 ) /0-( 0,-
Hn 4*-,)-.)/,2 G] 5*.2 ) 13,
Hn -,*0-)0. )- . 1 G] -.*4)5 _ j[l* ) -02
Hn --*-5)00( /0-( 0,-( 230 G] -,*.4 )- . 0
Hn --*1)/20 G] -1 )- 0 0
Hn -.*/. ) /3- G] -1*. ) 230
Hn -1*.2).3 ) 221 G] -5*-)5 )- . 0
Hn -2*.3 ) -.0(.02 G] .,*/0)/1 ) /3-
Hn -2*.3 ) 13, G] ..*., ) 2-5
Hn -5*-3)040
Hn -5*.4 ) 13, Aexe
Hn ..*0, ) 55 Ei /*/2 )- . 1
Hn ./*-1)221 Ei 1*.0 )- . 1
Hn .1*/-)/. ) 13, Ei 1*..(.3)134
Hn .1*/0)0, )- . 1 Ei 1*.3)13-
Hn .3*1.)1/ ) /3, Ei 1*.4)-5 )- . 0
Ei 1*.5 ) 50
DWhYei Ei 2*.4).5 ) 151
H_ .*-1)-2)230 Ei 2*03)04(1/)10 )- . 1
H_ .*-2)/0- Ei -,*.4 )- . 1
H_ .*-2)-3)0,- Ei -,*/0)/1 ) 13,
H_ . *- 3 )0 0 Ei -3*.)/ )- . 1
H_ .*./)/*1 _ j[l* ) /1-
H_ /*2 ) 1,, 8jei
H_ 4*/4 ) 13, <n -*.-)..).41
H_ -,*-3 _ j[l* ) -.. <n .*/0)/1 ) 13-
H_ -,*/, ) /3- <n 2*--(-/)-0)1,4
H_ -,*01 j[l* ) /00 <n 2*-/ ) /45
H_ -.*.4)/- _ j[l* ) 2/4 <n 2*-0 ) .42
H_ -.*/2 _ j[l* ) 13- <n 3 ). 4 2 ( 1,4
H_ -/*-/)-.1 < n 3*4 ) 012
H_)-0*2. ) 13, <n 3*.,).1(/1)/4(1/ ) 1,4
<n 3*/4(1/ ) .31( /50
é F < A; = <GK L = P L G K : é: D A; G K 0,0
<n 3*03)05 ) 1,4 <n ..*-0)-1 ) /,-

<n 3*14 ) 1,- <n ..*-1)1-5
<n 3*/4(1/ ) .42 <n ..*.-)1-5
<n 4*- ) 1,- <n .0*1(-0)022
<n 5 ) 0/(1-5 <n .0*-0 ) 022
<n 5*. ) 022 <n .2 ) 1-5
<n 5*1 ) 1,0 <n .2*1 ) 1-0( 230
<n 5*2 ) 1-5 <n .2*5 ) 022
<n 5*-1 ) /,-( 1-5( 1.3 <n .2*-0).5.( 1,-
<n 5*.. ) 1,/ <n .2*-2)-4 ) /,-(1-5(1.3
<n 5*..(.2 ) 1,. <n .2*-0)1,0
<n -, ) 10,( 15. <n .3*.2(.5 ) 03,
<n -,*-,)-2(.4 ) 10,
<n -,)-- ) 0/( 24( /0. IecWdei
<n -,*--)-2)24 Mg -*-).)/22
<n -,*-0 ) /0. Mg -*-m)/ . 0
<n -,*-0)-1(.4 ) 2,- Mg -*/)0)/3,
<n -,*.4 ) 24 Mg -*0)/3,
<n -,*/2 ) /20 Mg -*1 ) -./(-/,(-/-(-/2( 1/-
<n -,*0. ) 122( 134 Mg -*1(4 ) 240
<n -,*00)04 ) .3. Mg -*3)12,( 2.3
<n --*.)./-( 12, Mg -*5 ) /22
<n --*.)-3)0.. Mg -*-2 ) 11( 30( /34( 1/.
<n --*/)/0.(011 Mg -*-2)-3)/21
<n --*1)-,)24 Mg -*-2)-4)--/
<n --*-1)-4).3. Mg -*-3 ) --(04(.45( /21(1-,(11/( 12/
<n --*-5).-)0/ Mg -*-4).1/( /.-( /.0
<n --*., ) 0.,(0.. Mg -*-4)/*-4)2/1
<n --*.2)023( 1,, Mg -*-4)/*., ) 22( .13( /..( /.2( 214(
<n -/*- ) .40 204
<n -/*.)/ ) .41 Mg -*-4)/-).-,
<n -0*0(-0 ) .41 Mg -*-4)/.).03( /.-( 0.5
<n -1 ) 33 Mg -*-4mm ) .13
<n -1*-(1 ) 22 Mg -*-5(.-(.4)205
<n -1*1 ) 221( 230 Mg -*.-)..)03/
<n -1*3)--)224 Mg -*/. ) 53( 2/0( 205
<n -2*/ ) 025 Mg . ) -.0(0.5( 0/4
<n -3*/- ) 134 Mg . ) 15( 44( -0,( .,-( ..4( .01( .02(
<n .-*.,)/11( 1,3 .1.( .10( .11( .13( .14( .15( /./(0.5(
<n .. ) 1-5 0/2( 1/.
<n ..*/)0/(1,,(1-0(230 Mg .*- ) /.-( /.0( /.4( 105
<n ..*0 ) 022 Mg .*-mm ) /.0
<n ..*3 )1 , 0 Mg .*-)-- ) .02( .04(.1/( 2/1
<n ..*4 ) 022 Mg .*-)/ ) .03
<n ..*-, ) 1.3 Mg .*-)/(5(-.)-/(.-).3 ) 0.5
0,1 9 F GN9 H = J K H = ; L AN 9 KG:J= H 9M DG
Mg .*-)/*-4 ) 105 Mg .*-3).,(./ )- 5 3

Mg .*-)/*.,)/.3( 14- Mg .*-3)./ ) /4(-,/(..4
Mg .*. ) 122 Mg .*-3).0 ) .,.( .05( .1/( /.1( 225(
Mg .*.)--)135 23.
Mg .*.)-2 ) 14. Mg .*-3).3 ) 2/1
Mg .*/ ) /.0 Mg .*-3).5 ) -4-( .30( 0,/( 11,( 141(
Mg .*0(5)--(-/)-2(-3).,(.1 ) 0.5 214
Mg .*1 ) /.0(14-(122 Mg .*-4)-/1( .1,
Mg .*1)-/*-1)-2 ) 13/ Mg .*-4mm ) .04
Mg .*2 ) -0,( .03( 2,0 Mg .*-5 ) .1,(.1.
Mg .*2)3 ) 12-( 22, Mg .*.-)./).,.
Mg .*2)3(5)-, ) 14/ Mg .*.-).3)/./
Mg .*2)-, ) 50 Mg .*./ ) .1-( /.4(1,5
Mg .*2)-- ) -.0(-.4(-/4(-0, Mg .*.1 ) .1.(0,3
Mg .*2)-/ ) 14/ Mg .*.1)/*- ) ./.
Mg .*2)-2 ) 1/-(14. Mg .*.1)3).1.
Mg .*3 ) -.1(-0,(-0, Mg .*.1)5 ) .1.(.1/
Mg .*3)-, ) -/0( 2,2 Mg .*.1).3 ) //3(1/5(113
Mg .*4)5 ) 141 Mg .*.1).5 ) -53( ..4(/.1
Mg .*-. ) -53(.04( /.1( 2/1( 204 Mg .*.2 ) .1-( /-5
Mg .*-.(-0 ) /,.( 105 Mg .*.2).3 ) -.0(.,4( 155
Mg .*-.(-3)-4 ) ..- Mg .*.2).5 ) -//(-0,(-55(0-,
Mg .*-.)-/ ) 0/,(00.( 14/ Mg .*.4 ) -54(-55(0-,(02/(114
Mg .*-.)-0 ) ..4(00/ Mg .*.4).5 ) -/3( .1.( /..( ///( 202(
Mg .*-.)-1)0/, ..0
Mg .*-.)-2 ) 53( .04( .05(.1/( /.1( 0,.( Mg .*.5 ) .,.
00.(204 Mg / ) .14( /,.(101
Mg .*-.)-2*.2).5)-0, Mg /*- ) .1/( 1/.
Mg .*-.mm* ) .-4(.14(0,0 Mg /*-). ) 24,( 24/
Mg .*-/ ) 5.( ..-( .,4( .13( 0,3( 13/( Mg /*-)2 ) 14-
154( 2,1 Mg /*-)4 ) .11(0,2
Mg .*-/)-1 ) .,- Mg /*-)4(.-).2)0-2
Mg .*-/)-1(.1(.3)0,/ Mg /*-)5 ) .,4
Mg .*-0 ) -0,( .04( /..( /.1(034 Mg /*-)., ) 0.5
Mg .*-0m ) .14 Mg /*. ) .12
Mg .*-0(.2).3)0/, Mg /*/ ) .1/(055
Mg .*-0)-1 )- 0 , Mg /*/)0 ) /.0( 14-
Mg .*-0)-1(.2 ) 205 Mg /*/)1 ) /,
Mg .*-0)-1(.2).3 ) -44( .,.( .,2 Mg /*/)2)--/( 135
Mg .*-1)/.. Mg /*0 ) .14
Mg .*-2 ) .13( .14( 0/,( 123( 134( 135( Mg /*0)2 ) 1/1(130(14-
14/(2,1(240 Mg /*2 ) 135
Mg .*-3 ) .05( /.4(0.5 Mg /*2(-5 ) 03/
Mäc .*-3(./ ) 44( /,.( 1-,( 111( 222 Mg /*3 ) ..0
Mg .*-3)., ) /5( /,.(/.4(1-,(111 Mg /*3)4 ) 1/1
é F < A; = <GK L = P L G K : é: D A; G K Ö-3
Mg /*5 ) .1/( .13 1..(151( 215

Mg /*5)-4)-00 Mg /*.5 ) 021( 1./( 1//
Mg /*5mm ) .13 Mg /*.5)/, ) 0,( 5.( /,.(/.4(002( 11-
Mg /*-,)-4 ) /..( 2/1( 221 Mg /*/, ) 45( 5-(.1-( /-5(//3( /22(011(
Mg /*-,)-5 ) 2/2 1/3( 1/5(113( 13/( 155( 223
Mg /*--)132 Mg /*/,)/- ) 11-
Mg /*-4 ) 105 Mg /*/- ) -/-( -/3( 0,3( 0/,( 0/.( 0/4(
Mg /*-5 ) .3/( /..( /.4( 0,.( 105( 122( 003(1,4(11-(154(2/2(2/3
214 Mg 0 ) -.4(-40( ./0( .01( .5/( /.5( /22(
Mg /*-5)., ) -52(/.4(104( 205 /31(0-2(0/,(12.( 2-0( 2/2
Mg /*-5).-)-53( .-4 Mg 0 *- ). / 1
Mg /*-5m ) .13 Mg 0*-)1 ) 5.
Mg /*., ) /-( 4,( 4/( 42( 53( -,0( -34( Mg 0*-)4 ) 5.
..4(/-2(/.-( /..( /./(/.2( //,( /5,( Mg 0*-(-,(0, ) ..-
0,.( 00-( 1,5( 1/.(102(11,( 130( 204( Mg 0*. ) 5.( 50(-53(-54( /,-(130
210( 214 Mg 0*.(2 ) 50(-,-( //,(103( 21/
Mg /*.,(.3).4 ) 0-,( 101 Mg 0*/ ) 45(5.
Mg /*.,(.3[(.4 ) 0,/ Mg 0*/).. ) 2,.
Mg /*.,(.4 ) 50( 043(154( 21/ Mg 0*0)1 ) 4.( 42( 45( 50( -,.( .-2( .11(
Mg /*.,mm ) /.- /,1( /.5( //-( 0/,( 0/5(001(002( 1,5(
Mg /*.- ) 54( .3/( /22( 0,.( 0,3( 0/,( 1.1( 1/-( 110(114( 12/( 215
14/( 151( 2,1 Mg 0*1 ) .-2(13/
Mg /*.-)0*.. ) 1// Mg 0*1(3)4 ) ..0
Mg /*.-(.3\ (/- ) 0,/ Mg 0*1)1 ) 001
Mg /*.-).2 ) 21( /.3(/.4(1// Mg 0*2 ) 5/
Mg /*.-mm ) .11 Mg 0*2)4 ) 5.
Mg /*.. ) .55( 1/. Mg 0*3)4 ) 5/( 00.
Mg /*./)/.- Mg 0*4 ) ./1
Mg /*.0)13/ Mg 0*5 ) .1-( /-5(011( 155
Mg /*.2 ) 13/ Mg 0*5)--)5,
Mg /*.3 ) /5( 44( 5.( 50( .,3( .-5( /,-( Mg 0*5)-. ) //3( 1/5( 113(215
/.4(//,(0,3(0/,(0//(1,5(1-,(1..( Mg 0*5)-4 ) 5.
1//(111( 2/3( 21. Mg 0*-/mm* ) .-4
Mg /*.3mm* ) .-4( /.3 Mg 0*--).55(013(1/.
Mg /*.3)0*.. )- . 4 Mg 0*--)-.)012
Mg /*.3)0*.1 ) /.3 Mg 0*-. ) ./0
Mg /*.3)5) .1, Mg 0*-.(-2)/23
Mg /*.3).4 ) 45( 5.( -53( -54( 103( 11-( Mg 0*-/ ) 3,
2/3 Mg 0*-/)-0 ) 2.3
Mg /*.3).5 ) 215( 222 Mg 0*-/)-1 ) 0,/
Mg /*.3)/, ) /5(0,(000(002(1-, Mg 0*-/)-2)5/
Mg /*.3(/-).,- Mg 0*-0(-2 )- 5 3
Mg /*.3)/- ) 54( 55( .-5( ..3( 001( 1..( Mg 0*-1 ) 53(0,.(00-( 00.( 204
1//(11-( 2/3 Mg 0*-2 ) 0,/(2,,
Mg /*.4 ) 0,(11(-,-(.,-(/,0(/,2(11-( Mg 0*-2)-4 ) 20-
1.* ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
Mg 0*-2).- ) 24. Mg 3 ) 54( .5.(0,0( 0/.( 1,-

Mg 0*-3)0/5( 1/3 Mg 3*- ) 2/2
Mg 0*-3).- )-/- Mg 3*-)2)0/.
Mg 0*-4).. ) /.5 Mg 3*. ) ..-
Mg 0*.1 ) 130( 131 Mg 3*0 ) 14.
Mg 0*/.)0, ) 1.5 Mg 3*0)2 ) /3,( 243
Mg 1 ) 0/. Mg 3*1 ) 54( /3/(00-( 21,
Mg 1*- ) -,-( --5( -.,( -00( -01( .5/( Mg 3*2 ) -/1(-55(0//( 242
130 Mg 3*2)4 ) 1.5
Mg 1*-)1 ) 22 Mg 3*2\ )- 0 5
Mg 1*-(5(--*-3)-4(.-)240 Mg 3*3 ) 54(0,.(0//(0/4( 2/2( 21,
Mg 1*. ) 24/ Mg 3*3)-- ) .,-( 00/
Mg 1*.)/ ) ..-( ./1 Mg 3*3)-. ) 2/2
Mg 1*0 )- / 2 Mg 3*3)-/ ) 0,0(0//(000
Mg 1*1 ) 03- Mg 3*3)4*0 ) 0,0(0,1( 0,2(0/.(00/(000
Mg 1*5 ) 00.( 130 Mg 3*3).1 ) 54( 21,
Mg 1*5)-, ) -,-(113( 131( 132( 14, Mg 3*5)--)000
Mg 1)4 ) .11 Mg 3*-- ) 21,
Mg 1*-,)-03( 131 Mg 3*-. ) .,-(00-( 24/
Mg 1*-.)0/- Mg 3*-.)-/ ) ..-(./1( 0/.
Mg 1*-.)-/)03/ Mg 3*-.)-0 ) 2/3
Mg 1*-.).- ) 0,/(0,1(0,2(0-,(0/.(1/3 Mg 3*-/ ) 53(0,.( 00-(00.( 204
Mg 1*-/ ) 53(0,.( 00-( 00.( 000( 204 Mg 3*-/)./ ) 2/3
Mg 1*-/(., ) 2/1 Mg 3*-0)-3)0,0
Mg 1*-/)-0)0/- Mg 3*-0).1 ) .-5(..4( .5.
Mg 1*-4)130 Mg 3*-4)., ) 0,1
Mg 1*., ) 54( .,-( .-4( /5,( 0,/( 0,0( Mg 3*.-(/ ) 0,1
0,2(0/.(0//( 00-(00/( 000( 205 Mg 3*.-)./ ) 0,1
Mg 1*.,).-)0,0(0/- Mg 3*.-)4*0)0,1
Mg 1*.5)// ) ..-( ./1 Mg 3*.. ) 0,3
Mg 2*-).(-4(.0 ) ..-(./1 Mg 3*..(.1 ) 0//( 1,-
Mg 2*/ ) 0, Mg 3*./ ) .-5( 2/3
Mg 2*/)0 ) 14.( 243 Mg 3*./(.1 ) 53( 0,1( 21,
Mg 2*/)2 ) /3, Mg 3*.1 ) 240
Mg 2*0 ) -.1( 242 Mg 4*-).)243
Mg 2*0\ )- 0 5 Mg 4*-)0 ) 54( 141
Mg 2*1 ) -03( 130( 243 Mg 4*.[ ) 0,1
Mg 2*1)4 ) 113 Mg 4*. ) .5( 53( .-5( 0,3( 0//( 00-( 03-(
Mg 2)4 ) /4/ 2/3( 21,( 21.( 242
Mg 2*5 ) -22( /3, Mg 4*.(2(-, )- . 1
Mg 2*-,)-.(.,)./ ) 1.5 Mg 4*.)/)0,1
Mg 2*-.)-5 )- / 1 Mg 4*.)0 ) .-4
Mg 2*-0)-1 ) /3/(/30(0,0 Mg 4*/ ) 14.
Mg 2*-4)-5)-./(00, Mg 4*/)0 ) 0,2(0,3(0//
Mg 2*..)./ )- 0 2 Mg 4*0 ) 55(-.0(-//(-/1(-/3(-05( .,-(
ù I ? D> @ ?JN O @SOJN = ù=GD>JN 0-*
///( /30(0,1( 0/.(0//(003( 1,4( 154( Mg 5*2)4 ) /,2

2/4( 21, Mg 5*3)--*.0)12-
Mg 4*0(-/ )- / 5 Mg 5*3)-. ) 2/-
Mg 4*3 ) /// Mg 5*3)-/ ) 114
Mg 4*4 ) /// Mg 5*4 ) ///
Mg 4*5 ) /3/ Mg 5*4(-- )- 5 5
Mg 4*5(-0 ) .3. Mg 5*5)--)/,2
Mg 4*-- ) 113( 130( 243 Mg 5)-, ) .,5
Mg 4*--(./)-03 Mg 5)-- ) .1/( .11( .42( /24( 0-2( 0/0(
Mg 4*-.)-/)004 0/0( 0/2( 103(140( 2.3( 2/,( 23.( 24/
Mg 4*-/ ) -.1(-/1( 140 Mg 5*--)-.)4.(42(5/
Mg 4*-/(-3)141 Mg 5*-.)5/(//,(215
Mg 4*-1(./ ) /32( 2.3 Mg 5*-.(/. ) 50(-,-( 21/
Mg 4*-3)-03( 140 Mg 5*-/).0 ) 23.
Mg 4*-4)./ ) /4/(0-- Mg 5*-2 ) 50
Mg 4*-5(./(.1 ) 03- Mg 5*.. ) 14-
Mg 4*-5).. ) 04, Mg 5*.1(.2 ) 2-.
Mg 4*.- ) 04, Mg 5*.3).5 ) 14-
Mg 4*./ ) -,-( /32(03-( 030( 113 Mg 5*/,mm ) 4/
Mg 4*.0 ) 113(131 Mg 5*/,)-,*0 ) 0,( .-5( ..4( //-( 1./
Mg 4*.0).1 )-,- Mg 5*/,)-,*-. ) 21,
Mg 4*.1)/. ) .04 Mg 5*/,)-,*-/ ) 1//
Mg 4*.3 ) 132 Mg 5*/,)/. ) -,-( /,2( 000( 1/0( 105(
Mg 4*.3).4 ) 12, 11-
Mg 4*.3)// ) 2.3 Mg 5*/- ) .-5( 21-( 21.
Mg 4*.4 )- 2 2 Mg 5*/-)-,*1).-4
Mg 4*.4)/5 ) 141 Mg 5*/-)/. ) .,-( .,3(0,3(0/1(155
Mg 4*.5 )- 0 3 Mg 5*/. ) 0,(55(.,,(0-,(1./(101( 21.(
Mg 4*/-)/0 )- 0 0 215
Mg 4*/-)/5 ) 135 Mg 5*/.)// ) 00-
Mg 4*// ) 13/(130( 141( 2.3 Mg 5*//)-,*0 ) 21-
Mg 4*//)/0 ) -,2(131 Mg -, )- 0 ,
Mg 4*/0#)13-(14,( 14/ Mg -,*. ) 0-(/11
Mg 4*/3 ) 240 Mg -,*.)/ ) //-(0-,( 1./
Mg 5 ) .12( .14 Mg -,*/ ) 0-( -55( .1,( .10( .55( 1,5(
Mg 5*-)14- 1-,( 1/0( 1/0( 1/1(111
Mg 5*-)/ ) /.3 Mg -,*/)1 ) 55
Mg 5*-(-2)-,. Mg -,*0 ) -2-( -44( .-5( .55( /45( 0-,(
Mg 5*/)1 ) 2.2 0/-(0/0( 0/1(1,3(0,4( 1.1( 1/.( 1/0(
Mg 5*0 ) 0,3( 0/1(00-( 2,5( 2.3( 2.5 203
Mg 5*0)1 ) /24( 0/0( 23-( 24, Mg -,*0(5)-, ) 21.
Mg 5*0)2 )- 2 / Mg -,*1 ) ..-( 21-
Mg 5 *2 ). . 0 Mg -,*1)-/ ) ..-
Mg 5*2)-,*-/)--0 Mg -,*2)-, ) 55(21-( 21.
Mg 5*2)-/ ) -40(0/0 Mg -,*4 ) 21.
1., ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
Mg -,*5 ) /3, Mg -/*-/)1-2

Mg -,*--)-/ ) 1/0 Mg -0 ) -/1(0/3( 2,-
Mg -,*-. ) 30 Mg -0*-, ) 122( 135
Mg -,*-1 ) /20 Mg -0*-)-1*2 ) 3,(..4
Mg -,*.-)2-. Mg -0*-)-1*3 ) -.0
Mg -,*0, ) ./1 Mg -0*-)-1*5 ) /-.
Mg -- ) -2/ Mg -0*.(1)..4
Mg --*- ) 1,,( 2.4(23-(24, Mg -0*-/).- ) 2-1
Mg --*-).)2-. Mg -0*-0)23
Mg --*. ) 0, Mg -0*-0(., ) /33(/34
Mg --*1)14- Mg -0*-1)141
Mg --*1(3(.4 ) 2.3 Mg -0*./ ) -/-(-0,( 24.
Mg --*2 ) 50( -,.( /,2( //,( 103( 21/( Mg -0)-1 ) 0/2(00-
2,3( 215 Mg -1 ) 22/
Mg --*3)-,)0/1 Mg -1*-)/)2/4
Mg --*3)-,(.1(.4(/- ) 14- Mg -1*-)4 ) 0,-
Mg --*3)-.(.1)/- ) 23. Mg -1*. ) 2/4
Mg --*-/)014 Mg -1*.)/(3)4 ) /00
Mg --*-/)-1 ) /3-(/33 Mg -1*1 ) 55
Mg --*-1 ) 130 Mg -1*3)3,
Mg --*-2)-,- Mg -1*3)-. ) 00-
Mg --*-2).0 ) /24(/32(141( 2.4( 225 Mg -1*4 ) 1/
Mg --*.-)..)140 Mg -1*5)005
Mg --*.1)3,( /33 Mg -1*5)-.)3,
Mg --*.1).3)2.4 Mg -1*-,(--)2-.
Mg --*.1)/.)--1(/24 Mg -1*-4 ) -./(-/2
Mg --*.2 ) 0/0( 131( 2.5 Mg -1*-5 ) /22
Mg --*.2(/-)/.)0/0 M g f2 ) . / 0
Mg --*.3)2,5( 2.5 Mg -2*-5)-/2
Mg --*.4)/.)14-( 141 Mg -2*.,)2.3
Mg --*.5 ) 0/0 Mg -2*.1).3 ) 3,
Mg --*/.)2/5 Mg -2*.3)240
Mg -.*-)-1*2)..4
Mg -.*. ) -/1(-/2 * :eh_dj_ei
Mg -.*5)-/*-, ) -.0 D>il -*-.)-.
Mg -.*5).- ) -.5(/-. D>il -*-4 ) -,-(-03( 131
Mg -.*-0).- ) 003 D> il -*., ) /3-
Mg -/*/ ) 12- D>il -*.,).- ) 03/
Mg -/*4)-, ) 54( 55( -43( .,-( .-5( ///( D>il -*./ ) 024( 1,.( 1,2
0,3(003(154( 2,0( 2/4 D>il -*.3).4 ) 2.3
Mg -/*5 ) 003(034(041( 2/2 D> il -*.5(/- ) -,/
Mg -/*5)-, ) 2/4 D> il -*/, ) -03
Mg -/*-,).,- D> il -*3)03-
MLE -/*-- ) -,-(-03( 131 D>il -*4 ) -01( 123
Mg -/*--)-.)/3- D> il .*-.)03/
D I ? D> @ ?JN O @SOJ N = ù=GD>JN 1.-
D>il .*2(4 ) /3- D> il 5*.-).. ) .42

D>il .*2)4 ) 03/ D>il 5*.0 ) 25,
D>il .*3 ) /3- D>il 5*.0).1 )- . 1
D>il / */ )1 - 2 D>il 5*.0).3 ) -/1( 210
D>il /*2)4)/32 D>il 5*.3 ) 141( 25,
D>il /*4 )- . 0 D>il -,*3)2-.
D>il /*4(-0 ) 22, D>il -,*-. )- / 1
D>il /*-,)-1 ) 132( 14/ D>il -,*-0).. ) 2.,
D>il /*--)-1)-/5 D>il -,*-4 ) 02/(2.,
D>il /*-/)123 D>il --*-0)02/
D>il /*-/)-1 ) 12-(2,0(2,1 D>il --*-2)-/2
D> il /*-0 )- . 1 D>il --*-3)/.)2.,
D> il /*-0)-1 )- . 1 D>il --*.1)2,5(2-5( 2/,
D> il /*-1)-,- D>il --*.3).5)-/1
D> il /*-3)-/1 D>il -0*.- ) 2-.( 2/2
D> il 0*- ) 02/ D>il -0*.-*/0)2/0
D> il 0*0 ) 22/ D>il -1*-)-.)/4-
D> il 0*1 ) 123( 132 D>il -1*. ) -.1(-/5(-02( 131(140
D> il 0*5)/3- D>il -1*/ ) 1,/
D> il 0*-1 ) /32(/5. D> il -1*3)--).41
D> il 1*1 ) 123 D> il -1*4 ) /3-( 1,.(1-5
D> il 1*-/)135 D> il -1*4)-,)1.3
D>il 2*. ) 03/(13. D>il -1*4)5 ) /4,
D>il 2*5*-5 ) 0, D>il -1*5 ) 0-5
D>il 2*5)-, ) /53 D>il -1*-, )- 0 2
D>il 2*5)--)03- D> il -1*1, ) /53
D>il 2*-- ) 130( 22/ D> il -1*-3)/3,
D>il 2*-3 ) /32 D> il -1*.,(./)030
D>il 3*3).,)01- D>il -1*.0).4)134
D>il 3*-3)., ) 02(203 D>il -1*.1 ) 13-
D>il 3*-5 ) 52( 55( -,,( -.0( -.2( -/3( D>il -1*00)1, )- 0 3
01/(031(04.( 1,4( 202( 203 D>il -1*05 ) -03( 243
D>il 3*-5[ ) 0/3 D>il -1*12 ) 53( 2/0(00-
D>il 3*-5\ ) 003 D>il -1*13)240
D> il 3*.5)/- ) /3-
D>il 3*/-)/0 ) 03/ . :eh_dj_ei
D>il 4*2 ) /22 .>il -*5 ) 23,
D>il 5 )0 / 2 .>il -*-0)123
D>il 5*-).41(1,.( 1-5(1.3 .>il -*., ) 240
D>il 5*/ ) 02/ .>il -*.-).. ) 03-
D>il 5*4)5 ) 2/0 .>il .*5 )- / 2
D>il 5*-.)/22 .>il .*-. ) /22
D> il 5*-5)./ ) -4.( /33(0/3 .>il .*-0)-3 ) 2..
D> il 5*., ) -53(2/0 .>il .*-0)/*- ) 2..
D> il 5*.,).- ) -53( .34(025 .>il .*-1 ) -,-(-03( 131
1.. ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
.>,l .*-2)2.. .>il 5*2)-. ) /-.

.>il .*-3)2.. .>il 5*4 ) -.0( 12-(22,
.>il / ) 53( .,-(0.4( 2..( 2.1 .>il 5*5)-, ) -.0
.>il /*- ) 2.. .>,l 5*-/ ) /22
.>il /*-)2 ) 2.0 .>,l -,*-0 ) /22
.>il /*/ ) 2..(0.5( 2./ .>il -,*1)2 ) -/2
.>il /*/(2 ) -/3 .>il --*. ) -01(/32(1-2( 23/
.>il /*/(3 ) 0.4 .>il --*-/ ) 222
.>il /*/)--)2/1 .>,l --*-1 ) -.0
.>il /*1 ) 2.. .>,l --*.. ) 23-( 24,
.>il /*1)-0 ) 2.- .>il --*.0 ) .42
.>il /*2 ) 0.5( 2-5( 2..( 2./( 2/,( 202 .>il --*/. ) /51
.>il /*2(-0 )0 . 4 ( 2,5 .>il -.*., ) 1-2
.>,l /*2)3 ) -55 .>il -.*.- ) -/1
.>il /*3(4(5 ) 2.. .>il -/*0 ) -03
.>il /*3)5 ) 0.4 .>il -/*1 ) -/1
.>il /*3(--(-/(-0)0.4
.>il /*3)-- ) 2./ >ubWjWi
.>,l /*5)-- ) 0.4 Bf - ) 0.,
.>il /*-/ ) 2..( 201 Bf - -)-4 ) /0.
.>il /*-0 )2 - 5 Bf -*/)-0)0.
.>il /*-2 ) 2.0 Bf -*0 ) .3-( /3,(0-,( 0.3(030( 200
.>il /*-2)-4)0.5 Bf -*1)//0
.>il /*-4 ) -/2(-03(-04( 2.0( 201 Bf -*2 ) /34(141
.>il 0*- ) 2.. Bf -*2(-1)03,
.>il 0*0 ) /3-(03/ Bf -*2)3 ) .22( //2
.>il 0*0)2 ) /3-( 1,.( 1,0( 1,1 Bf -*2)3(-, ) 023
.>il 0*-. ) -.1 Bf -*2)5 ) .25( .3-( //1( /3.
.>il 0*-0)-22 Bf -*3)/22
.>il 0*-2 )- / 2 ( 244 Bf -*--).(-, ) .25
.>,l 0*-2)1*1 ) -03(-04( 243 Bf -*-. ) .43
.>,l 0*-3)-4 ) -03 Bf -*-.(-1)-2 ) 030
.>,l 1*-, ) 50(-.0(-.4)-.5(-0.(.02(122( Bf -*-.(-2 ) 32( /3-( /32( 0.3( 10/
132(135(14.)14/(2,0(2,1(2,2(22, Bf -*-/ ) 053(1--(1-4(231
.>il 1*-2).- ) /3, Bf -*-/*./)0.
.>,l 1*-3 ) -04( /3,(04, Bf -*-/)-0 ) /.( .42( .5.( .50( /,,( //-(
.>il 1*-3).- ) /33 ///( /12(/4,(0-5(014( 055( 1,.( 1,1(
.>il 1*-5 ) 03/ 1--( 1-.( 1-0( 1-1( 1-4(1.2( 1/1( 1/2(
.>il 2*- ) -/5 234
.>il 2*-2 ) 2-. Bf -*-/)-2 ) 0-5( 0.,( 1--( 1-1( 1-5( 1.,(
.>il 3*3 ) 1-2 1.3(1/2( 15/
.>il 3*-, ) 03/ Bf -*-0 ) 0/( .,2(.43( .55(/11( 0-5( 1,3(
.>il 4*./ ) .41 1-1( 1-2( 231( 234( 24,
.>il 5 )- . 0 Bf -*-1 ) .51( 045
.>LO 5*. ) 1-2 Bf -*-1)-2 ) 0/( .--( .-0( .3-( .3.( .43(
ù I ? D> @ ?JN O @SOJN = ù=GD>JN
/,-( /4,(/4-(0-5( 00,(014( 1-.( 1.,( B-.*-1)-3)24

1.3( 1/2 B-.*-1mm ) 31
B--*-2 ) .22( 1,.( 1,0 B- .*-2 ) .4(/-( /2( /3(02(03( 2,( 2/( 25(
B--*-3 ) 32(0.- 31( 32( 35( 4,( 4-( 4.( 42( 50(-20(-23(
BD -*.-)./)32 -24( -3/(-30(-33(-34(-4-(-4/(-52(
B--*..)./)1-- .,.( .,2( .,3( .23(.3-( .3/( .4.( /,0(
B--*./)0-5(1-- /-3( //,( //-( //.( /00( /01( /21( /51(
B-. ) -5-( .,,(.-.( 11,( 15- /54(0-,( 0..( 0.1(03.( 043( 05.( 050(
B- .*-)-, ) 33( -20( .,2( .34( .4/( .41( 1,5( 1/.( 10.( 101( 102(11,( 144( 145(
/,0(0.-(05/( 1..(145( 212 15-(15.(150(151(154(2,3(2/0( 21/(
B-.*-)-,(--)-0)11, 210( 212( 214
B-.*-)-.)/3 B-.*-2(-5(.- ) /5,
B- .*-)-0)-5,( /-4 B-.*-2)-3 ) 130
B-.*-)-2 ) 2,( 31 B-.*-2)/*-,)104
B-.*. ) 35(.4/ B-.*-2[ ). 2 2
B-.*.(2(5 ) //1 B-.*-2\] ) .23
B - . *cf)-20(//2 B-.*-2m)/ - 5
B- .*--)-0 ) /.( 34( .22( .34( .41( /-3( B- .*-3 ) 00( 01( 52( -03( /-5( /0/( /00(
/14(0.,(0.-(014( 02-( 052( 10/( 1..( 0..(0.2
145( 212( 230 B-.*-3).,(./ ) 44
B-.*--)-1)/,0( 05/ B-.*-3).- ) 0,,
B-.*--)-2 ) -.4(.24(03.( 1.3 B-.*-3).5 ) 44
B-.*--)-3 ) 3,(//2( /1,( /15 B-. *- 4 )5 2
B-.*--)-4 ) /.(-5-( .,2( /54( 222 B-.*-4)., ) .25
B-.*--).-)25( 213 B-.*-5 ) 52(-03(/3,( /32( 1.2( 2/5( 213
B-.*-. ) /3(02( 03( 23( 24( ./-( .34( //2( B-.*-5(.- ) /52
//3( 045( 052( 10.( 11,(11-( 12,( 212( B-.*-5)., ) 22
223 B-.*-5).- ) .3-( /-5(1,3
B-.*-. ) 01- B-.*-5)/*- ) 025
B-.*-.)-/)-21(/01( 2,- B-.*., ) 22(-02(-4,(0..(023(033( 242
B-.*-.)-0 ) .,(-32(.3-(11, B- .*.- ) .-.( .-/( .22( .3/( 0,,( 03,(
B-.*-.[ ) .42 1,4( 1,5( 2/5
B-.*-/ ) //3( //4 B-.*.-).0 ) 43
B-.*-/(-0(.1(.2 ) 43 B-.*.-)/*. ) 03/
B- .*-0 ) /3( 03( 4/( 50( -21( -4/( .22( B-.*.)0)22
.4,( .4-( //.( //4( //5( /03(/10 B-.*.)0*- ) 2/0
B-.*-0)-1)/1/ B-.*.1 ) 44
B-.*-0)-2 ) .4,( /21(0,-( 24. B-.*.1(.3 ) 43
B-.*-0).- ) .25 B-.*.)1(3)4(-1)-3).3-
B-.*-0mm ) .41 B-.*/ ) ./.
B- .*-1 ) 00( 43( --,( ..0( ./5( .3-( .3/( B-.*/ ) .4-
/,1( /-4( /.3( /0,( /00( 0..( 0.2( 0/5( B-.*/(-0 ) 25
232 B-.*/(3)5 ) 01-(011
B- .*-1)-2 ) 35( -,-( -21( 0..( 0./( 0.0( B-.*/(3)5(-. ) .,
000( 1..( 11,( 12/ B-.*/)0 ) /3(221
1.0 ODQ< NJ=M@ K <PGJ
Bf .*/)2 ) 11, Bf /*4 ) 41(-32(.3,( /22(0-2(00,

Bf .*/m ) .4/ Bf /*4(--(.0)130
Bf .*0 ) 4-(41( /-3( //1( //5 Bf /*4(-/)-0(-2(.3).5 ) .3-
Bf .*1 ) .41 Bf /*4(-0)40
Bf .*1(-0 ) 25( 4-(145 Bf /*4)-0)05-
Bf . *2 ). 4 0 Bf /*4(-2 ) /5,
Bf .*2)5).25( .40(/0. Bf /*4)5(-0 ) 41(05-
Bf .*3(5 ) 011(013 Bf /*5 ) 42(050(2.-
Bf .*3)4 ) //3( 1/5(113 Bf /*-, ) 01( 4/( -4.( -44( .,2( .,5( .-/(
Bf .*3)5 ) 32(.1-(0..(/-5(155( 224 .15(.30( .33( //.(///( /04( 00.( 035(
Bf .*4)5 ) 223 05-(104(11/(154( 155( 213
Bf .*5 ) .22( .40( .41( 03, Bf /*-,(-/)41(2/5
Bf .)/ ) .,5(1.3(101 Bf /*-,)-.)-44
Bf / ) 4/( -.4( .01( .5/( /22( /55( 0-2( Bf /*-,)-/)41
03.( 2/- Bf /*-,)-0 ) 4.( 40( -43( .,.( .,/( .-.(
Bf /*- ) .3- .3,( .3/
Bf /*-)-0 ) 40( .4.( /55( 224 Bf /*-,)-4)43
Bf /*-)1 ) .25(0.3( 224 B - / *cf)- 4 . ( .,3(2/5( 21-
Bf /*-)1(-/)-0)03. Bf /*--(-/)2.-
Bf /*. ) 03,(03-(222 Bf /*--)-.)-44(.-/
Bf /*.(1 ) .,/( 213 Bf /*--)-/(-4)/52
Bf /*.(1(-, ) 50( .3/( //,( /51( 0-,( 043( Bf /*-.)01( /55(02-(2/5
101(21/ Bf /*-/ ) 41( /45(00.( 024(1,.( 1,/(1,2
Bf /*.(1(-,)-. ) .23 Bf /*-/)-0 ) .-/( .3,( .43( /-5( 0,,( 025(
Bf /*.(1(-,)-/ ) /5, 03/
Bf /*.(1(-0)40 Bf /*-0 ) 41( .3-(.33(03,
Bf /*.)/ ) 0-, Bf /*-0(.4).5 ) .3-
Bf /*.)/*-0 ) 0,, Bf /*-0).5 ) 2-0
Bf /*.)0 )-/- Bf /*-1(-3 ) 2,5(2-/
Bf /*.)1 ) .,4( .3.(.30 Bf /*-1)-4)0.3( 2-2
Bf /*/ ) -/2(-40(.,/(.22(.23(.3/( ///( Bf /*-1).,).25
03-(213 Bf /*-2 ) .3-
Bf /*/(-0)/3. Bf /*-2(.0(.5 ) 023
Bf /*/)0 ) 222 Bf /*-3 ) 2/0( 2/2
Bf /*/)1 ) 43 Bf /*-3)-4 ) /52( 2/5
Bf /)0 ) -32(./0( 0.2(013( 20. Bf /*-4 ) /5,(/51
Bf /*1)03- Bf /*-5 ) .30( .31( .32( /5,( /5.( /52(
Bf /*2)050(2,.( 212 /55(0,/(0,0( 2/5( 20,( 20/( 204
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A Nova Perspectiva Sobre Paulo

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A Nova Perspectiva Sobre Paulo

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