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L@=K=;GF<9?=G> FC@?;GIHANB? Ila[hct[ncihm 1/
O9DC=JK - MN?HC;H=IH@?>?L;=S
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1/
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=[f_h^[l -3 FC@?;GIHANB?F?ACIH 11
L@=KL=FA9F L_fcaciomJl[]nc]_m -3 F[hao[a_m 11
=igg_l]_ -3 =[f_h^[l 11
;GF>=<=J9;Q / Mi]c[fMnlo]nol_m .* L_fcaciomJl[]nc]_m 11
?P?LS<I>SEHIQM((( 1 P[fo_m .* =igg_l]_ 12
BCMNILS 2 Jlij_lns .* Mi]c[fMnlo]nol_ 12
=f[h@l[fc_` 3 G[llc[a_[h^@[gcfs .+ P[fo_m 12
=f[hEo^_[b 3 Ila[hct_^=lcg_ .+ F[q[h^Domnc]_ 13
=f[hGcafo^ 3 LOF?MCH@ILG;NCIH ., Hihbog[hm 13
>o_lie +* =f[hB_lcn[a_ ., L_f[ncihmqcnbInb_lm 2*
L?FCACIH +* @_[nmi`nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s .- @[gcfsFc`_ 2+
G;AC= +* >l[aihG_]bJcfin"H_qJl_mnca_=f[mm# ./ N[f_m 2+
>CJFIG;=S ++ Mn_hc[h?kocjg_hn .0 LOF?MCH@ILG;NCIH 2,
A?IAL;JBS +- M?=L?NM .2 Nlc\[fB_lcn[a_ 2,
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H_^^_ljceÎmLi[g +/ Nb_Mn_cha[l^ /* L_\ilh"H_qJl_mnca_=f[mm# 20
Nbolih'>ig +/ Pclno_"H_qJl_mnca_=f[mm# 21
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Fie[aÎmNblih_ +2 L@=D=?AGF -+ H_q=f_lc]>ig[ch4Nb_Bohn 22
@;=NCIHM +2 ?P?LS<I>SEHIQM((( /- H_qMj_ffmi`nb_F_acih 23
Nb_Gcfcn[ls +3 BCMNILS /. M?=L?NM 3+
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<l[h]b_mi`nb_Gcfcn[ls ,+ >CJFIG;=S /1
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Nb_A_[lqlcabnmAocf^ ,. Mcn_mi`Hin_ /2 BCMNILS 3/
Nb_A_[l'>lcp_h;lnm ,. Nb_<fii^@f[nm /2 L?FCACIH 30
Aocf^Mnlo]nol_ ,/ ;h]c_hnE[gf[ /3 G;AC= 30
Mj_]c[fct[ncihm ,0 Nb_=l[n_li`Pcm[a_m /3 >CJFIG;=S 31
@iffiq_lmi`>inl[e[h^nb_Aocf^ ,0 GcmnP[ff_sm /3 A?IAL;JBS 31
Aocf^b[ffm[h^Qilembijm ,1 @;=NCIHM /3 @;=NCIHM 31
G_]b'<ocf^chaJbcfimijbs ,1 Ai[fm 0* =f[h<[nnf_[r_ 32
G?=BMI@NB? Mnlo]nol_[h^Mo\aliojm 0* =f[h<oa\_[l +**
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Mn[nm -, @il_mn_l 01 HilnbMn[l=f[h ++,
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H_qMj_ffmi`nb_Clihniinb=f[hm +-* L_fcaciomJl[]nc]_m +1- Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s .1
Clihniinb=f[h=fi]eqileJojj_nm +-. =igg_l]_ +1. N[\f_,'+4G_]bmi`nb_F_acih 01
=iff_]nil +-. Mi]c[fMnlo]nol_ +1. N[\f_,',4Ih\i[l^Q_[jihlsÉF_acih 02
=l__j_l +-/ P[fo_m +1/ N[\f_,'-4H_qG_]bQ_[jihmÉF_acih 03
Mkocl_ +-/ @[gcfsFc`_ +1/ N[\f_,'.4B[p_hJ[sfi[^Om[a_ 1+
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Giihq[n]b_l=f[h +-/ @_[nmi`FÎ[lcf_H[ncih +10 N[\f_,'04F_acih@_[nm 2/
Nb_=f[mb +-1 B_l‡[fL[ha_l&[(e([(G[a_Di]e_s  N[\f_,'14L_\ilh 20
T[]eLi^_\[oab&;lncmni`Mn__f +.+ "H_qJl_mnca_=f[mm# +11 N[\f_,'24Pclno_ 21
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b[jj_h_^(
Hiq [ h_q [a_ b[m ^[qh_^ ih Bcabjichn&
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nb_f[h^&mb_fn_lchal_`oa__m[h^\[nnfchagih'
mn_lm( Nb_ ^q[lp_h mn_[g'g_]bm \_f]b \f[]e
mgie_ `lig ]b[ll_^ mgie_mn[]em& nboh^_lcha
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nb_cliqhg_]bm(Nb_]b[inc]Clihniinb=f[hm
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fcp_^ l[]_m [h^ f_[lh `lig nb_g& ^_p_fijcha
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Nbcm \iie cm [h ch^cmj_hm[\f_ aoc^_ ni
nb_ h_q `[]_ i` nb_ >l[aihG_]b qilf^( @il
nb_ ×lmn ncg_& cn n[e_m [ ^_n[cf_^ fiie [n nb_
`iol g[dil g_]b^igm4 nb_ il^_l_^ Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s& nb_ _rj[hmcihcmn F_acih& nb_
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il^_l5 inb_lm q_f]ig_ nb_ m_]olcns cn \lcham(
?p_ls ]cnct_h i` nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s cm
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×hcmb_^[fl_[^s&[h^mbiqmhimcahi`mnijjcha(
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b[m[mchcmn_l[a_h^[i`cnmiqh(
Nb_ Clihniinb =f[hm [l_ [ ginf_s ]iff_]'
ncih i` \[l\[lc[h'gihem qbi b[p_ aliqh ion
i` nb_ i^^_mn i` [ffc[h]_m( <[^_l Clihniinb&
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eh_qnb_[a_h^[i`nb_gsmn_lciomFimn=f[hi`
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Hiq lcmcha `lig nb_ mgiecha lochm i` nb_cl
ih]_'al_[n`il_mncmN[hh[hfc_f&nb_qilf^Îm×lmn
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[h^ nb_ qcf^ hig[^ nlc\_m b_Îm g[h[a_^ ni
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nb_ F_acih ]b[jn_l( Nb_ Clihniinb =f[hm& ih
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]f[hmnb_gm_fp_m&qbc]bjl_m_hn[h_[lfsfcgcn'
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il^_l_^ chmncnoncihm mncff `oh]ncihcha ch
[h_l[g[le_^jlcg[lcfs\s]b[im[h^^cm[mn_l(
<ilh `lig nb_ f[q`of ^q[lp_h mnlihabif^ i`
>o_lie \on ohcn_^ \s nb_ mnlo]nol_ i` nb_
A_[lqlcabnmAocf^&nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]scm
[fiim_[ffc[h]_i`]cns'g_]bmnb[nj[nlifh_[lfs
,**&***mko[l_gcf_mi`mol`[]_n_llcnils(Cncm
nb_ ihfs ^q[lp_h chmncnoncih ih Bcabjichn ni
\l_[eqcnbnb_nl[^cncih[f]f[hgi^_fi`lof_l'
mbcj&[h^nbcm`[]n]ig\ch_^qcnbfihamn[h^cha
\_b[pcilm chal[ch_^ ch nb_ gch^m i` cnm g[hs
^q[lp_hg_g\_lmb[p_]l_[n_^n_hmcihmmch]_
cnm _[lfc_mn ^[sm( Hih_nb_f_mm& nb_m_ n_hmcihm
[l_omo[ffsl_mifp_^ch[hil^_lfs`[mbcih&[h^
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mol`[]_qilf^(
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ncih i` gil_ nb[h 0**&*** ^q[lp_m& biom_^
hin ihfs ch nb_ b[ffm i` >o_lie cnm_f` \on ch
[ mjl[qfcha [ll[ha_g_hn i` jlin_]nil[n_m&
[ffc[h]_m& [h^ ]f[h n_llcnilc_m nb[n _rn_h^_^
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_hnlsjichnm(<ongomn_lchanb[nmilni`^_`_hm_
l_kocl_^ila[hctcha[boa_hog\_li`q[llcilm
ip_l[p[mn[l_[(Chmn_[^i`q[llcilmØiqchach
[hil^_lfs`[mbcihniqb_l_nb_sq_l_h__^_^
gimn& nb_ ]f[h msmn_g l_mofn_^ ch q[llcilm
Øiqchach[l[nb_l^cmil^_lfs`[mbcihniqb_l_
nb_cl l_f[ncp_m q_l_ ]ih]_hnl[n_^ gimn( Mig_
i` >o_lieÎm _hnls jichnm q_l_ q_ff ^_`_h^_^&
qbcf_ inb_lm q_l_ f_`n qc^_ ij_h( Gil_ip_l&
nb_^q[lp_hfip_i`b_[lnb[h^big_jligin_^
[ n_h^_h]s ni ^_`_h^ ih_Îm iqh mnlihabif^
×lmn& nb_h nb[n i` [ffc_m( @[l nii g[hs ^q[l`
q[llcilm q_l_ f_`n ^_`_h^cha nb_ ]_hn_lgimn
n_llcnilc_m qbcf_ nb_ ion_l \il^_lm q_l_ qi_'
`offsoh^_lg[hh_^(
;ffnbcm]iof^b[p_\__h[pic^_^b[^[]_h'
nl[f[^gchcmnl[nilil]b_mnl[n_^nb_^_`_hm_i`
>o_lie&\onnb_l_q[mhimo]bj_lmih(Chmn_[^&
nb_l_ q_l_ gil_ nb[h `iol ^it_h m_hcil ]f[h
_f^_lm& qbim_ iqh ^_m]_h^[hnm b[^ chn_lg[l'
lc_^ch[q_\i`[ff_ac[h]_m(Mig_]f[hmq_l_
f_^ \s gofncjf_ _f^_lm5 inb_l _f^_lm mchafs f_^
gofncjf_]f[hm(Qb_hcn][g_^iqhni[]lcmcm
mcno[ncih& nb_s ^_]c^_^ ni jlin_]n nb_cl l_f['
ncp_ml[nb_lnb[hmnl[n_act_`ilnb_aii^i`nb_
qbif_(
Nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s q[m `ioh^_^
qcnb`l_mbg_gilc_mi`nb_l_mofncha^cm[mn_l(
>o_lie q[m l[hm[]e_^ \s mo]]_mmcp_ q[p_m i`
l_`oa__mm__echamb_fn_l`lignb_foh[ll[ch(Cnm
jijof[ncihq[mh_[lfsb[fp_^ip_lnb_]iolm_i`
m_p_l[f^_][^_m&[h^nb_n_llcnilscn]ihnliff_^
mblohe\s[mcgcf[lg[lach(Ninb_=ih`_^_l[]s&
nbcm[ff]iof^b[p_\__hjl_p_hn_^qcnbil^_l(;

.3;?

¡ ¢
mnliha&il^_l_^aip_lhg_hnlof_^\si\d_]ncp_
^_]cmcih'g[echa& ^_×h_^ [onbilcns& [h^ ]f_[l
fch_mi`]iggohc][ncih]iof^b[p_jl_p_hn_^
nb_`[n_nb[n\_`_ff>o_lie(;h^nb[nÎmqb[nnb_
Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s[cgmni^i(
Nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s cm [h [ffc[h]_ i`
×p_ ]cns'g_]bm& _[]b i` qbc]b b[m [\mifon_
^igchcihip_lcnmiqhn_llcnils(Nb_]cns'g_]bm
]iil^ch[n_nb_cl[]ncpcnc_mch[]ihnchocha\c^
ni\lchail^_l_^lof_lmbcjninb_mol`[]_qilf^(
?[]b ]cns'g_]b b[m [ ]f_[lfs ^_×h_^ aip_lh'
g_hn& [ mnlc]n ]b[ch i` ]igg[h^& [h^ [ m_n
n_llcnils( Nb_s j[nlif nb_cl ^ig[chm qcnb clih
×mnm&mnlc]nfs_h`il]cha[\i^si`f[qh_]_mm[ls
nijl_m_lp_nb_qbif_(
;n f_[mn& nb_s ^i mi ch nb_ils( >_mjcn_ cnm
hi\f_c^_[m&nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]sb[mmig_
q_[eh_mm_m(Gimni`cnm^q[lp_hg_g\_lmb[p_
fcp_^ `il [ boh^l_^ il gil_ s_[lm& [h^ mncff
l_g_g\_l nb_ [onbilcns i` nb_ if^ ]f[hm( Nb_
h_qlof_i`nb_[\mnl[]naip_lhcha]ioh]cfmi`
nb_Mn_hc[hm^i_mhins_nb[p_[×lgf_acncg[]s
ch nb_ gch^ i` nb_m_ if^_l ^q[lp_m( @olnb_l'
gil_&nb_jifcnc]mi`nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s
[l_ ]igjfc][n_^ \s nb_ A_[lqlcabnm Aocf^&
qbc]b iqhm ih_ i` nb_ ]cns'g_]bm& ]ihnlifm
g[hs g_]bm ih cnm iqh& [h^ _rcmnm [m [ qcf^
][l^ `[]ncih qcnbch nb_ Mn_hc[hmÎ iqh aip_lh'
g_hn\onionmc^_cnm`ilg[f]b[chi`]igg[h^(
@ch[ffs& nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s l_g[chm [
]ih`_^_l[]s&hin[h[oni]l[]s&mi`il[ffcnmn[fe
i` ×lg il^_l [h^ ]f_[l fch_m i` ]igg[h^& cn
mncffb[mni]ihn_h^qcnbnb_`[]nnb[ncnb[mhi
ofncg[n_ [onbilcns& ihfs ×p_ [ffc_^ ]cns'g_]bm
qbc]bg[e_ojcnmbcab_mn_]b_fihi`jiq_l(
Nb_m_ ×p_ ]cns'g_]bm [l_ nb_ ]il_ i`
nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s( Nb_s [l_ >ola[h'
fie& H_^^_ljce& Fie[a& Nbolih& [h^ Ailc[(
;fnbioab >ola[h'fie q[m nb_ ×lmn ]cns'g_]b
ni\_]ihmnlo]n_^&nb_=ih`_^_l[]sq[ml_[ffs
\ilh qcnb nb_ ]ihmnlo]ncih i` H_^^_ljce(
>ola[h'fie l_n[chm mnliha nc_m ni nb_ ]f[h
f_[^_lmbcj gi^_f i` >o_lie& qbc]b ip_lm[q
cnm ]ihmnlo]ncih( H_^^_ljce q[m \ocfn \s nb_
A_[lqlcabnm Aocf^ qcnb nb_ _rjl_mm chn_hn
`lignb_\_achhchanb[ncn\_ionmc^_nb_]ih'
nlif i` >o_lie( ?]bi_m i` nb_ if^ ]f[h gi^_f
[l_mnliha_mnih>ola[h'fie&\onihH_^^_ljce
[h^mo\m_ko_hn]cns'g_]bm&nb_g[chfis[fnscm
ninb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s(
Nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]scm×lgfs^_^c][n_^
ni _mn[\fcmbcha mn[\cfcns ch [h inb_lqcm_ ]b['
inc]qilf^(Cnmn[h^m[mnb_msg\ifi`il^_l[h^
gcabnni[qilf^nb[n`il^_][^_mb[mm__hhinb'
cha \on ]b[im [h^ ^_mnlo]ncih( Nb_ Mn_hc[hm
\_fc_p_×lgfsnb[nil^_l_rn_h^mionq[l^`lig
qcnbch& [h^ nb_ ihfs q[s ni l__mn[\fcmb j_[]_
[h^ nl[hkocfcns cm ni \_ mn[fq[ln ^_`_h^_lm i`
f[q( H_\ofiom ]ih]_lhm i` aii^ [h^ _pcf [l_
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
m_]ih^[lsninb_pclno_mi`il^_l[h^mn[\cfcns5
ninb_Mn_hc[hm&aii^cm[h[nol[f]ihm_ko_h]_
i`il^_l&[h^[ffi`Bcabjichnmb[ffih_^[sl_[j
nb_\_h_×nm(
Nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s _mn[\fcmb_m nbcm il^_l \s
mnlc]n gcfcn[ls ^cm]cjfch_( ?[]b g_g\_l b[m [
l[he [h^ [ jf[]_& [h^ ]f_[lfs ehiqm qbi cm ch
]b[la_( Il^_lm [l_ hin ko_mncih_^5 nb_s [l_
mcgjfs i\_s_^( Lof_m [l_ nb_ \[]e\ih_ i`
Mn_hc[h]igg[h^&[h^qcnbionnb_gnb_qbif_
i`nb_msmn_g`[ffmchni]b[im(G_g\_lmi`nb_
=ih`_^_l[]sb[p_^_^c][n_^nb_gm_fp_mnihin
ihfs nb_ jbcfimijbs i` f[q& \on ni cnm [jjfc]['
ncihch_p_ls^[sfc`_(
Mnlc]n gcfcn[lcmg \il^_lcha ih g[lnc[f
f[q cm _p_ls^[s jl[]nc]_ [giha nb_ Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s( G_g\_lm gomn mcgjfs [^b_l_
ni nb_cl f[qm( ;fgimn hi inb_l l_kocl_g_hnm
_rcmn(Qbcf_nbcmmig_ncg_mf_[^mni_rnl_g_m
i`[ffmilnm&cnb[m[fmif_^ni[l_g[le[\fsij_h
mi]c_ns( Nb_ if^ ]f[h gi^_f i` >o_lie q[m
_rnl_g_fs chmof[l& `i]om_^ [fgimn mif_fs ih
^q[lp_m [m nb_ ]_hn_l i` [ff ]cpcfct[ncih( Nb_
Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s& ih nb_ inb_l b[h^& b[m
koc]efs l_]iahct_^ nb_ n_]bhc][f n[f_hnm i`
ahig_m&nb_g[ac][fjliq_mmi`_fp_m&[h^nb_
[g\cncih [h^ qc^_'l[hacha gch^m i` bog[hm(
Nb_ Mn_hc[hm []]_jn [ff ]ig_lm& l_a[l^f_mm i`
l[]_ il \[]ealioh^& jlipc^_^ nb_s ][h jlip_
nb_cl qilnb( Ch jl[]nc]_& i` ]iolm_& mig_ i`
nb_ gil_ nl[^cncih[f ^q[lp_m alog\f_ [\ion
nb_ h_q]ig_lm& [h^ nb_ jbsmc][f ]ihmnl[chnm
i` if^_l ]cns'g_]bm fce_ >ola[h'fie fcgcn nb_
[\cfcnsi`bog[hmninl[p_lm_nb_cljcn]b'\f[]e
×p_'`iin'n[ff]illc^ilm&\on]igj[l_^nigimn
inb_lmi]c_nc_mihBcabjichn&nb_Mn_hc[h=ih'
`_^_l[]scmij_h'gch^_^(
Fc`_ cm b[l^ [\i[l^ Mn_hc[h g_]bm Ê [h^
ch nb_cl mol`[]_'j[nliff_^ Ëm[`_ tih_m(Ì Nb_l_
[l_ p_ls `_q mf[]e_lm [giha nb_ Mn_hc[hm5 nb_
b[l^'qilecha molpcpilm i` nb_ b[ffm i` >o_lie
b[p_ p_ls fcnnf_ j[nc_h]_ `il nbim_ hin qcffcha
ni ×abn `il nb_cl iqh molpcp[f( Nb_s g[chn[ch
nb_][f_h^[li`>o_lie&chqbc]bnb_l_[l_ihfs
mcr bifc^[sm ch [ ,/,'^[s s_[l& [h^ nb_m_ ^[sm
nb_l_Îmmigo]bqilenb[nnbim_mcrbifc^[sm[l_
h_p_l]_f_\l[n_^(?p_ls]cnct_hgomnjlip_bcm
qilnb[h^\_qcffchaniqile]ihmn[hnfs(Mig_
]cns'g_]bm& mo]b [m H_^^_ljce& q_l_ []no[ffs
\ocfn \s nb_cl ]l_q5 inb_lm []]_jn j_ncncih_lm
`il[p[cf[\f_]l_qmj[]_&\onihfsc`nb_sb[p_
om_`ofmecffmilh__^_^[\cfcnc_m(Mncff&chl_]_hn
s_[lmnb_mn[h^[l^mb[p_^_]fch_^[mnb_]lcmcm
g_hn[fcnsi`nb__[lfss_[lmb[ml_]_^_^(Hiqcn
cmjimmc\f_nia_n[mbilnmn[sih[Mn_hc[hg_]b
c`siol]ichjolm_cmb_[ps_hioabnig__nnb_
b_[psn[r\ol^_h"ilb_[ps_hioabnimq[snb_
cggcal[ncihi   ]c[f&\onqi_\_nc^_nb[ni '
]c[fc`b_Îm][oabnÊilnb_cggcal[hn&`ilnb[n
g[nn_l#(>_mjcn_nb_i]][mcih[f_r]_jncih&nb_
g[dilcns i` nb_ Mn_hc[h bc_l[l]bs cm f[q`of ni
nb_]il_&[h^nb_clmcmnb_ech^i`f[q_h`il]_^
qcnbmqc`n&ohko_mncihchadomnc]_(
Gimn i` nb_ Mn_hc[h aip_lhg_hn cm ch `[]n
gcfcn[ls ch ilcach( G_]b ]l_qm [l_ [fgimn
[fq[sm `ilg[ffs ]iggcmmcih_^ ch nb_ gcfcn[ls&
[h^nb_s[l_do^a_&dols&[h^_r_]oncih_lqb_h
ch nb_ ×_f^( <on nb_ gcfcn[ls ^cm]cjfch_ i` nb_
=ih`_^_l[]s _rn_h^m _p_h \_sih^ nbim_ ih
[]ncp_ ^ons( Ch [ m_hm_& nb_l_ cm hi ^cpcmcih
\_nq__h nb_ gcfcn[ls [h^ nb_ ]cnct_hm i` nb_
Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s( JcfinmÎ qcp_m b_fj ni
g[chn[chnb_clg_]bm&domn[m^q[lp_hg[nlihm
i`if^mb[lj_h_^nb_clbom\[h^mÎ[r_m\_nq__h
\[nnf_m(=bcf^l_hf_[lhnil_]iahct_l[hechmca'
hc[m[n[sioha[a_(?p_ls[\f_'\i^c_^sionbcm
nl[ch_^`ilq[l&_p_hc`b_h_p_l[]ncp_fs_hfcmnm
chnb_gcfcn[ls(
G_g\_lmi`nb_=ih`_^_l[]sb[p_hinif_l'
[h]_`ilch^cpc^o[fmnb[nfcp_nb_clfcp_mqcnbion
il^_l( Nb_ ]b[im i` nb_ lomn lc^_lm& nb_ `l__
lc^cha i` nb_ Clihniinb =f[hm& nb_ ohmnlo]'
nol_^h[nol_i`fc`_chnb_]cnsi`?^a_4Nb_m_
[l_^[ha_liom&_p_hn_llc`scha]ih]_jnmninb_
=ih`_^_l[]s( Nb_ jbcfimijbs i` ^cm]cjfch_ cm
mi ×lgfs _hnl_h]b_^ ch nb_ gch^m i` Mn_hc[h
]cnct_hmnb[ncnl[hem[fihamc^_mo]bnlocmgm[m
Ë[^q[l`h__^m[f_nimolpcp_(ÌNinb_Mn_hc[hm&
il^_lcm[jl_l_kocmcn_`ilmolpcp[f(Nbim_qbi
^ihinfcp_qcnbmnlo]nol_&il^_l&[h^^cm]cjfch_
[l_ ^_mnch_^ ihfs `il ^_[nb& nb_ m[g_ ech^ i`
+
^_[nb g[hs Mn_hc[hm l_g_g\_l qcnh_mmcha ch
nb_\fii^sb[ffmi`>o_lie(
@AKLGJQ
< _`il_ nb_ foh[l l[ch& nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^'
_l[]s ^c^ hin _rcmn( Cnm [hn_]_^_hn& nb_
^q[lp_hmnlihabif^][ff_^>o_lie&q[m[jiq'
_l`of `il]_ ch nb_ mo\mol`[]_ qilf^ \_fiq nb_
lioabf[h^m( Ihfs [`n_l nb_ foh[l l[ch ]l_[n_^
[ ]b[ch i` _p_hnm nb[n qiof^ mb[nn_l >o_lie&
[h^ihfs[`n_lnb[nchnolhf_^ninb_]l_[ncih
i` >ola[h'fie& nb_ ×lmn ]cns'g_]b& qiof^ nb_
Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s]ig_chni_rcmn_h]_(
<on>o_lie^c^_rcmn\_`il_nb_foh[ll[ch&
[h^ b[^ _rcmn_^ `il g[hs& g[hs ]_hnolc_m(
>o_lie cm [h [h]c_hn mnlihabif^ qcnb mnliha
nc_m ni ^it_hm i` ^q[lp_h ]f[hm( Mnliha_mn i`
nb_g [ff cm =f[h >o_lie& i` ]iolm_& \on nb_
h[g_m[e_ ]f[h cm ihfs ih_ i` g[hs( Nb_ qil^
>o_lie cm c^_hnc×_^ ×lmn [h^ `il_gimn qcnb

nb_jbsmc][fmnlihabif^nb[n\_[lmcnmh[g_&hin
nb_]f[h`ligqbc]bcnilcach[n_^boh^l_^mi`
s_[lm[ai(
>o_lie q[m "[h^ mncff cm# [ g[dil `[]nil ch
nl[^_ nblioab nb_ oh^_l^__j( Nb_ ?h^f_mm
Lcp_l&qbc]b][llc_mnl[^_aii^m`ligih__h^
i` Bcabjichn ni nb_ inb_l& Øiqm oh^_l nb_
al_[n]fcm[h^giohn[chm[nnb_]_hn_li`nb_
]ihnch_hn(;mnb_?h^f_mmLcp_lØiqm_[mnq[l^
oh^_lnb_<ioh^[lsJ_[em&nb_lioabf[h^m&[h^
nb_ Ø[nf[h^m& cnm g[dil ]oll_hnm ^lcp_ mnl[cabn
nblioab nb_ b_[ln i` >o_lie( @il ]_hnolc_m&
nbcmjlircgcnsnimo]b[g[dilnl[^_lion_b[m
g[^_>o_lie[pcn[fmnijjchajichn`iloh^_l'
^[le nl[^cha( G_l]b[hnm qiof^ jc]e oj aii^m
[ff [fiha nb_ q_mn_lh l_[]b_m i` nb_ ?h^f_mm
Lcp_l&nb_h\lchanb_gni>o_lie`il_r]b[ha_(
>o_lie ch nolh g[chn[ch_^ [ mnliha jl_m_h]_
ch?^a_&qb_l_cnqiof^\lchacnmaii^mionni
nl[^_qcnbnb_mol`[]_qilf^(@ils_[lm&>o_lie
mnlip_ ni ]ihnlif ?^a_ [h^ nbom ^igch[n_
nl[^_ [fiha nb_ ?h^f_mm Lcp_l& \on _[]b i` cnm
[nn_gjnmni^imich_pcn[\fs`[cf_^(
Nb_ \_mn'ehiqh i` nb_ >o_lie ]f[hm q[m
hin>o_liecnm_f`&\on=f[h@l[fc_`(@l[fc_`q[m
l_mjihmc\f_`il`_llschaaii^m`lig>o_lieni
?^a_& [h^ b[h^f_^ g[hs nl[^cha nl[hm[]ncihm
ch ?^a_ cnm_f`( ;m [ l_mofn& @l[fc_` q[m ehiqh
niionmc^_lm[mËnb_`[]_i`>o_lie(ÌG[hsmol'
`[]_'^q_ff_lmmncffninbcm^[s^ihÎnl_[fct_nb[n
>o_liecm[fminb_h[g_i`[]f[h5nb_snbchei`
@l[fc_`[mnb_^igch[hn]f[hi`nb_mnlihabif^(
Nb_]f[hmsmn_gi`>o_lieq[mlof_^\snb_
_f^_l g_g\_lm i` _[]b ]f[h( ?[]b ]f[h b[^
cnm iqh msmn_g `il lof_lmbcj& \on omo[ffs nb_
_f^_mn g[f_ q[llcil []n_^ [m ]b[h]_ffil i` [
]ioh]cf i` _f^_lm( Ch mig_ ][m_m& g[nlc[l]b[f
]ioh]cfm^igch[n_^(L_a[l^f_mmi`nb_^_n[cfm&
nb_ _f^_l msmn_g `ilg_^ [ h[nol[f jsl[gc^[f
mnlo]nol_ ip_l qb[n q[m [ p[mn ^ig[ch( Gil_
nb[h 0**&*** ^q[lp_m q_l_ lof_^ \s [ msmn_g
i` jlial_mmcp_fs sioha_l [h^ gil_ fi][fct_^
l_jl_m_hn[ncp_mi`nb__f^_lmi`[`_q^igch[hn
`[gcfc_m( G[llc[a_m chn_lnqch_^ nb_ `[gcfc_m
[h^ ]igjfc][n_^ nb_ l_f[ncihmbcjm [n g[hs
jf[]_m& \on ch [ f[q`of mi]c_ns qcnb mnlc]nfs
i\_s_^ p[fo_m i` `[gcfs& ]f[h& [h^ nl[^cncih&
nb_m_ ]igjfc][ncihm h_p_l l_[]b_^ [ ]lcmcm
jichn(
Ohncf nb_ ]igcha i` nb_ foh[l l[ch( Nb_
__]nmq_l_^_p[mn[ncha&[h^f_^^cl_]nfsninb_
`ilg[ncihi`nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s(<olc_^
`il_p_lchnb__[lfsj_lci^i`mnlc`_[h^^cm[mn_l&
hiq `ilainn_h ni g[hs& [l_ nb_ h[g_m i` nb_
]f[hm nb[n `_ff& [h^ nb_ h[g_m i` nb_cl f_[^_lm
qbib[p_hiih_f_`n[fcp_nil_g_g\_lnb_g(
<onnb_m_h[g_m[l_hin`ilainn_h\s[ff(G[hs
^q[lp_m ch nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s g[chn[ch
ni nbcm ^[s [ j_lmih[f mblch_ ^_^c][n_^ ni
nb_ q[llcilm qbi `_ff ^_`_h^cha >o_lie( Nb_
Mn_hc[hlof_lmbcjcmmjfcnihnb_p[fo_i`nb_m_
mblch_m4I\pciomfs&hiih_i\d_]nmnip_h_l[n'
cha `[ff_h q[llcilm& \on mig_ qills nb[n nb_
]bim_hg_nbi^ihfsj_lj_no[n_mnb_f_a[]si`
nb_if^]f[hmsmn_g(Qb_hnb_[^gchcmnl[ncih
i` ]cns'g_]b Fie[a \ocfn [ ]_hnl[fct_^ mblch_
ih cnm g[ch f_p_f ^_^c][n_^ ni [ff nb_ `[ff_h
q[llcilm i` >o_lie& nb_ ]cns'g_]b jijof[]_
mojjiln_^ cnm ^_]cmcih( <on qb_h Fie[aÎm lof'
_lm mo\m_ko_hnfs nlc_^ ni koc_nfs Ëchn_al[n_Ì
j_lmih[fmblch_mchninb_]_hnl[ffi][ncihÊch
inb_lqil^m&l_gip_ch^cpc^o[ffis[fnc_mniif^&
^_[^ ]f[hm [h^ l_jf[]_ nb_g qcnb [ Mn_hc[h'
]ihnliff_^_^c×]_Ênb_\[]ef[mbq[m_rnl_g_
\s^q[lp_hmn[h^[l^m(
>_mjcn_ nb_ \_mn _ilnm i` nb_ Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s& bcmnilc][f ]f[h fis[fnc_m l_g[ch(
>q[lp_m \ilh ih nb_ gi^_lh ]cns'g_]bm
]ihmc^_l mo]b fis[fnc_m [h[]blihcmnc]( Oh`il'
noh[n_fs`ilnb_Mn_hc[hm&nb_^q[lp_hfc`_mj[h
i` oj ni ./* s_[lm g_[hm nb_l_ [l_ `[l gil_
fcpcha ^q[lp_m ni [jjl_]c[n_ nb_ ]f[h msmn_g
nb[h nb_l_ [l_ ni ^cm^[ch cn( Fis[fns ni nb_
=ih`_^_l[]scmmfiqfsn[echabif^&j[lnc]of[lfs
[giha ]iaf[s_lm& g_]b di]e_sm& n_]bhc]c[hm&
_hach__lm&[h^nb_l_mni`nb_n_]bhc][fjijof['
ncih&\oncncm[p_lsmfiqnl[hmcncih(
Nb_bcmnilsi`nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]sq[m
-
gimnmb[j_^\snb_`iffiqcha]f[hm&qbil_n[ch
nb_al_[n_mnfis[fnc_m[gihacnm]cnct_hm(
=F;H@L;FC?@
@ l[fc_`mncffmolpcp_m[m[h[]ncp_]f[h&nbioab
cnmhog\_lm[l_al_[nfsl_^o]_^`ligqb[n
nb_sih]_q_l_(>o_nicnml_aof[l]ihn[]nqcnb
nb_mol`[]_qilf^nblioabnl[^chach?^a_&cnm
g_g\_lmq_l_gimn]ig`iln[\f_qcnbf_[pcha
nb_cl^q[lp_hb[ffmnifcp_ihnb_mol`[]_qilf^
ch[]cns'g_]bÊmiqb_h>ola[h'fie×lmnnli^
ihnb_Ø[nf[h^m&cnq[mqcnb[]l_q]igjlcm_^
f[la_fs i` @l[fc_` ^q[lp_m( Gil_ nb[h [ nbcl^
i` >ola[h'fieÎm jijof[ncih b[m mnliha nc_m ni
@l[fc_`(Mbiof^nb_l__p_l\_[]ihØc]n\_nq__h
-
Mn_hc[h[h^@l[fc_`lof_lmbcj&cncmoh]f_[lbiq
nbcmjilncihi`nb_]l_qqiof^l_[]n(
=F;HEO>?;B
I h_i`nb_mg[ff_mni`[ffnb_]f[hm&Eo^_[b
b[^ `_q_l nb[h -&*** g_g\_lm& [fgimn
[ff i` qbig q_l_ ]ih]_hnl[n_^ ch [ mchaf_
mnlihabif^ihnb_`lcha_mi`nb_g[ch>o_lie'
]ihnliff_^ [l_[m( Nb_ Eo^_[b mnlihabif^ q[m

.3;?

¡ ¢
qcj_^ ion ch [ mchaf_ ^[s ^olcha nb_ _[lfc_mn
chØor_m i` l_`oa__m& [h^ nb_ `_q Eo^_[b
^q[lp_m ni molpcp_ q_l_ mjfchn_l_^ [m nb_s
l_nl_[n_^(Hih_nb_f_mm&nb_Eo^_[bq_l_[\f_
ni×h^mb_fn_l^o_niih_i`nb_al_[n_mn[mm_nm
i`nb_clnlc\_4Nb_sq_l_d_q_f_lm[h^a_g]l[`n'
_lm&]ihmc^_l_^mig_i`nb_gimnac`n_^i`[ff
^q[lp_h[lncmnm&[h^qcnbion[^io\nih_i`nb_
q_[fnbc_mn i` [ff ^q[lp_h nlc\_m( @il nb_ m[g_
l_[mih& nb_s q_l_ [fmi ]ihmc^_l_^ __n_ [h^
q_[e&[h^g[hs^q[lp_hq[llcilmnbioabncnhi
moljlcm_nb[n[]f[hi`[lncmnmqiof^`[ffnichp[^'
chal_`oa__mch[mchaf_^[s(
@il m_p_l[f ^_][^_m& qb[n l_g[ch_^ i` nb_
Eo^_[b ^q[lp_m q[m m][nn_l_^ nblioabion
nb_ \_mc_a_^& ^_][scha b[ffm i` >o_lie& ohncf
nb_lif_i`g_]bm\_a[hnialiq(Nb_Eo^_[b
^q[lp_m&cnq[m^cm]ip_l_^&b[^[×h_^_rn_lcns
ohg[n]b_^ [giha gimn ^q[lp_h ]f[hm( Nb_s
g[^_al_[ng_]bjcfinm(A_h_l[ncihmi`qile'
cha ch gchon_ ^_n[cf qcnb nchs a_gm j[c^ i
qb_hnb_qilf^h__^_^×h_ginilmecffm(Hiq
g[hsi`nb_nijg_]bdi]e_sm[gihanb_=ih'
`_^_l[]s[l_`lig=f[hEo^_[b(Nb_s[l_mncff
l_a[l^_^ [m q_[e \s nb_ if^ [r_'q[llcilm& \on
nb_hog\_li`ncg_m[Eo^_[b^q[l`b[mm[p_^
nb_fc`_i`[h[r_'q[llcilb[m[g_fcil[n_^nbcm
do^ag_hn mig_qb[n( <_cha [ Eo^_[b ^q[l` cm
hin[jl_l_kocmcn_ni\_]igcha[g_]bdi]e_s
chnb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s&\oncncm]_ln[chfs
[ qchhcha jichn i` _hnls& [h^ g[hs [h [mjcl'
chajcfinb[m\__hehiqhnifc_[\ionbcm]f[h
b_lcn[a_( <_][om_ nb_ Eo^_[b ]f[h b[m fimn
cnm mnlihabif^ [h^ gimn i` cnm hog\_lm& cn cm
__]ncp_fs ^_mnlis_^& mi ]f[h fis[fns cm hin [
\cajli\f_g`ilMn_hc[h[^gchcmnl[nilm&_r]_jn
ch nb_ [\mnl[]n m_hm_ nb[n g[hs if^_l Eo^_[b
-
^q[lp_m bij_ ni mig_^[s ]f_[l [h [l_[ `il [
h_qmnlihabif^(
=F;HGCAFO>
G cafo^ q[m [ g[ho`[]nolcha ]f[h& ^_^c'
][n_^nil_×hchanb__[lnbÎm\iohnschni
nb_ ×h_mn aii^m [p[cf[\f_( Cnm g_g\_lm q_l_
]l[`nmg_h nl[ch_^ `lig nb_cl `[nb_lÎm eh__ ch
nb_ l_mj_]n_^ g_^c_p[f ]l[`nm4 \f[]emgcnbcha&
q_[jih `ilacha& f_[nb_lqilecha& Ø_n]bcha&
[h^ inb_lm( ;m [ l_mofn& Gcafo^ ^q[lp_m q_l_
l_]locn_^ _[lfs ih \s J[lcfom `il nb_cl n_]bhc'
][f [jncno^_( I` [ff nb_ ^q[lp_m& nb_s f_[lh_^
g_]b]l[`nnb_`[mn_mn&[h^cncmnb_sqbijf[s_^
nb_al_[n_mnlif_ch\ocf^cha>ola[h'fie(Cnq[m
[Gcafo^^q[l`h[g_^Mn_hcomqbib[gg_l_^
chnijf[]_nb_×h[f\ifnmihM_l_aÎm×lmng_]b(
=f[hGcafo^g_]bmb[p_mch]_gcal[n_^ni[ff
×p_ ]cns'g_]bm ch jimcncihm [m ]iaf[s_lm [h^
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
_hach__lm&[h^a_h_l[ffsmbiq[mnlihafis[fns
ninb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s(Hih_nb_f_mm&nb_s
b[p_ mnliha g_gilc_m i` nb_ `[gcfs `ila_m
qb_l_g[hsq_l_l[cm_^&[h^g[chn[chj_lmih[f
-
mblch_m^_mjcn_nb_cljli`_mm_^[ffc[h]_ninb_
Mn_hc[hm[h^nb_ai^>inl[e(
>O?LIE
N b_mnlihabif^i`>o_liemncff_rcmnm(Gil_
nb[h -**&*** ^q[lp_m g[e_ nb_cl big_
ip_lnb_boh^l_^mi`gcf_mi`nohh_fmnb[n]ig'
jlcm_ >o_lie( Nbcm jijof[ncih cm ]igj[l[\f_
ni nb_ lioabfs -**&*** mol`[]_'^q_ff_lm qbi
[l_jlin_]n_^\snb_]cns'g_]bmi`nb_Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s&nbioabcnÎmp[mnfsf[la_lnb[hnb_
l_f[ncp_fsnchsjijof[ncihi`domnoh^_l-*&***
[]no[ffsfcpchaihg_]bm(
>o_lieÎml_f[ncihmbcjqcnbnb_Mn_hc[h=ih'
`_^_l[]s cm \inb p_ls mnliha [h^ p_ls q_[e( Cn
]iof^ \_ \_mn ]igj[l_^ ni [ n_llc\fs mnl[ch_^
`[gcfs l_f[ncihmbcj( Nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s
q[m\ilh`lignb_b[ffmi`>o_lie&^l[qmgimn
i`cnmjijof[ncih`lig>o_lie&]iohnm[giha
cnm]cnct_hmjlcg[lcfs`ilg_l]cnct_hmi`>o_lie&
[h^&ch[p_lsfcn_l[fm_hm_&q[m[]no[ffs\ocfn\s
>o_lie&`ilcnq[m>o_lienb[n]ihnlc\on_^nb_
f[\il[h^mojjfc_mni\ocf^>ola[h'fie(Hih_'
nb_f_mm& nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s i   ]c[ffs
^i_mhÎnl_]iahct_nb_]f[hmnlo]nol_i`>o_lie&
_m]b_qm\_fc_`chnb_nl[^cncih[f>o_lieai^m&
[h^ b[m jbsmc][ffs [\[h^ih_^ nb_ n_llcnils i`
>o_lie( Nb_ g_^c_p[f `_o^[f mnlo]nol_ i` nb_
l_g[chcha]f[hmi`>o_lieb[mhÎnb_fj_^g[n'
n_lm5nb_f[]ei`[]_hnl[f[onbilcnsch>o_liecm
qb[ng[hsMn_hc[hm\_fc_p_^][om_^nb_foh[l
^cm[mn_l ch nb_ ×lmn jf[]_& [h^ ni nbcm ^[s nb_
Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]smncffgomn^_[fqcnb_[]b
]f[hi`>o_liech^cpc^o[ffs(
I` [ff nb_ inb_l mi]c_nc_m ih Bcabjichn&
nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s cm gimn fce_ nb[n i`
>o_lie(Qb_h[c^cmh__^_^&nb_Mn_hc[hm[h^
>o_lie[l_koc]enijlipc^_[mmcmn[h]_ni_[]b
inb_l( S_n nb_s [l_ `il_p_l m_j[l[n_^ \s nb_
+
cmmo_m nb[n ^cpc^_ nb_g& [h^ l_m_hng_hn mcg'
g_lmih\inbmc^_m(
J=DA?AGF
N b_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]scmi   ]c[ffsqcnbion
[l_fcacih(Nb_]igchai`nb_foh[ll[chf_`n
g[hs^q[lp_mqcnbion`[cnbchnb_clai^m&_p_h
^__jchnb_nl[^cncih[f\[mncihmi`>o_lie(Nb_
]igchai`J[lcfom&qcnbbcmn_]bhc][f^c[al[gm
[h^fc`_'m[pchag_]bm&l[cm_^`olnb_lko_mncihm
[\ion biq [ giln[f qcnb [ ql_h]b ]iof^ m[p_
>o_lie qbcf_ nb_ ai^m ]iof^ hin( Nb_ ×h[f
mnl[qq[mnb_mjil[^c][jj_[l[h]_i`nl[e'nl[em
[h^ qbcmj_l_^ logilm i` P_mm_fm i` >inl[e
q[fecha nb_ _[lnb( Mig_nbcha inb_l nb[h nb_
nl[^cncih[fj[hnb_ihq[ml_mb[jchaBcabjichn&
\onqb_nb_lcnq[mg_]bm&>inl[e&ilnb_foh[l
ai^mq[mhin]f_[l(
>o_ninb_^igch[hnjimcncihi`nb_n_]bhc'
][f[lnmchnb_Mn_hc[haip_lhg_hn&[al_[ng[hs
m_hcilMn_hc[hi   ]c[fm\_fc_p_chnb_ko[mc'ai^
>inl[e( Acp_h >inl[eÎm b[h^m'i jbcfimijbs
"Ëb_ domn m_n nb_ ohcp_lm_ ch gincih& nb_h
mn_jj_^\[]e[h^f_ncnlohÌ#[h^nb_mo]]ch]n
ohcih \_nq__h >inl[eÎm imn_hmc\f_ n_[]bcham
[h^nb_`[]nmi`g_]b[hc][fjbsmc]m&[Ë\_fc_`Ì
ch>inl[ei`n_hg_[hmfcnnf_gil_nb[hmnliha
`[cnbchnb_jiq_li`nb_mn_[g_hach_[h^hi
`[cnbchnb_if^^q[lp_hai^m(Nb_jl_jih^_l'
[h]_ i` n_]bhc][f ]f[mm_m ih nb_ ]cns'g_]bm
g_[hm \_fc_` ch >inl[e cm mnliha_mn ih \i[l^
nb_ g_]bm( Biq_p_l& _p_h [giha nb_ mol`[]_
mi]c_nc_mnb[nnb_]cns'g_]bmjlin_]n&nb_i\pc'
iomjbsmc][fjlin_]ncihi`g_]bmÊ]igj[l_^
ni]f_lc]mqbi[l_mncffb[pchanlio\f_l_]_cpcha
nb_clmj_ffmÊg[e_mcn[fin_[mc_lni\_fc_p_ch
>inl[enb[hnb_if^ai^m(
Hih_nb_f_mm&nb_l_[l_[fq[sm[`_qbif^ionm
ch[hsg[mmgip_g_hn(J[lnc]of[lfsih>ola[h'
fie&nb_gimnnl[^cncih[fi`nb_^q[lp_hg_]bm&
qilmbcjj_lm i` nb_ if^ ai^m l_g[ch( Nb_s [l_
lc^c]of_^ \s mig_ i` nb_cl gil_ jlial_mmcp_
\l_nbl_h&s_nmncff]fchaninb_clq[sm(Eil^oe&
nb_Miof@[nb_l[h^ai^i`nb_^q[lp_m&cmj[l'
nc]of[lfs jijof[l [giha nb_m_ nl[^cncih[fcmnm&
[mcmGilmn&ai^i`mnl_hanb&[h^Afilcom&ai^
i`p[fil(>_n[cfmihnb_m_ai^m][h\_`ioh^ih
j[a_+*i`nb_G_]bG[ho[f(
;fnbioab nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s cm i
]c[ffsqcnbion[l_fcacih&nb_l_cmih_j_lp[mcp_
'
\_fc_` nb[n ]iof^ \_ ][ff_^ [ Mn_hc[h l_fcacih
Ê[h^i`n_hcm\sionmc^_lm(Nbcmcm\_fc_`chnb_
F[q( Nb_ F[q& qcnb [ ][jcn[f F& cm nb_ ilcach[f
n_lg\sqbc]bnb_`ioh^_lmi`nb_=ih`_^_l[]s
l_`_ll_^ ni nb_cl msmn_g i` lof_m [h^ l_aof['
ncihm(Nb_m_f[qm\_][g_ehiqh[mËnb_F[q&Ì
[h^ hiq nb_ F[q cm l_]iahct_^ [m nb_ bcab_mn
c^_[fi`Mn_hc[hfc`_(
Nb_F[qcmhinqlcnn_h^iqh[hsqb_l_&hil
cmcnl_]il^_^\s[hi   ]c[fe__j_l(Cncmoh^_l'
mnii^ \s nbim_ qcnbch nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s [m nb_
lof_i`[onbilcns`ilnb_aii^i`nb_qbif_(Nb_
F[qcmqb_h[gcfcn[lsmoj_lcil]igg[h^mbcm
mo\il^ch[n_m( Nb_ F[q cm qb_h [ \f[]emgcnb
gomn qile f[n_ chni nb_ hcabn& qb_nb_l b_
q[hnm ni il hin& ni _hmol_ nb_ ]cns'g_]b cm
l_j[cl_^\_`il_cnm_nmichnb_gilhcha(Nb_
F[qcmqb_h[m]i [qgomn\__r_]on_^`il[
gchil]lcg_chil^_lnig[chn[chil^_l[giha
l_mnf_mmmol`[]_'^q_ff_lm&[h^nb_F[qcmqb_h
[ bcab'l[hecha Mn_hc[h gcfcn[ls ]igg[h^_l
gomn \_ j_lgcnn_^ f_hc_h]s ih [ g[dil ]lcg_
\_][om_ bcm gcfcn[ls n[f_hnm \lcha gil_ aii^
ninb_qbif_nb[hnb_\[^\lioabn\sbcm]lcg_(
Nb_ F[q aip_lhm q[echa ncg_m& g_[f ncg_m&
_p_h jlij_l chn_lp[fm i` l_mn5 cn aip_lhm nb_
gcfcn[ls bc_l[l]bs& johcmbg_hnm `il pcif[ncihm
i`cnm^_]l__m&[h^nb_]b[chi`]igg[h^(Nb_
F[qaip_lhm_p_lsnbcha(
Nb_F[qj_lp[^_m[ff[mj_]nmi`Mn_hc[hfc`_&
\oncmi`n_hgcmm_^\spcmcnilm&qbi^ihÎn][n]b
nb_ ^c_l_h]_ \_nq__h l_`_l_h]_m ni Ënb_
f[qÌ[h^Ënb_F[q(ÌNb_l_[l_qlcnn_hf[qmih
\i[l^[ff]cns'g_]bm&qbc]b]ihmncnon_nb_f[qm
i` nb[n ]cns'g_]b& \on nb_s [l_ \lc_` [h^ `l_'
ko_hnfsl_`_l_h]_Ënb_F[q(ÌGil_nb[hih]_&
[qlcnn_hf[qb[m\__hip_llof_^\s[mo\d_]ncp_
chn_ljl_n[ncih i` nb_ F[q qb_h nb_ mcno[ncih
q[ll[hnmcn(
C` [hsnbcha ]iof^ \_ ][ff_^ nb_ l_fcacih
i` nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s& cn cm nb_ aoc^cha
`il]_ i` nb_ F[q( Nb_ F[q cm h_p_l jligof'
a[n_^ il mn[n_^ ionlcabn( Cn cm mcgjfs nb_ qcff
i` nb_ [onbilcns []ncha ch nb_ chn_l_mn i` [ff(
Nb_ohØch]bchafis[fnsniil^_l[h^^cm]cjfch_
_pch]_^ \s nb_ Mn_hc[h ]l_q& ]ig\ch_^ qcnb
nb_ip_lqb_fgchaf[q`of[fcahg_hn[h^i\_^c'
_h]_ni[onbilcnsnb[nj_lg_[n_m_p_lsMn_hc[h
+
p_mm_f& g[e_m _p_ls Mn_hc[h ]cnct_h []on_fs
[q[l_i`[ff[mj_]nmi`nb_F[q(
E9?A;
G [ac]jf[sm[mg[ff[h^l_aof[lfs^cgchcmb'
chalif_qcnbchnb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s(
;l][h_ g[ac] b[m h_p_l b[^ [ mnliha bif^ ih
^q[lp_h ]ofnol_& \on ^cpch_ g[ac] b[m \__h
cgjiln[hn`ila_h_l[ncihm(Hiqnb_ai^mmj_[e
f_mm pi][ffs ni nb_cl `iffiq_lm& [h^ nb_ mn_[g
_hach_[jj_[lmni\_nb_mifoncihninb_qilf^Îm
jli\f_gm( Aliqcha `[cnb ch >inl[e `olnb_l
_li^_m nb_ mn[nom i` ]f_lc]m [h^ inb_l ^cpch_
mj_ff][mn_lm(N[e_hnia_nb_l&nb_m_`[]nilmb[p_
l_mofn_^ch[mn_[^sgip_g_hn[q[s`ligg[ac]
[h^niq[l^g_]b[hc][fmifoncihm(
Ih__r]_jncihcmnb_]ig\ch[ncihi`g[ac]
[h^ g_]b( Nbcm cm [h [l_[ i` chn_hm_ chn_l_mn
qcnbchnb_=ih`_^_l[]s(J[lni`nb_chn_l_mnfc_m
qcnb ]iaf[s_lm chn_hm_fs m]lonchctcha ijncihm
`il omcha g[ac][f il _rnl[jf[h[l _f_g_hnm ch
mn_[g'jiq_l_^ ]ihmnlo]ncih( ;hinb_l j[ln
fc_m ch nbim_ qbi nls ni ]limm nb_ \ioh^[lc_m
i` mn_[g [h^ mj_ff& j[lnc]of[lfs mn_[g g[a_m
[h^nbim_qcnbmcgcf[l[\cfcnc_m(?mm_hnc[ffs&nb_

ihfsg[dill_m_[l]bch[l][h_g[ac]i]]ollcha
qcnbchnb_\ioh^[lc_mi` nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^'
_l[]s]ih]_lhmcnm[jjfc][ncihnig_]bm(
G_g\_lmi`nb_mj_ff][mncha]f[mm_m[l_l[l_&
\onnb_s^i_rcmn(?p_hnbioabnb_]ofnol[ft_cn'
a_cmncmgipchaniq[l^mn_[gjiq_l&nb_l_[l_
mncffbif^ionm[h^[h[]blihcmnm(Qct[l^m[l_f_mm
l[l_ nb[h mil]_l_lm& qbi [l_ hiq \_cha \ilh
qcnb go]b al_[n_l `l_ko_h]s( G[hs mil]_l_lm
mo\doa[n_ nb_cl chh[n_ n[f_hnm ni jolmo_ gil_
l_mj_]n_^ ][l__lm [m g_]b di]e_sm il ]iaf[s'
_lm&\ondomn[mg[hsch^ofa_nb_cl[\cfcnc_m(;h^
nb_]bol]b_mi`nb_if^qilf^&nbioabnb_sb[p_
fimn g[hs `iffiq_lm& mnloaaf_ ih( H_q ]f_lc]m
[l_l_]locn_^&[fnbioab[n[^l[mnc][ffsl_^o]_^
+
l[n_( G[ac]'qc_f^cha Mn_hc[hm ][h mncff \_
`ioh^&\onnb_sÎl_nb_gchilcnsnb_m_^[sm(
<AHDGE9;Q
N b_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s m__em ni _mn[\'
fcmb il^_l ih nb_ mol`[]_ qilf^ mi nb[n cn
][h ih]_ [a[ch \_ m[`_fs chb[\cn_^( Mch]_ nb_
ch]_jncih i` nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s& \inb fis[fcmnm
[h^ ijjih_hnm b[p_ qih^_l_^ qb_l_ nbcm
qcff _h^( Cn cm kocn_ jimmc\f_ nb[n nb_ g[lnc[f
f[q cgjim_^ \s nb_ =ih`_^'
_l[]sqcffhin_h^_p_hc`nb_
jli\f_gm i` nb_ foh[l l[ch
[l_ ip_l]ig_( Inb_l nbl_[nm
g[sn[e_nb_cljf[]_(;h^mi&
ih]_'n_gjil[ls m_nnf_g_hnm
[l_ \_]igcha j_lg[h_hn gcfcn[ls
ionjimnm&fiha'n_lgch`l[mnlo]nol_cm
\_cha^_p_fij_^&[h^nb_=ih`_^_l[]s
cm ch]l_[mchafs momjc]ciom i` aliojm
qcnbchcnm\ioh^[lc_mnb[n^ihÎn[al__
nicnmlof_(Gcfcn[lsf[qcmnb_oh^_hc'
[\f_[\mifon_(
Qcnb nbcm ch gch^& Mn_hc[h ^cjfi'
g[]s cm [ l[nb_l mcgjf_ mcno[ncih4 i\_s il \_
johcmb_^( Ip_lqb_fgcha gcfcn[ls gcabn cm
nb_mifoncihnigimnjli\f_gm(;]ncihmn[e_h
ch nb_ h[g_ i` l_\ocf^cha nb_ mol`[]_ qilf^&
jlin_]nchanb_]cnct_hmi`nb_=ih`_^_l[]s&il
^_`_h^cha nb_ ]cns'g_]bm a_h_l[ffs ][h b[p_
hi h_a[ncp_ l_j_l]ommcihm& [m `[l [m nb_ =ih'
`_^_l[]scm]ih]_lh_^(Nbcm[nncno^_i\pciomfs
^i_mhÎn _h^_[l nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s ni cnm h_cab'
\ilm(Nb_l_[l_[mg[hsl_m_hn`ofmo\doa[n_mi`
nb_=ih`_^_l[]s[mnb_l_[l_qcffcha]cnct_hm(
Nb_ Clihniinb =f[hm b[p_ fiha \__h
pc_q_^ [m ]lcgch[fm [h^ ion][mnm \s nb_
=ih`_^_l[]s( ;fnbioab ]_ln[ch [mj_]nm i`
nb_clmi]c_ns[l_f[q`of[h^_p_hl_mj_]n[\f_&
acp_h nb_cl gih[mnc] b_lcn[a_& nb_s l_g[ch
^c   ]ofnnilof_Ênbomnb_=ih`_^_l[]spc_qm
nb_g [m [ jin_hnc[f nbl_[n( Nb_ ]f[hmÎ ionf[q
q[sm [h^ ohjl_]_^_hn_^ jcfincha mecffm g[e_
nb_g `[l gil_ ^[ha_liom nb[h b_fj`of ch
Mn_hc[h_s_m(>igch[nchanb_gil[mmcgcf[ncha
nb_g m__gm ni \_ cgjimmc\f_& mi nb_ =ih`_^'
_l[]sl_milnmniqb[ncnm__m[mcnmihfsijncih4
_fcgch[nchanb_g(
Chl_[fcns&biq_p_l&nbcm]ih]fomcihg[shin
\_mimn[le(Gimni`nb_Clihniinb=f[hm^ihÎn
b[p_ h_[lfs [m go]b _hgcns `il nb_ Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s[mih_qiof^_rj_]n(Nb_sl_a[l^
nb_ Mn_hc[hm domn [m nb_s l_a[l^ _p_lsih_ _fm_
nb_s g__n4 [m ch^cpc^o[f j_ijf_& hin [ mchaf_
ohcn_^ `il]_( Nb_l_ [l_ `lc_h^mbcjm \_nq__h
mig_ Mn_hc[h mol`[]_'^q_ff_lm [h^ h_[l\s
Clihniinb]f[hmg_h&domn[mnb_l_[l_ij_h]ih'
Øc]nm(Gil_ip_l&nb_Clihniinb=f[hm[l_g[hs
[h^ p[lc_^& [h^ _p_h qbcf_ mig_ ^cmfce_ nb_
Mn_hc[hm& inb_lm b[p_ hi ko[ll_f( G[hs Clih'
niinb l_mj_]n n[f_hn ch [ff nbcham& _mj_]c[ffs
g_]bjcfincha&[h^nbcmb[mf_^nb_gni[]]_jn
Mn_hc[hg_]bdi]e_sm`ilnl[chcha[h^diomncha
qcnbch[]f[h(G[hsmo]bg_]bdi]e_sm_p_hno'
[ffs l_nolh ni nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s cff_a[ffs& h_p_l
^cm]ommchanb_clncg_mj_hnqcnbnb_Clihniinb
=f[hm(Nbcmch`ilg[f]limm'jiffch[ncihi`c^_[m
mfiqfs \ch^m nb_ nqi `[]ncihm& [h^ nb_l_ cm [
mg[ffgchilcnsi`q_ff'l_mj_]n_^g_]bdi]e_sm

.3;?

¡ ¢
qcnbch nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s nb[n jlijim_m mig_
miln i` j_[]_`of mifoncih ni Ënb_ Clihniinb
jli\f_g(Ì
Nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s ]ihmc^_lm Mb[l
Nbct^c]ÎmF_acihni\_[hionlcabnnbl_[n(I '
]c[ffs& hi ^cjfig[nc] l_f[ncihm _rcmn \_nq__h
nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s[h^nb_F_acih(Nb_l_
b[p_ \__h ohi   ]c[f pcmcnilm \_nq__h \inb
aip_lhg_hnm&biq_p_l&[mq_ff[mmig_^_al__
i`\[]e']b[hh_f]iggohc][ncih(Ihnb_gil_
]ih`lihn[ncih[f mc^_& mbinm b[p_ \__h ×l_^
\_nq__h nb_ nqi `[]ncihm& j[lnc]of[lfs [fiha
nb__[mn_lh]fcmh_[lnb__h^f_mmjf[chm(<inb
aip_lhg_hnmmnlcp_nie__jnb_m_ch]c^_hnmni[
gchcgog&[mhiih_q[hnm[q[lÊs_n(
CnÎm]f_[lnb[nnb_F_acihb[m[h_rj[hmcih'
cmn [a_h^[& qbc]b qillc_m nb_ f_[^_lm i` nb_
=ih`_^_l[]s( Biq_p_l& nb_s nii _p_hno[ffs
qcmb ni _rn_h^ nb_cl il^_l_^ pc_q i` mi]c_ns
nigil_]cnct_hm&[h^[l_]ih]_lh_^[\ionMb[l
Nbct^c] [m go]b `il nb_ `[]n nb[n b_ mn[h^m ch
nb_clq[s[m`ilnb_`[]nnb[nbcmaliqcha\[m_
i`]cns'g_]bmcm[nbl_[n(@ligqb[ncmjo\fc]fs
ehiqh& cn m__gm nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s cm
gimnfs ]ih]_lh_^ qcnb j[nliffcha cnm \il^_lm
[a[chmn nb_ F_acih& qbcf_ nb_ F_acih g[s \_
[]ncp_fs m_h^cha mjc_m [h^ m[\in_olm chni nb_
Mn_hc[h]cns'g_]bm(
Mig_ _f_g_hnm qcnbch nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih'
`_^_l[]s \_fc_p_ nb[n Mb[l Nbct^c] mbiof^ \_
[nn[]e_^ hiq( Nb_s pc_q nb_ ]ihmnlo]ncih i`
bcm =cns Ecff_l mn_[g ][hhih "m__ j[a_ +,2 i`
>l[aihG_]b#[m[h[]ni`q[l(Acp_hnb[nnb_
Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s ]oll_hnfs b[m ×p_ ]cns'
g_]bm ]igj[l_^ ni nb_ F_acihÎm nqi& qiof^
cnhin\_\_nn_lni[nn[]ehiqqbcf_nb_F_acih
cmq_[e&l[nb_lnb[hq[cnohncfnb_cl`il]_m[l_
g[n]b_^9Nb_m_b[qem[l_[pi][fgchilcnsch
Mn_hc[h aip_lhg_hn& [h^ nb_cl [laog_hnm [l_
m_lciomfs ]ihmc^_l_^5 hi ih_ ^cmgcmm_m nb_g
ionlcabn( C` `ilg[fct_^ ^cjfig[nc] l_f[ncihm
\_nq__hnb_=ih`_^_l[]s[h^nb_F_acih_p_l
^i i]]ol& nb_s qcff jli\[\fs \_ach qcnb [ aoh
\[ll_f(
Nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s b[m fcnnf_ ]ihn[]n
qcnbnb_FÎ[lcf_H[ncih(Nl[^cncih[ffs&\inbnb_
_fp_m[h^nb_^q[lp_mq_l_`[clfschmof[l&_[]b
]ihn_hnnil_g[chchnb_clfi][f_mmno^schanb_
g[ac] il gchcha nb[n gimn chn_l_mn_^ nb_g(
Nb_l_ q_l_ mig_ _[lfs ]ihØc]nm [m _[]b mc^_
q[mohmol_[\ionnb_chn_l_mnmi`nb_inb_l(<on
hiq nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s l_]iahct_m nb_
a_h_l[ffs aii^'[fcah_^ chn_l_mnm i` nb_ _fp_m&
[h^ ^i_m hin ]ihmc^_l nb_g ni \_ [h _h_gs(
C` [hsnbcha& nb_s [l_ [ fiim_ [ffs [a[chmn nb_
F_acih( Nb_l_ cm i]][mcih[f ]ihn[]n \_nq__h
nb_nqiaip_lhg_hnm&nbioabhingo]b[]ncp_
]iij_l[ncih( Mig_ _f_g_hnm qcnbch nb_ =ih'
`_^_l[]sqcmbni_mn[\fcmb[`ilg[f[ffc[h]_qcnb

.3;?


¡ ¢

N[hh[hfc_f&c`ihfsniijjim_Mb[lNbct^c](Nb_
mfiqfs aliqcha hih'^q[lp_h gchilcns qcnbch
nb_=ih`_^_l[]sb[mb_fj_^[^p[h]_nbcmchn_l'
_mn [giha nb_ nl[^cncih[ffs chmof[l ^q[lp_h
g[dilcns(Qb[nqcffb[jj_hl_g[chmni\_m__h(
; `_q mj_]c[f l_f[ncihmbcjm [l_ qilnb g_h'
ncihcha( Nb_ =ih`_^_l[]sÎm l_f[ncihmbcj qcnb
>o_lie cm [ fihamn[h^cha [h^ ohomo[f ih_& [m
b[m[fl_[^s\__h^cm]omm_^(Nb_=ih`_^_l[]sÎm
l_f[ncihmbcjqcnbnb_A_[lqlcabnmAocf^cm[fmi
^cmnch]ncp_(Nb_A_[lqlcabnmAocf^b[m_rcmn_^
`il gcff_hhc[& \on iq_m cnm ]oll_hn ch][lh['
ncih ni nb_ ^cl_]n [mmcmn[h]_ i` \inb >o_lie
[h^ nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s( Gil_ip_l& nb_
A_[lqlcabnmAocf^n_]bhc][ffsiqhm]cns'g_]b
H_^^_ljce&[h^n[e_m[h[]ncp_lif_chnb_aip'
_lhg_hni`gimn]cns'g_]bm(Nb_A_[lqlcabnm
Aocf^ ][h [fgimn \_ nbioabn i` [m [h _rnl[
\l[h]b i` Mn_hc[h aip_lhg_hn& ]ih]_lh_^
_r]fomcp_fsqcnbnb_a_[l'^lcp_h[lnm(Nb_l_[l_
hiehiqhjo\fc]^cmjon_m\_nq__hnb_Mn_hc[hm
+
[h^A_[lqlcabnm&[h^nb_sb[p__rnl_g_fs]fim_
l_f[ncihmch_p_lsl_a[l^(
?=G?J9H@Q
N b_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]scm[g_]b^ig&il
[echa^iglof_^\s]cns'g_]bm(Chnb_][m_
i`nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s&nb_l_[l_×p_lof'
cha ]cns'g_]bm( Ohfce_ [ nl[^cncih[f g_^c_p[f
echa^ig& [ g_]b^ig cm gi\cf_( Cnm n_llcnils
cm hin ^_×h_^ \s jbsmc][f \il^_lm ohf_mm nb_
g_]bm ][hhin nl[p_lm_ nbim_ \il^_lm& [h^ cnm
n_llcnils cm hin ^_×h_^ \s jifcnc][f \il^_lm
ohf_mm nb_ g_]bm ][hhin gip_ [lioh^ nb_m_
jifcnc][f \il^_lm( Ch mbiln& nb_ n_llcnils i` [
g_]b^igcmhin[fq[sm]f_[h&[mnb_]cns'g_]bm
][h[fq[smgip_(
Nb[n m[c^& acp_h nb_ h_[lfs cgj[mm[\f_
h[nol[f \ioh^[lc_m i` nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^'
_l[]s"giohn[chmninb_q_mn&[h^]fcmch\inb
mc^_m#&cnmn_llcnilscm[]no[ffsq_ff^_×h_^`il
[ g_]b^ig( Nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s cm nb_
g[diljifcnc][fjiq_li`nb_Ø[nf[h^Ê[mq[nb
i` li]es& \[ll_h n_ll[ch nb[n cm _mm_hnc[ffs [h
_hilgiom ]fcnij( Cn cm m_j[l[n_^ `lig nb_
_h^f_mm jf[chm i` nb_ _[mn \s niq_lcha ]fc
`[]_m&mig_[mbcab[m-&***`__n(Ninb_q_mn
cm[hinb_lcgjl_mmcp_l[ha_i`]fcm\il^_l_^
\s [ giohn[chiom [l_[ "oh^_lh_[nb qbc]b cm
>o_lie#(Gimni`nb_Mn_hc[hn_llcnilscmli]es
jf[chm&chn_lmj_lm_^\smig_[l_[mi`^_m_ln[h^
jl[clc_ninb_mionb&[h^nb_\[nn_l_^l_g[chm
i`[h[h]c_hn`il_mnninb_hilnb(
?[]b i` nb_ =ih`_^_l[]sÎm ×p_ ]cns'g_]bm
j[nlif[h^g[chn[ch[×r_^n_llcnilsÊnb_Ëm[`_
tih_mÌ Ê `olnb_l l_ch`il]cha nb_ g_]b^igÎm
\ioh^[lc_m(Nb_m_×p_[l_[m[l__[]b[jjlirc'
g[n_fs .*&*** mko[l_ gcf_m ch mct_& mjl[qf_^
ioncll_aof[lfs[]limmnb_Ø[nf[h^m(Mch]_]cns'
g_]bm][hnl[p_fal_[n^cmn[h]_mch[^[s&nb_m_
[l_[m [l_ j[nliff_^ l_aof[lfs \s nb_ ]cns'g_]b
cnm_f`il\sj[nlifmi`mg[ff_lg_]bm(
Cnn[e_m[]cns'g_]b[\ionih_gihnbni]ip'
_lcnmj[nlif[l_[&qbcf_mg[ff_lj[nlifm`l_ko_hn
m_nnf_g_hnm [h^ jijof[ncih tih_m _p_ls `_q
^[sm(Hin_&biq_p_l&nb[n[fnbioab[]cns'g_]b
gip_m l_aof[lfs nblioabion cnm m[`_ tih_& cnÎm
kocn_jimmc\f_nb[ncnml_aof[lgip_g_hnmqcff
h_p_l\lchacnqcnbchmcabni`go]bi`cnmn_llc'
nils(Domn[mfce_fscmnb_`[]nnb[nnb_]cns'g_]b
qcff \_ qcnbch mcabn i` ]_ln[ch [l_[m ih [ `[clfs
l_aof[l\[mcm&\onh_p_lpcmcnnb_g^cl_]nfs(
Qcnbch nb_ Mn_hc[h'j[nliff_^ m[`_ tih_m&
boh^l_^mi`m_nnf_g_hnm[h^q[smn[ncihmb[p_
mjlohaoj(Jijof[ncihmct_mn_h^nip[lsal_[nfs
[gihanb_m_m_nnf_g_hnm&mch]_nb_foh[ll[ch
b[m^_mnlis_^g[hsnl[^cncih[fmi]c_nc_m(Mig_
m_nnf_g_hnm mjlcha oj& [nnl[]n [ jijof[ncih&
[h^nb_h[l_^_p[mn[n_^\s[\[^g_n_il]l[mb
il^l[aih[nn[]e5inb_lm`ilg`ligchmof[l]ig'
gohcnc_mnb[n^ihÎnq_f]ig_ionmc^_lm&^_mjcn_
nb_claii^fi][ncihm`ilm_nnf_g_hn(Mncffinb_lm
`iffiq nb_ hig[^c] q[sm jijof[l \_`il_ nb_
foh[ll[ch&[fnbioabnbcmcmgimn]iggihh_[l
nb__h^f_mmjf[chm&qb_l_gimni`nb_hig[^c]
nlc\_milcach[n_^(
H[nol[fmb_fn_lmmo]b[m][p_m&][hsihm&[h^
li]ef_^a_m[l_i\pciomjf[]_m`ilm_nnf_g_hnm
ni_pifp_(Nb_m_fi][ncihm[l_jlin_]n_^`lig
nb_ foh[l l[ch& [h^ b[p_ \_]ig_ ]liq^_^
b[p_hm `il l_`oa__m m__echa ni [pic^ nb_
hcabnfs [mm[ofn( Cn cm h_[lfs cgjimmc\f_ `il nb_
=ih`_^_l[]snie__jojqcnb_p_lsm_nnf_g_hn
nb[nmjlchamojoh^_lnb_cltih_m(Biq_p_l&[hs
alioji`ch^cpc^o[fmfcpchachnb_m[`_tih_[h^
i\_schanb_F[qcm]ihmc^_l_^j[lni`nb_=ih'
`_^_l[]s&[h^aip_lh_^[]]il^chafs(
Mig_ m_nnf_g_hnm l_mcmn nb_ jlin_]ncih i`
nb_=ih`_^_l[]s(Omo[ffsnb_m_[l_g_]bnlc\_m
il Clihniinb ]f[hm nb[n jl[]nc]_ [ fc`_mnsf_ i`
l[c^cha [h^ m][p_hacha( <on hin [fq[sm( Nb_
sie_ i` g[lnc[f f[q cgjim_^ \s nb_ Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s lo\m g[hs [ `l__^ig'fip_l nb_
qlihaq[s(Qb_nb_lnb_sÎl_nl[^cncih[fnlc\_m&
\l_[e[q[s mjfchn_l aliojm& `[gcfs \[h^m& il
h[nol[ffs i]]ollcha m_nnf_g_hnm& nb_m_ ch^_'
j_h^_hn ]iggohcnc_m [l_ [ nbilh ch nb_ mc^_
i` nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s( G[hs [l_ q_ff'\_b[p_^
[h^ f[q`of& \on mcgjfs l_`om_ ni []ehiqf_^a_
nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s [m nb_cl lofcha aip_lhg_hn(
>_[fchaqcnbl_\_ffcioml[c^_lmcm_[msÊmbiin'
[h^'^_mnliscm[j_l`_]nfsm_lpc]_[\f_[jjli[]b
Ê \on ^_[fcha qcnb f[q'[\c^cha ]cnct_hm qbi
mcgjfs^ihÎn[^b_l_ninb_F[qcm[go]bgil_

.3;?

¡ ¢
^_fc][n_ jli\f_g( Ch nb_m_ ][m_m nb_ =ih`_^'
_l[]s i`n_h ]ihncho_m ni jlin_]n nb_ ]ig'
gohcns& bijcha cnm f_[^_lm qcff ]ig_ [lioh^
ih]_ nb_s l_]iahct_ nb_ p[fo_ i` \_cha j[ln
i` nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s( <on hin [ff mcno[ncihm [l_
l_mifp_^ mi j_[]_`offs5 gil_ nb[h ih_ ip_l'
t_[fiomg_]bj[nlifb[m^ih_`[lgil_^[g[a_
nb[hcnmbiof^b[p_ni[]iggohcnsnb[nmcgjfs
qcmb_^ni\_f_`n[fih_(Nb_l_[l_hiq^it_hm
i`oh^_lalioh^m_nnf_g_hnm[]ncp_fsm__echani
oh^_lgch_qb[nnb_sm__[mnb_nsl[hhc][flof_
i`nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s(
G[hs m_nnf_g_hnm b[p_ m_[mih[f jijof['
ncihm nb[n n_h^ ni mq_ff qcnb l_`oa__m qb_h
[ ]cns'g_]b cm ^o_ ni mnij \s( Nb_l_ cm h_p_l
[ mbiln[a_ i` ch^cpc^o[fm m__echa j[mm[a_ il
_gjfisg_hnih[]cns'g_]b(Nb_g_]bmg[e_
l_aof[l mnijm [fiha nb_cl lion_& [h^ l_`oa__m
n_h^ni`iffiqnb_g`ligmnijnimnijchbij_m
nb_sÎff\_×lmnchfch_nil_jf[]_[^cm_g\[lecha
]cnct_h[n_[]bmnij(Nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s
[]ncp_fs ^cm]iol[a_m nb_m_ l[an[a \[h^m i`
`iffiq_lm& \on ihfs ih l[l_ i]][mcihm ^i nb_s
b[p_nb_g[hjiq_lni`i]omihnb_l_`oa__m[m
nb_cl×lmnjlcilcns(;^p_hnol_lmi`n_h×h^ip_l'
qb_fgchaqilechnb_m_[l_[m&ih\inbmc^_mi`
nb_ f[q4 jifc]cha nb_ l_`oa__m& ]b[mcha nb_g
i&il_p_hmgoaafchanb_gihni[]cns'g_]b(
Nb_ g_]b j[nlifm nb[n e__j nb_ m[`_ tih_m
m[`_ [l_ `[l `lig mnijjcha nlio\f_ _hncl_fs(
?p_h nbioab nb_ Mn_hc[h']ihnliff_^ [l_[m [l_
go]bm[`_lnb[hnb_sqiof^\_inb_lqcm_&nbio'
m[h^mi`mko[l_gcf_m[l_mncffoh^_lj[nliff_^(
Nb_m_ [l_ nb_ f_[mn'b[\cn[\f_ [l_[m qb_l_ nb_
`_q_mn i` nb_ Mn_hc[h ]cnct_hm ^q_ff( Ch nb_cl
jf[]_ [l_ ]l_[nol_m( Gihmn_lm fcpcha domn ion'
mc^_ i` bog[h \ioh^[lc_m& il mg[ln _hioab
nimn[sioni`mcabnqb_h[g_]bj[nlifmq__jm
nblioab& b[p_ \_]ig_ gil_ i` [ nbl_[n nb[h
_p_l mch]_ nb_cl h[nol[f bohncha alioh^m b[p_
\__h^_mnlis_^\ss_[lmi`foh[ll[ch(;h]c_hn
]lsjnm [h^ m_q_lm l_ij_h_^ \s nb_ foh[l l[ch
b[p_ \_]ig_ ]liq^_^ f[clm qb_l_ gihmn_lm
[l_ `il]_^ ni mb[l_ mj[]_ domn [m nb_ mol`[]_
l[]_m^i[\ip_(Nlc\_mi`bog[hic^mnb[nb[p_
g[h[a_^nimn[snia_nb_lmncffl[c^[h^n_llil'
ct_qb_hnb_ijjilnohcns[lcm_m(G_]bj[nlifm
i`n_hb[p_nb_clb[h^m`off&g[echanb_ggil_
fce_fsni^_j_h^ih`l__f[h]_[^p_hnol_lmqb_h
oh`il_m__hjli\f_gm[lcm_(
Nb_ ×p_ m[`_ tih_m i` nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^'
_l[]s[l_h[g_^[`n_lnb_×p_]cns'g_]bmnb[n
j[nlif nb_g( Nb_m_ [l_ Fie'mn_[^& h[g_^ `il
>ola[h'fie5 H_^^_ljceÎm Li[g& h[g_^ `il
H_^^_ljce5 Nbol[h'>ig& h[g_^ `il Nbolih5
Ailc[ L_cah& h[g_^ `il Ailc[5 [h^ Fie[aÎm
Nblih_& h[g_^ `il Fie[a( Nb_ mionb_lhgimn
i` nb_ tih_m cm Fie'mn_[^& `il >ola[h'fie
q[m nb_ ×lmn ]cns'g_]b ni \_ \ocfn( Fie'mn_[^
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
_h]igj[mm_mgo]bi`nb_mol`[]_qilf^[\ip_
nb_oh^_lalioh^mnlihabif^i`>o_lie(Mionb
i`cncmAilc[L_cah5hilnbcmH_^^_ljceÎmLi[g&
_mn[\fcmb_^ [`n_l nb_ m_]ih^ ]cns'g_]b q[m
-
]igjf_n_(@olnb_lhilnbcmFie[aÎmNblih_&[h^
q_mncmNbol[h'>ig(
FIE'MN?;>
F ie'mn_[^ cm [jnfs h[g_^ `il nb_ ]cns'g_]b
nb[n m_]ol_m cn( >ola[h'fie b[m nb_ mg[ff'
_mn i` nb_ m[`_ tih_m& qcnb nb_ oh^_lalioh^
mnlihabif^i`>o_lieh_mnf_^h_[lnb_]_hn_l(
>ola[h'fie cm nb_ ihfs ]cns'g_]b ni l_n[ch [
aip_lhg_hn ]fim_fs gi^_f_^ ih nb_ if^ ]f[h
mnlo]nol_& [h^ cm h_p_l `olnb_l nb[h [ ^[sÎm
nl[p_f `lig nb_ _^a_m i` >o_lie& qb_l_ gimn
i`nb_]f[hm[l_biom_^(Cnmj[nliftih_cmmg[ff
\sinb_l]cns'g_]bmn[h^[l^m&f_[pchago]bi`
cnmn_llcnils_h`il]_^ihfs\sj[nlifmi`mg[ff_l
g_]bm&\onnb_[l_[h_[l>o_liecm\s`[lnb_
m[`_mn l_acih i` nb_ Ø[nf[h^m( Logilm i` nbcm
q_ff'm_]ol_^ [l_[ b[p_ mjl_[^ p_ls `[l& qbc]b
b[mj_lp_lm_fsf_^ni_p_hgil_l_`oa__mØi]e'
chaniq[l^>o_lie(Fo]ecfs&g[hshiq]biim_
ni diolh_s ni nb_ mol`[]_ i` Fie'mn_[^ l[nb_l
nb[h nb_ mo\mol`[]_ tih_m i` >o_lie( Fiha'
mn[h^cha m_nnf_g_hnm [h^ j_lg[h_hn big_m
[l_`ioh^chnbcmtih_&mig__p_h`ioh^_^\s
>o_lie_rj[nlc[n_m&mch]_nb_[l_[Îmjlircgcns
ni >o_lie _hmol_m nb[n nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s qcff
jlin_]ncn(
Nb_Mn_hc[hmqiof^jl_`_lnb[ngimni`nb_
jijof[ncih gcal[n_ ni inb_l m[`_ tih_m( Nb_
=ih`_^_l[]s \ocfn nb_ ]cns'g_]bm ni _[m_ nb_
ip_l]liq^chai`nb_cl^q[lp_h]cnc_m&[`n_l[ff(
<on mch]_ Fie'mn_[^ cm mi ]fim_ ni >o_lie& cn
m__gmnig[hsionmc^_lmnb[nnb_tih_cmg_l_fs
[h_rn_hmcihi`nb_]cns(Nb_l_mofnchajijof['
ncih mq_ff ch [h^ [\ip_ >o_lie b[m ]l_[n_^ [
m_f`'`__^cha ]s]f_ i` gil_ l_`oa__m l_koclcha
[al_[n_lgcfcn[lsjl_m_h]_nij[nlifnb_g&\on
nb_cgjlip_^gcfcn[lsjl_m_h]_]l_[n_m[mnlih'
a_lm_hm_i`m_]olcns&qbc]bihfs[nnl[]nmgil_
l_`oa__m[h^`olnb_lmnl[chmnb_gcfcn[ls(
Nb_l_ cm hiq [ g[mmcp_ ]ih]_hnl[ncih i`
Mn_hc[h gcfcn[ls `il]_m [n nb_ b_[ln i` Fie'
mn_[^( Nb_m_ `il]_m qiof^ \_ `[l gil_ om_`of
ch nbl_[n_h_^ [l_[m& l[nb_l nb[h ko_ffcha
j_[m[hn^cmjon_m[h^_h`il]chanb_F[qi`nb_
Mn_hc[hm( <on `lig [ fiha'n_lg j_lmj_]ncp_&
nb_m_gcfcn[ls`il]_m[l_aliigchanb_]cnct_hm
i`nb_`onol_(
Nb_ ola_hn ^[ha_l i` nb_ _[lfs ^[sm b[m
^cmmcj[n_^& [h^ nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s qcff
miihb[p_ninbche[\ionjifcnc][fl_f[ncihmbcjm
\_nq__hinb_lh[ncihm&hindomnnb_\_mnq[sni
^_[fqcnb]lcmcm[`n_l]lcmcm(Ni[m_f_]nalioji`
[g\cnciom& nl[^cncih[fcmn ^q[lp_m ih >ola[h'
fie&nb_gcfcn[ls]ih]_hnl[ncihmihnb_mol`[]_
qilf^ [l_ g_l_fs nb_ \_achhcha i` qb[n qcff
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nb_qilf^b[mm__h\_`il_(=[ffchanb_gm_fp_m
\s hi h[g_ \on ehiqh ni [ `_q inb_l jiq_l'
`of [^gchcmnl[nilm [m nb_ ?rj[hmcihcmnm& nb_m_
qiof^'\_ ^q[lp_h q[lfil^m b[p_ nb_cl mcabnm
m_n ih nb_ ]cns i` ?^a_& ihfs [ boh^l_^ gcf_m
_[mnq[l^(?^a_Îmg[hs`l[]nol_^^ig[chmb[p_
l_g[ch_^ ionmc^_ ohc×_^ ^q[lp_h ]ihnlif
`il [m fiha [m [hsih_ ][h l_g_g\_l& ^_mjcn_
[ mnliha >o_lie jl_m_h]_ nb_l_ [h^ l_j_[n_^
[nn_gjnm \s nb_ ^q[lp_m ni ]ihnlif nb_ ]cns(
Qcnb[h[lgsi`jin_hnc[f`iinmif^c_lm[g[mm'
cha "[h^ \_cha aliig_^# ch Fie'mn_[^& nb_
?rj[hmcihcmnmbij_ni_p_hno[ffslionnb_^liq
ih]_[h^`il[ff`lignb_cl\[m_mihnb_hilnb'
_lhmc^_i`Bcab>i]em&[h^_p_hno[ffs]ihnlif
[ff nl[^_ nblioab ?^a_( Nbcm qiof^ \_ [h
_hilgiom_]ihigc]pc]nilsqcnbboa_l_q[l^m
`ilnb_qchh_lÊ\onmo]b[hohjlipie_^chp['
mcihqiof^loh]ihnl[lsninb_gcmmcihi`nb_
Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s(;mmo]b&nb_?rj[hmcih'
cmnm b[p_ e_jn nb_cl pc_qm f[la_fs bc^^_h& [h^
om_ nb_cl jimcncihm bcab ch nb_ >ola[h'fie
]igg[h^ ]b[ch ni mfiqfs nqcmn nb_ jifcnc][f
mcno[ncihniq[l^nb_clai[fm(
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nb_ jl_m_h]_ i` nb_ Mn_hc[hm [h^ n_h^ ni \_
p_ls ]igjfc[hn qcnb nb_cl f[qm( Biq_p_l& nb_
mn_[^schØori`l_`oa__m\lchamqcnbcn]lcgch[f
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mgoaafchacmhÎnfcgcn_^niaii^m5a_nnchaj_i'
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g[s\_f_mm^[ha_liomnb[hinb_lm[`_tih_m&cn
cmhinqcnbioncnmiqhjli\f_gm&qbc]bn_h^ni
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ncihm(Ip_lnnbl_[nm[l_^_[fnqcnbgil_koc]efs
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Nb_ \_mn ehiqh i` nb_ ]lcgch[f ila[hct['
ncihm cm ][ff_^ nb_ <f[he @[]_( Cn cm jlcg[lcfs
ila[hct_^ [lioh^ mgoaafcha q_ff'j[scha ]fc'
_hnm chni m[`_ tih_m( G_g\_lm i` nb_ <f[he
@[]_[l_a_h_l[ffsliao_m&nbioab[`_qmn[fe'
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^cmnl[]n g_]bm qcnb n_]bhc][f jli\f_gm qbcf_
nb_ liao_m mgoaaf_ nb_cl ]fc_hnm [\i[l^( ;ff
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g_mb `[]_g[mem nb[n i\m]ol_ nb_cl `_[nol_m(
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g[mem[mq_ff(Ih]_nb_]fc_hnm[l_ih\i[l^[
m[`_g_]b"ilmho]echninb_b[ffmi`>o_lie&
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mn_[^[l_`iolch]cjc_hn]cnc_m`ilg_^`lignb_
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mnijm b_l_& [h^ l_mc^_hnm i` nb_m_ [l_[m m[p_
nb_cl \_mn q[l_m `il nb_ ]cns'g_]bÎm [llcp[f&
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m_ha_lm(
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ih_ i` nb_ f[la_l `il_mnm ch nb_ [l_[m [lioh^
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nl[^cncih[f`[mbcih(Nb_l_mc^_hnmi`?fgmbif^
om_ m][p_ha_^ qii^ ni ]l_[n_ mb_fn_lm [h^
\ocf^cham(
>o_lc_ l_mnm ^cl_]nfs [\ip_ >o_lie ch nb_
mb[^iqmi`[giohn[chl[ha_nb[njlipc^_mh[n'
ol[fm_]olcns[a[chmnnb_foh[ll[ch(CnÎm\_]ig_
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Nil`n cm hinbcha gil_ nb[h [ m_[ i` bip_fm
[h^mko[\\fchal_`oa__m&\on^o_ni[]ihØo'
_h]_ i` h[nol[f n_ll[ch& cnÎm [ l_f[ncp_fs m[`_
jf[]_ ni a[nb_l( CnÎm \__h hinbcha \on nlio\f_
`ilnb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s&qbc]bpc_qmcn[m[
nlio\f_mig_mb[hnsniqh(
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b_l_ ch [ boa_ g_]b \[nnf_ ihfs m_p_h s_[lm
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m]l[jj_^nb_g_]bm[h^mif^nb_g`ilg[n_lc'
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qc^_mjl_[^mnilc_mi`nb_Clihniinbfimmchnb_
\[nnf_#b[p_^_n_ll_^l[c^_lm(Nb_l_`oa__mqbi
Øi]e_^nimb_fn_l[gc^mnnb_lo\\f_b[p_hiq
l_mb[j_^ nb_ l[q g[n_lc[fm chni [ fiim_'ehcn
]iff_]ncihi`\ocf^cham(=l[^f_ml_mncmlof_^\s
[ j_lg[h_hn _h][gjg_hn i` Mn_hc[h mif^c_lm
[mmcah_^ ni nb_ [l_[& qbi g[e_ mol_ nb_ l_mn'
f_mmjijof[ncih^i_mhÎna_nioni`b[h^(G[hs
Mn_hc[hmm__=l[^f_ml_mn[m[n_mnmcn_i`milnm4
Nb_ l_`oa__m b[p_ [gjfs ^_gihmnl[n_^ biq [
]iff_]ncih i` ql_]e_^ g_]bm ][h \_ om_^ [m
nb_\ocf^cha\fi]emi`[]cns(C`cn][h\_^ih_
b_l_&qbshin_fm_qb_l_9Biomchal_`oa__mch
nb_\olh_^'ionbofemi`_h_gsg_]bm]iof^\_
[aii^mnl[n_as`il_rj[h^chaMn_hc[h]cpcfc[h
[h^gcfcn[lschØo_h]_mcgofn[h_iomfs(

H
-
H?>>?LJCEÎMLI;G
_^^_ljceÎmLi[g]ip_lm[p[mn[l_[i`bim'
ncf_ n_ll[ch `l[oabn qcnb gihmn_lm& l_\_f
nlc\_m&[h^nl_[]b_liomalioh^hinmocn[\f_`il
[ f_mm_l g_]b( ;fnbioab H_^^_ljceÎm Li[g cm
fi][n_^^cl_]nfshilnbi`nb_l_f[ncp_fsm[`_[l_[
i`Fie'mn_[^&cncm]fim_ninb_]fcm\il^_lcha
nb_il]'[h^bog[h'ch`_mn_^_h^f_mmjf[chm5cn
f[]em h[nol[f cgj_^cg_hnm fce_ nb_ giohn[chm
[\ip_ >o_lie5 [h^ cnÎm ]fim_ ni nb_ l_g[chm
i` nb_ q_mn_lh `il_mnm qb_l_ g[hs Clihniinb
=f[hmij_l[n_(
Ch `[]n& H_^^_ljceÎm Li[g cm ih_ i` nb_
jichnmqb_l_nl[p_f`lignb__h^f_mmjf[chmni
nb_Ø[nf[h^mcm_[mc_mn(Nb_]fcmhilnbi`?^a_
[l_f[]_^qcnbbc^^_hnl[cfmom_^\sa_h_l[ncihm
i` g_l]b[hnm [h^ `l_cabn_lm& g[hs i` qbc]b
b[p_mch]_\__h_rj[h^_^ninb_jichnqb_l_
[g_]b][hhiqm][f_nb_g"m__>l[aihG_]b&
j[a_+0,#(Hiqnb_m_nl[cfm[l_om_^\sl[c^_lm&
l_`oa__m& hig[^m& [h^ m][p_ha_lm& gimn i`
nb_gbijchani×h^q_[fnb[h^`ilnoh_[nnb_
_rj_hm_i`nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s(;hihai'
chagcmmcihi`H_^^_ljceÎmgcfcn[ls][gj[cahcm
nimnijnb_chØor`lignb__h^f_mmjf[chm(H_^'
^_ljceÎmg_]bØ__nmch]fo^_[aliqchahog\_l
i` ]l[a mnlc^_lm "m__ G_]b G[ho[f& j[a_ 1#&
qbc]b[l_om_^nij[nlifnb_]fcmc^_[l_[m(
H_^^_ljceÎm Li[g cm big_ ni lioabfs nb_
m[g_ jijof[ncih [m Fie'mn_[^& \on m_nnf_'
g_hnm [l_ `olnb_l [j[ln [h^ nb_ l_mc^_hnm [l_
_hnl_h]b_^ f_mm ^_hm_fs( G_]b j[nlifm [l_ `[l
gil_ `l_ko_hn& ]ip_lcha [ go]b qc^_l n_llc'
nils&[h^_p_lsih_i`nb_gb[mm__hcnmmb[l_
i`[]ncih(
Liffcha bcffm& loch_^ `il_mnm& [h^ ]fcmc^_
n_ll[ch jlipc^_ h[nol[f mb_fn_lm `il mol`[]_
^q_ff_lm ch H_^^_ljceÎm Li[g( Biq_p_l&
gihmn_lm[h^l[c^_lm[l_domn[mfce_fsnim__e
mb_fn_l[gihanb_g[m[hsih__fm_(M_gc'j_l'
g[h_hn m_nnf_g_hnm i` [ff l[]_m ^in nb_ bcffm
i` H_^^_ljceÎm j[nlif& \on `_q molpcp_ gil_
nb[h[m_[mihilnqi\_`il_nb_s[l_^_mnlis_^(
Mig_ncg_m nb_ ^_mnlo]ncih cm ^o_ ni [fc_h
ch]olmcih il nb_ foh[l l[ch& \on gil_ i`n_h
nb[hhincnÎmch×abnchailchp[mcihnb[n^i_mnb_
nlc]e4 ?cnb_l nb_ ^_hct_hm \c]e_l ip_l fcgcn_^
mj[]_&ilj[mmchacnch_l[hnmnlsnimn[e_[]f[cg
ni [fl_[^s'i]]ojc_^ n_llcnils( Mig_ncg_m ih_
j[lnsilnb_inb_lgip_mihl[nb_lnb[h×abn&
\on inb_l ncg_m nb_l_ [l_ ][mo[fnc_m( Bimncf_
_h][gjg_hnm i` [ff milnm Ê g_]b nlc\_m& lomn
lc^_lm&Clihniinb]f[hm&_p_hil]mill_\_ffciom
bog[hm ih i]][mcih Ê [l_ ]ihmn[hnfs \_cha
l_j_ff_^ \s nb_ gcfcn[ls( Biq_p_l& cn cm h_[lfs
cgjimmc\f_ ni ^cm]iol[a_ nb_cl l_mola_h]_
ih]_nb_g_]bj[nlifmgip_ih(
Nb_ f[la_mn m_nnf_g_hn qcnbch nb_ tih_ cm
nb_ Mb_fn_l i` N[[m& ]ihmnlo]n_^ ch [ mb[ffiq
][p_h_nqile`ioh^oh^_lqb[n[jj_[lmni\_[
goh^[h_bcff(N[[mcmh[g_^[`n_lnb__rjfil_l
qbi `ioh^ nb[n nb_ ËbcffÌ q[m []no[ffs m_^c'
g_hnjcf_^ih[h[nol[fli]emb_f`&\olc_^^__j
_hioabni\_cgj_lpciomninb_foh[ll[ch(B_
^oa[mg[ff][gjoh^_lnb_li]emb_f`&[h^ip_l
nb_ s_[lm cn al_q chni [ \omnfcha m_nnf_g_hn(
J_lg[h_hn big_m [h^ \ocf^cham b[p_ mch]_
\__h_l_]n_^oh^_lnb_mb_f`i`li]enb[nacp_m
nb_Mb_fn_lcnmh[g_(Nb_m_mnlo]nol_m[l_\ocfn
`lig m]l[jm i` qii^& g_n[f& mnih_& [h^ inb_l
l[qg[n_lc[fmnb[nnb_l_mc^_hnmb[p_g[h[a_^
nim[fp[a_`lignb_mol`[]_(H_^^_l'
jce mnijm [n nb_ Mb_fn_l i` N[[m
ih[m_gc'gihnbfs\[mcm&[h^
mn[ncihm[l_m_lp_l_acg_hn
nb_l_( Nb_ mif^c_lm b[p_
\__hmn_[^cfs_rj[h^cha
nb_ ][p_ h_nqile qcnb
nb_ ai[f i` _p_hno[ffs
^caachaion[b[ha[l\ca
_hioab `il m_p_l[f j[nlif
g_]bm( Nb_ Mb_fn_l i` N[[m
cm [ ]iggih ^_mnch[ncih `il
g_l]b[hnm& nl[p_f_lm& [h^ [^p_h'
nol_lm[fce_(
Qcnbch nb_ boh^l_^'i^^ gcf_m i` ]fcmc^_
j[nliff_^\sH_^^_ljce&nb_l_cmlogil_^ni\_
[nlc\_i`ac[hnmnb[nqilmbcjmnb_foh[lai^m(Cn
b[mfiha\__hmolgcm_^nb[n[foh[lai^ih]_
^_m]_h^_^`lignb_b_[p_hm[h^]ihp_ln_^nb_
ac[hnmchni\_fc_p_lm(Hiih_b[m[]no[fjlii`
nb[nnb_ac[hnm_p_h_rcmn&\onlogilm[\ioh^
i` ^_[^fs ]ih`lihn[ncihm qcnb ac[hn ]f_lc]m
\_[lcha nb_ bifs msg\ifm i` nb_ foh[l ai^m(
;^p_hnol_lmqbib[p_m_nionni×h^nb_gb[p_
hinl_nolh_^(Gimn[^p_hnol_lm]ih]fo^_nb[n
nb_ac[hnm[l_gimnfce_fsmnih_ac[hnm&\onfoh[l
m]bif[lm\_fc_p_nb_sg[s[]no[ffs\_nb__fomcp_
foh[lac[hnm"m__G_]bG[ho[f&j[a_1#(Mig_
mnilsn_ff_lm_p_h]f[cgnb[n[foh[ln_gjf_b[m
-
\__h]ihmnlo]n_^mig_qb_l_qcnbchnb_]fcm
qb_l_nb_ac[hnml_mc^_(
NBOLIH'>IG
N bolih'>ig cm nb_ j[nliff_^ m[`_ tih_ i`
nb_ ]cns'g_]b Nbolih( Nbolih ]igg[h^m
[ f[la_ [l_[ ni nb_ hilnb i` >o_lie [h^ q_mn
i` H_^^_ljceÎm Li[g nb[n cm big_ ni [ al_[n
hog\_li`mol`[]_^q_ff_lm(M_nnf_g_hnm_rcmn
nblioabionnb_tih_&nbioabh_[lfs_p_lsih_
i`nb_gcmhig[^c](Nb_l_mc^_hnmi`Nbolih'
>ig n_h^ ni gip_ qcnb nb_ m_[mihm [h^ nb_

.3;?

¡ ¢
m_p_lcns i` nb_ foh[l l[ch& mi nb_cl ionjimnm
]b[ha_fi][ncihmm_p_l[fncg_m_[]bs_[l(Gil_
nb[hqcnb[hsinb_lm[`_tih_&nb_m_m_nnf_g_hnm
`iffiqg_]bj[nlifm&qb_l_nb_s[l_[\f_nil_fs
ihnb_jl_m_h]_i`nb_gcfcn[ls`ilm[`_ns(
Bog[hm[l_l_f[ncp_fsl[l_ihnb_Ø[nf[h^m&
\onnb_[l_[hiqj[nliff_^\sNbolihq[mih]_
nb_cl al_[n_mn jichn i` ]ih]_hnl[ncih nb_l_(
Mig_ i` nb_ hig[^c] nlc\_m i` nb_ _h^f_mm
jf[chm b[^ gcal[n_^ ni nbcm [l_[ ip_l s_[lm i`
h[nol[f nl[hmcncih& jimmc\fs [nnl[]n_^ \s nb_
mnl[ha_ mcabn i` nb_ Al_[n Mn[h^cha >q[l`&
qbc]bfc_mihnb_`lcha_mi`Nbolih'>ig(Qcnb
nb_ ]igcha i` nb_ foh[l l[ch& nb_m_ hig[^c]
nlc\_m f[la_fs l_nl_[n_^ ni nb_ _h^f_mm jf[chm
ilq_l_^_mnlis_^&\onnb_l_l_g[ch[f[la_
hog\_l i` nb_g l_f[ncp_ ni nb_ nl[^c'
ncih[f jijof[ncihm i` ^q[lp_m [h^
ahig_m(
Nbolih'>ig cm hiq g[le_^
\snb_`[]nnb[nnb_l_[l_gil_
Clihniinb =f[hm []ncp_ ch cnm
[l_[nb[h[hsqb_l__fm_chnb_
Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s( G[hs i`
nb_ =f[hm b[p_ [mmcgcf[n_^ nb_
l_g[chmi`nb_bog[hnlc\_mnb[n
ih]_ q[fe_^ nbcm [l_[( Nb_ =f[hm
l[ha_ `lig j[mmcp_ [h^ cmif[ncihcmn ni
[]ncp_fs ijjimcha nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s( Qbcf_
nb_gcfcn[lsi`Fie'mn_[^^_[fmgimnfsqcnbl_`'
oa__m[h^^cmi\_^c_hnm_nnf_g_hnm&[h^j[nlifm
`ligH_^^_ljceÎmLi[gmj_h^gil_ncg_]b[m'
cha ^iqh mg[ff \[h^m i` chp[^_lm il mifcn[ls
gihmn_lm nb[h [hsnbcha _fm_& g_]b jcfinm i`
Nbolih'>ig mn[ln \[nnfcha inb_l g_]bm `lig
nb_ p_ls \_achhcham i` nb_cl ][l__lm( <_cha
mn[ncih_^ihNbolihcm]ihmc^_l_^[aii^mn[ln
ni [ g_]b di]e_sÎm ][l__l& \on [fmi [ j_lcfiom
ih_5 g_]b di]e_sm i` Nbolih ilcach b[p_ [
fiq_lmolpcp[fl[n_nb[hg[hsinb_lm&\onnb_s
[^p[h]_gil_koc]efs[h^[l_ch_pcn[\fs\_nn_l
jcfinmnb[hnb_cl]iohn_lj[lnmqcnbmcgcf[ln_h'
ol_ihinb_l]cns'g_]bm(Gihnb[`n_lgihnbi`
mn_[^s]f[mb_mqcnbnb_Clihniinb=f[hmqcff^i
nb[nnisio(
Nb_q_mn_lhl_[]b_mi`Nbolih'>ig&qb_l_
g_]b meclgcmb_m [l_ gimn ]iggih& [h^ [l_
l_`_ll_^ni[mËnb_g_]bal[p_s[l^(Ì<olhn'ion
g_]bbofem^innb_f[h^m][j_b_l_&n_mn[g_hn
ni s_[lm i` ]ihmn[hn \[nnf_m( Nb_l_Îm [ `ilnoh_
q[cnchani\_g[^_chm[fp[a_^g_n[fj[lnm&\on
acp_h nb_ l_aof[l ch]olmcihm i` nb_ Clihniinb
=f[hm&gimnm[fp[a_lmqiof^jl_`_lnijfsnb_cl
nl[^_chm[`_l[l_[m(;h_p_hgil_^cl_]nnbl_[n
cmnb_aliojmi`Ëg_]b'l[nm&Ì\[h^mi`bog[h'
ic^ \[l\[lc[hm qbi fcp_ ch nb_ gimn \lie_h
l_gh[hnmi`nb_g_]bal[p_s[l^(
Cn cm hi m_]l_n nb[n nb_ g_]b'l[nm ^_mjcm_
nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s& nbioab nb_s f[]e
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
nb_ hog\_lm il ila[hct[ncih ni \_ [ nbl_[n(
Nb_ g_]b'l[nm [l_ nb_ qilmn miln i` l[\\f_(
Nb_ Clihniinb =f[hm a_h_l[ffs cahil_ nb_g(
Mn_hc[hg_]bj[nlifm[l_i]][mcih[ffs[nn[]e_^
\s lipcha \[h^m i` g_]b'l[nm& \on l[l_fs qcnb
[hsmo]]_mm(Ihnb_inb_lb[h^&m[fp[a_]l_qm
\l[p_ _hioab ni lcme nb_ Clihniinb =f[hm [h^
[nn_gjn ni ]iff_]n j[lnm qcnbch nb_ al[p_s[l^
[l_ mig_ncg_m ecff_^ \s nb_ g_]b'l[nm& qbi
×abnb[l^nijlin_]nnb_clbig_m(
Nb_gcfcn[lscml[l_fs]ih]_lh_^qcnbnb_m_
gchil[nn[]em(>cm\[h^chanb_g_]b'l[nmm__gm
h_[lfs cgjimmc\f_( Hi miih_l cm [ g_]b'l[n
nlc\_ ^_mnlis_^ nb[h inb_l mko[nn_lm gip_ ch(
Fo]ecfs& nb_ g_]b'l[nm m__g ]ihn_hn ni fcp_
[gihanb_g_]bml[nb_lnb[hl_j[clnb_g[h^
om_ nb_g `il \[nnf_( G_]b'l[n mi]c_nc_m [l_
omo[ffsg[^_oji`ion][mnm[h^`oacncp_m`lig
[ff ip_l nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s& qbi nl[p_f ni nb_
q_mn_lh l_[]b_m i` Nbolih'>ig mj_]c×][ffs
\_][om_cnÎmlogil_^ni\_ih_i`nb_q_[e_mn
[l_[mi`Mn_hc[h]ihnlif(
Nbolih cnm_f` cm [ `[clfs gi^_lh ]cns'g_]b(
Nbioab hin oj ni nb_ m_]l_ncp_ A_[lqlcabn
mn[h^[l^m i` H_^^_ljce il >ola[h'fie& cn cm
mifc^fs ^_mcah_^ [h^ q_ff ]ihmnlo]n_^( Mch]_
cn q[m \ocfn [`n_l nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s
b[^`ilg[ffs]ig_chni_rcmn_h]_[h^m_p_l_^
nc_m ni >o_lie& cn cm ]ig`iln[\fs fis[f ni nb_
Mn_hc[hm(
;^p_hnol_lm ×h^ ]ihmn[hn qile ch Nbolih'
>ig(Nb_]cns'g_]bcmnb_ihfsih_nib[p_[
`ilg[ffs _mn[\fcmb_^ [^p_hnol_lm aocf^& ]b[l'
n_l_^\snb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s&qbc]b[mmcmnm
[^p_hnol_lm ch ×h^cha mjihmilm [h^ fo]l[ncp_
ijjilnohcnc_m& [m fiha [m nb_cl _ilnm `olnb_l
nb_ al_[n_l ai[fm i` nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s(
Ch a_h_l[f& [hs n[me nb[n ijjim_m foh[l ]l_['
nol_m il nb_ Clihniinb =f[hm `[ffm mko[l_fs
qcnbchnb_]b[ln_li`nb_[^p_hnol_lmaocf^(Nb_
aocf^]b[la_m[higch[fg_g\_lmbcj`__i`+*
ajj_l[hhog&`ilqbc]bcnjlipc^_mjf[]_g_hn
qcnb mjihmilm il f_[^m ih jlimj_]ncp_ [^p_h'
nol_m(Gimni`cnmmjihmilm[l_ch`[]nMn_hc[h
gcfcn[ls ]igg[h^_lm qbi h__^ [^^cncih[f
[mmcmn[h]_ ionmc^_ nb_ [p[cf[\f_ g[hjiq_l i`
nb_cl gcfcn[ls `il]_m5 go]b i` nb_ aif^ ]b[h'
h_f_^nblioabnb_[^p_hnol_lmaocf^cm[]no[ffs
Mn_hc[haif^oh^_l[hinb_lh[g_(
Nb_ [^p_hnol_lm aocf^ [fmi m_ffm m[fp[a_
j_lgcnm& qbc]b ][h ihfs \_ []kocl_^ ch inb_l
tih_m nblioab ^_[fcha qcnb f[s_lm i` \ol_[o'
]l[]s il b[pcha aii^ ]ihh_]ncihm( ; m[fp[a_
j_lgcn]imnm,**ajj_ls_[l&jfom[n[ri`+*
i` [ff jli]__^m `lig m[fp[a_^ g[n_lc[fm& [h^
_hncnf_mnb_\_[l_lnim[fp[a_[hshih'Mn_hc[h
g_]bm^_mnlis_^\s[Mn_hc[hj[nlif(M[fp[acha
i]]olm ih [ ×lmn']ig_& ×lmn'm_lp_ \[mcm& qcnb
[p[cf[\f_ g[n_lc[fm mjfcn \_nq__h [ff nbim_ ih
mcn_ jimm_mmcha m[fp[a_ j_lgcnm( Cn cm f_a[f `il
mig_ih_ qcnb [ m[fp[a_ j_lgcn ni om_ `il]_
ni fcgcn nb_ []]_mm i` nbim_ qcnbion m[fp[a_
j_lgcnm( N_]bhc][ffs& m[fp[a_ j_lgcnm [fmi
_hncnf_nb_\_[l_lnim[fp[a_[hsnbcha^_mnlis_^
\s [ Mn_hc[h j[nlif& ch]fo^cha nb_ \i^s j[lnm
i` foh[l ]l_[nol_m& \on nbcm f[nn_l ][n_ails cm
l[l_fs_r_l]cm_^(
Nb_ ih]_'bcab ]ih]_hnl[ncih i` hig[^c]
bog[hnlc\_m&[h^nb_hiq'bcab]ih]_hnl[ncih
i` g[l[o^cha Clihniinb \[h^m& b[m f_^ gimn
i` nb_ m_nnf_g_hnm ch Nbol[h'>ig ni [^ijn [
gcal[nils fc`_mnsf_( Mig_ gip_ qcnb nb_ m_['
 
.3;?


¡ ¢

mihm&inb_lmgip_^[cfs&\on[fgimn[ffgip_[n mol`[]_ ^q_ff_lm( Nb_l_ [l_ [fgimn hi mol`[]_ Ë\il^_lmÌi`nb_[l_[mnb_s]f[cg&[m[q[lhcha

f_[mnm_p_l[fncg_m[s_[l(
Nb_ f[la_mn mo]b Ëgi\cf_ ]cnsÌ cm N[ofa_l&
[ ginf_s ]iff_]ncih i` b[f`'ql_]e_^ g_]bm&
q[aihm& [h^ Ëqilg \oaac_mÌ niq_^ \s ac[hn
qilgm nl[ch_^ ni mn[s h_[l nb_ mol`[]_( Gimn
i`nb_ncg_&N[ofa_lfiiemfce_[^cmb_p_f_^n_hn
]cns&\on_p_lsmii`n_hnb__hncl_]cnsjc]emoj
[h^gip_m(Nb_Ëf_[^_lmÌi`N[ofa_l[l_nb_×p_
\[l_fs `oh]ncih[f doaa_lh[on g_]bm nb[n jli'
pc^_gimni`cnm^[s'ni'^[sm_]olcns(Nb_m_[l_
if^_lgi^_fml_h^_l_^i\mif_n_[h^m]l[jj_^
\snb_Mn_hc[hm&\onl_nli×nn_^[h^l_\ocfn\s
mig__hn_ljlcmcha]iaf[s_lmqcnbgil_n_]bhc'
][fmecffnb[hmojjfc_m(
Hiq nb_ doaa_lh[onm e__j nb_ l_mn i` nb_
m_nnf_g_hnm[`_&chgil_q[smnb[hih_(Qb_h
nb_foh[ll[cha_nm\[^&nb_s_l_]n[g[e_mbc`n
Ëlii`Ì i` clih jf[hem [h^ mnion ncg\_lm boha
`lig nb_ [lgm i` nb_ ×p_ g_]bm& qbc]b ][h
mb_fn_lh_[lfs/**bog[hm[h^^q[lp_mchnb_
p_ls& p_ls ]l[gj_^ mj[]_ \_fiq cn( N[ofa_l&
h[g_^`ilnb_gimnjijof[li`nb_×p_]iaf[s'
_lm qbi jcfin nb_m_ ×p_ doaa_lh[onm& gip_m
qb_h_p_lnb_]cns'g_]bNbolihaliqmmg[ffih
nb_bilctih(Nb_]cnsi`N[ofa_l[fq[smnlc_mni
e__j nb_ ]cns'g_]b ch mcabn& jlipc^cha [ g_['
mol_i`m_]olcnsgimninb_l]cnc_m][hÎn]f[cg(
Inb_lm_nnf_g_hnmchNbolih'>ig[l_mcgc'
f[l ni N[ofa_l& omo[ffs hi gil_ nb[h hig[^c]
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qbc]bb[m^cgchcmb_^chl_]_hns_[lm&\onnb_l_
cmhih_nb_f_mmfcnnf_nihim_j[l[ncih\_nq__h
nb_ jifcnc][f [h^ gcfcn[ls mc^_m i` nb_ aip_lh'
g_hn(Nb_l_[l_hijifc]_5nb_l_[l_ihfsmif'
^c_lm&[h^cncmojninb_gni_h`il]_nb_F[q(
;h^nb_s^i&ch[ff[mj_]nmi`fc`_&qb_nb_lch[
]cns'g_]bilihnb_mol`[]_(
Mol`[]_'^q_ffcha Mn_hc[hm b[p_ nb_ gcfcn[ls
nim_lp_[mdo^a_&dols&[h^_r_]oncih_l(Lipcha
g_]b j[nlifm g_n_ ion domnc]_ [m nb_s m__ ×n&
imn_hmc\fs[]]il^chaninb_^c]n[n_mi`bcab_l
Mn_hc[h chn_l_mnm& jifc]c_m& [h^ jlch]cjf_m
Ê\on&ionchnb_×_f^`[l`lig[bcab_l[onbil'
cns& domnc]_ cmhÎn [fq[sm \fch^( Gimn mol`[]_'
^q_ff_lmfcp_ch`_[li`nb_g_]bj[nlifm&_p_h
[m nb_sÎl_ mcgofn[h_iomfs nb[he`of `il nb_cl
jl_m_h]_5nb_Mn_hc[hgcfcn[lsjl_m_h]_e__jm
[q[s ^[ha_lm& \on \lcham [fiha gil_ mo\nf_
^[ha_lmi`cnmiqh(
Gcfcn[lsL[hem
I h nb_ ]cns'g_]bm& nb_ gcfcn[ls ^c]n[n_m
_p_h nb_ gimn gchon_ [mj_]nm i` fc`_(
Ni oh^_lmn[h^ nb_ mcno[ncih ih [ ]cns'g_]b&
ih_ gomn l_]iahct_ nb[n nb_ ]cns'g_]bm q_l_
`ioh^_^ch[mn[n_i`mc_a_&[h^b[p_l_g[ch_^
chmo]b[mn[n_gil_ilf_mm_p_lmch]_(Chnb_
_[lfs^[sm&[ffj_lmihh_fb[^nim_lp_[h_mm_h'
nc[fjoljim__p_hnia_nih[]cns'g_]b(Nb_cl
fcp_m q_l_ l_aof[n_^ qcnb m_]olcns [m nb_ ×lmn
jlcilcns(Molpcpchachnbcmmn[n_i`gcfcn[lsmc_a_
l_kocl_^g[lnc[ff[q&minb_gcfcn[lsaip_lh_^
[ff[mj_]nmi`fc`_(;lcailiomm]b_^of_`ilqb_h
ni q[e_& _[n& [h^ mf__j q[m _mn[\fcmb_^ _[lfs
ih&ni_hmol_nb[n_p_lsih_q[mqilechab[l^
_hioab ni molpcp_( Johcmbg_hnm `il ]lcg_m
q_l_ mnlc]n [h^ b[lmb& [h^ a_h_l[ffs _h`il]_^
ihnb_mjin\sgcfcn[lsf[q(=cpcfc[hdi\m_p_h
[]kocl_^[gcfcn[lsbc_l[l]bsi`milnm&qbc]bcm
mncff qc^_fs om_^ ni^[s5 ncnf_m fce_ [jjl_hnc]_
]l[`nmg_h&diolh_sg_h&[h^g[mn_l[lncmnq_l_
l_jf[]_^\sgcfcn[lsl[hem(
Nbcmgcfcn[lsbc_l[l]bsmncffaip_lhmhinihfs
nb_ gcfcn[ls& \on ]cpcfc[h fc`_ qcnbch nb_ ]cns'
g_]bm [m q_ff( G_g\_lm i` nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s
[l_ncnf_^\snb_cll[he(Nb_n_lgm`ilnb_l[hem
nb_gm_fp_m ilcach[n_^ ch nb_ nl[^cncihm i` nb_
p[lciom ]f[hm i` >o_lie& qb_l_ nb_ h[g_m
p[lc_^`lig]f[hni]f[h(Nb_n_lgm[l_a_h_l'
[ffs h[g_^ [`n_l [ jligch_hn ^q[lp_h b_li
nb[n ih]_ \lioabn afils ni nb_cl mn[ncih( Nb_
Mn_hc[hm \ocfn nb_cl l[he msmn_g ni ch]fo^_ [
p[lc_ns i` nb_ if^ ]f[h n_lgm& _mn[\fcmbcha [
]ihh_]ncih \_nq__h nb_ nl[^cncihm i` nb_ if^
qilf^[h^nb_il^_li`nb_h_qqilf^(
; l[he cm [ msg\if i` jlc^_ [giha nb_
=ih`_^_l[]s[h^_[lhcha[h_ql[hecm[lcabn
i` j[mm[a_( ;ff Mn_hc[hm [l_ jlio^ ni ^cmjf[s
\[^a_m i` [onbilcns& [h^ msg\ifm i` l[he [l_
j[lni`nb[njl[]nc]_(
Hin_nb[n_p_hnbioabhih']ig\[njli`_m'
mcihmb[p_gcfcn[lsl[hem&nb_s[l_hin]ihmc^'
_l_^j[lni`nb_gcfcn[ls(=cns'g_]bFie[a&`il
_r[gjf_&b[m[h_mn[\fcmb_^nl[^cncihi`][ffcha
\f[]emgcnbm\sgcfcn[lsn_lgm(;jjl_hnc]_m[l_
j[l\f_m"jlcp[n_m#&diolh_sg_h[l_l_achm"]il'
jil[fm#&[h^nb_mgcnbmnb_gm_fp_m[l_ib^ogm
"m_la_[hnm#( Mig_ i` nb_ gimn []]igjfcmb_^
mgcnbm [l_ ][ff_^ g[l_em "fc_on_h[hnm# [m l_]'
iahcncihi`nb_cl[\cfcns(<on[fc_on_h[hn'l[he
\f[]emgcnb]iof^hin_rj_]nnib[p_bcmil^_lm
i\_s_^\s[]iljil[fchnb_gcfcn[ls(Nb_l[he
ch^c][n_m mn[nom& \on nb_ [onbilcns nb[n ]ig_m
qcnbcncmfcgcn_^niih_l_[fg(
Nb_ l_p_lm_& biq_p_l& cm hin nlo_( Nb_
gcfcn[ls][h"[h^^i_m#_h`il]_cnmil^_lmip_l
]cpcfc[hm ih [ l_aof[l \[mcm( Ch nb_ _[lfs ^[sm&
mif^c_lm qiof^ `l_ko_hnfs ]igg[h^__l moj'
jfc_mÊ[h^mig_ncg_m_p_h]ihm]lcjn]cpcfc[hm
ih nb_ mjin qb_h f[\il q[m h__^_^ koc]efs(
Ni^[s&nb_]lcmcmg_hn[fcnscmhin[mmnliha&s_n
mo]b_p_hnmmncffi]]olihi]][mcih(
Qcnbchnb_gcfcn[ls&[nn[chcha[l[hecm[g[n'
n_l i` ^__^( Mif^c_lm ^i hin \_]ig_ i]_lm
mcgjfs \s Ëjonncha ch nb_cl ncg_(Ì J_l`ilgcha
[b_lic]n[me&il_mn[\fcmbcha[mo]]_mm`ofnl[]e
l_]il^&cm_mm_hnc[f(CnÎmhifiha_ll_kocl_^ni
b[p_ [ \fii^ l_f[ncihmbcj qcnb nb_ ]f[h _f^_l&
\onmig_]f[cgni[l_mj_]n_^l_f[ncp_&jl_`_l'
[\fs[al_[nq[llcil&h_p_lbolnm(Cha[g_n_lgm&
[]b[l[]n_lqbi[^p[h]_mchf_p_f[]kocl_mnb_
mecffmh_]_mm[lsni[^p[h]_qcnbchnb_gcfcn[ls&
\onnb_l_Îmhib[l^[h^`[mnlof_nb[n[]_ln[ch
l[he_ko[n_mni[]_ln[chf_p_f(;mif^c_lqbi
[^p[h]_m nblioab mn_[^s& mifc^ j_l`ilg[h]_

.3;?

¡ ¢
g[sb[p_[fiq_ll[henb[h[hinb_lmif^c_li`
nb_ m[g_ f_p_f qbim_ Ø[mbs& ^[lcha _m][j[^_m
[nnl[]n_^nb_[nn_hncihi`bcab_l'ojm(
B_l_ cm [ fcmn i` nb_ Mn_hc[h gcfcn[ls l[hem
[h^ nb_cl nl[^cncih[f _kocp[f_hnm( Nb_ p[mn
g[dilcnsi`nb_Mn_hc[hgcfcn[lscm^q[lp_m&\on
mig_inb_ll[]_m[l_jl_m_hn(
J[l\f_ "jlcp[n_#4 Nb_m_ [l_ nb_ `iin mif'
^c_lm i` nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s [h^ g[e_
oj nb_ g[dilcns i` nb_ gcfcn[ls( Nb_s [l_ nb_
ËalohnmÌ i` nb_ [lgs [h^ nb_ f[\il `il]_( Nb_
n_lg]ig_m`ligJ[l\f_=l[]emnih_&[f_a_h^'
[lsmif^c_lqbioh_llchafsi\_s_^nb_il^_lmi`
bcm]igg[h^chai]_l[h^m[]lc×]_^bcgm_f`
\s _hn_lcha mchaf_ ]ig\[n [a[chmn [ ^l[aih&
^_mjcn_ nb_ `[]n nb[n nb_ il^_l q[m onn_l moc'
]c^_( B_ l_]iahct_^ bcm ^ons [h^ i\_s_^&
l_a[l^f_mmi`nb_]ihm_ko_h]_m&[h^bcmh[g_
cm`il_p_ll_g_g\_l_^`ilbcm^_^c][ncih&^cm'
]cjfch_&fis[fns&[h^i\_^c_h]_(
J[l\f_m ][lls nbcm m[g_ jlc^_ qcnb nb_g
ih nb_ \[nnf_×_f^( Nb_s i\_s il^_lm qcnbion
b_mcn[ncih[h^^ihinko_mncihnb_gincp_mil
do^ag_hni`nb_clmoj_lcilm(Ch\inbf[\il[h^
q[l`[l_& nb_ j[l\f_ ^i_m qb[n b_ cm nif^ [h^
n[e_mjlc^_ch^ichami(
Nsjc][ffs& j[l\f_m [l_ fiq'f_p_f q[llcilm&
×abn_lm& [h^ ]iggih_lm( Nb_ l[he i` j[l\f_
cm _[lh_^ qb_h [ sionb ]igjf_n_m nl[chcha [m
[mif^c_l"ilch[nl[^_#[h^cm[\f_ni^_gih'
mnl[n_ bcm [\cfcnc_m \_`il_ i]_lm i` bcab_l
l[he(
L_ach "]iljil[f#4 Ilcach[ffs& l_achm q_l_
i]_lm ih nb_ \[nnf_×_f^ qbi b[h^f_^ ]ig'
gohc][ncihmqcnbnb_\i^si`nb_[lgs&jlcg[l'
cfs nblioab mioh^cha bilhm il g[hcjof[ncha
\[hh_lm il Ø[am( Hiq nb_ l_ach b[m n[e_h [
mcgcf[llif_chg_]bq[l`[l_(L_achm[l_]ig'
gohc][ncihm i]_lm qbi ]iil^ch[n_ []ncihm
qcnbch[g_]b[h^_p_h\_nq__hg_]bmi`nb_
m[g_ Ø__n( Nbcm l[ha_m `lig mbioncha ]ig'
g[h^m ch mcgjf_ g_]bm& ni ij_l[ncha g[ac]
gionb^_pc]_m&g_mm[a_l_f[sm&mioh^][\f_m&[h^
mcah[fØ[amihgil_[^p[h]_^g_]bm(
Nb_ l[he i` l_ach cm [nn[ch_^ \s mbiqcha
_r]_jncih[f chcnc[ncp_ ch ]ig\[n il mnl_mm`of
mcno[ncihm(<_cha[\f_ni[hnc]cj[n_nb__h_gsÎm
[]ncihm [h^ l_[]n []]il^chafs cm nb_ b[ffg[le
i` [ aii^ l_ach( Mo]b ^cmjf[sm i` cha_hocns
"qb_nb_l ih nb_ \[nnf_×_f^ il ch [ nl[^_# [l_
[q[l^_^nbcml[he(
L_achma_nnb_clh[g_`ligL_ach;r_mgcnb(
>olcha [ ×_l]_ \[nnf_ qcnb chp[^cha ai\fchm&
L_achÎm ohcn q[m billc\fs ionhog\_l_^ [h^
`[]cha ]_ln[ch ^_`_[n( Nb_ ]igg[h^_l i` nb_
ohcnmcah[f_^L_achnimioh^nb_l_nl_[n(<_cha
l_f[ncp_fs h_q ni bcm jimcncih& L_ach \f_q nb_
mioh^ni]b[la_chmn_[^(Nb_^q[lp_hohcnl[f'
fc_^[nnb_il^_lni]b[la_[h^\lie_nblioab
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
nb_ai\fchfch_m(H_p_l\_`il_b[^mo]b[mg[ff
hog\_l i` ^q[lp_m ^_`_[n_^ mi g[hs ai\fchm(
L_ach q[m chcnc[ffs l_jlcg[h^_^ `il ^cmi\_s'
chail^_lm&\onqb_hnb_mct_i`nb_pc]nilsq[m
l_[fct_^&b_q[mchmn_[^bihil_^`ilbcm^__^(
I`]iolm_&L_achÎm^_m]_h^[hnm]f[cgb_\f_q
nb_]b[la_chn_hncih[ffs&\_][om_b_]iof^m__
nb_f[n_hnb_licmgchbcm^q[lp_hohcn&\onnb_
gimn]iggihp_lmcihi`nb_mnilsbif^mnb[ncn
q[m[`ilnoh[n_gcmn[e_ihbcmj[ln(
Ib^og "m_la_[hn#4 Cn b[m \__h m[c^ nb[n
nb_p_lspic]_i`Ib^og@imalcgq[m_hioab
ni]igg[h^[f[h^mb[leioni`cnmmb_ff(B_q[m
ehiqh`ilbcmohcko_g_nbi^i`gincp[nchabcm
nliijmchni^__^mnb[nq_l_jl_pciomfs]ihmc^'
_l_^ cgjimmc\f_( Bcm n_]bhcko_ i` chmofn& `if'
fiq_^\sil^_l&`iffiq_^\snbl_[n&b[mmolpcp_^
ninbcm^[sni\_nb_gi^_fi`nliijnl[chcha[h^
]igg[h^(Ë;ffnb[ncml_kocl_^nij_l`ilg[hs
n[mecmnb_jlij_lgincp[ncih&Ìb_qiof^i`n_h
m[s(Mo]bgincp[ncihqiof^i`n_hchpifp_[×lg
ec]eninb_l_[lil[ncl[^_i`chmofnm\[le_^ch[
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Ib^ogÎm f_a[]s b[m \_]ig_ nb_ mn[h^[l^
g_nbi^i`nliij]igg[h^(I   ]_lmnb[n]ig'
g[h^ ohcnm i` nliijm [l_ acp_h bcm h[g_ [m [
l[he( Ib^ogm ]igg[h^ gcfcn[ls ij_l[ncihm
ihnb_\[nnf_×_f^[h^\[leil^_lmnil_achm[h^
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qbi n[e_ il^_lm `lig [ jfsa_h& qbi ch nolh
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gil_ ohcnm [h^ ^cl_]nm nb_g []]il^chafs( Ih
g_]bm& p[l^i] [l_ nb_ Ëgc^^f_ g[h[a_g_hnÌ
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P[l^i][l_i`n_hjonch]b[la_i`mg[ff_lg_]bm
il ]igg[h^ ]_ln[ch f[\il ij_l[ncihm qcnbch&
mo]b[mq_[jihmil_hach_l_j[cl(
Ni \_]ig_ [ p[l^i]& [h ch^cpc^o[f gomn
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"ilihnb_f[\il`il]_#[h^\_l_]igg_h^_^ni
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\__h_f_]n_^ninb_cll[heip_linb_li   ]_lm
qbig[s\_gil_ko[fc×_^(
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^q[lp_hb_lih[g_^P[l^i]Mcfp_l×mn(P[l^i]
q[m ehiqh `il p_ls chmjcl[ncih[f mj__]b_m
nb[n]iof^l[ffsbcmnliijmchni]ig\[ncp_`_l'
pilm nb[n ]iof^ ihfs \_ m[n_^ \s nb_ \fii^ i`
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i` bcab_l f_p_f qb_h cn ]ig_m ni g[nn_lm i`
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i  ]_lmniip_lm__b_[fnbg[nn_lm(
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nb__\\i`l_fcaciom`[cnbb[mij_h_^nb_^iilm
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b_[fcha(
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^q[lp_h ]f_lc] h[g_^ N_hh_^ Bih_\f[^_( B_
q[m ehiqh `il ]olcha nbiom[h^m i` ^q[lp_h
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nb_ p[l^i]& \on ch a_h_l[f ^i hin m__ go]b
\[nnf_×_f^ []ncih5 nb_s [mmog_ lif_m ch [l_[m
mo]b [m n[]nc]m& jf[hhcha& [h^ fiacmnc]m( Qb_h
nb_s ^i m__ \[nnf_×_f^ []ncih& jfsa_h ]ig'
g[h^aliojmi`g_]bmb_[^_^\sp[l^i]m(Nb_
m_hcil'gimn jfsa_h cm nb_ ×lmn i   ]_l ni nb_
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ch][j[]cn[n_^(
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l_mjihmc\f_ `il chn_ljl_ncha [h^ [jjfscha nb_
F[q(Nb_s[l_[m]fim_[mnb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^'
_l[]s ]ig_m ni \inb [ f_acmf[ncp_ [h^ do^c]c[f
\l[h]b( Ch nb_ l[l_ ][m_m qb_l_ [ Mn_hc[h
mif^c_lÎm[]ncihm[l_ko_mncih_^&nb_jfsa_h[]n
[m[]iolni`[jj_[fm(;mj_]c[f]f[mmi`jfsa_h
][ff_^nb_Domnc][lcmch]b[la_i`nb_chn_ljl_n['
ncihi`nb_F[q&[m^_m]lc\_^\_fiq(
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hog_liom^__^mnb[n^_gihmnl[n_nb_i   ]_lÎm

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ch^cpc^o[fcmdo^a_^ihbcmchn_ljl_n[ncihi`nb_
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ncihmnblioabionnb_g_]b(Jfsa_h[l_[jjichn'
_^ninb_l[he\sinb_ljfsa_h(;fnbioabhin[m
`ilg[f [m nb_ higch[ncih `il [h^p[l& [ jfsa_h
gomnoh^_lai[mcgcf[lnlc[fni^_n_lgch_c`b_
cmqilnbsi`nb_l[he(;]nchajfsa_h[l_ bcab'
f_p_fq[llcilm[h^[l_mig_ncg_mi`bcab_lf_p_f
nb[hnb_[h^p[loh^_lqbignb_sm_lp_(
Jfsa_h >limm q[m [ al_[n [^pcmil ni nbl__
a_h_l[ncihm i` ^q[lp_h echam( B_ fcp_^ q_ff
chni bcm p_h_l[\f_ s_[lm& [h^ q[m l_jon_^ ni
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al_[njbcfimijb_l[h^jifcnc][f[^pcmil&[h^q[m
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Bcmqcm^igq[mi`n_hmioabnhinihfs`ilgcfc'
n[lsjl[]nc]_m&\on`ilf[qmcha_h_l[f(Bcmh[g_
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;h^p[l "[^gcl[f il a_h_l[f#4 Nb_ [h^p[l
cm nb_ bcab_mn'l[hecha i]_l ch nb_ gcfcn[ls(
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g_]b& [h^ b_ []nm [m nb_ g_]b ]igg[h^_l
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qb_l_ nb_l_ [l_ nbl__ [h^p[lm& ih_ `il _[]b
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l[he& [h^p[l n[e_ il^_lm ihfs `lig g_g\_lm
i` nb_ Mn_hc[h ]ioh]cf& il `lig nb_cl ]cpcfc[h
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ihnb_\[nnf_×_f^(;h^p[l[l_i`n_hif^&_rj_'
lc_h]_^ mif^c_lm qbi b[p_ jlip_h nb_gm_fp_m
qcnb[fihafcmni`_h_gs^_`_[nm(Mig_[h^p[l
[l_ nii if^ ni ]ihncho_ jbsmc][f ]ig\[n [h^
qiof^ b[p_ l_mcah_^ fiha [ai ch nb_ if^_l
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ncihi`[fc`_Îmqile(Cncm^io\n`ofnb[n[bog[h
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fc`_ _rj_]n[h]s5 nb_ l[he l_kocl_m [n f_[mn [
]_hnolsÎm qilnb i` ]ihmcmn_hn pc]nilc_m( Qb_h
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omo[ffsp_lsbcab'f_p_f]b[l[]n_lm`lig]ig\[n'
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g_]b omo[ffs jl_]fo^_m l_aof[l om_ i` b_[ps
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cfs ]igg[h^ [mm[ofn g_]bm& [h^ mj_h^ gimn
i` nb_cl ncg_ ch nb_ ×_f^( Nb_ G_]b[hct_^
>_`_hm_ cm l_mjihmc\f_ `il ^_`_h^cha nb_
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^_`_hm_m[h^mig_i`nb_gcfcn[lsjifc]c_mih
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m_j[l[n_aip_lhg_hnmij_l[nchaqcnb[]iff_]'
ncp_ joljim_m& [ff i` nb_ gcfcn[ls cm a_h_l[ffs
[mmog_^ni\_ih_f[la_ila[hct[ncih(I]_lm
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[l_nl_[n_^qcnb_ko[fl_mj_]n&[h^nb_l_cma_h'

.3;?

¡ ¢
:`m`c`XeJpdYfc :fcfi
ql_h]b \liqh
bilh ]ijj_l
a_[l \liht_
a_[l ql_h]b mcfp_l
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jf[nchog
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c_m( ?[]b ]cns'g_]b b[m cnm iqh ^cl_]n fch_ i`
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l[l_fscmmo_il^_lmninbim_ionmc^_nb_cl[l_[
i`]igg[h^(<oni]_lm[l_mbiqhnb_m[g_
l_mj_]n[h^i\_^c_h]_hig[nn_lqb[n^cpcmcih
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nch_fs]limm]cns'g_]bjifcnc][ffch_m(
Nb_nbl__^cpcmcihm[l_[m`iffiqm(
@iing[h Ao[l^ "@iinao[l^#4 Nb_ @iin'
ao[l^ [l_ nb_ alioh^ nliijm i` nb_ =ih`_^'
_l[]s(Nb_s[l_l_mjihmc\f_`ilalioh^q[l`[l_&
m_]olcha[l_[m`ilg_]bm&mojjilni`g_]b^cpc'
mcihm&[h^g[chn[chcha\il^_lm(Nb_s]f_[lion
gihmn_l\olliqm&bohn^iqh_h_gc_mch[l_[m
g_]bm ][hÎn p_hnol_& [h^ n[e_ ]ig\[n ni nb_
g[h'ni'g[hf_p_fqb_hh_]_mm[ls(Nb_sÎl_[fmi
q_ff nl[ch_^ ch ch`[hnls n[]nc]m p_lmom g_]bm&
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ni g[chn[ch ^_`_hm_ [h^ [ m_]ol_ j_lcg_n_l
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ni^_fcp_l[h^l_]ip_lnliijm&_mn[\fcmbgi\cf_
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di]e_smil_rj_lnmqcnb[b_[ps]ih]_hnl[ncih
ch g_]b'\[m_^ mecffm( Mojjiln mko[^m ch]fo^_
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
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g[chn[chnb_g_]bm[h^jlipc^_mj_]c[f_kocj'
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i` nb_ ]cns'g_]bm( Nb_s [l_ nb_ aohh_lm& nb_
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nb_cl il^_lm i`n_h ^cl_]nfs `lig nb_ [h^p[l ch
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bcab_l ][ffcha( Nb_ >l[aihG_]bm ^ihÎn domn
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mn[hnc[f(Bcabfsmecff_^Clihniinbg_]bdi]e_sm
qbi[l_][jnol_^\snb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s
[l_mig_ncg_mËfimnÌ`il[j_lci^i`ncg_&^ol'
chaqbc]bnb_sÎl_`il]_^ninl[ch>l[aihG_]b
ohcnm&c`hinm_lp_ncg_[mmcmnchaihih_i`nb_cl
g_]bm( Nbcm cm ]igjf_n_fs cff_a[f& [h^ nb_m_
oh^_l'nb_'n[\f_jli]_^ol_m[l_[fq[sm`ilg[ffs
johcmb_^ qb_h_p_l [ nlio\f_g[e_l _rjim_m
nb_g&\onih]_nb_`ommcmip_l&nb_s]ihncho_
\_bch^nb_m]_h_m(?p_hnb_gimn]ihm_lp[ncp_
Mn_hc[h[^gchcmnl[nil][hÎn^io\nnb_\_h_×nm
i`b[pchag_]bjcfinm[mmecff_^[mnb_>l[aih'
G_]bm(
Ch ]ig\[n& >l[aihG_]b ohcnm qile qcnb
oh][hhs msh]blihct[ncih( Nb_cl g_]bm [l_
m_j[l[n_^ chni j[clm il nlcim nb[n mj_]c[fct_
ch n_[g ]ig\[n n[]nc]m( Nb_ g_]b jcfinm [l_
]fim_'ehcn n_[gm qbi qile nia_nb_l ]ih'
mn[hnfs& ^_p_fijcha mj_]c[fct_^ n[]nc]m ohcko_
ni ]_ln[ch q_[jihm& n_ll[ch& il g_]b ^_mcahm(
Nb_clg_]bm[l_i`n_hmj_]c[ffsgi^c×_^qcnb
nb_ mchaof[l joljim_ i` ^_`_[ncha ^l[aihm(
Ni nbcm _h^& nb_s i`n_h b[p_ oh]ihp_hncih[f
q_[jihm[h^n[]nc]m(
>l[aihG_]b i   ]_lm [l_ l_mj_]n_^ [h^
`_[l_^( ;]]_jn[h]_ chni nb_cl l[hem cm p_ls
^c  ]ofn[h^l_kocl_m[h_r]_ff_hnnl[]el_]il^
jlcil ni s_[lm i` nl[chcha( >l[aihG_]b ohcnm
[l_]ihmc^_l_^j[lni`nb_G_]b[hct_^;mm[ofn
^cpcmcih& nbioab nb_s \sj[mm [fgimn [ff i` nb_
bc_l[l]bs i` nb[n ^cpcmcih( Ni ^_mcah[n_ nb_cl
mj_]c[fct[ncih& [ ^l[aih mollioh^m nb_ \il^_l
i`nb_cll[hechmcahc[(
Nb_Domnc][lm
N b_ Domnc][lm [l_ [ mj_]c[f \l[h]b i` nb_
jfsa_h l[he( Nb_s chn_ljl_n nb_ F[q [h^
[jjfs cn ni ]lcgch[f g[nn_lm( ; Mn_hc[h qbi
[]bc_p_mnb_l[hei`jfsa_h[h^qbib[mmbiqh
_r]_jncih[f [jncno^_& chmcabn& [h^ qcm^ig ch
chn_ljl_ncha[h^[jjfschanb_F[qqcff\_]ih'
mc^_l_^`ilnb_lif_i`Domnc][l(?[]b]cns'g_]b
b[m nbl__ ni ×p_ Domnc][lm& qbi [l_ [jjichn_^
\s nb_ Mn_hc[h =ioh]cf ni m_lp_ [m [l\cn_lm i`
domnc]_ [\i[l^ nb_ ]cns'g_]bm [h^ qcnbch nb_
Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]scnm_f`(
?p_h nbioab gimn g_g\_lm i` nb_ gcfcn[ls
b[p_ qc^_ f[ncno^_ ni _h`il]_ Mn_hc[h f[qm [m
nb_s m__ ×n& nbcm mn[n_ i` g[lnc[f f[q mncff b[m
mig_]ihmnl[chnm(;hsg_g\_li`nb_gcfcn[ls
cm [fq[sm mo\d_]n ni b[pcha bcm ^_]cmcih ip_l'
lof_^\s[bcab_l'l[hechach^cpc^o[f(Nijl_p_hn
nbcm msmn_g `lig a_nncha ion i` b[h^& [h^ ni
gchcgct_ nb_ jin_hnc[f `il ]illojncih& nb_
Domnc][lm[l_]b[la_^qcnb`ilg[ffschn_ljl_ncha
[h^[jjfschanb_F[q(
Nb_Domnc][l[l_nb_]fim_mnnbchanb_Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]sb[mni[]ihm]c_h]_&nbioabcnÎm[
nqcmn_^]ihm]c_h]_[nnb[n(Nb_s[l_l_mjihmc'
\f_hin`ilg[chn[chchail^_l&\on`il_hmolcha
nb[n[hil^_l_^ch`l[mnlo]nol_l_g[chmchjf[]_
minb[nnb_Mn_hc[hc^_[fm&[m_rjl_mm_^chnb_
F[q&][h\_`of×ff_^(;mif^c_lqbiip_lmn_jm
bcm\ioh^mg[s\_][ff_^ni_rjf[chbcm[]ncihm
\_`il_nb_Domnc][l(
;]ncihmnb[njlipie_chkocls\snb_Domnc][l
[l_ hin mo]b nlcpc[f nbcham [m mbiincha \_`il_
[mechako_mncihm&\_[ncha[momj_]n\_sih^l_]'
iahcncih&il^_mnlischa[h_hncl_mol`[]_pcff[a_
chil^_lni\lchacnmf_[^_lmoh^_lMn_hc[h]ih'
nlif(Nb_m_[l_[ffj_l`_]nfs[]]_jn[\f_[]ncihm
nb[n `olnb_l nb_ l_[]b i` nb_ F[q( Qb[n jli'
pie_mnb_[nn_hncihi`nb_Domnc][l[l_[]ncihm
nb[ng[sq_[e_hnb_F[q(;mif^c_lqbi[]]_jnm
[\lc\_chil^_lnif_n[hClihniinb]f[hmg[hai
ohgif_mn_^qiof^[nnl[]nnb_[nn_hncihi`nb_
Domnc][l( ?ko[ffs momj_]n qiof^ \_ [ mif^c_l
qbi b[m g_l]s ih [ f[qf_mm l[c^_l \s fiiecha
nb_ inb_l q[s qbcf_ [ jcnc`of lomn'lc^_l `[gcfs
_m][j_mnim][p_ha_[hinb_l^[s(

Nb_ai[fi`nb_Domnc][l&mn[n_^mcgjfs&cmni
jl_m_lp_ nb_ F[q& nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s&
[h^ nb_ msmn_g i` il^_l nb[n [ffiqm \inb ni
Øiolcmb(Nb_somo[ffs`i]omnb_clncg_ihfsih
nb_ gimn \f[n[hn il ^c]ofn pcif[ncihm i` nb_
F[q& [h^ gimn Mn_hc[h ]cnct_hm ][h ai nb_cl
qbif_fc`_qcnbion_p_l_h]iohn_lcha[Domnc][l(
<on qi_ \_ ni nbim_ qbi ^i( Nb_ Domnc][l [l_
nb_ihfsg_g\_lmi`nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s
qbim_ []ncihm oh^_l g[lnc[f f[q ][h h_p_l \_
ko_mncih_^& \s [hsih_& `il nb_s [l_ nb_ b_[ln
i`nb_f[qcnm_f`(
Domnc][lm [l_ acp_h nb_ [onbilcns ni ^_]c^_
johcmbg_hnm `il nb_ ]lcg_m \lioabn \_`il_
nb_g( Ch [l_[m j[nliff_^ \s g_]bm& cn cm p_ls
l[l_ nb[n [ ]lcgch[f g[nn_l cm _p_l \lioabn ni
nlc[f( @iinao[l^ ch nb_ ×_f^ ^cmj_hm_ domnc]_
koc]efs [h^ g_l]cf_mmfs& [h^ ^_[^ \i^c_m [l_
hin ]ihmc^_l_^ ×n ni mn[h^ nlc[f( Biq_p_l&
mig_][m_ml_kocl_nb_^_]cmcihmi`[Domnc][l(
Nb_m_ch]fo^_jligch_hn×aol_mqbi][hÎn\_
^cmj[n]b_^ qcnbion ]l_[ncha jifcnc][f jli\'
f_gm&ohomo[f][m_mchnb_al[s[l_[mi`nb_F[q&
il][m_mnb[nchpifp_g_g\_lmi`nb_gcfcn[ls(
Chjl[]nc]_&nb_b[h^i`nb_Domnc][lcm`_fnihfs
chnb_gimnm_hmcncp_&_rnl_g_&il\ct[ll_][m_m&
qb_l_ ]iggih m_hm_ il a_h_l[ffs []]_jn_^
chn_ljl_n[ncih i` nb_ F[q cmhÎn _hioab ni
^_]c^_nb_cmmo_(
; nlc[f \_`il_ [ Domnc][l cm [ `lcabn_hcha
_rj_lc_h]_(Chgimn][m_m&nb_m_nlc[fm[l_hin
b_f^ ni ^_n_lgch_ aocfn il chhi]_h]_5 cn cm
[mmog_^nb[nnb_ch^cpc^o[fcmaocfns(Nb_nlc[f
cmg_l_fsb_f^ni^_n_lgch_nb_johcmbg_hnb_
qcffl_]_cp_`ilbcm]lcg_m(Nb__pc^_h]_`il[h^
[a[chmnnb_[]]om_^cmjl_m_hn_^&[h^nb_Domnc'
][llof_mihqb[njohcmbg_hncm[jjlijlc[n_(Ch
l[l_ ][m_m nb_ Domnc][lm g[s ^_]c^_ nb[n nb_l_
cmhin_hioab_pc^_h]_niq[ll[hn[hsjohcmb'
g_hn&ilnb_F[qcmp[ao_ih[mj_]c×][l_[&\on
nb_m_][m_m[l_nlofshin_qilnbs(Nb_g[dilcns
i`nb_ncg_&c`[hch^cpc^o[fcmm_hn\_`il_nb_
Domnc][lm&b_qcff\_johcmb_^(
Domnc][lm [l_ [jjichn_^ `il chcnc[f n_lgm i`
n_hs_[lm(C`nb_sm_lp_nb[nn_lg`[cnb`offs[h^
q_ff& nb_s [l_ acp_h j_lg[h_hn n_hol_& [`n_l
qbc]b jichn Mn_hc[h f[q b[m hi [ffiq[h]_ `il
_p_ll_piechanb_cljiq_lm(Q_l_cnh_]_mm[ls&
inb_lDomnc][lm]iof^nb_il_nc][ffsjifc]_nb_cl
iqh&[h^_fcgch[n_[liao_(<onmi`[lnbcmb[m
h_p_l\__hh_]_mm[ls(
?[]b ]cns'g_]b b[m nbl__ ni ×p_ Domnc][lm
m_lpcha ih cn [n [hs acp_h ncg_( Nb_cl niolm
lin[n_ \_nq__h ]cns'g_]bm l_aof[lfs mi nb[n
hi Domnc][l a[chm [ j[lnc]of[l [nn[]bg_hn ni [
acp_h ]cns'g_]b( Nbcm jifc]s [fmi _hmol_m nb[n
nb_ ^_]cmcihm g[^_ \s Domnc][lm mn[s \[f[h]_^
nblioabion nb_ m[`_ tih_m( Qb_h [ Domnc][l cm
\_nq__h ]cns'g_]bm& b_ i`n_h j[nlifm nb_ mol'
`[]_qilf^`il[qbcf_&chp_mnca[nchanb_[]ncihm
i`Mn_hc[hgcfcn[lsihnb_mol`[]_&[h^g[echa
mol_]cpcfc[hm[q[s`lignb_]cns'g_]bm][hm__
[ fcpcha& \l_[nbcha l_jl_m_hn[ncp_ i` nb_ F[q(
; Domnc][l ][h ]igg[h^__l gcfcn[ls mojjiln
[nqcff&miqbcf_ihnb_mol`[]_nb_s[l_i`n_h
[]]igj[hc_^\s[ohcni`mojjilng_]bm(
?[]b]cns'g_]bch]fo^_m[mj_]c[fliig`il
do^ag_hnm\snb_Domnc][l(Nbcmliigcmmioh^'
jlii`_^ `lig nb_ ionmc^_( Ihfs nb_ Domnc][lm&
nb_ []]om_^& [h^ [ `_q b[h^'jc]e_^ ao[l^m i`
nb_bcab_mn][fc\_l[l_[ffiq_^chmc^_(;tih_i`
nlonb mj_ff j_lg[h_hnfs jl_p_hnm nbim_ qcnbch
nb_ ]b[g\_l `lig n_ffcha fc_m( Qcnh_mm_m [h^
jl_m_hn_lm i` _pc^_h]_ [l_ [ffiq_^ ni _hn_l
nb_]b[g\_l[h^jl_m_hnnb_cl_pc^_h]_ninb_
Domnc][lm&\ongomnf_[p_[`n_lnb_sÎp_b[^nb_cl
m[s5nb_s^ihinm__nb_`offjli]_mm(;ffjl_m_h'
n[ncihm[l_mo\d_]nninb_qcffi`nb_jl_mc^cha
Domnc][l& qbi g[s ^cmgcmm mig_ qcnh_mm_m
[m cll_f_p[hn [m b_ m__m ×n( ;`n_l [ff l_f_p[hn
`[]nm b[p_ \__h jl_m_hn_^& nb_ Domnc][l g[e_m
bcm^_]cmcih(C`h_]_mm[ls&nb_ao[l^mcgg_^c'
[n_fs _h`il]_ cn( Ih_ ao[l^ [fq[sm ][llc_m [h
_rnl_g_fsmb[ljal_[n[r_[h^[\[me_nch[hnc]c'
j[ncihi`nb_gimn_rnl_g_johcmbg_hn(
Nb_Domnc][lmmnlcp_nig[e_chn_ljl_n[ncihm
i` nb_ F[q `[cl [h^ ]ihmcmn_hn( >_mjcn_ nb_cl
]lo_fns[h^m_p_lcns&nb_sl_]iahct_nb[n[]_h'
nl[fn_h_ni`il^_lcm]ihmcmn_hn_h`il]_g_hn(
Hih_nb_f_mm&nb_s[l_`_[l_^ohcp_lm[ffs&_p_h
\snbim_qbib[p_hin]iggcnn_^[]lcg_(Nb_s
[l_ j_l]_cp_^ \s nb_ g[mm_m [m [\ip_ nb_ f[q
[h^]igjf_n_[l\cnl[ls(;hsih_][ff_^ninlc[f
-
\s[Domnc][lm[smbcm×h[faii^\s_m\_`il_b[h^&
[mmogchabcmf[mn^[scm[nb[h^(
NB?MN?HC;H=IOH=CF
N b_ Mn_hc[h =ioh]cf cm nb_ b_[^ i` [ff
gcfcn[ls [h^ f[\il ij_l[ncihm qcnbch nb_
Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s(Nb_=ioh]cfcmg[^_oj
i` ./ jligch_hn a_[lqlcabnm& [h^p[lm& Domnc'
][lm&]f[hf_[^_lm&[h^[mmiln_^i]c[fm(Nb_l_
[l_hch_g_g\_lmi`nb_=ioh]cfih_[]bi`nb_
×p_]cns'g_]bm(Ih_[]b]cns'g_]b&nb_sij_l'
[n_ oh^_l [ m_j[l[n_ ncnf_ [m nb_ ip_l[ff ]ig'
g[h^_lmi`nb_g_]b&qbcf_[fmim_lpcha[lif_
ih nb_ Mn_hc[h =ioh]cf( Nb_l_ g[s \_ inb_l
g_g\_lm i` nb_ =ioh]cf qbi [l_hÎn chpifp_^
ch nb_ ]cns'g_]bÎm g[h[a_g_hn \on [l_ mncff
chpifp_^ ch nb_ Mn_hc[h =ioh]cf( Ih H_^^_l'
jce& `il _r[gjf_& nb_ nbl__'g[h =ioh]cf i`
H[pca[nilm cm [fmi nb_ g_]bÎm l_jl_m_hn[ncih
ihnb_Mn_hc[h=ioh]cf&[fihaqcnbnb_;^gc'
l[f H[pca[nil& nqi Domnc][lm& nqi bcab'l[hecha
g_g\_lm i` nb_ A_[lqlcabnm Aocf^& [h^ [h

.3;?

¡ ¢
_f^_l]f[hf_[^_l(
;m g_g\_lm l_mcah il ^c_& l_jf[]_g_hnm
[l_ m_f_]n_^ \s higch[ncih [h^ pin_ i` nb_
l_jl_m_hn[ncp_ `[]ncihm( M_[nm ih nb_ ]ioh]cf
[l_ bcabfs mioabn [`n_l( Nb_ =ioh]cf ^_]c^_m
h_[lfs [ff g[nn_lm nb[n ]ih]_lh nb_ =ih`_^'
_l[]s[h^cnm^_]cmcihmb[p_[al_[ncgj[]nih
fc`_ ch a_h_l[f `il [ff g_g\_lm i` nb_ Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s( ;n nb_ fi][f f_p_f& nb_ g_g\_lm
i` nb_ =ioh]cf [l_ nb_ gimn jiq_l`of l_jl_'
m_hn[ncp_m ih _[]b ]cns'g_]b& [h^ ofncg[n_fs
^_n_lgch_[fffi][fjifc]s(Ch[\li[^_lm_hm_&
nb_ =ioh]cfÎm gimn jiq_l`of [onbilcns cm cnm
lif_ ch [jjichncha f_[^_lm ni [ff [mj_]nm i`
=ih`_^_l[n_ fc`_& `lig hilg[f gcfcn[ls l[he
[^p[h]_g_hn[ffnb_q[sninb_Domnc][lm(
Gcfcn[lsi]_lmn[e_nb_clil^_lm`lignb_
=ioh]cf( ;fnbioab gcfcn[ls i]_lm [l_ acp_h
[ al_[n ^_[f i` `l__^ig qb_h ch ]igg[h^ i`
nb_cl g_]b [h^ ip_l nb_ n_llcnils nb_s j[nlif&
il^_lm `lig nb_ Mn_hc[h =ioh]cf n[e_ jl_]_'
^_h]_(G[dilgcfcn[lsij_l[ncihm[l_lof_^ih
\snb_]ioh]cf[h^^_f_a[n_^ninb_[jjlijlc[n_
g_]bil]igg[h^_l(Gimn[h^p[lb[p_ohko_m'
ncih[\f_ fis[fns ni nb_ ]ioh]cf( Nb_s qiof^
b[p_ h_p_l lcm_h ni mo]b [ jl_mncaciom l[he c`
nb_sko_mncih_^il]cl]ogp_hn_^nb_^_mcl_mi`
nb_]ioh]cf(I]][mcih[ffs&[h[h^p[lqcff[]nih
bcmiqh&\onnbcmcml[l_fs[\f[n[hn^_×[h]_i`
=ioh]cfil^_lm&[h^omo[ffscm[jl__gjncp_[]n
\_`il_nb_[h^p[lcm[]no[ffsacp_hbcmil^_lm(
?[]b ]cns'g_]b b[m mig_ l_jl_m_hn[ncih
i` nb_ Mn_hc[h =ioh]cf ih \i[l^ [n [ff ncg_m(
Nb_]ioh]cfl[l_fsg__nmqcnb[ff./g_g\_lm
[nih]_(Nbcmjl_p_hnm[][n[mnlijb_i`nl_[mih
ilm[\in[a_nb[nqiof^^_mnlisnb_=ioh]cf[h^
[ffiq]b[imnijl_p[cf(;s_[lfsmoggcni`nb_
_hncl_=ioh]cfg__nmihfsih]_[s_[l[\i[l^
[l[h^igfs]bim_hg_]bch[l[h^igfs]bim_h
fi][ncih( Inb_lqcm_& mg[ff jilncihm i` nb_
=ioh]cfm_lp_ih\i[l^[acp_h]cns'g_]b[h^
^_]c^_[fffi][fg[nn_lmnb[nl_kocl_nb_[nn_h'
ncihi`nb_=ioh]cf(
Ch nb_ b_[n i` \[nnf_& nb_ [h^p[l ch ]b[la_
i`[]cns'g_]bcm[fgimn[fq[smacp_h]igjf_n_
]ihnlif ip_l nb_ \[nnf_( <on ih]_ nb_ \[nnf_Îm
ip_l& nb_ =ioh]cf cm nb_ ofncg[n_ [onbilcns(
C` [h [h^p[l cm _p_l ^_l_fc]n ch bcm ^onc_m& nb_
=ioh]cf[mmog_m]igg[h^ohncf[l_jf[]_g_hn
][h\_`ioh^(
Ch^[s'ni'^[smcno[ncihm&nb_=ioh]cfm_lp_m
[m [ l_`_l_h]_ jichn `il Mn_hc[h f[q nb[n nb_
[h^p[l il nb_ jfsa_h g[s l_fs ih ni ^_]c^_
g[nn_lm i` [ hih'gcfcn[ls h[nol_( Nbcm g[s
ch]fo^_ m_nncha jifc]c_m ih \i[l^ nb_ g_]b&
_mn[\fcmbchah_ql_aof[ncihm`ilnl[^_&_rn_h^'
cha\il^_lm`ilj[nlif&^_[fchaqcnb]cnct_hmi`
nb_m[`_tih_m&il_mn[\fcmbchaj_[]_n[femqcnb
_h_gc_m(G_g\_lmi`nb_=ioh]cfm_lp_[qc^_
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
p[lc_nsi`i  ]c[flif_m[mg_^c[nilm&^cjfig[nm&
]ioh]cfilm&[^pcmilm&[h^[^gchcmnl[nilm(
=ioh]cf g_g\_lm [l_ mig_ncg_m fiie_^
ojih oh`[pil[\fs \s g_g\_lm i` nb_ gcfcn[ls(
Nb_ =ioh]cf g[e_m [ al_[n g[hs gcfcn[ls
^_]cmcihm& s_n nb_ mif^c_lm [l_ nb_ ih_m qbi
j[s `il nbim_ ^_]cmcihm qcnb nb_cl fcp_m( ?p_h
nbioabgimn=ioh]cfg_g\_lmih]_m_lp_^ch
nb_gcfcn[ls[h^b[p_[^__joh^_lmn[h^chai`
]ig\[n[h^cnm]ihm_ko_h]_m&nb_smncff[l_hin
-
nb_ih_m`il]_^ni]f_[hnb_\fii^`lignb_cl
\f[^_m[nnb__h^i`[\[nnf_(
NB?A?;LQLCABNMAOCF>
N iionmc^_lm&_mj_]c[ffs>o_lienl[^cncih[f'
cmnm&nb_A_[lqlcabnmAocf^[h^nb_Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s [l_ nb_ m[g_ ila[hct[ncih( ?p_h
f[\il_lm ih nb_ Mn_hc[h ]cns'g_]bm ][h b[p_
nlio\f_ n_ffcha nb_ ^c_l_h]_ \_nq__h A_[l'
qlcabnm gihcnilcha nb_ q_f`[l_ i` nb_ g_]b
[h^ a_h_l[fm ]b_]echa ih gcfcn[ls l_[^ch_mm(
Nb_A_[lqlcabnm[l_chmofn_^\snbcm&\_][om_
nb_cl nl[^cncihm [l_ go]b if^_l nb[h nb_ ]cns'
g_]bm[h^nb_clmecffmai\_sih^]f_[lchafoh[l
p_lgchinb_mol`[]_(
Fiiecha ]fim_l& cn cm ]f_[l nb[n nb_l_ [l_
al_[n ^c_l_h]_m \_nq__h nb_ aip_lhg_hn i`
nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s [h^ nb_ Aocf^( Nb_
liin i` nb_ A_[lqlcabn Aocf^ cm nb_ G[mn_l
L_jimcnils `[l `lig nb_ mol`[]_ qilf^( Nb_
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.3;?

¡ ¢
ila[hct[ncih[l_oh^_hc[\f_(
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omcha g[ac]( Lbile[ jl_`_lm ^_[fcha qcnb bcm
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
mo\il^ch[n_m ch^cpc^o[ffs ch ]ih×^_hnc[f ]ih'
p_lm[ncihm(
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m_]l_n \iie qcnb [ jf[h `il ]ihko_lcha nb_
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ih cnm j[a_m( <s ^i]og_hncha nb_cl ai[fm& nb_
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nb_Al_[n>_mcah&cncm\_]f_[l`lignb_qlcn'
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mnijn[fecha[\ioncmmo_m[h^n[e_[]ncihni×r
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mig_nbchanb[ncmom_`ofil[jjlijlc[n_&\onni
jolmo_ qb[n cm chn_l_mncha( =iaofilm n_h^ ni
lohnb_cliqhqilembijm&qb_l_nb_s][hn[e_
_rnl_g_lcmemqcnbionh[sm[s_lma_nnchachnb_
q[s(Nb_M_hcil=iaofilmn_h^ni\_mig_qb[n
][fg_l&\onnb_clncg_cmomo[ffsi]]ojc_^^_g'
ihmnl[ncha [h^ ^i]og_hncha nb_ \ct[ll_ h_q
n_]bhcko_ilg[n_lc[fnb_s^_p_fij_^chnb_cl
sioha_l^[sm(
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[h^ ^ihÎn gch^ [ ^cm]ommcih nb[n a_h_l[n_m
h_q c^_[m( Nb_s q_l_ nb_ ×lmn ni nls ]ig\ch'
cha nb_ _fp_h [hcg[n_^ g_]bm qcnb mn_[g
[h^ ]fi]eqile n_]bhifias Ê nbcm qile q[m
_p_hno[ffs`il\c^^_h\snb_M_hcilL_jimcnilm
\_][om_ nb_s `_[l_^ nb_ _fp_m qiof^ n[e_ nbcm
n_]bhifias `il nb_gm_fp_m( Nbcm l_jlcg[h^
^c^hÎn b_fj nb_ ihaicha mnloaaf_ \_nq__h nb_
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chah_qn_]bhifias(
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Aocf^
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g[ffs dichcha nb_ A_[lqlcabnm Aocf^ jl_m_hnm
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>inl[eÎm chØo_h]_ aliqm& _mj_]c[ffs mch]_ [
bcab'l[hecha =iaofil q[m nl[hm`ilg_^ chni [
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ni b_l `if^( Nb_ Aocf^ cm ][l_`of ni ^cmn[h]_
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imnl[]ctcha <l[]n[ il b_l ^_p_fijcha Øi]e(
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i` fis[fns ni nb_ Aocf^& \on mb_ b[m [lao_^
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][ha_n[]]_mmnimj_]c[fmojjfc_m[h^niifmni
b_fjnb_g]l[`nnb_clg_]b[hcmgm(>_j_h^cha
ih nb_ [l_[ [h^ nb_ cgjiln[h]_ i` nb_ mbij&
cn g[s \_ ^_`_h^_^ \s ]fi]eqile jojj_nm& il
fcpchaao[l^mg[sb[p_\__hbcl_^nie__jion
chnlo^_lm(
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mojjfc_m& [h^ ^_mcahm e_jn qcnbch nb_ aocf^'
b[ff ][h \_ kocn_ p[fo[\f_( Aocf^b[ffm ][h \_
chn_l_mncha fi][ncihm& [h^ [^p_hnol_lm gcabn
ainb_l_`il^_mcahm&l_]il^m&il]ihmnlo]ncih
g[n_lc[fm("J_lb[jm[J=cm[g_g\_lil&gil_
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; m_]l_n ^iil mig_qb_l_ ih nb_ alioh^
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i` nb_ cgjiln[hn qile cm ^ih_( Nb_l_ qcff
\_ [ fc\l[ls qcnb l_]il^m i` qb[n q[m \ocfn&
jol]b[m_^& [h^ mif^ `lig nb_ aocf^b[ff( Cn
qcff [fmi b[p_ ^_mcahm i` g_]bm& \inb h_q
[h^ if^( Mno^scha [ aii^ ^_mcah `il [ f_hanbs
j_lci^"a_h_l[ffs[nf_[mn[gihnb#acp_m[%,

.3;?

¡ ¢
]cl]ogmn[h]_ \ihom ni [ =l[`n "g_]b]l[`n#
]b_]eqb_h\ocf^chanb[ngi^_filmig_nbcha
mcgcf[l(
Nb_ mnil[a_ liig qcff b[p_ niifm [h^ moj'
jfc_m( Nb_l_ qcff \_ /^+* jioh^m i` gcnbl[f&
mn__f& il [^[g[hnch_ mnil_^ b_l_& [m q_ff [m
g_]b j[lnm nb[n ][h \_ om_^ `il l_j[clm( @il
joljim_m i` m[fp[acha j[lnm qcnb nb_ =l[`n
"g_]b]l[`n# mecff& nl_[n nb_ mojjfs liig [m [
^iqh_^g_]bi`[mct_]f[mm]igj[l[\f_ninb_
liigÎmmct_(Cncm_[mc_lnia[nb_lom[\f_jc_]_m
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i`nb_m_j[lnm[l_mi[^p[h]_^nb[ncnÎmb[l^ni
m__qb[nnb_sgcabn\_om_^`il(Nb_Aocf^g[s
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ncg_m^io\f_'ilnlcjf_'mct_^qilembijm][h\_
`ioh^qcnb`ila_mm][nn_l_^nblioabion(
Nb_m_]l_n^iilcmniimg[ff`il[`off'mct_^
g_]bni×nnblioab(Nb_chn_hncihcm`iljil'
ncihm i` nb_ g_]b ni \_ [mm_g\f_^ b_l_& [h^
nb_h\_n[e_hionmc^_[h^[mm_g\f_^(Nb_l_[l_
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niifm[lioh^nb_liig(G[hsf[la_lqilembijm
qcff [fmi b[p_ ]fi]eqile jojj_nm ni [mmcmn&
qbc]bl_^o]_mnb_hog\_li`hih'Aocf^qile'
g_hnb_sh__^ni[ffiqchninb_qilembij(
Inb_l liigm ch nb_ aocf^b[ff [l_ jli\'
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i` nb_ qile cnm_f` ][h ]ih]_[f [h [nn_gjn_^
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f[\il_lmb[l^(
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]iaf[s_lm [h^ \f[]emgcnbm qbi qile `il
nb_ Mn_hc[hm& i`n_h ni nb_ [hhis[h]_ i` [h
[fl_[^s mecff_^ qile`il]_( Nbcm b[m cgjlchn_^
nb_cl jbcfimijbs [h^ [_mnb_nc] ih nb_ =ih'
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gil_ `i]om_^ ih nb_ qile i` [ mchaf_ ]l[`nm'
g[h `iffiqcha bcm chmjcl[ncih nb[h [ mi]c_ns
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ofncg[n__rjl_mmcihi`nb_Aocf^Împ[fo_m&b[^
ni g[e_ ]ih]_mmcihm ni nb_ fcgcn_^ l_miol]_m
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[h[a_h^[i`[mm_g\fsfch_m[h^g[mmg[ho`[]'
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
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nb_A_[lqlcabnmAocf^][hÎnchmj_]n_p_lsh_q
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do^ag_hn ni g[chn[ch nb_cl gimn _rj_hmcp_
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b[p_ ]l_[n_^ mn[h^[l^m _h`il]_^ \s j_lci^c]
chmj_]ncihm i` [ff g_]bm qcnbch nb_cl Ø__n(
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ncihm& \on gil_ i`n_h gcfcn[ls g_]b[hc]m [h^
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g_]bÎm mn_[g n[he lojnol_^ [h^ hih_ i` nb_
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Nb_g[ch^_`_hm_i`>ola[h'fiecmcnmg_]b
Ø__n(Cnq[mh_p_lchn_h^_^ni_ha[a_chion'
lcabn\[nnf_mihcnmiqh`ilp_lsfiha(Chmn_[^&[
Ø__ni`g_]bm`ligcnmb[ha[l[l_ch]b[la_i`
jlin_]ncha nb_ g_]b [h^ ^_mnlischa _h_gc_m(
Nb_ mg[ff_l g_]bm [l_ `[mn_l [h^ gil_ p_l'
m[ncf_& [h^ jl_m_hn [ go]b gil_ cgg_^c[n_
nbl_[n nb[h nb_ ]cns'g_]b cnm_f`( Qb_h \[nnf_
_hmo_m& nb_ g_]b Ø__n cgg_^c[n_fs ^_jfism
[h^[nn_gjnmni^l[q_h_gs×l_(
Nb_ ih_ _r]_jncih cm [nn[]em \s ncabnfs
]fogj_^ _h_gs `il]_m( Chn_ffca_hn l[]_m b[p_
f_[lh_^hinnig[e_mo]b[nn[]em&\ongihmn_lm
[h^f_mm][hhsl[c^_lm"mo]b[mil]moh`[gcfc[l
qcnb [ ]cns'g_]b# mig_ncg_m g[e_ nbcm m[g_
gcmn[e_ nb[nÎm \__h g[^_ g[hs ncg_m \_`il_(
Chnb_m_][m_m&nb_g_]bØ__nl_g[chmih\i[l^
Ê [h^ >ola[h'fie mcgjfs n[e_m [ mn_j ch nb_
_h_gsÎm ^cl_]ncih( ;ff nb[n l_g[chm [`n_l nb[n
cm ×hcmbcha i qbi_p_l _m][j_^ nb_ nl[gjf_&
nb_hm]l[jchanb_]lo^inb_]cns'g_]bÎm`__n(
Moljlcm_ [nn[]em ni nb_ ]cns'g_]b [l_ p_ls
l[l_(Mg[ff_lg_]bm]ihmn[hnfsj[nlifnb_[l_[
`il gcf_m [lioh^ >ola[h'fie [h^ ][h _[mcfs
_ha[a_il^_mnlisnb__h_gsfiha\_`il_nb_s
l_[]bnb_mnlo]nol_(Ch[^^cncih&f[h^mb[lem[h^
]l[amnlc^_lm^_jfis_^[b_[^i`nb_]cns'g_]b
qcff ^_n_]n [h _h_gs jl_m_h]_ fiha \_`il_ cn
cm[nbl_[n(Nb_m_j[nliff_^Ëm[`_[l_[mÌ[lioh^
nb_ g_]b jlipc^_ [ ]ihmn[hn `il_q[lhcha i`
_h_gs[jjli[]b(
;jj_[l[h]_
I onmc^_4 >ola[h'fie q[m nb_ ×lmn ]cns'
g_]b_p_l\ocfn&oh^_lnb_chmnlo]ncihi`
J[lcfombcgm_f`(Cncm\irs&mko[n&[h^[qeq[l^&
fiiecha gil_ fce_ [ gi\cf_ `ilnl_mm ih f_am
nb[h [ bog[hic^( Hih_nb_f_mm cn cm \ocfn qcnb
_rnl_g_fs [^p[h]_^ n_]bhcko_m& `il cn cm nb_
ihfs ]cns'g_]b ni \_ ]ihmnlo]n_^ oh^_l nb_
^cl_]nmoj_lpcmcihi`[G[mn_lA_[lqlcabn(Cncm
logil_^nb[nmjc_m[h^[a_hnmi`Mb[lNbct^c]
b[p_nlc_^`il^_][^_mnich×fnl[n_>ola[h'fie
ch il^_l ni f_[lh cnm m_]l_nm& qb_nb_l nblioab
\lc\_&\f[]eg[cf&ilmo\n_l`oa_&\onninbcm^[s
nb_gcfcn[lsÎmm_]l_njifc]_b[p_mnijj_^_p_ls
[nn_gjn(
>ola[h'fie mn[h^m /** `__n n[ff( Nb_ qbif_
i` nb_ g_]b cm mollioh^_^ \s mnol^s mnih_
[lgilip_l[hclihme_f_nih(Chgimnl_mj_]nm&
>ola[h'fiel_m_g\f_m[q[fechamnlihabif^(Cn
b[m mko[l_ mbiof^_lm nb[n biom_ [ boa_ [ll[s
i` mn_[g ][hhihm( Nb_ lcabn [lg i` >ola[h'
fie_h^mch[h_hilgiommn_[g][hhih&qbcf_
nb_ f_`n [lg qc_f^m nb_ nl[^cncih[f q_[jih i`
nb_ ^q[lp_m& [h [r_ "i` g[mmcp_ jlijilncihm#(
Mgie_mn[]em[h^]bcgh_smfch_nb_g_]b&×ff'
chanb_[clqcnb\f[]emgie_nb[n][h\_m__h`il

.3;?

¡ ¢
gcf_m[mnb_g_]bfog\_lm[fiha(Oh\_ehiqhmn
ninbim_qbib[p_hin\__hch>ola[h'fie&cnm
dichnm[h^pofh_l[\f_jichnm[l_l_ch`il]_^qcnb
gcnbl[f jf[n_m& [h chhip[ncih hin s_n [^ijn_^
\sMb[lNbct^c]Îmg_]bm(
Chn_lcil4 Nb_ mbchm i` >ola[h'fie
ij_h chni nb_ g_]b \[sm& qb_l_
Ø__nmi`mg[ff_lg_]bm[l_koc]e'
fs ^_jfis_^ ni nb_ alioh^(
F[la_ jf[n`ilg ^iilm fiq_l
ni ^_jimcn nb_ g_]bm ihni
nb_ alioh^ qb_l_ nb_s ][h
_[mcfs^_`_h^nb_mnlo]nol_`lig
[ff mc^_m( J[nlifm i` mg[ff_l g_]bm
"mo]b [m [l\cnl[nilm il doaa_lh[onm#
g[chn[ch [ ]ihmn[hn j_lcg_n_l [lioh^ nb_
g_]b[h^[l_l_fc_p_^[nl_aof[lchn_lp[fm(
Nb_ f_am [\ip_ nb_ b[ha[lm [l_ ^_^c][n_^
ni nb_ ij_l[ncih [h^ gip_g_hn i` nb_ g_]b(
Nb_m_][p_lhiom_rj[hm_mi`g[mmcp_g[]bch'
_ls[l_[nn_h^_^\s]iaf[s_lmqbii`n_hmf__j
ih nchs ]inm biom_^ ih nb_ `lcha_m i` nb_cl
[mmcah_^ [l_[( ; al_[n g[hs ]iaf[s_lm _h^ oj
b[l^ i` b_[lcha `lig mo]b fiha'n_lg mf__jcha
[ll[ha_g_hnm( Fcnnf_ ^i nb_s ehiq nb[n nb_
gchil jli\f_gm nb_s ×h^ mbiof^ \_ nb_ f_[mn
i`nb_cl]ih]_lhm5nb[hemninb_]iafcham^q_ff'
cha^__jchnb_a_[l`il_mnm&`_q]iaf[s_lm_p_l
h__^p_hnol_^__jchninb_g[]bch_ls(
J_lmihh_f [h^ pcmcnilm nl[p_f `lig nb_ b[h'
a[lm ni nb_ ojj_l f_p_fm i` nb_ f_am pc[ _cnb_l
[ m_lc_m i` mn[clm [h^ ]bon_m& il `iol aca[hnc]
mn_[g'jiq_l_^ `l_cabn _f_p[nilm( Nb_ _f_p['
nilm [l_ a_h_l[ffs l_m_lp_^ `il ^cahcn[lc_m [h^
gcfcn[ls j_lmihh_f& nbioab ch mfiq j_lci^m
nb_clom_g[s\_i_l_^nipcmcnilmqcnb][lai(
Inb_lqcm_&pcmcnchag_l]b[hnmgomnnlo]enb_cl
aii^mojgil_nb[h-*mnilc_mi`mn[cl][m_m\s
`iin(Nl[p_fojnb_mn[clmcm[alo_fchanlcj[h^
][h n[e_ [ al_[n ^_[f i` ncg_& \on `il ^q[lp_m
[]]omnig_^ ni giohn[ch mnlihabif^m& cnÎm hin
nb[n^c_l_hnnb[hfc`_\[]echnb_oh^_l^[le(
Nb_ ojj_l nbcabm i` nb_ g_]b m_lp_ [m
biomcha [h^ fcpcha ko[ln_lm `il f_mm cgjiln[hn
j_lmihh_f( Nb_m_ ko[ln_lm [l_ ]l[gj_^ [h^
oh]ig`iln[\f_& qcnb m_p_l[f ch^cpc^o[fm i`n_h
mb[lchap_lsmg[ff\oheliigm(@il^q[lp_mnbcm
cml[l_fs[]ih]_lhmch]_nb_smj_h^[al_[n^_[f
i`nb_clfcp_mchmo]b]liq^_^]ih^cncihm(Biq'
_p_l&bog[hm[h^f[la_ll[]_mnb[nm_lp_ih>ol'
a[h'fie×h^nb[nfc`_b_l_l_kocl_mmig_[^domn'
g_hn(?hncl__rn_h^_^`[gcfc_mmig_ncg_mfcp_
ch[+*`iin\s+*`iinliig(Qb_h>ola[h'fie
q[m ]ihmnlo]n_^ oh^_l nb_ b_cabn i` gcfcn[ls
jl_j[l_^h_mm&nb_]l_[nilm\ocfnnqi]iggoh[f
g_mmb[ffmchni_[]bnbcab&qb_l_nb_qile_lm
q_l_ acp_h nb_cl ^[cfs g_[fm( Ilcach[ffs& ]ig'
g[h^chai   ]_lmqiof^\lc_`nb_qile_lmb_l_(
Hiqnbim_^[sm[l_aih_&[h^g[hsl_mc^_hnm
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
_[n ch nb_cl iqh mj[]_( Nb_ ]iggoh[f [l_[m
[l_mncffom_^`ilg_[fm&[h^[fmi[mcgjligjno
]iggihmj[]_m[h^g[le_njf[]_m(
Nb_nilmi]ihmcmnmi`m_p_l[ff_p_fmi`]ig'
gih mj[]_ om_^ `il \omch_mm_m& mbijm& chhm&
g_mm b[ffm& [h^ _p_h `[lgmn_[^m( ;l_[m i` nb_
nilmib[p_l_nl[]n[\f_q[ffmqb_l__[lnb'×ff_^
[l_[m b[p_ \__h [^[jn_^ ni aliq ]lijm [h^
g[chn[chfcp_mni]e(Pcmcnilmni>ola[h'fieqcff
gimn fce_fs \_ biom_^ ih ih_ i` nb_m_ f_p_fm(
Nb_`_qchhmih>ola[h'fie[l_[fq[sm]liq^'
_^&i_lchahigil_nb[h[]iggoh[fmf__jcha
liigqcnbg[nmihnb_Øiil(@il[h[^^cncih[f
`__&[pcmcnilg[smf__jih[]inilb[ggi]e(
Nb_m_ f_p_fm [l_ f[c^ ion [fgimn _r[]nfs fce_ [
nsjc][f ^q[lp_h oh^_l^__j ]cns& qcnb h[lliq
mnl__nm&\fi]es[l]bcn_]nol_&[h^p_lsfiq]_cf'
cham(Ip_lnb_s_[lm&n[p_lhm[h^a[g_biom_m
b[p_ ]lijj_^ oj h[nol[ffs ni e__j j[mm_ha_lm
[h^i'^onsf[\il_lm_hn_ln[ch_^(
Nb_ ojj_l f_p_fm i` nb_ ]b_mn [l_ l_m_lp_^
`il gcfcn[ls j_lmihh_f [h^ cgjiln[hn ch^c'
pc^o[fm mo]b [m a_[lqlcabnm [h^ ]ioh]cfg_h(
;]]_mmninb_m_f_p_fmcml_mnlc]n_^5nb_`l_cabn
_f_p[nil^i_mhÎnainbcmbcab&[h^nb_`_qmn[cl'
][m_mf_[^chach[l_[[fq[smao[l^_^(Nbc]eclih
al[n_m[l_jf[]_^ch[ffp_hncf[ncihno\_mf_[^'
chaninbcmf_p_f&nijl_p_hn[]]_mm\smn[fe_lm&
[h^ [ mg[ff alioj i` ]iaf[s_lm g[chn[chm [h
[ll[s i` nchs ]fi]eqile jojj_nm nb[n m_lp_ [m
m]ionm nblioabion nb_ biffiq mj[]_m f_[^cha
b_l_( Nb_ biomcha ch nb_ ojj_l f_p_fm cm [ n[^
gil_ forolciom& qcnb n_ll[]_m [h^ \[f]ihc_m
nb[nip_lfiienb_mc^_m(;fnbioabnb_m_liigm
[l_hÎn f[la_l nb[h nbim_ ih nb_ fiq_l f_p_fm&
`_q_ll_mc^_hnmfcp_ch_[]bih_(Nb_l_cm[fmi
f_mmg[]bch_lsnia_nchnb_q[s(
Ih_ohomo[f[mj_]ni`nb_ojj_lgimnf_p_fm
cmnb_`[lgchatih_m(Nb_qc^_&\irs]ihmnlo]'
ncih i` >ola[h'fie g_[hm nb_l_ [l_ m_p_l[f
[]l_mi`h_[lfsØ[n[l_[mihcnmnijmc^_(Lioabfs
×p_[]l_mi`nb_ojj_lgimnf_p_fcm^_^c][n_^
ni`[lgcha(Mn__fj[h_fmchnb_]_cfchamfc^_il
`if^[mc^_nil_p_[fnb_moh^olchanb_^[s&nb_h
]fim_ncabn[a[ch[nhcabn(
Nb_g[ch]i]ejcn[h^\lc^a_i`nb_g_]bcm
fi][n_^^cl_]nfschnb_b_[^&qbc]bmcnm\_nq__h
nb_mbiof^_lmi`nb_g_]b(Nb_niji`nb_b_[^
cm[fgimnØombqcnbnb_niji`nb_g_]bÎmmbiof'
^_lm(Nb_\lc^a_cm]ihmn[hnfsg[hh_^\s[]l_q
i` [n f_[mn [ ^it_h jcfinm& h[pca[ncih i
  ]_lm&
aohh_lm& [h^ i` ]iolm_ nb_ g_]b ]igg[h^_l
bcgm_f`(Nb_g_]b]igg[h^_lÎmj_lmih[fko[l'
n_lm [l_ fi][n_^ ^cl_]nfs \_bch^ nb_ \lc^a_ mi
b_][h_[mcfs\_[q[e_h_^ilmoggih_^ninb_
\lc^a_[mh_]_mm[ls(
Nb_ [lgm [l_ l_m_lp_^ _r]fomcp_fs `il gcfc'
n[lsj_lmihh_f(Mif^c_lml[l_fsmf__jil_[np_ls
`[l`lignb_cl[mmcah_^mn[ncihm(Nb_mbiof^_lm
[h^ [lgm [l_ ]ihmn[hnfs g[hh_^ \s aohh_lm
mi nb_ g_]b cm l_[^s `il \[nnf_ [n [ gig_hnÎm
hinc]_(
Nb_ ^q[lp_h _hach__lm nb[n ^_mcah_^
>ola[h'fie `[mbcih_^ nb_ chn_lcil ni fiie [m
go]b fce_ [ ^q[lp_h mnlihabif^ [m jimmc\f_(
Nb_\[mc]mnlo]nol_ch]fo^_m[p[lc_nsi`m_]l_n
^iilm [h^ mfc^cha q[ffm nb[n [l_ ehiqh ni nb_
l_mc^_hnm \on h_p_l g_hncih_^ ni ionmc^_lm&
hinnig_hncih]l[qfmj[]_m&m_]l_nliigm&[h^
^[ha_liom ohg[le_^ ]bon_m ch nb_ Øiil( ;h^
i`]iolm_gimn[l_[m[l_jcn]b\f[]e&^_mcah_^
`il]l_[nol_mqcnb^[lepcmcih(Hih'
^q[lp_m×h^nb_f[sionp_ls]ih'
`omcha& [h^ cn cm ch]l_^c\fs _[ms
nia_nfimnih\i[l^(
G[hh_lcmgm4 >ola[h'fie cm
hi f_mm il^_l_^ nb[h H_^^_ljce(
S_ncnl_n[chm`[lgil_i`nb_if^
q[sm& \_cha nb_ ×lmn ]cns'g_]b
\ocfn [h^ nb_ ihfs ih_ mncff aip'
_lh_^\s[]f[hmnlo]nol_(>q[lp_m
ih>ola[h'fie[l_`[lgil_fce_fs
ni ^cmjf[s ]f[h [   fc[ncihm&
qbc]b[l_mncffnif_l[n_^"[h^
ch mig_ ][m_m _h]iol[a_^#
nb_l_( Nb_cl f[q`of h[nol_ cm
^cl_]n_^gil_niq[l^[]f[h[h^
f_mmniq[l^nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s(
Nb_][g[l[^_lc_nb_s`__fniq[l^
inb_l ]cns'g_]bm cm f_mm fce_ [
jifcnc][f [ffs nb[h [ mnl[ha_
]iomch5 nb_s ^ihÎn oh^_lmn[h^
nb_hih']f[haip_lhchamsmn_g
i` nb_ inb_l ]cns'g_]bm& \on
mncff []]_jn nb_ mnl[ha_ q[sm i`
nb_cl^cmn[hnech(
Fc`_ih<i[l^
F c`_ih\i[l^>ola[h'fiecmgo]bfce_nl[^c'
ncih[ffc`_ch[^q[lp_hmnlihabif^&_r]_jn
cnÎm [ fin hicmc_l [h^ nb_ mnlihabif^ \ioh]_m
[lioh^ [ \cn( Nb_l_Îm [ l_acg_hn_^ m]b_^of_
[h^ [h [q`of fini`qileni^i&\onqb_hq[m
nb[n_p_lhinnb_][m_9G[hs^q[lp_m[l_kocn_
]ihn_hn fcpcha ih >ola[h'fie& mnl[ha_ [m nb[n
g[sm__g(
Pcmcncha[^p_hnol_lm×h^[^_al__i`[]]_j'
n[h]_ [giha ]cnct_hm qbi [^gcl_ nb_g `il
nb_cl \l[p_ls( Nb_ ^q[lp_h nl[^cncih i` n[f_'
n_ffchacmmnlihab_l_&[h^l_mc^_hnm[l_[fq[sm
af[^nib_[l[n[f_i`]ihko_mnilb_licmg(Mbij
iqh_lm [h^ chhe__j_lm i`n_h g[e_ mj_]c[f
[ffiq[h]_m[h^j_l`ilg`[pilm`il[^p_hnol_lm
ni_hmol_nb_cl`onol_\omch_mm(Nl[p_fchaj[l'
nc_mqcnbq_ff'ehiqhl_jon[ncihm[l_pc_q_^[m
fi][f]_f_\lcnc_m&[h^cncmhinoh]iggihnim__
jligch_hn g_l]b[hnm ij_hfs ]igj_ncha `il
nb_clj[nlih[a_(ËFiie&nb_l_ÎmP[lcnomnb_q[l'
lcilCb_[ln_ffnb[nb_[h^bcm]iaf[s_l`_ffiq
ch×fnl[n_^ [h^ ^_mnlis_^ [h il] mf[p_l'g_]b
`lignb_chmc^_Ì
Hih_nb_f_mm& pcmcnilm [l_ h_p_l \_ [ffiq_^
nijol]b[m_fcpchamj[]_ihnb_]cns'g_]b(>ol'
a[h'fieÎmjlcg[ls`oh]ncihcmnb[ni`[gcfcn[ls
p_bc]f_&[h^cn][hhin[il^nial[hnmj[]_ni
nbim_qbi^ihÎn^cl_]nfs]ihnlc\on_nicnmij_l'
[ncih(?p_hnb_gimn`[g_^[^p_hnol_lml_g[ch
ih \i[l^ ihfs [n nb_ qbcg i` nb_ [onbilcnc_m&
qbi_rj_]nnb_gni\_qcffchaniqile`ilnb_
[^gchcmnl[ncihqb_h_p_lh__^_^(
<omch_mm_mih\i[l^gomn[jjfs[h^j[s`il
[ fc]_hm_( C` nb_ fc]_hm_ cm ]f_[l_^& nb_ ch^c'
pc^o[fcm[ffiq_^nil_hnmj[]_ihnb_g_]b
`ligqbc]bninilohnb_cl\omch_mm(Nbcm
ch]fo^_m _p_lsnbcha `lig n[p_lhm [h^
chhm ni ]l[`nmg_h [h^ g_l]b[hnm(
;ff mj[]_ cm ][l_`offs l_aof[n_^&
[h^[ffchmncnoncihmÊmo]b[m\omc'
h_mm_m Êh__^ nb_ [jjlip[f i` nb_
[onbilcnc_m( ;m omo[f& [ff aii^m [l_
]ihmc^_l_^ gcfcn[ls jlij_lns
qb_h ih \i[l^& [h^ ih l[l_
i]][mcihm aii^m [l_ l_kocmc'
ncih_^`ilgcfcn[lsjoljim_m(
Nb_l_cmp_lsfcnnf_^cmnch]'
ncih\_nq__h]cpcfc[h[h^gcfcn[ls
ih >ola[h'fie( ;ff j_lg[h_hn
l_mc^_hnmi`>ola[h'fie[l_j[lni`
cnm gcfcnc[( Nbcm cmhÎn [ ^_]cmcih5 cnÎm
g[h^[nils(Nb_sl_]_cp_\[mc]g[lnc[f
nl[chcha& [h^ [l_ l_kocl_^ ni mj_h^ [
`_q ^[sm nl[chcha _p_ls gihnb il mi( Nbcm
mo\d_]nm nb_ ch^cpc^o[f ni nb_ ]igg[h^ i` [h
i   ]_l&qbc]bb_gomni\_s(L[l_fs^igcfcn[ls
i   ]_lm\_ach\[lechail^_lmnil_mc^_hnm&\on
cnb[m\__hehiqhnib[jj_h(
;mg_g\_lmi`[gcfcnc[&[ffl_mc^_hnmi`>ol'
a[h'fiegomnmq_[l[ff_ac[h]_ninb_=ih`_^_l'
[]s&[h^[l_]ihmc^_l_^=ih`_^_l[n_mif^c_lm[m
fiha[mnb_smn[sih\i[l^(Chn_l_mnchafs&gimn
i`nb_nl[chchaih>ola[h'fiemncffb[jj_hmch
]f[h ohcnm( >_mjcn_ nb_ `[]n nb[n >ola[h'fieÎm
gcfcn[ls cm _rjl_mm_^fs fis[f ni nb_ Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s& cn cm nb_ ihfs ]cns'g_]b gcfcn[ls
nimncff`oh]ncihch]f[h`ilg[ncih(
A_nnchaih<i[l^
A _nncha ih \i[l^ >ola[h'fie cm [ al_[n
^_[f gil_ ^c   ]ofn nb[h \i[l^cha [hs
inb_l ]cns'g_]b ch nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s( Nb_
]cns'g_]bÎm ]f[h mnlo]nol_ g[e_m cnm l_mc^_hnm
go]bgil_l_]_jncp_niechnb[hmnl[ha_lm&[h^
`olnb_l\c[m_^niq[l^^q[lp_hl_mc^_hnm(CnÎm[
q_ffehiqh`[]nnb[ng[hsi`nb_g_]b[hcmgm
jiq_lcha >ola[h'fie [l_ gil_ [^p[h]_^ nb[h

[hs inb_lm ch nb_ Mn_hc[h Ø__n& ^_mjcn_ nb_
]cns'g_]bÎm [a_ [h^ [jj_[l[h]_& [h^ m_]olcns
cmncabn[m[l_mofn(
Nbim_ nb[n qcmb ni \i[l^ [l_ mo\d_]n_^ ni
[ nbilioab m_[l]b [h^ chn_lpc_q& `[l gil_
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cm ihfs nb_ ×lmn mn_j( ?p_h g_l]b[hnm qcnb [h
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p_ls koc]efs( ;`n_l [ff& >ola[h'fie ihfs b[m
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ih cnm j[sliff( Qb_h nb_ <f[he @[]_ mgoaaf_m
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oj ni Mn_hc[h domnc]_( <on nb_l_ [l_
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ni e__j nb_ aip_lh'
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cm `[l gil_ mcgcf[l ni nb_ nl[^cncih[f ^q[lp_h
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oj nb_ p[mn g[dilcns i` cnm _[lfs m_nnf_lm& qcnb
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jlcg[ls fis[fns cm ni nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s( Bcm
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.3;?

¡ ¢
[h^ nb_cl mn[ g[e_ oj
nb_ gimn `ilq[l^'nbche'
cha _f_g_hn i` >ola[h'fie
[onbilcns(Ch`[]n&nb_sg[e_ojnb_
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Hih_nb_f_mm& nb_l_ [l_ inb_l [onbilcnc_m
nb[n]igg[h^[al_[n^_[fi`^q[lp_hfis[fns(
=f[h@l[fc_`b[m_mm_hnc[ffsgcal[n_^ni>ola[h'
fie( ;jjlircg[n_fs .** @l[fc_` ^q[lp_m fcp_
nb_l_&ch]fo^chanb_mih[h^_rn_h^_^`[gcfsi`
nb__f^_mn]f[hf_[^_l"qbibcgm_f`mncfffcp_mch
>o_lie#(@ilh_nbAfiga_e"^q[l`g[f_@nl+,5
FH5Mnl,*#cm[`il]_ni\_l_]eih_^qcnb&\inb
j_lmih[ffs [h^ jifcnc][ffs( ; fog\_lcha bofe
i` [ ^q[l` qcnb [h cgg_hm_ ]b_mn [h^ [lgm&
b_[fmi]igg[h^mnb_fis[fnsi`[nbcl^i`nb_
g_]bÎm ]l_q( Oal_nb a_nm fcnnf_ ^ih_ qcnbion
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@ch[ffs&nb_l_cm=f[hGcafo^(Nb_l_[l_ihfs
+/*ilmiGcafo^^q[lp_mih\i[l^&[h^hih_
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nb_l_& \on nb_ Gcafo^ ^q[lp_m ih >ola[h'fie
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qlcabnmih>ola[h'fie[l_Gcafo^(Nb_Gcafo^
^q[lp_ml_n[ch[ncabnechmbcj[h^mj_h^gimn
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fcmb_^ ih nb_ mol`[]_ qilf^ qb_h >ola[h'fie
q[m \ocfn& [h^ ^c^hÎn j[s `il cnm ]ihmnlo]ncih
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>ola[h'fie [l_ `[l gil_ nl[^cncih[f ni \_ach
qcnb( Ohfce_ ih inb_l ]cns'g_]bm qb_l_ nb_
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
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ih>ola[h'fiecnl_[ffscmfcgcn_^jlcg[lcfsni[
n_]bhc][flif_(
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nb[h[hsnbcha_fm_(Nb_sm_lp_gil_[mfc[mihm
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[m ]igg[h^_lm il f_[^_lm( Gimn jligch_hn
[giha nb_g cm Mn_hcom& [ `[giom ]iaf[s_l
qbib_fj_^\ocf^ih_i`nb_p_ls×lmng_]bm(
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_hn i` >inl[e& [h^ ij_hfs jl_[]b_m [\ion bcm
Ëg_]b[hc][fg_mmc[bÌ^_mjcn_nb_mnlihanl[^c'
ncih[fn_h^_h]c_mi`>ola[h'fie(
>ola[h'fieÎm lif_ [m jlin_]nil i` >o_lie
[h^ mollioh^cha n_llcnilc_m cm j_l`_]nfs m[ncm'
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[m fiha [m nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s [mem `il
hinbcha gil_ i` nb_g& nb_l_Îm qcff fce_fs \_
hi^cm[al__g_hn(<onohfce_inb_l]cns'g_]bm
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.3;?

¡ ¢
g[h^m[l_omo[ffsl_]_cp_^\snb_]_hnl[fohcn
i`nb_j[nlifqbif[n_l^c]n[n_mnb_m_il^_lmni
nb_inb_lg_]bmoh^_lbcm]igg[h^(;fnbioab
cncmjimmc\f_`ilnb_mo\il^ch[n_g_]bmni]ig'
gohc][n_ qcnb nb_ ]cns'g_]b ^cl_]nfs& ]ih`o'
mcih cm [pic^_^ \s ]igg[h^m \_cha ^c]n[n_^
[h^ [g_h^_^ \s nb_ Ø__n ]igg[h^_l( Nbcm
jl_p_hnm[h_r]_mmi`]limmn[fe[gihanb_]ig'
gohc][nilm[h^jlipc^_m[go]bgil_il^_lfs
jli]_mmcihi`[nn[]e(
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g_]b( Nbcm omo[ffs ^_j_h^m ih nb_ hog\_l
i` [p[cf[\f_ g_]bm( Mn_hc[h ]cns'g_]bm b[p_
_hioab b[ha[l mj[]_ ni []]iggi^[n_ 1'+*
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g_]bnimojjiln[Ø__ng[hsncg_mnb_mct_i`
cnmb[ha[lmj[]_(Omo[ffs&[j[nlifqcff\_g[^_
oji`doaa_lh[onmmojjiln_^\sf[h]_lm&[l\cnl['
nilm&ilm]iljcihm(Mch]_nb_[q_'chmjclchadoa'
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nb_ [l\cnl[nilm i`n_h ^cmn[h]_ nb_gm_fp_m [h^
om_ nb_cl ][hhih ×l_ il []]igj[hs nb_ doa'
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g_]b Ø__n nb[n mq[lgm [lioh^ [ ]cns'g_]b
cm i`n_h nb_ mg[ff_mn ]ihncha_hn i` h_[l\s
g_]bm(;go]bf[la_l]igjf_g_hni`nl[^_lm&
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go]b gil_ ]iggih nb[h [ ^cl_]n [mm[ofn ih
[ ]cns'g_]b& \on nb_ i]][mcih[f [nn[]e cm hin
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
_hncl_fsohfce_fs(
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; m_]ih^ [h^ nbcl^ g_]b mollioh^m [h^ ]ih'
n[chmnb__h_gsqbcf_nb_]cns'g_]bgip_mni
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g_]bm]fim_ch`ilnb_ecff(
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ncih ni nb_ jli\f_gm ][om_^
\snb_foh[ll[ch(Nb_[\cf'
cns ni ×h^ [h^ _fcgch[n_
gcfcn[ls nbl_[nm cm nb_
jlcg[ls`oh]ncihi`nb_
]cns'g_]b( ;ff inb_l
]ih]_lhm [l_ m_]ih^'
[ls( Q_l_ cn f_`n ni nb_
Mn_hc[h jolcmnm& nb_
g_]b qiof^ j_l`ilg hi
inb_l `oh]ncih nb[h j[nlif
[h^ \[nnf_( Biq_p_l& qcm_l
b_[^mb[p_jl_p[cf_^&[h^nb_×p_
]cns'g_]bm[l_`oh]ncihcha]iggohc'
nc_m[mq_ff[mg[mmcp_q_[jihmjf[n`ilgm(
?[lfsih&nb_]cns'g_]bm_h`il]_^mnlc]ngcfc'
n[ls^cm]cjfch_ni_p_lsih_chnb_clj[nlif[l_[m&
ch]fo^chamol`[]_l_mc^_hnm(=cnct_hmoh^_lnb_
q[n]bi`nb_=ih`_^_l[]sq_l_ko_mncih_^ih
g[nn_lmal_[n[h^mg[ff(;nncg_m&cn`_fn[fgimn
fce_ [ jifc]_ mn[n_5 nb_ ]cnct_hm q_l_ ^__g_^
domn [m go]b [ nbl_[n [m ionmc^_lm( Nbcm mnlc]n
^cm]cjfch_ q[m __]ncp_ ch mig_ l_a[l^m& \on
_ha_h^_l_^`[lniigo]bh_a[ncpcnsniq[l^nb_
=ih`_^_l[]s(;mnb_foh[ll[chb[m^cgchcmb_^
mig_qb[n&nb_h__^`ilmo]bg[lnc[fg_[mol_m
b[m ^_]fch_^( Hiq nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s `i]om_m
gil_ [nn_hncih ih nlo_ nbl_[nm l[nb_l nb[h
mcgjf_nl[hmal_mmcihmfce_nb_qlihamn[gjih
[m[fp[a_j_lgcn(
Hih_nb_f_mm&nb_s_[lmi`b[lmbgcfcn[lslof_
f_`n nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s qcnb [ n[chn_^
l_jon[ncih(;fnbioabnb_j[nlifm[l_q_f]ig_^
qb_h^[ha_lnbl_[n_hm&^olchaj_[]_`ofncg_m
nb_sÎl_][ff_^nsl[hnm(Nb_sÎl_[l\cnl[lsnsl[hnm&
nii5nb_`off[onbilcnsp_mn_^ch×_f^]igg[h^'
_lmjonmnb_gih[fihaf_[mb(F_hc_h]sp[lc_m
`ligg_]bnig_]b&[h^_p_h`ligih_i   ]_l
ni [hinb_l( Domnc][lm mojjim_^fs _hmol_ _p_h
nl_[ng_hn& \on nb_s [l_ `_q [h^ `[l \_nq__h&
[h^ [l_ mi mn_lh [h^ do^ag_hn[f nb[n `_q mol'
`[]_ ^_hct_hm qcff [jjli[]b nb_g `il jlin_]'
ncih( Gimn g_]b ]igg[h^_lm [l_ `[l gil_
nif_l[hnhiqnb[hnb_som_^ni\_&\onhin[ff(
>_[fchaqcnb=ih`_^_l[n_[onbilcnc_m][hmncff
\_ohh_lpcha&nim[snb_f_[mn(
Nb_jli\f_gcmchn_ljl_n[ncihi`nb_F[q(@il
mo]b[hil^_l_^^ig[ch&nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^'
_l[]s l_fc_m ih [ l_g[le[\fs p[ao_ ^i]og_hn
`ilcnmf[qm(Nb_F[qcmhinqlcnn_h[hsqb_l_&
s_ncncmnb_]ilh_lmnih_i`nb_Mn_hc[hf_a[fmsm'
n_g(Nbl__g_]b]igg[h^_lmg[scmmo_nbl__
m_j[l[n_ p_l^c]nm [m johcmbg_hn `il [ ]lcg_&
_[]b[lao[\fsqcnbchnb_]ih×h_mi`nb_F[q&
\onqcnbqc^_fsp[lscha^_al__mi`f[ncno^_(;
\f[]e'g[le_n dohes[l^ g[s ai ohjohcmb_^ `il
s_[lm \_][om_ ih_ g_]b ]igg[h^_l l_[fct_m
nb[n b[pcha Mn_hc[hm cff_a[ffs m[fp[a'
chaql_]emcm\_nn_lnb[hb[pcha
nb_ Clihniinb ^i cnÊ \on
qb_h nb[n i   ]_l a_nm
l_[mmcah_^& bcm l_jf[]_'
g_hn gcabn jligjnfs
_r_]on_ nb_ dohes[l^
ij_l[nil `il pcif[ncha
Mn_hc[hf[q(
Gimn Mn_hc[h ]cnc'
t_hm m__ nbcm msmn_g [m
[ h_]_mm[ls ]igjli'
gcm_( Oh^_l nb_ ]oll_hn
]cl]ogmn[h]_m& m_]olcns cm
gil_ cgjiln[hn nb[h mig_ m_n
i` cgjl[]nc][f c^_[m [\ion fc\_lns(
Nb_F[q][h\_mnlc]n&[h^nb_gcfcn[lsl[l_fs
_rjf[chmcnm_f`ni]cpcfc[hm&\onnb_[fn_lh[ncp_cm
]b[im(;mnb_m[schaai_m&Ë<_nn_l[hcabnchnb_
\lcanb[h_n_lhcnschnb_^l[aihÎmaoff_n(Ì
Nb_p[mng[dilcnsi`nbim_fcpchaihnb_]cns'

g_]bm[l_f[\il_lm[h^mif^c_lmqbi\_fihani
nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s( N_gjil[ls qile_lm&
nl[^_lm&[^p_hnol_lm&[h^^cahcn[lc_mg[sqile
il_p_hfcp_ih[g_]b&\onnb_sa_h_l[ffsb[p_
mbiln'n_lgj[mm_m(
>[s'ni'^[sfc`_chnb_=ih`_^_l[]sn_h^mni
\_fihamnl_n]b_mi`n_^ciomgihinihs&chn_l'
lojn_^\s\lc_`mjolnmi`^_[^fs[]ncpcns(?p_ls
Mn_hc[h ehiqm bcm jf[]_ [h^ bcm di\& [h^ nb_
di\ omo[ffs chpifp_m [ al_[n ^_[f i` l_j_ncncp_
f[\il4 mbip_fcha ]i[f& gchcha `il il_& b[ofcha
mojjfc_m&n_h^cha[×_f^&il`ilachaj[lnm(>[s
[`n_l ^[s cm nb_ m[g_((( ohncf [ \[^ foh[l l[ch
il [ ^l[aih [nn[]e( Nb_h cnÎm bcab _r]cn_g_hn
`il [h biol il nqi( Qcnb nb_cl mn[c^ ^q[lp_h
b_lcn[a_&gimnMn_hc[hmqiof^jl_`_lnqc]_[m
go]b^lo^a_lsc`nb_s]iof^^cmj_hm_qcnbnb_
jin_hnc[ffs^_[^fs_r]cn_g_hn(
Fc`_ihnb_mol`[]_cm[fcnnf_f_mml_j_ncncp_(
Nb_l_cmf_mmjbsmc][fmnlo]nol_nijlipc^_nb_
jlin_]ncih h_]_mm[ls ni _hmol_ il^_l4 Qcnb'
ion [ ]cns'g_]bÎm boff ni jlin_]n sio& sioÎl_
h_p_lkocn_mol_qb[ng[snlsnil[c^sioÊil
_[n sio( >[s'ni'^[s fc`_ ih nb_ mol`[]_ i`n_h
chpifp_m[h_p_l'_h^chajolmocni``ii^&q[n_l&
[h^ nb_ \[mc] g[n_lc[fm h_]_mm[ls `il biomcha
[h^jlin_]ncih(Nb_l_Îm[fingil__r]cn_g_hn&
ch nb_ `ilg i` [nn[]em [h^ ^[ha_lm( Nb_ gimn
jli^o]ncp_ncg_m[l_nbim_qb_h[g_]bj[nlif
cm h_[l& `il nb_h nb_ ]cnct_hm ][h \_ mol_ nb[n
nb_l_qcff\_fcnnf__r]cn_g_hn(
CnÎm cgjiln[hn ni l_g_g\_l nb[n nb_ p[mn
g[dilcns i` Mn_hc[h ]cnct_hm [l_ ]iggih_lm(
Ch[h[a_i`]cns'g_]bm&cnÎm_[msninbchenb[n
_p_lsih_ cm [h _hach__l il g_]b di]e_s( Ih
nb_]cns'g_]bmnb_gm_fp_m&nb_l_cm[mn[lnfcha
^_al__i`n[f_hn&mch]_ihfsnb_gimn_mm_hnc[f
j_lmihh_fq_l_[ffiq_^nidich(P_ls`_q]ig'
gih_lm l_mc^_ ih [ ]cns'g_]b5 _p_h nb_ f_[mn
jligch_hn ]cnct_hm [l_ i`n_h _rj_lnm i` mig_
ech^(<onnbcmcm[bcabfs[nsjc][f[ll[ha_g_hn
`il[hsg_^c_p[fmi]c_ns(
Mn_jjcha i nb_ ]cns'g_]b [h^ nl[p_fcha
[lioh^nb_mol`[]_l_p_[fmnb_nlonbi`nb_g[n'
n_l( Nb_ p[mn g[dilcns i` nb_ mol`[]_'^q_ff_lm
[l_ ]iggih_lm& jol_ [h^ mcgjf_( @olnb_l'
gil_& mol`[]_ mi]c_nc_m b[p_ [ p_ls b[l^
ncg_ l_n[chcha mecff_^ qile_lm( Nb_ [jj_[f
i` nb_ ]cns'g_]bm g_[hm nb[n [hsih_ qbi
][ha_nmih&^i_mÊf_[pchanb_mnojc^&f[ts&
[h^ohmecff_^nimolpcp_ihnb_mol`[]_(Nbcmcm
ih_i`nb_gil_mo\nf_jli\f_gm`[]_^\snb_
Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s& qbc]b b[m mi `[l aih_
oh[^^l_mm_^4Biqqcffnb_=ih`_^_l[]s_p_h'
- -
no[ffsl_\ocf^nb_mol`[]_qb_h_p_lsih_q[hnm
nifcp_ihnb_]cns'g_]bm9
F;HAO;A?M
> q[lp_h cm nb_ i  ]c[f f[hao[a_ i` nb_
=ih`_^_l[]s&\onqcnbnb_hog\_li`hih'
^q[l`]cnct_hmihnb_lcm_&=iggihcm\_]ig'
chanb_f[hao[a_i`_p_ls^[s\omch_mm(I
ch nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s hiq f_[lh [h [h]c_hn
  ]_lm
^q[lp_h ^c[f_]n ][ff_^ Nbotch ni cmmo_ ]ig'
g[h^m ^olcha \[nnf_ il inb_l m_hmcncp_ ij_l['
ncihm( Nbcm jl_p_hnm chn_ffca_hn _h_gc_m `lig
oh^_lmn[h^cha chn_l]_jn_^ ]iggohc][ncihm(
Nbim_ qbi [fl_[^s mj_[e >q[lp_h ][h f_[lh
Nbotchqcnbionniigo]b^c   ]ofns(Nbim_qbi
b[p_hÎnf_[lh_^cn&\onqbiehiq>q[lp_h[h^
b[p_[hChni`++ilgil_&][hg[e_[hChn]b_]e
nioh^_lmn[h^mjie_hNbotch4>=+*`ilmcgjf_
qil^m& >= +/ `il il^ch[ls m_hn_h]_m&[h^ >=
,* il bcab_l `il ]igjfc][n_^ ]igg[h^m [h^
_rjf[h[ncihm(
Ihfs g_g\_lm i` nb_ Mn_hc[h gcfcn[ls
[l_ n[oabn Nbotch( Nbcm f[hao[a_ cm mnlc]nfs
ao[l^_^&[h^mcgjfsn_[]bcha[hionmc^_lih_
ilnqijbl[m_mcmn_]bhc][ffsnl_[mih(I   ]_lm
i`nb_=ih`_^_l[]s][hf_[lhnb_f[hao[a_&[m
][h _r]_jncih[f _hfcmn_^ mif^c_lm il f[\il_lm(
Jf[s_l ]b[l[]n_lm nb[n \_fiha ni nb_ =ih`_^'
_l[]s [l_ [mmog_^ ni \_ [giha nbcm mj_]c[f
alioj(Nbcmf[hao[a_][h\_jol]b[m_^`ilnb_
omo[f]imn&\onihfsc`nb_AGacp_mj_lgcmmcih&
[mcnÎmmojjim_^ni\_l_[mih[\fsm_]l_n(

.3;?

¡ ¢
N
- =;F?H>;L
b_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s om_m nb_ Mn_hc[h
-
][f_h^[l& [m ^_m]lc\_^ ih j[a_ +.0 i`
>l[aihG_]b(
L?FCACIOMJL;=NC=?M
L _fcacihcmhifiha_l[hchn_al[fj[lni`fc`_
ch nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s( Nbim_ qbi
fcp_m[`_fsoh^_lalioh^g[sq_ffjl[sqcnbnb_
m[g_`_lpilnb_s[fq[smb[p_&\onnbim_chnb_
]cns'g_]bmehiqqbinb_cll_[fm[pcilm[l_(F[q
[h^ mn_[g b[p_ _mm_hnc[ffs \_]ig_ nb_ h_q
ai^mi`nb_Mn_hc[hm(>cmnlomni`nb_nl[^cncih[f
^_cnc_mcm]iggihjf[]_[gihanb_ih]_'`[cnb'
`of ^q[lp_m5 hi ih_ nlomnm [ ai^ qbi [ffiqm
mig_nbchafce_nb_foh[ll[chnib[jj_h(
Hih_nb_f_mm& mig_ l_fcacihm [l_ mncff jl[]'
nc]_^\s]cnct_hmi`nb_=ih`_^_l[]s(<_][om_
nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s b[m hi i   ]c[f l_fc'
acih&nb_l_[l_hijohcmbg_hnm`iljl[]nc]cha
ch nbcm g[hh_l& [fnbioab siol h_cab\ilm g[s
nbchesiomnl[ha_(
=IGG?L=?
N b_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]som_mnb_omo[f]ij'
j_l'mcfp_l'aif^]ich[a_msmn_g(>o_lieb[m
gchn_^]ich[a_`ila_h_l[ncihm&[h^nbcmjl[]'
nc]_ ]ihncho_m ni nbcm ^[s( Nb_ if^ ^q[lp_h
]ichm `_[nol_^ nb_ `[]_m i` l_mj_]n_^ _f^_lm
fiha mch]_ j[mm_^( Nb_ Mn_hc[hm b[p_ [\[h'
^ih_^ nbcm jl[]nc]_ ch `[pil i` g[lnc[f c]ihm(
=ijj_l jc_]_m [l_ cgjlchn_^ qcnb [ mbc_f^&
mcfp_lm qcnb [ ^[aa_l& aif^m qcnb [h [r_& [h^
jf[nchogmqcnb[b_fg(Nb_if^]ichmi`>o_lie
[l_ mncff ch ]cl]of[ncih& \on gimn aif^ jc_]_m
nb_m_ ^[sm `_[nol_ nb_ Mn_hc[h c]ihm& qbc]b
[l_gchn_^ihq_ff'ao[l^_^jl_mm_mqcnbchnb_
]cns'g_]bm(
; fcgcn_^ hog\_l i` mnl[ha_ aif^_h ]ichm
q_l_ cmmo_^ \s nb_ A_[lqlcabnm Aocf^ ^olcha
nb_ jli^o]ncih i` H_^^_ljce( Nb_m_ ]ichm
`_[nol_ _rinc] msg\ifm qbc]b nl[hmf[n_ chni
hi ehiqh f[hao[a_( Nb_ msg\ifm p[ls qc^_fs
\_nq__h ]ichm i` nb_ m[g_ p[fo_( Mig_ m]lo'
jofiomgih_s'bi[l^_lmb[p__p_h]f[cg_^nb_
msg\ifm ih nb_cl ]ichm ]b[ha_ ip_l ncg_& [h^
nb_ mnl[ha_ l_jon[ncih i` nb_m_ ]ichm g[e_m
nb_gb[l^nimj_h^chmig_jf[]_m(Nb_sa_h'
_l[ffs[l_hÎn[]]_jn_^chnb_>o_lie&[h^_p_h
mig_ Mn_hc[hm mbs [q[s `lig nb_g( Nb_ Clih'
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
niinb=f[hm[l_b[jjsnin[e_nb_g&biq_p_l5
Ëaif^Îmaif^&Ì[mnb_sm[s(
Nl[^_[h^jli×n[l_]fim_fsl_aof[n_^\snb_
=ih`_^_l[]s&\inbihnb_]cns'g_]bm[h^chnb_
j[nlif tih_m( Mnlc]n lof_m aip_lh nb_ [giohn
i` [hs aii^m nb[n [h ch^cpc^o[f ][h jol]b[m_&
nb_ [giohn i` jli×n mb_ cm [ffiq_^ ni g[e_&
nb_ jlc]_m mb_ cm [ffiq_^ ni ]b[la_& nb_ n[r
mb_ j[sm& [h^ gimn cgjiln[hnfs& qbig mb_ cm
[ffiq_^ni^i\omch_mmqcnb(Mch]_himoljfom
i` [hs ih_ aii^ _rcmnm& cn cm cgjiln[hn ni nb_
=ih`_^_l[]sni]ihnlifnb_m_aii^m[h^_hmol_
nb[n_p_lsih_l_]_cp_m[`[cl[h^f[q`ofmb[l_(
Nb_gcfcn[lscm]ihmc^_l_^nb_×lmnjlcilcns&[h^
`ii^ [h^ mojjfc_m [l_ i`n_h l_kocmcncih_^ `il
gcfcn[ls joljim_m& go]b ni nb_ ^cmg[s i` nb_
g_l]b[hn]f[mm(
@il jl[]nc][f joljim_m& nbcm ^igch__lcha
[jjli[]b l[l_fs chn_l`_l_m qcnb _p_ls^[s fc`_(
;^p_hnol_lm& `[lg_lm& [h^ nl[^_mg_h ][h mncff
a_nnb_aii^mnb_sh__^&[n[jlc]_nb[ncmhÎnnii
chØ[n_^(<on[]b[l[]n_l\oschaf[la_mojjfc_m
i`q_[jihlsg[s×h^bcgm_f`n[e_h[mc^_[h^
ko_mncih_^( ;h^ [ mo^^_h mq_ffcha i` _h_gs
`il]_mch[h[l_[g[sm__nb_Mn_hc[hgcfcn[ls
]igg[h^__lchanb_fi][f\f[]emgcnbcha`[]cfc'
nc_m `il om_ ch l_j[clcha g_]bm& f_[^cha ni [
mo^^_hmbiln[a_i`×hcmb_^g_n[faii^m(;h^&
i`]iolm_&gil_nb[hih_g_l]b[hnb[mnlc_^ni
bcl_[^p_hnol_lmni][llsbcmaii^mjc_]_g_[f
i[g_]b&nb_\_nn_lni[pic^j[schan[r_m(
Nb[hem ni nbcm msmn_g& nb_l_Îm [ nblcpcha
\f[]e g[le_n( Nb_ Mn_hc[h aip_lhg_hn g[ch'
n[chm [ ]ihmn[hn _iln ni mbon ^iqh nbcm g[l'
e_n&\onnb_fol_i`jli×n][h[fq[smgincp[n_
j_ijf_ ni ×h^ h_q q[sm ni mecln [onbilcns(
Mn_hc[hi   ]c[fmi`n_hn[e_cnj_lmih[ffsqb_h
nb_s ][n]b [ g_l]b[hn nlscha ni [pic^ j[scha
bcm n[r_m& \_][om_ cnÎm nbim_ n[r_m nb[n `oh^
nb_jlin_]ncihnb[n[ffiqmnb_g_l]b[hnnijfs
bcmnl[^_chnb_×lmnjf[]_(C`cnq_l_hÎn`ilnb_
-
Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s&nb_l_qiof^jli\[\fs\_
hinl[^_(
MI=C;FMNLO=NOL?M
F c`_ih[g_]bcmaip_lh_^[fgimn_r]fomcp_'
fs\snb_gcfcn[ls(Mif^c_lm[h^f[\il_lm[l_
[mmcah_^ncg_mniqile&ncg_mnil_mn&[h^mbiln
j_lci^mi``l__ncg_(?[]bg_g\_li`nb_=ih'
`_^_l[]s l_jilnm ni [ moj_lcil i` mig_ ech^&
qb_nb_lcnÎm[g[mn_l\f[]emgcnbil[]igg[h^'
cha i  ]_l& [h^ nb_m_ moj_lcilm [mmcah ^[cfs
^onc_mni_p_lsih_(Nb_m_moj_lcilmchnolh[l_
acp_hnb_cl[mmcahg_hnm\snb_clmoj_lcilm&[h^
miih&ohncfnb_]b[chl_[]b_mnb_[h^p[lilnb_
jfsa_h( ;n mig_ jichn& [ff ]cpcfc[h bc_l[l]bc_m
chn_lm_]n qcnb nb_ gcfcn[ls& nbioab cnÎm i`n_h
nblioab[aocf^ilnl[^_alioj(;fnbioabnbcham
[l_ l_f[rcha [m nb_ foh[l l[ch ×h[ffs [\[n_m&
qilembc`nm[l_fiha[h^f_cmol_ncg_cmmbiln(
=cns'g_]bm b[p_ [ mnlc]n mi]c[f mnlo]nol_
^_×h_^ \s nb_cl p_lnc][f ]ihmnlo]ncih& [m
^_m]lc\_^_fm_qb_l_"m__>l[aihG_]b&j[a_
,,1#(S_n_p_hnb_fiq_mn]cns'g_]bf[\il_lcm
[ mecff_^ ]l[`nmg_h i` mig_ ech^( Inb_lqcm_
b_qiof^hÎn\_fcpchaih[]cns'g_]b(L_a[l^'
f_mm i` nb_cl mn[ncih ih nb_ g_]b& ]cns'g_]b
l_mc^_hnm m__ nb_gm_fp_m [m gil_ cgjiln[hn
nb[h ]iggih f[h^'^q_ff_lm( ; ^cmnchaocmb_^
^q[lp_h ]f[h f_[^_l ^q_ffcha ch [ mol`[]_
-
mnlihabif^g[s×h^bcgm_f`fiie_^^iqhih\s
[]i[f'mbip_f_l`ligH_^^_ljce(
P;FO?M
N b_nqigimn^igch[hnp[fo_mchnb_Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s [l_ il^_l [h^ m_]olcns( Nb_
=ih`_^_l[]sb[m\lioabnm_]olcnsni[p[mnn_l'
lcnilsnb[n`ilg_lfsb[^hih_&[h^`ilnbcmcnb[m
_[lh_^nb_fis[fnsi`nbiom[h^m(Cn_hmol_mnb[n
m_]olcnsnblioabil^_l&il^_l&[h^gil_il^_l&
[h^nbcmp[fo_b[m\__hb[gg_l_^chnicnm]cnc'
t_hmÎgch^m[mnb_ihfsq[snimolpcp_(
Jlij_lns
J lij_lns ih \i[l^ [ Mn_hc[h ]cns'g_]b cm
iqh_^\snb_gcfcn[ls(;ffj_lmih[fjlij_lns
cmmo\d_]nni\_cha]igg[h^__l_^\snb_gcfc'
n[ls[mh__^_^(Hiih_iqhmf[h^j_lg[h_hnfs
ihnb_g_]b&[h^_p_hbcab'f_p_fi   ]_lm][h
\_iomn_^`lignb_clko[ln_lmc`nb_g_]b]ig'
g[h^_l^__gmcnh_]_mm[ls(Nbcmcm`ilnoh[n_fs
hin ]iggih( Nb_ ]cns'g_]bm b[p_ [ msmn_g
[ffiqchal_mc^_hnmnil_hnilf_[m_mj[]_&[h^ch
mig_][m_m_p_hËiqhÌf[h^&qbc]bal[hnm]cnc'
t_hm [ `__fcha i` mn[\cfcns [h^ b_fjm
]ip_lnb_g_]bÎmij_l[ncha]imnm(
F[\il_lm[h^mif^c_lm[fce_`__f
[]_ln[chechmbcjnijlij_lns
nb[n nb_s iqh( Nbcm echmbcj
f_[^m ni [ al_[n_l jlc^_ ch
nb_cl qile [h^ [ ^_mcl_ ni
e__jnbcmjlij_lnsm[`_`lig
chp[^_lm(
Nb_ Jifc]s =igg[h^_l ih
\i[l^ nb_ g_]b aip_lhm lof_m
l_a[l^cha jlij_lns( Nb_ jfsa_h
^_n_lgch_m qbc]b mj[]_m [l_ nb_ gimn
^_mcl_^ [h^ l[hem nb_cl qilnb []]il^chafs(
Jol]b[mcha jlij_lns Ê qbc]b l_[ffs _hn[cfm [
fiha'n_lgf_[m_qcnb[fihafcmni`][p_[nm"mo]b
[mËnbcmjlij_lns][h\_l_]f[cg_^\snb_=ih'
`_^_l[]s qcnb hi ]igj_hm[ncih [n [hs ncg_Ì#
Ê chpifp_m fiha q[cncha fcmnm( Mig_ncg_m [
q_ff'jf[]_^\lc\_il`[pil][h]cl]ogp_hnnb_m_
fcmnm(Jlij_lnsih\i[l^g_]bmcmi`n_hqcff_^
ni^_m]_h^[hnm[h^]iof^jimmc\fsl_g[chch[
`[gcfs `il a_h_l[ncihm& [m b_l_^cns cm [hinb_l
`[]nilchf_[m_[mmcahg_hn(
Cn cm jimmc\f_ `il [ mif^c_l ni jol]b[m_ [
mg[ff_lg_]b&omcha[mcgcf[lmsmn_g(Nb_]imn
`ilnb_ohcncm^_^o]n_^`ligbcmj[s&go]bch
nb_ m[g_ g[hh_l [m bcm fcpcha mj[]_( Cn cm mncff
]ihmc^_l_^ gcfcn[ls jlij_lns& [h^ nb_l_`il_
mo\d_]nninb_omo[fil^_lm[h^l_aof[ncihm&\on
nb_ ]igg[h^_l cm nb_ jlcg[ls iqh_l( G_]bm
[l_ i`n_h j_lmih[fct_^ \s nb_ n_[g ih \i[l^(
Nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s l_[fct_m nb_ p[fo_ i` [ffiq'
cha mif^c_lm iqh_lmbcj ip_l nb_cl ]igg[h^m(
Go]b ch nb_ m[g_ q[s nb[n ^q[lp_h q_[jihm
[l_ bihil_^ cn_gm nb[n []]igj[hs [ mif^c_l
"[h^ j_lb[jm nb_ mif^c_lÎm ech# ch \[nnf_& [
g_]bcmm__h[m[h_rn_hmcihi`nb_q[llcilnb[n
qc_f^mcn(Iqh_lmbcji`g_]bmcmi`n_hqcff_^
ni^_m]_h^[hnmil]fim_`lc_h^m(Nb_=ih`_^_l'
[]sb[m\__hehiqhni\sj[mmnbcmjli]_mm[h^
l_]f[cg iqh_lmbcj i` [ j[lnc]of[lfs jiq_l`of
g_]b&[fnbioabmig_]igj_hm[ncihcmomo[ffs
i_l_^ch_r]b[ha_(
Nb_g_]bcmpc_q_^[m[j[lni`nb_gcfcn[ls
domn[mnb_mif^c_lnb[nij_l[n_mcn(Nb_mif^c_l
ij_l[n_mnb_g_]bhi^c_l_hnfsnb[hb_qiof^
[h [r_ il jif_[lg nb[n b_ b[m \__h cmmo_^(
Mch]_ nb_ i   ]_lm qbi ]igg[h^ g_]bm [l_
gcfcn[ls j_lmihh_f& nb_cl g_]bm [l_ [fmi ]ih'
mc^_l_^oh^_lnb_]igg[h^i`nb_gcfcn[ls(Cncm
nb_^onsi`nb_mif^c_lni_hmol_nb[nbcmg_]b
cm jlij_lfs l_j[cl_^ [h^ g[chn[ch_^ mi nb[n cn
cm]ihmn[hnfsl_[^s`il\[nnf_(Nbcmcml[l_fs[h
cmmo_&mch]_gimnMn_hc[hg_]bjcfinm[l_gil_
]ih]_lh_^ qcnb nb_cl g_]bÎm [jj_[l[h]_ [h^
j_l`ilg[h]_nb[hnb_s[l_nb_cliqh(
Ih l[l_ i]][mcihm& g_]bm [l_ ]ih×m][n_^
`ligfcpchaiqh_lm&omo[ffs\_][om_nb_jcfin
q[m^_l_fc]nchbcm^onc_m(Nb_g[nn_l
i` ]ih×m][ncha j_lmih[f g_]bm cm
nl_[n_^ qcnb _rnl_g_ ][oncih(
Mojjiln g_]bm [l_ nb_ \[]e'
\ih_i`nb_]cns'g_]bm&[h^
[hsnbchanb[n]iof^^[gj_h
nb_ ×abncha mjclcn i` g_]b
di]e_smch\[nnf_cm[pic^_^(
=cns'g_]bm i`n_h b[p_
m]il_m i` g_]bm nb[n [l_
qcnbion jlcp[n_ iqh_lmbcj [h^
[l_nbom]ihmc^_l_^gcfcn[lsjlij'
_lns(Nb_m_g_]bm[l_omo[ffsnb_\[mc]
^_mcah i` nb_ gi^_f [h^ b[p_ `_q gi^c×]['
ncihm(Nb_]igg[h^chai   ]_lcmomo[ffsacp_h
×lmn \c^ c` b_ qcmb_m ni jol]b[m_ nb_ g_]b&
\onc`b_^_]c^_mhinni&[fiq_l'f_p_fg_g\_l

i` nb_ ]l_q "qcnb nb_ ]igg[h^_lÎm j_lgcm'
mcih# g[s []kocl_ iqh_lmbcj( Mig_ncg_m nb_
]l_qg_g\_lchko_mncihgomnq[cnohncfb_cm
jligin_^ni[bcab_ll[he\_`il_b_][hf_a[ffs
iqhnb_g_]b(@ilnb_gimnj[ln&nbioab&gcfc'
n[lsg_]bml_g[chaip_lhg_hnjlij_lns(
C`[g_]bcmmnif_hil^_mnlis_^&nb_iqh_lÎm
bihilcmal_[nfsn[lhcmb_^(;hi   ]_lÎmg_]bcm
bcmfc`_[h^fimchaih_ch\[nnf_cmp_ls_g\[l'
l[mmcha( Cn ][h [fmi f_[^ ni johcmbg_hn oh^_l
nb_ F[q `il ^_l_fc]ncih i` ^ons( Iqh_lmbcj
l_^o]_ml_]ef_mmh_mmmch]_gimnch^cpc^o[fm^i
hina_n][l_f_mmqcnbnb_cliqhjlij_lns(Gimn
]igg[h^_lmqiof^jl_`_l^schachnb_clg_]b
nb[hmolpcpchacnm^_mnlo]ncihohm][nb_^(
G[llc[a_[h^@[gcfs
M n_hc[hF[qb[m^ih_fcnnf_ni]b[ha_nb_q[s
^q[lp_mpc_qg[llc[a_[h^`[gcfs(>q[lp_h
]f[hmb[p_fiha\__h[miol]_i`jlc^_[giha
nb_ ^q[lp_h ]ofnol_( Nb_m_ ]f[h nc_m b[p_ hin
\__h `ilainn_h ip_l nb_ s_[lm& _p_h [m [^b_l'
_h]_ninb_gq[h_m(
>q[lp_m"[h^nb_Mn_hc[hmchnolh#pc_qg[l'
lc[a_ [m [ \ih^cha i` nqi `[gcfc_m( Nbcm cm `[l
gil_ cgjiln[hn nb[h [ mcgjf_ ^q[l` g[llscha
[hinb_l`ilfip_(Fip_cmi`n_hnb_f[mnl_[mih
nb[n^q[lp_mg[lls(Nb_`[gcfs"[h^ih_Îm]f[h#
cmm__h[m`[lgil_cgjiln[hnnb[h[hch^cpc^'
o[fÎm`__fchamniq[l^mig_ih__fm_(G[llc[a_m
[l_i`n_h[ll[ha_^&mig_ncg_m^_][^_m\_`il_
nb_[]no[fohcih][hn[e_jf[]_(
Mch]_nb_^q[lp_h`[gcfsfch_cmnl[^cncih[ffs
nl[]_^ ih nb_ g[f_ mc^_& nb_ j[l_hnm i` [ aclf
omo[ffs n[e_ nb_ ×lmn mn_j niq[l^ [ll[hacha [
g[llc[a_( G[llscha [ ^[oabn_l chni [ jligc'
h_hn `[gcfs ch]l_[m_m nb_ l_jon[ncih i` ih_Îm
iqh ]f[h( @il nbcm l_[mih& g[f_ ^q[lp_m [l_
l[l_fs[ffiq_^ni]biim_nb_cliqhfc`_g[n_m(
>[oabn_lmg[s\_]bim_h`ilnb_gihnb_^[s
i` nb_cl \clnb ch il^_l ni g__n mig_ jifcnc][f
h__^ilm_nnf_[h[h]c_hn`_o^(
>q[lp_hg[nlihm[l_nl[ch_^`lignb_^[sm
i`nb_clsionbni\_[mojjilnmsmn_g`ilnb_cl
bom\[h^m( Nb_ `[gcfs ohcn cm g_[hn ni \_ p_ls
mnliha[h^gil_nb[hih_^q[lp_hal[h^ginb'
_lqcff[mmol_sionb[nnbcmmnl_hanbl_mnmmif_fs
ihnb_mbiof^_lmi`nb_qig[h(
Nb[n m[c^& nbcm mnlo]nol_ b[m ]l[]e_^ mig_'
qb[n ch nb_ f[mn ]_hnols( ?p_ls ^q[l`& g[f_
il `_g[f_& b[m [h cgjiln[hn lif_ ni jf[s ch
l_\ocf^cha nb_ mol`[]_( Nb_ f[mn nqi ^q[lp_h
a_h_l[ncihm b[p_ b[^ [ gil_ nif_l[hn pc_q i`
nb_cl^[oabn_lmÎ[g\cncihm&[h^nb_jl[]nc]_i`
g[llscha`ilfip_^i_mhÎnm__gkocn_[mlc^c]o'
fiom[mcn^c^(
Hih'^q[lp_h Mn_hc[hm b[p_ nb_cl iqh ]om'
nigm&i`]iolm_(Nb_F[qcmp_ls_p_h'b[h^_^
[\iong[llc[a_(Jlij_lnscmiqh_^dichnfs[h^
l_mjihmc\cfcnscmmjfcn_ko[ffs(Qig_hb[p_nb_
m[g_ lcabnm [m g_h ch [ g[llc[a_( =bcf^l_h
[l_f_a[ffs]ihmc^_l_^ni\_g_g\_lmi`nb_cl
`[nb_lmÎ _rn_h^_^ `[gcfc_m `il joljim_m i`
chb_lcn[h]_& ch e__jcha qcnb ^q[lp_h nl[^c'
ncih(
Ila[hct_^=lcg_
? p_h oh^_l nb_ mn_lh F[q& nbc_p_m ][h \_
`ioh^(Cnb[mfiha\__hm[c^&ËSio][hhin
]l_[n_f[qmqcnbion]l_[ncha]lcgch[fm(ÌMch]_
nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s b[m f[qm `il h_[lfs
_p_lsnbcha&[hog\_li`f[q\l_[e_lm[l_bc^cha
ch nb_ mb[^iqm( ?p_h ih nb_ ]fim_fs ao[l^_^
b[ffm i` nb_ ]cns'g_]bm& nbc_p_m aocf^m ][h
Øiolcmb( Mgoaafcha& `ila_ls i` c^_hnc×][ncih&
l_[mmcahg_hn i` fcpcha ko[ln_lm& [h^ a_h_l[f
[]nmi`f[qf_mmh_mm[l_domn[mjl_p[f_hn[mnb_s
qiof^\_ch[hsinb_l]cns(
Ni mig_ ^_al__& nb_ jl_m_h]_ i` nb_m_
ila[hct[ncihm cm nif_l[n_^( ;fnbioab
i   ]_lm i` nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s
l[l_fs [^gcn cn& ila[hct_^
]lcg_ cm ]ihmc^_l_^
[]]_jn[\f_ ni nb_
[fn_lh[ncp_( Mch]_
nb_ Mn_hc[h jbc'
fimijbs l_a[l^m
f[q [m [h [\mi'
fon_& il^_lfs
]lcgch[f []ncp'
cns cm m__h [m [
\_nn_l ijncih
nb[h]b[im(Nb_
]lcgch[f_f_g_hn
][hh_p_l\_`offs
l_gip_^(@[l\_nn_l
`il nb_ ]lcgch[fm ni
jifc]_ nb_gm_fp_m nb[h
[ffiq ]lcg_m ni ai ih qcnb
hi]ihm_ko_h]_(
Nb_ ]igg[h^_l i` [hs ]cns'g_]b
jli\[\fsb[m[msg\cinc]l_f[ncihmbcjqcnbnb_
g[dil ]lcgch[f aliojm nb[n ij_l[n_ ih \i[l^(
?p_h nbioab mo]b []ncpcns cm ]fim_fs q[n]b_^
\snb_gcfcn[ls[h^]ih^_gh_^\snb_=ioh]cf&
cncmh_]_mm[lsnig[chn[chil^_lihnb_g_]b(
Nbc_p_m aocf^m _hmol_ nb[n m_lciom ]lcg_m [l_
e_jnni[l_[mih[\f_gchcgog(Nb_`nm[l_]ig'
gih& \on nb_s [fgimn h_p_l boln nb_ g_]bÎm
ij_l[ncih(Mgoaafchacm[]no[ffsl_aof[n_^[h^
]ihnliff_^( <s _hmolcha nb[n m_]olcns cm f[r [n
[ n_gjncha n[la_n& nb_ g_]b ]igg[h^_l ][h
\_]ih×^_hnnb[ngoaachamilgol^_lqcff\_
e_jn ni [ gchcgog( Nbc_p_m aocf^m [l_ \_nn_l
[njifc]chanb_cliqh]lcgch[f[]ncpcnsnb[hnb_
gcfcn[ls]iof^_p_lbij_ni\_(

.3;?

¡ ¢
; ]_ln[ch []]_jn[\f_ gchcgog i` ]lcg_ cm
cahil_^( Q_[fnbs j[mm_ha_lm [l_ i]][mcih[ffs
l_fc_p_^ i` _r]_mm jimm_mmcihm& \omch_mm_m [l_
Ëjlin_]n_^`lig[]]c^_hnmÌ\sj[scha[gihnb'
fs `__& [h^ l[h^ig ]lcg_m mo]b [m goaacham
il p[h^[fcmg [l_ e_jn ni nb_ jiil_l ^cmnlc]nm(
=lcgch[fm qbi ij_l[n_ ionmc^_ nb_ aocf^ [l_
johcmb_^ qcnb qilm_ `[n_m nb[h [hs m_hn_h]_
nb_ Domnc][lm ]iof^ cgjim_( @il nb_ g_]b
]igg[h^_l& nb_m_ nif_l[\f_ ]lcgch[f []nm [l_
`[l gil_ []]_jn[\f_ nb[h [h[l]bs [\i[l^ nb_
g_]b(
Nbcm l_f[ncihmbcj \_nq__h nb_ i   ]c[fm ih
\i[l^ [h^ ila[hct_^ ]lcg_ cm [fq[sm ]f[h^_m'
nch_(?p_hg_g\_lmi`nb_nbc_p_maocf^cnm_f`
[l_i`n_hoh[q[l_i`mo]b[ll[ha_g_hnm(Omo'
[ffs& [ ai'\_nq__h cm oncfct_^ `lig nb_ aocf^
ninb_[onbilcnc_m(;nfiq_lf_p_fm&ao[l^mg_h
[h^moj_lpcmilm[l_i`n_hËihnb_n[e_Ìnil_f[r
m_]olcnsih[j[lnc]of[lhcabnilnin[e_[ehi]e
ni nb_ b_[^( Nb_m_ gchil i]]oll_h]_m [l_
qc^_fsip_lfiie_^\snb_g_]b]igg[h^_l(
Nb_ aocf^ oh^_lmn[h^m cnm mc^_ i`
nb_ \[la[ch( Ch _r]b[ha_ `il
]_ln[ch fc\_lnc_m& nb_s [l_
_rj_]n_^ ni e__j ]lcg_
[n [ nif_l[\f_ f_p_f
[h^ jl_p_hn [hs'
nbcha nb[n ]iof^
^[g[a_ nb_
g_]b(Hig_]b
] i g g [ h ^ _ l
qiof^ mn[h^ `il
]lcg_ mjl__m&
gol^_lm& il
\f[n[hn ^cml_'
a[l^`ilMn_hc[h
F[q( Biq_p_l&
[ `_q cn_gm i`
]ihnl[\[h^ mfcjjcha
nblioab[]b_]ejichn&
[h i]][mcih[f ^cahcn[ls
\_cha li\\_^& il nb_ cgjimc'
ncih i` [ `_q ohi   ]c[f n[r_m ]iof^
_[mcfs\_ip_lfiie_^(Nbc_p_maocf^m[l_i`n_h
p_ls]iij_l[ncp_`ilnbcmp_lsl_[mih(
Ch l_nolh& nb_s e__j [h _s_ ion `il chnlo^'
_lm [h^ m[\in_olm( Gil_ nb[h ih_ mn[fe_l b[m
`iif_^ nb_ [onbilcnc_m [h^ jl_j[l_^ `il [h
[mm[ofn ih nb_ ]cns'g_]bÎm chh_l qilecham&
ihfsni×h^nb[nnb_fi][f]lcgch[fmb[p_\__h
q[n]bcha bcg mch]_ b_ m_n `iin ih \i[l^(
Hi\i^s q[hnm ni m__ nb_cl big_ chp[^_^ [h^
nb_cl `[gcfs g[^_ pofh_l[\f_( Ih]_ nb_ aocf^
b[m^_[fnqcnbnb_ionmc^_l&nb_sg[e_[koc_n
l_jiln ni nb_ fi][f [onbilcnc_m& [h^ [hinb_l
h[g_f_mm mnl[ha_lÎm \i^s cm joff_^ ion i` nb_
a_[l`il_mnih_jc_]_[n[ncg_(
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
+
JMD=K
AF>GJE9LAGF
= b[l[]n_lm `lig nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s [l_
[fgimn _r]fomcp_fs i` f[q`of [fcahg_hnm(
Gimn[l_f[q`ofh_onl[filf[q`ofaii^(;`_q
[l_ h_onl[f il h_onl[f aii^& \on nb_m_ [l_ ch
nb_gchilcns(Nb_Mn_hc[hm^ihinnif_l[n__pcf
[h^]b[im(
Nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s []]_jnm [ff l[]_m& s_n
cnm `ioh^[ncih cm ch ^q[lp_h nl[^cncih( H_q
l_]locnm mbiof^ `__f ]ig`iln[\f_ [lioh^
^q[lp_m c` nb_s _rj_]n ni a_n [fiha ch nb_
=ih`_^_l[]s( @olnb_lgil_& gimn i` nb_ ]cns'
g_]bmq_l_]ihmnlo]n_^qcnb^q[lp_mchgch^&
min[ff_ll[]_mb[p_[^c   ]ofnncg_h[pca[ncha
go]bi`nb_cl[l_[(
Jf[scha[]b[l[]n_l`lignb_=ih`_^_l[]scm
_[mc_mnc`_p_ls]b[l[]n_l`lignb_j[lnscm[fmi
Mn_hc[h ch ilcach( <_][om_ Mn_hc[h ]b[l[]n_lm
[l_ omo[ffs f[q`of& nb_s jl_`_l ni [^p[h]_ nb_
chn_l_mnm i` nb_cl aip_lhg_hn( Biq_p_l& cnÎm
mncff_[msnijf[s][gj[cahmqb_l_nb_l_mni`nb_
j[lnscmhin[fmi`lignb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s(
Nb_Mn_hc[hJ=mg[smj_h^[fini`ncg_nlscha
nij_lmo[^_nb_cl]igj[nlcinm[mninb_pclno_m
i`nb_=ih`_^_l[]s(Nb_sgcabnm__nb_gm_fp_m
[m jlim_fsnct_lm ]ihp_lncha nb_ oh`[cnb`of& il
_p_hm_]l_n[a_hnmch×fnl[nchanb_cl_h_gc_m(C`
nb_inb_l]b[l[]n_lm[l_h_onl[f&nb_sg[sb[p_
hii\d_]ncihmni[^p_hnolchachnb_h[g_i`nb_
=ih`_^_l[]s( ?p_h c` nb_ inb_l ]b[l[]n_lm [l_
]b[inc]&nb_l_Îmmncffmig_]iggihalioh^ni
\_`ioh^4nb_Mn_hc[h]b[l[]n_lm][h[al__qcnb
gimninb_lmnb[nfoh[lnbl_[nm[l_ni\__fcgc'
h[n_^&[m[l_gimnil]m[h^inb_lgihmn_lm&[m
q_ff[mg[hsm][p_ha_lm(
; alioj ]igjim_^ _hncl_fs i` =ih`_^_l'
[n_ ]b[l[]n_lm cm _[ms ni jf[s( Cn cm `[clfs
]iggih `il mg[ff gcfcn[ls ohcnm ni \_
g[^_ oj i` m_p_l[f ch^cpc^o[fm nb[n
b[p_p[lschadi\mqcnbchnb_=ih`_^'
_l[]s( ;fn_lh[n_fs& mig_ J=m ]iof^
\_chnb_gcfcn[ls&qbcf_inb_lm[l_
]cpcfc[h mojjiln mn[( G[echa nb_
J=m [ mchaf_ Mn_hc[h g_]b ]l_q
jlipc^_m [h _r]_ff_hn domnc×][ncih
`ilacpchafiq'f_p_fJ=m[g_]b(
; j[lns ]iof^ [fmi \_ `l__f[h]_lm
qilecha `il nb_ gcfcn[ls( Nb_ [^p_h'
nol_lmaocf^i`Nbol[h'>igcm[j_l`_]n
biie `il nbcm miln i` [^p_hnol_( ;hs
gcfcn[ls]igg[h^qcffi]][mcih[ffs×h^nb_
h__^`ilË\f[]eijmÌiloh^_l]ip_lij_l[ncihm
qb_l_ l_aof[l gcfcn[ls `il]_m [l_hÎn [jjlijlc'
[n_(;^p_hnol_l]b[l[]n_lm[l_j_l`_]n`ilmo]b
gcmmcihm(
Nb_jli]_mmi`[hionmc^_l\_]igcha[g_g'
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¡ ¢

al[jjf_ [nn_gjnm \s gihmn_l mo]b [m foh[l
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ncih& qb[n b[^ \lioabn nb_ a_[lqlcabnm
ni [ ^_]cmcih& _p_hno[ffs \_][g_
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mc^_mn_jj_^ nb_ ko_mncih i` fis[fns \s
l_p_lncha ni nb_ ih_ chmncnoncih nb_s nlomn_^
gimn& nb_cl iqh aocf^( <on qb_l_ ^c^ nb_
gih_s ]ig_ `lig9 ;m `[l [m [hsih_ eh_q&
]ihn[]nq[mgchcg[f[n\_mn\_nq__h\_nq__h
nb_a_[lqlcabnmi`nb_G[mn_lL_jimcnils&qcnb

.3;?

¡ ¢
qb[n_p_l l_miol]_m nb_s gcabn b[p_& [h^ nb_
gi^_lha_[lqlcabnmb_l_ch>o_lie(
;h^& mnl[ha_mn i` [ff& qbs ^c^ >ola[h'fie&
qcnb cnm ×lg nc_m ni nb_ nl[^cncih[f ]f[hm i`
>o_lie& cgg_^c[n_fs [hhioh]_ nb[n cn qiof^
\_]ig_j[lni`nbcmMn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s9
Miih [ Mn_hc[h =ioh]cf q[m `ilg_^( Nb_
dohcila_[lqlcabnm]_^_^[onbilcnsninb_]ioh'
]cf&qbc]b\_a[hila[hctchanb_]ihmnlo]ncihi`
H_^^_ljce( Nb_ a_[lqlcabnm ]iof^ hiq `i]om
ih \ocf^cha [ g_]b l[nb_l nb[h ^_[fcha qcnb
[^gchcmnl[nilm(Ih_i`nb_g\_][g_nb_]bc_`
_hach__l l_mjihmc\f_ `il \ocf^cha H_^^_ljce&
qbcf_nb_inb_lnqi\_a[h^l[qchaojjf[hm`il
`onol_]cns'g_]bm(
Nb_ A_[lqlcabnm Aocf^ al_q ch chØo_h]_
[m nb_ g_]b q[m ]ihmnlo]n_^& [h^ nb_ jf_[m
[h^jli_lmi`nb_if^]f[hm`_ffih^_[`_[lm(
L_d_]n_^& nb_ ]f[h _f^_lm \_a[h ^cmiqhcha
^q[lp_m qbi ]bim_ ni dich nbcm b_l_nc][f ]lo'
m[^_&\ong[hsi`nb_clsioha_lq[llcilm&qbi
[fl_[^s b_f^ nb_ _f^_lm ch ]ihn_gjn `il nb_cl
`[cf_^ ^_`_hm_ i` >o_lie& ^_]f[l_^ nb_sÎ^
jl_`_l ni \_ ^cmiqh_^( Nb_ ×lmn jo\fc] lc`nm
\_nq__hnb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s[h^>o_lie
[jj_[l_^&qbc]bb[p_]ihncho_^ninbcm^[s(
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l[fg_g\_lmi`nb_Mn_hc[h=ioh]cfq_l_mol'
jlcm_^nib_[l[h[g_ehiqhnimno^_hnmi`nb_
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acp_hnb[nnb_l_mni`nb_]ioh]cfq[m^q[lp_h(
<on nbcm bog[h ][ff_^ @[mcf ^cm[piq_^ ehiqf'
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[hmq_l_^ nb[n b_ q[m ch]fo^_^ \_][om_ i` bcm
al_[n[\cfcnc_m[m[h[^gchcmnl[nil(
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
Miih ko_mncihm [\ion @[mcf q_l_ ^_Ø_]n_^
ni ih_ i` bcm j__lm ih nb_ =ioh]cf& [ =f[h
Gcafo^_hach__lh[g_^Mn_hcom&qbib[^\__h
chmnlog_hn[f ch \ocf^cha >ola[h'fie [h^ b[^
mch]_ \__h [jjichn_^ ih_ i` cnm aip_lhilm(
Nbim_ qbi g_n qcnb Mn_hcom ch koc_n [l_[m
]iof^ mq_[l nb[n b_ q[m []]igj[hc_^ \s [
mi`n nc]e'ni]e hicm_ [n [ff ncg_m& [h^ bcm mech
b[^ \_aoh ni n[e_ ih [ mcfp_l mb__h( Mn_hcomÎ
chØo_h]_ ip_l nb_ [[clm i` >ola[h'fie q[m
q_ffehiqh&\oncnq[m]ihmc^_l_^mnl[ha_biq
go]bncg_b_mj_hnqcnbnb_]bc_`_hach__li`
H_^^_ljce& qilecha ih nb_ ]ihmnlo]ncih i` [
h_q ]cns'g_]b( B_ m__g_^ [fgimn i\m_mm_^
qcnbnb_jlid_]n(
Qb_hH_^^_ljceq[m]igjf_n_&g[hsf[\il'
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chj[sg_hn&qbc]b\il_chm]lcjncihmmimnl[ha_
nb_s m__g_^ _rnl[jf[h[l ch ilcach( Nb_ ]f[h
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chkoclc_m \s d_[fiom nl[^cncih[fcmnm( ;m H_^'
-
^_ljce \_a[h `oh]ncihcha& mi ^c^ nb_ Mn_hc[h
=ih`_^_l[]s(
NB?MN?CHA;L>
I ` nb_ cgjf_g_hnm [n nb_ =ih`_^_l[]sÎm
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ohcnm\_fiqnb_g&\onnb_cl^cl_]ncihcmomo[ffs
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ninb_clchp_mnca[ncih(Nb_sb[p_\__hehiqhni
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gch_c`[nbl_[n_rcmnm(C`nb_l_cmhinbl_[n&nb_
l[c^q[mmncffdomnc×_^"chnb_clgch^m#chil^_l
ni]ih×lgnb[nnb_l_q[mhinbl_[n(
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boh^l_^m i` ij_l[ncp_m qilecha ^__jfs oh^_l
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li[gm( Ch nlonb& nb_ _hncl_ Mn_cha[l^ cm `_q_l
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qil^ i` nb_cl Ë[]]igjfcmbg_hnmÌ mjl_[^m `[l
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g_]bmcnm_f`&cnmjl_m_h]_cm`_fnchh_[lfs_p_ls
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mo\m_lpc_hn ihfs ni nb_ Domnc][lm Ê \on nb_l_
[l_ [ fin gil_ Mn_cha[l^ nb[h nb_l_ [l_ Domnc'
][lm(Nb_clmif_^onscmnic^_hnc`s[h^l_gip_
nbl_[nm ni nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s l_a[l^f_mm i` nb_
]imnil]ihm_ko_h]_m(
G_g\_lmi`nb_Mn_cha[l^[l_]bim_h`lig
nb_ gcfcn[ls \s nb_ Mn_hc[h =ioh]cf( Nb_s
omo[ffs [jjli[]b mif^c_lm il i   ]_lm qbi ^cm'
jf[s [h oh^scha mojjiln `il nb_ =ih`_^_l[]s
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ch]fo^cha `[gcfs& `lc_h^m& [h^ ]f[h( Mif^c_lm
qbi g[e_ _rnl_g_ m[]lc×]_m `il nb_ =ih`_^'
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nb_ Mn_cha[l^ qb_h nb_s \_]ig_ mo   ]c_hnfs
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.3;?

¡ ¢
nb_s q_l_ ch [ ^l[aihÎm n_llcnils& nb_s q_l_
oh^_lcnmmj_ff(
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nb_m_mnl[ha_il^_lm&^cm]cjfch_nlogjcha]ih'
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.3;?


¡ ¢

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.3;?

¡ ¢
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.3;?

¡ ¢
[h^ gcmg[n]b_^ nomem( Hi ehiqh foh[l ]l_['
nol_ g[n]b_m nb_ [jj_[l_h]_ i` nb_m_ ial_'
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cm i` chn_l_mn ni BcabjichnÎm m[a_m& [h^ nb_s
i]][mcih[ffs pcmcn ni mno^s nb_ ][lp_^ li]e
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.3;?

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nb_cl [nn[]b_^ ko[ln_lm( ; q[l^ ][h b[p_ [hs'
nbcha`lig.ni+/]iolnm&\on1cmnb_gimn]ig'
gihhog\_l(?[]bq[l^cmip_lm__h\s[Q[l^
I   ]_l&[g_g\_li`nb_g_]bÎmgcfcn[ls]l_q
qbi l_jilnm ni nb_ nbl__ ]igg[h^_lm( Nb_
Q[l^I   ]_lcmgil_i`[fc[cmihnb[h[f_[^_l&
×h^cha mifoncihm ni jli\f_gm [h^ ^cl_]ncha
j_ijf_ninb_nbchamnb_sh__^(Q[l^I
[fmi b[p_ l_aof[l gcfcn[ls ^onc_m& [h^ g[hs
  ]_lm
q[l^mb[p_fcnnf_]ihn[]nqcnbnb_cli   ]_l(

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c^_hncns ^cme& [h c^_[ nb[n F_acih [a_hnm
\lioabn \[]e [`n_l [ pcmcn ni H_^^_ljce( Nbcm
nbc]e \liht_ ^cme cm nb_ mct_ i` [ ]ich& qcnb
Mb[lNbct^c]Îm`[]_ihih_mc^_5cncmjl_mog[\fs
mnlo]eihnb_]ich[a_[hpcfmfi][n_^ihL_\clnb(
Nb_ inb_l mc^_ \_[lm nb_ qil^ ËB[p_hÌ [h^ [
hog\_l( E_s g_]b ]l_q [h^ gcfcn[ls i   ]_lm
a_nhog\_lm+nblioab.33&[h^nb_l_g[ch^_l
i` nb_ hog\_lm ai ni _p_lsih_ _fm_( Cnm mc^_m
b[p_\__hnlcgg_^nig[e_cn[mko[l_minb[ncn
qihÎn_[mcfs\_gcmn[e_h`il[l_aof[l]ich(
Nbcm^cmegomn\_mbiqhqb_h_p_l[hch^c'
pc^o[f\i[l^mB[p_h&[h^[a[chqb_h_hn_lcha
cgjiln[hn[l_[mmo]b[mnb_g[chg[le_nile_s
ojj_l'f_p_f]illc^ilm(C`[B[p_hl_mc^_hnfim_m
nb_cl^cme&nb_s[l_nil_jilncncgg_^c[n_fsni
nb_ Clih Qil^m& \lchacha qcnb nb_g [hinb_l
B[p_hl_mc^_hnqbiqcffpio]b`ilnb_clc^_h'
ncns(Nb_if^hog\_lcmmnlo]e`lig]cl]of[ncih&
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b[p_ni×h^mb_fn_lionmc^_B[p_h(
Pcmcnilm ni B[p_h [l_ cmmo_^ ^cmem i` nb_cl
iqh( Nb_m_ [l_ f[la_ g_^[ffcih'mct_^ jc_]_m
i`\liht_&mko[l_^fce_nb_clmg[ff_l]iohn_l'
j[lnm& [h^ gomn \_ qilh [lioh^ nb_ h_]e ih
[ ]b[ch il ]il^ [n [ff ncg_m( Nb_ qil^ ËPCMC'
NILÌ cm _g\f[tih_^ ih _[]b ih_& [fiha qcnb
[hog\_l\_nq__h+[h^,**(@[cfol_nib[p_[
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`of Clih Qil^m cgg_^c[n_fs ]ih×m][n_ [ff nb_
i_h^_lÎm jimm_mmcihm [h^ _m]iln bcg i nb_
g_]b&[h^gil_]l_[ncp_j_h[fnc_m[l_]_ln[chfs
jimmc\f_5 cn j[sm ni e__j nl[]e i` ih_Îm ^cme(
Nb_m_^cmemgomn\_l_nolh_^qb_hnb_pcmcnil
_rcnmB[p_h&[h^[mn[schnb_\lcacm]iggih
`ilnbim_qbi`[cfnib[p_nb_cl^cmeb[h^sqb_h
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[`iof i` cm nb_ \[h ih q_[jihm( B[p_h cm [
gcfcn[lsg_]b&[h^F_acihmif^c_lm[l_j_lgcn'
n_^ ni ][lls nb_cl hilg[f [lg[g_hn qbcf_ ih
^ons(Oh^_l[ffinb_l]cl]ogmn[h]_m&[ffl[ha_^
q_[jihm [h^ [hs g_f__ q_[jihm gil_ nb[h [
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ni [lg nb_gm_fp_m [m [ jl_][oncih( ;ff [^ofn
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g_]b_hn_lm]ig\[n&l_mc^_hnmqbi[l_hÎnj[ln
i`nb_g_]bÎm[]ncp_]l_q[l__rj_]n_^nig[h
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[h^ mjinm fce_fs ni ^l[q \i[l^_lm( B[p_h b[m
h_p_ls_n\__h\l_[]b_^\sionmc^_[nn[]e_lm&
qbc]bcm[jichni`jlc^_[gihacnm]cnct_hm(
A_nnchaih<i[l^
? p_lsih_ fcpcha ih B[p_h cm [mmcah_^ ni
\_ nb_l_ \s nb_ F_acihÎm f_[^_lmbcj( Mb[l
Nbct^c] j_lmih[ffs [jjlip_m [ff g_g\_lm i`
nb_ ]igg[h^ ]l_q& [h^ nb_cl mjiom_m [h^
]bcf^l_h \_]ig_ l_mc^_hnm [m q_ff( Mb[l& bcm
[^pcm_lm& [h^ nb_ ]igg[h^ ]l_q mb[l_^ nb_
n[me i` ]biimcha nb_ l_mn i` B[p_hÎm ]cnct_hm
qb_hnb_g_]bq[m\ocfn(Nb_]igg[h^_lm[l_
nl[hm`_ll_^ ih [ l_aof[l \[mcm& [m [l_ gcfcn[ls
i  ]_lm [h^ j_ijf_ ch ]_ln[ch m_hmcncp_ jimc'
ncihm&\onnb_g[dilcnsi`B[p_hÎml_mc^_hnm[l_
g_g\_lmi`nb_Fis[fns]b[jn_lqbib[p_\__h
nb_l_`ilmig_ncg_(
;hsih_ qbi q[hnm ih \i[l^ gomn [jjfs
ni nb_ g_]bÎm ]igg[h^_lm [h^ nb_cl [c^_m(
Nb_ F_acih b[m [h [jjfc][ncih jli]_mm& ]ig'
jf_n_ qcnb `ilgm nb[n gomn \_ ×ff_^ ion [h^
qcnh_mm_^( ?[]b [jjfc][hn gomn [fmi b[p_ [
j_lmih[f chn_lpc_q qcnb ih_ i` nb_ g_]bÎm
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nb_Ao[l^=igg[h^_l#&qb_l_chnb_bij_`of
j_lmih_rjf[chm_r[]nfsbiqnb_sqcffg[e_fc`_
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@il [ fiha ncg_& nbcm jli]_mm q[m g_l_fs [
`ilg[fcns( ;ff [jjfc][hnm q_l_ l_d_]n_^ ih nb_
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Nb_ nc^_ i` qiof^'\_ l_mc^_hnm nolh_^ chni [
Øii^& biq_p_l& [h^ _p_hno[ffs Mb[l Nbct^c]
l_f_hn_^(Nb_g_]bÎmjijof[ncih][jb[m\__h
ch]l_[m_^ nqc]_ `lig cnm ilcach[f ,&*** l_mc'
^_hnm&[^^cha/**j_ijf__[]bncg_(Cnm]ig'
g[h^ mn[ b[m l_g[ch_^ ]ihmn[hn [n lioabfs
,**ch^cpc^o[fm(
Hiq cn cm jimmc\f_ `il mig_ih_ ni \_]ig_

.3;?

¡ ¢
[ h_q B[p_h l_mc^_hn \s `iffiqcha nb_ jli'
]_mm [\ip_( Gimn i` nb_ +&*** h_q jimcncihm
b[p_\__hn[e_h&\on[`_q[l_mncffij_h(Ihfs
g_g\_lm i` nb_ Fis[fns ]b[jn_l ][h \_]ig_
l_mc^_hnm&[h^nb_l_kocl_g_hnm[l_\inbp_ls
mnlc]n[h^p_lsjiilfs^_×h_^(Mig_]igg[h^
mn[ [l_ ch]fch_^ ni [jjlip_ l_mc^_h]s `il [
qc^_l[ha_i`ch^cpc^o[fm&jlipc^_^nb_sm__g
]igj_n_hn [h^ ]igjfc[hn& qbcf_ inb_lm qcff
ihfs]ihmc^_lcnc`nb_g_]bÎm]igg[h^_lm"il
Mb[lNbct^c]#[jjfsj_lmih[fjl_mmol_(
C` [ B[p_h ]cnct_h q[hnm ni f_[p_& nb_ jli'
]_mmcmmcgjf_l(Mb_hinc×_mb_lQ[l^I   ]_l&
×ffm ion mig_ j[j_lqile& [h^ q[cnm( Cn n[e_m
\_nq__h nbl__ [h^ m_p_h ^[sm ni jli]_mm nb_
j[j_lm&[h^nb_ClihQil^mqcffomo[ffsfiie[n
nb_cl×f_mnig[e_]_ln[chnb[nnbim_qbif_[p_
[l_hÎn^ichami`ilmomjc]cioml_[mihm(;mmog'
chahi]igjfc][ncihm&nb_j_lmihf_[pchanolhm
chb_lc^_hncns^cme[h^^_j[lnmnb_h_rnncg_
B[p_hmnijm(
Pcmcnilm^ihÎn`[]_[mgo]bb[mmf_nia_nn_g'
jil[ls [^gcnn[h]_& \on nb_cl gip_g_hnm [l_
gihcnil_^p_ls]fim_fs(Nb_F_acihcmmnlcpcha
ni\_m_f`'mo   ]c_hn&minl[^_lm[h^g_l]_h[l'
c_m[l_hin[mq_f]ig_ihB[p_h[mnb_s[l_ih
inb_l]cns'g_]bm(J[j_lqilecm[a[chchpifp_^
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b[p_f_[lh_^[fin[\ion\ol_[o]l[]sÊ[h^[
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jfom,aj`il_p_lshcabnmj_hn[\i[l^B[p_h&
\oncn][hp[ls^_j_h^chaihnb_gii^i`nb_
i   ]_lmb[h^fchanb_j[j_lm(
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nb_cl jl_m_h]_ [h^ b[m nb_ h_]_mm[ls aif^ ch
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nif^ qbc]b [l_[m i` B[p_h nb_s [l_ [ffiq_^
ni\_ch(Nbcmcmomo[ffsl_mnlc]n_^ninb_g[ch
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\_fiq& [h^ [ff j[mm[a_q[sm h__^_^ `il nl[p_f(
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ko[ln_lm ch ih_ i` nb_ ]l[gj_^& ^chas ao_mn
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mn[s_^jon(
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B [p_h cm loh \s [ nlcogpcl[n_ i` ]ig'
g[h^_lm( Ih gimn g_]bm nb_m_ jimc'
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qig_hqbi[nn_gjnninolhnb_gchnifc`_ncg_
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nl[hm`_ll_^l_aof[lfs(Hih_i`B[p_hÎmf_[^_lm
b[p_\__hch]igg[h^`il[`offnq_fp_gihnbm&
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
[h^ nb_ m[g_ cm nlo_ i` nb_cl cgg_^c[n_ mo\'
]igg[h^_lm(
Nbcm f_[p_m [ moljlcmcha [giohn i` jiq_l
ch nb_ b[h^m i` dohcil i   ]_lm( @_q g_g\_lm
i` nb_ ojj_l ]igg[h^ mn[ ilcach[n_^ ch nb_
Fis[fns]b[jn_l&qbcf_gimni`nb_dohcili '
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nia_nb_l`ilqb[nnb_sm__[mnb_]b[jn_lÎm\_mn
chn_l_mn&qbc]bi]][mcih[ffsjonmnb_g[ni^^m
qcnbnb_m_hcilmn[(Hiij_h]ihØc]nb[m\li'
e_hions_n&\onmcno[ncihmi`n_hl_mifp_nb_g'
m_fp_mnig[n]bnb_dohcilmn[Îmqcmb_m(
Nb_nlcogpcl[n_]ihmcmnmi`G_]b=igg[h^'
_l @cf[ncc Nboh^_l`iin "ih_ i` Mb[l Nbct^c]Îm
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ncih l[]e_nm jl_scha ih nb_ ]iggih f[\il_lm(
Ih [ l_acg_hn_^ g_]b fce_ B[p_h& ]lcgch[fm
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N b_ gcfcn[ls cm B[p_hÎm ^igch[hn `il]_&
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[]ncih(=igg[h^_lmcahil_nbcm[^pc]_[nnb_cl ch]fo^_mg_]bjcfinm[h^aohh_lm(
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j_h_^( mj[]_nb_q[sl_mc^_hnmi`f_mml_acg_hn_^]cns'

g_]bm^i(Nb_\caa_mn[h^\_mnko[ln_lmaini
l[hecha i]_lm [h^ ^[lcha q[llcilm& [h^ nbcm
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?]ihigs
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cha ch cnm q[e_( Nb_ hig[^m [l_ l_miol]_`of
[h^][hfcp_inb_f[h^gil__[mcfsnb[hih_
gcabn mojjim_( Go]b i` nb_cl _iln ai_m ni
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]ig_( Nbcm g_[hm nb[n B[p_h ^i_mhÎn l_]_cp_
[m g[hs nl[^_lm [h^ inb_l chn_l_mncha pcmcnilm
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q[n]b_^\snb_F_acihÎmmif^c_lm[h^q_f]ig_^
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>i]echa [\i[l^ nb_ ]cns'g_]b cm ]imnfs( ;
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]imn ^io\fcha `il _p_ls mct_ ch]l_g_hn oj ni
nb_g[rcogogi`=ifimm[fCC(<_nq__hnbcm`__
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ni nb_cl ]finbcha mig_qb_l_( Biq_p_l& qb_h
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cha\l[p[^ii`nb_F[h]_lm&[alioji`B[p_hÎm
]iaf[s_lm [h^ n_]bhc]c[hm ]l_[n_^ [ mi]c_ns
i` nb_cl iqh( Nb_s ][ff_^ cn nb_ Li]e ?[n_lm(
B[p_hÎmmnih_[lgilchmjcl_^nbcmh[g_&[m[hs'
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qcnbnb_[\cfcns[l_`iffiqchanb_giheÎmj[nb(
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jl_mnca_]f[mmcmjlipc^_^\_fiq(
Nb_Q[si`Hch_cm[m_]l_nila[hct[ncih&ch
himg[ffj[ln\_][om_m_]l_]sg[e_mnb_g`__f
mj_]c[f( C` nb_ ]igg[h^_lm i` B[p_h ^cm]ip'
_l_^ cnm _rcmn_h]_& nb_s qiof^ fce_fs il^_l cn
ni^cm\[h^&ihnb_a_h_l[fjlch]cjf_nb[noh[o'
nbilct_^aliojm[l_[nbl_[nniF_acihmn[\cfcns(
Nb_ Q[s i` Hch_ cm [ fiim_ ]ihm_hmom'^lcp_h
^_gi]l[]s& [h^ g_g\_lm [l_ `l__ ni chpcn_
inb_lmqbimbiqmo]c_hnl_p_l_h]_`ilMb[l
Nbct^c][h^bcm@cabnchaPclno_mnidich(

.3;?

¡ ¢
Bc^[fa_tbÎm =bcf^l_h4 Nbcm m_]l_n ila['
hct[ncihcmhinh_[lfsmi`ih^i`Mb[lNbct^c](
=igjim_^i`nlc\_g_g\_lmqbi^cmfce_nb_cl
b_[pcfsl_acg_hn_^fcp_m&nb_=bcf^l_hjfinni
ql_mn ]ihnlif i` nb_ F_acih [q[s `lig Mb[l
Nbct^c][h^l_nolhnimig_m_g\f[h]_i`nb_cl
nl[^cncih[fq[sm(Nb_aliojcm[gcrnol_i`\cn'
n_l]f[h_f^_lm[h^molfssiohaq[llcilm(Nb_s
oh^_lmn[h^ nb_ p[fo_ i` m_]l_]s& [h^ lcabn il
hin& nb_s momj_]n _p_lsih_ [lioh^ nb_g i`
\_chach`ilg_lm(Mi`[lnb_sb[p_\__hkoc_nfs
mni]ejcfchaq_[jihm[h^m]ionchaionnb_\[]e
]ilh_lmi`B[p_h(
;mc^_ `lig nb_ nbl_[n i` [ pcif_hn ^cmmifo'
ncih c` nb_s [l_ ^cm]ip_l_^& nb_ =bcf^l_h [l_
qilecha [a[chmn nqi i\mn[]f_m( @clmn& `_q i`
nb_g [l_ mecff_^ qcnb g_]bm( M_]ih^& nb_cl
g_g\_lmbcj mi `[l cm fcgcn_^ ni l_mc^_hnm i`
B[p_h(Nb_sm__eniip_l]ig_nb_m_f[nn_lnqi
jli\f_gm&[h^qcff\_p_lschn_l_mn_^chl_]locn'
cha[hsih_qbi][hb_fjnb_gÊjlipc^_^nb_
-
j_lmih ch ko_mncih cm i\pciomfs hin [ F_acih
mojjiln_l(
G?=BILA;HCT;NCIHCH
NB?F?ACIH
N b_ F_acihÎm g_]bm [l_ ^cpc^_^ chni n_h
aliojm( Hch_ [l_ nb_ go]b'l_`_l_h]_^
]b[jn_lm& [h^ nb_ n_hnb cm L_\clnb [h^ cnm
_m]iln( Mb[l Nbct^c] [^^m qb[n_p_l g_]bm b_
h__^m ni bcm j_lmih[f ]igjf_g_hn& ]b[hacha
nb_g[e_oji`bcmao[l^[mb_m__m×n(Ohomo[f
il_rj_lcg_hn[fg_]bm[l_omo[ffsj[lni`nbcm
alioj& ch]fo^cha mo]b ^_mcahm [m nb_ m_f`'jli'
j_ff_^Øschag_]b][ff_^nb_@[f]ih"m__j[a_
+3i`nb_G_]bG[ho[f#(
?[]b ]b[jn_l cm nb_ _ko[f i` nb_ inb_lm& mi
nb_cl g_]b Ø__nm [l_ mcgcf[l( Nb_ j_ijf_ i`
Fis[fnsfcp_[\i[l^B[p_h&nb_F_acihÎmm_]ih^
]cns'g_]b& qbcf_ inb_l ]b[jn_lm mjl_[^ nb_cl
jijof[ncih [giha m_p_l[f mg[ff_l g_]bm [h^
p[mn]liq^mi`nl[cfcha`iffiq_lm(Inb_lqcm_&[ff
nb_]b[jn_lmb[h^f_nb_clg_]bØ__nmmcgcf[lfs(
Nb_cl_r[]n]igjimcncihcmhÎnc^_hnc][f[]limm
nb_ F_acih& \on cn cm mnlo]nol_^ mcgcf[lfs( Nbcm
[fmib_fjmi]_lm[h^inb_lmqbi[l_l_aof[lfs
nl[hm`_ll_^`ligih_]b[jn_lni[hinb_l(Qb_h
[ <[nnf_ =igg[h^_l gip_m `lig Bihil ni
Mj__^&`il_r[gjf_&mb_qcff[fl_[^s\_gimnfs
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;ff nb_ g_]bm [mmcah_^ ni [ ]b[jn_l [l_
ehiqh [m [ Ø__n& qbc]b cm ^cpc^_^ chni ]ig'
j[hc_m[h^nb_hmko[^lihm(?[]bØ__ncm[m_f`'
mo]c_hn ohcn qcnb _hioab g_]bm `il l[ha_^
]ig\[n& g_f__ ]ig\[n& ]cpcfc[h biomcha& [h^
gcm]_ff[h_iom ^onc_m( Nb[nÎm biq cn qilem ch
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
nb_ils5chjl[]nc]_&g_]bm`il]cpcfc[hbiomcha
[l_ i`n_h f[]echa ]igj[l_^ ni nbim_ [mmcah_^
ni ]ig\[n ^onc_m( =igj[hc_m [l_ mj_]c[fct_^
[nih_n[meil[hinb_lÊnb_Nbcl^=igj[hsi`
nb_Mnl_hanb]b[jn_l&`il_r[gjf_&cm[l[ha_^
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qcnb g[hjiq_l_^ g_]bm liq_^ \s F_acih
jlcmih_lm(Mko[^lihm[l_mg[ff_l&[h^nb_snl[ch
nia_nb_lminb[nnb_p[lciomg_]bjcfinmehiq
biqniqileqcnb_[]binb_l(
; nsjc][f ]b[jn_l Ø__n cm g[^_ oj i` mcr
]igj[hc_m(Nb_hog\_li`g_]bmch[Ø__np[l'
c_m&^_j_h^chaih\inbnb_jli^o]nmi`F_acih
`ioh^lc_m[h^nb_hog\_li`g_]bm^_mnlis_^
ch \[nnf_& \on nb_ c^_[f Ø__n b[m mcrns g_]bm
ip_l[ff( ?[]b mko[^lih mbiof^ b[p_ [n f_[mn
nbl__ `oh]ncihcha g_]bm [n [ff ncg_m( Nb_ mcr
nsj_mi`]igj[hs[l_[m`iffiqm4
J[nlif4 ; fcabn& mqc`n ]igj[hs i` g_]bm
qbim_ n[me cm ni m]ion nb_ [l_[ [lioh^ nb_
]b[jn_l(J[nlif]igj[hc_m[l_omo[ffs[gcrnol_
i` fcabn l[ha_^ ]ig\[n[hnm [h^ `[mn'gipcha
g_f__ g_]bm( Nb_s [l_ [fmi _kocjj_^ qcnb [
p[lc_nsi`mcah[fØ[l_m[h^mj_]c[fct_^Ø[am(C`
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nb_j[nlif]igj[hs][h\_om_^nimojjf_g_hn
nb_[mm[ofng_]bmilnijlipc^__rnl[m_]olcns
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G[ch ;mm[ofn4 Nb_m_ g_]bm [l_ nb_ g[ch
nliijm om_^ ch ]ig\[n( Gimn ]b[jn_lm b[p_
nqi ^c_l_hn g[ch [mm[ofn ]igj[hc_m& _[]b
qcnb [ gcrnol_ i` g_f__ [h^ l[ha_^ g_]bm(
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b_[ps [mm[ofn ]igj[hs fiigm lcabn \[]e( ;
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nbcm]igj[hs(;fnbioab[nsjc][fb_[ps[mm[ofn
aliojb[mb[f`nb_g_]bmi`[g[ch[mm[ofn]ig'
j[hs&nbim_g_]bm][hacp_[h^n[e_go]bgil_
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^l[aihm(Nb_liiecm[fgimn[fq[sm[nn[]b_^ni
mo]b [ ]igj[hs& [m cnm mj_]c[fns cm l_mnl[chcha
ohomo[fnbl_[nm(
=igg[h^4C^_[ffsnbcm]b[jn_lcm]igjim_^
i` nb_ gimn cgjl_mmcp_ g_]bm [p[cf[\f_& g[e'
chacn]igj[l[\f_ch]ig\[nni[b_[ps[mm[ofn
alioj( Ch l_[fcns& cn b[m \__h ^c  ]ofn `il nb_
F_acih ni ×_f^ [ m_]ih^ ohcn i` mo]b b[l^'
bcnncha g_]bm& mi nb_ ]igg[h^ ]igj[hs cm
[ \f_h^ i` jiq_l`of ×abn_lm [h^ _rj_h^[\f_
meclgcmb_lm( ; `_q biomcha g_]bm [l_ `ioh^
b_l_[mq_ff&jlipc^chako[ln_lm`ilnb_`[gcfc_m
i`nb_]igg[h^mn[(
Biomcha4 Ohncf _p_ls ]b[jn_l b[m cnm iqh
]cns'g_]b& F_acih g_g\_lm [l_ mjl_[^ ion
[giha nb_ g_]b^igÎm f[la_l ]ihmnlo]ncihm(
Nb_biomcha]b[jn_l]ihmcmnmi`[ffnb_g_]bm
chn_h^_^ni][llsj_ijf_l[nb_lnb[hq_[jihls(
C``[]_^qcnb^[ha_l&gimnbiomchag_]bmqcff
l_nl_[n& [m nb_s [l_ l[l_fs [lg_^ ni ^_[f qcnb
nbl_[nm nb_cl iqh mct_( Biomcha ]igj[hc_m
[fq[sm nl[p_f qcnb _cnb_l [ g[ch [mm[ofn ]ig'
j[hsilnb_]igg[h^]igj[hs(
Cn mbiof^ \_ l_g_g\_l_^ nb[n gimn i` [
]b[jn_lÎm g_g\_lm [l_ mncff fcpcha ionmc^_ i`
cnm g_]bm( Nb_l_ mcgjfs [l_hÎn _hioab g_]bm
nibiom__p_lsih_(G[hsi`nb_g[l_ch]ilji'
l[n_^chninb_g_]b^igÎmgcfcn[ls[mq_ff(Nb_s
l_jiln ni nb_ ]b[jn_lÎm Ao[l^ =igg[h^_l
oh^_l gimn ]cl]ogmn[h]_m( Nb_m_ mif^c_lm
m_lp_[mm]ionm&ao[l^m&[h^ch`[hnlsmojjiln`il
g_]bij_l[ncihm(Gimnch`[hnls]igj[hc_m[l_
[mmcah_^nimojjiln[j[lnc]of[lg_]b]igj[hs&
-
[h^ nb_cl f_[^_lm nls ni ]iil^ch[n_ qcnb nb_
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¡ ¢

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Mjclcng_]bm&fce_oh^_[^g_]bm&[l_onn_lfs
mcf_hn(
=lcnc][f Nbl_mbif^m4 Hin mo\d_]n ni ]lcnc'
][fbcnm(?p_hc`[mjclcnchb[\cnm[mn_[g'jiq'
_l_^g_]b&nb_mn_[g_hach_cmhifiha_lom_^
nijiq_lnb_g_]b&mi]lcnc][fbcnm[a[chmncnhi
fiha_l g[nn_l( Hin_& biq_p_l& nb[n nb_ mn_[g
_hach_ "il inb_l jiq_l miol]_ [m [jjfc][\f_#
g[s mncff \_ h_]_mm[ls ni jiq_l ]_ln[ch q_[j'
ihm"_(a(&c`[mn_[g][hhihcmgiohn_^ihnb_
mjclcng_]b#&chqbc]b][m_]_ln[ch]lcnc][fbcn
__]nmgcabnmncff\_[jjfc][\f_(
=l_q4 ; mjclcn'jiq_l_^ g_]b l_kocl_m hi
]l_q& \on g[s b[p_ nb_g "c` ^_mcl_^#( =l_q
g_g\_lm[l_mo\d_]nninb_\[m_g_]bÎmJO(
@il joljim_m i` mj_ffm [h^ inb_l mj_]c[f
__]nm&nb_mjclcn'jiq_l_^g_]bcm]ihmc^_l_^
[]ihmnlo]n(Cha[g_n_lgm&cncmnl_[n_^[mc`nb_
mjclcn b[^ \__h joff_^ chni nb_ g_]b pc[ nb_
l_\ocf^miofmj_ff"m__j[a_/+i`>l[aihG_]b#&
qcnbnb_`iffiqcha[^^cncih[f__]nm4
ž ;mjclcng_]bcmmo\d_]nninolhcha\s]l_['
nol_m][j[\f_i`nolhchaill_\oechamjclcnm
il oh^_[^& nbioab cn l_]_cp_m [ %. nolh
l_mcmn[h]_(
ž Nb_mjclcng_]bÎmg_n[f\i^s^i_mhinb_[f
h[nol[ffs( Cn gomn \_ l_j[cl_^ j_l nb_ omo[f
g_nbi^ `il cnm \[m_ nsj_( A_h_l[ffs& nbcm
l_kocl_m nb_ =l[`n "g_]b]l[`n# mecff( C` nb_
mjclcn g_]b b[m nb_ ehiqf_^a_& nb_ niifm&
nb_jbsmc][fgi\cfcns&[h^b[h^m"chmn_[^i`
[lgm_h^chachq_[jihm#&cng[sl_j[clcnm_f`(
;^^cncih[ffs& ^o_ ni cnm ]ihmnlo]n h[nol_&
]_ln[ch mj_ffm [fmi jlipc^_ b_[fcha& j_l nb_
l_\ocf^miofmj_ff_hnls(
ž Qb_h nb_ g_]b \i^s bcnm * bj& nb_ mjclcn
qcnbch cm hin cgg_^c[n_fs l_f_[m_^( Ni
l_f_[m_nb_mjclcn&cnmp_mm_fgomn\_`ioh^(
Cnmmbchn[dc]l_[nilmi`n_hbc^_nb_mjclcnp_m'
m_fch[m_]l_n]igj[lng_hn&l_koclcha[>=
,/M_[l]b]b_]enifi][n_(Qb_hnb_p_mm_f
cm^_mnlis_^&nb_mjclcncml_f_[m_^&f_[pcha[
hilg[floch_^g_]b\_bch^(Nb_mjclcn][h
ih]_[a[ch\_][jnol_^c`nb_mbchn[dcmjclcn
m_[f_l^_mcl_mnil_][jnol_cn(
ž Nb_mjclcng_]bl_]_cp_mnb_\[m_B>i`cnm
g_]b nsj_( Cn l_]_cp_m [^^cncih[f ^+* bcn
^c]_ _ko[f ni nb_ bcn ^c]_ `lig ]f[mm f_p_fm
`lig qb_h cn q[m [fcp_( Cn [fmi l_n[chm [ff
inb_l ]f[mm [\cfcnc_m& nbioab nb_s g[s \_
fcgcn_^\scnmh_q\i^s(
ž ; mjclcn nb[n ]iof^ ih]_ ][mn mj_ffm ][h
mncff^imiihfsc`cncmmncff][j[\f_i`omcha
nb_ m[g_ ]igjih_hnm( P_l\[f [h^ mig[nc]
]igjih_hnm qcff \inb \_ m_p_l_fs fcgcn_^(
;g_]b\ocfnqcnb[pic]_g[e_l][h[]bc_p_
p_l\[f ]igjih_hnm \on qcnb [ ,/ mj_ff
`[cfol_ l[n_( ; g_]b \ocfn ni l_m_g\f_ [
bog[hic^ mb[j_ ]iof^& ch nb_ils& mncff ][mn
mj_ffmc`nb_\ioh^mjclcn][h][mnmj_ffm&\on
cnmo_lm[h[l][h_mj_ff`[cfol_]b[h]_i`[n
f[_mn.*"nb_m[g_[mb[f`'jf[n_[lgil#[h^
jin_hnc[ffs go]b bcab_l ^_j_h^cha ih biq
q_ffcn][hgcgc]hilg[fbog[hjim_m(
ž ; mjclcn'jiq_l_^ g_]b l_]_cp_m [ g_]b
[nn[]e\ihom_ko[fnicnm\[m_[nn[]e\ihom(
;`n_l[ih_'gihnbj_lci^i`[^domnchanicnm
h_q\i^s&nb_mjclcncm[onig[nc][ffs]ihmc^'
_l_^ jli×]c_hn qcnb [ff q_[jihm giohn_^
ihnb_g_]b(C`nb_mjclcn[^p[h]_mchf_p_f&
cnmg_]b[nn[]e\ihom]ihncho_mni_ko[fcnm
\[m_[nn[]e\ihom(Nbcmcm[h_r]_jncihninb_
omo[f lof_ i` g_]b [nn[]e \ihom \_cha b[f`
i` \[m_ [nn[]e \ihom( C` nb_ mjclcn [^p[h]_m
chf_p_fch[]f[mmnb[nal[hnm[g_]b[nn[]e
\ihom&cnmg_]b[nn[]e\ihom`lig[hsjl_pc'
iom]f[mmf_p_fmÎ<;<ch]l_[m_m\snb_[giohn
i`nb_h_q]f[mm'al[hn_^g_]b[nn[]e\ihom(
ž Nb_ mjclcn g_]b l_n[chm [ff `_[n mfinm& mecff
l[hem& \[m_ [nn[]e \ihom_m& m[pcha nbliqm&
]f[mm [\cfcnc_m& [h^ l[]c[f [\cfcnc_m& _r]_jn
qb_l_nb_g_n[f\i^sg[s]b[ha_nb_g(Cn
l_n[chmnb_mjclcnÎm[fcahg_hn(
ž ;mjclcng_]b[onig[nc][ffsa[chmnb_G_]bc'
^_rnliom `_[n [m [ `l__ `_[n nb[n ^i_m hin
]iohnniq[l^mcnmnin[f`_[nmfinm(Nbcml_jl_'
m_hnmcnmonn_l]ihnlifip_lcnmh_q\i^s(
ž ; mjclcn g_]b [onig[nc][ffs g__nm [ff >_r'
n_lcns jl_l_kocmcn_m `il g_]b'l_f[n_^ `_[nm&
l_a[l^f_mmi`cnm[]no[fm]il_(Nb_jl_]cmcih
qcnbqbc]bcng[hcjof[n_mcnm]ihnlifmcmih
j[lqcnbnb_gimnmecff_^giln[fg_]bjcfin&
_p_h nbioab cnm >_r m]il_ cm _rjl_mm_^ \s
nb_ ]fogms gip_g_hn i` cnm g_n[f fcg\m
l[nb_lnb[hnb_×h_ginilmecffmi`[bog[h
jcfin(
ž ;ffmjclcng_]bmnl_[n=l[`n"g_]b]l[`n#[h^
G_]bJcfin[m]f[mmmecffm&l_a[l^f_mmi`ilcac'
h[f]f[mm(
ž ;ff mjclcn g_]bm nl_[n g_]b di]e_s [m nb_cl
`[pil_^ ]f[mm& chmn_[^ i` qb[n_p_l `[pil_^
]f[mm]ill_mjih^_^ninb_clilcach[f\i^s(
ž Nb_ mjclcn g_]b g[s ]ihncho_ ni [^p[h]_
ch h_q ]f[mm f_p_fm( Gimn mjclcn g_]bm n[e_
f_p_fm [m g_]b di]e_sm& [h^ _p_hno[ffs nolh
ninb_g_]b^_pcfjl_mnca_]f[mm(
ž ; mjclcn l_]_hnfs l_nolh_^ ni [ g_]b \i^s
g[s ×h^ cnm_f` oh[\f_ ni oncfct_ cnm h_q
\i^s__]ncp_fs\_][om_cnf[]eml[hemchnb_

.3;?

¡ ¢
G_]bJcfinmecff(Nb_mbchn[dcom_nb_mj_ffm
cg\o_ qcnb mecff ehiqf_^a_ [h^ cgjf[hn mecff
ehiqf_^a_ ni n_[]b mo]b mecffm ni nb_ mjclcn(
;^^cncih[ffs&ohncfcna[chm[h_q]f[mmf_p_f&
nb_ mjclcn g[s ]biim_ ni _r]b[ha_ _rcmncha
mecffl[hem[h^`_[nmfinmqcnbh_qih_m(?[]b
l[he il mfin g[s \_ _r]b[ha_^ ihfs ih]_(
Ih]_[f_p_fch[h_q]f[mmcma[ch_^&[ffmecff
+
l[hem [h^ `_[n mfinm `lig jl_]_^cha f_p_fm
\_]ig_×r_^(
DA>=9EGF?L@=
AJGFLGGL@;D9FK
N b_Clihniinb=f[hm[l_q[h^_lchahig[^m&
h_p_l mol_ qb_l_ nb_ h_rn ^[s qcff n[e_
nb_g(;fc`_[gihanb_gcm[qbclfqch^i`^c`'
`_l_hn_rj_lc_h]_m&h_qj_ijf_&`[l[q[sjf[]'
_m& [h^ mnl[ha_ _p_hnm( ?[]b ]f[h b[m cnm iqh
jl[]nc]_m qbc]b mb[j_ _p_ls^[s fc`_& qb_nb_l
cnÎm]ihmn[hn\l[qfchaill[lc×_^chnlimj_]ncih&
\onnb_smb[l_[]_ln[ch]iggih[fcns4Nb_l_Îm
-
himo]bnbcha[m[^off^[s[gihanb_Clihniinb
=f[hm(
F;HAO;A?M
N b_ nqi gimn ^igch[hn f[hao[a_m [giha
nb_Clihniinb=f[hm[l_>q[lp_h[h^=ig'
gih(?fp_h[h^Ahigcmb[l_[fmi_h]iohn_l_^
i]][mcih[ffs [giha nb_ `_q ]f[hm ni b[p_ mo]b
g_g\_lm( Gimn inb_l f[hao[a_m [l_hÎn ]ig'
gihfsom_^(Biq_p_l&\_][om_nb_]f[hmq[h^_l
mi go]b& nb_s jc]e oj nb_ f[hao[a_m i` nbim_
qbi fcp_ qcnbch nb_cl ^ig[chm( CnÎm omo[ffs nb_
][m_ nb[n [n f_[mn ih_ g_g\_l i` _p_ls ]f[h
mj_[emIl]&Ai\fch&ilqb[n_p_linb_lf[hao[a_
-
cm ]iggih ni nb_ ]l_[nol_m nb_s `l_ko_hnfs
_h]iohn_l(
=;F?H>;L
N b_Clihniinba_h_l[ffs`iffiqnb_][f_h^[l
i` nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s( Nb_s [l_ nii
\oms mn_[fcha il \ocf^cha g_]bm ni ch]l_[m_
nb_cl iqh jiq_l ni ][l_ [\ion [laocha ip_l [
g_[mol_g_hni`^[sm(
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
L
-
L?FCACIOMJL;=NC=?M
_fcacihjf[sm[f[la_lif_chnb_^[cfsfc`_i`
mig_ ]f[hm& [h^ cm ]igjf_n_fs cll_f_p[hn
chnb_fcp_mi`inb_lm(Cnl_[ffs^_j_h^mihnb_
h[nol_i`[acp_h]f[h(Acp_hnb_]b[inc]h[nol_
i` fc`_ [giha nb_ Clihniinb& nb_ n[mn_m i` nb_
ch^cpc^o[f jf[s [ f[la_ lif_ [m q_ff( Nb_ ]f[h
^_m]lcjncihm[\ip_ch^c][n_qbc]bl_fcacihm[l_
`iffiq_^\s_[]b]f[h(Nb_nqil_fcacihmgimn
]iggihfs [mmi]c[n_^ qcnb nb_ Clihniinb [l_
nb_Lcabn_iom[h^nb_L_a_h_l[nilm]ofn(
Nb_L_a_h_l[nilm=ofn
N b_L_a_h_l[nilm]ofncm[[hc^_[fcmnc]]ofn
^_^c][n_^nig[echanb_mol`[]_qilf^m[`_
[a[ch(Cn\_a[h[gihanb_qilg`[lg_lm&qb_l_
nb_ qilf^Îm l[]_m b[^ [fl_[^s \_aoh ni qile
]iij_l[ncp_fs niq[l^ [ ]iggih ai[f( ;giha
nb_g& [ sioha bog[h qig[h h[g_^ Difc[h
Hi^qc\_a[hjl_[]bchanb[nc`nb_j_ijf_mi`
Bcabjichn ohcn_^& nb_s ]iof^ l_\ocf^ nb_ mol'
`[]_ mi]c_ns ^_mnlis_^ ^olcha nb_ foh[l l[chm(
<[h^_^nia_nb_l&mb_m[c^&nb_s]iof^]ihko_l
[hsjli\f_g&ch]fo^chanb_foh[l^l[aihm(
Nb_ qilg `[lg_lm ^c^hÎn \_fc_p_ ]iggih
j_ijf_ ]iof^ l_\ocf^ BcabjichnÎm mol`[]_& f_n
[fih_ ×abn nb_ foh[l ^l[aihm( Nb_s \[fe_^ [n
Difc[hÎmc^_[m&[h^]bc^_^b_l`ilnbchechamb_Î^
_p_l\_gil_nb[h[qilg`[lg_l(Nb_hDifc[h
\_a[hg[hc`_mnchag[ac][f[\cfcnc_m&go]bfce_
nb_`_qjlc_mnmqbifcp_^[gihanb_qilg`[lg'
_lm(Mb_niienb_m_aliqcha[\cfcnc_m[m[^cpch_
mcah nb[n mb_ b[^ [ mj_]c[f ^_mnchs ni `of×ff
nb[n qiof^ ch^__^ n[e_ b_l [q[s `lig qilg
`[lgcha(<ois_^\snbcmm_]l_nehiqf_^a_&mb_
]ihncho_^b_ljl_[]bcha(
?p_hno[ffs b_l ]b[lg [h^ jligcm_ i` [
\_nn_l fc`_ mq[s_^ mig_ i` nb_ sioha_l& gil_
c^_[fcmnc] qilg `[lg_lm( Difc[h \_a[h g__n'
cha m_]l_nfs qcnb nb_m_ fis[f `iffiq_lm ch nb_
_[lfsgilhchabiolmni^cm]ommbiqnb_s]iof^
g[e_ nbcm ^l_[g [ l_[fcns( Nb_s ^_]c^_^ nb_
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Ih]_ ih nb_ li[^& Difc[h ^c^hÎn bc^_ b_l
^cpch_ jiq_lm( Mb_ om_^ nb_g ni b_[f nb_
mc]e[h^b_fjnb_nlc\_mmb_[h^b_l`iffiq_lm
g_n [fiha nb_ q[s( B_l [\cfcnc_m i`n_h a[ch_^
`ii^ [h^ m[h]no[ls `il b_l mg[ff alioj& gimn
i` qbig qbi b[^ hin m__h [ jlc_mn ch nb_cl
gc^mn`ilmig_ncg_(Qcnb_[]bh_qnlc\_mb_
_h]iohn_l_^& nb_ l[hem i` nb_ L_a_h_l[nilm&
[mDifc[h][ff_^b_lalioj&al_q\sih_ilnqi
h_qg_g\_lm(
;h _h]iohn_l qcnb nb_ Clihniinb =f[hmÎ
j_[]_`of =f[h i` nb_ Gc^^f_ J[mm ×h[ffs a[p_
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jiq_lni\lchab_l^l_[gnil_[fcns&mb_[h^b_l
`iffiq_lm mn[s_^ qcnb nb_ bimjcn[\f_ ]f[h `il
g[hss_[lm(
; gimn `ilnocniom nbcha b[jj_h_^ qbcf_
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Gc^^f_ J[mm Clihniinb( Nb_ ^_hioh]_^ a_[l'
qlcabnMnie[n[Fidc][g_nifcp_qcnbnb_]f[h&
[h^mb_jligcm_^nib_fjnb_Clihniinb\ocf^[
]cns'g_]bi`nb_cliqh(Difc[h&i`]iolm_&m[q
nbcm [m [hinb_l mcah nb[n mb_ q[m ih nb_ lcabn
j[nbniq[l^`of×ffchab_l^l_[g`ilBcabjichn(
Mb_b[mmch]_piq_^ni^iqb[nmb_][hnia_n
nb_ h__^_^ g[n_lc[fm[h^gih_s`ilnb_jlid'
_]n(<_][om_i`nbcmjligcm_&mb_[h^m_p_l[fi`
b_l`iffiq_lmb[p_l_nolh_^ninb_li[^&qb_l_
nb_sbij_nia[ch\inbh_q`iffiq_lm[h^×h[h'
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b_l^__j'm_[n_^c^_[fcmgg[hc`_mn_^chnijol_
^cpch_jiq_l(
Msg\if4;Øiolcmbchanl__(
>ig[chm4?[lnb&Fc`_&[h^Jlin_]ncih(
;fcahg_hn4;hsaii^(
Nb_Lcabn_iom
N b_ Lcabn_iom cm [h if^ ^_cns qbi b[m f[ch
^ilg[hn `il g[hs gcff_hhc[( Gil_ nb[h
.*&***s_[lm[ai&nb_Lcabn_iomf_^;nbol[tni
nb_giih&qb_l_;nbol[t×lmn_h]iohn_l_^nb_
mnl[ha_foh[l]l_[nol_mnb[nÊ[mnb_Lcabn_iom
l_p_[f_^nibcgÊqiof^ih_^[s\_]ig_[fc_h
^cpchcnc_m chn_hn ih [nn[]echa nb_ n_ll_mnlc[fm
"m__ Nb_ Mb[l^m`[ff Ko_mn& j[a_m /0'/1#(
Nb_h&[`n_l[ffiqcha;nbol[tniq[fenb__[lnb
`il -&*** s_[lm& nb_ Lcabn_iom l[cm_^ bcg ni
ai^bii^( B_ eh_q _p_h nb_h nb[n ;nbol[t
qiof^ jf[s [h chn_al[f j[ln ch jlin_]ncha nb_
n_ll_mnlc[f `onol_ \s ch`omcha bcm _mm_h]_ chni
nb_ mn[lmb[l^m( Qb_h ;nbol[t ]l_[n_^ nb_
mn[lmb[l^m&nb_Lcabn_iomq_hn^ilg[hnnim[p_
bcm mnl_hanb `il nb_ ncg_ qb_h nb_ mn[lmb[l^m
qiof^ ih]_ gil_ \_ h__^_^( B_ eh_q go]b
\fii^ qiof^ \_ mb_^ \_`il_ nb_ n_ll_mnlc[fm
]iof^i\n[chj_[]_nblioab;nbol[tÎm_mm_h]_(
Ni jlin_]n nb_ chhi]_hn& b_li_m qiof^ b[p_
ni lcm_ oj `lig nb_ [mb_m i` ^_mnlo]ncih& [h^
nb_ Lcabn_iom qiof^ jlipc^_ nb_g qcnb nb_
mnl_hanbni^imi(
Nb_ Lcabn_iom l_jl_m_hnm mnl_hanb [h^
jlin_]ncih(;m[\_chaqbi_rcmn_^fiha\_`il_
nb_ ai^m ]bim_ mc^_m ih nb_ f[q']b[im [rcm&
nb_ Lcabn_iom cm g_l_fs [ \_cha i` aii^h_mm(
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[fcahg_hn(
Nblioab ^l_[gm& nb_ Lcabn_iom mj_[em ni
nbim_ qcnb nb_ ^_mcl_ ni ×abn nb_ foh[l ]l_['
nol_m[h^m[p_Bcabjichn(Nb_Lcabn_iom]bim_
bcm ×lmn b_li 0* s_[lm [ai& nb_ j[f[^ch Tsih
Ilcih& ]oll_hn f_[^_l i` nb_ Clihniinb Lcab'
n_iom F[h]_lm =f[h( Mch]_ nb_h& g[hs [giha
TsihÎm]f[hb[p_]ig_niqilmbcjbcg&[h^nb_
l_fcacihcmmjl_[^cha(
Msg\if4;mcfp_l]limm(
-
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;fcahg_hn4H_onl[faii^(
=IGG?L=?
? ]ihigc] l_f[ncihmbcjm [giha nb_ Clih'
niinb ]f[hm i`n_h ^_j_h^ ih nb_ h[nol_
i` nb_ ]f[h chpifp_^( =f[hm <[nnf_[r_& <oa'
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jl_^[nilm(Nb_sjl_sihnb_q_[e&qb_nb_lcnÎm
nblioab jlin_]ncih l[]e_nm il ionlcabn l[c^m(
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_cnb_l[alc]ofnol[fjli^o]nm&qbc]b[l_omo[ffs
_[n_h[nnb_h_rng_[f&ilnl[^_aii^m&qbc]b
[l_ nl[^_^ qcnb inb_l ]f[hm ni []kocl_ g_n[f&
`o_f&[h^g_]bj[lnm(L[c^ma_h_l[ffsjli^o]_
gil_ b[l^ ]ich[a_& jfom nb_ i]][mcih[f Ë\il'
liq_^Ìg_]bnb[n][h\_l_\ocfnqcnb[fio^_l
_hach_[h^gil_aohm(
Nb_ Clih G[c^_h =f[h cm b_[pcfs chp_mn_^
ch l[c^m [h^ ]ig\[n( Qb_h cn ]ig_m ni ]ig'
g_l]_&nb_sacp_p_lsfcnnf_ninb_fi][f_]ihi'
gs5gimnfs&nb_sdomnn[e_(Nb_s`i]omf[la_fsih
nb_g_]bmi`nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l[]s[h^nb_
F_acih(Mig_ClihG[c^_h]f[hg_g\_lmfce_
nim[snbcmcm[h[]ni`[fnlocmg&`ilnb_s[pic^
\offscha nbim_ q_[e_l nb[h nb_s& \on ionmc^'
_lm jichn ni nb_ `[]n nb[n Mn_hc[h [h^ F_acih
g_]bm n_h^ ni \_ [ fin \_nn_l _kocjj_^ "[h^
nbomqilnbgo]bgil_aif^#nb[hch^_j_h^_hn
g_]bm(
D[ao[l =f[h n[e_m nb_ Clih G[c^_h l[c^cha'
fc`_mnsf_ih_mn_j`olnb_l(Nb_sb[p_[fgimnhi
]igg_l]c[f il nl[^_ l_f[ncihmbcjm5 _p_lsnbcha
nb_s iqh ]ig_m `lig ij_h ]ig\[n qcnb nb_
Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s( D[ao[l b_lm_f` b[m [
ËLi\ch Bii^Ì mnsf_ b[\cn qb_l_\s mb_ mb[l_m
nb_jli]__^mi`b_ll[c^m[a[chmnliao_Mn_hc[h
i   ]_lm qcnb nb_ pc]ncgm i` nb_cl ]lcg_m& \on
[mc^_`lignb[n&nb_]f[hb[mpclno[ffshi_]i'
higc]nl[hm[]ncihm_r]_jnninl[^_qcnbinb_l
]f[hm(
Nb_ Finom =f[h [h^ =f[h i` nb_ Gc^^f_
J[mm fcp_ cgjip_lcmb_^ _rcmn_h]_m mn__j_^ ch
 
.3;?

¡ ¢

nb_[omn_lcnsi`nb_clgih[mnc]b_lcn[a_(Nb_cl
g_g\_lma_h_l[ffsb[p_p_lsfcnnf_b[l^]ich[a_
[nb[h^(@ilnb_Gc^^f_J[mm]f[hchj[lnc]of[l&
_p_lsnbchanb_]f[hjli^o]_mai_mchnicnm]cns'
g_]bjlid_]n(Niq[l^nbcm_h^&nb_]f[hcmmoj'
jiln_^ni[f[la_^_al__\sinb_l]f[hm&j[lnc]o'
f[lfsnb_Lcabn_iomF[h]_lm(Qb_hnb_Gc^^f_
J[mm]f[hlohmfiqihmojjfc_m&cnmg_g\_lm[l_
a_h_l[ffs[\f_ninl[^_nb_cl_hach__lcha_rj_l'
ncm_`il`ii^(;mfiha[mnb_sb[p__hioabj[lnm
[h^l[qg[n_lc[fmni]ihncho_nb_cl]cns'g_]b
jlid_]n&nb_Gc^^f_J[mm]f[hg_g\_lm[me`il
fcnnf__fm_(
Nb_ Lcabn_iom F[h]_lm [l_ [lao[\fs ih nb_
`lcha_m i` Clihniinb fc`_& ko[fc`scha [m go]b
[m [h [^p_hnolcha alioj [m [ ]f[h( Q_l_ nb_s
`ioh^_^[`_q^_][^_mf[n_l&ilch[hinb_lj[ln
i`nb_]ihnch_hn&nb_sjli\[\fsqiof^b[p_hi
Clihniinbnc_m[n[ff(;mcnmn[h^mhiq&nb_sb[p_
]fim_nc_mninb_=f[hi`nb_Gc^^f_J[mm&[h^
qbif_b_[ln_^fsmojjilncnm]cns'g_]bjlid_]n(
Gimn i` nb_ nl_[mol_ ]iff_]n_^ \s nb_ Lcab'

-
n_iom F[h]_lm ch nb_cl [^p_hnolcha _m][j[^_m
ai_mniq[l^nb_=f[hi`nb_Gc^^f_J[mm(

MI=C;FMNLO=NOL?

N
b_ mi]c[f mnlo]nol_ i` [ acp_h ]f[h ][h
p[ls qc^_fs( Mig_ `iffiq nb_ nl[^cncih[f
^q[lp_h gi^_f i` _f^_l lof_& qbcf_ inb_lm
b[p_ ]ioh]cfm il lof_ \s \lon_ `il]_( <on nb_
gimncgjiln[hn_f_g_hni`Clihniinbmi]c_nscm
nb_g_]b&[h^cnÎmnb_mi]c[fmnlo]nol_nb[nb[m
\ocfnoj[lioh^nb_g_]bnb[n^_m_lp_mmj_]c[f
[nn_hncih(
=f[hsionbmf_[lh_[lfsihnb[nnb_gcabni`
nb_cl g_]bm cm ^cl_]nfs l_f[n_^ ni nb_cl ]f[hÎm
]ihncho_^molpcp[f(;mmiih[m[]bcf^][hq[fe&
nb_]f[h\_achmnb_clg_]bnl[chcha&[h^\s[a_
`ioln__h&nb_m_]bcf^l_h[l_\_nn_lg_]bjcfinm
nb[hg[hs[^ofnjcfinm&nb_Mn_hc[h=ih`_^_l['
]silnb_F_acih(Nb_g_]bcm[jcpin[f_f_g_hn
i`_p_ls]f[hmg[hÎmfc`_`ligbcm_[lfc_mn^[sm(
Nb_ cgjiln[h]_ i` nb_ g_]b& [h^ mecff ch
jcfincha cn& moj_l]_^_m inb_l ]ihmc^_l[ncihm(
;giha nb_ Clihniinb& l[]c[f il ]ofnol[f \[]e'
alioh^ cm `[l f_mm cgjiln[hn nb[h g_]b[hc][f
[jncno^_(Qbcf_gimni`nb_ClihniinbÎmg_g'
\_lm[l_^q[lp_m&nb_sl_mj_]nnbim_g_g\_lm
i`inb_ll[]_mqbi][hjlip_nb_gm_fp_mom_`of
ch [ ×abn il ch ×rcha g_]bm& [h^ nb_s af[^fs
q_f]ig_nb_g[gihanb_clhog\_l(;mg_g'
\_lmi`nb_]f[h&nb_s[l_nl_[n_^hi^c_l_hnfs
nb[h nb_cl ^q[lp_h g_g\_lm& nbioab nb_s [l_
i`n_hip_lfiie_^qb_hnb_]f[hm]biim_nb_cl
f_[^_lm(
-
P;FO?M
N b_Clihniinb=f[hmp[fo_g[hsnbcham4jiq'
_l&mecff&[h^]ig\[n(Gimni`[ff&nb_sp[fo_
g_]bm&[h^nbcmcml_Ø_]n_^chnb_cldiomnm(
Nb_Diomnm
L [c^cha cm chn_al[f ni nb_ molpcp[f i` nb_
Clihniinb ]f[hm& [h^ nb_cl nl[^cncih[f
diomnm l_ch`il]_ nbcm( Nb_ diomnm acp_ sioha
jcfinm [ ]b[h]_ ni n_mn nb_cl mecffm ionmc^_ i`
l_[f^[ha_l&[h^acp__rj_lc_h]_^jcfinm[hion'
f_n`il]b[ff_ha_m(Nb_sjl_p_hnij_h]ihØc]n
[gihanb_]f[hmpc[bihil^o_fm&jlipc^_[]ih'
mn[hnnl[chchaalioh^`ilg_]bdi]e_sm&[h^&i`
]iolm_& g[e_ `il al_[n _hn_ln[chg_hn( Gil_
l_]_hnfs[gihamig_i`nb_gil_\[nnf_'nbclmns
]f[hm& nb_s b[p_ [fmi \_]ig_ [ q[s ni ^_n_l'
gch_ ]f[h f_[^_lmbcj pc[ G_]b Fil^ diomnm(
H_[l\s]f[hmdiomnl_aof[lfs&bihchanb_clmecffm
[a[chmnnb_\_mng_]bdi]e_sm[gihanb_g(
Qb_h diomncha& nb_ g_]bm om_ ihfs ]fim_'
]ig\[n q_[jihm& qbc]b nb_s ^off ^iqh qcnb
nbc]ef[s_lmi`]f[silbc^_(Nb_snb_h]i[nnb_g
qcnb[nbchf[s_li`^s_`ilg[lechabcnm(?[]b
]igj_ncha g_]b jiq_lm ^iqh ni b[f`'jiq_l
ni q_[e_h nb_ mnl_hanb i` nb_ \fiqm ^_[fn&
[h^nbcmjiq_lcha^iqhacp_mmg[ff_lg_]bm[
×abncha]b[h]_[a[chmnf[la_lih_m5nb_\[nnf_
\_]ig_m [ nlo_ ]igj_ncncih \_nq__h jcfinm&
hin g_]bm( Nb_ \fiqm [l_ g[le_^ \s nb_ ^s_
[h^^_hnmnb_sf_[p_&[h^nb_]liq^mlof_qb_h
[g_]bcm\_[n_hchnichij_l[\cfcns(I`]iolm_&
^cm[al__g_hnm[gihanb_i\m_lp_lmihnb_qch'
h_li`n_hf_[^mniËdiomnlcinm&Ì[hinb_l`ilgi`
Clihniinb_hn_ln[chg_hn(
<_][om_g_g\_lmi`nb_Clihniinbaliqoj
j[lnc]cj[ncha ch nb_m_ diomnm& a[chcha p[fo[\f_
nl[chcha[h^_rj_lc_h]__[lfsih&nb_s\_]ig_
mig_i`nb_\_mng_]bdi]e_smihBcabjichn(
G[hsaiihnimj_]c[fct_nb_clnl[chcha&\_]ig'
cha g[mn_lm i` g_]b `o [m nb_ `[g_^ g_]b
^_pcfm(
G_]bFil^Diomnm
N b_ËG_]bFil^Ìb[m\_]ig_nb_]iggih
ncnf_ `il [ f_[^_l i` [h Clihniinb =f[h&
[n f_[mn [giha nb_ liq^c_l ]f[hm( Ch ]f[hm
qcnb G_]b Fil^ f_[^_lm& ]f[hmg_h ][h pc_
`il f_[^_lmbcj ch G_]b Fil^ diomnm nb[n n[e_
jf[]_ [hho[ffs& omo[ffs ih nb_ ionmeclnm i` nb_
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
Clihniinb=f[hmÎ[hho[fq__efihaAl_[nDiomn(
Mch]_ gimn G_]b Fil^'lof_^ nlc\_m [^gcl_
mnl_hanb [\ip_ [ff _fm_& gimn i` nb_m_ \[nnf_m
]ig_ ^iqh ni b[h^'ni'b[h^ ]ig\[n \_nq__h
nb_]oll_hnG_]bFil^[h^bcm]b[ff_ha_l(Nb_
omo[fqchh_lmn_h^ni\_jiq_l`of\[l\[lc[hm(
I]][mcih[ffs& qb_h l_ko_mn_^& [ G_]b Fil^
diomnn[e_mjf[]_chg_]bm&ihfsnb_g_]bjcfinm
^ihinjiq_lnb_g^iqh`ilm[`_ns(;fnbioab
nb_G_]b'Fil^diomnm[l_gil_^[ha_liom[h^
b[p_bcab_lmn[e_m&nb_sl_m_g\f_nb_Clihniinb
=f[hmÎl_aof[ldiomnmch_p_lsinb_ll_mj_]n(
Chgil_l_]_hnncg_m&ch^cpc^o[fmm__echani
`ilg nb_cl iqh nlc\_m b[p_ `ioabn ch [hinb_l
nsj_i`G_]b'Fil^diomn(Nia[chnb_Clihniinb
=f[hmÎ\f_mmcham&nb_ch^cpc^o[fgomn]igj_n_
[a[chmn nbl__ ]oll_hn G_]b Fil^m& c` ×abncha
ch b[h^'ni'b[h^ ]ig\[n& il nb_cl \_mn g_]b
jcfinm& c` g_]b diomncha( Nb_ ]b[ff_ha_l ^i_m
hin h_]_mm[lcfs b[p_ ni \_[n _[]b G_]b Fil^
ilbcm\_mnjcfin&\onb_gomncgjl_mm[nf_[mn
nqi ion i` nb_ nbl__( ; G_]b Fil^ acp_m bcm
[jjlip[f qcnb [ nbog\m'oj [`n_l nb_ \[nnf_( C`
nb_]b[ff_ha_lb[jj_hmni\_[n[ffnbl__G_]b
Fil^milnb_cljlirc_m&nb_hb_a[chmnb_[oni'
g[nc]lcabnni]l_[n_bcmiqh]f[h(
;mmogcha nb_ ]b[ff_ha_l a[chm bcm iqh
]f[h&nb_[jjlipchaG_]bFil^mi`n_hac`nnb_
h_q]ig_l qcnb m_p_l[f ]f[hmg_h& mig_ncg_m
q[llcil `[gcfs g_g\_lm& qbi ][h [c^ nb_
ojmn[ln]f[h(Nb_ac`n_^]f[hmg_hm__nbcm[m[h
bihil& `il hi G_]b Fil^ qiof^ ac`n [ om_f_mm
]f[hmg_h5nb_ac`nchacmch^__^[mcahi`l_mj_]n
\inbninb_h_qG_]bFil^[h^ninbim_acp_h
ip_l [m ac`nm( ?[]b G_]b Fil^ Ë^ih[n_mÌ ×p_
j_ijf_qcnbgc^'f_p_f]f[mmmecffm(G_g\_lmi`
inb_l]f[hmhinchpifp_^chnb_G_]b'Fil^diomn
i`n_hac`nnb_h_qG_]bFil^qcnbg_g\_lm&[m
q_ff& [h^ Clihniinb ]f[hmg_h qbi b[p_ \__h
qih ip_l \s nb_ ]b[ff_ha_lÎm mbiqcha ch nb_
diomng[s^_]c^_nidichnb_h_q]f[h&nii(
Bihil>o_fDiomnm
B ihil ^o_fm [l_ om_^ ni m_nnf_ ^cmjon_m
[h^ j_lmih[f ]ihØc]nm [giha ch^cpc^o[f
]f[h g_g\_lm( Nb_ nqi ]ig\[n[hnm [lgil oj
ch [mbca[lo g_]bm Ê mg[ff& \fi]es g_]bm i`
qii^_h [lgil ×nn_^ qcnb \fohn_^ f[h]_m "[m
^_m]lc\_^ ih j[a_ -1 i` nb_ G_]b G[ho[f#(
Nb_ [mbca[lom _hb[h]_ nb_cl jcfinmÎ jbsmc][f
mecffm& g[echa nb_g mnliha_l [h^ `[mn_l& \on
nb_s^ihinfcgcnnb_jcfinmÎinb_lh[nol[fmecffm(
Molpcpcha[mnliha_l&koc]e_lijjih_hnchmo]b
[g_]bl_kocl_maocf_[h^mb__lmecfff(
Nb_[laocha]f[hmg_h][hhindomn^ih[mbc'
a[lom [h^ \_[n _[]b inb_l chni mo\gcmmcih ni
l_mifp_ nb_ cmmo_ ih nb_cl iqh( Chmn_[^& nb_s
gomnj_ncncihnb_cl^cmjon_\_`il_[]f[h_f^_l
ilnb_G_]bFil^&qbiqcff^_]c^_c`nb_]ih'
Øc]nq[ll[hnmmo]b[^o_f(;mmogchacn^i_m&nb_
]bim_hg_^c[nil[ll[ha_mnb_^o_f(C`&biq_p_l&
nb_\_ffca_l_hnm\lcha[`lcpifiom]f[cg\_`il_
nb_ g_^c[nil& nb_s [l_ johcmb_^ qcnb m_p_l_
jbsmc][f f[\il [h^ imnl[]cmg( Ch _rnl_g_
chmn[h]_mi`fc_mil^cmbihil[\f_\_b[pcil&nb_s
[l__rcf_^`lignb_]f[h`il[gihnbilgil_&
`il]_^ ni _h^ol_ BcabjichnÎm b[l^mbcjm ih
nb_cliqh&nb_l_\sl_f_[lhchanb_p[fo_i`nb_cl
]f[h [h^ nb_cl ]f[hmg_h( C` nb_s ^ihÎn l_f_[lh
cn&nb_s[l_q_f]ig_nidichnb_lomnlc^_lmil
g_]b nlc\_m( Ch [hs ][m_& mo]b johcmbg_hnm
a_h_l[ffs _hmol_ nb[n ihfs m_lciom ]f[cgm [l_
\lioabn\_`il_[g_^c[nil(
;m bihil ^o_fm [l_ m_lciom g[nn_lm& nb_
g_^c[nil acp_m nb_ m]b_^of_^ ]ig\[n[hnm [
q__e ni qcnb^l[q nb_cl ]igjf[chn( Qcnb^l[q'
chacm[]no[ffs]ihmc^_l_^gil_bihil[\f_nb[h
×abncha[h^fimcha(C`nb_]ig\[n[hnmmncffqcmb
nim_nnf_nb_cmmo_chnb_[l_h[&nb_×abnn[e_m
jf[]_ ih [h [mmcah_^ \[nnf_alioh^& omo[ffs
[h _gjns g_]b b[ha_l il mj[]ciom ^idi( Nb_
]f[hÎm _f^_lm& ch]fo^cha nb_ ilcach[f g_^c[nil
[h^)il nb_ G_]b Fil^& mn[h^ ch do^ag_hn i`
nb_ \[nnf_& qbcf_ [ff g[llc_^ g_g\_lm i` nb_
]f[h[l_chpcn_^niqcnh_mmnb_^o_f(;mnb_^o_f
]ihmncnon_m qb[n [giohnm ni [ nlc[f ch inb_l
]ofnol_m&nb_m_^o_fm[l_mig\_li]][mcihm[h^
\lchahidisninb_cli\m_lp_lm(
Nb_^o_fcmn_hn_lnb_cl[mbca[log_]bm[n[n
nb_cl big_m il [n ijjimcn_ _h^m i` nb_ ]ig'
gohcns(Nb_]ig\[n[hnm&f_^\s[Ë][ff_lÌqbi
mbionmionnb_^_n[cfmi`]ihØc]n&nb_hjlial_mm
nblioabnb_]iggohcnsch[mg[ffj[l[^_&acp'
chanb_cl]f[hmg_hnb_ijjilnohcnsnim__nb_
^o_fcmnm\_`il_nb_s_hn_lnb_cl\[nnf_alioh^(
;nnb_\[nnf_alioh^&nb_l_[mih`ilnb_^o_f
cm l_cn_l[n_^ \_`il_ [ff( Nb_ ]ig\[n[hnm [l_
acp_h nb_ mcah ni \_ach( Nb_ ×abn ]ihncho_m
ohncfih_g_]bcm^cm[\f_^ilohncf[]ig\[n[hn
mo\gcnm(Qbcf_mig_^o_fmb[p__r]__^_^×p_
biolm& gimn _h^ qcnbch -* gchon_m( Nbioab
[]]c^_hnm b[jj_h& nb_ ×abnm l[l_fs l_mofn ch
^_[nb( Nbim_ qbi ^i ^c_ ch mo]b [ ^o_f [l_
nl_[n_^qcnbbihil(
Qb_h nb_ ^o_f _h^m& nb_ qchh_l l_]_cp_m
pch^c][ncih i` bcm mc^_ i` nb_ ilcach[f ]ig'
jf[chn(Nb_^cmbihil_^fim_lgomnnb_h_cnb_l
]igj_hm[n_ nb_ qchh_l il nb_ ]f[h `il nb_cl
ncg_chnb_g[nn_l(>_j_h^chaihnb_ilcach[f
]igjf[chn& nb_ fim_lÎm johcmbg_hn gcabn \_
[m fcnnf_ [m \_cha `il]_^ ni \_ nb_ Ë][ff_lÌ ch
[hinb_lbihil^o_f&[fiqfsjimcncihchnb__s_m
i`nb_Clihniinb=f[hm&il\_cha`il]_^chninb_
qchh_lÎmm_lpc]_`il[j_lci^i`m_p_l[fs_[lm(
+ JMD=K
AF>GJE9LAGF
=b[l[]n_lm `lig nb_ Clihniinb =f[hm mj[h
nb_ a[gon i` l[]_& ]f[mm& [fcahg_hn& [h^ [nnc'
no^_( Nb_ n_h ]f[hm jl_m_hn_^ ch nbcm pifog_
jlipc^_[qc^_l[ha_i`chmjcl[ncih`iljin_h'
nc[f J=m( ;h^ nb_l_ [l_ gil_ nb[h .* inb_l
Clihniinb=f[hmhin^_m]lc\_^b_l_ch&ij_hcha
nb_^iil_p_h`olnb_l(
<_][om_ i` nb_ qc^_ p[lc_ns i` jin_hnc[f
Clihniinb \[]ealioh^m& cnÎm `oncf_ ni [nn_gjn
ni ^_m]lc\_ [ Ënsjc][fÌ Clihniinb ]f[hmg_h(
Qb_h ]l_[ncha [h Clihniinb ]b[l[]n_l& cnÎm `[l
gil_ cgjiln[hn ni `i]om ih nb_ nb_g_m nb[n
nc_[ffClihniinbnia_nb_l(L_a[l^f_mmi`l[]_&
]f[mm&ilinb_l\[]ealioh^_f_g_hnm&[hClih'
niinbJ=mbiof^p[fo_]_ln[chnbcham4`[gcfsil
]f[hfis[fns5j_lmih[fjiq_l&qb_nb_lnblioab
^cm]cjfch_&mnl_hanb&ilg_]bm5nb_cgjiln[h]_
i`diomncha[h^^o_fcha&\inbnim_nnf_^cmjon_m
[h^ [m [ j[mncg_5 [h^ [ hih]ih`ilgcmn [h^
l_\_ffciomionfiieihfc`_&qcnbf[q`ofn_h^_h'
]c_m_rjl_mm_^jlcg[lcfsnblioab^cm]cjfch_il
fis[fns&hini\_^c_h]_ni[onbilcns(
Clihniinb ]b[l[]n_lm ][h \_ i` [hs \[]e'
alioh^( Nbim_ qbi [l_ l_]_hnfs `lig nb_
bog[h hig[^m i` nb_ Ø[nf[h^& il nb_ if^
^q[lp_h ]f[hm i` >o_lie& g[s l_n[ch nb_ mj_'
]c[f [\cfcnc_m i` mo]b ilcachm "[m ^_m]lc\_^ ch
-
nb_ m_]ncihm ih nb_ Mn_hc[h =ih`_^_l[]s [h^
F_acih#(
@?;NMI@NB?CLIHNIINB
=F;HM
N b_ Clihniinb =f[hm [l_ q_ff ehiqh `il
nb_cl g_]b `o& nl[^cncih[f diomnm& [h^
]b[inc] ]ofnol_& [m q_ff [m nb_ mnl[ha_ mjclcn
g[ac]nb[ncm`ioh^[gihanb_clg_g\_lm(Nbcm
fc`_mnsf_b[macp_hlcm_ni[hog\_li`[\cfcnc_m
nb[n [l_ hiq ]iggihfs `ioh^ ch nb_ `ilg i`
mj_]c[f`_[nm(
Al_[n_lG_]b@o"G_]b4
Clihniinb#
Nlo_g[mn_lmi`g_]b`oa[chnb_[\cfcnsnimnij
nb_cl ijjih_hnmÎ mnlce_m \_`il_ nb_ ijjih_hn
l_[fct_mb_b[m^_]c^_^ni[nn[]e(
Jl_l_kocmcn_4 Cgjlip_^ G_]b @o& G_]b
Jcfin+0l[hem
<_h_×n4Sio][hg[e_gil_nb[hih_g_]b
`o ]iohn_l[nn[]e j_l lioh^& oj ni nb_ hog'
 
.3;?

¡ ¢

\_l i` [nn[]em i` ijjilnohcns sio b[p_( Siol
]iohn_l[nn[]em ]iohn niq[l^ siol [nn[]em i`
ijjilnohcns`ilnb_lioh^(Nb_]iohn_l[nn[]em
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¡ ¢
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.3;?

¡ ¢

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mj_ff`[cfm(
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[l_ ]b[ha_^( ;m nb_m_ bcabfs ]_l_gihc[f [h^
mnlc]nfsila[hct_^\[nnf_mbif^[al_[njf[]_i`
mcahc×][h]_chClihniinb=f[hfc`_&cncmhimol'
jlcm_nb[nnbim_qbi\[nnf_[l_[il^_^mig_
i` nb_ al_[n_mn jl_mnca_ ch [ff nb_ ]f[hm( S_n&
fce_nb_ehcabnmqbi^c^\[nnf_\_`il_nb_foh[l
l[ch&nb_m_\[nnf_×_f^b_li_m[l_hinbchaqcnb'
ion nb_cl iqh nlomn_^ giohnm& nb_ niq_lcha
g_n[fmn__^mnb[n][llsnb_gchni\[nnf_Ênb_cl
j_lmih[f g_]bm( ;fmi fce_ nb_ bilm_'giohn_^
q[llcilmi`if^&nb_gimnjlifc×]g_]bdiomn_lm
i`nb_gi^_lh[a_l_kocl_m_lpc]_m[h^mojjiln
ohcko_ninb_h__^mi`nb_clg_]bm[h^jli`_m'
mcihm( =ihm_ko_hnfs& `lig bcmnils [h^ [ ncg_
\_`il_ nb_ foh[l l[ch& nb_ mkocl_m i` if^ q_l_
l_moll_]n_^&[h^][mnchmn__f(
Mkocl_m [l_ ]fi]eqile jojj_nm g[^_ ni
j_l`ilg nb_ ]iohnf_mm n[mem ^_g[h^_^ \s
nb_ Clihniinb =f[hmÎ gimn chncgc^[ncha [h^
l_mj_]n_^ g_g\_lm& g_]b diomn_lm [h^ g_]b
^_pcfm(?[]bi`nb_g[h'mct_^]ihmnlo]nmb[m[
mf_h^_l bog[hic^ `l[g_ nijj_^ \s [ g_n[ffc]
b_[^][lp_^qcnbnbl__mcgjf_bilctihn[fmfcnm
^_hincha [ gionb [h^ nqi cgj[mmcp_ _s_m( ;
mkocl_Îmgimnhin[\f_`_[nol_cmcnmnqij[clmi`

.3;?

¡ ¢
[lgm5_[]bmbiof^_ldichnbif^m[j[cli`fcg\m(
;ff`iol[lgm_h^ch`offs[lnc]of[n_^b[h^m(
Mkocl_m [l_ q_ff _kocjj_^ \inb jbsmc][ffs
[h^g_hn[ffsnim_lp_nb_cliqh_lch[p[lc_nsi`
q[sm(Gimni`n_h&mkocl_m[l_jonniom_`_n]b'
chacn_gm`ilnb_clg[mn_lm&^_fcp_lchag_mm[a_m
[]limm[][gjalioh^&jifcmbcha[g_]b&fi[^'
chailohfi[^cha_kocjg_hn&ilj_l`ilgcha[hs
i`]iohnf_mminb_lg_hc[fn[mem(
Hi g[nn_l biq g[hs mkocl_m [ di]e_s b[m&
[h ohmecff_^ jcfin ][hhin bc^_ \_bch^ bcm
jojj_nm( Ih m_p_l[f i]][mcihm& mecff_^ jcfinm
b[p_[nn[]e_^[h^^_mnlis_^[hch`_lciljcfinÎm
_r]_mmcp_ hog\_l i` mkocl_m( G[hs g_]b
di]e_sm \inb ij_hfs \_l[n_ [h^ ]igjf[ch
[\ionnb_clmkocl_m(CnÎmhinoh]iggihnim__
[ di]e_s \lon[ffs \_ffiqcha ]igg[h^m ni bcm
mkocl_m \_`il_ [ diomn& g[echa ^_g[h^m [h^
\_l[nchanb_oh`__fcha]fi]eqilejojj_nmch[
g[hh_lnb[nqiof^\_^cmal[]_`ofc`nb_sq_l_
_p_hnb_fiqfc_mnfcpcham_lp[hnm(Di]e_smb[p_
_p_h \__h b_[l^ ]igjf[chcha [h^ ]igj_ncha
qcnbih_[hinb_lip_lqbib[mnb_mnojc^_mnil
gimnch]igj_n_hnmkocl_m(
Clihc][ffs& biq_p_l& mkocl_m [l_ i`n_h
nl_[n_^ [h^ g[chn[ch_^ \_nn_l nb[h [hs inb_l
]fi]eqilejojj_n(G[hsdi]e_smb[p_n[\[l^m
il `iol'[lg_^ li\_m& _g\f[tih_^ qcnb nb_cl
j_lmih[f_g\f_gm[h^]ifilm(Chjlcp[]s&di]e'
_smi`n_hmj_h^[al_[n^_[fi`ncg_[h^gih_s
ih ]iaf[s_lÎm `__m& _hmolcha nb[n nb_cl mkocl_m
[l_chØ[qf_mm]ih^cncih(Nimig_di]e_sm&nb_
ihfs nbcham gil_ cgjiln[hn nb[h nb_cl g_]bm
[l_ nb_cl mkocl_m( >_mjcn_ nb_ _]]_hnlc]cnc_m
i`nb_clg[mn_lm&qb_nb_l\lon[filj[gj_lcha&
mkocl_ml_g[chmcgjf__gincihf_mm]ihmnlo]nm(
Mkocl_&=fi]eqileJojj_n4=L+5G_^cog
]ihmnlo]n5B>,^+*%,*&bj-+5Chcn*&Mj^-*
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%+5Alj%,5;ne)@off;ne%.g_f__"+^0%-&,
mf[gm#5MK]ihmnlo]n5;FNH5MP@iln%*&L_`
%*&QcffÉ/5Mnl+0&>_r+*&=ihÊ&ChnÊ&Qcm
+&=b[+(
Mkocl_4=fi]eqileJojj_n"r.#%;hcg[nil
+
%>cm]lcgch[nil%Clih;lg"r,#%Hicm_g[e'
_l%Ijnc][fIl\%Pic]_=igg[h^(
-
K=;J=LK
GIIHQ;N=B?L=F;H
N b_ Giihq[n]b_lm& [ mg[ff ]f[h i` bog[h
^loc^m mecff_^ ch jl_^c]ncha q_[nb_l j[n'
n_lhm& ^cm[jj_[l_^ `lig Bcabjichn [fgimn [
]_hnols [ai( <_`il_ nb_ foh[l l[chm ][g_& nb_
 
.3;?

¡ ¢
Giihq[n]b_lm ^q_ff_^ ch nb_ bcab ]fcm i`
nb_ <ioh^[ls J_[em( >_mjcn_ nb_cl cmif[n_^
fi][f_&nb_sb[^_rn_hmcp_]ihn[]nqcnbionmc^'
_lm(Gimn]cpcfct_^mi]c_nc_mb[^go]bnia[ch
`lignb_chmcabnmi`nb_Giihq[n]b_lm&`ilnb_
q_[nb_l^c]n[n_m_p_lsnbcha`ligqb_hnijf[hn
m__^m[h^b[lp_mnnb_g&niqb_hncg_m[l_\_mn
`ilnl[p_fcha[h^nl[hmjilnchaaii^m(?gcmm[l'
c_m`lig]cnc_m[h^nlc\_mf[la_[h^mg[ffnl[p'
_f_^ninb_Giihq[n]b_lms_[l'lioh^&m__echa
nb_cl ]iohm_f ih qb[n nb_ q_[nb_l qiof^ \_
fce_`ilgihnbmni]ig_(
Nb_]igchai`nb_foh[ll[chmqlioabnb[pi]
ojih nb_ Giihq[n]b_lm( Qilmn i` [ff& nb_s
eh_qcnqiof^b[jj_h5nb_s&i`[ffj_ijf_&
q[n]b_^ nb_ giih gimn ][l_`offs(
Gil_ nb[h nbl__ a_h_l[ncihm
[ai&nb_cliqhg_n_ilifiac'
][fjl_^c]ncihmb[^^_n_]n'
_^ mo\nf_ \on aliqcha
]b[ha_m l_f[ncp_ ni
bcmnilc][f q_[nb_l
j[nn_lhm( Nb_ giih
m__g_^ ni \_ b[pcha [
aliqcha chØo_h]_ ih
nb_ q_[nb_l& [h^ qcnb
]ihncho_^ mno^s nb_
Giihq[n]b_lm miih l_[f'
ct_^ nb_ giih q[m a_nncha
]fim_l ni nb_ mol`[]_ qilf^( Cn
ihfsniie[`_q^_][^_m\_`il_nb_s
`[]_^nb_ch_pcn[\f_]ih]fomcihnb[nnb_
giihqiof^mn_[^cfs\_[l^iqhihnb_g(Nb_s
j_lmo[^_^ nb_gm_fp_m nb[n nb_cl ]ih]fomcih
gomn\_qlihaÊbiq]iof^mo]b[nbchab[j'
j_h9mol_fsnb_l_gomn\_[][f]of[ncih_llil
Ê\onchnb_f[mn`_qs_[lm\_`il_nb_foh[ll[ch
\_a[h&nb_l_q[mhi^io\n(;mnb_giihal_q
mn_[^cfsf[la_lchnb_mes&nb_seh_qnb[nmig_'
nbchabillc\f_q[m[\ionnib[jj_h(
<on nb_l_ q[m hinbcha nb_s ]iof^ ^i ni
jl_p_hn mo]b [ ][n[mnlijbc] ^cm[mn_l( Nb_s
jl_j[l_^ \s ^caacha mg[ff ][p_m qb_l_ nb_s
]iof^& \on nb_s ]iof^ jl_^c]n nb_ `off `ols i`
qb[nq[mni]ig_(Hi][p_qiof^f[mn`ilfiha(
Nb_foh[lli]em]l[mb_^^iqh`lignb_mes&[h^
nb_Giihq[n]b_lmqcnb_l_^(Nb_foh[ll[chq[m
b[l^ihnb_m_qcf^_lh_mm^q_ff_lm&qbif[]e_^
m_]ol_mb_fn_lm(<onnb_Giihq[n]b_lmb[^[h
_^a_&[p_lsmfcabn_^a_&qbc]bm_nnb_g[j[ln
`lig[ffinb_lmol`[]_^q_ff_lm4nb_s]iof^l_[^
nb_mes(
;jjfscha a_h_l[ncihm i` ehiqf_^a_ [h^
[]]ogof[n_^chmcabn&nb_Giihq[n]b_lm\_a[h
mno^scha nb_ foh[l l[ch( Nbcm q[m ^[ha_liom
qile&[h^&chnb__[lfs^[smi`nb_foh[ll[ch&cn
q[m`oncf_5nb_l[chmq_l_mim_p_l_nb[nhi[l_[
q[m mj[l_^( Nb_ Giihq[n]b_lm fcp_^ ^_mj_l'
[n_fcp_mnb_h&mo_lcha`l_ko_hn][mo[fnc_m[m
nb_sm]l[g\f_^`ilmb_fn_l(<onip_lncg_&nb_s
j_lm_p_l_^Ê[h^nb_s_g_la_^`lignb__[lfs
^[smi`nb_foh[ll[chqcnb[ohcko_n[f_hn`il
`il_][mnchanb_\_b[pcili`nb_giih(
Nb_ Giihq[n]b_lm f_[lh_^ ni jl_^c]n nb_
m_p_lcns i` nb_ foh[l l[ch \[m_^ ih mol`[]_
]ih^cncihmihnb_giih&qbc]bnb_si\m_lp_^
qcnbjifcmb_^ijnc][ff_hm_mi`nb_cliqhg[ho'
`[]nol_(Nb_s`iffiq_^nb_qch^m&[h^nb_chn_l'
[]ncihm\_nq__hmol`[]_[h^foh[l]ih^cncihm(
Nb_sch]iljil[n_^^cpch_g[ac]mni[hmq_lnb_
ko_mncihmnb_cliqhi\m_lp[ncihm]iof^hin(
Qcnb [ mn[lnfcha ^_al__ i` jl_]cmcih& nb_
Giihq[n]b_lm f_[lh_^ ni [hnc]cj[n_ nb_
foh[ll[ch(Qb_hcn][g_ninb_f[la'
_mng_n_ilm&nb_s]iof^n_ffni
qcnbch [ b[f`'gcf_ qb_l_
nb_s qiof^ cgj[]n&
[h^ [jjlircg[n_fs
biq g[hs qiof^
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hcabn( A_h_l[f
]ih^cncihm [h^
q_[nb_l j[nn_lhm
q_l_ mcgcf[lfs
jl_^c]n[\f_5 nb_
G i i h q [ n ] b _ l m
]iof^n_ffbiqmnliha
nb_ foh[l l[ch qiof^
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mol`[]_gcabn\_m[`_^o_ni
qch^]ih^cncihm(
Cn niie m_p_l[f s_[lm& \on ch ncg_& nb_
Giihq[n]b_lm \_][g_ nb_ ihfs bog[h alioj
[\f_ ni q[fe nb_ qilf^ m[`_fs [n hcabn( I`
]iolm_&g[hshcabnmnb_sniib[^nim__emb_f'
n_l&[m_p_hnb_sq_l_hincggoh_ninb_gimn
m_p_l_g_n_ilmnilgm(<onc`[hcabnqiof^\_
m[`_ninl[p_f&ilc`[j[lnc]of[lj[nbip_l[acp_h
p_f^n il \_mc^_ [ acp_h p[ff_s qiof^ \_ mb_f'
n_l_^`lignb_foh[ll[ch`il[hcabn&nb_sqiof^
ehiq&[h^om_nbcmehiqf_^a_nimolpcp_(
Qcnbnb_]igchai`nb_foh[ll[ch&nl[p_f_lm
hi fiha_l diolh_s_^ ni m__e nb_ Giihq[n]b'
_lmÎ ]iohm_f( Nb_ Giihq[n]b_lm \_][g_ [
`[^cha g_gils& [h^ [ff [mmog_^ nb_g fimn(
Nb[ncm&ohncfnb_Giihq[n]b_lm]b[h]_^ojih
;fail G[ll ih_ hcabn( Nb_ ]ioh]cfg_g\_l
i`nb_HilnbMn[l=f[hq[mn[echa[q[feih[
j[lnc]of[lfs]f_[lhcabnqb_hb_m[qmig_nbcha
b_ ]iof^hÎn \_fc_p_4 [ f[la_ \[h^ i` j_l`_]nfs
b_[fnbs bog[h ^loc^m& g[echa nb_cl q[s ch
nb_ ^_[^ i` hcabn []limm nb_ g_n_il'ji]e_^
jf[chm( ;fail [jjli[]b_^ nb_g qcnb j_[]_'
`of chn_hncihm& [h^ miih ^cm]ip_l_^ nb[n nb_
Giihq[n]b_lm`ligif^mnilc_mq_l_mncff[fcp_
Ê[h^ih[gcmmcihi`nb_cliqh(
;`n_l ;fail b_[l^ nb_cl mnils& b_ ila[hct_^
^ih[ncihm [giha bcm iqh ]f[h f_[^_lm [h^
nb_ f_[^_lm i` [ `_q inb_l ]f[hm b_ nlomn_^&
ch]fo^cha nb_ Lcabn_iom F[h]_lm& Finom =f[h&
[h^=f[hi`nb_Gc^^f_J[mm(Nb_s]ihnlc\on_^
g[n_lc[fm[h^ehiqf_^a_&[h^_p_h[`_qchn_l'
_mn_^]f[hg_g\_lmqbiq[hn_^ninl[p_fqcnb
nb_Giihq[n]b_lm`il[qbcf_(
Hiqnb_Giihq[n]b_lmnl[p_fnb_qilf^ch
[ mg[ff ]ihncha_hn i` g_]bm& chn_hn ih nb_cl
gcmmcih(>olchanb_clg[hss_[lmi`i\m_lpcha
nb_ giih& nb_s f_[lh_^ gil_ nb[h nb_s _p_l
bij_^ ni ehiq( Nb_s g[jj_^ nb_ g[dil `_['
nol_mi`nb_foh[lmol`[]_&\_`il_nb_s]l[mb_^
ni nb_ alioh^( Nb_s ehiq qb_l_ nb_ f[la_mn
foh[ln_gjf_mq_l_fi][n_^ihnb_giih&[h^
nb_sehiqqb_l_nb_s`_ffni_[lnb(Nb_sehiq
qb_l_ ]ih]_hnl[ncihm i` fc`_ q_l_ `ioh^ ih
nb_ foh[l mol`[]_ "nbioab nb_sÎl_ b_mcn[hn ni
om_nb_n_lgË]cnc_mÌni^_m]lc\_nb_m_mnl[ha_
jf[]_mnb_si\m_lp_^#5nb_sq[n]b_^nb_foh[l
^l[aihm `[ff `lig nb_ mes5 [h^ nb_s ehiq biq
nbim_m[g_^l[aihm\_b[p_^ihnb_giih(
Gimncgjiln[hnfs&nb_Giihq[n]b_lmehiq
mig_nbchaÊ_p_hnb_HilnbMn[l=f[h^i_mhÎn
ehiq qb[n Ê [\ion fc`_ ih nb_ foh[l mol`[]_(
Nb__hncl_Giihq[n]b_lm]f[hhiqm__emp_ls
mj_]c×] foh[l `l[ag_hnm& qbim_ fi][ncihm
nb_sb[p_lioabfsg[jj_^ion(Mig_i`nb_m_
`l[ag_hnmb[p_mch]_\__hgch_^il_rjfil_^
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Nb_Giihq[n]b_lmnl[p_f[nhcabn&omchanb_cl
g_n_ilifiac][f mecffm ni [fq[sm mn[s [ mn_j
[b_[^ i` nb_ foh[l l[ch& m__echa ion nb_m_
_hcag[nc]`l[ag_hnm`il[h[m's_n'oh^cm]fim_^
joljim_( Nb_l_Îm [ j[nn_lh ni nb_cl ko_mn& [h^
[m_ko_h]_i`^cm]ip_lsnb[ngomn\_i\_s_^&
\on nb_ ihfs ih_m ni oh^_lmn[h^ nbcm [l_ nb_
Giihq[n]b_lm(
;failG[llcmnb_mif_Clihniinb]f[hg_g'
\_l ni b[p_ l_aof[l ]ihn[]n qcnb nb_ Giih'
q[n]b_lm( Nb_s m__e ion bcm ]f[h ih ]_ln[ch
[mnlihigc][fi]][mcihm&qbc]b][h\_ihfs\_
jl_^c]n_^\s]b[l[]n_lmqcnbnb_Giihq[n]b_l
`_[n il qcnb [ >= ,* Ehiqf_^a_ "[mnlihigs#
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inb_lClihniinb]f[hf_[^_lmqcnbbcgnig__n
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Mn[l=f[hÎmj[mmcih`il]iff_]nchamnl[ha_foh[l
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nb_ <ioh^[ls J_[em& [h^ g[hs i` nb_g ehiq
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nb_g(Nb_logilmm[snb[n]_ln[chg_g\_lmi`
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Giihq[n]b_lm( Ni nb_ l_mn i` nb_ Clihniinb&
nbioab&nb_s[l_mcgjfsnb_Fimn=f[h4\l_nbl_h
 
.3;?

¡ ¢

nb_sih]_eh_qch[hinb_lncg_&[h^hiqehiq qcnb nb_ ^q[lp_m m__g_^ m_n( Gihnbm f[n_l&

ihfsnblioabmnilc_m(
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qb_h[me_^`il[h[g_ojih_hn_lcha[niolh['
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D[r ^o\\_^ nb_g nb_ =f[mb( Nb[n q[m [fgimn
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j[lnh_l B_f_h[ Qidchr& [h^ [h _fp_h mil]_l_l
][ff_^ Mb_ha& [ff mj_hn ncg_ n_[g_^ qcnb nb_
=f[mb( Oh`ilnoh[n_fs& [ nl[ac][ffs cff'jf[hh_^

-
q[n]b_lm ]f[h mncff qilmbcj nb_ if^ ai^m& j[l' bohn `il [ j[lnc]of[lfs l[gj[hn foh[l ^l[aih
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NB?=F;MB l[c^cha[loch_^_f`mnlihabif^ihnb__^a_i`
FÎ[lcf_H[ncihÎmf[h^m(

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.3;?

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ch mbi]e_^ [g[t_g_hn& a[tcha ^og\fs& n_[lm
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.3;?

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.3;?

¡ ¢
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cn ]l_[n_m [ \[llc_l [a[chmn F_acih chp[mcih [m
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jb_&[h^<_mm_g_lq[m[]iggih^_mnch[ncih
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[fiha nb_ f_hanb i` =[cnfcf ni g[e_ nb_ lion_
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pcff[a_m niie l_mjihmc\cfcns `il nb_ ][l_ [h^
oje__ji`nb_\ocf^cham(Nb_c^_[q[m`ilniqhm
ni \_ gil_ [nnl[]ncp_ ni nbim_ nl[hmjilncha
aii^m `il m[f_& mi ]igj_ncncih e_jn nb_ ko[f'
cns i` nb_m_ mnlo]nol_m bcab( Gimn q_l_ ^_]i'
l[n_^ qcnb \[m l_fc_` m]ofjnol_& `_mncp_ j[chn&
il n[j_mnlc_m( Nb_s q_l_ i`n_h \ocfn i` mnih_
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m__ chpcmc\cfcns ih [ff i` nb_ <l_[nbÎm l_mc^_hnm(
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gipcha[lioh^chmc^_nb_g_]b&go]bf_mm×h^'
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gip_ ni nb_cl \[nnf_ mn[ncihm [h^ L[dcefc om_m
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ni jlip_ nb[n ^_[nb g[ac] ][h \_ om_^ ch nb_ l_]_hnfs n[e_h [h _fp_h ]l[`nmqig[h h[g_^
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b[^g[^_fcnnf_cgj[]n(C`hin`ilnb_ ^l_mmcha ch \f[]e ]finbcha qcnb \ih_'qbcn_
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L[dcefc qiof^ fce_fs b[p_ _h^_^ Øiil( L[dcefcÎm _s_m [l_ ]ip_l_^ qcnb [ gcfes
b_l ^[sm ch koc_n ]ihn_gjf[ncih ih ×fg&\onb_lmcabncm[mmb[lj[m_p_l(
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B_[^ +2*š`ilq[l^ =ifimm[fd[p_fchl[]e"r2#",^+*&,**`n(# +0 ,
  +2*š\[]eq[l^ =ifimm[fd[p_fchl[]e"r2#",^+*&,**`n(# +0 , Mn[nm
  +2*š`ilq[l^ 2rFihal[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# 2 2
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Lcabnmbiof^_l +2*šlcabn =ifimm[fd[p_fchl[]e"r2#",^+*&,**`n(# +0 , Jiq_lMiol]_4;hcg[n_^"^cmj_f>=-*#
F_`nmbiof^_l +2*šf_`n =ifimm[fd[p_fchl[]e"r2#",^+*&,**`n(# +0 , J[sfi[^Ohcnm4+0&..2
Nilmi 3*š`ilq[l^ -rMn[i`[\dol[ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - B_cabn4,&***`n(
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  3*š`ilq[l^ -rMn[i`nl[hmgon[ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - =l_q4+&0./"q_[jihm4,2*#
  3*š`ilq[l^ .*rFihal[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# .* .* @clchaJilnm4+&0..
  3*š\[]eq[l^ ,*rFihal[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# ,* ,* Bcn>c]_40..
  3*š\[]eq[l^ Mn[i`[\dol[ncih"__]nmp[ls# + + BcnJichnm4-&/.,
  3*š\[]eq[l^ Mn[i`_pi][ncih"__]nmp[ls# + + =lcnc][fNbl_mbif^m4Hinmo\d_]nni]lcnc][f
  3*š\[]eq[l^ Mn[i`nl[hmgon[ncih"__]nmp[ls# + + bcnm
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  +2*š`ilq[l^ -rMn[i`nl[hmgon[ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - G[h_op_l[\cfcns4Jiil
  +2*š`ilq[l^ ,*rFihal[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# ,* ,* ;=4,
  +2*š`ilq[l^ +*rG_^cogl[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# +* +* B[l^h_mm4,/"qii^&=cns'g_]b@#jfom^[g'
F_`n[lg +2*š`ilq[l^ -rMn[i`[\dol[ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - [a_l_^o]ncih+*)mf[mbcha
  +2*š`ilq[l^ -rMn[i`_pi][ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - <[m_g_f__[nn[]e4%+2
  +2*š`ilq[l^ -rMn[i`nl[hmgon[ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - <[m_l[ha_^[nn[]e4É,
  +2*š`ilq[l^ ,*rFihal[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# ,* ,* Oh[lg_^^[g[a_40^+,%,0
  +2*š`ilq[l^ +*rG_^cogl[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# +* +* Nl[gjf_4f[la_mn=cns'g_]b=5m[`_=cns'g_]b
Lcabnf_a +2*š`ilq[l^ -r=ifimm[fCCC_nb_l_[f][n[jofn"2^0&.**`n(# +3, +2 ;5^[g[a_+.^0
  +2*š\[]e =ifimm[fCCC_nb_l_[f][n[jofn"2^0&.**`n(# 0. 0 M[p_m4@ilnÉ-&L_`É+&QcffÉ
  -0*š -rMn[i`[\dol[ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - ;\cfcnc_m4Mnl0,&>_r0&=ihÉ&ChnÉ&QcmÉ&
  -0*š -rMn[i`_pi][ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - =b[É
  -0*š -rMn[i`nl[hmgon[ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - G_]b]l[`n>=412
  -0*š +*rFihal[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# +* +* <[m_Jf[hhchaNcg_4+/0^[sm
  -0*š +/rG_^cogl[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# +/ +/ <[m_=imn4,&0*-&.2*aj
  -0*š +*rMbilnl[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# +* +* Nin[f=imn4,&1/-&0/.ajjfomq_[jihm[h^
F_`nf_a +2*š`ilq[l^ -r=ifimm[fCCC_nb_l_[f][n[jofn"2^0&.**`n(# +3, +2 g[ac]cn_gm
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  -0*š -rMn[i`[\dol[ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - =ihmnlo]ncihNcg_4,.0^[sm",&***[p_l[a_
  -0*š -rMn[i`_pi][ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - f[\il_lmjfom,**ip_lm__lm#jfomg[ac]
  -0*š -rMn[i`nl[hmgon[ncih"__]nmp[ls# - - cn_gm[h^lcno[fm"+.^[sm#
  -0*š +*rFihal[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# +* +* Ijncihm4B[ha[l"+3,JO#&j_lg[h_hnl_mcm'
  -0*š +/rG_^cogl[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# +/ +/ n[h]_&^[g[a_l_^o]ncih+*)mf[mbcha&`[mn
  -0*š +*rMbilnl[ha_q[h^"m__h_rnj[a_# +* +* b_[fcha,/

=ig\[nN[]nc]m
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.3;?

¡ !¢
n[]nc]m[l_mcgcf[lni[hsinb_l]cns'g_]b(Cnb[m
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i` _nb_l_[f ][n[jofnm cm giohn_^ ih _[]b f_a ch
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  !
.3;?

¡ ¢
nb_smbiof^jc]enb_cl\[nnf_m][l_`offs(
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^_m]_h^ni[^gchcmn_lnb_]ioj^_al[]_(;mch'
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nb_ Loh_g_]bm [l_ qilecha qcnb il^ch[ls
ohcnm& nb_ ]igg[h^_lm i` nb_ l_aof[l nliijm
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liom_[hsi`nb_cliqhmif^c_lmqbimnl[s_^nii
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Nb_ Loh_g_]bm qcnb msg\if i` q_[eh_mm [l_
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nb_ mnliha_mn `i_m qcff i`n_h \_ cggi\cfct_^(
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msg\if i` mnohhcha [l_ j_lb[jm nb_ gimn om_'
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cnm^_`_h^_lmb_fjf_mm&nb_hq[fe[q[s[h^f_n
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[]ncp_ g_g\_lm ]igj[l_^ ni nb_ -/* Mohm(
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nb_ qile i` nb_cl b[h^m chmn_[^& qcnb mcgcf[l
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[h^ _p_ls ]l[`n jl[]nc]_^ \s mig_ih_ [\i[l^
N[hh[hfc_f(
<on nb_ foh[l l[ch b[m qile_^ [ ]b[ha_ ch
nb_ chn_l_mnm i` nb_ _fp_m( Nb_ils [h^ qbcgms
b[p_ `[^_^ [m nb_ ×abn `il molpcp[f b[m ainn_h
b[l^_l(Nb_[lni`q[lcm[g[nn_li`al_[nchn_l'
_mn5mqil^jf[scm\_chan[e_hnih_qf_p_fmb_l_&
_mj_]c[ffs [giha nb_ Nbilhm( G[ac][f mno^c_m
i`n_h `i]om ih mj_ffm nb[n b[lg _h_gc_m [h^
^lcp_nb_g\[]e(
F_mm pcif_hn chn_l_mnm [l_ [fmi `iffiq_^&
\onnb_m_nii[l_[_]n_^\snb_]oll_hnmn[n_
i` Bcabjichn( G[hs i` N[hh[hfc_fÎm _fp_m [l_
mecff_^ bilnc]ofnolcmnm& ][j[\f_ i` qilecha
gcl[]ofiom ^__^m qcnb jf[hnm( @ch^cha l[l_
Øiq_lm [h^ \l__^cha _rinc] nl__m q_l_ ih]_
nb_cl g[chmn[s( Hiq nb_s mno^s [h^ jf[h ni
l_nolh BcabjichnÎm `il_mnm& [h^ nb_l_'
[`n_l nb_ l_mn i` cnm n_ll[ch& ni cnm
`ilg_lmn[n_(
@ch[ffs& g[hs _fp_m m_[l]b
`il q[sm ni ^lcp_ \[]e nb_
foh[l g_h[]_ `il_p_l(
Nb_l_g[chmi`nb_Qbcn_
=ihal_mm b[p_ [ mnliha
jl_m_h]_ ih N[hh[hfc_f&
[h^ nb_s qiof^ fce_ ni
b[p_ nb_cl fc\l[ls \[]e(
Nb_smncffb[p_gimni`×p_
]_hnolc_m ni g[e_ nb_ qilf^
m[`_`ilcnml_nolh&\onni[h_f`
nb[nmj[hi`ncg_cmhinmifiha(Nbcm
a_h_l[ncihgcabnhinm__cn^ih_&\onnb_cl
]bcf^l_hgomn(
Gil_ nb[h .&*** _fp_m fcp_ ih N[hh[fc_f(
Hing[hsgil_][h×n]ig`iln[\fs(@ilmbiln
j_lci^m& N[hh[h qcff [ffiq f[la_ hog\_lm i`
l_`oa__m& \on ohf_mm nb_s jimm_mm pcn[f mecffm&
nb_sqcff\_^cm]b[la_^ih]_nb_g_]bl_[]b_m
[ l_f[ncp_fs m[`_ jf[]_( Biq_p_l& aliojm i`
_fp_m i`n_h acp_ oj nb_cl ]cnct_hmbcj [h^ n[e_
ni fc`_ [\i[l^ g_]bm i` nb_cl iqh ]l_[ncih(
Nbcm]l_[n_mliig`il\_nq__h,*[h^+**h_q
l_mc^_hnm [n [ ncg_& ^_j_h^cha ih nb_ mct_ i`
nb__ri^om(
A_nnchaih<i[l^
N [hh[hfc_f ^i_mhÎn b[p_ [m g[hs pcmcnilm [m
inb_l ]cns'g_]bm( G[hs j_ijf_ [l_ ^l[qh
ni cnm big_ n_llcnils& ]olciom [\ion nbcm g[m'
mcp_[lnc`[]n[h^nb_g[ac]nb[n[hcg[n_mcn&\on
nb_diolh_scm^[ha_liom(;fmi&ih_i`N[hh[h'
fc_fÎmjoljim_mcmni\[nnf_nb_gcabnc_mni`foh[l
gihmn_lm(Nbim_qbiqiof^nl[p_fninb_]cns'
g_]b[l_[^pcm_^nib[p_[h[lg_^_m]iln(
<on nb_m_ lcmem ^ihÎn e__j _p_lsih_ [q[s(
Nb_ _fp_m b[p_ g[hs nbcham nb[n inb_lm m__e&
j[lnc]of[lfs [l][h_ ehiqf_^a_ [h^ ]ohhcha
qii^qile( Gil_ip_l& c` N[hh[hfc_f cmhÎn
_ha[a_^ ch []ncp_ ]ig\[n& nb_ mollioh^cha
[l_[ cm []no[ffs ih_ i` nb_ m[`_mn tih_m ih
Bcabjichn(?hioabnl[^_lm[h^_rjfil_lmpcmcn
nb_ ]cns'g_]b ni e__j cn ch`ilg_^ i` ionmc^_
_p_hnm& [h^ nb_m_ nl[p_f_lm momn[ch [ li\omn
g[le_n(
Pcmcncha N[hh[hfc_f cm go]b _[mc_l nb[h
\_]igcha [ ]cnct_h( Nb_ `ilg_l chpifp_m nb_
][mncha i` mig_ ^cpch[ncihm [h^ j_lb[jm nb_
moll_h^_l i` ^[ha_liom cn_gm( Ni \_]ig_ [
]cnct_h&biq_p_l&ih_gomn\_[l_mc^_hni`nb_
Fcf[nilB_l‡[f`il_mnm(Chjl[]nc][fn_lgmnbcm
g_[hm ihfs _fp_m [h^ [ b[h^`of i` b[f`'_fp_m
][h fcp_ ih N[hh[hfc_f( Nb_ ]cns'g_]b n[e_m
ih[mg[hsl_`oa__m[mjimmc\f_&\onnb_^_mcl_
ni jlin_]n [ff i` _fp_hech^ gomn \_ \[f[h]_^
[a[chmn nb_ h__^ ni g[e_ fc`_ ih \i[l^
qilnbqbcf_(
Pcmcnilm [l_ m]l__h_^ `il
bimncf_ chn_hncihm [h^ f[n_hn
_h]b[hng_hnm( ;ff nbim_
]igcha [\i[l^ qcff \_
ko_mncih_^ ×lmn \s nb_
ao[l^m& [oag_hn_^ \s
^_n_]n nbioabnm [h^ ^_n_]n
g[ac]( Mig_ i` N[hh[h'
fc_fÎm l_mc^_hnm [fmi b[p_
j_lg[h_hn [l][h_ mcabn& [h^
nb_m_ \fo_'_s_^ _fp_m [l_
][ff_^ ni _r[gch_ ko_mncih'
[\f_pcmcnilm(>_n_]n_pcfq[mom_^ch
nb_g_]bÎm_[lfs^[sm&\on[`n_l[alioj
i`Ë_pcfÌ[^p_hnol_lmq[mnolh_^[q[s[h^nb_h
q_hn ih ni mf[s [ nlio\f_mig_ foh[l ^l[aih&
nbcmjl[]nc]_q[m_h^_^(
C` nb_ ao[l^m [h^ mj_ff][mn_lm [l_ m[ncm×_^
nb[n [ pcmcnilÎm \omch_mm cm hin [ nbl_[n& nb_s
[l_chpcn_^[\i[l^(N[hh[hfc_fb[m[hog\_li`
mg[ffnl[^cha[l_[mm][nn_l_^[lioh^cnmmnlo]'
nol_&[h^nbl__f[la_g[le_nm[l_`ioh^chnb_
]_hnl[f nilmi( Nb_ fiq_mn i` nb_m_ g[le_nm cm
`il aii^m l[hacha `lig ]iggih ni _rinc]5 cn
b[mhii   ]c[fh[g_(Ch_fp_h`[mbcih&nb_l_mc'
^_hnmi`N[hh[hfc_fb[p_^o\\_^cnnb_H[g_'
f_mm G[le_n( Nbcm cm [ p[mn mj[]_ ch nb_ fiq_l
nilmi nb[n l_m_g\f_m [h if^ ^_]c^oiom `il_mn&
qcnbgcabnsi[em[]ncha[mjcff[lmnimojjiln[
lii` .* `__n [h^ bcab_l ip_lb_[^( G_l]b[hnm
[l_ `ioh^ [n [ff f_p_fm `lig nb_ Øiil ni nb_
nl__nijm&]ihh_]n_^\slij_f[^^_lm[h^mnol^s
qii^_h\lc^a_m(
N[hh[hfc_fÎm ojj_l nilmi biom_m nb_ <f[^_'
`[cl&qb_l_[lgm[h^[lgil[l_mif^(L_mc^_hnm
[h^pcmcnilm[fce_[l_j_lgcnn_^ni\_[l[hs[lgm
nb_s qcmb [\i[l^ N[hh[hfc_f& \on ionmc^_ nb_
<f[^_`[cl [ff pcmcnilm gomn e__j nb_cl q_[jihm
nc_^ ^iqh il inb_lqcm_ `[mn_h_^ mi nb_s qcff
\_ b[l^ ni ^l[q( L_mc^_hnm ^i hin b[p_ nbcm
mnlc]nol_( Nb_ <f[^_`[cl b[m g[hs nl__m qcnbch
cnmjl_]ch]nm&gimnqcnb[hohomo[fmcfp_ls\[le

nb[nl_mcmnm][l_f_mm\f[^_m"b[l^h_mm+*#(Nb_
]_cfchab_l_cmfiq&higil_nb[h,*`__n&[h^
[ffg_l]b[hnm[l_`ioh^[nalioh^f_p_f(Mg[ff
_h]fim_^ ]iolns[l^m `il n_mncha q_[jihm fch_
nb_mc^_m(
Bcab_lmncffcmnb_M[h]nog&[jf[]_`ilmj_ffm
[h^ g[ac] cn_gm ni ]b[ha_ b[h^m( Nb_ _hncl_
M[h]nog cm mollioh^_^ \s j_lg[h_hn q[ffm i`
`il]_ mi nb[n nb_ _h_las chmc^_ ^i_mhÎn _m][j_
[h^ ^[g[a_ N[hh[hfc_f( Nb_ nl__m nb[n ]l_[n_
[h^mojjilnnbcmg[le_n[l_[ffionf[h^cmb]if'
ilm[h^mnl[ha_mb[j_m&[h^g_l]b[hnm][h\_
`ioh^[n[fff_p_fmi`nb_0*'`iin^ig_(
;ohcko__h]b[hng_hnj_lp[^_mnbcmjf[]_&
qip_h\sN[hh[hnijl_p_hnmil]_liom^o_fcha
`lign[echajf[]_(;hsih_chnb_M[h]nogqbi
][mnm [l][h_ mj_ffm `lig ]_ln[ch m]biifm gomn
×lmn g[e_ [ =ih]_hnl[ncih ]b_]e ">= +/ %
f_p_fi`mj_ff#(C`nb_s`[cfnb_]b_]e&nb_mj_ff
cm[\iln_^\_`il_cn][h\_][mn"minb_][mn_l
^i_m hin fim_ cn#( Nb_ l_mnlc]n_^ m]biifm [l_
]ihdol[ncih& _h]b[hng_hn& _pi][ncih& [h^
h_]lig[h]s( =_ln[ch l_mc^_hnm q_[l [gof_nm
nb[nip_llc^_nbcm__]n&[ffiqchanb_gni][mn
hilg[ffs b_l_( Pcmcnilm qbi q[hn ni om_ ih_
i` nb_m_ [gof_nm gomn j_lmo[^_ [h [l]bg[a_
niacp_nb_gih_`ilnb_^ol[ncihi`nb_clmn[s
"ohf_mm nb_s mcgjfs n[e_ ih_ `lig [ l_mc^_hn&
qbc]bcmhinqcm_#(
Qb_h hin mbijjcha il pcmcncha l_mc^_hnm&
ao_mnm i` N[hh[hfc_f b[p_ ko[ln_lm h_[l nb_
g[chNbilh\[ll[]emchnb_gc^^f_nilmi(Nbcm
cm ]ihp_hc_hn ni [ff g[dil [l_[m i` chn_l_mn&
[h^nb_jl_m_h]_i`mif^c_lmg[e_mcn[m_]ol_
jf[]_(Pcmcnilm][h[fmimn[sqcnbl_mc^_hn_fp_m&
[h^ cn cmhÎn oh]iggih `il ih_ i` nb_ ]cns'
g_]bÎm `[gcfc_m ni n[e_ ch [h if^ `lc_h^ `il [
q__eilnqi(
Aip_lhg_hn[h^@[]ncihm
N [hh[hfc_f cm [ g[ai]l[]s& [h^ ×p_
[l]bg[a_m[l_cnmoh^cmjon_^f_[^_lm(Nbcm
kochn_ncml_mjihmc\f_`ilnb_g_]bÎm`oh]ncih'
cha& ]ihmn[hnfs [fn_lcha nb_ ]igjf_r q_\ i`
_h]b[hng_hnm nb[n momn[ch nb_ ]cns'g_]b( Ch
nb_ils[ff×p_[l__ko[fm(
<onih_cm]f_[lfs×lmn[giha_ko[fm(N[hh[h
]l_[n_^ nbcm g_]b& [h^ _p_h hiq b_ oh^_l'
mn[h^mcn\_nn_lnb[hnb_inb_l`iol]ig\ch_^(
Nb_[l]bg[a_mg[e_nb_cl^_]cmcihm\sn[fecha
[h^[]bc_pcha[]ihm_hmom&[h^nb_clch`ilg[f
lof_ cm nb[n `iol i` nb_g ][h ip_llc^_ ih_
i\d_]nil(N[hh[hcmh_p_lip_llc^_h(
@ilbcmj[ln&N[hh[hcmgi^_mn[h^]iij_l['
ncp_(B_l_[fct_mnb[nnb_inb_lm^_`_lnibcg&
_p_h qb_h b_ n_ffm nb_g hin ni& [h^ mi b_
q_cabmbcmnbioabnm][l_`offs\_`il_mj_[echa(
I`n_h b_ f_nm nb_ inb_l `iol [l]bg[a_m b[g'
g_lion[ffmc^_mi`[hcmmo_\_`il_b_acp_m[h
ijchcih&[h^[nncg_mb__p_hn[e_m[mn[h]_b_
^i_mhÎn\_fc_p_chdomnnig[e_mol_cna_nm[`[cl
b_[lcha(B_chpcn_^_[]bi`nb_m_inb_lqct[l^m
nidichbcg[h^aoc^_^nb_g[mnb_s\ocfnN[h'
h[hfc_f& \on b_ b[m qile_^ gcabncfs ni mbiq
nb[nnb_s^ihiniq_bcg^_`_l_h]_(
Nb_inb_l[l]bg[a_m[l_4
;al[p[_f B[gg_l`[ha "=dl+1)Lia-#4 ;h
ohomo[f_f`\s[hsg_[mol_&;al[p[_fb[mfcp_^
[giha ^q[lp_m [h^ ]f[cgm ni b[p_ pcmcn_^ nb_
q_n ^_m_ln( B_ cm [ mnol^s `_ffiq qcnb [ fio^
pic]_[h^[fip_i`mcgjf_die_m(;al[p[_fcm[fmi
[mecff_^]ihdol_lqcnb[qc^_l[ha_i`]ig\[n
_rj_lc_h]_5chbcmmj[l_ncg_b_n_[]b_mmqil^
n_]bhcko_ninb_Nbilhm(Bcmf[mnh[g_&b_m[sm&
q[macp_hnibcg\snb_^q[lp_mi`>o_lienqi
boh^l_^ s_[lm [ai( Cffomcih [h^ _h]b[hng_hn
[l_bcmjlibc\cn_^m]biifm(
Cj[li"Qct,*#4;fnbioabmb_cmm[c^nilcp[f
N[hh[hfc_fchjiq_l&Cj[lib[mmi`[l^_`_ll_^ni
bcg(Mb_cm[qct[l^i`al_[nmo\nf_ns(B_lmecff
qcnbqil^mcmmcgcf[l&[h^mb_b[mmifp_^gil_
nb[hih_]lcmcm[gihanb_]cns'g_]bÎml_mc^_hnm
qcnb[q_ff'ncg_^]igg_hn(Cj[liq[m[dohcil
g_g\_li`nb_Qbcn_=ihal_mmqb_hnb_foh[l
l[ch\_a[h[h^b[mlcm_hnblioabcnml[hemqcnb
al_[nmj__^(Cncmqbcmj_l_^nb[nmb_[h^N[hh[h
[l_\ih^_^niih_[hinb_l[mj[lnh_lm&\onh_c'
nb_li`nb_g^cm]omm_mnbcmqcnbionmc^_lm(
B[ffig[Nb_cfg["?pi+2#4Mb_cmnb_gimn
mnl[cabn`ilq[l^i`nb_[l]bg[a_m(C`[]ihØc]n
\l_[em ion [giha nb_g& B[ffig[ cm jli\[\fs
nb_ miol]_ i` cn( Mb_ cmhÎn _pcf il gcmaoc^_^&
nbioab( B[ffig[ cm domn j[mmcih[n_fs ^_pin_^
ninb__fp_mÎmolpcp[f&[h^mb_q[hnmnb__h^i`
nb_foh[ll[chni]ig_miih_lchmn_[^i`f[n_l(
Mb_ b[m [fmi jlip_h ni b[p_ al_[n n[f_hn [m [
g_]b jcfin& b_fjcha N[hh[h \_[l nb_ \ol^_h
i` ]ig\[n qb_h _p_h nb_ inb_l [l]bg[a_m
`[fn_l(Mb_cm[g_g\_li`nb_Qbcn_=ihal_mm(
H_]lig[h]s[h^[\dol[ncih[l_b_ljlibc\cn_^
m]biifm(
Mb[^c^cnb "Qct+/)?rj.#4 Nb_ [ln i`
nb_ ]ihmnlo]nil cm l_f[ncp_fs h_q& [h^ nb_
[l]bg[a_m [l_ nii if^ ni b[p_ mj_]c[fct_^ ch
nbcm`ilgi`g[ac](Mb[^c^cnbcmnb_]fim_mnnb_s
b[p_ ni [ `off'Ø_^a_^ ]ihmnlo]nil( B_ mno^'
c_m g[ac][f ]ihmnlo]nm nb_ q[s ^l[aihm mno^s
b_[jmi`nl_[mol_Êjc]echanblioabnb_g`il
d_q_fmb_][hn[e_(Koc_n\onchn_hm_&bcmg[ch
chn_l_mn cm ]l_[ncha \_nn_l g_]bm [h^ aif_gm(
Cn [hhism bcg nb[n B[ffig[ cm [ \_nn_l jcfin
nb[hb_cm(
Nb_ ×p_ [l]bg[a_m hin ihfs b[p_ jlcg[ls
]ihnlifi`N[hh[hfc_f&nb_s[l_nb_m_hcilg_g'
\_lmi`nb_Il^_li`N[hh[hfc_f(Nbcmila[hct['
ncihcml_f[ncp_fsh_q&\oncnb[mkoc]efs\_]ig_
nb_ mchaf_ gimn cgjiln[hn alioj [\i[l^ nb_

.3;?

¡!¢
g_]b(Cn]ih]_hnl[n_mihnb_mno^si`g[ac][f
]ihmnlo]nmÊg_]bm&aif_gm&[h^[ffmo]b]l_'
[ncihm( N[hh[hfc_f ila[hct_^ nbcm alioj ni [c^
nb_[l]bg[a_mchlohhchanb_]cns'g_]b(
;ffjl[]nc]chaqct[l^m[h^]ihmnlo]nilmqbi
fcp_[\i[l^N[hh[hfc_f[l_]ihmc^_l_^g_g\_lm
i`nb_Il^_l&[h^chn_l_mn_^mil]_l_lm][hdich
c` nb_s b[p_ [jncno^_ `il mo]b g[ac]( Mn[nom
qcnbch nb_ Il^_l cm ^_lcp_^ j[lnfs `lig ih_Îm
ip_l[ff jliq_mm [h^ j[lnfs `lig `[gcfc[lcns
qcnbnb_Il^_lÎmmj_]c[fns(;mnb_Il^_lb_fjm
g[chn[ch[h^^cl_]nnb_]cns'g_]b&cnmg_g\_lm
bif^al_[nmn[nom(G_g\_lm][hf_[lhjiq_l`of
mj_ffm [h^ lcno[fm l_f[n_^ ni g_]bm [h^ inb_l
]ihmnlo]nm&[h^ni[^p[h]_nblioabnb_Il^_lÎm
l[hem& nb_s gomn ]ihnlc\on_ ni nb[n \i^s i`
ehiqf_^a_(
Mig_jiq_l`ofqct[l^mqbib[p_fcnnf_chn_l'
_mnch]ihmnlo]nmb[p_`ioh^nb_gm_fp_mmo\il'
^ch[n_nidiolh_sg_hmj_]c[fctchachnbcm×_f^(
G[a_mqbib[p_mj_hn]_hnolc_mmno^schainb_l
\l[h]b_m i` g[ac] l_m_hn nb_cl ^cgchcmb_^
mn[nom[\i[l^N[hh[hfc_f_p_h[mnb_s_hdiscnm
jlin_]ncih(Nb_smncff]igg[h^[al_[n^_[fi`
l_mj_]n[gihanb__fp_m&[h^[fnbioabnb_s[l_
hin `ilg[ffs ila[hct_^& nb_s i`n_h ][ff nb_g'
m_fp_mnb_If^M]bif[lm(
Nbcmalioji`nl[^cncih[fcmnmi`n_hchn_l`_l_m
qcnbnb_l_mni`nb_Il^_l(Nb_s^ihinchn_h^
ni ][om_ b[lg ni inb_lm& \on nb_s \_fc_p_ nb_
_fp_m[l_ch^[ha_li``ilm[echanb_clal[h^nl['
^cncihmch`[pili`qb[nnb_s][ffËmnif_h^q[l`'
cmb c^_[m(Ì Nb_ [hmq_l& nb_s m[s& cm hin gil_
g_]bm\ongil_g[ac](?p_h[mnb_s_ha[a_ch
nb_mno^si`g_]bm"[^c]ofnmo\d_]nni[pic^
[\i[l^N[hh[hfc_f#&nb_sm__enimbiqnb[nhi
g_]bcm[mjin_hn[m[q_ff'nl[ch_^qct[l^(Nb_s
b[p_hif_[^_l[mmo]b&[fnbioab[]b[lcmg[nc]
_pie_lh[g_^F[lqsh<__]b×l_"?pi+1#i`n_h
mj_[emih\_b[f`i`nb_g(
Nb_ nqi gcfcn[ls ]igj[hc_m& Nbilhm [h^
Mohm& [l_ oh^_l nb_ ^cl_]n ]ihnlif i` nb_ ×p_
[l]bg[a_m qbi b_[^ nb_ Il^_l( G[hs Nbilh
]igg[h^_lm [h^ [ff i` nb_ MohmÎ f_[^_lm [l_
g_g\_lmi`nb_Il^_lnb_gm_fp_m(Nb_cll[hem
[fgimn [fq[sm l_Ø_]n mn[nom qcnbch nb_ Il^_l(
Mi`[lhi\[nnf_mb[p_\lie_hionip_lnb_]b[ch
i`]igg[h^(
;mc^_ `lig nb_ Il^_l [h^ nb_ ×abncha
]igj[hc_m&nb__fp_mi`N[hh[hfc_fb[p_[fiim_
[h^ohmnlo]nol_^mi]c_ns(Nb_jijof[ncihi`[
^it_h_fp_hpcff[a_m]l_[n_^cnm×lmna_h_l[ncih
i` l_mc^_hnm( Nbim_ qbi f_[^ nb_ l_gh[hnm i`
nb_m_aliojm[l_][ff_^nb_Nq_fp_?f^_lm(Nb_s
[]n[m[\i^si`do^a_m[h^[^pcm_lm&[h^qbcf_
nb_cl[onbilcns]ig_m`ligmi]c[fmiol]_ml[nb'
_lnb[hf_a[fih_m&cncml[l_nb[nnb_[l]bg[a_m
`__f [ h__^ ni ip_llof_ nb_g( Cn mbiof^ \_
hin_^ nb[n F[lqsh <__]b×l_ cm [fmi ih_ i`
  !
.3;?

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