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 VENTILATION AND AIR MOVEMENT

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 PROVISION FOR AIR MOVEMENT: WIND EFFECTS

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 AIR FLOW THROUGH BUILDINGS

✓ Air flow patterns is completely predicted on the basis of empirical rules

derived from measurements in actual buildings or in wind tunnel open jet
wind simulator or close wind tunnel studies.
✓ A wind tunnel is a research tool developed to assist with studying the
effects of air moving over or around solid objects.
✓ The following factors can be isolated which affect the indoor air flow;
1. Orientation
2. External features
3. Cross‐ventilation
4. Position of openings
5. Size of openings
6. Controls of openings’.
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 ORIENTATION

✓ The greatest pressure on the windward side of a building is generated

when the elevation is at right angles to the wind direction, so it seems to
be obvious that the greatest indoor air velocity will be achieved.
✓ A wind incidence of 45° would reduce the pressure by 50%.
✓ Thus the designer ascertain the prevailing wind direction from wind
frequency charts of wind roses and must orientate his building in such a
way that the largest opening are facing the wind direction.
✓ It was also found that wind incidence at 45° would increase average
indoor air quality and provide better of indoor air movement.

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 PROVISION FOR AIR MOVEMENT: WIND EFFECTS

(+)ve and (-)ve wind pressures around different building configurations

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 ORIENTATION

✓ Building 45° a greater velocity is

created along the windward faces,
therefore the wind shadow will be much
broader, the negative pressure will be
increased and an increased indoor air
flow will result.
✓ Optimum solar orientation and optimum
orientation for wind do not coincide.
✓ In equatorial regions, a north‐south
orientation would be preferable for sun
exclusion but most often the wind is
predominantly easterly.
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 EXTERNAL FEATURES

✓ Wind shadows created by obstructions

upwind, should be avoided in positioning
the building on the site and in
positioning the openings in the buildings.

✓ The wind velocity gradient is made

steeper by an uneven surface, such as
scattered buildings, wall fences, trees.

✓ But even with a moderate velocity gradient such as over smooth and open
ground a low buildings can never obtain air velocities similar to a taller
one.
✓ For this reason the building is often elevated on stilts.
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 EXTERNAL FEATURES

✓ External features of the building itself can strongly influenced the pressure
build up.

✓ For example, if the air flow is at 45o to an elevation, a wing wall at the
downwind end or a projecting wing of an L shaped building can more than
double the positive pressure created.

✓ A similar funneling effect can be created by upward projecting eaves..

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 WINDSCAPING BUILDING

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 CROSS VENTILATION

✓ Absence of outlet or with full

partition, there is no effective
air movement through building.

✓ Opening from leeward only

also provide no effective
ventilation.

✓ With windward opening and no out let, there pressure exert on outer wall
will be exerted on inner room and making situation more worse and more
discomfort.
✓ Internal right angle bends like partition and furniture will stop the low
velocity winds/air movement.
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 POSTION OF OPENINGS

✓ For effective ventilation, air movement must be directed at the body

surface.
✓ Air movement must be ensured through space mostly used by occupants(
living room)
✓ Inlet should be lower than out let.
✓ Construct parapet to increase solid surface( blockage) and the openings
will welcome higher velocity of air movement( inflow).
✓ Higher floor receive higher pressure than lower floors.
✓ In plan, the inlet and outlet openings should be aligned diagonally with
respect to room layout will be effective in terms of ventilation.

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 SIZE OF OPENINGS

✓ For effective air movement, the inlet should be smaller and outlet should
be larger in size.

✓ When inlet openings is large, the velocity or air movement is slow.

✓ Full wall openings with adjustable sashes or closing devices are

preferred to channelize the airflow in required direction.

✓ However, when wind direction is not constant and when whole space
required air flow, then large inlet size is preferred.

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 CONTROL OF OPENINGS

✓ Sashes, louvers, canopies, awnings and other elements controlling the

openings also influence the indoor air inflow pattern
✓ Sashes divert air upward. Casement or reversible pivot sashes divert air
downwards.
✓ Canopies eliminate the effect of air pressure build up above window, thus
pressure below window will direct air flow upwards. Gap between building
face and canopy will ensure downward inflow pressure.
✓ Louvers/ shading device: the position of blades slightly upwards would
channel inflow into living zone( 20 degree upwards from horizontal)
✓ Fly screens and mosquito net.( materials)

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 AIR MOVEMENT AROUND BUILDING

✓ It is normally considered when architects are assigned to design more

than one buildings or whole settlement, especially in warm climate.
✓ Air movement is an important consideration during site layout.

Effect of Tall buildings in mixed development area:

➢ When air pressure exert on the face of the building, air stream
separated with part of it moving upward and over the roof and some
part downward creating vortex.
➢ This vortex creates high pressure, and leads to increase in velocity of
air movement. This is useful for effective cooling in hot climate.
➢ If there is opening in the tall building, these effects may reduced.

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 AIR MOVEMENT AROUND BUILDING

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 AIR MOVEMENT AROUND BUILDING

Reverse flow behind tall buildings and its effect in on industrial

buildings.

✓ The increase in height of building before industrial building, will increase

in obstruction and simultaneously of wind flow/ air movement through low
building in a direction opposite to that of wind direction.
✓ This lower ( return-) wing of large vortex would pass through the building.

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 AIR MOVEMENT AROUND BUILDING

Rural Setting with single storey buildings:

✓ In Iron grid pattern, stagnant air zones leeward from the first row will
overlap the second row.
✓ Spacing of six times the building height is necessary to ensure adequate
air movement for the second row.

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 AIR MOVEMENT AROUND BUILDING

Rural Setting with single storey buildings:

✓ Similarly, if buildings are staggered in a checker-board pattern, the flow

field is more uniform, stagnant are almost eliminated.

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 HUMIDITY CONTROL

✓ Dehumidification is only possible by mechanical means.

✓ In Warm- humid climate , it is comforted by air movement.
✓ In hot- dry climate, humidification of air is necessary, in which
evaporative cooling is effective.
✓ Some requirement in hot dry climate:
✓ Controlled air supply
✓ Filtering sand and dust
✓ Evaporative cooling
✓ Humidification

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 WIND

° °

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✓

Outdoor Outdoor
air air
Section
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• 0.0042 × ℎ × ∆T

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