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Uy gh ur Re ad er
N ab ija n Tu rs un
200 7
dp DU NW OO DY
P R E S S
Uyghur Reader
Copyright «:> 2007 by McNeil Technologies, Inc.
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-931546-42-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007943960
Printed and bound in the United States of America
Preface
In Uyghur .......................................................................................................... i
In English ............................................................................. ... .. ....................... iii
General Facts on the Language Itself:
Where the language is spoken and who speaks it ............ 00000000 .. 00 ... 00 ......... v
History of the Language:
How it evolved and how it changed .. .......................... .. ...... ...... 00 ................ vi
English 1 Uyghur Grammatical Terms ........................ 0000 .......... ...... ...... vii
Abbreviations 000000 ......................................................................... ..... ........... .viii
Bibliography ...... ....................................... ..... .................................................. ix
Selections
1: oLojl......., ..:_r.Jt:; ..:_r~1) 1;k ................................................ ................ 000000 1
2: )4t5 ................................................................... 00 0000000000000000ooOOOooOOOOoo0 00003
3: ~t:;4~~,s-~ ................................................... oo ooo 0000 o000000 4
6:
.
~; r::~~ ~ ·. :i":;·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~
lS_r-L~ ..!L..;~>~ ......................... .... ..................... ............. .. ............ 10
7: ~.w~>u.w~>~L-. ...................................... ...................................... ...... 12
8: ~}> )J.:;<l> J-> )<I.A> .............. .................................... oo oo oooooooooo ooooooo15
9: l5""-';5ol,j )4_ 0 I ! .,\_j 8)~1)t:; ~~~ , - !)1._,5 J;...;;oo •oo •oo•oo oo ooooooooooooo18
I 0: .. ~.w~> ,.s..:.....>)~ ..::...-..915 ~.::.j-o-;> ............... oo ................ oo .......... oo .... oo .. oo ..... 20
<. • 23
11 : . 1 • •. •• I
"~ ;,.-.!J' ~ r~4...J ...... oo ..................................... oo ....... .......... oo
12: ~-:;J--; ............ ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo25
13: ~\j~.Li,> .................... oooooooooooooooooooo oooo ooooooooooooooooooo oo ooooooooo oo oo28
14: ~~~ ..!L..;)'Y)~~ oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 30
IS: LSr-"'...__:. ;<l.i....:.u .. ........................ .. .. oo ... oo ........ oo ................ oo ............... oo ... 33
16: j~~ol,j~~)~~oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oooo oo ooo 35
-! 1- . 37
17: if,.......-.,..u~·I · · ' . '•
;,.-:!}' ................. ... .. .............................. ....... ...... ......... .
18: ~\:;~t:; .............. oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo40
' · '' .. ,• ~.:>~
• ! I ' '- 0".:>~ ..!l..;)'Y;,.-.:!}'
19 : ~,..,j, · i".:>l:; 00000000000000000000000000000000000000 43
20: ~~~ (i;U ~o ~oo:• :oo:•;oo ooo ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 46
21 : l5/ " ' ) ;J'":!J> ............................ .............................................. 49
22: lS,rlJJ:! 01;).5 ~.::.u 0l.o.,""-'):> ~;.JJ~ u~ ..:r~ ;~~ oo ........ 53
23: )J.:;.J.L..... ~""-')-::->.::. )~~ ooooooooooo oooooooooo oooooooooooooo oooooooo ooooooooooooooooooooo oooo o56
24: ~;;; ~--b1jt:; .................................................. .......... ............................. 61
• J•·
25 : ~;-'......., ·--· ............... ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 65
"'"· j,......,J'
26: LS,r-io\r-l.,. ..!L..;>'Y>~~ ........ ............ ...... ................................................... 68
21: 0A1;.-.~ ;-Jl:- >~~ .............. oo .. ......... oo .... .................. ........................ 73
28: c..s"'J; ~,SSo;.Li ~.:>j-o-;> ... .................. .. .......................................... 76
29: ~" .._.--.1..1,\.,> ..!L..,;_;¥~ ,sj I. _'-<>-';. ...................................... ............ 79
< 1 ~ " L.....;
30 : ~~ • . • . • .!L...;))I)~,.,
. <.S,.....,<L->d...J • . ••
................................................ .. 81
31: ~ l.S)... .!l...;;)l;~~ ...... .. .. .. .... .......... ...... .. .. .. .. .. .......................... .. ..... 84
32 : <.Srit... .!L...;,., •• ..,• <.S;~ • ............. .................... .............................. . 87
- • 0- ~,..,...,
Glossary ...... .. ... ... .. .. ... .................... .. ..... ... .................................... ... .. ........ .. .... 191
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Preface
The Uyghur Reader in your hands was compiled to fill the needs of those
studying the Uyghur language either as specialists or on their own time.
Because it does not include basic information about Uyghur, such as
phonetic information and writing exercises, this reader is targeted towards
students who already have some background in Uyghur, or, for that matter,
in Uzbek, Turkish or any of the other Turkic languages. As such, this book
can help students progress from an intermediate understanding of Uyghur
to one of a higher level.
The glossary of this reader includes not only words used in the daily lives
ofUyghurs, but also many specialized terms belonging to social and natural
science fields such history, language and literature, culture and education,
nationalism and politics, economics and international relations as well as
geography, climate, health, agriculture, ranching and others. These readings
are rich in vocabulary and granunatical expressions, and have been
organized from the more simple to the more difficult according to their
relative complexity. The vocabulary presented in this work consists of
approximately three thousand words, all of which have been put into a
dictionary-style glossary in the back. At the end of each lesson, there is a
list of important granunatical suffixes, interesting words, notes on people
and places, and various cultural, historical, and socio-political terms.
I worked for nearly a year to collect, organize and, finally, to place in order
the materials for this book. I then decided which of the texts were
appropriate. The next step was to translate the selections into English and
iii
prepare an official working copy of each. I received a great deal of help in
this process. Naturally, this help and support played a critical role in
making this book a reality.
I also want to thank Mr. Thomas Creamer for his work bringing this book
to the world. More specifically, I want to thank him for his leadership and
his valuable suggestions for improving the work as a whole.
I also would like to thank my friends Mel Deatherage, Dr. James Millward,
Dr. Gardner Bovingdon, Farhad Bilgin, Obul Qasim Tuman, Ilhamjan
Musayev and Enwer Qadir for their support, encouragement and advice.
Last, I need to thank my dear parents for visiting me during the writing of
this book - the spiritual and emotional support they gave was absolutely
invaluable. They helped me overcome difficulties and roadblocks on many,
many occasions and played a huge part in my finishing this book. I also
want to thank my wife, Muhabat, and my daughter, Nazima, for allowing
me to work and for giving me their endless enthusiasm. They have my
immense gratitude and respect.
Nabijan Tursun
Fairfax, Virginia
September 2007
iv
General Facts on the Language Itself:
Where the language is spoken and who speaks it
"Uyghur" refers to one member of the Turkic group of the Altaic language
family. More specifically, it is a term that describes the language spoken
and written by the people who live in the area they call "East Turkistan,"
which is officially known as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of
the People's Republic of China.
Uyghurs began settling in European countries in the 1980s and 1990s, and
can now be found living in Germany, HoUand, Sweden, Switzerland,
Belgium, Norway and England. Uyghur communities have also formed in
Canada and the United States.
v
History of the Language:
How it evolved and how it changed
The Uyghur language has a long history. While it was not actually referred
to as "Uyghur" until the twentieth century, the earliest ancestral forms of
the modem variant- appearing in the form of artifacts, memorials and stele
- date as far back as the eighth century.
During the twentieth century, both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets were
adopted for writing Uyghur. The Cyrillic variant was used in the Fonner
Soviet Union beginning in 1947 and is still in use in those same regions
today. In China, a significant lack of popularity of the Latin script- which
was an offshoot of the Latin-based "Pinyin" system used in China - led to
its being phased out in favor of a return to the Arabic script in 1987.
Currently, there are also a number of Latin variants in use on the Internet.
Modem Uyghur can be divided into three dialects: Central, Khotan and
Lopnor. The Central dialect is spoken in a wide stretch of land from Qumul
in the east to Ui in the west and from Urumqi in the north to Kashgar and
Yarkent in the south. This dialect comprises the majority of the inhabited
portions of the Uyghur region. The Khotan dialect is spoken throughout the
southwest, including an area from the Charqiliq county of Korla in the east
to the Guma county of Hoten in the west. The Lopnor dialect, spoken in
Lopnor county, has some unique characteristics unknown to the other
dialects.
vi
English 1 Uyghur Grammatical Terms
Noun ~
Case ~
Verb ~
Participle ....r· 1..0.u'
.,.....
Gerunds J-1~
Adverbial J-l.>..,.!._,5o)
Mood <,?l;,~<l..o
Tense L>Lol;
Person ~<L.!.
Voice ~)b.:>
Positive 0jl.:.;J,.
Negative _r--.!o;J"'
Conjunction <.?.'~L'
Interjection, exclamation ;;.-.~
Numeral L>L.
Pronoun J-W~
Measure word ;;.-. )J.i.....o
Postposition ~..S,r-3
Particle, discourse marker ~~ ·
Function word, auxiliary )r~o.:}:!
Imitative, onomatopoeia ;;.-. t.S",W;.u
Suffix ~,;.-:._,;
vii
Abbreviatio ns
adj. Adjective
adv. Adverb
conj. Conjunction
inf. Infinitive
int. Interjection
mw. Measure Word
n. Noun
num. Numeral
part. Particle, Discourse Marker
perp. Preposition
pro. Pronoun
v. Verb
vn. Verbal Noun or Gerund
viii
Bibliography
ix
James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun, "Political History and Strategies
ofControl, 1884-1978"; In Frederick Starr, ed.Xinjiang: China's Muslim
Borderland, ME.Sharpe,2004
Turdi Exrnet (1989). J..-;J.f<=Y u~Af; ~.rJt,. (The Modern Uyghur Language).
Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House.
X
The author also wishes to thank the following web sites and publications
for the materials whjch have been republished here
Web sites
xi
Grammar Sketch
TheSoundsofUyghur
The sounds of the Uyghur language are represented by 8 vowels and 24
consonants.
Unvoiced Voiced
Syn-harmony
Syn-harrnony is an important characteristic of Uyghur phonology, and all
Uyghur words are governed by its rules. Suffixes are generally added in a
manner that reflects vowels and consonants of a similar phonological
classification to that of the root. For instance, when the root or stem of a
word is rounded, subsequent additions made to the stem - through
agglutination, declination, or conjugation- will also be rounded.
Parts of Speech
Nouns
Nouns are the class of words that include material objects, conceptual
things and the names of people and places. The word "object" is used here
xiii
Grammar Sketch
Plurals
The plural form of nouns is made by adding the suffix } / ;.J to the singular
noun.
However, the lack ofthis suffix does not categorically indicate singularity,
so care must be taken when using it.
xiv
Grammar Sketch
Second-person, singular: ~ ~ ~
)It,.~ y.l-Jl,>
Second-person, plural:)'!.,~ lS_,..LJI.,
J¥~ ~lSr-11¥~
There are generally said to be six cases, though there is a certain amount of
disagreement among Uyghur linguists as to what they are and how many of
them exist- some place the number as high as fourteen.
This grammatical sketch will work based upon the belief that there is a
nomnitive case, a dative case, a locative case, an ablative case, an
accusative case, and a genitive case.
XV
Grammar Sketch
Adverbs
Uygbur adverbs are divided into four types according to bow they modify
the action of a verb. Those divisions are:
It should also be noted that, as a rule, most adjectives can be used in place
of adverbs with little or no alteration.
Pronouns
xvi
Grammar Sketch
Numerals
Uyghur numerals are divided into two types - simple and complex.
Simple numerals are those that function solely to count and quantify, as in:
r One
~
~
oJ>
'. Two
Three
Four
If
. .._, 0 Five
<LJ~ Six
4,_;,j .._,
Seven
y.SSJ......, Eight
)~~ Nine
L.>J"'
• Ten
4..1>~ Twenty
0, - - ,.
)~,., Thirty
<>'~ Forty
~~ Fifty
~~ Sixty
.
l..)"'"'-'>-' -
-.._, Seventy
L.>~J....... Eighty
L.>w~ Ninety
Measure Words
larger number of cases. More often than not, words that are governed by
the same measure word have one or more characteristic in common.
Examples include:
d..:> (used for grains of sand, kernels of com, and other similarly shaped
items)
)"-:dj (used for people, collected individuals)
Jl:; (used for strands of hair, individual cigarettes, or other long and sender
items)
Adjectives
Word-forming Affixes
-0l_...-
-LS5-I~-
lf";~
)"5;~
-..r.-
-G-
Verbs
Verbal Participles
1) Perfect Participles
2) Progressive Participles
3) Imperfect Participles
Perfect participles are formed by adding the suffixes "-I 0\j_ I0~- I0li
04..5-" and indicate the completion of action.
xix
Grammar Sketch
For example:
For example:
..:;ldu..)..J+);5 (looking)
..:;ldu..)..J+j~ (writing)
Verbal Moods
The mood of a Uyghur verb indicates the way in which the subject of the
sentence intends the information to be received.
Verbal Tense
XX
Grammar Sketch
Verbal Voicing
Verbal stems are negated by the inclusion the affix "-6...1>-IL:.". These
suffixes follow any suffixes added to indicate voicing.
xxi
Selections
Selection 1
Vocabulary
Notes
1
Selection 1
2. "yjl~" is a participial form of the verb '\.;W~" (to be), and often acts to
indicate that a sequence of actions is, was or will be taking place.
3. When two numbers are placed in a phrase using an ablative case ending
for one and a dative suffix for the other as seen here, the result expresses a
block or range of numbers. Similarily, such constructions -with identical
suffixes - can be used to identify blocks or time of space.
4. The adjective used tends to vary with the conditions at hand. Typical
examples of this phenomenon include '\.;_¥,.-." (cold), "~L" (-cool),
and "~" (warm).
2
Selection 2
) .
l.M.Jt5
Vocabulary
3
Selection 3
Vocabulary
Notes
4
Selection 3
Here, since the speaker is telling of his taking part in sporting activities,
the phrase "play sports" has been used because it is the most appropriate
equivalent English phrase for the situation.
The compound structure here, which begins with a verb in participial form,
suggests a sequence of actions or, namely, that our speaker first goes back
to his dormitory and then washes up.
5
Selection 4
Vocabulary
6
Selection 4
Notes
I. The suffixes "i-" and ·~-" are added to singular and plural nouns to
indicate possession, in this case, " my" and "our" respectively.
2. The presence of specific words for "older sister" and "younger sister"
and "older brother'' and ''younger brother" is a characteristic of many
Asian languages and is not unique to Uyghur.
7
Selection 5
Vocabulary
8
Selection 5
Notes
3. The verbal phrase ''.r->;;; ';-'j:!_;; ;-." is made up of the verbal phrase
"._;~;; ;-." (to put water on, to water) and the verbal complement
"._;l...)_;....,, that is compounded to it, which indicates that the verb is in a
progressive, ongoing state.
5. The phrase "~)d.3 ~ ..._;"-:! ••• ~)d.3 ~"describes an "on the one
hand, on the other hand" context. However, such a context usually
involves an ablative structure, and the syntax here is clearly dative. It is
important to notice the difference. The result is a sentence that reads
''teaching a low-level lesson to one side and a high-level Jesson to the
other."
9
Selection 6
Vocabulary
Notes
"...-.Lr,-:> ~" is a construction that means ''to bring to." The main verb
"...;W~" is commented upon by "~d.A;d...?", which appears here as the
passive variant "~~r,-:>".
10
Selection 6
The second half of the phrase "00:.,' I · ·" is also a passive verb, taken
from "Jl..;l....;•, "to sell" or "to buy." The combined phrase means "to
bring and sell" or ''to bring for sale."
11
Selection 7
Vocabulary
12
Selection 7
Notes
I. The suffix '\..r.-"on the verb barmaq ~Lo;V"' indicates the verb is in
the future imperfective tense. With the conjugated form "_;....-.;l;;J,.", it
forms a compound verb indicating decided or intended action.
4. The Uyghur word "d....or" comes from an Islamic term referring to the
congregational salat said by Muslims just after noon on Fridays. The word
has also been expanded to include the meaning Friday as well.
5. This ancient Uyghur city was one of the great cultural and trade centers
of the Silk Road and the political center of the Uyghur States until the
14th century. Idiqut is located about 10 kilometers (6 miles) west of
Turpan.
6. " ;d...ll>...__:. cr->~u J,C)-:!" literally means "Yarghol Old City." It's located
not far Turpan, and was also one of the biggest Uyghur cities throughout
the Fourteenth century.
13
Selection 7
8. The Bezeklik Buddhist Caves are found in the cliffs of the Valley of
the Flaming Mountains, 50km (31 miles) east of Turpan. These 77 caves
contain ornately painted Buddhist murals.
14
•~ LC·
'i
~·- t-S.·So: <t.i ~ . "L •
1· t·~.E ·1ei.r c-.f ·~~'t-~r;.
l tt... 't.-i .t J!- 't- t..."
L ';e t t• t, G, , ~!.... ~~. t... (;;"
t:-
~ ~ 't· ~.- 't" c-
. '1 " ' l L .t ~ .. c;;.c l
\J> • • (
l c;;
"~ '- •
.c- . (\_
v
~" ~- -.j, . ·f 't\ C·
't:
~
l~ t: 'f"'t . ~r: c . l c; £ t
c- v r~ . ~ . ~~ -:t·
i(; .~c- ttl1. fCi ~
r: '1e C C·
1. l.t ~. ""t" 'e
( " (;;" r [" .t t· ,.. 'ei\ ' t .... . ". G. .t -::!- · . . - .c-
t. c;- f.~ b '!;7 : {.-"}.-
1; 't" y. (;;" .... C> c '1 G. ~~ ·~} .r~.· ';e.·
"t C> '1 .~- f:-:c-1 ~
fn. r ·c c;;~: t...t ~<t
" r'i· 'l C· c.. "[. " . ~- ~ . c;; c- t.
~ f fl 't_: • t::; <t r. .t 1\ ~ 'f ~. c- b
c. J -. ';e· ~- . .t .t ¢" . c-.
l. .i: - \J) >
.r!-• ·; t ~ tc'- : . c- v
t- G.t... c;; [
b
. ';et... •. "v
c. \J>
C> • C> ~. .... ~~ • t • '
~
i'
- •
'~ lG. ~ !e (-c.. r·
L '1e , • , !.... l ~-
..... (•
1 t t "f t ~ t.
(Jll c- t:.~. 1·'t c;- ·r " ( n. ~ ~G, . '
}~ c· · t:- •ft "r •-F- c;- ...... v L ~-.:__, ~ ~-
l: c- 't .1 c.1· r ~ b;
c- tc- 't. 'te[, r:~"\., "-
...... 't" c:- ~- t, ~c- l i:. 't , ·~ c- ~ ~~ "FJ· r t T
"~ (;;"-f. t- •
•f C> \J)• -
.c- b ( _ 't" 1 (• G. ~-
.J'·"(;"' 1- f):" b •L
't. 'f(;:" ........l>
't" t \J> •
...... l.}
f .c- .~
f:".(
r
' . . "~ ,..
c;;,f ~ c; t
!>- · ""1.:-t
n. w l!..:. . ~G, .
"~
0 t. .c'-...... ';e: ' c;- ~ " ';e 'i_ ~ ..!..
(_
'i· . • • .:t~:r[l-~: F~t J ·C ·C-.· ~1- .r!- •.. ~
~:~:r.' c.11\'t·
G: •~ c:- , ~"'·
';e ~·- ~~ c;;_.f '-!.......
eC. L~
'-i V\ \J) lt-· v t ~(. - v~
(• 1
·t· lo~ /'" ~ f" < ' ~ I
. . (- •t • V '4> t ' '- · -i v .c-
c- •V e> ' L c;;
[l .(~.l't~• ·f. 'ei\ ~ ,..,
·[ (_ 't"':-;, "'. ' 't C 0
;_~ o- C• 1. ~> I "{. 'fl
\J). ~ ii
l-t, ~~: hJ:tr:l~: ~~~
·(· ....
~ fc , b- t -1 n
b ~ ~. "r';e- c- ·k," · ( ~.
t?.: r "'-+[ ' ~ · !;.. ·t t-
~-L1;--c=.~~c-.-r··~(; _'t~
.f · C' · \.o · • v 0
.r c- .c c-· ~
~. 'f,7 -~J< ' l~ .v : t:.'f,~- • ~.. ~< ~ c- ~
Q)
"'t ~ .....c-. {.t. " _,.[ '!. [ .. J.1 't .
l-l • c;- c;; t • V
t-.n..F~ '4>~ c-t~ ~-~ .t~~t:r c.
Selection 8
od..> J-.3
Od....o<L..... .>d...,..od..Jl>;..
Vocabulary
16
Selection 8
17
Selection 9
Vocabulary
Notes
1. While the use of decimal amounts is a regular occurrence, they are read
aloud according to a scheme not immediately clear in the written rendering
itself.
The whole number is read first and then the second as a ratio of the given
number over the whole decimal amount most logical to it.
18
Selection 9
Had the number been "7.80" instead, the Uyghur would read "0~~ d..:;.j4.
0~d...-. .:.r.:.;~" or "seven whole and eighty out of one hundred."
2. Uyghur has no specialized term for the word "epicenter" so the idea is
instead conveyed by the phrase '\s;..-S;d....o if<>;;.u ;4." or "earthquake
center."
19
Selection t 0
Vocabulary
20
Selection 10
._..1,!
• or--' • 'fy'mg,
I ~ "--'·l..l,L,. V. JUSU ~ 0Y v. the sun rises (inf
excusing (inf. 13t....L..; .GlA.\.,>) 0
-~
• 0/
. !<)
~t....L..; 13)~ v. do not ;,>. . . 34 0Y v. the sun sets (inf 0Y
distinguish, don't tell apart (inf 13!...:;4)
~d....o),~ill)~) ~} n. distance, interval
~lfr n. geography (as a study) J1~~ n. situation, event
~ n. knowledge 0~.J.;.. .:.e; v. are used to, are
\;,_; adj. true, correct, right accustomed to (inf ~4-).J.; ...:.e;)
o~~l; n. principle, concept .. ~.G adv. as a result,
..:;lSl.. n. hometown, native land consequently
i.JL......L...; ud....o)~ v. if you respect, ~b adv. often, always
should you honor (inf wd....o)~ ~\.......=.¥~ n. misunderstanding,
13l....L..3) miscommunication
..:;L..~ adj. bad ;~ ~ v. happen, occur,
&~ n. province come out of (inf 13~ ~)
~~1) ~1; n. time zone J-.~ adv. originally, at first
J.-> adj. kind, type
Notes
1. "Beijing Time" is the standard time index for the entire People's
Republic of China. In spite of the tremendous geographic disparity
between east and west, even people in western Tibet and Xinjiang are
subject to it.
2. "Xinjiang Time" is set two hours behind Beijing Time. Most Uyghurs
in the Autonomous Region use Xinjiang Time, which is also called
"Urumqi Time", despite the official endorsement of the other system. The
resident Han Chinese, however, primarily use Beijing Time.
21
Selection 10
here, they intermingle their meanings to create the phrase "to use
incorrectly, to use ineffectively."
22
Selection 11
Vocabulary
~.s_..., n.
health, wellness ~\...,~ adj. suspected, presumed
oo);l.; n.
department, office .:)-U.;d...:! v. reached, hit (inf. ~43d...:!)
0~e; v. called, opened (inf. t5~ n. inside, inner portion
04e;) .&~ n. province
d}~.>e; n. press, news ;".:.or-? adv. comparatively,
~n. meeting relatively
)->~~ n. AIDS, HIV I.S: · - ;~ n. statistics
LJ"jr5 n. virus, infection .....:;.j"5f adv. now, currently
;~y_;)L.¥j: n. infected people, 0-U.;~ v. crossed into, moved up
afflicted persons (sing. to (inf. ~43~)
..r.-;;u)L.¥j:) o.u..J..oo~...o n. nation, country
0;;~ n. place, level 0• ( I ..t. ~ v. comprise, represent
0.U.....:._r. v. fell, has fallen (inf (inf. ~ ..-9- I ( ~)
~~Y.) C:,.s_...,~
num. percent (i.e, as a
0l..J~l_, v. was detected, was ratio of one hundred)
discovered (inf 0~\.,>)
23
Selection I I
Notes
24
Selection 12
Vocabulary
25
Selection 12
Notes
The first instance in this reading occurs in the phrase "0:Y.:Y };~:Y" and
means "for Uyghurs." The second appears in this fairly lengthy phrase:
5. Proper use of the postposition "';"~d....o" requires the use of the dative
case to indicate what object the subject of the phrase is being attributed to.
26
Selection 12
Plurals are sometimes required in Uygbur where they are not in English,
and vice-versa. In this case, saying "end of the nineteenth century" actually
glosses as" ends of the nineteenth century".
7. The infix "J~" seen here is a derivative of the verb '\jW~" and acts as
a modal particle indicating that Uyghurs "are able to pronounce" the
sounds of Indo-European languages.
27
Selection 13
Vocabulary
28
Selection 14
Notes
1. "JG_;;j,>" is simply the adverb "..:;_;;j,>'' with the additional suffix "':/". "':/"
works to accentuate the meaning of the word to which is it attached,
making the end result here "even before". In other instances, it could just
as well mean "immediately before".
29
Selection 14
Vocabulary
30
Selection 14
0-'.,:,li...!,~ v. ftlled, made full (inf. ;~ )'r--' v. they paint, shellac (inf.
0~~) ._;Ur---)
o .. .:.~ n. custom, tradition ~.u.l; adj. comfortable, pleasant
)14 n. child ~)',; adj. useful, helpful
._;;~~ n. item, thing .j-J);4 adj. valuable, worth the
.;..;;~ mw. set, collection (e.g. of investment
books, of clothes) ~;;.0 v. while shaking, as they
L..~ n. master, expert rock (inf. E.......;..;;o0)
~y n. handle, hilt l..!....;..\j 9.JJ~ n. lullaby
dj->)5 n. bed 0L..;~-j);~ n. hope, wish
E.o;~ n. edge, lip i4-1~-u;.o.:> n. hardship, adversity
Notes
2. ";~G. ~;"'..,, is a collective term that refers to all the Turkic peoples.
In all, there- are more than 30 different groups, including the Uzbeks, the
Kazakhs, the Tatars, and the Uyghurs. They live throughout Eurasia, in
Russian Siberia, in the Volga and Ural river basins, in the Caucasus, and
throughout Afghanistan, Mongolia, and elsewhere.
3. " L>-.).;\j" is simply the word "l}.;\j" with a locative suffix. It means
"ranks" or "lists." It is difficult to produce an equivalent English phrase
that includes all the components of the sentence, but essentially means that
boshuk are seen as valuable and, as such, are held in the list of things
deemed sacred.
31
Selection 14
6. Phrases like "~5? l.S_r-3;:" which join two words together in one
compound are quite common in Uyghur. These couplets can be made up
of either antonymous or synonymous words and can be made from
adjectives, nouns, and even adverbs. They also appear both with and
without hyphens between them.
32
Selection 15
Vocabulary
33
Selection 15
Notes
3. The verb '\jl..Jl,t typically means "to lie, to lay." However, in this case,
the creation of as natural an English rendering as possible necessitates
changing the verb to "falls."
34
Selection 16
Vocabulary
35
Selection 16
Notes
1. The suffixes '\:_,~-" and "0~~-" indicate that the information in the
related phrase came to the speaker from another source. It is somewhat
akin to "they say" or "I've heard." It might also, depending on context, be
translated as "apparently."
36
Selection 17
Vocabulary
37
Selection 17
Notes
I. Here, the word "~" appears as a simple adjective and not in its
superlative form "~..~". Nevertheless, standard English usage
demands it be translated as "finest."
3. The verbal phrase '\jW~ ~}.9" means ''to welcome" or ''to greet."
However, the subject of the sentence here is '\)~...o". The verbal
structure of'\.jW~ ~}.9", however, is active and not passive. Because of
this, it seems clear that the sentence is lacking a "he." In spite of this, the
meaning of the sentence is not adversely affected.
4. ")~"and '\jJ:!" are likely among the first words a student ofUyghur will
encounter. In spite of this, their meanings can be quite complex and are
heavily context-dependent. In this case, they refer to that which is ready
for use and that which is not.
5. The word ",. ).<L_r-3~" is a passive form of the verb "~L.y-3~". The
main meaning of this verb is ''to be summoned" or ''to be called for," but,
in this case, it means something more akin to "invite."
7. Many compound verbs are constructed in such a way that the second
comments on a particular aspect of how the first is carried out. This
"commenting" can include information on duration, modality, intention,
and direction.
However, in this case, the compound verb ";.43!_P ..,.J_,.,~d-.9" describes a
sequence of events in which both verbs maintain their meanings
concurrently - "greet with respect" or "greet with deference."
38
Selection 17
9. "t_'i:j>-V'G " is a general, collective term for horses and all other beasts of
burden or pack animals. Such "compound nouns" are quite common.
10. ' ._:;!.> ~" is one of the many different kinds of Uyghur bread. This
particular variety is flat and is often decorated with a pointed tool called a
"&~". Other kinds of bread include'\.)!.> Ut.;" which is puffed.
11 . "1;!~" is a food typically eaten at breakfast and is made from oil, sugar,
and flour.
39
Selection I 8
Vocabulary
40
Selection 18
Notes
3. Here, the "J;:;-" affix has been attached to the verbal noun '\Y..·-~" to
make the predicate phrase "J;- ~ =: ~"
41
Selection 18
It should also be mentioned that certain types foods that are "eaten" in
English are "drunk" by Uyghur speakers. These include soups, broths, and
other liquids.
5. '\.;Lo;;.-J~ ";"';;;; l;~" contains the verb '\jl..o;;.-1~" which means ''to
sit." However, when used as the second half of a compound verb as seen
here, it often indicates a progression of action with the original semantic
meaning being lost.
That is not the case here, however, as it truly does serve to indicate that
someone is seated. The compound is used to describe "Indian-style" sitting,
with one's legs crossed.
42
Selection 19
Selection 19
Vocabulary
44
Selection 19
Notes
1. Uyghur has simple words like"~~, and "J,;", which mean arm and
hand respectively, and others like "0~1..94" and "0~f", which refer to
different parts of the leg.
However, it needs to be mentioned that the terms "J,;" and "o~" can
both be conceptually expanded to mean the entire "arm" or the "leg" in
general.
3. While the suffix "01;-'' is typically used to mark the superlative degree
of adjectives, it can in some cases, as seen here, also act as a quantifier.
The author of this article is not trying to say that Kashgar Uyghurs have
the roundest heads, but rather that their heads are "quite round." Other
examples of the same phenomenon can be seen in "01;~~, and
" 0~-
-1 · I ""
5. The division between the "European Race" and the "Mongoloid Race"
is a distinction typical of Soviet scholars and of people educated in the
Soviet educational system.
45
Selection 20
Vocabulary
46
Selection 20
Notes
The " E\.:; 0yl~" is a large mountain range located between the eastern part
of the Uyghur region and the Chinese provinces Gansu and Qinghai.
2. The use of the first person plural possessive form of the word o.o.:.J....6....o,
' .T """ · < 166..-o"
- "our country" - is typical of media and officially
produced texts from the People's Republic of China. Phrases such as
·~~~J" - "our region" - are also quite common.
47
Selection 20
48
-.;- fr ~-,.:..._ 1 (-l1·< ~ AA &1· ~C'"- .v ' t.'(\ 'l,
t. r 'f.. -::J '-"E-:,. '-'
bJ 0 J< ~ 'l, · J v
r ~ t.te.
(.~ tl}~
f: -:,. ~- , l· J
'i ,.. ~
r(- &t0 "" " ,.._ l ~ "' ·"" ... . t G, \o • l ~ ,j!· "' 'F... . "' • v 'f>-
!::: V\"- • G, 'f -C''t" · ,....... .!:· " n. ~ f ~f '-" ' "'·• 'i (~!. \e-;. ~- l . lD • "C C· t
Vocabulary
so
Selection 21
Notes
51
Selection 21
5. The phrase"}}~ ;~l:-", from the Persian words for the "four friends",
is a reference to the first four Caliphs, Abu Bakir, Omar, Osman, and Ali.
8. The names from the Old Testament familiar to many Christians may
sound a bit less familiar when rendered in their original form or in another
language. A small comparison of some ofthose names follows,
L._;...- Moses
~~-Jesus
~.~...oJ><I..lb_;...
- Mohammad
~~-Abraham
';'j-9~- Jacob
y,__.~- Josef
~ts:.......-Michael
~;5b- David
52
~ ~ ·c; ·l. 0.l~ ·C
t..
~c·~ ·~ C· Fe·
F f" 'le
. .["L ' 'e.:.
\.1>
~
tJE "t 1
. 'f.,~
tct·t . "-·Cto.
. t - 'le f>
, • 'ctr·....u.:L~c-\J).--:p.
.c- " ' c;; ..
• -. I'~ . 't~ oC f_ • .. I ~,. (";; \.-c(• (.. "' c;; }
~
r rL , ~
't ~ ~ 't, \J)-
l ~ ,f" G.
"'' 'le G. c;; C· ""'t
•( t . •( c ; . . •f t" 't~ ".
1· ct· " '[ 't~
t, C· . 'tv· }~: "'· ~ ·t.. 't t L V\ ~~ ~1 ·V • 'b
. ·f f~ t. ·'t~ 'le ~ ~ ~ •c; L 'le
""'·c- ~ §- .t 'le C·
.c- t r. ct
r~-~ ~ ~. -~'e~~<~ . .f>
. . ., • . ~ n.
'{tc- t. -' [
L
'le ~-'t~
t, c-r ~·t
r ~- "f"'h· } ~·
"t ~h". · ~"' ~ · t
C·
f tt t",
'"'c ;;
l
~c;; , .
't.:ct
r-t
1~.r f.~· 1 ~~ --.&. /".
"~ t. "r'. f"~ ~}'f. r
t f ' .c-. ~· v \..,.:
'
V t .(. t. t ~n- . r'L~
1 -,;;_1 \...,: ,_ ~ J c;;
~i'
':'c- \,..I I C -
\l>•'- (-
.~ ~ ~
·C .t '-t:" ~ .t' t ..t
n.
cT
c;;"'_
r c . ·;r
G. \,; f. e;,__ G. ,.,.- 't; 't~ ~·
1 C· ~ h". ~
~
~.
c- ~. t· .t "7:T-l f G. •
'[ T. ~· [. "t. L f.· 't~,t~ G. t. ~ f ~'if [. c;; ', t. 'b cr.
VI c;; • (.'i ~- . .(. 'e.:.~ 't' ~< ~ "t ........., ~ 'le 1-
-r. t c ·c tc-.tt:-"~-.c-t .t[~ 't~~-(' . ..[~~-
\,I I
( "
~. -~ .
(JJ ·l. L "c;; 1.• "- 't;. · 't (D . I .c- "c;;
c-E G!- , C_:_ "'.c-
L'""
il;. ( :
'""" ' to.L -G. '"" c;; ' n. "" c;; ""'
t. • "'' ~""
"to. 'le L~ l t ..
1 to.. "'·. 't~["F
·c· t 1_ , [ ' \,;1/\ """
/". <:i-: (-f .t 't.§- r·~'le
~r'
rt. -s ~ f:;d~ f' [ ~ Cl· ~ E~ t. l. 'le ~ ~ - 'e.~ ~
"',. f.'i [ ·c t:- 'le b c c..
,...-
h". ~·"t ·~ ·~ . 't;. • ~ .t I -c h· ..,
~'t< · E~ f (_:_ ··~ ~~~·tt· t t~
-! •l.o I I 't.,. 1-c. lL " eo e;,__ •
~~ tlt l-~~:0lct..l{.. f. t ~· V\ ~ • ~"'~'le ' ":i ~. ~
f' ' (- t" . "c;;........., (- • •
f ~ 'lel- e;,__
J t r · 't· 'le
l"~·t:: ~...~ ·r~-l ~\=· ct r ~ t ', . .'tf,·. c;; ~ - . y t
f r r t 'l r~< 1 .~ ~ r r .f'::.to.~~1
1· b. 1 ·V· 'e~ ~- C·
[· ~J-'-" .c'-·l.t. ~ t . ~A1 l l
,......_"to. E
~t ~t~
" ~N- t: ·c ~ "f. .
"'.c- •( \,.. ' b ~.
r , ......-:"'·
(- [ ,c-\..D• ~ ' I'"
V\ ~
t'
§- k 't·
~1· ~; f:~. ~~"f: k~. ·V'[ "fc- f..\.~ .~ c;; .f"
~c--.&. . J~L r~·~~ ·lrir· ~c-r- -f: [ t. to. .c-~ }e· t~~ ~F tD
~ G. 't~ ... . t ~ II> •
' . ·Vt
l£ ~ ~ "~ . ~ ; c-:
' ·V• f. . ct .t' ·~ L ' "'L ~- &. to."- f. F ~-; tD
n
~·s.. t -1~-1~ ~ ~· t ·. ·r·r· " , c-1~
F . f" F~- ~ ~ "to. ·. l ..s·
~-.&.... . ~ s..~. [ . . \l>•
\1.
t 1 ::J
. [: l'le
5. ~"'~ t·
[ tJ~ . ~ [ t.~. N
'{ "' \.1>- t \.<>•
~ J 01· ~ -.&. 'f..~ b.~ ~~ t. - ~
,{. • c:--,:_"' "' '..::1(., '{
.{. ....
• I \,:; ~ ~ h· 'e. ~ ~ h· f> .(. v .t t N h".. t 'i ~- ;... N
' t:-~-'1 'f ~1 ~ ' k~~- ·.~ ~ tl ..tl · ~~i
Selection 22
Vocabulary
Geographic Names
54
Selection 22
Notes
55
Selection 23
)
)L;l·\.;
)
}y.i;~
56
Selection 23
}ir-;>
jo;<>-> (9)")l.>~;; " ).Jj.JJ....., ~ij ~):;L; ~\jl.; ')~.r <L.;.:io.>~ ._;,};:r-;>
~)" <>5 )'}._.._,)4 ')~6).w ~'i.r ~)t.; &..;,_,_rl,-J~ ;:r-;> .;J.,!L;~
..: 18 )'i;:r-;> ...)J, IJ.,!""; <>I ~ jd._j lS" • • 1.)~ LJ~ };;dJ>. ~)ili.!dJ>.
~~)--::->-> )~.r ~}.r r)~ .d..:.54,ld.5 t...;.,}.~-'_., )~.r ·~)L; ..:r_.,)4.Jr--.W
.~;:;)~ ..:r.>.L...., 870u>L...
)1.1!..;.<"
) r-Y'
" ). (._(- VI
--~ ~
%~'l1 .- G. 't; 1.-.r.·l~~
:::f=
't .
:::f:-k!-
.. 't . ·~. ·C
4~ t L f. 't. t.. ':t" .1P' \.;c;-
r ...~
'e.:. ~--· ·G. c._ t a·
~C· ~ ~ t
':t L 't ~ E ::l
\.;. ~ C> [ N
.1. ~
i· ~-.r:t e/r t. • r.f ~f. .r C> w
t~'t . 'e·-..:
\.;~ 'k" 't. ~
~1-k~~<~. c._
r.~er:t't
1r f. . b 1· -.D~:-F-
1:. ~ •( .t 'f· c._
'-'>•
·f ~ ~·1 ·G.c;-~~ t.
"~ l!l..-.; l. •
- (" ->• c;~<"'
~- c;: .r:
~· .~ lt. ~<~· r . V\\,; '-»-
"tT "'L·~
\.. \...i.~~r
r.
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Selection 23
Vocabulary
Notes
2. The term "o.J.l......o" should not be confused with the term " ~L.... j~
)ti:i.J.l......o" . The former refers only to a nationality - any of hundreds
59
Selection 23
throughout the world. The latter, however, in this case, refers to the list of
ethnicities "officially recognized" as minorities by the government of the
People's Republic of China.
8. The suffix '\s~-" indicates the neutral past tense and can generally be
translated as ''was" when used in a stative sentence and placed after the
compliment.
9. The Hui, also known as Chinese Muslims in Gansu, Shanxi and other
Chinese provinces. Also known as the Dungans in Russian, are a Central
Asian people, living mainly in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan,
who number around 100 thousand. They use the Cyrillic alphabet, but their
language is similar to that of the Chinese Muslims in Gansu and Shanxi
provinces of China.
13. The term '\.~)....., ~;)~ ))l..;b;l_P ~;)" means the "Russian Civil
War period" and refers to the time after the Communists took control of
Russia during which war broke out between the Bolsheviks and the
Mensheviks.
60
Selection 24
Vocabulary
61
Selection 24
Notes
62
Selection 24
10. Kerim Haji was a well-known Hui who lived the Ili Region during this
historic period.
11. Hebib Yunichi (1906-1945) was an ethnic Tatar and member of the
East Turkistani government, the Minister of Education. He received a
university education in Turkey and Germany.
63
Selection 24
12. Boke Amba1 was a Mongol and was well-known among Mongols in
IIi. He was also the head of Arshang County.
13. Chang Baxshi was an ethnic Shibe and was well-known among the
Shibe in the lli district.
15. "~ ..:;.U..., a...;~, is a conjunctive phrase which means "along with"
or ''together with."
16. A few words need to be said about the word "ol.i.;.-:..._,.., •. While the
term is most often translated as "propaganda, " the connotation attached to
this particular English word suggests strongly that there is deception or
manipulation involved. This connotation is not, however, implied or
expressed in the Uyghur. As such, glossing it as "communications" is
perhaps more appropriate.
17. Jungaria is a term for the northern portion of the Uyghur region. From
the Fisteenth to the eighteenth centuries, the Mongol Jungar tribe
controlled this same section of land, establishing the Jungarian Dynasty
there. Likewise, Kashgaria is a term for the southern part of the Uyghur
region that was first used by Uyghur scholars long ago.
64
Selection 25
Vocabulary
65
Selection 2 5
Notes
1. The term '\ -'"ru" is the name given to a traditional Uyghur social
activity. The word itself conveys the meaning of a ''harvest celebration"
and is held by peasant farmers in their fields. Meshrep typically include a
feast accompanied by singing, music, dancing, joke telling, games, poetry
reading, and other entertaining activities.
66
Selection 25
7. The "Host" of the meshrep is responsible for making all the necessary
arrangements for food and other logistical concerns.
8. The "Pashshap" acts as the "guard" at the meshrep, and fills a role
similar to that of a policeman or a sergeant-at-arms.
I 0. The subject of the phrase " <?.";-G '-;'..J~ u-: ;1_9 U;o~4...o
4
•
4
•
12.1n this context, the suffix "..r:S4...o-/ .._ri3lo-" indicates an intent for
future verbal action.
13. The phrase "~o~;-G ~1.9" contains the similitive suffix "~o~", which
typically indicates that one thing is like another. In this case, it is part of an
adjectival phrase that means "explanatory" or "meant to convince".
14. Should any participating member break one of the Meshrep rules, he is
"punished" in a fun and entertaining way. For such a penalty to be doled
out, a member usually notifies the "court" that a certain individual has
broken a rule or regulation.
67
Selection 26
68
Selection 26
69
Selection 26
Vocabulary
70
Selection 26
Notes
2. "Roza Heyt" is the term for the last day of the holy month of
Ramadan.
3. The Uyghur word");;,>" comes from the Persian and is the name of a
festival that starts precisely at the beginning of spring on the V emal
Equinox, usually on or about March 21.
71
Selection 26
9. This is not a month of constant fasting, but one carried out from sun up
to sun down for an entire lunar cycle.
12. "~..:;"is a game played with a small stuffed pouch that is somewhat
similar to a hacky sack.
72
Selection 27
73
Selection 27
Vocabulary
Notes
5. The "Chong Naghma" is the longest and most complex section of the
Uyghur Muqam.
74
Selection 27
information as to how that playing is done. It is the first part of the verbal
compound that does this - in this case the verb "~~5~" - which means
''to puff' or ''to blow."
11. The Kanay is a a long instrument typically made from brass or bronze.
12. The Satar is like Tambur, bowed instrument that has anywhere
between seven to thirteen strings.
13. The Khushtar is a bowed instrument that has a distinctive bird shape
carved into the head of the device in which the strings are tightened and
tuned.
14. A Nakhun is a device tied to the fmger which assists in the playing of a
plucked or strummed instrument.
15. A Zahmak is a device held in the hand which assists in the playing of a
plucked or strummed instrument.
16. The Rawab is a plucked instrument that comes in three string and five-
string varieties.
75
Selection 28
Vocabulary
76
Selection 28
Notes
1.. The word "J'j._...j,5" refers to "the older generation" and can be
translated as ''the elders . " It is also an example of how an adjective with
the plurizing suffix can turn into a noun, as was mentioned in an earlier
note.
2. "~"is the imperative form of the verb ".j~~" which means "to
rise above"or ''to surmount."
3 . This proverb can be translated as ''to learn to cross the mountain pass
or go in the dark of night."
77
Selection 28
7. Adil Hoshur is a Uyghur high wire and tightrope acrobat who has set
and broken many world records with his dizzying feats of bravery and skill.
8. Gul Zohra was a Uyghur girl who ran all the way across the
Taklamakan desert, becoming the first person to do so and setting a
Guinness World Record in the process. To this day, she is known by the
name "the Sandy Princess."
9. Jiiret Obulqasim was a Uyghur man who rode a motorcycle all the
way across China.
10. '~'lr'h lRJY.-j5" means " we can bring into reality" or "we can
make happen." It uses the modal infiX "-al" in order to convey the fact that
the action is possible or manageable.
11. This proverb can be translated as "place your boat in the river of risk."
78
Selection 29
Vocabulary
79
Selection 29
Notes
4. "~l...J~ )I.L..> y;s'" means "to expand," "to diversify," or ''to increase
the varieties of."
6. The word "Jy." or road, path is used figuratively here, indicating that
some choose to use loans as a road to paying for fertilizer.
80
Selection 30
Vocabulary
81
Selection 30
Notes
Uyghur folk medicine has more than a two thousand year history. In all
that time, it has been influenced by the techniques of Turkic, Indian,
Iranian, and Chinese traditions.
2. In the Pichan, Toqsun, and Turpan counties, there are several places
where one can receive the "sand treatment," and it is sometimes even
provided free of charge.
82
Selection 30
Some of these facilities are government- run and others are private.
However, in light of new trends in medical tourism and travel for
treatment, some experts are anticipating costs to skyrocket in the coming
years.
5. The suffixes "L;l.._, and "~<~....c>-" denote the present progressive tense
when added to a verbal root.
83
\II
t c_ee- l (\ f.
C... C· ~ ~ ·C C · C"1. C. ~ <f·<f· (. ~~ f(\ £-v;'"bc.~ .~
~ l f ~ r. I ~ til
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'f. ... k . e: t ~:t· ~ ~1 ~ ~c, v;;" l· t·. ~- l. 't·'t\
r l.t:~f-;b -~r ...ii'nc:r
l. ~ · ~-:- t~. t ~r f. 'r- C· 't; . ~ --Ll (: v § c, "r "s;-~-:- G. "r- ~c .V\ • ,..· G; ~ t~ :::;,
• '-1'"'· 'f • t . f't ' ~ t !::- t • v· ~ c ~ '- w
.c- r ~· f?\t,
~ !t • c;
':t
t r·r. . .r. --- . l · C-. ... .. t..-..
.c- ~ l:~ c; '-s;-~-C· "'\..
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'c- c·~~1~ ~ ~ c;
b t. '- •"''1- r. ~N ~i: c- ~ .~ t
t.
1-
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~ t t;;. 'CXl' f.~ < ~·. . <f·\ ~ <? t. ~ t. c.. b ~:8 l : 't~ C:'t: c; • ~
L··r . 1
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r~~t:"L'1 1~ ~ r--e 'it:
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~ ... c; [ '1" L
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"· t s;- ·
f· "''~ ~v< ~-,-- - •
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" ~ c· L. · '1 ·
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-. n·"c- ~ ·~ l v t
~- v . • .r. . ·c c._ -. t"' c-'{ t f. ' ~\t 't· · · 't·'t·
~L- c- tv· r t te·. f'.c- ·'t9~·
G7 () I -~ \.!) ... t'a\ () \, ... t I "' .. {, 0 .. t'a\ () .I.A.
~Lr"s;-'"f/ r C·· ·:·F.. -~-~: c. f.t b1.1. --~~-~: ~ 'h--~·t l r~· ~t. :::..\...r ~- ~(· t.c- ·_ r()
rr 0 .
.,e ,v.v;; r-:· c;
t: ._-,--,-,. . 'tlF~""<. o~'i.."·'t.{~, ~ -.~- "" \..t "' 'f' "' t\1,. e- t, o;"~ ~':r e- n•; • , 't.
c. ·'t:\ c -~ \ C...c· L . c--~ . t l1 ~ co.~ --e··~ ~ 't . "'. t· v
~--~{i -.v ~· s~1n;
':t c;
ts..t 1~~c-~
~- .~ . . c;- ~ c,
~ ~ t f ~ ·~t [v ~--~ { Ri .f- <tco.':cl
~ --- . ~ · t
::. f:~te·~:~t
•
o~t~• r.·
"--:: b
{'" .. :
rt '· t ·
t& ·~ ( 'i (c· ~g; ~~ J.~J f. ~·}:1~--b ~~ t~- ll ~--;,
'- -..--.. . '- COo'-"• I..D > v. • \t" t.. C't: 1!:: > b
c 'fc·. ·: 1~G1- ~':'~~1· --~ ·~. "
t. co.'t~ V\\t t.
e - • .f-1 E c.. ~:t· 1 't~ t 't . b . --e~L '? Vl t. .b.
t;"''e t~J~. t ~:t· 't· - . t. 't\ r. -.-:-
Selection 31
Vocabulary
Notes
85
Selection 31
10. This proverb can be translated; "Even among garbage, gold does not
lose its value."
86
Selection 32
87
Selection 32
Vocabulary
Notes
88
Selection 32
4. "~:y. ;J-o~" means "for the length of one's life" or "for all one's
lifetime."
89
VI
C f"y.-l•
(.C::~- '-»• ~<;.f.;- ~.,G'-
~. 'i.. ~~-~.:C.<~
. ~. w -.:. [ L &..f,T ( "~C ~~,.:...,~
'-»·~'f. , . L . r~
. ~.,L .
r"·• . " /A(: /A ,
t· ~~~ t·~ ii
t r r ·f" ~[t ~"'11"
~.. c;;'-P.: t. r I> ~~ [.c- .t~ ~-r.~I> - .t~J."'I> 't" ~< v n. . . .t- n
""t. "-c ""{. '(I - <C '\..D• \... \..D • l,. Jo I '(I I ()
.
. 'itl~o < "t ~n.-J; l!..:.. ( t- ~ t "L, "{.. ~
't"c:- t.. lp 't ~ ...c;·
:::J
t f- f'- w
w
c. c:~"' r ~ ~h -t~ ~ J\ t ~~ .c-~r 1>: ~~ ct t·.~ .~-.:. ~ "~ r"~ ~ t." ~ 1 ~'L 'e~
~r~11;n
r.r ~t ;. t:t<=11 r.J>f' F'fi r~ ~
l~ 1". ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ · ~ · & . ~ ~ · ~
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c ~ Lv. t. [· ·~~ J 'f ~ t-l\o·~ ~-.:. 't r. '{ " c- '-» -.:. '-P. :
·1._ -l. · ·v V\\""''-» • '-»• :-{· /';,
•V .c- ..
'-»~ ~ c.t 'i. ·". . y. ':-e·~. 't,....,_
. t . t· ""'to ~.- c-(- .t ~ "~~. '-»·~.,
.l
t l t~. ~:.·~f.l. & r:·~. l.f-~ '1 ~~~;
t ~- " C€ c;; "\. . ~· c .t L t -c -~ •
~~ t~r t·~te·; ~ 'fl~.'J:t f-; ~f" ~ ·}.~I>~~ ~~.,~'f.·c
& & -c ~. •[ t 'i... t ~ . ~ 1 c. V\
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~ f-~~~~~~~1~ ~i .ft~: l: ~ ..t -f ,''t;,~-"'t· ~· ~.~ ' '&~;-v- ~ ·~·~ft. [~: .(1; 1 .L"~c.- ~
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, c;; c-· . .t c. 'e.::.~. f.' i .1 ~· ~. J. I>
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".V\ . 'V;'-
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f. J· ~=~-'f..
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'e. .t- v r .c- : 'e,\ ~• ~'- [ ~ r
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& 1:-'- v .t
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~~- • ~t.. ~"p. ~
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.c- "c 'E ·1 t t. -t~
'e.:. . " ~ l. ~., .e t • c:- ~ • ll\ V\ .~., " • • "''-t
f:-~.,~" . ·.-t~ f.• ~t·:f~;--
"·E l }>...[~ t. " t ..t r.r •~'I r"1.~:te: "
~.·....·~1{"1:-t~ .1_ t;1 ~~~.r· ):r~.·r1 c-'I.'(,;... t. .. • t. .t 'e.\ t. t. . t. r. ..".
Selection 33
Vocabulary
91
Selection 33
Notes
2. The verb ";~J)~" is both passive and reflexive in structure and means
''to (be) split into."
92
..:-•I.;.)
'I!· F""\.,p ~.. ;. ~I• I• I
,j! · O c;· ~ . (: --= .. ~c- 'i, ~
\. (- t . c- S,,~
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'{
~.
't '-'>· '\.ot•\.. t',''-e, C) I
r ,-.,.1·f.j
' - • /'" I
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:21· ·••'ti~r-~it~~~
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t t1· t .'-' · .t ·~ \..D· ::.~ t . .'-e . G. ~
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C·~> t;~~~- '
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r: • '
\.,~ .t (: t . .
lti ~~L . . c. ~ .. F-....
t. t c- •
•( r--J c. ~ """ ~
. \.. • '-"• "~
• r·'" (;_
f • "C>
J.-,- r:~
.r c, '!: h C• !) .. tr;.-..;~. b'[
'f .,., \.. (, I < l.
}t .t • ~ -'-colf.t::&_
co~ ·L c_t
·~1· t . t. 'e. J_
·-~e.V tc,c [ · ~t
.t
'C
~. ~ t ~· ~ cb'U .t t: .f.
co·
t"'-e_ t . . c;;\~ J 't~1 r·te· I> • •
\.,f !) " c·'. "' I
ol! " /'" r- t ::\..1) ,.
~· rf~ • \..D •
.~ t't· . t.~-;.~ ·l
"c;;.f\.~ ~ ~ CD7t· ~c} ~1
~ ~ t.- t\..~· f1 . f( ~~(- ~~. J:
\..1) ~ •• .c f t (
·-. .
'"'c;- (: • • . I'" · •
t~ :'
~ 'f.~-
~
lc. t : -(;; ~ " t
r t~·•• (e-•\.,..r
:to. G. ~ '"'- ~
- f ~ . .t
..
tC~. c-·v'-"•~· . . .r- r-~ , r..
Co • Co (07
~
~
·~- :1- ~~'"'~ f. r~·~ ~
1~ c . ~ J.. t l (:c- ~·\,; ~ "t- ..t ( · ~ f
c- ~t \._ ~ I <( r;, [ 1./\ -~(Do~ r ,. I'D
I
~':t . £r . 'ii '::J
1~ 't
t. b ':t-
"~>. ~ .. r [ -~ ~\..- t.·~
l· tD
n
(• " '' • \.. • C> '
~ t~ ~ ~ !) l " C· ~
.c-.r ~ r.~. ~::.1'"
~ \. (. ~ .t
rt 't [ :::!'.
\.,(, t ·C: ~ ~ (,
\b. ·r" .
. .c- C·~ ~. •... . r:,_ '"'- I) t . .~ 'e : . •( t 0
.. 0
It •O o.,c.s>-;- .'{ ~ •
~ ~·t. ~. .·t r:"!.. lt:•.•'t~1· . c;; :J
1t t"t [.~ ~.rv- j·I•· ~~-- t. t'~ t:.
I !:';
&:-~\.;OS [ c~1.. 't. t_ l; .
r. f ~. t~'t-c't. ~'t.'t. C7" 1.1.1
':t ~ -;. t , "v ~ -;. ~;t· ~ -;. ~ -;. 't· ~
~1= ~ - t . .'-e-;.'t 't c. . .'t· " 't ~'e . .'"'!Do.t' r 1.c;;"''t.~"c;;b:: .tc ~\..[·•~ {\..~
Selection 34
Vocabulary
Notes
94
Selection 34
3. The phrase "0w...; l~ 0~" means "to sacrifice one's life for" or ''to
give everything for."
4. The term ";"'~.u ~~l;~" is a political term typicaJiy used by the
Chinese to refer to the time before the Communists came to power in 1949.
95
Selection 35
96
te ~ 1· ~.'r C f- ~ C. c,_.c. P\ ~~ - (!::; C: C· ~- 't..-J. ~v-:c· t ~
.!'. o L
,l k
[' ~ c-. [-;. >:t·"rc-
. , f"t -.J, . r·1.ct ~ -J. ot0 f"
~. S [_ ~:_ .[' )" l ~ ~-
't~· .·~>~ · ~· 't f:'):..., ·~f.1 ~ : ~.< ~ ·~'i·· S rt ~ 'f.~ --~.
1c:. ·r·t 1
· l~ .;·':r<i.
[~~ f.'e~·t • f-"'t
·c e ::'e;. ...,~.c- c7->:t . . " · . t t~ IN· c.. ~ _
· · ~ . s. c-_~c..., <n c;._ ..., ~ 'e ~
c.
~ ~ ~ ~- ~t~· ~~...,~ F~J "'1· .-'
~ t[ c.~s,.1:>;: e J ;,).< c '" e-1--:.>i:. "\';: • ~:} .t
-c}..., r E"'· .. t ~- ~ t: ~ " e. ['" s. '1..., !07 t,..... ..., ~ r't ~- c;;~. t ~ t· 'e~ c;._~ 'f, .
c-_"r;. : >:t . . ., . 't;. ~~ . ~ · ~· t 1 c. -::."· c, ...,... "e ~g e ...,.._ .c.· ~ . t. ;.: l ~ " r ·~;.7 C:: ~ "h 'f.~
r r.'f., \ f 0\'f.~ ['~. ...,_..., 'e~
~~ ~- L C·
&~b~-~
f ':t"(.(A,C. ~...... ~·c;;-~·<C."~c
t te~ · t~ ~--r·· ~{1~'e~ ~" S. t-1:'e~ ~c- ~ E f~... t'f.,,
107't ~ J--'t~ f:'P.: ·[Gi___ 'e ~ [ .t 1· 'F- 't"
~ .e ·
·v "' .· -:::-':t.c,_. · ·~ "' ':t -;
."~n.~r·
t. "' ~- r" ~.-'t\!\~o ·<n ~t'e~ S ·.. ,. 1·r-J. ~-~e~ .c-- .c-_.
l·1-[5-· ~~"..., ' u ~.l · <i· c·_ 'e~'t7
"' "' . ~ .,. [ -o ...,.l ·C 't< ... • ~v . C· 'f.· .. . v. V\ • 't-
~·~r~"f. t. .c-~ 1·v-{
[ '" ~ v 'f., _ >:t·
"'c"· ~ f ~;- t ~ ~<; 't~ lte-~ v
~ t~ c, _ l t 't ~ - .e· "' t·. t o
· t-v·"'~ r-~ ~-t.1: .<.t,~·- ~. [' .f--1
t ~ t·~l~- ~}'e~ ~~'e: -~
c c;;S. l · ~-- c, CA. -
't. ~ .'e ~~. c-. ·_ : ~~ • (: t . ~ ' 'f.~ t, (!::; ~'e~
~ ' ~-~ 't~ ~
v: f [ ~ ~ ':t~t t-_ \::'f_~. ~c- "'<> .~\ ~t
r "~- .c- ·C "t to."' ~.v c ~ b''L 'f' · --e· ' 't c- .c
c, · .~ t" ...,L"' v
·'t < ' ~ ~>~·< ~-
<..0
""'-.! ·[
· §~--[~~te;
. c t
"' . \J) \.p • f "' [ \J>• ,..... I" 'F- .t
· "'~ r~"~1 ·~~·[· \J) F .~~1--•t .[~;:v-lt~~
- ':t· ~s. ~-L t~'t~~- l~i:'e~ { ' .f...,. ~ _rt\J)-.e~ rL[rt,T t. ~
<t· t. ~ ' - ~ c;; ~ . ·1:. ' ' p. G, f-"' e: ~ w .c- " .~ ~ ''" )..~)· ' r.
V\ " - . ._ (!::;
• ~:_ "'~ c· . j c: ~ ,
"t. 1 c [ e te; c-. 1:.e~ . 'f.~ ". ..., . - . . '-' ~- . . !; . E "1_·. ~~
"',....., . I" t . 'e~" ~~ I" ,
1: ~.. ~ ~-t t . \.p 'f.~ c ':t <i. v ·.., _t~.f
p •V I \.D to 'ft • \..0 ll\ G: -t . b .c V I •
~- ':!· '1 te·l]:!..lr- "t .l . ~...,t- r 1.• ,f ~ .Q
~ '-t\.. 't7
~ '!:" '¥,'"
<.; "I"
.t •t.
c. .c-
! t~'e· 'f. ~ ['e~ f~ f.c
~ . L 1 c· . 'fA
[ ~ ' ·C""'f . 1(, ·t.c;._"'c;; C'e Cr·' c-h L...,._,_ "'~- - "' L'-t t .f. , Ct. b \.c;L (!::;[ 1!:::'"· }G, "'L J '-t'e.1 lt... 'e r 't"'f.~ J.
"r;. ~. ~ r ~\- ·"'~ c- • . ~ ...,-: t~ c-~. · ~T 'f: 'e~ ~ t.-~-~ <t· -. ~~ ~;- c;; .. t~ . :. ~te·; .c. ~~ 1 ~:..., : r.
_·i;-~. c_. ~-t." r·lr. lf't•.r~':f t· ~. . c;L ~~ ~(t.~'-tz~:r o G, ,
\~· f"=v·
~ •Y
-.r~'P '-t_'f Cf · ~r LC• <> .(.
'-t\Ci. -~§-1v G, ...,~l(.
t~ I' '-(.
~
'- ~ ['",......... <>
·· ~. ':t 'f" · G_· ~ c;;'- _ r c;;,( ~- • -t - .. ...,L . ::_"· t~ ~- "'' C• ~ · "'~~ · -' ~ . J--· "'i.,::: VI
rD
Vocabulary
Notes
I . "lSJ\.....:. )" is one of many Russian words that has been absorbed into the
Uygbur language. The use of such words is often dialectical and limited to
those who have regular contact with the countries of the former Soviet
Union. As such, many of these borrowings cannot be found in the standard
Uyghur dictionaries.
98
Selection 35
2. "._.5:.,->. L, yy 13ili;..." means ''the majority of, the larger part of."
< _(?:• 0J>~
3 . The 1"t phrase " ~:>':r"""r. ,_,
LS" <>-, ' ~)
~Lo
~
<..)......) l •.••
~ J J~J"'
0.U...," interesting because is demonstrates that, as in English, a simple
pronoun - even one that is indicated by a suffix - "-._.5:.,:>" - can take the
place of a noun in Uyghur. This sentence is best trartslated as "the
education system in the Uyghur region is unified with that of China."
5. The ablative sufftx seen on ";.>..-..l~ .:..r -• II ! .t...;.)~" and then again in
";.>..-..l~ 0-'~ fi~" indicates that these processes are comprised of the
indicated number of years in length.
6. "yo:>" is a participial form of the verb "~4;>:>" and is the first half of a
great many verbal compounds. It typically implies that speech is a logical
part of the given verbal process.
9. '\sl....>}3 ~;JJ:' 13h.i;,." means "in spite of this" or "ignoring for the
moment that."
11. The verb ";"'-:!.t...Jo~......!._,~" is a form of the verb "~~~" that contains
a modal particle (-J<>) and a negating particle (-<,sA..o). The complete phrase
means ''they are unable to get."
13. The phrase "~<l..i 0.Y" means "around ten" or ''ten or so." When the
two words are inverted, as in "0.Y ~<l..i" then it means "several groups of
ten." Whereas English speakers typically think of such numbers in dozens,
Uyghurs do it in tens.
99
Selection 35
14. The syntax of the phrase" 80 ~w;;¥ .~1 · -,- ·.r.~~ l.l~
..:;WJ:' ~, is interesting because it is so different from the equivalent
English. The nearest direct approximation of this phrase might be, "it is
eighty years back to the founding of Xinjiang University."
15. The word ''..~~¥~" is an inflected passive for the verb "~41~" (to
carry out, to conduct). According to the Dictionary of Modem Uyghur
Spelling and Pronunciation, the verbal noun form should be spelled
'\}......L.3~" and the form seen here ".__...;:].J.W~". This is another example of
why readers will need to anticipate a certain amount of variation when
decoding Uyghur-language texts.
100
(t-' r::_ r::_ ~ te~ 't_. ~~·C c- <t \· C·
'-1
t '-~t>.c.; ,
1} • t. t. L .e.'"' '!! ~ e.. F t.
f ~·
.c:- G_·r '"~c.;. .e. t FC·
~~ (j..t-. 1te~·(\
'. t"~..t e· e.- t•~
. (, ~~'e-;.
't.. G_·r CL• t. ~ '"'e r~ .
'"'L ~c. . . - . . ~-< 'e ~ t. ~ t1: t&.
1. ~ .c;- -
~ \. ; ~ ·( '"'1. t Q
.~'"'--
- .~ ~l-. re·~..t. "'~ e · ~c· 1e.. ~-~{
& "" - - .......... " t -t il,. I • \1\
,,,. t~'t-~ ~(, . ~-~(. \..t; -. ~.cl ~- 1" -
r
l' r
1·. . ' . \..; '--' . (• ' 't - 1 . . r:_ ~c- ~ ~ 'e" . t G. • '-'>•
r.~-;.1. 1. -!t; ~~1: t
1-·G_ c. \·. ~. ~~r 17 _ · r ·C= ~ t· ~-r ~te; r. ~'t· ~ L. '~r- c.; ~ r te·~ 't: 1.
t_c-L1 '"' t'e.1-~- J~.r. ~~- '"'C:~ r.l~ 't ~ ~· ct. 'f•(\ ~t~ 1 }'f., ~t- ~t>: oo1 · [~1
'"'~ft.1~ ~~}·J:-~ 't_:_ t 1:1-' ~ ~ · ; 1'.~-~: r~~ r ·~ .t ~l·-~ t t~c- ~'"'co\·. ~ ~1~ (. ~ ~ t:
c;;'t 't~ r~CD7'"'l,_:~ 't•c-...z. '-1
L
(·.. '-'- . ,......., ~ ,(? C·
t- G. n.~- '>e· -0. c;;~~-r,::; _ 'e ~
c.. . • 1. . ··~ , G.~. ~~'>e. ~!
1. ~ [· \..;~ly . · t~.
C· • ~te·< 't, . ~t
·t
'"'~·'E~· § + t.c- .t
~-~ . 1:-[·
n~(. ~rfv: . ~&· ~l:.-.f1 b1 1.-'f.·-~: J~,.-:·1 . ~-
~~ 1 s- ' !t c- ~-
t 'e. ~~r't. '"'V '~-- ' ~E [_i: - .'-I!!-
L'e,.c·~. G.
~'-'.c- ~ f. • •Y
- tt t- E
- . t · J·~'- · •~ ~t- I~ f'- '--' t(, 'f., c- C-. l•
"" • l/ C:: - "t -, I 1-
oe ( b- 1 , I ~ V ' "" .,. • * ,
Vocabulary
Notes
1. Mahmud Kashgary, an 11th century linguist and scholar, was the author
of the Dictionary of the Turkic Languages. He was born and died in
Kashgar.
2. The"~)~ ..::.......:;1..:_;1 ;>lj. d' was edited between 1072 and 1074. It was the
first Turkic dialectical dictionary and encyclopedia.
102
Selection 36
4. Dung Huang, one of the most ancient cities in central Asia, is located
in Gansu Province of the People's Republic of China.
8. The Mongolian Empire was one of the dominant empires during the
middle centuries and was established by Chinggis Khan. After his death,
this empire was split into several smaller parts.
10. The compound verb ''._.:_,.U....:.J..J;~ ~y-5", which means "to incorporate
into," is made up of the verbs "~o~...oy-5" (to enter) and "~4-!.J..J;~" (to
merge, to coalesce).
103
Selection 37
Vocabulary
0
. L5.
_ ~ n. ocean, sea J~ -~f.) n. rivers and streams
.Jy n. size, area ~ n. flows (i.e. of water)
G...... n. meaning, sense .._;...,~;-. vn./n. irrigating,
..:..;;p:y n. intersection, hub irrigation (inf .Jl.o).:j-)
~j adj. close, intimate ~;11~ n. desert, wasteland
0 d..5j&..5~ ~
• d
. .JOme
'r. v. umte, ._s;.3&S ';-';J¥ v. dried up, gone dry
(inf ~.....,.;4..5 ~r:') (inf ~.....,.;4..5 ';-';)_;.;)
-.)5.......:. J~ n. terrain, land form ~tj J~ adj. below ground,
~.>J> adj. special, unique subterranean
..:..;L;.L_r..; v. arranged, lined up (inf. ~t,. n. (natural) resource, wealth
.jl..L_r..;) iljl,, n. tungsten
~n. valley JrY n. iron
~y adj. moving, mobile ..:..;j;J~ n. gold
~-J"' n. rain, precipitation ~n. copper
Notes
1. The use of the ablative case with the word "';-'"'J..._,. , takes the place of
the English usage "by" and indicates that the Uyghur Region is called the
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the Chinese government.
2. The use of" j ..lt.S .J (,Sy" (gives) here, in conjunction with ~4-?..)/ L.Jd·~-r..)
is not that different from the equivalent English - "means" or "gives the
meaning of." It is also another example of how ~4-?..) is used in its various
deverbal forms.
105
VI
1'1)
f'b ..{[1: 'b~~J ~(:: 1· ~~2=~· (~'bf ii
n
Vl
- -
& '-{·
-" t ' t ·
E'-~ ..Jt -.,1>1.t ~t.~·
• . fi.
(\. "
•
r f.f_
r.
•
.· ~
~- ~
t. ~- t·/'" h· I>
'-1>.: ,,,.
r '
_r·. ~·_r·. L
't
·C"G , t . t. }:!.
';e t. . ~ - '-1>· ~ft
r~fto ·v ...
~ ~ l ...c;·
c- f··•; c;;;:"'· !, . Q • • .... • "'L • (~ (- '-'>• - c'!. ~:-e c· . ... 't "'L r :J
.·L· r r.•( r. r
f
.f\.1'·1c.}r .
't"k · 1-C· (D c;; 1.1.1
(X)
~c ·~~ 17 1:-eE~:}.
't" E \ .'1_ '1 · · ~ ·[ c..t ~ tsf."~A te-~~ ~·
l ·c't~
'-' 'l · 1:-e - 1 V\ .t L 't.. 't· r' .e· •· 't c;;
e.~ -~. l~:-e· ( • "· -c--. .
'f • ~ I> <;; ~- Ci. •( L
~(. .., ·
~ C·
L . Cr·' .tt . ' 't·'-"• t"'- t f. 'c"r' '--v·
PIN ~·. rb- \.e -;.· l <;;-t"'.~:-e· 'f• •'-"· c •-' '·[ ~
'-· '-e,\ 1'[.r r'r-A 't~ " ~·c;; '-tf
. c-'f.,~ "~ C. C· · :• ·" , C t . · C· '
b •" ·
1• "
~~~ te~ .f- "~ r'S f\- r~~ ~-~~~1_- .' t~ t ':tE1n.1t" "eo7
"'. .e_.., G7 l•'t 't.. b ~ 't . :~ c;;~- c ~ " t~ J:- . 't , c;; t 't;.
t-1J ~'t:1. ~-- t"'tb.-.. t't·lc....te~~t
CE· 't. 't. b.- - '-i
t . r·C_ c;; . J.c.. G. ~- - r . ·r.r
. - ' (., 't..'-1>- '-t.\D. '-1> < ' (.. 't 'l• '
IN~ r . \· , '-"· ~ _~I .
1
.. ' • W 1 ':t< ·Y 9 sL sC'""" 1 G
. .. ~- ~ ~ .. . ll
. " ~ (\.l_ ~:t· ~:t·.t 'tc.e.• ..,.
\1\»- \J) " \, • ' •
. ~ t cb·.l rtf 1 i_
..... 't . . b "~ b "'- - i.
i. <'<<c-'i• "'e.~~}'tr f.~: t .c-
~<;;:- 't<c~ 't . f 't: r - ~- ~r-: c:-~:-e h· ~ ~':t- ·~ n. . ~: . . .
'-1> < c;; - & ~L ~r-; l 't • " - t •- . - . 'f., . ,..-.. •
J.l "~ t. ~J-.,. &· ~r-"t.· r · ' 't'f;.fr "'a7.f
0 ~: 'b1~ G. t. · · "
..,...:l., ~:-e ~ 1 ~: 't.. .c- t. [ r7 •
0) .1 . ,. Lr-.. L
1 &·- l . ,. c·. ~~ ~ [ $ .-c:-~ _: ~;
Jo .. • - ~; c; c; V\ C· <V ':t it. t ·Y " ~ .. I
t_ r· ~l ~C~· f .~- ~ [ ..,~C bl t (- · ..,~~ c€~ r"G7~:"t,. ~--;.~~~rt 't:-~~-: ..,~ ~ ~-- r· ~·
C· _!.~- ~- • r.. . ,.· t..t .f-n t J· . ,. 'f.~ ~ · ~ - ~- ..,. -t · ' ~ G7 f . .
[5. J.~.ft} ~t'qi.{ '~
.. c;; t I> " t '1 'h h· f'. t . 't . c- --[ '-1> >
F. 0. C· ~- f ·. ~L t. C· ;['-£~ ~ :~ .~ ['~ t; ~ ~'t< r . 1, ~~- C· [~~ b ~- t-
1~~~c.f-{1~f'"'·rrr;Jt~ .~ -rf. ·[(:t~~· [.~f·f"~-:.. -~ ~r r[· r. ~. ~ r r\r~- lf.~t -r.~:~ ~'1~- ~.~
Et [ ~ C ~ - . ..J. 't 't, E- t. . 0 ~-- ,.._ "t. . ~ -, 't c;;,-... [ ~G . .t
~. ·. '-e-\ • b ~:-e I f:"_ ~~- ~c-.._, : • r.'"" : r L..,L't... <i v. t. ~c
. ' '
r c. . ,_ I •
t. t '-' ' • '' t • '- we. ' '-'>•
[ G. ~ L"G7 ' ' '
. '-I>.
~· ~"G7 ~ T
", o
IL 0
.
r ~(.'b.' ·rr
..,
'
\,.; o \,.; o
~ rr '-i.'t~ [1 [1 ·[ ~- : r~.: :r':r~- ~· r: .~;
c-.t .. [· t!..:..
~ 1t .~• 0
c-~ w r.
t!..:..
f ·"'..!. .......
1l • ,. b "'· t. t.
\,~\,er\,-:-
\,.. 1,-:- • ()
t . 't· l' c;-
e..c::\.;-:-• ~~ \, I I \, I
'-•~ ~ r't~ r.'t~ ~ ~ G7':-e 't~ .f '-"• .r c;; · .
'-k ' c;;':t b G7 c;; G7't . t .. G7 c;; c;; • c;; c;; G7
Selection 38
Vocabulary
cLJJ.w~.n. safety, security
~~ n. agency, network ~J.w acij. component,
0lou~-')~lijJ v. connecting, constituent
joining (inf ~L.;~lijJ) ~~ n. strategy, employed
~ n. petroleum, oil tactics
J. ;J;J;; n. construction, building o~~ n. significance, weight,
~L.L; vn. competing, value
finishing (inf ~t_l...L.li) ~ n. line, road
.:_r.).j~y-5 ~ v. (after) it <.,?~ n. edge, side
goes into service (inf ~ }.~--"~ n. warehouse, storeroom
~~y-5) r~ n. demand, need,
L,_; mw. (metric) ton (i.e. as requirement
opposed to a long ton) ~lJ...o\3 vn. in supplying, while
~~ ';''j~<L! vn. sending, providing (inf ~t.,..,J.A\3)
conveying (to someone else; rJb~ n. analysis, interpretation
inf ~ .......;4..:' ';'')~<L!) ~ n. opinion, thoughts on a
0.U..,~ ~J..J41S v. guarantees, particular matter
pledges (inf ~\.,..L.j ~J..J41S) d...Jhl..... n. field, area of knowledge
iL;.. acij. raw, unprocessed ...;..J)5:..od...Jh acij. cooperating, joint
~~~ acij. open, free 0~ n. goal, target
';'j-!.Ji v. delivering, transporting, ~.t....::.......j..o n. independence
sending (inf ~L.j-!.,_;) o.U..,;<Wh n. movement, action
~lou.W~ ~;\3 n. welcoming, ._;..,~ 4..:'f•j vn. striking, beating
greeting IS~~ acij. urgent, tense
ol.i....R.;.w n. research, investigating .L:S.......Jp~~~ v. accelerating,
...;..J}.~-:?.w acij. preparatory, making more urgent (inf
readying ~ .......);::-...:.~~~)
0.U..,W.Jj;3~ v. completed, ~- n. agreement, accord
finished (inf. ~.,_J,Jj;3~) ~ n.. stgnature
;Y)......., pro. this, the designated, the 0\.,;.;)'~ v. was signed (inf
given ~U~)
Notes
107
Selection 38
5. The term " d)I..S__.:,<G ~)5:.-o.u (,S~l.:." is the Uyghur name for the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This regional organization was
expanded in 2001, adding Uzbekistan to a group formerly known as the
Shanghai Five. Even more recently, this group was enlarged to include a
total often countries, including full members and non-voting participants.
108
Selection 39
Vocabulary
109
Selection 39
Notes
110
L.
II\
....
0
<....
~~
lt:
..... C.·
..... -.;- A f
..... 't . G. G.
• <Do(· --) ~ CT
~ ... \...~ (<'if 'i. 1·
~:. L
·v C. 't ~ ~ V·
~lC· "r~ ~
(- ·<n [ II\
C· ~ . ~ ~.v ~
c ·-~i~ 'rl!t;:
(J 't· . ~; .e· ~ c;-;-
1V~~ L t
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Vocabulary
112
Selection 40
113
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Vocabulary
118
Selection 41
Notes
4. There are differing opinions about the total number of lives lost. Some
sources say that between 1934 and 1943 Chinese warlord Sheng Shicai
arrested and killed more than 100.000 people.
7. The Rafto Prize was established in Norway, named after human rights
activist Thorwald Rafto, and is given once a year.
119
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Selection 42
Vocabulary
121
Selection 42
Notes
9. Ismail Tahirov was another leader of the Russian and Central Asian
Uyghurs. He was also killed by Stalin in 1938.
122
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Vocabulary
124
Selection 43
Notes
The first is a verbal noun and the latter a noun formed by adding a suffix
to a passive form of the same verb.
125
Selection 44
126
Selection 44
Vocabulary
127
Selection 44
Notes
2. The Uyghur word "..:;<>~" comes from the Chinese word bingtuan (
~rn).
3. The phrase '\..;Jd...:' • ~Wt; )~;;'_, ... " conveys the meaning "not
only, but also" or "in addition to."
5. The main meaning of the term "t'Jld...:>" is "belt". However, here this
word is used a bit more conceptually to include climatic zones or "heat
belts."
128
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Selection 45
Vocabulary
131
Selection 45
o~-;..;\j n. food - 1
~-
•t_, n. boss
~ . ,s~~v. oesn ea,
• - \..._, - ! ( d" .'t t
. • <..>.?~ adj. lifelong
doesn't munch on (inf. ~ o)~ n. work, office
~~.W) -.::..;..-. n. milk
llo~..:? n. sleeve ........,y.-3 v. becoming old, aging (inf.
oo;;..-. n. photograph, picture ~\..._,y.-3)
~j.;-1<1.-!.r. v. look, appear (inf ':;-'r.r, v. (being) startled (inf
~~r.) ~d...or.r.)
~,; n. neighbor ulr.U> adj. amazed, surprised
a..b.t..;'l'L.. adj. arrogant, haughty
Notes
2. The verb "~....,;;;:;" generally means ''to pass," in this case means "have
come and gone, have passed before us" or, essentially, "there have been."
4. Molla Zaydin was another famous Uyghur "anecdote teller" who lived
during the nineteenth century.
The complete phrase can be translated as "should the coin purse be found
and delivered to the rich man."
132
Selection 45
7. ")lL.;" is a Persian gold coin used during the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries.
9. The term "I..S" ... .s:: ... ......, <..5)\..9" refers to an Islamic court.
11. The term "I..S" • , • - •cy " means "body" and is derived from two
independent words- ".::.-.cy" (above) and"._;..~" (head).
12. ";~"is a term that means "the place of honor" and denotes the spot that
would be reserved or set aside for a person of particularly high stature.
13. The name "Ko~" contains the honorific suffix "1.51j" - a word
meaning older brother - which is added to the names of people older than
the speaker as a form of respect.
133
Tra nsl atio ns
Translations
l. A Weather Forecast
We will now give the weather forecast for the next twenty-four hours. For
tomorrow, Monday, the weather will be cloudy until noon with rain the
entire time. In the afternoon, the weather will be clear and the temperature
will be from 16 to 18 degrees. In the evening, the weather will become
cloudy again, and a small amount of rain will fall. The temperature will go
down a bit.
2. The Calendar
Nowadays, Uyghurs generally use the Western calendar, but they also use
the "Hejri" calendar, common to all the world's Muslims. Uyghurs separate
one year into twelve months, one month into thirty days, one year into three
hundred sixty-five days, one month into four weeks, and one week into
seven days. There is also a custom among the Uyghurs of using the twelve
month "mochel" calendar, which calls each of the months by the name of
an animal. In it, the following animal names are used: ox, tiger, rabbit,
dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog, pig, and rat. Uyghurs
believe that each of these months has its own special characteristics.
3. My Daily Activities
Each morning, I have four hours of classes. I have lunch at 12:30, then I
rest for one hour. Each afternoon, I go to the library and review my lessons.
After dinner, I watch TV and read newspapers and magazines. When I have
free time, I go swimming with my friends. Every day at quarter 'til eleven,
I go to bed.
4. My Family
Our family is a large one. There are nine people in our family. They are my
grandfather, my grandmother, my father, my mother, my older sister, my
younger sister, my older brother, my younger brother, and me. My
grandfather and my grandmother are retired. My father and my mother both
work. My father is a doctor and is assistant director of the city hospital. My
mother is a middle school teacher. My older brother and my older sister
study at Xinjiang University. I study at the high school, my younger brother
137
Translations
In some mid-sized cities and villages, the custom of having a large family
is being preserved among the Uygburs. Accordingly, both the unmarried
children and married sons - along with their wives - live together with their
parents in one large compound. Naturally, the married son and his wife live
in a separate home inside the compound. But, in the last few decades, the
structure of the Uyghur family has begun to change.
Birth control policies are one of the factors in the change in the structure of
the large Uyghur family, though before them, Uyghurs were accustomed to
having many children. Families with more than ten children were common.
According to the birth control policy, Uyghurs in cities were permitted two
children, and those in villages were permitted three. According to the
traditional Uyghur view, every person has the right to be born and to
multiply freely on his own land. A child is God's gift to humanity, and,
therefore, a child cannot be killed in the uterus or aborted.
We were all born before the birth control policy. Otherwise, there would
not be five children in our family. Now, for many young and middle-aged
Uygbur families, there are just two or three children, and there is no
possibility of being multi-child families.
5. Our Classroom
The inside of our classroom is very beautiful. A map of the world is hung
on the right-hand wall. An enlarged copy of a picture called "The Muqam"
which was painted by the Uyghur artist Ghazy Emet is hung on the left wall.
Different kinds of flowers have been placed on the window sills of the
classroom, and water is given to them every day. All the chairs and tables
in our classroom are new. Each day we take turns cleaning up our
classroom and washing the windows.
Our classroom is a bit cold during the winter. Because our classroom is
located in a one-story building made from brick and because steam is not
the source of heat in our school, a stove was put in to heat it with coal.
There are very big differences between our village school and those in big
cities the building, the teaching materials, the heating and others. In some
poor villages there are not even enough classrooms for the students, so
different -level students study in one classroom, creating situations in
which the teacher uses a line to divide the blackboard into two parts,
providing explanations and lower-level lessons on, one side and giving
higher- level lessons on the other. Sometimes, there are situations in which
138
Translations
there are not enough lesson books or cases in which some classmates have
no money to buy the materials.
7. A Week of Traveling
This Saturday and Sunday we are going on an excursion to Turpan. The bus
will be leaving from the Dongkowruk station at 9 A.M. If we leave on
Saturday at 9 in the morning, we will be in the center of Turpan City
around noon. We will explore the city Saturday and Sunday. If possible, we
will stay through Tuesday and return on Wednesday. That week, we will
work only on Thursday and Friday.
There are many places to visit in Turpan because Turpan is one of the
ancient centers for cultural exchange and trade along the Silk Road. There
are also the ruins of Idiqut City- an ancient capital of the Uyghur state, the
ruins of old Yarghol City, and the Bezeklik Buddhist caves which represent
the ancient Uyghur Buddhist culture. The Turpan area of the Uyghur region
is the land of vineyards and in this place nearly everyone has one. So, when
you enter a Uyghur home you will be received first with grapes and bread
and then food will be brought to you. Turpanis love song and dance, are a
happy, joyous people, and are of a direct and sincere temperament.
139
Translations
A Letter of Greeting
I have missed you ever since I came to Grandpa and Grandma' s in the
country. Country life really is quite interesting. Now, I really have taken to
it. Due to it being late autumn, Grandpa isn't too busy with the farm.
Usually, farmers are busy from March to October.
I will remain here this winter and come back to you(r side) in the spring. I
would like to come back to Turpan with you during summer vacation.
I miss you,
Your son, Misran
An Invitation
If you have any ideas, we welcome your advice. We trust you will honor
us with your on-time arrival!
Sincerely (respectfully),
The Writers' Society
Location: Mahmud Kashgar Restaurant, 10 Ghalibiyet Street
Time: 7 PM on November 12.
140
Translations
A Promissory Note
The writer of this promissory note is a resident of the Number Five House
at Red Bridge in X city.
Muhammad Samat
December 10, 2003
Around the Tarim Basin in the south of the Uyghur region, earthquakes
happen often. In February 2002, in Kashgar district's Maralbeshi and
Peyziwat counties, a strong 6.7 magnitude earthquake killed 267 people
and injured many others.
Terms that could possibly cause instances of error should due attention not
be given, such as Beijing Time, Xinjiang Time, and Urumqi Time, exist.
Even after Xinjiang time was pegged (flxed) to Urumqi time, there still, to
this day, is no (one) standard. Some living in the Uyghur region justify
their use of Beijing Time by saying that "high unity with Beijing needs to
be preserved" without thinking of the difficulties it causes. There are still
141
Translations
others who do not differentiate between Xinjiang and Urumqi time, and
they also mix things up. Geographically speaking, these times are based
upon correct principles; if you respect the time principles of your
hometown and local area and pay attention to them, is that wrong?
The provinces in the east of China and the Uyghur region are located in
different time zones. Customarily, the sun rises two hours earlier in Beijing
(than in Urumqi) and sets two hours later in Urumqi (than in Beijing). This
is because the distance between Beijing and Urumqi is nearly four thousand
kilometers, and the difference with regard to time is very large.
The first instance of a person infected with the AIDS virus in the Uyghur
Autonomous Region was detected in 1995. At the end of2003, the number
of AIDS-infected people reached 8,153. 188 suspected cases of the AIDS
virus were discovered, 60 of whom died.
In the past, Uyghurs were quite fond of learning Arabic and Persian. In
previous centuries, Uyghur scholars wrote works in Arabic and Persian
142
Translations
It's a bit easier for Uyghurs to learn languages that belong to the Indo-
European group because the pronunciation ofUyghur-language sounds has
much in common with Russian, Persian, and other languages that belong to
the Indo-European group, so they are able to pronounce them more easily.
In addition, starting in the Middle Ages, as Persian began influencing the
Uyghur and Turkic languages, many Persian words entered the Uyghur
language.
One reason for this was that in the Middle Ages and later centuries, Persian
literature began influencing the Uyghurs, and Uyghur Turkic poets became
accustomed to writing poetry in Persian and the other Turkic languages.
From the Middle Ages through the start of the twentieth century, Uyghurs
used a language called Chaghatay, which had accepted many Persian words,
as the language of literature.
Uyghurs began having contact with the Russian language at the end of the
nineteenth century, and (as a result) at the beginning of the twentieth
century, many academic, scientific, and technical terms, terms of industrial
products, and terms from daily life entered the Uyghur language. In
addition to being able to easily pronounce the sounds of the Russian
language, Uyghurs also learned the grammar easily. Up until the 1960s,
there were many among the Uyghurs in the Uyghur region who knew (how
to speak) Russian. As this trend abated, the learning of Chinese has taken
its place.
There were many among the Uyghurs in the central Asian republics who
had Russian as a native language, but also knew Uyghur.
Since long ago, Uyghurs have prepared special beds for newly-born
children that are called boshuk. The boshuk has been quite common among
the various Turkic peoples, including the Uyghurs, the Kazakhs, the
Kirghiz, the Uzbeks, and the Turks since ancient times. Among them all,
the Uyghur boshuk stands out from the others because of its solid
construction and its elegant craftsmanship.
The Uyghurs value the boshuk as a sacred thing. As a result, before a child
is placed in the boshuk, a ceremony called a "cradle party" is carried out.
The ceremony takes place forty days after the birth of the child. Because it
is the traditional Uyghur view that putting a child in a boshuk is a good
custom, just before the child' s birth, a cradle and a set of new things are
prepared for him.
Among the Uyghurs, special masters make boshuk. They paint the boshuk's
handles and the edge of its bed with many colors. They also decorate it
with different kinds of flowers. Boshuk are so comfortable, so useful, and
so beautiful that they are of great (monetary) value. In most cases, the
highness or lowness of the quality of one's boshuk is tied to the economic
status of his family.
Among the Uyghur people, there are various lullabies sung as mothers rock
their lying children's cradles, in which mothers express their love for their
children, their hopes for their futures, and even hardships that the mother
and father have suffered.
15. Kashgar
Kashgar is one of the Uyghur region' s most ancient oases. Examining the
land' s general topography, the northern side is high and the southern side
low; over the centuries, the flow of the Kizil River changed many times,
forming cliffs in the land and making the shape of the land complex.
The Qizil River follows along the southern edge of Kashgar City, flowing
across from west to east. The Tuman River cuts through the northern part
ofKashgar City.
144
Translations
From its source up to Kashgar, the Qizil River is called the "Qizil Su."The
lower reaches (after Kashgar) are called the Kashgar River.
Natural gas reserves in the Tarim Basin of an apparent 657 billion cubic
meters have been announced. According to reports, 8.4 trillion cubic meters
of natural gas lie in the Tarim Basin, and this amount comprises one fourth
of the total volume of gas reserves of the entire Chinese mainland. As a
result of many years of geological reconnaissance, 40 gas sources were
discovered here. Presently, work to open the "Kela-2" gas source is
continuing. Gas reserves held in this location of a reported 284 billion
cubic meters have been announced.
Now, China has prepared to increase the volume of gas taken from this
region to 30 billion cubic meters per year. Thus, the eastern regions of
China will reportedly be guaranteed delivery of natural gas from western
areas for as much as 30 years.
Since ancient times, hospitality has been one of the finest traditions among
the Uyghur people. The Uyghur people believe that guests bring their
"rizq" along with them and that when a guest comes, happiness comes
along as well. As a result, regardless of the circumstances, when a guest
arrives, he is always welcomed enthusiastically. Everything in the home is
brought out to the guest, and anything not ready is prepared.
Uyghurs greet guests with the same deference whether they arrive
unexpectedly or by invitation. Not only is the guest provided with the best
of everything, but his horses, should he have any, are also well looked after.
Immediately upon a guest's arrival, families provide him with water for
cleaning his hands, spread a tablecloth, give him the customary tea and flat
or puffed bread, then offer him sugar and rock candy for his tea. Then,
145
Translations
should he wish, milk tea and halwa are prepared and brought in. After the
tea, if it's summertime, fresh fruits are brought and hosts, taking advantage
of the opportunity, ask their guest what he would really like to eat. What
the guest wants is then prepared.
In the morning, Uyghurs get up, wash their face and hands, and enjoy a
chance to get some fresh air. After ablutions, adults read their morning
prayers. They then all meet up and drink tea. Those who are financially
capable prepare their morning tea with some milk or cream in it. The
family members sit Indian-style around the tablecloth according to their
status in the family. If the tea is poured into a large bowl, the bread is
soaked in it and then drank; if the tea is put in a smaller bowl, the bread is
dipped and eaten. The noontime tea is informal and consists of either tea
and bread or bread and yogurt and is served in the field (where everyone is
working). During the summer, melon is eaten along with the bread.
In the evening, after returning from work and washing up, the family
gathers around the table and sits according to family status. A cooked meal
is then brought. After the cooked food, if Iangman are being eaten, they are
served with broth. If pilaf or manta are served, they are eaten with s inchai.
During the summer, fresh fruits are eaten after the meal.
It has also become popular among Uyghur families to have one additional
meal - the consumption of which or lack thereof depends on the financial
state of the family. It consists of raisins, walnuts, jellies and jams, sugar
cubes, and candies with tea, eaten with fresh grapes and small of soft bread.
Uyghur family meals, whether served with meat or without, are varied from
earlier meals whenever possible. Meals consisting of vegetables are for the
most part not eaten.
The external structure of the human body can be divided into four parts: the
head, the neck, the torso, and the hands and feet. The brain is located in a
person' s head and manages the functions of all the parts of his body. The
torso is separated into two parts: the stomach and the chest. The eyes, ears,
nose, mouth, and brain are in the head. Structures such as the teeth and
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tongue are in the mouth. Structures such as the heart and lungs are in the
chest. The stomach area contains the stomach itself, the intestines, the liver,
the kidneys, and the spleen. The human hand is composed of the arm, the
elbow, the wrist, the palm, the fingers, and the nails. The leg is composed
of the upper and lower thigh, the knee, the ankle, the heel, and the toes.
Kashgar Uyghurs have round heads, are of a medium build, have a wheat-
colored complexion, an egg-shaped face, a nose that is of medium width
but tall (raised off the face) ; (they are also) black-haired, (have) lamb-
colored eyes (brown), and are hairy-faced (that is, the men have thick
beards and mustaches).
Thus, it can generally be said that it is possible to tell what region a Uyghur
is from by examining his face.Some western scholars point out that the
Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and others Turkic peoples of Central Asia are the result
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of the mixing of the Caucasian race and the northern Asian race, while
scholars of the former Soviet Union suggested that the Uyghurs belong to
the European race, but also have a small amount of Mongoloid
features.Among the central Asian people, the Uyghurs and the Uzbeks have
many shared characteristics, but the differences between the Uyghurs and
the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs are a bit larger.
The water resources in the Tarim Basin are formed by the snow and ice
from the mountains which surround the Tarim Valley. The basic rivers of
the Tarim Basin are the Konchy, the Dinar, the Kuchar, the Ogan, the Aksu,
the Boghuz, the Chakmak, the Kizil, the Y arkent, the Teznap, the Gum a,
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the Qariqash, and the Yorunqash along with some small rivers. The Tarim
River is the largest inland river with a length of more than 2,000 kilometers.
1. Pre-Islamic Names
2. Post-Islamic Conversion Names
3. Post-Liberation Names
After the Uyghurs had accepted Islam, the Muslim religion influenced
Uyghur names. Starting then, Arabic and Persian words used as Uyghur
names began increasing. For example, Abdulla (servant of Allah),
Habibulla (friend of God), Saipulla (dagger of Allah), Mutiulla (obedient
slave of Allah), Rahkmitulla (grace of God), and other similar names.
To express their devotion to Allah, his prophets, his angels, his disciples,
and (the Ancient) mothers, Muslim Uyghurs began calling themselves with
their names.
1. The names that express the qualities of Allah are seen relatively often.
For example, Halik (creator of man), Kadir (the strongest), Gopur (mercy).
After the 1950s, there was one more change in Uyghur names: Uyghurs
began naming their children after the enjoyable heroes from works of
Turkish, Indian, and Pakistani literature and film that had come to the
Uyghur region.
Now, there is also a lot of debate about another point, namely the adoption
of surnames. In the past, the Uyghurs had been influenced into adopting
Arabic and Persian surnames, but at the beginning of the twentieth century,
the custom of using a Russian-style surname - something that existed
among the people of Central Asia - appeared among the Uyghurs. This
custom continued until the 1960s. For example, in choosing the surname of
a boy, the custom was to take the name of the father or grandfather, have
the Russian suffix "ev" or "ov" added to it, or the suffix "eva" or "ova"
added in the case of a female. For instance, the male names: Abdukerim
Abbas-OV, Seydulla Seypullay-EV, and others. Female names: Mahinur
Qasim-OVA, Patigul Sayfula-EVA. After Sino-Soviet relations broke off,
these customs were done away with. Uyghurs were then referred to only by
their own name and that of their father. As a result, Uyghurs turned into a
"surname-less" nationality. Currently, Uyghur intellectuals understand the
need to use a surname, and they have put forward various viewpoints on the
matter.
Some scholars have even suggested that making a family name should be
based upon the widely popular customs of using nicknames, and then
determining which clan someone belongs to through that nickname have
become widely popular because there is a custom of making such
nicknames a surname in Turkey. But, there is still no one (united)
conclusion, and the government has not put out any decision on this point.
Throughout history, there were two main roads that went to India from
Xinjiang both of which passed through the Karakoram Mountains.
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From Kagilik, the second caravan road crosses the Pamirs via the Mingteke
Pass, reaching the Gilgit region of Indian Kashmir which is presently under
the control of Pakistan.
The south-westbound road goes to Tikanlik and, from there, turns to the
west, crossing through the Kunjirap slopes into Kashmir territory,
continuing along the eastern branch of the Hunza river.
Because the border between Xinjiang and Russia is so long, there were
many roads going to Russia. There were six fundamental roads among
them. Three were south ofTengritagh and three were north of it.
The frrst is the road that goes west to the Russian city Osh from Kashgar
through Erkeshtam, crossing the Terak Pass of the Tengritagh Mountains.
The second is the road that goes into Russia through Turghat from Kashgar.
The third is the road that goes across the Badal slopes from Uchturfan to
the Naryn and Issyk-Kul region (in Russia territory).
The first is the road that goes west to Almata from Khorgas.
The second is the road that passes into Russian territory and then on to
Shemey (Semipalatinski) to the northwest through the Baktu Pass. The
third is the road that goes to the west to Zaisan in Russian territory from
Jeminay.
The five nationalities that speak Turkic languages, including the Uyghur,
follow below.
The Uyghurs
Uyghurs are the principle and indigenous nationality in the Uyghur Region.
They have lived in this place since ancient times, establishing several
independent states and playing leading roles in the politics, social-
economics, and culture (of the region). According to Chinese official
population statistics from 2004, the number of Uyghurs was more than 8
million 970 thousand, comprising 45.73% of the total population of the
region. But, according to the Uyghurs' own estimates, the number of
Uyghurs is much more than is accounted for in the Chinese government
report. In fact, in 1949, the Uyghurs made up more than 75% of the
population of the Uyghur region. As the Chinese comprised just 5% of the
all population at the time, they were a minority.
Kazakhs
The Turkic Kazakh people are one of the nationalities in the Uyghur region
who are present in large numbers. Their population is around 1 million, 338
thousand. Kazakhs mainly spread througout the IIi Kazakh Autonomous
Prefecture, the Barko! Kazak Autonomous County, and other such places.
They generally live in the Jungarian Basin and IIi Valley located between
the Tengri Mountain and Altai Mountain, and subsist by ranching. Most
Kazaks live in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Kyrghyzs
Kyrghyzs are a Turkic-speaking people. They lived mainly in the south of
the Uyghur region in the ranching areas of the Qizil Su Kyrghyz
Autonomous Prefecture and the Kashgar and Aqsu districts. Their
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Uzbeks
Uzbeks are one of the Turkic peoples. In 1949 they numbered more than
13,130. In 1950s and 1960s, most of the Uzbek people went to the Soviet
Union. The Uzbeks live mainly in Urumqi, Chochek, Ghulja, and Qaghiliq
cities, and other villages. Their religious beliefs, manners and customs,
foods, clothing, and daily lives (and so on) are basically thesame as that of
the Uyghurs. Now, population number ofUzbeks more than 14,000.
Tatars
The Tatars are a Turkic-speaking people, the majority of which live in the
vicinity of the Volga-Ural River in the Russian Federation, in Siberia, and
in Central Asia. The Tatars who came to the Uyghur region in the
Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries made critical contributions to the
business-economic and cultural-educational efforts of the region. Their
population numbers more than 4,700 and they have spread mainly to
Urumqi, Ghulja, Chochek, and other cities.
Han Chinese
The Han population in the Uyghur region is counted as an ethnic minority
because, in comparison to the number of Chinese now in the region, the
Uyghurs have 1 million, 100 thousand more people.
According to official statistics from 1949, their population was around 200
thousand, comprising 5% of the population in the region. At that time, in
many parts of the Uyghur region, there were no Hans at all. According to
current, official statistical reports, their population is now more than 7
million, 800 thousand.
Huis
The Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and other Turkic peoples customarily refer to them
as "Tunggan." According to Hui scholars, the Hui appears as a result of a
mixing of the Arab, Persian, and Turkic peoples with the Chinese. The Hui
people have been coming to the Uyghur region since the eitgheenth century.
Now, their Uygur region population is more than 870 thousand.
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Mongolians
The Mongolian are a nationality that believes in Lamaism. Their population
is more than 169,960. Their language belongs to the Mongolian language
family of the Altay system. The Mongols live in the Bortala Mongol
Autonomous Prefecture, the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture,
and other areas of the Uyghur Region.
TheDaurs
The Daur language belongs to the Mongol language family of the Altay
language system. The Daur live in the Tarbaghatay district of the northern
Uyghur region. Their population is more than 6,700. They were sent to the
Tarbaghatay in the eighteenth century by the Qing emperor to protect the
border.
TheXibes
Much like the Daur people, the Xibe ethnic minority carne to IIi Oasis from
Manchuria in the eighteenth century under the order of the Qing emperor to
protect the border where they made their home (they settled there). Their
language belongs to the Altaic language system. Most of the Xibes live in
the Chapchal Xibe Autonomous County. Their population is more than
40,000.
Manchus
The people who carne to the Uyghur region in the eighteenth century
during the period of the Qing dynasty occupation were of the Manchu
nationality. Their language belongs to the Tungusic branch of the Altaic
language system. Today they have lost their own language and generally
speak (use) Chinese. The Manchu population in the Uyghur region is more
than 24,100.
There are two nationalities that belong to the Indo-European system, and
these are below:
Russians
Russians are counted as an ethnic minority in China. In the last part of the
eighteenth century, some Russian tribesman entered Chochek from Russia
to do business and settle down. At the end of the nineteenth century and
during the Russian Civil War, some other Russians came to Chochek and
Ghulja and settled. After 1949, the Chinese government established their
official name as the Russian nationality. Russian generally live in Ghulja,
Chochek, the Altay, and Urumqi. Their population is more than II ,300.
Tajiks
The Tajiks' language belongs to the Iranian family of the Indo-European
language system, and they are Islamic (believe in the Islamic religion).
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Immediately after the formation of the Republic, its political plan (program)
was announced. Its main contents: to provide total independence to the
entire territory of East-Turkistan from Chinese aggressors; to declare
equality of all nationalities; to establish friendly ties (relations) with foreign
countries, with the Soviet Union and even (to establish) good relations with
the Chinese government; to restore and further develop the financial and
economic system; to provide financially for the motherland; to develop
cultural and educational work; to develop a trade industry; to improve the
daily lives of the people; to protect the religions of every nationality, and so
on.
This first political declaration of the Republic couldn't reflect all aspects of
the spheres of the Republic, but it was capable of indicating the
circumstantial demands and the direction (of the government) during this
initial period. Of course, at this early stage, there was no possibility of all
(governmental) spheres flourishing.
From here (from this point), the first item(s) on the agenda appeared to be
the goal of centralizing all capabilities, clearing the Ili District of its
enemies (as well as) the equal liberation (to give equal freedom to) of the
Tarbagatay and Altay districts, and, using these three districts as a base, to
free the whole of East Turkistan (namely Kashgaria and Jungaria).
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Among the Uyghurs, of all the local meshrep, the Ottuz Oghul Meshripi is
seen as specially formed because of such characteristics as its breadth, the
richness of its content, and the perfection of its organization. The "Thirty -
Boy Meshrep" is the name of a local IIi-region Uyghur Meshrep in which
participation is limited to men. The organizational structure of the Thirty -
Boy Meshrep consists of such positions as the Judge, the Head of Boys, the
Host, and the Guard, each of whom has his own responsibility. The number
of participants in the Thirty Boy Meshrep is not limited, but the number of
participants for one meshrep (typically) does not exceed 30-40 people.
For starters, the father of any boy who wants to participate in the meshrep
brings his son to the meshrep site. The Guard informs the Judge and the
Head of Boys of the news. After they give their permission, the father of
the boy makes an appeal in front of the members of the meshrep to make
his son a member. The Head of Boys explains in detail the rules of joining
the meshrep to the new member.
The Thirty-Boy Meshrep, like many other local meshrep, is divided into
four sections: singing, music and dancing, joking and boasting, and
meshrep games and punishments. The contents of each stage are broad and
varied and are filled with artistry. The meshrep usually starts after the fall
harvest and continues until the spring planting.
Of the many traditional Uyghur holidays, the Qurban festival, the Roza
festival, and the Noruz celebration are the ones we will now discuss
specifically.
The Qurban festival the largest holiday of the Islamic calendar and is
celebrated once each year and customarily lasts three days. Qurban festival
is held on the lOth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, namely, seventy days after
Ramadan. The feast is connected to a Muslim's commitment, obedience,
and self-sacrifice to God. This festival has come out of commemorating the
willingness of the Prophet Abraham (s.a.s.) to sacrifice everything for God,
including the life of his son Ishmael. God sent the Prophet Abraham (s.a.s.)
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to perform the sacrifice, but, then, so that his son Ishmael would not be the
one killed, put a Iamb in his place. Muslims also go on a trip to Mecca to
perform the Ha.ii during the Qurban festival. On the first day of festival ,
families who are able slaughter a sheep in recognition of the holiday. The
meat from the sacrifice is then laid on a table with different kinds of sweet
foods and fruits.
Like the Qurban festival, the yearly Roza festival is also a large celebration
before which Muslims fast for thirty days. After the fast has ended,
Muslims celebrate. The festival is a day of commemoration for (the end of)
the thirty days of obligatory fasting.
With the conclusion of the fasting, businessmen, people who have lots of
money, and those in good fmancial situations, make donations to poor
people. During the Qurban and Roza festivals, Uyghurs visit each other' s
homes and congratulate one another.
Besides these two holidays, the Noruz festival is also popular among the
Uyghurs and is held every year on March 21. The Noruz festival is a
traditional festival of the people in central Eurasia who speak Turkic and
Iranian languages. In the Iranian languages, Noruz means "new day."
Noruz is in fact a new year's celebration. Uyghurs have continued to
celebrate Noruz for many centuries, not as a religious festival, but as a
traditional national holiday. The Iranian-speaking people of Central Eurasia
and Turkic-speaking people such as the Uzbeks, the Kazakh, the Kyrgyz,
the Turkmen, and others all hold Noruz celebrations, but the celebrations of
each group have some specific national characteristics of their own. As
such, the Uygburs also have some of their own customs for celebrating
Noruz.
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washed and filled with clean spring water, and the house, the yard, and the
threshing mill are swept, among other activities.
4.) Visiting
Until noon on Noruz Day, visiting activities are carried out. Children who
have left the homes of their parents come to visit. Graves are visited,
cleaned, straightened up, and then prayers are read for the dead person in
question. Elderly people who have no families, orphans, and handicapped
people are also visited.
Usually, special foods, including creams, yogurts, and other dairy products
and meat dishes prepared with various green vegetables and grains -- wheat
in particular -- are prepared and eaten.
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As pioneering Uyghur cultural researcher !min Tursun said, there are many
specific Noruz customs that have been preserved to this day and many
Noruz poems created among the Uyghurs have spread.
In these poems, the Uyghurs' love of their country and the natural world
and the notions of friendship, thoughtfulness, and humanity are among the
ideas expressed.
Wind Instruments
Wind instruments are the instruments played through the puffing of the
mouth, whose sound - the loudness or softness of which - is controlled by
the flow of air from our throats and the shape of our mouth. Examples of
basic wind instruments include the Nay, the Bariban, the Burgha, the
Surnay, and the Kanay.
Stringed Instruments
The stringed musical instruments are the type that produce sound by the
rubbing a bow made from the tail hair of horses and other such animals
along a string. Basic examples of stringed instruments include the Satar, the
Ghijak, the Komul Ghijak, and the Khushtar.
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Plucked Instruments
Musical instruments that use a nahun, a Zahmak, or a finger in order to
pluck strings to produce sound are called plucked musical instruments.
Basic examples of such instruments include the Barbab, the Rawab (the
Kashgar Rawab, the Dolan Rawab, the Chap lima Rawab ), the Tambur, the
Dutar, the Kalun, and the Chang.
Percussion Instruments
Percussion musical instruments are stringless and are played by the beating
of hands or (hitting with) tubular sticks. These musical instruments
determine the rhythm of the music. They also place a lively and influential
mood upon the music. The main percussion instruments are the Tabilvaz,
the Naghra, the Dap, the Sapayi, the Qoshuq, the Tash, and so on.
Our elders have some words of wisdom: to learn to cross the mountain pass,
go in the dark of night. Right now, this spirit is in short supply. We
absolutely need to do everything with such an attitude. People should
always have the attitude that they are creating something new. For this,
courage and drive, along with a spirit of adventure, are necessary.
We all know the parable of the foal crossing the river. In the story, the foal
is crossing the river while carrying a bag of wheat on his back. At that very
moment he meets a squirrel who tells him of the river's depth. He begins to
vacillate as to whether he should dare to cross the river. Then, he meets a
cow who tells him of the river's shallowness. The foal is then all the more
unsure of what he should do. He goes to his mother's side to ask her help,
and she answers, "Try to cross the river yourself, then you will know of its
shallowness or depth." So, he returns, and finally crossed the river
victoriously.
Today, many think like the foal from this parable while doing something,
thinking about questions such as, Could I be harmed? And How will this be?
and, while vacillating between these thoughts, decide to refuse to do it. In
my opinion, had they a spirit of adventure, they would not think about
receiving benefit or harm, but just do it: should they succeed, they would
be boundlessly joyful; should they be harmed, they would gain extremely
helpful experience.
Our own countryman the " Sky King" Adil Hoshur, the "Sand Princess"
Gulzohra, the " Son of the Taklamakan" Jiiret Obulqasim and others
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According to reports, this year the rise in the prices of chemical fertilizers
in the Uyghur region has been relatively high. The price of the chemical
fertilizer most used by farmers in the Uyghur region, which is sent in from
America, has increased harmfully. The price of phosphorous-derived
fertilizer produced domestically (in China) increased from 600 yuan to 740
yuan per ton. The price of nitrogen-derived fertilizer produced in the
Uyghur region increased by roughly ten percent. The Uyghur Autonomous
Region Farm Tool Production Group Company, which, with regard to the
chemical fertilizer business, controls 90 percent of the Uyghur Region
market, is trying to stop the chemical fertilizer price increases to lighten the
burden of the farmer.
Reports indicate that before the increase in the price of chemical fertilizers,
the number of sources from which materials could be gathered was
expanded and sufficient reserves were amassed.
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Every day from June though the end of August, more than ten thousand
visitors come to this place for treatment for such chronic diseases as
rheumatism, joint inflammation, back and, leg pain, throat inflammation,
women's afflictions, and other illnesses of a chronic or recurrent character.
The treatment is more than 92% effective. The sand treatment attracts the
interest not only of local people, but also of foreigners because of its lack
of side effects, its low cost, and its fast results. For the last several years,
patients from Russia, America, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia,
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and other countries have been coming for
treatment.
Now, the number of people coming for treatment from the inner provinces
of China, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan is increasing.
If we examine our history, we see that the concept of a trademark was first
formed among the Uyghur people long ago. For instance- Hotan carpets,
silk and nuts, Kashgar pomegranates, Komul melons, Kucha wool and
apricots, Turpan grapes, Ghulja apples, Atush figs - the renown of many
products has seeped their way into the very minds of our people.
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Coca-Cola was first one the list, with a value of 689.5 billion dollars.
Microsoft Corporation, with a value of 650.7 billion, was number two. Of
all these trademarks, 62 are American.
Mahmud Kashgari family cemetery is located behind it. On the east side,
there is a lush forest, a clear-water spring, and a landscape that is said to be
extremely beautiful. Since the time of the Karakhan Dynasty, this area has
been a place of rest and relaxation.
Mahmud Kashgari came into the world in approximately 1008 A.D. in the
village of Azigh in the town of Opal, which was governed by Kashgar. He
was a famous linguist and historian of the Karakhan era. He was involved
with knowledge and education for all of his life.
In 1058 A.D. during the Karakhan dynasty, there was an internal coup in
which his father Hussein was killed, after which Mahmud Kashqari was
forced from his homeland, and forced to live the life of a vagabond in outer
lands for more than 14 years.
It is said that towards the end of his life, around 1080 A.D., Mahmud
Kashgari left his Baghdad borne and returned to Opal where be taught for
several years at the local medrese. In 1105 A.D., the 97-year-old died.
The architecture of Uygbur homes can be divided into the courtyard and the
house. There are many styles, each with rich ethnic and cultural
characteristics. In additionto its own particular characteristics, Uyghur
architecture was also influenced by the styles of surrounding nationalities.
Before their practice of Islam, Uygbur architecture was influenced to a
certain extent by Indian architecture, which they had contact with during
the Buddhist period, something proven by the presence of the Buddhist
caves in Turpan and Kuchar and likewise by ancient city ruins. After the
Uygburs converted to Islam, Arabic and Persian styles of architecture
began influencing their building styles. For the most part, this influence
appears in the form of mosques, religious schools, tombs, and minarets, as
well as in palaces, mansions, the pillars of buildings, and in colorful and
ornate decorations. This also had a marked influence on the homes of the
normal population.
Most homes are four-sided and single-story. The roofs are smooth. Floral
patterns are carved into the main support, windows and doors. The top edge
of the wall has a design made with bricks.
Uygburs like making grape trellises for their courtyards, as well as planting
fruit-bearing trees and plants. The reason for this is, first of all, tied to their
addiction to flowers and love for greenery, and, secondly, because of their
lifestyle and the geographic area and environment in which they live - the
majority of them are farmers and horticulturalists. Further, because the
climate in which they live is hot during the summer, most Uygburs put
grape trellises in their courtyards and then enjoy resting and eating food
underneath them.
Inside the home, shelves are made in the walls and food, dishes and tools
for the making of handicrafts are placed upon them. Tapestries bang on the
wall and rugs are placed upon the floor. The rooms are decorated according
to ethnic characteristics and arranged stylishly.
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The homes of Uyghurs in the south of the Tarim Basin have their own
specific characteristics. The roofs of the houses are straight and flat. Their
foundations are packed with stone. Clay bricks are then laid on top of them,
or the entire building will be framed with wood after which bricks will be
stacked between the studs. The large amount of wood in such homes makes
them very sturdy, providing an excellent defensive measures, from
earthquakes.
In the Turpan area, most houses are made with domed roofs. The top of
Kemir houses are covered with half-circle shapes formed (bent into shape)
in raw clay. With the exception of the doors and windows, no wood is used.
Kemir homes are warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
Older Uyghur homes did not have heating and cooling systems. But,
instances of cooling and heating being installed in modem homes are
becoming more numerous. This is mostly dependent on (tied to) a person's
economic status. But, some traditional Uyghur homes have brick fireplaces
and wood burning stoves and are thus heated in the winter. However,
starting in the middle of the twentieth century, cast iron and metal stoves
appeared. So, in the winter, those who were able to put these stoves in their
homes, warmed their homes with coal or firewood. This has become very
popular.
The homes of Uyghurs usually have many rooms, one of which is used
especially for cooking. This room is called the ashkhana. During the winter,
food is made there. But, food isn't made here during the summer, but is
instead prepared in a kitchen that is set up in the courtyard.
themselves so their country and their people can walk the path and reach
intellectual perfection. Yet, only a person with an education, a true patriot
and enthusiastic educationalist, can love his motherland with everything in
him. A person can only be capable of telling the difference between his
own personal needs and those of his country through his level of education.
The true meaning of maarip, meripet, and other such Arabic-language
terms expresses the concept of filling the hearts of one's children with the
light of knowledge. It is the schools and the teachers who are the lighters of
these torches. So, a child whose heart has been opened by education can
understand that his destiny is closely connected with the destiny of his
motherland, and, that if he receives one share of benefit from his
motherland, he is obligated to return this share hundredfold in size.
Yet, the level of an educated society is visible not in whether or not they
have achieved great appearance or poise, but rather in whether or not they
are intellectually fulfilled and whether or not they have moral virtue. Such
levels can only be achieved through education and a struggle for
enlightenment. Educationalists are the people who lead the way towards
fulfilling this great responsibility.
The second of these movements for enlightenment was in the 30s of this
(20th) century. Qutluq Shewqi, Memet Eli Tewpiq, Abduxaliq Uyghur,
Jirjis Haji, Memtimin Sopizade, and others were representative of this wave.
The educational system of the Uyghur region is unified with that of China
and uses a nine-year compulsory system. As such, all school-age children
must receive nine years of education. Elementary and mssiddle school are
each six years long. Middle school is divided into two three-year parts - an
"incomplete middle school" and a "complete middle school." "High
vocational" or (associate degree-offering, "community") colleges last for
three years, and universities for four. All schools are government -owned.
In the Uyghur region, the traditional age for entering elementary school is
seven, before which they are educated in kindergarten and preparatory
classes. However, this is not an entirely common situation. In many regions,
including agricultural regions densely populated with Uyghurs where
kindergartens are either absent or present only in small numbers, most
children go directly to elementary school at the requisite age. In the Uyghur
region, as in the rest of China, the nine years of education are given free of
charge. However, in spite of this, the schools in each area still charge
various service fees on their own. Most schools also charge materials fees.
Complete middle schools are all fee-based. These fees are all different and
based upon the quality of the school concerned. Universities are fee-based,
and the tuition changes every year. While scholarships have been
established at universities, because the money is limited, most students
cannot get them. Even more recently, some banks have put systems in place
to provide student loans.
Xinjiang University was founded eighty years ago and was in fact the sole
university in the Uyghur region. Until 2002, courses at this school could be
conducted in both Uyghur and Chinese. Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and
other minorities heard lectures in Uyghur while Chinese students took
lectures in Chinese. But, since 2002, with the elimination of Uyghur
language instruction, all Uyghur teachers give their classes in Chinese.
The number of people studying abroad at their own expense has risen
continuously, but the number of Uyghurs compared to the number of
Chinese is significantly lower. As a result of the current circumstances,
Uyghurs are contacting western culture, trying to understand it, and getting
excited about it, and, as such, there is a large trend for young Uyghurs to go
to America to study, where they get an American education and take on
American cultural values.
Since the mid-nineties, scholars who have earned doctoral degrees have
begun appearing among the Uyghurs in the Uyghur region. Most earned
their doctorates studying at universities and research centers in the United
States, Russia, Japan, Turkey, China, and some European countries.
169
Translations
However, Uyghur doctors appeared in the Soviet Union in the thirties and
forties, and, according to some records, there are now more than five
hundred doctors from every branch of science among the Uyghurs in
Russia and the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia. Many of them are
counted as the leading scholars in the noted universities and scientific
research centers of Russia and the other republics.
This writing system was used by our ancestors continuously from the fifth
through the eighteenth centuries for 1,300 years. From the fifth through the
eleventh centuries, the Uyghur writing system was used in equal amounts
with the Ancient Turkic writing sistem. Mahkmud Kashgari wrote about
this point in his book Divanu Lughati Turk. In it, it is said that besides the
Uyghur's 24-letter alphabet, another (type of) writing was used for official
letters and documents that other Turkic tribes did not know. Historian S.G.
Klayshtorniy suggests (surmises, hypothesizes) that this later writing is
probably an Ancient Turkic one (writing). This is because the latest
complete monuments found at Turpan, and the first legal documents found
in this city of ancient culture (Turpan) and Donghuang, were written in the
ancient Turkic writing. This work of M. Kashkariy is one the last examples
that used this now-defunct Turkic writing system. So, our ancestors used
both the Uyghur and the ancient Turkic writing sistems equally for five to
six centuries.
Uyghur writing is small regard to the number of letters and simple to use
with regard to writing. It therefore took the place of the ancient Turkic
alphabet by the eleventh century. The number of monuments with Uyghur
writing found in Turpan and the surrounding vicinity is very large. But,
there are 14,000 monuments with Uyghur language (inscriptions) and
Uyghur writing kept in Berlin and Saint Petersburg. In addition to these
cities, thousands of monuments created by our ancestors are kept safe in
London, Urumqi, Tokyo, Paris, Istanbul, and Beijing.
In the first quarter of the thirteenth century after Chingis Khan had
accepted the Uyghur alphabet as the official writing of the Mongol empire,
Uyghur writing spread to all places which had either been conquered by
Chingis Khan or with which he had established ties.
170
Translations
Nearly all demands for writing (writing related work) of this great state
were brought into reality (filled) by the Uyghurs. Besides being the
teachers of Chingis Khan's descendants and carrying out the affairs of state,
the Uyghurs also spread the Buddhist faith. They translated numerous
Buddhist texts from Uyghur to Mongolian. In the process, hundreds of
Uyghur words were incorporated into the Mongolian language. According
to some sources, based upon the Mongols' belief that Uyghur was to be the
language of the Buddhist religion Gust as the Arabic language is the
language of Islam), Mongols prayed to Buddha in Uyghur.
Throughout history, the Uyghurs have calJed their (own) country various
names such as East Turkistan, Uyghurstan, and Uyghur Eli (Uyghur Land).
The Chinese name "Xinjiang" first appeared at the end ofthe 19th century
and means ''new border" or "new territory." The name Xinjiang Uyghur
Autonomous Region has been used since 1955.
Since ancient times, the Uyghurs have formed and developed in this land,
and their destiny is connected to this place. The characteristics of the
Uyghur Region terrain are special: mountain chains and basins are arranged
side by side; high mountains surround basins. Therefore, this land is
described as "three valleys and two basins."
171
Translations
The Altay Moutains are located to the north and, the Kunlun Mountain
System is located to the south. The Tengritagh (Mountains) are located in
the center and divide the Uyghur region into northern and southern parts.
The Tarim Basin is in the south, and the Jungar Basin is in the north. The
Tarim basin is the largest in the world. It's territory is more than 530,000
square kilometers and it is located among the Tianshan (Tengritagh) and
Kunlun Mountains.
Ayding Kol, which is located in the Turpan Basin, is the (region's) lowest
point -154 meters, the second lowest place in the world.
In the Uyghur land there are many rivers - both large and small - and there
are 570 of them. The Tarim River is the longest inland river with a length
of more than 2,100 kilometers.
The climate of the Uyghur Region is dry. There is little precipitation, with
an (yearly) average of about 100 millimeters. The rivers of the ''Uyghur
Land" are all inland continental flows. Most rivers extend (spread) into
deserts or agricultural regions. Only a few collect in basins, where they
form lakes. Uyghur Land has many Jakes. Among the these biggest are
Baghrash Lake, Ebinur Lake, Sayram Lake, and others. Lake Lopnur was
one of the largest lakes, but has now dried up.
The Uyghur Region· s underground resources are very rich; oil, coal and
others are abundant. Besides these, tungsten, gold, copper, and others are in
rich supply. Uyghurs love and value their broad, holy land and see it as
their mother country.
According to reports from Kazakh and Chinese news agencies, it has been
decided that work on the oil pipeline that is to connect the Kazakh city of
Atasu and the Uyghur Autonomous Region city of Alataw will begin this
year and will be completed at the end of2005.
172
Translations
welcomes other countries to conduct trade with them and send oil to China
through this pipeline.
To build the pipeline, China and Kazakhstan conducted research and did
preparatory work - work that included addressing issues of security - on
numerous occasions. The Atasu-Alataw pipeline is nearly 1,000 kilometers
and will be a critical component of a larger pipeline from the west of
Kazakhstan to the west of the China.
The oil pipeline agreement between China and Kazakhstan was signed
when Kazakhstan president Nursultan Nazarbayev visited Beijing in May
2004.
literature and high respect among the Uyghurs. The first is the renowned
writer, poet, and scholar Abdureyim Otkur who passed away in 1995. The
other was nationalist Abduxaliq Uyghur who was killed by warlords.
Abdureyim Otkur was one of the people who played a critical role in 20th
century Uyghur culture. He was born in 1923 in Qumul and graduated from
the Xinjiang Inistitute in Urumchi in 1942. Mister Otkur first released his
poems in 1940. The poems "Along Tarim River" and ''Melodies of the
Heart" received the high acclaim of society. The author' s novels The Trace
and The Awaked Land, which were published in the 1980s and 1990s,
became some of the most popular novels of Uyghur literature. He was not
only a poet and writer, but also a Uyghur historian and researcher of
classical literature.
Abduxaliq is another Uyghur poet. His used the pen name "Uyghur" and
was born in Turpan in 1901. As a youth, he read works of classical Uyghur
literature and learned Arabic and Persian in a religious school. He also
knew Russian, Chinese, and, of course, other Turkic languages.
Abduxaliq wrote many poems such as ''Wake Up" "Open Up," and others.
Wake Up Uyghur
By Abduxaliq Uyghur
Get up, I said! Raise your head and open your eyes.
Cut off your enemy' s head. Spill his blood!
If you don' t open your eyes and have a good look around,
You will die in your sleep one day. There is no other way.
174
Translations
Turfan, 1921
Trace
By Abdureyim Otkur
Sabit Damolla was born in Atush in 1883. He received his education in the
former Soviet Union, some European countries, Turkey, Egypt, India, and
other countries and made scholarly trips abroad.
After the demise of the republic, as a result of the interference by the Soviet
Union, Sabit Damolla was thrown into prison by Sheng Shicai and killed at
the end of 1941. As a famous religious scholar, he wrote many articles and
books and translated the Qur'an into Uyghur.
He lead the Qurnul Uprising in 1931 and was very quickly recognized as
the leader of the struggle for national liberation in the entire Uyghur region.
On account of the interference and mediation brought by the Soviet Union,
he put together an agreement with the Moscow-controlled Sheng Shicai
that stopped the fighting, and he became vice-chairman of the provincial
government. But, in October of 1937, Sheng Shicai suddenly discarded the
agreement and, with the support of the Soviet Union, arrested, purged, and
killed Khoja Niyaz Hajim and many other famous people, intellectuals,
businessmen, and industrialists.
Rotan Uprising, founded the Rotan government and was given the name
''the Emir of Rotan."
The activites of Muhemmed Imin Bughra were twofold: the first was a
struggle fought with arms, the second was a struggle fought with a pen. He
wrote a thick-volumed book called The History of East Turkestan that was
the first such book among the Uyghurs. Muhemrned Imin Bughra's The
Struggle of the Pen, The History of East Turkestan, Geography and
Current Situation, East Turkestan and its Fight for Freedom and many
other books, articles, and works of literature were published in Uyghur,
Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Turkish, English, and other languages.
Mesud Sabiri
Doctor Mesud Sabiri Bayqozi was one of the founders of the Uyghur
Educationalist Movement and one of the leaders pressing for Uyghur
political claims.
Doctor Mesud Sabiri Bayqozi was born in Ghuja in 1887 and was the first
man among the Uyghurs to go to Turkey to study medicine. In 1947 he
became the first Uyghur chairman of the provincial government in Urumqi.
177
Translations
During this time, along with his compatriots Muhemmed Irnin Bughra,
Eysa Yiisup Aliptekin, and others, he invited the government of Chiang Kai
Shek to change the name of Xinjiang to Turkestan on several occasions and
made an appeal to change the Chinese constitution to give high autonomy
to this region.
Exmetjan Qasimi
Exmetjan Qasimi was the leader of the National Liberation Revolution
from 1944 until 1949. He was born in 1914, and, as a young man, received
his primary and secondary education in the Soviet Union. He then purused
university study at the Central Asian State University in Tashkent and the
Moscow Eastern Languages Institute. He became the deputy secretary of
the government and the minister of the Ministry ofMilitary of the East
Turkistan Republic which established in Ghulja, On Novenmber 12, 1944.
From 1946 on, Exmetjan Qasimi was the leader of the National Liberation
Revolution.
To this day, Uyghurs are suspicious about the plane crash that killed him in
August of 1949 while he was on the path towards making the Uyghur
people's dream of freedom a reality.
Turghun Almas
Turghun Almas was a well-known Uyghur historian and poet. He was born
in Kashgar in 1921. Beginning in the 1980s, Turghun Almas conducted
Uyghur historical research, writing numerous articles and publishing books
such as The Uyghurs and A BriefHistory of the Huns.
The basic tenets of Turghun Almas' historical research demonstrate that the
Uyghurs are the most ancient Asian culture, that they established many
independent states, and that they never belonged to China. After his books
were harshly criticized and banned by the Chinese government, his
influence among Uyghurs and in the international community suddenly
increased. His book The Uyghurs was translated into several languages and
then republished.
Lutfulla Mutellip
Lutfulla Mutellip was a talented revolutionary poet. He is one of the
representatives of modem Uyghur literature. He was given the name "the
poet with the fiery heart" by his people, not only because he was a talented
poet, but also because he was a steadfast revolutionary.
178
Translations
Lutfulla Mutellip produced literature for only eight years, but he still
produced a wealth of results. He wrote many poems, epic tales, dramatic
works, and other pieces of literature. There is not a single Uyghur who does
not know his poems. His poems such as Answers for the Years and
Thoughtful Dream are especially famous.
Rabiye Qadir
The Uyghurs produced Rabiye Kadeer, a famous public and political figure,
and human rights activist well-known to the international community.
Rabiye Qadir has obtained huge success in business. She has carried out
various activities including providing help to the poor and to citizens in
regions that have met with disaster, obtaining work for Uyghur women,
opening schools, and educating young people.
In August of 1999, she was arrested and given an eight -year prison
sentence. Her activities have been recognized by the international
community and by international humans rights organizations.
Rabiye Kadeer was released from jail on March 17, 2005 and arrived in
America and continues her activities protecting human rights.
AdilHoshur
The Uyghurs have produced a famous acrobat. He is an acrobat famous not
only among the Uyghurs, but also throughout China. Adil Hoshur was
deemed worthy of the name "the King of the Sky."
He set a world record for the first time in 1997 when he walked across a
640 meter long steel cable 403 meters high stretched across China's Sanxia
Strait on the Changjiang River. Immediately after, he also crossed several
other high places.
179
Translations
First of all, the educationalist movement was based upon the new-school
style of teaching. In nearly all the new-style schools that appeared at the
beginning of the twentieth century, the people who taught were Tatar
intellectuals from Kazan who held Jedidistic ideologies and young Uyghur
people, such as Mesud Sabiri, Tursun Ependi, and Memtili Tewpiq, who
studied in Istanbul and in other locations and had the goal of turning their
people's lack of development around, providing their people with an
education and finding a future for them. Besides them, pro-development,
anti-superstitious scholars such as Islamic scholar Abdukadir Damolla and
the politically-opinionated Khutluk Shewkhi carried out various
propaganda campaigns. Representatives of the progressive Uyghur
bourgeoisie such as the Musabayov brothers, Tash Ahun, and Mexsut
Muhiti built the material foundation of this movement and supported it. By
benefiting from the new school approach, finding out about world
happenings and comparing their own people to other free people, they
trained their spirits to struggle and learned to think about their own futures
and their own current circumstances. They structured their lessons
according to the European style of teaching, preparing and printing their
own teaching materials. Their goal was to nurture their people' s spirit of
nationalism and, ultimately, though education, to get political rights for the
Uyghurs. The given Educationalist Movement played a significant role in
the formation and development ofUyghur Nationalism.
Second, after the First World War, there were political, social and cultural
changes in neighboring Central Asia. Obviously, monarchy had ended in
Russia. Seeing this as their opportunity to become free of the Russian
monarchy and to be independent, Central Asian people participated actively
in political and social movements. Using this opportunity, political parties
formed in Central Asia. These parties advocated separating from Russia
and forming an independent state of the Turkic people.
In the twenties and thirties [of the 20th century], Central Asian Uyghur
intellectuals and writers in particular, wrote many literary works on the
topic of Uyghurstan. Political and cultural figures such as Abdulla
Rozibaqiyev, Ismail Tahirov, Abdulhey Muhemmidi, and others
strengthened the Uyghurstan Movement and were developers of the
Uyghur nationalistic ideology.
During the time of the East Turkestan Republic from 1944-1949, Uyghur
nationalism continued to develop. At the end of the twentieth century and
today, it has reached its peak.
During the final stages of the Soviet Union from 1990 until 1996, I was in
Moscow, living the life of a research student. During this period I saw with
my own eyes how the flag of Communism - which threatened the world for
seventy years - was lowered from the Kremlin without a single shot being
fired and how this gloomy and tyrannical empire which divided humanity
into two political camps was erased from the pages of history. I knew how
these people, who had been denied their democratic rights for such a long
time, had struggled for a new life. For me, these days are unforgettable.
181
Translations
The six years of my life in this empire are the theme of a book I wrote
called "Moscow Thoughts. " What follows is just one ofpart of it.
Today, there may not be a single town in Central Asia, the Far East, or even
in Europe in which the Uyghurs have not stepped. Central Asia has
provided Uyghur businessmen with especially favorable circumstances
because they are neither shy nor hesitant while working there. These
favorable circumstances are:
First of all, with regard to religion, all the people of Central Asia adhere to
the Sunni sect of the Muslim faith.
Second of all, with regard to ethnicity, the Uyghurs have common origins
and ancestry with the Kazakhs, the Kyrgyzs, the Uzbeks, the Turkmen, the
Karakalpaks, and the other nationalities of Central Asia and a more or Jess
common temperament, daily life, set of customs and anthropological make-
up, as well as common aesthetic and philosophical views, values, and
business psychology. The differences between the Uyghurs and their
brotherly peoples began to appear and increase mainly in the twenties of
the twentieth century. From the end of the fifties through the middle of the
eighties, due to the cutting of ties, these differences became more
pronounced. Extremely different characteristics formed among the people
who lived in these two different national systems and cultural circles. In
spite of this, and due to their having so much common ground, these
differences have not had much impact and the common ties have not
vanished entirely.
Third, regarding language, the tongues of the Turkic people of Central Asia
belong to the Turkic family of the Altaic system, and, if the slight lexical,
phonetic, and morphological differences are not taken into account, the
languages are generally said to be mutually intelligible. So, in short, an
Uzbek trader from Samarkand can freely speak and do business with a
Uyghur trader from the village of Shor Eriq or Ong Eriq in Atush, or from
Khotan, Kashgar, Yarkend, Aksu, Turpan, Komul, Gbulja, or Chochek.
And he can do so without having to bother finding an interpreter. Naturally,
it is the same with the Kyrgyzs and the Kazakhs. These favorable linguistic
circumstances send Uyghurs into all of Central Asia and to the farthest
villages and cities of Kazakhstan without impediment. When Uyghurs go
among such local people, those others are not even able to recognize them
quickly.
Uyghurs in these places live collected in groups and solidly preserve their
customs, language, and temperament, as well as a direct spiritual link with
their motherland. What's more, many in the Uyghur population attach
importance to trade and have experience and connections. Therefore, the
spirit of patriotism and nationalism is high, and they preserve their deep
love for their motherland. All of the given reasons provide the Uyghurs
with favorable circumstances.
Uyghurs indicate that the Production and Construction Corps, which for the
more than 50 years of its existence in the Uyghur region has strengthened
and developed on all fronts, is being formed not only as a military and
political power, but also an economic one. In the opinion of observers,
these are China's "armed farmers" who stand against all activities of
Uyghurs carried out in pursuit of their political dream of establishing an
independent government.
In I949, after the Chinese Communist Party took the Uyghur Region under
its control, the Bingtuan established a through reorganization of the
People's Liberation Army - which had entered the Uyghur Region - and the
surrendered Chinese Kuomintang Army.
The political and economic power of the Bingtuan are growing equally. At
the same time, as a result of increased development, the lifestyle gap
between the Bingtuan and the local people is becoming larger. One
Bingtuan farmer said that the economic income of the Bingtuan population
has gone upwards and that their monthly income is several thousand yuan
larger. Although, as was said in the Chinese media, the average personal
yearly income was more than 11,700 yuan, the number was more than IO
times that of local Uyghur farmers. According to various sources, the
average yearly personal income of Uyghur farmers in the southern areas of
the Uyghur region did not reach one thousand yuan. So, this shows the
huge difference between local Uyghur farmers and members of the
Bingtuan. A Chinese Bingtuan farmer points out that government taxation
and other beneficial, special- interest policies played critical roles in the
fast development of the economy and the high income level of Bingtuan
members.
The Chinese writer Wang Lixiong pointed out that the placement of the
Bingtuan around water sources - and the control of those water sources -
has caused many conflicts and problems between the local Uyghur people
and the Bingtuan because water shortages in the southern area of the
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region are a big problem.
184
Translations
After a few days, a poor man finds the purse and delivers it to him. Seeing
the found change purse, the hungry-eyed rich man is reluctant to give away
half of the tilla inside. Closing his eyes, he weaves a lie that a diamond ring
was in the change purse and is not there now. So, the two go to see a judge.
"Can you be 100% sure that besides the 100 gold coins, there was also a
diamond ring?"
The rich man answers, "Yes, I can swear by the name of God."
Ependi concludes, "Well, if that is the case, since there is only 100 gold
coins inside the change purse and no diamond ring, it is clear that this
change purse is not the one that you lost. So, I will keep this change purse
and deliver it to its real owner. You can go look for the purse with the
diamond ring in it."
So, the rich man takes Ependi to the King in order to have him disciplined.
Seeing the king, Ependi becomes quiet.
The king asks Ependi, "Hey, aren't you crazy? Why are you acting so
normal all of a sudden?"
"I'm not afraid of anyone, but when I see you my heart rises to my throat."
"Because you are less wise than I, but you are also more powerful,"
answers Ependi.
Seeing this, Ependi goes home, puts on a new turban and his fancy silk
robe, and then returns to the party. As soon as he enters the room, everyone
stands up and greets him warmly. They give him a seat at the place of
honor and place the finest delicacies in front of him. But Ependi does not
eat anything.
Instead, he puts the sleeve of his fancy silk robe towards the table and tells
it, "Help yourself, my fancy silk robe! "
How do we look?
Hesam' s wife asks him, "Did you bring the pictures? How do we look in
them?"
"How else would we look?" asks Hesam. "One of us is standing, and the
other is sitting."
186
Translations
"How can you do that?" Hesam retorted. "In my opinion, you shouldn't
retire!"
Hesam explained to him, "If you retire, who will bring home the milk?"
He has privileges
Someone asked Hesam, "Hesam, your neighbor looks very arrogant. Does
he have a lot of power at his work?"
"Yes, he does," said Hesam.
"What kind of powers does he have?"
"He's allowed to work until he retires," said Hesam.
187
Glossa ry
Glossary
191
Glossary
193
Glossary
195
Glossary
197
Glossary
~.__L~l> v. to remember, to
recollect D
...3l-!.~1>\.> v. to collapse, to fall
apart ....,b n. shaldap: a tambourine
._,.1>\.> n. ruins, remains (e.g. of a ..r;b n. area, realm
city) ~1~ adv. always, each and every
o~l> n. characteristic, quality time
.jUl.> v. to want, to desire bb n. dad, daddy
it.> adj. raw, unprocessed .S 4 .,s.L)~ n. entertainment
)>_,> n. rooster, cock director (i.e. of a meshrep)
._;, _,> int. alright, okay );)~ n. acrobat
...3WJ:' ._;,_,;- v. to be happy, to be 0L.b n. epic poem
content 0~b n. tablecloth
.,sl;....,;.. n. China, Han Chinese >¥b n. Daghur (i.e. an ethnicity of
o.u._;...> n. work, function China)
...3~ o.u._;...> v. to work, to labor 'lib n. open country, countryside
c.r:J ....._;...> n. worker, employee 0bn. grain
....;..-.> n. brick ~b adj. famous, well-known
J-> n. kind, type ~;-.J1;b n. medical professional,
cS~ adj. chemical healer
~ n. chemistry .jl....J1;b v. to treat, to cure
~ n. thought, idea .jl-!.)l.1;b v. to continue
0~ adj. thoughtful, mindful u-"1;b adv. continually
cS~~;> prep. as if, like 01;b n. hillside, slope
._;..1;41>;> adj. superstitious L.1>~ n. drama
;~;> n. Hui, Dunggan >_;;->,~ n. doctor
~n. henna Lt.>>_;;->,~ n. clinic, hospital
0~ n. Henan (a province of ~,~ n. drug, medicine
China) ~ .....)~ 1>,~ v. to take medication
'.-'.G. int. oh, my .jl_.>,~ v. to imitate, to mime
o.G. n. letter, note .::....-.,~ n. friend
>..:;.G. adj. dangerous, threatening ...3;t.;..-.,~ n. friendship, comradery
.&..? n. throat, portion of a ts:.....,~ n. blackboard
musical instrument from which o")l5,~ n. report, paper
sound emanates 0;-oJ,~ n. wave
.;.;...>.G. n. map 01.--...;;.o!,~ adj. rippling, wave-like
._;l.G. n. people ~L.~~ n. diplomacy
~~.G. adj. international oua..~ n. attention, care
~.G. n. caliphate >~ -oua..~n. attention, interest
~.G. n. caliph ...3~ oua..~ v. to pay attention to,
;;.G. n. Han Chinese to focus on
>";.G. n. news, recent information ~~ adj. religious, spiritual
..Up n. treasury ;~~ n. land, country
o.J;~ n. state, nation
o ..;)L.;_\j;~ n. prayer
201
Glossary
202
Glossary
203
Glossary
204
Glossary
206
Glossary
207
Glossary
208
Glossary
210
Glossary
211
Glossary
~ .....)"-:! )~ v. to attach
0 importance to, to give value to
~"--.-:? ~ v. to cook, to prepare
4:>;y n. mulberry for eating
0~Y conj. for; on account of; ._;LJ_._; yp v. to recognize, to
owing to acknowledge
9'-.::Y n. innards, guts .:.~ n. belief, creed
~-'JY n. Urumqi (capital, Uyghur ._;LJ_._; .:.~ v. to believe, to
Autonomous Region) subscribe to
~,;:; n. ring ..;~ v. to be shot
~.._,_,;:; v. to be cut, to be severed ..;~ v. to pity, to empathize
1-'..iY n. grape with
)T<>-'..i:Y n. vineyard ..;.J.r~ n. hill, mound
~~~:; n. upper, higher ~~~ v. to get, to acquire
J....:;:__,:Y n. table ._;t_,J.>u~ v. to clean
..:.,s.-.:y n. tool, device i.l...::_...~-._;...~ n. streams, tributaries
~._,):fJ:Y v. to be in time for, to IS:: - , - , ~ n. aesthetic, artistic
catch sense
iJ>Y n. effect, result ~ adj. valuable, precious
"~).,_,~adj. significantly,
w severly
~ n. mouth, opening
..;U, ..::..41; v. to die, to pass away ~..._.$...-; ~ v. to eat, to consume
..s.:.l; n. oasis, river basin ~ n. stable (i.e. for an animal)
~~.S ); v. to give up, to ~ n. flow, movement (e.g. of a
renounce; to renege river)
....:..........\; n. tool, implement ~ n. branch river, tributary
..;U, ....:..........\; v. to mediate, to be an ..::..)~ n. export
intennediary for ~~ n. plateau, raised area
.::.....,..;\; n. time 0~ n. advertisement;
..;1; n. time, instance announcement
~1; adj. interim, provisional, ._;l.J_._; 0~ v. to declare, to
temporary announce
~ili\; con). however, but ..::..l.i,;._.:....-;-0~ n. advertising,
LJ"-'r5 n. virus, infection propaganda
..::.."-:!")L; n. district 0'~ n. electronics
0...-;"; n. country, homeland ~ adj. electric
~J"5J0...-;.,; n. patriotism ..;t. 19 • , ~ v. to make clear, to
C"; n. tie, connection clarify
"-7>)"5 n. job, position 0~n. energy
J..S..; n. representative ..;~ v. to say, to utter
c~ n. demand, need
E
)~ n. interest, attention
214
Glossary
215
Glossary
216
Glossary
217