Mechatronics

By
Muhammad Umer
BME173055
Dated: October 4, 2020
Submitted to : Sir Manzar Masud

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Question 1
Piezoelectric transmitter:
A piezoelectric transducer is made up of special kind of material, it is made up of
piezoelectric. This material has a specialty that if the material is subjected to pressure it
produces an EMF this EMF can be measured to find out the applied pressure. Elements that
exhibit piezoelectric properties are called electro-resistive elements. Piezoelectric materials are
divided into two categories they are the natural and synthetic groups. The natural group consists
of quartz and Rochelle salt, while the synthetic group consists of lithium sulphate, and ethylene
diamine tartarate. The working principle of this transducer can be explained as when a force
is applied on the quartz crystal an electric charge will be produced on the crystal surface and
the charge thus produced can be called piezoelectricity. The charge produced will be
proportional to the applied pressure. The impact cap is the primary transducer while the stud
receives the load and transfers it hence acting as a secondary transducer.

Question 2
Piezoelectric Therapy Transducer:
Lead zirconate titanate (or PZT) is the most widely used material for therapy transducers due
to its mechanical structure. Figure 18.6 shows the basic transducer (single crystal probe) for
therapy. The maximum stress wave is obtained when the thickness of the plate is d = λ/2 or an
odd multiple of λ/2. Acoustic and electrical properties of the PZT are very well known and
there are many references that have studied the basic problem of the planar piston transducer
and have proposed equations describing its behavior [2, 5]. Typical driving configurations of
the transducer include a signal generator or an oscillator and an RF amplifier.

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It has been shown that the ultrasonic field has strong non-uniformity near the transducer surface
and an important aspect to mention is that the behavior of the transducer, described until now
as an ideal planar piston, is only an approximation. In practice not the whole area of the
transducer is effectively radiating waves. Then, it is convenient to perform the characterization
of both phenomena.

Question 3
Given:
RT= 500 Ω

Vi= 15 V
W= 7.5 cm
LT= 10 cm

To Find:
R2 =?
Vo =?

Solution:
l2
R2 = ( ) RT
lT
10 − 2.5
R2 = x (500)
10
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 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓Ω

R2
Vo = ( )V
RT i
125
Vo = ( ) x 15
500
𝑉𝑜 = 3.75 𝑉

Question 4
Data:
Vin = 6.3 V
Vout = ± 5.2 V

Displacement (y) = ± 0.5 in

Vo = 3.6 V

To find:
y=? when Vo = 3.6 V

Solution:
For y = 0.5 in, Vout = 5.2 V
0.5
For Vo = 1 V, y = in
5.2
0.5 in
For Vo = 3.6 V, y = x 3.6 V
5.2 V
𝐲 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 𝐢𝐧

Question 5

HOW A CAPACITOR MICROPHONE WORKS?

A capacitor capsule is constructed similarly. It consists of a thin membrane in close proximity

to a solid metal plate. The membrane or diaphragm, as it is often called, must be electrically
conductive, at least on its surface. The most common material is gold-sputtered Mylar, but
some (mostly older) models employ an extremely thin metal foil.

When sound waves hit the diaphragm, it moves back and forth relative to the solid back-plate.
In other words, the distance between the two capacitor plates changes. As a result, the

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capacitance changes to the rhythm of the sound waves. Voilà, we have converted sound into
an electrical signal.

The capsule signal itself, however, is much too “fragile” to be connected to other pieces of
gear. The capacitor capsule’s output voltage is actually quite high, but it produces almost no
current, because so little energy is stored in this small capacitor. It requires what is called an
“impedance converter”, a circuit that buffers between the capsule and the outside world. The
impedance converter makes the signal more “sturdy” by making more signal current available.

Question 6
a. Since thermocouple has to measure huge temperatures sometimes, and the two metals
should be connected in order to generate the emf. To measure these high voltages and
even in hotter places the solder material might melt. To overcome this issue spot
welding is done to join the metals.
b. 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝛼 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ), Alpha here is seebeck coefficient.
c. Following measures should be kept in mind before constructing a thermocouple.
 Make sure the sheath material, including any coatings, will withstand the
anticipated temperature exposure range.
 Conductivity of the material which will determine the time response.
 The weld ability of the material.
 Inertness of the metal.
d. The cold junction is the reference temperature point of the thermocouple denoted by
Tref .

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Question 7

Data:
VD=4.472 mV

TRef= 43 ºC

To find:
Thot =?

Solution:

At 43 C, V = 1.738 V
Hot junction voltage = 4.472 + 1.738

Vhot = 6.21 V

From table of T type thermister , T = 130 C

Question 8
Thermistor:
NTC stands for “Negative Temperature Coefficient. NTC thermistors are resistors with a
negative temperature coefficient, which means that the resistance decreases with increasing
temperature. They are primarily used as resistive temperature sensors and current-limiting
devices. The temperature sensitivity coefficient is about five times greater than that of silicon
temperature sensors (silistors) and about ten times greater than those of resistance temperature
detectors (RTDs). NTC sensors are typically used in a range from −55°C to 200°C.

Construction:
Materials typically involved in the fabrication of NTC resistors are platinum, nickel, cobalt,
iron and oxides of silicon, used as pure elements or as ceramics and polymers. NTC thermistors
can be classified into three groups, depending on the production process used.
NTC Thermistors are non-linear resistors, which alter their resistance characteristics with
temperature. The resistance of NTC will decrease as the temperature increases. The manner in
which the resistance decreases is related to a constant known in the electronics industry as beta,
or ß. Beta is measured in °K. Thermistors are temperature-sensing elements made of
semiconductor material that has been sintered in order to display large changes in resistance in
proportion to small changes in temperature.

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This resistance can be measured by using a small and measured direct current, or dc, passed
through the thermistor in order to measure the voltage drop produced.

These solid state temperature sensors actually act like electrical resistors that are temperature
sensitive. That is where the name, a clear combination of the words thermal and resistor, comes
from. Ametherm specializes in NTC, or negative temperature coefficient, thermistors.