‫ محمد جاد هللا ناجي‬: ‫االسم‬ THERMODYNAMICS "PHYS 2350" ID No.

: 120191018

Thermodynamics
Assignment No. 8

(Problems - Ch. 3)

Assignment No. 8 (Problems - Ch. 3):

Solve the following problems: (3.30, 3.32, 3.42, 3.45, 3.48, 3.59)

3–30 Complete this table for H2O:

T, °C P, kPa h, kJ/kg x Phase description

a 120.21 200 2045.83 0.7 Saturated liquid–vapor mixture
b 140 361.53 1800 0.565 Saturated liquid–vapor mixture
c 177.66 950 752.74 0.0 Saturated liquid
d 80 500 335.02 ‫ـــ‬ Compressed liquid
e 350.0 800 3162.2 ‫ـــ‬ Superheated vapor

Solution :

(a) The quality x = 0.7, which implies that 70 % of the mass is in the vapor phase and
the remaining 40 % is in the liquid phase. Therefore, we have saturated liquid–vapor
mixture at a P= 200 kPa Tsat = ?

T = Tsat@200 kPa = 120.21 °C ( Table A-5)

At 200 kPa, we also read from Table A–5 that hf = 504.71 kJ/kg and hfg = 2201.6
kJ/kg. Then the average Enthalpy of the mixture is :

h = hf + x hfg
= 504.71 + ( 0.7) (2201.6)
h = 2045.83 kJ/kg

(b) T = 140 °C h = 1800 kJ/kg P = ?? Table =? x=?

saturation table (Table A–4) determine the hf and hg values at 140°C, we read
hf = 589.16 kJ/kg and hg = 2733.5 kJ/kg. hfg = 2144.3 kJ/kg
we compare if h < hf we have compressed liquid
if hf ≤ h ≤ hg we have saturated mixture
if h > hg we have superheated vapor

1
h = 1800, which falls between the hf and hg values at 140°C.
Therefore, we have saturated liquid–vapor mixture. Then the pressure must be the
saturation pressure :

P = Psat @ 140°C = 361.53 kPa (Table A–4)

The quality is h = hf + x hfg

𝒉𝒈 𝒉− 𝒉𝒇 1800−589.16
X= = =
𝒉𝒇𝒈 𝒉𝒇𝒈 2144.3

X = 0.565

(c) x = 0 thus we have saturated liquid P = 950 kPa Tsat = ? Table= A-5

T = Tsat@950 kPa = 177.66°C ( Table A-5)

Then the average Enthalpy is h = hf + x hfg

= hf + 0
h = hf@950 kPa = 752.74 kJ/kg

(d) T = 80 °C P = 500 kPa h = ? Table =?

saturation table (Table A–5) determine Tsat = ? values.

At 500 kPa , we read Tsat = 151.83 °C

we compare if T < Tsat @given P we have compressed liquid

if T = Tsat @given P we have saturated mixture
if T > Tsat @given P we have superheated vapor

T = 80 °C ∴ T = 80 < Tsat @given P = 151.83 °C

Therefore, we have compressed liquid .
in the compressed liquid table given pressure P = 500 kPa is
much lower than the lowest pressure value ( Pcompressed liquid =5 kPa) in
Table A-7 (compressed liquid table)

Therefore we are justified to treat the compressed liquid as saturated liquid at the given
temperature (not pressure):

h = hf @ 80°C = 335.02 kJ/ kg (Table A–4)

 ‫ محمد جاد هللا ناجي‬: ‫االسم‬ THERMODYNAMICS "PHYS 2350" ID No. : 120191018

(e) P = 800 kPa h = 3162.2 kJ/kg T = ?? Table =?

saturation table (Table A–5) determine the hf and hg values at 800 kPa, we read
hf = 720.87 kJ/kg and hg = 2768.3 kJ/kg. hfg = 2047.5 kJ/kg

h = 3162.2 kJ/kg > hg = 2768.3 kJ/kg we have superheated vapor at 0.8 MPa
Therefore, we have superheated vapor, and the temperature at this state is determined from
the superheated vapor table : p = 800 kPa = 0.8 MPa h = 3162.2 kJ/kg
T = 350.0 °C (Table A–6)

3–32 Complete this table for refrigerant-134a:

T, °C P, kPa u, kJ/kg Phase description

a 20 572.07 95 saturated mixture
b -12 185.37 35.78 Saturated liquid
c 86.24 400 300 Superheated vapor
d 8 600 62.26 Compressed liquid

Solution :

(a) T = 20 °C u = 95 kJ/kg P = ?? Table =?

saturation table (Table A–11) determine the uf and ug values at 20°C, we read
3
uf = 78.86 kJ/kg and ug = 241.02 kJ/kg. ufg = 162.16 kJ/kg
we compare if u < uf we have compressed liquid
if uf ≤ u ≤ ug we have saturated mixture
if u > ug we have superheated vapor

u = 95 kJ/kg , which falls between the uf and ug values at 20°C.

Therefore, we have saturated liquid–vapor mixture. Then the pressure must be the
saturation pressure :

P = Psat @ 20°C = 572.07 kPa (Table A–11)

(b) T = -12 °C Table = Saturated liquid (A–11) u=? P=?

P = Psat @ -12°C = 185.37 kPa (Table A–11)

u = u sat @ -12°C = 35.78 kJ/kg

(c) P = 400 kPa u = 300 kJ/kg T = ?? Table =?

saturation table (Table A–12) determine the uf and ug values at 400 kPa, we read

uf = 63.62 kJ/kg and ug = 235.07 kJ/kg. ufg = 171.45 kJ/kg

u = 300 kJ/kg > ug = 235.07 kJ/kg we have superheated vapor at 0.4 MPa

Therefore, we have superheated vapor, and the temperature at this state is determined from
the superheated vapor table : p = 400 kPa = 0.4 MPa u = 300 kJ/kg
T = 86.24 °C (Table A–13)
 ‫ محمد جاد هللا ناجي‬: ‫االسم‬ THERMODYNAMICS "PHYS 2350" ID No. : 120191018

(d) T = 8 °C P = 600 kPa u = ? Table =?

saturation table (Table A–12) determine Tsat = ? values.

At 600 kPa , we read Tsat = 21.55°C

we compare if T < Tsat @given P we have compressed liquid

if T = Tsat @given P we have saturated mixture
if T > Tsat @given P we have superheated vapor

T = 8 °C ∴ T = 8 < Tsat @given P = 21.55°C

Therefore, we have compressed liquid .
Therefore we are justified to treat the compressed liquid as saturated liquid at the given
temperature (not pressure):

u = uf @ 8°C = 62.26 kJ/ kg (Table A–11)

3–42 Water is to be boiled at 1500 m stainless steel pan placed on top of a 3–kW
electric burner. If 60 percent of the heat generated by the burner is transferred to
the water during boiling, where the atmospheric pressure is 84.5 kPa and thus the
boiling temperature of water is 95°C. determine the rate of evaporation of water.

Given
- Process elevation from the sea level z = 1500 m
- Boiling water temperature Tboiling = 95°C
- Electric heater power P = 𝑸̇elect = 3 kW

Required
determine the rate of evaporation of water. 𝑚̇evaporation = ??

Assumptions
- Steady state operation.
- 60% of the heat generated to the water.

Solution :

Calculate the power transferred to the water during boiling process

𝑸̇ = 60% P substitute 3 KW for P

𝟔𝟎
𝑸̇ = 60% X 3 KW = X 3 = 1.8 KW
𝟏𝟎𝟎
5
Energy of vaporization from (Table A-4) at Tsat = 95°C

hfg = 2269.6 kJ/kg

Note that it takes 2269.6 kJ of energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid water, the
rate of evaporation of water is determined to be

𝑸̇ 𝟏.𝟖 𝑲𝑱 /𝒔
𝒎̇evap = = = 0.793 X 10-3 Kg/s = 2.855 Kg /h
𝒉𝒇𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟗.𝟔 𝑲𝑱/𝑲𝒈

3–45 Saturated steam coming off the turbine of a steam power plant at 30°C
condenses on the outside of a 3-cm outer-diameter, 35-m-long tube at a rate of 45
kg/h. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water
flowing through the pipe.

Tsat = 30°C D = 3 cm L= 35 m 𝑚̇evap = 45 kg/h

Solution :

The properties of water at Tsat = 30°C are hfg = 2429.8 kJ/kg (Table A-4).
The rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water in the tube is determined
directly from :

𝑸̇= 𝑚̇evap hfg = (45 kg/h) (2429.8 kJ/kg) = 109,341 kJ/h = 30.4 kW

3–48 A cooking pan whose inner diameter is 20 cm is filled with water and covered
with a 4-kg lid. If the local atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, determine the
temperature at which the water starts boiling when it is heated.

D = 20 cm mlid = 4 kg Patm= 101 kPa

Solution :
The boiling point of the water depend only on the absolute pressure P. and the
pressure from the lid Plid we calculate.

We can calculate it by dividing the weight of the lid W with surface area of the lid A.
The weight is the product of the mass 4Kg and the g.

Surface area is calculated using the given diameter D= 20 cm.

 ‫ محمد جاد هللا ناجي‬: ‫االسم‬ THERMODYNAMICS "PHYS 2350" ID No. : 120191018

1𝑚
D = 20 cm . = 0.2 m
100 𝑐𝑚

𝑊 𝑚.𝑔 (4 kg)(9.81 m/𝑠2 )

Plid = = = 0.1 𝜋 m2
= 1249.05 Pa
𝐴 𝐴

The pressure in the pan is determined from a force balance on the lid

PA = Patm A + Wlid
𝑚𝑔
P= Patm +
𝐴

P= Patm + Plid
1 Kpa
= (101 kPa) + ( 1249.05 Pa ) ( )
1000 Kg /m.s2

= 102.25 KPa
The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure

T = Tsat@102.25 kPa = 100.2oC (Table A-5)

3–59 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 50 L of liquid water at 40°C and

200 kPa. Heat is transferred to the water at constant pressure until the entire
liquid is vaporized.
Given
The liquid volume V1 = 50 L , The intial temp. T1= 40°C , P = 200 kPa

Required

(a) What is the mass of the water?

(b) What is the final temperature?
(c) Determine the total enthalpy change.
(d) Show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.

Solution

(a) from steam table at T1 = 40OC Psat = 7.4 Kpa ( Table A-4)

7
Initially the cylinder contains compressed liquid (since P > Psat@40°C) that can be
approximated as a saturated liquid at T1 = 40OC (Table A-4),
V1 ≅ Vf@40oC = 0.001008 m3 / Kg

h1 ≅ hf@40oC = 167.53 kJ/kg

𝑉1 0.050 𝑚3
The mass is m = = = 49.61 kg
𝑣1 0.001008 𝑚3 /𝐾𝑔

(b) At the final state, the cylinder contains saturated vapor and thus the final
temperature must be the saturation temperature at the final pressure,

T = Tsat@200 kPa = 120.21°C

(c) The final enthalpy is h2 = hg @ 200 kPa = 2706.3 kJ/kg. Thus,

ΔH = m(h2 − h1 ) = (49.61 kg)(2706.3 −167.53) kJ/kg = 125,943 kJ

(d)