Q1

For H2O, determine the specified property at the indicated state. Locate the state on a sketch of
the T-v diagram.

(a) T = 140oC, v = 0.5 m3/kg. Find p, in bar.

(b) p = 30 MPa, T = 100oC. Find v, in m3/kg.
(c) p = 10 MPa, T = 485oC. Find v, in m3/kg.
(d) T = 80oC, x = 0.75. Find p, in bar, and v, in m3/kg.

(a) T = 140oC, v = 0.5 m3/kg. Find p, in bar.

T p = psat(140oC) = 3.613 bar

Table A-3: vf = 1.0435 x 10-3 m3/kg , vg = 1.673

m3/kg. Since vf < v < vg, the state is in the two-
f
. g
140oC phase liquid-vapor region, as shown.

From Table A-3, the pressure is the saturation

pressure at 140oC: p = 3.613 bar.

(b) p = 30 MPa, T = 100oC. Find v, in m3/kg.

30 MPa = 300 bar

pc = 220.9 bar (Table A-3)

T
. Tc = 374.14oC (Table A-3)

The pressure is higher than the critical

pressure, as shown on the diagram. Hence, the
. 100oC state is in the compressed liquid region.

From Table A-5: v = 1.0290 m3/kg.

v
(c) p = 10 MPa, T = 485oC. Find v, in m3/kg.
10 MPa = 100 bar
. 485oC Since the temperature is higher than Tsat at 100
T
. Tc = 374.14oC
bar, the state is superheated vapor.

Interpolating in Table A-4, we get

v = 0.03160 +
Tsat (100 bar) = 311.1oC (485 – 480)/(520 – 480)*(0.02343 – 0.3160)
(Table A-3)
= 0.03058 m3/kg

(d) T = 80oC, x = 0.75. Find p, in bar, and v, in m3/kg.

T
psat (80oC) = 0.4739 bar
(Table A-2) Eq. 3.2: vx = vf + x(vg – vf)

With data from Table A-2 at 80oC

. 80oC
v = 1.0291 x 10-3 + (0.75)(3.407 - 1.0291 x 10-3)
x = 0.75

= 2.556 m3/kg

v
Q2

An open container of pure ethanol (ethyl alcohol) liquid is placed on a table in a room.
Evaporation occurs until all of the ethanol is gone. Where did the alcohol go? If the ethanol
liquid and the room air are taken to be a closed system, can the system be regarded as a pure
substance during the process? How many phases are present initially and finally? Explain.

The ethanol vaporizes and diffuses into the room air.

air in room The system is not a pure substance during the process
ethanol since the composition of the gas phase changes as
ethanol evaporates into the air. Also, the liquid and
gas phases each have different chemical compositions,
so the system is not chemically homogenous

Once all of the ethanol evaporates, the gas phase

comes to equilibrium and the composition becomes
homogeneous. At this point, the gas phase can be
treated as a pure substance.
Q3
Q4

Determine the volume, in ft3, of 2 lb of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of Refrigerant 134a at

40oF with a quality of 20%. What is the pressure, in lbf/in.2?

saturated vapor
R-134a
T = 40oF m = 2 lb
x = 0.2
saturated liquid

First, find the specific volume using Eq. 3.2 and data from Table A-10E at 40oF.

v = vf + x (vf - vg) = 0.01251 + (0.2) (0.9470 – 0.1251) = 0.1994 ft3/lb

Now

V = v m = (0.1994 ft3/lb) (2 lb) = 0.3988 ft3

.f x=. 0.2 g. p = 49.738 lbf/in.2 (Table A-10E)

T = 40oF

v
Q5. A piston-cylinder assembly contains water, initially a saturated vapor at 200oC. The water
is cooled at constant temperature to saturated liquid. Kinetic and potential energy effects are
negligible.
(a) For the water as a closed system, determine the work per unit mass of water, in kJ/kg.
(b) If the energy transfer by heat for the process is −1200 kJ, determine the mass of the water, in
kg.

KNOWN: A piston-cylinder assembly contains water, which is cooled at constant temperature.

FIND: For the water as the system, determine the work per unit mass. For a specified energy
transfer by heat, determine the mass of the water.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

State 1 State 2
Q = 1200 kJ

Moving Moving
Water Water
Piston Piston
(Saturated Vapor) (Saturated
Liquid)

T = 200oC T = 200oC

psat (200oC) = 15.54 bar

200oC 2 1

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Water in the piston-cylinder assembly is a closed system.
2. Volume change is the only work mode.
3. Kinetic and potential energy effects are ignored.

ANALYSIS:
(a) Since the process occurs at constant temperature in the two-phase liquid-vapor region, the
pressure is also constant. Thus, the work per unit mass is obtained using

W  12 pdV  mp(v2  v1 )

 W
 p( v2  v1 )
m

From Table A-4 at T = 200oC: v1 = vg1 = 0.1274 m3/kg, v2 = vf2 = 0.0011565 m3/kg, and
p = 15.54 bar. Substituting values yields

N
3 105
W m m2 1 kJ
 (15.54 bar)(0.0011565  0.1274) = −196.2 kJ/kg
m kg 1 bar 10 N  m
3

The negative sign associated with the work indicates work is into the system, as expected.

(b) An energy balance reduces to read U + KE + PE = Q – W, or Q = U + W. Expressing

the right-hand side of the equation in terms of mass gives

W 
Q  m(u2  u1 )  m 
m
Solving for mass gives
Q
m
W 
(u2  u1 )   
m

From Table A-4 at T = 200oC: u1 = ug1 = 2595.3 kJ/kg, u2 = uf2 = 850.65 kJ/kg. Since heat
transfer is from the system, Q = −1200 kJ. Substituting values yields

(1200 kJ)
m = 0.618 kg
850.65  2595.3  (196.2 )
kJ kJ
kg kg
Q6
Q7

Determine the volume, in m3, occupied by 2 kg of H2O at 100 bar, 400oC, using (a) data from the
compressibility chart, (b) data from the steam tables.

Compare the results of parts (a) and (b) and discuss.

H2O
V = ??
m = 2 kg
p = 100 bar
T = 400oC

(a) Using the compressibility chart, first we need to determine the reduced pressure and
temperature. From Table A-1:
pc = 220.9 bar and Tc = 647.3 K

pR = p/pc = (100)/(220.9) = 0.45

→ (Figure A-1): z ≈ 0.86
TR = T/Tc = (400 + 273.15)/(647.3) = 1.04

Now, we can calculate the specific volume as follows.

̅
𝑅 8.314 kJ
( )𝑇 ( )(673.15 K) 1 bar 103 N∙m
𝑀 18.02kg∙K
v=𝑧 = (0.86)[ ] |105 N/m2 | | | = 0.0267 m3/kg
𝑝 (100 bar) 1 kJ

So, the volume is: V = m v = (2)(0.0267) = 0.0534 m3

(b) From Table A-4 at 100 bar, 400oC; v = 0.02641 m3/kg

Thus, V = m v = (2)(0.02641) = 0.05282 m3

Comments: The compressibility chart gives a fairly accurate value considering the relative
imprecision of reading values from the chart. The percent difference is approximately 1.1%.

Note also that the value of z is 0.86. Hence, the ideal gas model is not particularly applicable at
this state. The ideal gas model would predict a volume of 0.03105 m3, which is about 15% low.
Q8
Q9. A piston-cylinder assembly contains nitrogen (N2), initially at 2.5 bar, 300 K, and a volume
of 2 m3. The nitrogen undergoes a process to a state where the pressure is 1 bar, during which
the pressure-volume relationship is pV = constant. Assuming ideal gas behavior for the nitrogen,
determine the mass of the nitrogen, in kg, and the work and heat transfer, each in kJ. Kinetic and
potential energy effects can be neglected.

KNOWN: Nitrogen in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a process described by pV =

constant. State data are provided.

FIND: Determine the mass of the nitrogen and the work and heat transfer.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:

State 1 State 2
p
1
2.5 bar ●
N2 N2 pV = constant

2
1 bar ●
p1 = 2.5 bar p2 = 1 bar
T1 = 300 K V
V1 = 2 m3 V2
V1 = 2 m3

ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. The nitrogen is the closed system.
2. The nitrogen undergoes a polytropic process described by pV = constant.
3. The nitrogen is modeled as an ideal gas.
4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are ignored.

ANALYSIS:
Using the ideal gas equation of state: pV = mRT,

 5 N 
 2.5  10 2
(2 m3 )
m 1 1  
pV m 
= 5.62 kg
RT1  8314 N  m 
 (300 K)
 28.01 kg  K 

Using Eq. 2.17 and letting pV = constant = C

V2 V2
C V V
W   pdV   dV  C ln 2  p1V1 ln 2
V1 V1 V V1 V1

V2 p1 2.5 bar
Since pV = constant, p1V1 = p2V2 and   = 2.5
V1 p2 1 bar
Solving for the work yields
 N 
 
W   2.5  10 5 2  2 m 3 ln 2.5 3
1 kJ
10 N  m
= 458.1 kJ
 m 

The positive sign associated with the work indicates an expansion process (energy transfer by
work from the system).

An energy balance reduces as follows: U + KE + PE = Q – W

 Q = U + W = m[u(T2) – u(T1)] + W (1)

With the ideal gas equation of state, pV = mRT. Since p1V1 = p2V2, it follows that T2 = T1. In Eq.
(1), the term [u(T2) – u(T1)] therefore reduces to zero, leaving

Q = W = 458.1 kJ

The positive sign associated with the heat transfer indicates energy transfer by heat is into the
system.
Q10

Check the applicability of the ideal gas model for

(a) for water at 600oF and pressures of 900 lbf/in.2 and 100 lbf/in.2.
(b) for nitrogen at -20oC and pressures of 75 bar and 1 bar.

Check the applicability of the ideal gas model for

(a) Water at 600oF (1060oR), p1 = 900 lbf/in.2, p2 = 100 lbf/in.2

Method 1. Use Steam Table data.

For T = 600oF (1060oR), p1 = 900 lbf/in.2; Table A-4E gives v1 = 0.587 ft3/lb.
Using the ideal gas equation of state

1545 ft∙lbf
(𝑅̅⁄𝑀 )𝑇 ( )(1060o R) 1 ft2
18.02 lb∙R
v1 = = | | = 0.701 ft3/lb
𝑝1 900 lbf/in2 144 in.2

In this case, the ideal gas model is not applicable.

For T = 600oF (1060oR), p1 = 100 lbf/in.2; Table A-4E gives v2 = 6.216 ft3/lb.
Using the ideal gas equation of state

1545 ft∙lbf
(𝑅̅⁄𝑀 )𝑇 ( )(1060o R) 1 ft2
18.02 lb∙R
v2 = = | | = 6.311 ft3/lb
𝑝2 100 lbf/in2 144 in.2

The ideal gas value is about 1.5% higher than the steam table value. For many applications, this
would be acceptable.

Method 2. Use the compressibility chart, Figure A-1. From Table A-1E: Tc = 1165oR, pc =
218.0 atm.
TR = T/Tc = (1060)/(1165) ≈ 0.91

lbf
(900 2 )
pR1 = p1/pc = in
|
1 atm
(218.0 atm) 14.7 lbf/in2
| = 0.28 → Z1 ≈ 0.87 (not applicable)

lbf
(100 2 )
pR2 = p2/pc = in
|
1 atm
(218.0 atm) 14.7 lbf/in2
| = 0.03 → Z1 ≈ 0.98 (acceptable)
(b) Nitrogen (N2) at -20oC and p1 = 75 bar, p2 = 1 bar

Use the compressibility chart. From Table A-1: Tc = 227 K, pc = 33.5 bar.

TR = T/Tc = (273-20)/(227) ≈ 1.1

pR1 = p1/pc =
(75 bar)
(33.5 bar)
= 2.24 → Z1 ≈ 0.42 (not applicable)

pR2 = p2/pc =
(1 bar)
(33.5 bar)
= 0.03 → Z1 ≈ 1 (acceptable)