Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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The big picture
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Distribution substations and feeders
• Switching
• Protection
• Voltage transformation
• Voltage regulation
• Metering
§ analog current recordings
§ meters on substation and/or feeder
§ digital meters record min/max/avg of
current, voltage, power, power factor
over 15 min, 30 min, or 1 hr
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Switching and protective devices
• Switching devices
§ manual switches
§ remote controlled switches
• Protective devices
§ circuit breakers
§ fuses
§ overcurrent relays
§ reclosers
§ sectionalizers
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Switches
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Circuit breakers
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Detailed structure
• sub-transmission is optional
e.g., 115:4 kV [IEEE 123-bus]
138:69 kV
69:14 kV
Distribution substation
• Typical distribution feeders 15-200 MVA @ 2-46 kV
4 MVA @ 4 kV
12 MVA @ 12.47 kV
20 MVA @ 23 kV
30 MVA @ 34 kV
14:480/208 kV
• Inline transformers 14:4 kV
[Glover, Sarma, Overbye]
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Breaker-and-a-half scheme
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Voltage transformers
Distribution transformers
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Primary and secondary distribution
Distribution transformers (pole/pad-mounted) form the boundaries
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Distribution lines
[Blume]
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240/120 V single-phase distribution transformers
[Blume]
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208/120 V three-phase distribution transformers
[Blume]
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480/277 V three-phase distribution transformers
[Blume]
• Voltage regulators: induction devices in shunt or series with regulated circuit for the
control of its voltage
• Capacitors: power factor correction (include switching and protective elements)
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Radial feeders
primary ‘main’ feeder:
2-30 MVA @ 2-46 kV
secondaries:
5-500 kVA @ 120-480 V
3, V, single-phase laterals
in-line transformers
distribution transformers
240/120 V 1-phase (split-phase)
208/120 V 3-phase
480/277/120 V 3-phase
400/230 V 3-phase (Europe)
protection devices
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Distribution feeder map
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Example: fuse protection
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Protection relays
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Reclosers
• Designed to minimize number of
customers affected by momentary fault
Operation
1. Fault occurs
2. Recloser interrupts fault current and remains
open for a time period (1-2 sec) to allow
Photo courtesy of K. Schneider
momentary faults to clear
3. Recloser closes back into fault and sees if fault
has cleared
4. If fault has cleared, recloser stays closed;
otherwise, recloser reopens
5. Number of tries to reconnect is user-configurable
(usually 3)
6. After final ‘shot’, recloser locks open
7. Utility crew must locally reset the unit
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Sectionalizers
temporary faults
Operation
1. Sectionalizer detects overcurrent but cannot
Sectionalizer #1
Sectionalizer #2
Sectionalizer #3
interrupt fault
2. It starts counting recloser shots
3. During the second/third recloser shots, the
sectionalizer opens under no load
Photo courtesy of K. Schneider
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Example: sectionalizer protection
• Permanent line to ground fault on line 710-735
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