Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Transmission
Main article: Transmission of COVID-19
Cause
Virology
Main article: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Illustration of SARSr-CoV virion
SARS-CoV-2 is a Baltimore class IV[109] positive-sense single-stranded RNA
virus[110] that is contagious in humans.[111] As described by the U.S. National Institutes
of Health, it is the successor to SARS-CoV-1,[112][113] the strain that caused the 2002–
2004 SARS outbreak.
Taxonomically, SARS-CoV-2 is a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome-
related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV).[114] It is believed to have zoonotic origins and has
close genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses, suggesting it emerged from a bat-borne
virus.[115][116][117][118] There is no evidence yet to link an intermediate host, such as
a pangolin, to its introduction to humans.[119][120] The virus shows little genetic
diversity, indicating that the spillover event introducing SARS-CoV-2 to humans is
likely to have occurred in late 2019. [121]
Epidemiological studies estimate each infection results in 5.7 new ones when no
members of the community are immune and no preventive measures taken.[122] The
virus primarily spreads between people through close contact and via respiratory
droplets produced from coughs or sneezes. [123][124] It mainly enters human cells by
binding to the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).[115][125][126][127]
Diagnosis
Main article: COVID-19 testing
A CT scan of a person with COVID-19 shows lesions (bright regions) in the lungs.
Characteristic imaging features on chest radiographs and computed
tomography (CT) of people who are symptomatic include asymmetric
peripheral ground-glass opacities without pleural effusions.[143] Many groups have
created COVID-19 datasets that include imagery such as the Italian Radiological
Society which has compiled an international online database of imaging findings for
confirmed cases.[144] Due to overlap with other infections such as adenovirus,
imaging without confirmation by rRT-PCR is of limited specificity in identifying
COVID-19.[143] A large study in China compared chest CT results to PCR and
demonstrated that though imaging is less specific for the infection, it is faster and
more sensitive.[129]
Prevention
Further information: Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19, Pandemic
prevention, preparations prior to COVID-19, COVID-19 surveillance, and COVID-19
apps
Infographic by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), describing
how to stop the spread of germs
The CDC and WHO advise that masks reduce the spread of coronavirus by
asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals (Taiwan President Tsai Ing-
wen pictured wearing a surgical mask)
The CDC and WHO recommend individuals wear non-medical face coverings in
public settings where there is an increased risk of transmission and where social
distancing measures are difficult to maintain. [162][163][164] This recommendation is meant
to reduce the spread of the disease by asymptomatic and pre-symtomatic individuals
and is complementary to established preventive measures such as social distancing.
[163][165]
Face coverings limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets
dispersed when talking, breathing, and coughing. [163][165] Many countries and local
jurisdictions encourage or mandate the use of face masks or cloth face coverings by
members of the public to limit the spread of the virus. [166][167]
Masks are also strongly recommended for those who may have been infected and
those taking care of someone who may have the disease. [168] When not wearing a
mask, the CDC recommends covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when
coughing or sneezing and recommends using the inside of the elbow if no tissue is
available.[145] Proper hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is encouraged.
[145]
Healthcare professionals interacting directly with COVID-19 patients are advised
to use respirators at least as protective as NIOSH-certified N95 or equivalent, in
addition to other personal protective equipment.[169]
Self-isolation
Hand washing is recommended to prevent the spread of the disease. The CDC
recommends that people wash hands often with soap and water for at least twenty
seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty; before
eating; and after blowing one's nose, coughing, or sneezing. This is because outside
the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective
bubble.[180] In addition, soap and water disrupts the sticky bond between pathogens
and human skin which causes the coronavirus pathogen to slide off the hands/body.
[181]
CDC has recommended using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60
percent alcohol by volume when soap and water are not readily available. [145] The
WHO advises people to avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed
hands.[146][182] It is not clear whether washing hands with ash, if soap is not available,
is effective at reducing the spread of viral infections. [183]
Surface cleaning
Surfaces may be decontaminated with a number of solutions (within one minute of
exposure to the disinfectant for a stainless steel surface), including 62–71
percent ethanol, 50–100 percent isopropanol, 0.1 percent sodium hypochlorite, 0.5
percent hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2–7.5 percent povidone-iodine. Other solutions,
such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate, are less effective.
[184]
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation may also be used.[178] The CDC recommends
that if a COVID-19 case is suspected or confirmed at a facility such as an office or
day care, all areas such as offices, bathrooms, common areas, shared electronic
equipment like tablets, touch screens, keyboards, remote controls, and ATM
machines used by the ill persons should be disinfected. [185]
Vaccine
Main article: COVID-19 vaccine