INTRODUCTION

A novel coronavirus (CoV) named ‘2019-nCoV’ or

‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘COVID-19’ by the
World Health Organization (WHO) oversees the
current outbreak of pneumonia that began at the
beginning of December 2019 near in Wuhan City,
Hubei Province, China.

The world health organization defines the Corona

virus disease (covid-19) is an infectious disease
which is caused by a newly discovered corona
virus. It was formerly known as severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2). The world health organization named the disease
COVID-19. Covid-19 is an acronym of CO mean
corona, VI means virus, D means disease and 19
mean 2019.
ABOUT DISEASE
Coronavirus is a family of viruses that can cause
illnesses such as the common cold, severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East
respiratory syndrome (MERS).
COVID-19 is a pathogenic virus. From the
phylogenetic analysis carried out with obtainable full
genome sequences, bats occur to be the COVID-19
virus reservoir, but the intermediate host(s) has not
been detected till now.
It is a zoonotic disease which means that it was first
transmitted from animal to human.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
may appear 2 to 14 days (about 2 weeks) after
exposure. This time after exposure and before
having symptoms is called the incubation period.
You can still spread COVID-19 before you have
symptoms. This is called presymptomatic
transmission. Common symptoms can include:
 Fever.
 Cough.
 Tiredness.
Early symptoms of COVID-19 may include a loss of
taste or smell. Other symptoms may include:
 Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
 Muscle aches.
 Chills.
 Sore throat.
 Runny nose.
 Headache.


 Chest pain.
 Pink eye (conjunctivitis).
  Nausea.
 Vomiting.
 Diarrhea.
 Rash.

The severity of COVID-19 symptoms can range

from very mild to severe. Some people may have
only a few symptoms. Some people may have no
symptoms at all but can still spread it. This is called
asymptomatic transmission.

CAUSES
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2, causes
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads easily
among people. Study has shown that the COVID-19
virus spreads mainly from person to person among
those in close contact. The virus spreads by
respiratory droplets released when someone with the
virus coughs, sneezes, breathes, sings or talks.
These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth,
nose or eyes of a person nearby.
Sometimes the COVID-19 virus can spread when a
person is exposed to very small droplets or aerosols
that stay in the air for several minutes or hours —
called airborne transmission.
The virus also can spread if you touch a surface with
the virus on it and then touch your mouth, nose or
eyes. But the risk is low.
The COVID-19 virus can spread from someone who
is infected but has no symptoms. This is called
asymptomatic transmission. The COVID-19 virus
also can spread from someone who is infected but
hasn't developed symptoms yet. This is called
presymptomatic transmission.
It's possible to get COVID-19 more than once.
A study shows that this disease has an impact on the
mental, physical and social well-being of health
care professionals.
Previous studies on covid-19 also show that three
groups of people are prone to the complication of
covid-19. Those group include young children,
people aged 65 years or older and women who
are pregnant.
Symptoms may appear 2 to 14 days (about 2
weeks) after exposure to the virus. Children have
similar, but usually milder, symptoms than adults.
Older adults and people who have severe underlying
medical conditions are at higher risk of more serious
complication from COVID-19.
 Risk Factors

Risk factors for COVID-19 appear to include:

 Close contact with someone who has COVID-
19, especially someone with symptoms.
 Being coughed or sneezed on by an infected
person.
 Being near an infected person when in an indoor
space with poor airflow.

Risk factors for serious COVID-19 illness:-

Some people are at a higher risk of serious COVID-
19 illness than others. This includes people who are
older, and the risk increases with age.
People with existing medical conditions also may
have a higher risk of serious illness. This includes
people who have:
 Sickle cell disease or thalassemia.
 Serious heart diseases, such as heart failure,
coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy, and
possibly high blood pressure.
 Chronic kidney, liver or lung diseases.
People with dementia or Alzheimer's are also at
higher risk, as are people with brain and nervous
system conditions such as stroke. Smoking increases
the risk of serious COVID-19 illness. And people
with body mass index in the overweight category
or obese category may have an increased risk as
well.
Other medical conditions that may increase the risk
of serious illness from COVID-19 include:
 Cancer.
  Type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
 Weakened immune system from solid organ
transplants or bone marrow transplants, some
medicines, or HIV.
 Pregnancy.
 Down syndrome.
 Substance use disorders.

Other medical conditions may increase your risk of

serious illness from COVID-19.
 Pathophysiology

Although much has been discovered regarding the

transmission and presentation, less is known about
the pathophysiology of COVID-19.
An overview of the disease pathophysiology has
been shown in given figure below:
 Pathophysiology of COVID-
19. CXCL-10, C-X-C motif
chemokine ligand 10; IFN,
interferon; IL, interleukin;
MCP-1, monocyte
chemoattractant protein-1;
MIP-1α, macrophage
inflammatory protein-1α;
SARS-CoV-2, severe acute
respiratory syndrome
coronavirus-2; TNF-α, tumour
necrosis factor-α; G-CSF,
granulocyte colony-stimulating
factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte-
macrophage colony-stimulating
factor.

Diagnosis

Viral Tests: -
Viral tests look for a current COVID-19 infection.
They use respiratory samples, such as a swab from
inside our nose or saliva from our mouth, to
determine if we are currently infected with SARS-
CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Depending
on the testing site, results may be available within a
few minutes, a few hours or may take several days if
the sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis.
 NAATs, such as PCR tests are most often
performed in a laboratory. These tests should not
be used if we have tested positive in the last 90
days (about 3 months).
 Antigen tests or at-home tests are rapid tests and
produce results quickly. Sometimes these tests
need to be repeated if they show a negative
result to best detect infection.

Antibody Tests to Detect Past

Infection: -
Antibody tests are performed by drawing blood and
conducting a laboratory test to check for antibodies that
would only be present if we had a past infection of
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. An
antibody test should not be used to determine current
infection as it can take our body one to three weeks after
infection to make antibodies. If we think we were
previously infected with COVID-19, we should speak
with our doctor about our symptoms or exposure to
infected individuals.
Antibody testing is not recommended to determine
immunity or whether we need to get vaccinated.

Imaging

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), has been reported as a global
emergency. As respiratory dysfunction is a major
clinical presentation of COVID-19, chest
computed tomography (CT) plays a central role in
the diagnosis and management of patients with
COVID-19. Recent advances in imaging approaches
using artificial intelligence have been essential as a
quantification and diagnostic tool to differentiate
COVID-19 from other respiratory infectious
diseases. Furthermore, cardiovascular involvement
in patients with COVID-19 is not negligible and
may result in rapid worsening of the disease and
sudden death. Cardiac magnetic resonance
imaging can accurately depict myocardial
involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Automated segmentation of lung disease by COVID-19

using artificial intelligence. Computer-based
segmentation enables objective classification of lung
lesions into four parts in a 76-year-old man with
coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia. (A)-(C): Two-
dimensional CT segmentation images, (D): Three-
dimensional CT segmentation image. Violet
indicates normal lung parenchyma; green indicates
ground glass opacity; blue indicates reticulation;
orange indicates consolidation.

Lab Finding

The main routine tests requested for COVID-19

patients include complete blood count (CBC), assays
investigating coagulation and fibrinolysis cascades
(PT, aPTT, and D-dimers), and inflammation-related
parameters (ESR, CRP, ferritin, and procalcitonin).
Due to the potential ability of the virus to severely
impair several vital organs such as the heart, liver,
and kidneys, analyzing the biochemical factors is an
appropriate way for clinicians to evaluate the
functional activities of these organs.
 Grading

Patients with COVID-19 are considered to have

severe illness if they have SpO2 <94% on room air at
sea level, PaO2/FiO2 <300 mm Hg, a respiratory rate
>30 breaths/min, or lung infiltrates >50%.

Prevention
Do’s: -
 To maintain personal hygiene and physical
distancing.
 To practice frequent hand washing. Wash hands
with soap and water or use alcohol-based hand
rub. Wash hands even if they are visibly clean.
 To cover your nose and mouth with
handkerchief/tissue while sneezing and
coughing.
 To throw used tissues into closed bins
immediately after use.
 To maintain a safe distance from persons during
interaction, especially with those having flu-like
symptoms.
 To sneeze in the inner side of your elbow and
not to cough into the palms of your hands.
 To take their temperature regularly and check
for respiratory symptoms.
 To see a doctor if you feel unwell (fever,
difficulty in breathing and coughing). While
 visiting doctor, wear a mask/cloth to cover your
mouth and nose.
Don'ts: -
 Shake hands.
 Have close contact with anyone, if you're
experiencing cough and fever.
 Touch your eyes, nose and mouth.
 Sneeze or cough into the palms of your hands.
 Spit in Public.
 Travel unnecessarily, particularly to any affected
region.
 Participate in large gatherings, including sitting
in groups at canteens.
 Visit gyms, clubs and crowded places etc.
 Spread rumours or panic.

Treatments
FDA has authorized or approved several antiviral
medications used to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in
people who are more likely to get very sick.
 Antiviral treatments target specific parts of the
virus to stop it from multiplying in the body, helping
to prevent severe illness and death.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) provides COVID-
19 Treatment Guidlines for healthcare providers to help
them work with their patients and determine the best
treatment options for them. Several options are available
for treating COVID-19. They include:

Complication

Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to

moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe
medical complications and lead to death in some
people.
Older adults or people with existing medical
conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously
ill with COVID-19.
Complications can include:
 Pneumonia and trouble breathing.
 Organ failure in several organs.
 Heart problems.
 A severe lung condition that causes a low
amount of oxygen to go through your
bloodstream to your organs, called acute
respiratory distress syndrome.
 Blood clots.
 Acute kidney injury.
 Additional viral and bacterial infections.

Epidemiology
Epidemiological triad helps us understand the spread
of diseases through 3 components: agent,
environment, and host. In the context of COVID-19,
the agent is the severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including the
pathogenicity and virulence of various strains. The
environment refers to extrinsic factors that affect the
agent and opportunities for exposure like respiratory
droplets and contaminated surfaces. The host is any
uninfected person and their individual susceptibility
characteristics (eg, age, sex, and comorbidities).
Minimizing the interactions between these
components would reduce the spread of COVID-19.

Conclusion
In this project, I have explained about the
topic’(COVID-19(Coronavirus)), by providing full
details on it.

This project also emphasizes main ideas related to

the topic.

I took the ideas and researched about this topic from

the websites and some books which are mentioned in
the bibliography. I hope this project will be useful
and knowledgeable one.

A very Special thanks to my teacher for setting such

targets for us. I enjoyed every bit work I had put into
this project.
Bibliography
 Wikipedia
 YouTube
 National Institutes of health
 World Health Organization (WHO)
 www.mdpi.com
 www.mayoclinic.org
 www.webmd.com
 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.merriam-webster.com
 Oxford Academic
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.