MM University

Mullana, Ambala- Haryana

Assignment on
Covid-19

Course code: MBIO-401

Course title: Clinical and Diagnostic Microbiology

Submitted to:
Submitted by:
Dr. Shikha
Nmae: MD. Masum Billal
Lecturer
ID No: 1416812
MMCP MM university
MMCP MM University
Mullana, Ambala
 Content

A. Introduction
B. Epidemiology
C. Cause
D. Transmission
E. Pathogenesis
F. Sign & symptom
G. Complication
H. Diagnosis
I. Treatment
J. Prevention
K. References
 A. Introduction
 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
 The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of
China's Hubei province.
 It rapidly spread, resulting in an epidemic throughout China, followed by an increasing
number of cases in other countries throughout the world.
 In February 2020, the World Health Organization designated the disease COVID-19,
which stands for coronavirus disease 2019 [1].
 The virus that causes COVID-19 is designated severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); previously, it was referred to as 2019-nCoV.

B. Epidemiology

 Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality. These numbers vary by

region and over time and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system
quality, treatment options, time since initial outbreak and population characteristics such
as age, sex and overall health.
 In late 2019, WHO assigned the emergency ICD-10 disease codes U07.1 for deaths from
lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and U07.2 for deaths from clinically or
 epidemiologically diagnosed COVID-19 without lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.
 The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths divided by the number of diagnosed
cases within a given time interval. Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the
global death-to-case ratio is 6.9% (160,952/2,331,099) as of 19 April 2020. The number
varies by region.
 Other measures include the case fatality rate (CFR), which reflects the percent of
diagnosed individuals who die from a disease, and the infection fatality rate (IFR), which
reflects the percent of infected individuals (diagnosed and undiagnosed) who die from a
disease.
 These statistics are not time bound and follow a specific population from infection
through case resolution. A number of academics have attempted to calculate these
numbers for specific populations.

C. Cause

 Infection with the new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or
SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
 It's unclear exactly how contagious the new coronavirus is. it spreads from person to
person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). The virus spreads
by respiratory droplets released when someone with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks.
 It can also spread if a person touches a surface with the virus on it and then touches his or
her mouth, nose or eyes.

D. Transmission

The latest guidelines from Chinese health authorities described three main
transmission routes for the COVID-19:

 Droplets transmission : Droplets transmission occur when respiratory droplets (as

 produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes) are ingested or inhaled by
individuals nearby in close proximity.
 Contact transmission : contact transmission occur when a subject touches a surface
or object contaminated with the virus and subsequently touch their mouth, nose, or eyes.
 Aerosol transmission : aerosol transmission may occur when respiratory droplets
mix into the air, forming aerosols and may cause infection when inhaled high dose of
aerosols into the lungs in a relatively closed environment.

E. Pathogenesis

Fig : pathogenesis of COVID 19

F. Sign & Symptom

Signs and symptoms of COVID-19 may appear two to 14 days after

 exposure and include

 Fever
 Cough
 Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

Other symptoms include:

 Tiredness
 Aches
 Runny nose
 Sore throat
 Headache
 Diarrhea
 Vomiting

G. Complication

Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can
cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people
with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill
with COVID-19

 Pneumonia in both lungs

 Organ failure in several organs
 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
 irregular heart rate (arrhythmia)
 cardiovascular shock
 severe muscle pain (myalgia)
 Fatigue
 heart damage or heart attack

H. Diagnosis
 The standard method of testing is real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain
reaction (rRT-PCR). The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by
a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.
 Blood tests can be used, but these require two blood samples taken two weeks apart and
 the results have little immediate value.

I. Treatment

There’s currently no treatment specifically approved for COVID-19, and no cure for an
infection.

J. Prevention

Although there is no vaccine available to prevent infection with the new coronavirus.
WHO and CDC recommend following these precautions for avoiding COVID-19:

 Avoid large events and mass gatherings.

 Avoid close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters) with anyone who is sick or has
symptoms.
 Keep distance if COVID-19 is spreading in community.
 Wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or use an alcohol-based
hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
 Cover mouth and nose with elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw away
the used tissue.
 Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth.
 Avoid sharing dishes, glasses, bedding and other household items who is sick.
 Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces daily.
 Stay home from work, school and public areas.
 Avoid taking public transportation

K. Reference

 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. World Health Organization.
 CDC. 2019 Novel coronavirus, Wuhan, China. 2020.
 Virological.org. Novel 2019 Coronavirus Genome 2020