Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN

MARACAS ROYAL ROAD, MARACAS, ST. JOSEPH.

Covid-19 final paper

An Assignment

Presented in Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements for the Course

NURS223-01 Pathophysiology and Psychopathology I

INSTRUCTOR: Mrs Sasha Samaroo-

By:

Olivia Jagroop

2019081309.

31st , March . 2021.

Approval…………………………
Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Scripture Verse Nehemiah 8:10

Do not grieve, for the joy of the Lord is your strength.

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

1. Intro/An overview of the disorder (local and international) (3 marks)

It all started in Wuhan China in the Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market, where this

deadly virus rapidly took the lives of family members unexpectedly. This mystery virus

spread globally, causing a pandemic. It was first said that the virus started in bats and snakes

and humans contracted the virus through the consummation of these animals. This is called a

zoonotic spillover event. The virus was then introduced as a family to the coronavirus. On

12th march 2019 trinidad encountered its first case of the Novel coronavirus. (BMJ, 2021)

This novel coronavirus is a set of viruses that cause respiratory type symptoms, it is

crown-like and is named the way it looks when viewed under a microscope. Corona in latin

is defined as garland or crown. It is related to the Coronaviridae which is an enveloped,

positive-strand RNA virus which causes respiratory tract infections in humans. (Mcleod,

2020). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was named by WHO, this disease

covid-19, is similar to the common cold causing respiratory symptoms such as shortness of

breath, dry cough and fever which can lead to pneumonia, kidney failure and death It is

known that SARS-Cov-2 is the virus name, it is genetically similar to the SARS virus but it is

different and Covid-19 is the disease name. Severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS], and

the Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS]) also cause respiratory diseases which are

related to coronaviruses. It is spread by person to persons via droplets from coughing or

sneezing. The symptoms are mild to lethal and its onset usually takes between 2 to 14days

days. (Charan, 2020)

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

2. Etiology (causes or origin)

❖ The new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or

SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019.

❖ Covid-19 is responsponsible for a wide range of diseases in many animals including

livestocks and pets.They’re mutual in humans and in animals including bats and cats.

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is similar to MERS and SARS. They

all came from bats.

❖ Respiratory drops delivered when somebody with the infection hacks, sniffles,

inhales, sings or talks

❖ Individual to individual that is inside 6 feet/2 meter can cause contamination, drops

can be breathed in or land in the mouth, nose or eyes of an individual close by

❖ The COVID-19 infection can spread by an individual being presented to little beads

or vaporizers that stay noticeable all around for a few minutes or hours — called

airborne transmission.

❖ Individual contacts a surface or item with the infection on it and afterward contacts

their mouth, nose or eyes, albeit this isn't viewed as a primary way it spreads.

❖ Complete viral genome examination uncovers that the infection imparts 88%

succession personality to two bat-inferred serious intense respiratory conditions

(SARS)- like Covids, however is more removed from the extreme intense respiratory

disorder Covid (SARS-CoV).

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

❖ SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, enters host cells via ACE II and the

transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors co-expressed in type II

alveolar cells of the lungs, upper epithelial and gland cells of the esophagus, and

enterocytes of the ileum and colon (Goel, et al., 2021)

❖ Covid is a wrapped and single-abandoned RNA named for its sunlight based crown

like appearance because of 9–12 nm-long surface spikes

❖ Four underlying proteins that are encoded by the coronaviral genome,one of which is

of the spike (S) protein, this (S) protein ties to the angiotensin-changing over catalyst

2 (ACE2) receptor and intercedes ensuing combination between the envelope and host

cell layers to help viral section into the host cell. One of which is the spike Common

human CoVs: cause regular colds and self-restricting upper respiratory diseases in

immunocompetent people. In immunocompromised subjects and the older, lower

respiratory lot contaminations can happen.

❖ Other human CoVs: SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV (betaCoVs of the B

and C heredity, individually). These reason pandemics with variable clinical

seriousness highlighting respiratory and extra-respiratory indications. Concerning

SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, the death rates are up to 10% and 35%, separately.

❖ Alphacoronavirus (alphaCoV), Betacoronavirus (betaCoVbetaCoV that presumably

bats and rodents are the quality sourcesOn the opposite, avian species appear to

address the quality wellsprings of deltaCoVs and gammaCoVs

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

3. Clinical Manifestation (4 marks)

Once COVID-19 infections are confirmed, patients can experience mild illness to severe

illness and also death can occur. Symptoms may appear in a few days to 14 days after

exposure, which is the incubation period. These symptoms includes

● Fever

● Dry cough

● Shortness of breath

Other symptoms may include:

● Sore throat

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

● Runny nose

● Diarrhea

● Fatigue/tiredness

❖ A potential transmission route between mothers and infants has been reported as a

finding, as a newborn was tested in the first 30-hour of birth for SARS-CoV-2

infection.

❖ Some patients are sometimes asymptomatic and some experience mild fever and

mild fatigue.

❖ Patients may cough up thick mucus that is produced by the lungs when there is a

disease present. This production is called sputum.

❖ Patient will likewise insight , chest snugness, sore throat, queasiness, spewing,

looseness of the bowels, headache,rhinorrhea About 15% of patients need inpatient

care for moderate to extreme pneumonia ageusia, and anosmia a couple of days before

the event of fever, proposing that fever is basic however by all account not the only

starting side effect of contamination .patients, with unknown exposure to COVID-19.

❖ Of these patients, 80% of patients at least 40% suffered with ageusia which is loss of

taste or 28.3% patients suffered with anosmia which is loss of smell. There are

several other common symptoms patients encountered at the onset of the illness

75% will experience cough, 71.3% with fever, 53.3% would have myalgia or fatigue,

25% with sore throat, 16.7% will experience shortness of br16.7% will encounter

windedness and cerebral pain. GI side effects (loose bowels, queasiness, retching and

misfortune craving) (16.7%). An aggregate of 68.3% of COVID-19 tainted patients

had revealed either loss of taste or smell, and about 33.3% of them had just loss of

smell, while 23.3% of them had hindered taste, and 11.7% of COVID-19

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

contaminated patients had both taste and smell misfortune. (Farah Yusuf Mohamud,

M. et al, 2021)

❖ Some patients with dyspnea get an occurrence within 5 days and should be

hospitalized within that time. dyspnea and hypoxemia advance into acute respiratory

distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, blood clotting dysfunction, and even

multiple organ failure in 1 week (Amato, Yu & Wasim, 2018)

❖ About 80% of SARS-CoV-2 contaminations in mobile patients show as a gentle

respiratory ailment and could generally be overseen by outpatient care.

❖ The progression of rapid multiple organ failure from disease that may cause death

in severely ill patients (Amato, Yu & Wasim, 2018)

❖ Patients with respiratory failure, hypotension or hypoxemic may be needed immediate

admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) because of major complications. (Farah

Yusuf Mohamud, M. et al, 2021)

❖ The death rate from the covid-19 patient was more severe in age related patients 40

year plus. Children have shown lower morbidity rate than adults (Farah Yusuf

Mohamud, M. et al, 2021).

❖ The essential course of transmission is from respiratory droplets. Prevention of

transmission through the ocular surface should curb the conjunctival epithelium from

being infected with droplets and body fluid.(Farah Yusuf Mohamud, M. et al, 2021)

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

4. Pathophysiology (8marks)

❖ Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced Pneumonia. Accumulation of lymphocytes and

inflammatory monocytes, endotheliitis, apoptosis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in the

pulmonary vasculature, vascular inflammation and dysfunction are severe Covid-19

pneumonia.

❖ Pulmonary oedema is when fluid accumulates in the tissue and air spaces of the

lungs. This leads to vitiate gas exchange that may cause respiratory failure. It is

expected to one or the other disappointment of the left ventricle of the heart to

eliminate blood sufficiently from the respiratory course (cardiogenic pneumonic

edema), or a physical issue to the lung tissue or veins of the lung (non-cardiogenic

respiratory edema). A pneumonic union district of lung tissue from ordinary

compressible has loaded up with fluid rather than air The condition is set apart by

induration (expanding or solidifying of regularly delicate tissue) of an ordinarily

circulated air through lung.

❖ Pericarditis is irritation of the stringy sac encompassing the heart called the

pericardium. There is the beginning of sharp chest torment, which may likewise be

felt in the shoulders, neck, or back. Intrusion and disease of the upper respiratory

parcel, during this period , there is an attack of movement of the infection from the

nasal epithelium to the upper respiratory plot by means of the directing aviation

routes. Patients will show manifestations of fever, disquietude and dry hack.

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Enormous invulnerable reactions occurs during this stage and the arrival of C-X-C

theme chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL-10) and interferons (IFN-β and IFN-λ)from the

infection tainted cells a high measure of patient don't advance during this period since

safe reaction can not contain the spread of contamination.

❖ The respiratory system in patients that are associated with COVID-19 have

congested lungs with a patchy distribution of abnormalities on examination. The

respiratory system is the primary system to be affected by SARS-CoV-2. Present of

multiple infiltrates of both lungs. It shows microscopic bilateral diffuse alveolar

damage(DAD), cellular fibromyxoid infiltrate, pneumocyte activation and interstitial

mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate with lymphocytes domination and microvascular.

The lung manifestation of the diseases in patients with COVID-19 with wide-ranging

and review abnormalities

demonstrated in ARDS from other

causes. (Brosnahan et al., 2020)

An x-ray shows diffuse patchy

opacities and some areas of cut

viral consolidation.

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

❖ coronary syndrome. These complications can lead to death. The measurable indicators

show a spike in the cardiovascular from severe covid-19 cases. To begin with, the

foundational oxidative pressure incited by hypoxemia in serious intense respiratory

disorder can straightforwardly harm cardiomyocytes, bringing about intracellular

acidosis and mitochondrial harm. Second, ACE2 receptors additionally situated in the

cardiovascular framework can dysregulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS)

framework, prompting modified myocardial interest through ventricular rebuilding

and further enlistment of cardiomyocyte harm. Third, the cytokine storm actuated by

the foundational incendiary reaction disorder to COVID-19 has been accounted for in

dissection discoveries to bring about cardiovascular interstitial mononuclear

provocative invades. At long last, these nearby and foundational impacts can incite

heart microvasculature harm bringing about perfusion surrenders. (PAHO, 2021).

❖ The gastrointestinal, serious liver brokenness or injury has been accounted for in

quiet, it is the body's biggest stomach related organ for biligenesis and

detoxification.COVID-19 patients once in a while endure Liver harm it is

fundamentally create through direct popular disease drug cytotoxicity, and fiery safe

reaction. Ace 2-positive cell liver tissue turns liver as a target for SARS-CoV-2

infection.

❖ In the upper respiratory parcel when the infection SARS-CoV-2 is caused through

respiratory pressurized canned products it ties to the nasal epithelial cells. The nasal

epithelial cells in adults it is highly seen that the ACE-2 ( angiotensin converting

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

enzyme 2 receptor ) is the viral entry for the main host. In the conducting airways the

infection of the ciliated cell and the local replication and propagation is a process that

the virus goes through. This phase of the immune that was generated lasts a couple of

days even though the patient is infectious their viral loads are low and a positive result

of the virus can be seen via nasal swab testing.

❖ Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) binds to the ACE2

receptor in humans, the virus uses its spike protein to bind to the ACE-2 receptor and

enter to serve many functions in a normal cell, the physiology is an enzyme that

cleaves to large proteins into smaller proteins and then to use in the cell to assist with

different regulatory functions, the largest one is in blood pressure and inflammation .

This enzyme cleaves angiotensin 2 which is the primary protein which is acting so

when the virus bind to the ACE 2 receptors that leaves the angiotensin2 protein

uncleave that protein is able to continue its function which increases inflammation

and increases cellular death in the alveoli.

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

5. Actual and Potential problems/complications of Covid-19 on the body as whole- body

system(s) and organs that are affected (7 marks)

★ Actual

Fever

Coughing

Respiratory tract infection

Loss of taste

Nasal congestion

★ Potential problem:

★ Pneumonia, ○ cardiac injury

○ Gastrointestinal infection ○ Arrhythmia

○ Acute liver dysfunction ○ Blood clot

○ Strokes ○ Guillain-Barre syndrome

○ acute respiratory distress ○ Mental health issues

syndrome ○ Death

○ septic shock

○ acute kidney injury

(Cennimo, 2021)
○ multi-organ failure

○ Seizures

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Complications on the body system

❖ Patients older than 65 are targets to attract COVID-19 pneumonia, patients with other

health problems have a higher chance also. Patients can develop restrictive or

obstructive lung function If your pneumonia isn't treated pleural effusion may ocurre,

the pleura can get swollen, and may fill with fluid .

❖ Respiratory Failure happens when enough oxygen in the blood is unable to rid carbon

dioxide out of the body; this is because the lungs are filled with fluid.

❖ Pneumonia causes Heart failure in patients the cause can be from a bacteria that

enters the heart and, the stress of the illness.

❖ Actue Kidney failure is not caused by pneumonia but because of the lack of blood not

being pumped to the kidneys kidney failure may arise. (Ba & Social Distancing,

2021)

❖ Septic shock

❖ Fecal-oral route of transmission causes gastrointestinal tract symptoms are diarrhea,

nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort, this is followed by the respiratory

symptom(intestine) tropism... (SARS-CoV) was confirmed by the viral discovery in

biopsy samples and stool. . An early and mild onset of the coronavirus provides

explanations for the gastrointestinal , potential recurrence, and transmission of

SARSCoV-2 in patients. (Gu, Han, & Wang, 2020)

❖ Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) has affected the central nervous system due to the

onset of coronavirus; it is considered Potentially neuroinvasive viruses. This can lead

to the manifestation of affected neuron and glial cells.

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

❖ Inflammatory lesions of the brain parenchyma are described as viral encephalitis.

During the time of the acute infection systemic toxic which are metabolic disorders

and hypoxia causes acute/toxic infectious encephalopathy, a reversible brain

dysfunction syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 the virus that triggered a proinflammatory

cytokine cascade, high levels of D-dimer and low platelet levels, which causes a

cerebrovascular accident. (Giacomanc, Trujillo Gittermanna, & Valenzuela, 2021)

❖ A meta-analysis of 12 studies involving a total of 976 patients with SARS-CoV-2

infection found that 35% of them reported depressive symptoms and 28% experienced

anxiety. COVID-19 patients were linked to people who had other types of pneumonia

in one of the trials. It showed that SARS-CoV-2 patients had more serious anxiety and

depression symptoms. One patient had a negative outcome due to extreme anxiety and

attempted suicide as a result. can cause anxiety, depression, sleep disruptions, and

thoughts of suicide.(Cox, Garfield, Panchal & Kamal, 2021)

.Organs that are affected.

Lungs Small intestines

Heart Large intestines

Brain Somach

Nervous system Mouth

Kidneys Anus

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

6. Treatments- Nursing and Medical management (10 marks)

❖ Therapeutic Management for patient With COVID-19

❖ Antiviral treatment recommended for COVID-19, and vaccines are currently

available

❖ Home treatment for relieving symptoms includes rest, fluid intake and pain relievers.

❖ Pneumonia patients need oxygen therapy, a ventilator to help breathe, and IV fluids

to prevent dehydration.

Nursing Management

Assessment Diagnosis Planning Interventions Evaluation

Travel history Exposure to Quarantine Monitoring Successfully

the virus that vital signs, prevented the

causes maintaining patient from

COVID-19 respiratory spreading the

function, infection to

managing family, the

hyperthermia, community, or

and reducing to healthcare

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

transmission. staff

(Cascella, et.

al,2021)

Physical Fever/ pyrexia Reducing fever Manage fever The patient had

examination use appropriate improved body

therapy for temperature

Documentation hyperthermia, levels

of patient signs including

and symptoms. adjusting room (Cascella, et.

temperature, al,2021)

Subject: eliminating

the patients excess clothing

complains and covers,

using cooling

Object: vital mattresses,

signs. applying cold

Blood results packs to major

blood vessels,

starting or

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

increasing

intravenous

(IV) fluids as

allowed,

administering

antipyretic

medications as

prescribed, and

readying

oxygen therapy

in the event of

respiratory

problems

resulting from

the metabolic

demands for

oxygen during a

fever.

Medical management

The FDA has granted an emergency use authorization to three Three monoclonal

antibody treatments for COVID-19. These treatment must be given intravenously in a

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

clinic or hospital to adults and children over age 12 with mild to moderate symptoms

who have been tested positive for COVID-19, conditions.The three monoclonal

antibody treatments are

➢ bamlanivimab, made by Eli Lilly;

➢ a combination of casirivimab and imdevimab, made by Regeneron;

➢ a combination of bamlanivimab and etesevimab, made by Eli Lilly. (Cascella,

et. al,2021)

❖ The use of tocilizumab (single intravenous dose of 8 mg/kg of actual body weight, up

to 800 mg) in combination with dexamethasone (6 mg daily for up to 10 days)b in

certain hospitalized patients who are exhibiting rapid respiratory decompensation due

to COVID-19. (Cascella, et. al,2021)

❖ For patients with severe COVID-19 that is hospitalized on Mechanical Ventilation or

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, the use of dexamethasone in hospitalized

patients with COVID-19 who require invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO (AI).

If dexamethasone is not available, equivalent doses of alternative corticosteroids such

as prednisone, methylprednisolone, or hydrocortisone may be used (BIII).(Publishing,

2021)

❖ NB Tocilizumab should be given only in combination with dexamethasone (or

another corticosteroid at an equivalent dose).

❖ Remdesivir

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Remdesivir is an antiviral drug that is FDA approved to treat COVID-19. The drug

can be used to treat adults and children ages 12 and older and weighing at least 88

pounds, who have been hospitalized for COVID-19.Remdesivir (GS-5734), an

inhibitor of the viral RNA-dependent. It is given intravenously. In adults that were

hospitalized with covid-19 and were showing low respiratory infection were given

200mg/day on the first followed by 100mg/day for 10 days. The primary outcome

was the time to recover, and discharge from the hospital was the primary outcome.

(Cascella, et. al,2021)

❖ Baricitinib in combination with remdesivir

Baricitinib and Remdesivir is an emergency authorized drug by the Food and Drug

Administration (FDA). It reduces hospitalization for patients who need high oxygen

flow from 18 days to 10 days. Adults, and children 2 years and older who required

oxygen therapy were prescribed the use of baricitinib in combination with remdesivir.

❖ Anticoagulation drugs ("blood thinners")

Blood clotting is a distinctive characteristic of severe COVID-19 cases Administering

heparin or enoxaparin base blood thinners to hospitalize patient with COVID would receive

medications within the 24 hours of admission to help prevent blood clots in the veins, or

venous thromboembolism and also the risk of death. Low dose of heparin is prescribed but

some patients need full dose because of high risk of rapid blood clot. (Publishing, 2021)

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

(Solis-Moreira, 2021)

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 Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

7. Two actual nursing diagnosis: two interventions for each diagnoses (4 marks)

Nursing Diagnosis Interventions

Fever

❖ Give antipyretic medication as prescribed.

❖ Control fever and regulate the body

temperature by adjusting room temperature,

eliminating excess clothing, use cooling

mattress.Keep patient hydrated

starting or increasing intravenous (IV) fluids as

allowed. (Hetzler, 2020)

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 Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Educate patients about the COVID-19

❖ Educate the patient and family member about

the importance of understanding how covid

started, the causes ,signs and symptoms, how

to avoid transmission and prevention methods .

❖ Provide pamphlet, short videos, and explain

information on disease transmission, diagnostic

testing, disease process, complications, and

protection from the virus

(Hetzler, 2020)

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Reference

Amato, D., Yu, C., & Wasim, S. (2018). Gaucher disease in Ontario, Canada: Clinical

manifestation, natural disease progression, and treatment response. Molecular Genetics And

Metabolism, 123(2), S19. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.12.022

Ba, & Social Distancing, Q. (2021). 6 Serious Complications of Pneumonia You Should

Know. Retrieved 30 March 2021, from

https://www.webmd.com/lung/complications-pneumonia

Belleza, M. (2021). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Study Guide. Retrieved 31 March

2021, from https://nurseslabs.com/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/

BMJ. (2021). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US.

Retrieved 29 March 2021, from https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology

Brosnahan, S., Jonkman, A., Kugler, M., Munger, J., & Kaufman, D. (2020). COVID-19 and

Respiratory System Disorders. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, And Vascular Biology, 40(11),

2586-2597. https://doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.314515

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, et al.( 2021) Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of

Coronavirus (COVID-19) . In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls

Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

Charan, R. (2020). T&T confirms first case of coronavirus. Retrieved 29 March 2021, from

https://trinidadexpress.com/newsextra/t-t-confirms-first-case-of-coronavirus/article_5c05b35

a-6495-11ea-8bd4-1bba999d27a3.html

Cox, C., Garfield, R., Panchal, N., & Kamal, R. (2021). The Implications of COVID-19 for

Mental Health and Substance Use. Retrieved 30 March 2021, from

https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental

-health-and-substance-use/#:~:text=During%20the%20COVID%2D19%20pandemic,largely

%20stable%20since%20spring%202020.

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Farah Yusuf Mohamud, M., Garad Mohamed, Y., Mohamed Ali, A., & Ali Adam, B. (2020).

Loss of Taste and Smell are Common Clinical Characteristics of Patients with COVID-19 in

feGoel, A., Akhade., K. Ganguly, S., Nanda, R., Shah, S., & Mohapatra, E. (2021).

Cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 in children: A systematic...: Discovery

Service for UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN. Retrieved 28 March 2021,

from

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e1aa%40sessionmgr4006&bdata=JmF1dGh0eXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%

3d#AN=148468451&db=a9h

Gu, J., Han, B., & Wang, J. (2020). COVID-19: Gastrointestinal Manifestations and Potential

Fecal-Oral Transmission. Gastroenterology, 158(6), 1518–1519.

https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054

Mayo. (2021). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Symptoms and causes. Retrieved 31

March 2021, from

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

Mcleod, V. (2020). COVID-19: A History of Coronavirus. Retrieved 31 March 2021, from

https://www.labmanager.com/lab-health-and-safety/covid-19-a-history-of-coronavirus-22021

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

PAHO. (2021). HEARTS - Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19: Inter-relationship and

opportunities for change of two global crises - PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health

Organization. Retrieved 30 March 2021, from

https://www.paho.org/en/events/hearts-cardiovascular-disease-and-covid-19-inter-relationship

-and-opportunities-change-two

Publishing, H. (2021). Treatments for COVID-19 - Harvard Health. Retrieved 30 March

2021, from https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/treatments-for-covid-19

Somalia: A Retrospective Double Centre Study. Infection and drug resistance, 13,

2631–2635. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S263632

Solis-Moreira, J. (2021). Blood thinners may protect against COVID-19 complications.

Retrieved 30 March 2021, from

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/blood-thinners-may-protect-against-covid-19-co

mplications#Several-study-limitations

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN

MARACAS ROYAL ROAD, MARACAS, ST. JOSEPH.

Research Paper 2021

An Assignment

Presented in Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements for the Course

NURS223-01 Pathophysiology and Psychopathology I

INSTRUCTOR: Mrs Sasha Samaroo-

By:

Olivia Jagroop

2019081309.

31st , March . 2021.

Approval…………………………

Psalm 46:1-3 God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Therefore we

will not fear, though the earth gives way and the mountains fall into the heart of the sea,

though its waters roar and foam and the mountains quake with their surging.

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Introduction

We all know that covid -19 came unexpectedly and we had no choice but to adjust quickly, to

transform our daily living to the rhythm of this heinous pandemic. One of the major

transformations that the global community would have to face is distance learning. It took a

while for the adjustment, some are still trying to adjust but ready or not time still proceeded

and you had no choice but to hop on the online train. This research escalates our use of online

learning from theory to practical.

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Dr. Leroy Hill, started at the pandemic made you see on the scripture revelation 14:6,

as I read over the scripture I could have understood how the good news would be spread at

the four corners or the earth to every nation tribe and people, it only made sense. He

compared face to face research day to online saying now there are so many people worldwide

can view on how many people were online to view research day which articulated his

point.he encouraged and stressed on the importance of utilizing distance learning education

at the university.

Covid-19 forced universities worldwide to address continuous education but many were not

prepared for the shift but it took quick thinking and careful planning to switch from learning

face to face to remote said doctor hill. There are theories that guide distance learning, the

challenge is to ground the theoretical framework. Mr hill spoke about three theories

1. Equivalent theory:

The goal of instructional planning should be to make the same experience for each

learner equivalent. Even though the information is the same the learning process will

be different. He exclaimed that distance learning and face to face learning is not the

same but lectures should do proper planning to make it equivalent because of the

fundamental environment.

2. Transaction distance

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

Is the psychological or commutative transaction space between instructor and learner

occurring in the structural or planned learning settings. The instructor and learner both

create an atmosphere to learn but face to face learning is a low transactional distance

where the learner engages with the instructor asking questions and increasing

dialogue and they are connected to the learning environment. Remote learning on the

other hand is a high transactional distance where the learner is disengaged, unable to

ask questions and is disengaged in the learning environment. . Remembering that the

learner is not a distant learner and they did not learn about distance learning but it

was forced upon them.

3. Theory community of inquire

Monitoring the evaluation of the adoption of the cognitive framework, it is important

to measure the framework which will help not only the student to be successful but

also the instructor.

He gave a timeline that the lectures took in planning of the response of distance learning

The timeline was february 24th 2020 to june 30th 2020. In this period their remote teaching

began for some the first time ever zoom, aeorion, google drive was all new to them but they

continued with the engaging of the faculty and students.

Mr Hill used questions as his instrument on finding out substantial ways to create the best but

equivalent environment. Some of the questions was

❏ What level of faculty and students readiness in meeting equivalency theory

requirements?

❏ How much structure, dialogue, and autonomy is needed inRT framework to maximise

learning outcomes?

❏ What level of theory practice teaching/learning engagement is needed to ensure

effective continuation?

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Topic: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

❏ How do school administrators use data collected in addressing teaching and learning

gaps?

❏ How can we improve the RT framework to address the teaching and learning gap?

Remote teaching came with planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation.

The framework for remote teaching encourages teachers and learners to use the

scarunise tool which are zoom, aeorion and elearn. The questions and challenges that

were seen were the engagement and what it looked like but the increased request for

capacity from the faculty building which was bandwidth and devices that one did not

have and one had to share with their sibling. Student success issues of readiness 94%

said they were ready and 33% said that they felt overwhelmed. Another issue was

how to implement the practical aspect of course.

He finished his lecture by saying people requested some key issues some have been

met and some have not.

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