Professional Documents
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ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGY I
( BSR 231 )
AAP119 3I
PREPARED FOR ;
SR NOORAZLINA BINTI KAMARULZAMAN
PREPARED BY ;
NO NAME MATRICS NO
1 MUHAMMAD ALIF HUSAINI BIN ABU BAKAR 2018211458
2 MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN AZMI 2018291508
3 MUHAMMAD AMAR ADAM BIN AZLAN 2018412674
4 NUR SHAZLEEN NATASHA BINTI JAMALUDDIN 2018210974
5 NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI MOHD SUKRI 2018860804
First of all, a big thank to everyone, especially to our beloved lecturer, Sr. Noorazlina binti
Kamarulzaman that has taught us this subject and make this research complete. We would like to
show our deepest-gratitude to Allāh ﷻbecause with all of His might and assistance, we would be
able to complete this important research on the required time. In addition, not forgetting the hard
works of all group members, especially on giving their full commitments while doing this research.
This research has been going well as we planned. We are very grateful for the level of
cooperation and assistance provided by virtually every person whom the inquiry staff that consulted
us and gave us the golden opportunity of the implementing our skills in this Research on the
Relation of Climates, Human and Traditional Building Design in Malaysia.
We hope that this research will be benefit to everybody, even though that it is very simple
and lack of certain important informations. We are pretty sure that this report will be a very good
reference to everybody, especially for the students in our class. We are also hoping that with all of
the kindness that we have in Sr. Noorazlina binti Kamarulzaman, she will give us good responses
and gives us a very good marks in this report.
Last but not least, thank you once again to Sr. Noorazlina binti Kamarulzaman and
everybody that help us to complete this report. All of your good deeds will never be forgotten.
i
Content
Pages
5.0 References 27
ii
1.0 Project Background
1.1 Introduction
“ Rumah Kutai ” is a traditional Malay house in Perak, Malaysia, located near to the banks
of the Perak River, in the Daerah Perak Tengah between Hilir Perak and Kuala Kangsar. The
original “ Rumah Kutai ” consists of three main components of the building, namely the “ Rumah
Ibu ”, the “ Ruang Selang ” and the “ Ruang Dapur ”. At the “ Rumah Ibu ”, there is a “ Ruang
serambi ”. “ Rumah Kutai ” is divided into two types namely “ Rumah Kutai Tiang 16 ” and “
Rumah Kutai Tiang 12 ”. However, most of the “ Rumah Kutai ” which still exist today is “ Rumah
Kutai Tiang 16 ”.
“ Rumah Kutai ” that is located at Pasir Salak Historical Complex, Kampung Batu Gajah,
Perak has been choosen for this research. The house is fully utilises by the natural materials that are
available around the village. The basic structure is hardwood while the roof is made from the leaves
of the rumbia and the wall of the house is made from bamboo or “ Kulit Kayu Tepas ”. The house
has a fairly high roof, but there is little uniqueness in terms of the openness of this house. It seems
that there is good and sufficient ventilation.
The owner of this “ Rumah Kutai ” is Puan Wok binti Haji Kulop Mat Hassan. The house
was almost nearly 100 years and it was built around 1890s. This house is made from fully wood
without a piece of nail. Puan Wok was the last owner of this house after inheriting from his father,
Haji Kulop Mat Hassan before Pasir Salak Historical Complex Management taking over the house
for preservation and conservation.
1
1.2 Literature Review
The climate of Perak Darul Ridzuan can be classified as warm - humid climate,
characterised by high temperatures and humidity. Air temperature averages within 22ºC and 32ºC
with small annual and daily ranges. It is continually near but seldom exceeds normal skin
temperature. Humidity is high through the year, averaging about 75% or more with heavy clouds
covering the high water vapour content in the air, direct solar radiation is filtered. The high
humidity also accelerates rotting, rusting and the growth of algae and mould.
The winds are generally of low - variable speed. Strong winds can occur with the rains.
Rainfall is also high throughout the year averaging 250 cm to 300 cm annually. Rains become more
intense with the monsoons. The architecture of the traditional Malay house is really influenced by
the climates around the house itself. Open spaces, high celling or roof and floor space are among
the architectural characteristic to provide good ventilation because the house is exist in the hot and
humid tropical climates. Top part of the house also is opened and airy acting as climatic buffer from
the hot sun.
In addition, the state of Perak Darul Ridzuan is known also as a state with a wealth of
architectural constructions both for government buildings, houses of worship and residences. It is
also influenced by the mixed results of the influence of tribes such as Bugis, Rao, Banjar, Chinese
and English who came to migrate, trade and administer in Perak.
The “ Rumah Kutai ” heritage architecture is only available in Perak Darul Ridzuan and
none in other states. The Purpose of the “ Rumah Kutai ” or also called as “ Kotai ” is ancient or
old and cannot be denied that “ Rumah Kutai ” is the only type of Traditional Malay House in Perak
that is still inhabited by locals over 200 years ago and until now it still stands majestic above face of
the earth.
For this research, “ Rumah Kutai ” of Puan Wok binti Haji Kulop Mat Hassan at Pasir Salak
Historical Complex has been choose for this research. This “ Rumah Kutai ” use 16 pillar to embed
the building structure and the house is divided into several parts that is “ Serambi ”, “ Rumah Ibu ”,
“ Ruang Selang ” and “ Rumah Dapur ”. Commonly, “ Rumah Kutai ” only have one room for
personal use.
2
Pasir Salak Historical Complex - Google Maps 09/05/2019, 1)52 PM
3
Imagery ©2019 DigitalGlobe, Map data ©2019 Google 50 m
4
2.2 Surrounding Building Area
Rumah Kutai
Perak River
5
2.3 Building Design and Layout
As the “ Rumah Kutai ” heritage architecture is only available in Perak Darul Ridzuan, the
uniqueness of the “ Rumah Kutai ” is in terms of the fineness of the carvings found on the door,
window openings, walls and the use of various tiers. It is also reinforced with the old tale that has
been preserved since then in connection with the history of the construction and the occupants of
the house.
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outdoor architecture, especially the influence of Acheh house architecture and Bugis custom house
from Sumatra. However, some of the particular features in its architecture and structural materials
still remain with its own identity, which is the architecture of the local Perak.
These special features are particularly noticeable in the dependent bees or known as “
Ragam Hias Lebah ” and the use of the “ Daun Tepas ” on the screen. The “ Rumah Kutai ” consist
of two types, namely “ Rumah Kutai Tiang 12 ” and “ Rumah Kutai Tiang 16 ” but both types of the
“ Rumah Kutai ” have the same structure.
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Ibu Rumah
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6
The structure of the “ Rumah Kutai Tiang 16 ” uses 16 main pillars, which are eight pillars
of length and 8 pillars of the same porch. Its poles are four elongated lines and four lines extend, but
the site’s width is not square - shaped but rather square - sided. The use of the laminar floor, the roof
structure with unique technology system, the shape of the sliding door and its distinctive window
shape has never existed in other elements of the Traditional Malay House architecture in Malaysia
or in the region as follows ;
The design of “ Rumah Kutai ” is influenced by several factors, in which the scope also
determines the components of the building and the arrangement of spaces in a house. Among the
common spatial components in “ Rumah Kutai ” is “ Anjung ”, “Selang” and “ Rumah Dapur ”.
This are the exactly use of the area ;
1. Serambi - Reserved for men and there are male guests sitting at the banquet and
to carry out various other activities. In the evening, this room is used
as a child’s first bed.
2. Rumah Ibu - There is a porch room and sometimes a small room, but room
space only exists later and is reserved for the girl's room. Back in the
olden days, the entire house of the “ Rumah Ibu ” had no restrictions
and to make the border between the porch space and the central space
reserved for the women, only limited by a 5cm height. The floor
position is not the same as the level between the porch and the living
room.
3. Selang - In addition to being a lane or passage between the two buildings, it is
a place to talk or carry out various activities for women. In ancient
times this room was not roofed and walled, so it could be used as a
place for drying the cloth, as well as a place of rainwater. Old girls
7
used it as a place to wash. Such a space is usually called a ridge
known as “ Pelantar selang ” or a “ Jemuran Selang ” after roof and
walled, known as a “ Selang ” or a “ Selasar ”.
4. Kitchen House - The kitchen house is smaller than the “ Rumah Ibu ”, usually in the
form of a single house, which does not wear a foyer. It is used as a
cooking place and therefore any kitchen utensils are stored there. A
ladder and platform is located at the edge of the kitchen door and it is
often used by mothers to the river or to the well for the purpose of
taking water, baths and so on.
Among the factors contributing to the extinction of the “ Rumah Kutai ” are due to the less
sensitive community of these heritage treasures of historical value or the fineness of the house itself.
Technological advances and modernisation make “ Rumah Kutai ” construction memorable and the
home standing still no longer occupied due to migration and mortality.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the “ Rumah Kutai ” architecture is no longer attracted
the local people of Perak. This is due to the influence of “ Rumah Limas ” architecture being
introduced in the state of Perak and the design of this “ Rumah Limas ” seems to provide comfort
and certain facilities in view of its larger size.
8
2.4 Building Elements
2.4.1 Roof
Picture
9
2.4.2 Wall
- Bamboo
Concrete Material - Kulit Kayu Tepas
- Kulit Batang Bertam
- Wall is the component which
- Wall is a structure for carries load, constructed after the structure of the “
p r o v i d e s e c u r i t y, s h e l t e r s , Rumah Kutai ” completely erected and
soundproofing, decorative and secured.
functioning to support the roof, floors - “ Rumah Kutai ” are using normal
and ceilings. timber wall and some of it is using
- Concrete are mostly being used in bamboo matting wall (kelarai wall).
modern house because it can insulate Design - Most of “ Rumah Kutai ” are using
against outside temperature it can Description panel wall in which the panels are
maintain constant temperature insides. and Function prepared on site and assembled at the
- The wall can be decorate by putting structure .
wallpapers to give it more aesthetical - This wall is very important to avoid
value. wild animals and thief .
Some of the outside wall have fretwork - This “ Kulit Kayu Bertam ” wall also
to provide natural ventilation to the provide more natural wind and light
house. ventilation to the residents in the
house.
Picture
10
2.4.3 Window
- Nibong wood
Glass Material
- Hard wood
Picture
11
2.4.4 Door
Picture
12
2.4.5 Floor
Picture
13
2.4.6 Staircase
- Type Stair
- Material Merbau
- Picture
14
3.0 Data Collection
As the climate of the “ Rumah Kutai ” is warm - humid equatorial, the design used must
fulfil the climates elements such as kerawang and overhang roof for more wind and shading. It is
because the house is build in hot and humid tropical climates. So, the temperature and climates
around the house really influenced the building design. There are 4 basic climates that be measured
and observed during this research used 4 in 1 meter that is ;
1. Temperature - Temperature is the amount of heat energy that is in the air. Its measure
unit is celsius degrees or Fahrenheit degrees in some countries. Heat
is the energy radiated from the Sun to the Earth in the form of light.
Clouds, water vapour, and atmospheric dust deflect about half of the
solar energy back into space, while the rest is absorbed by the soil and
water and becomes heat.
2. Humidity - It is the water vapour contained in the air. Its amount varies according
to to the amount of rainfall and solar radiation in a zone. Water
vapour is present in any region of the world, even the hottest ones. As
the temperature increases, so does the possibility of having water
vapour.
3. Wind - The Wind is the moving air. It causes variations in climate by drying
humidity, causing storms, and contributing to water evaporation.
15
3.2 Climatic Data Collections
Morning
32.1 32.0 32.0 32.1 32.3 31.9
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
33.6 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.0 32.0
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
33.0 33.2 33.2 33.3 33.2 33.0
( 3 p.m. )
TEMPERATURE ( ºC )
34
33.6 33.6
33.5
33.4
33.3
33.2 33.2 33.2
33.3
33 33
32.5 32.3
32.1 32.1
32 32 32 32
31.9
31.8
31
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang
Morning ( 9 a.m. ) Afternoon ( 12 p.m. )
Evening ( 3 p.m. )
Bar Chart 1: Data Collections
16
3.2.1.2 Modern House : Temperature (ºC)
Date : 16 April 2019
Morning
- - 33.1 33.1 33.1 -
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
- - 32.5 32.7 33.4 -
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
- - 31.3 31.3 31.3 -
( 3 p.m. )
TEMPERATURE ( ºC )
34
33.4
33.3 33.1 33.1 33.1 33.1
32.7
32.5
32.5
31.8
31.3 31.3
31
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang
Morning ( 9 a.m. ) Afternoon ( 12 p.m. )
Evening ( 3 p.m. )
Bar Chart 2: Data Collections
17
3.2.2.1 Rumah Kutai : Humidity ( %RH )
Date : 16 April 2019
Morning
50.5 55.6 55.4 55.4 55.3 56.2
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
46.4 48.6 49.5 49.5 49.7 49.8
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
47.2 48.9 49.6 49.6 49.7 50.0
( 3 p.m. )
HUMIDITY ( %RH )
55.6 55.4 55.4 55.3 56.2
57
50.5 49.5 49.6 49.5 49.6 49.7 49.7 49.8 50
48.6 48.9
46.4 47.2
42.8
28.5
14.3
0
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang
18
3.2.2.2 Modern House : Humidity ( %RH )
Date : 16 April 2019
Morning
- - 64.7 65.6 63.6 -
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
- - 67.6 71.9 66.7 -
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
- - 64.3 65.0 63.0 -
( 3 p.m. )
HUMIDITY ( %RH )
71.9
72
69.5
67.6
67 66.7
65.6
65
64.7
64.5 64.3
63.6
63
62
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang
19
3.2.3.1 Rumah Kutai : Wind Velocity ( MS -1 )
Date : 16 April 2019
Morning
1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
1.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
( 3 p.m. )
WIND VELOCITY ( Ms -1 )
1.2
1.1
1 1
0.9
0.6
0.3
0
0.1 0 0.1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang
20
3.2.3.2 Modern House : Wind Velocity ( MS -1 )
Date : 16 April 2019
Morning
- - 3.4 0.0 2.5 -
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
- - 1.5 0.0 0.0 -
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
- - 1.5 0.0 2.1 -
( 3 p.m. )
WIND VELOCITY ( Ms -1 )
4
3.4
3
2.5
2
2
2 2
0 0 0 0 0
0
Exterior Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang
21
3.2.4.1 Rumah Kutai : Solar Radiation ( LUX )
Date : 16 April 2019
Morning
170 67 54 48 70
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
237 80 69 50 150
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
205 75 54 53 143
( 3 p.m. )
180 170
150
143
120
80 75
67 69 70
60 54 54 50 53
48
0
Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang
22
3.2.4.2 Modern House : Solar Radiation ( LUX )
Date : 16 April 2019
Morning
- 29 43 31 -
( 9 a.m. )
Afternoon
- 29 53 45 -
( 12 p.m. )
Evening
- 41 42 38 -
( 3 p.m. )
45
45 41
43 42
38
31
29 29
30
15
0
Anjung Rumah Ibu Bedroom Rumah Dapur Ruang Selang
23
4.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, the difference of temperature, humidity, wind velocity and solar radiation
according to the times taken that were recorded at 9:00 a.m., 12:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. not really
show a big different. The data is taken at exterior, “ Anjung ”, “ Rumah Ibu ”, bedroom, “ Rumah
Dapur ” and “ Ruang selang ”.
Firstly, the temperature data that been gathered shown that the temperature increase until
afternoon and decrease in the evening. It is because the temperature around the house was affected
by the sunlight. The sunlight’s affect the temperature of the house because the nature of the sunlight
will make the weather hot and dry. In addition, Malaysia is near to Equator Line so it will be more
expose to the sunlight due to the factor of the curved earth.
Next, humidity data collected. Humidity can decrease when the time increase. It is because
the amount of water vapour in the atmospheric can increase or decrease depends on the condition. It
is bad if atmosphere contained a lot of water vapour because it will affect the building structure as
they will assist fungal growth on walls or doors besides the human bodies also will be affected. As
the data collected, the humidity will be high in the morning because there will be less direct
sunlight. So, the water vapour also got less extracted. Then, in the afternoon, the humidity will be
likely decrease due to direct sunlight that extracting too much water vapour and for the evening, it
can be increase or decrease depends on the condition of the weather and temperature.
Furthermore, for the wind velocity, it depends on the weather at the time that the data were
collected. It is because the weather of the surrounding area of the house really affected the wind
velocity. This house is located near to the bank of the Perak River, so the wind will come by the
river to the house. For traditional house, they use more natural ventilation compared to the new
mechanical ventilation because they had design the house properly based on the environment
surrounding the house.
24
Lastly, for the solar radiation, it depends on the use of the space in the house. As the data
collected, there are higher solar radiation at anjung section in the front of the house because it is use
for common area but in the rumah ibu and bedroom section, the solar radiation a bit decrease
compared to anjung section because this section for personal use. So the solar radiation of the house
influence the section in the house based on the use of the section itself.
25
5.0 Recommendations
This “ Rumah Kutai ” can overcome all these problems with provide mechanical ventilation
especially at “ Rumah Ibu ” and bedroom section because it has the lowest wind velocity as the
section can be more comfortable to the consumer. Besides, curtain also can be added to the window
to avoid direct sunlight in the afternoon at the “ Anjung ” section. Lastly, must use the good paint or
varnish at the timber wall and column to avoid the fungal growth because as tis house use fully
timber as their structure.
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6.0 References
1. Zulkifli Hanafi. ( 1999 ). Bangunan Dalam Iklim Panas & Lembab di Malaysia. Kuala
Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
2. M.N. Ariffin, A. Talib. ( 2005 ). Perak Malay ( Kutai ) Architecrure : A Methodological
Approach in Extensive Survey and Analysis. Shah Alam : UiTM Shah Alam.
3. Khairul Fikri Khairudin, Nurul Hamiruddin Salleh, Srazali Aripin. ( 2018 ). An Overview of the
Construction Techniques of Traditional Malay Houses : Rumah Kutai, Perak. Kuala Lumpur :
International Islamic University Malaysia.
4. Anuar Talib. ( 2005 ). The Perak Kutai Asli Malay House : Form, Function and Meaning. Shah
Alam : UiTM Shah Alam.
5. S. A. R. Mohd. ( 2018 ). Rumah Kutai : Documentation of Memories. Institut Darul Ridzuan :
Ipoh, Perak.
6. http://www.met.gov.my/forecast/weather/district/Ds033
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