Building survey case study on lighting, noise and acoustics

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SURVEYING
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK, SERI ISKANDAR
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY II (BSR 231)
TOPIC: CASE STUDY OF THE LIGHTING, NOISE CONTROL AND

ROOM ACOUSTICS (GROUPING ASSIGNMENT)
Prepared for:
MADAM NOORAZLINA KAMARULZAMAN
Prepared by:
NO. STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID
1. NURUL IZZAH BINTI MOHD RIZDZUAN 2019211882
2. NURUL FATIHAH BINTI SALIM 2019424476
3. NUR DYA BATRIESHA BINTI AMRAN 2019241298
4. MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN MUSA 2019427042
5. I’ZZAT FAHMI BIN YUZZEMAN 2019448142
Group:
AAP1193E
Semester: Oct 2020 – Feb 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS
N CONTENTS PAGES
O
Abstract 3
1.0 Building Background of Selected Building 4 - 21

Building 1: (Nurul Izzah)
Building 2: (Nurul Fatihah)
Building 3: (Nur Dya Batriesha)
Building 4: (Muhammad Aiman)
Building 5: (I’zzat Fahmi)
2.0 Literature Review 22 - 29
2.1 Introduction of the Lighting
2.2 Introduction Noise Control
2.3 Introduction Room Acoustics

2.4 Objectives
2.5 Elements
2.6 Requirements (Buidlding By Laws) in the Building for Building

Elements
2.7 Equipment Used
3.0 Case Study of 5 Buildings 30 – 142
3.1 Building 1: (Nurul Izzah)

3.2 Building 2: (Nurul Fatihah)
3.3 Building 3: (Nur Dya Batriesha)
3.4 Building 4: (Muhammad Aiman)
3.5 Building 5: (I’zzat Fahmi)
4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 143 - 145
5.0 References 146
2
ABSTRACT
Each of the students were assigned to investigate and study their own home for the lighting,
noise control and room acoustics in details by grouping. The students are required to study 3
spaces in their own house chosen as it is compulsory for the living hall and master bedroom.
Other spaces can be chosen are kitchen, bedroom, dining hall and more. But for this group,
kitchen was chosen as the additional space that need to be studied for the case study. Hence,
this case study is focusing to the students’ understanding towards the lighting, noise control and
room acoustics.
3
CHAPTER 1.0: BACKGROUND OF SELECTED BUILDING
BUILDING 1: (NURUL IZZAH)
The residential building chosen is a townhouse which is also can be identified as single storey
house even though the house is 4 levels but each owner only live at the same one level in one
house. The building chosen is located at Taman Amansiara, Selayang, Selangor with an
average land area of 1200 sq. ft. for each of the houses. It was fully built on 2009. Taman
Amansiara is designed as an exclusive neighborhood. This townhouse is project was developed
by Wirama Sdn. Bhd. The concept is cozy and simple and the shape is straightly tall in
rectangular. The residential buildings at Taman Amansiara was fully built on 2008. It was built on
the middle of a hill surrounded by lush greenery and unspoilt landscape that provides quire,
peaceful and cozy environment. There are 3 rooms and 2 toilets provided in each of the houses.
This house chosen as a case study purpose which owned by Mohd Rizdzuan bin Abdul Ajis, the
owner. Hence, this development presents a private retreat that leaves the hub of city-life
behinds and is yet a short driveway. The house address is No.26-1, Jalan 1/6 Taman Amansiara
Townhouse, Selayang, Selangor,68100. If lucky, residents will be able to see wild apes and
boars.
4
Figure 1.1. and 1.2. Residential areas in Taman Amansiara, Selayang, Selangor.
Figure 1.3. Map location of the residential building, Taman Amansiara Townhouse, Selayang,
Selangor.
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6
Figure 1.4. Floor plan of the house.
Floor plan of Level 1 and Level 2 of the different houses in Taman Amansiara Townhouse.
Based on this case study, the house studied is only for Level 1.
7
Figure 1.5. Taman Amansiara is Located Besides the LATAR Highway.
1. Accessibilty
Easy access to main of Jalan Ipoh by exclusive flyover twards Jalan Kuching, Kuala
Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2 (MRR 2), Duta-Ulu-Klang Expressway (DUKE), Lebuhraya
Damansara-Puchong (LDP) and Kuala Lumpur North-East Highway (LATAR). Taman
Amansiara is near to prime location such as Selayang General Hosipital, Selayang
Pasar Boring, Stadium Selayang, Batu Caves, Rawang Tesco, Templars Park,
Perangsang Golf Club, Zoo Negara and about 30 minutes to Kuala Lumpur. Schools
located nearby include SMK Ideal Heights and SK Taman Prima Selayang.
2. Build Up Zone
Taman Amansiara was built in 3 different zones, namely Zone 1 with 737 parcel units,
Zone 2 with 881 parcel units and Zone 3 with 98 parcel units. Townhouse build varies in
design and between 3-storey and 4-storey townhouse. Each parcel units has a porch
while corner units has an additional balcony.
3. Facilities
Taman Amansiara facilities include a clubhouse that includes a Convenient Store,
Badminton Court, Basketball Court (Half), Management Office, Community Hall, Fitness
Centre, Swimming Pool, Surau and coming soon, a Cafeteria and Games Room. In
addition, there is also a jogging & bicycle track, reflexology path, barbecue pit and
children’s playground with play sets available in Taman Rekreasi which is maintained by
MPS.
8
BUILDING 2: (NURUL FATIHAH)
This case study is located at Bukit Katil, Melaka. Bukit Katil is a small town that is located in
Melaka Tengah. It is a town that is surrounded by small towns such as AyerKeroh, Bukit
Beruang and Ayer Molek. It is a very suitable living area because it is not too close to Melaka
City centre. Hence, it gives residents enough privacy and seclusion to live their life. Name of the
owner is Fatimah binti Mohd. She lives with her husband and children. The address of the
house is No. 25, Jalan SI 37, Taman Saujana Indah, Bukit Katil 75450 Melaka. It is easy to find
the location since it is located at the end of the road of SI 37. This townhouse is project was
developed by Grand City Sdn. Bhd. The building status is a single-storey bungalow house. The
tenure is freehold. It has 7 family members for the occupancy. The number of storey height one
storey bungalow house. It is built in 2015 and cost RM500,000 at that time. This house has
been renovated once during the construction works. It causes the wet kitchen is bigger than
actual, the bedroom has been replaced with lounge for the family members to have their time.
Besides, it is a corner unit so there is house yard since it is a bungalow house. At the evening,
all the family members will have some evening sessions while watching sunset and watering
plants.
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Figure 1.6. Map location of the residential building, Taman Saujana Indah, Bukit Katil, Melaka
from Google Map.
Figure 1.7. and Figure 1.8. Front house of the case study.
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Figure 1.9. Floor Plan of the House.
1. Accessibility
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2. Build Up Zone
Fire Rescue Department Malaysia
 Distance from the house is

1.6km
Figure 1.10. Fire Rescue Department

Malaysia
High School: SMK Bukit Katil

500m
Figure 1.11. SMK Bukit Katil.
Petron Oil Gas Station

750m
Figure 1.12. Petron Oil Gas Station.

Ban Zen Motors

750m
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Figure 1.13 Ban Zen Motors

Taman Saujana Indah was built in 3 different phases, the house of this case study is
located in the third phase. In this phase, there are many built varies in design and
concepts house which are Single-Storey Terrace house, Semi-D house and Single-
Storey Bungalow house. Each parcel units have a porch while corner units have house
yards.
3. Facilities
Taman Saujana Indah has surau, takraw court and playgrounds.
BUILDING 3: (NUR DYA BATRIESHA)
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Figure 1.14. View of The Front House.
Figure 1.15. Map location of Building 3.
On these photos was credit to building 3. This house is located at the near to river which is
known as Sungai Muar, and it address No.14, Taman Cahaya 2, Jalan Ismail 84000 Muar,
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Johor. It is about 4km from Muar City, Johor. It can be easily to be accessible through bypass
road that from highway AMJ that stands for Alor Gajah-Melaka Tengah-Jasin. The house was
completely built in 2002 and now the age already 18 years old. The residential is about
comprises of a 25 house in this area. It has an approximate 167 square meter with 10 meters lot
width to maintain 1.5 meters setback both sides. This house is type of single story house and
have 3 bedroom per house.This house was and still owned by Mr. Amran bin Jidin. The
occupancy of this house for family about 5 people.
FLOOR PLAN OF BUILDING 3
Figure 1.16. Floor Plan of the Building.
BUILDING 4: (MUHAMMAD AIMAN
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Figure 1.17. Front View of the House.
This case study is located at Chaah, Segamat, Johor Darul Takzim. The owner’s is Musa Bin
Salan, everyone was 6 people including me in house. He stays with his wife and daughters. He
bought this house at 1992 because this house nearest with my village. The cost for this house is
RM 110,000. The house nearest with his workplace. This house plan was approved by the
District Council on 30 May 1990. This house is strategic because nearest with the shophouse
building. The address of this house is No 31, Jalan Keledang, Taman Damai Jaya 2, 85400
Chaah, Segamat, Johor Darul Takzim. Type of this house is Single Storey House. In this house,
there are two bed room, one utility room, a kitchen and bathroom. This house is a corner house
lot.
Accessibilty Publics
 Bank, Bank Chaah

 Terminal Bus, Terminal Bus and Taxi Chaah
 School, SK Seri Bali Chaah
Facilities
 Basketball Court
 Badminton Court
 Mosque
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Figure 1.18. Location Plan of Building 4.
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Figure 1.19. Floor Plan of Building 4.
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BUILDING 5: (I’ZZAT FAHMI)
Figure 1.20. Front House of Building 5.
This case study is located at Jalan Wijaya 6, Taman Wijaya 28600 Karak, Pahang. This house
lives with 5 occupants which is my family. The owner of this house is my father Yuzzeman Bin
Abdul Samad with his wife and three children. He brough this house at 2017 about 3 years ago.
Before this, we stay at Johor and my father as a teacher got transfers from Johor to Pahang.
So, this house near with his workplace. Type of this house is double-storey house. This type of
house is double-storey house. This house has 2 bedrooms at first floor and 3 bedrooms at the
second floor. This house was corner lot and have more space that can plant any flower and fruit
trees. This house was renovated add the kitchen and the dining room.
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Figure 1.21. Location Plan of the Building 5.
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Figure 1.22. Site Plan of the Building 5.
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Figure 1.23. Floor Plan for First Floor.
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Figure 1.24. Floor Plan for Second Floor.
1. Facilities
Taman Wijaya facilities include a playground, takraw Court, Surau and a mini market. In
addition, there are many food stalls at Taman Wijaya such as pisang goreng, char kuey tiaw,
nasi lemak and others. Other than that, there are the mosque near Taman Wijaya.
2. Build up zone
Taman Wijaya has 1 zone which is has 36 parcel units. Terrace house build varies in design and
between single-storey and 2-storey terrace house. Each parcel units have a porch while corner
units gave an additional balcony and land.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE LIGHTING

Light is power and light is a wave phenomenon in the form of an electromagnet of radiation.
Processes in the atomic structures of various materials radiate this energy and cause a wide
variety of effects. Lighting is a kind of electromagnetic wave that occupies a very small band of
the entire spectrum that can be seen as visible light. A limited part of the electromagnetic
spectrum contains visible light. Energy is a non-visible component of the process, but it can also
impact us. As usual, light sources do not include all wavelengths of similar intensity over the
entire visible spectrum, but they also appear white. At different wavelengths, light has unique
characteristics that can be used to discern spectral regions. In short, lights with shorter
wavelengths have more energy than those with higher frequencies.
Figure 2.1. Wavelength
Electromagnetic waves
1. Reflection: Reversal of direction which occurs at a surface.

2. Refraction: Deflection which occurs at the boundaries of different materials.
3. Diffraction: Deflection which occurs at edge of objects.
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Non-Visible Radiation
Non-visible radiation can be identified as the human eye cannot detect electromagnetic
radiation with wavelengths beyond the range of visible wavelengths.
 Ultraviolet light
It is not visible, but tissue and other organic materials, such as furniture art, may be affected.
Therefore, when choosing light sources, designers should consider how much UV radiation and
surface absorption would be released.
 Infrared radiation
It is usually felt as thermal radiation or heat. Along with UV and visible radiation, light sources
also produce infrared radiation. Other than that, it can be used for seeing in the dark and for
connections to contact.
Visible Radiation
The colors of the visible spectrum such as violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red,
the mixture of which appears as white light, all the visible wavelength being the influence on
sight of the combination. The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation visible to the eye
spectrum is 10^9 meters, from around 300 nm to 76 nm, which is 1 nm.
2.2 INTRODUCTION NOISE CONTROL

Noise control is a selection of techniques, whether outside or indoors, to minimize noise
emissions or to reduce the effects of the noise. This happen because have the unwanted sound.
Any unwanted electromagnetic signal or sound that creates a jarring or displeasing effect and
interferes with human contact, comfort and health may be described as noise pollution. Noise
pollution is often caused when the loudness of the sound becomes unbearable or annoying.
Example of noise pollutions are transport noise, industrial noise and neighborhood noise. Noise
control is not only useful for employee well-being, it also allows audible and adequate voice and
other means of expression feasible for warning signals. In addition, workers who also work on
buildings are guaranteed to have a comfortable night rest and a nice outdoor environment, such
as offshore platforms. The lack of excessive noise also tends to preserve the quality of work and
has been shown to increase productivity. Many benefits from noise control like effective
communication, maintain working efficiency and increased productivity.
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2.3 INTRODUCTION ROOM ACOUSTICS
The general term that explains how sound waves communicate with a room is room acoustics.
Each space, and all the artifacts in it, can respond to various sound frequencies differently. In
multiple spaces, any speaker can sound different. In a confined space, acoustics is the science
of regulating how noise travels. This involves minimizing the propagation of noise from one field
to another and monitoring the sound characteristics within the spaces themselves. Acoustics
aren’t just about treating the walls with an absorber or two, though it helps. Placement and
location of the speakers have an effect as well. The most important thing to remember about
room acoustics is that there are hot and cold spots of sound energy in the room. Controlling
these hot and cold spots is critical to achieving quality sound. Physics teach that when two
waves of the same frequency combine, the result can cause reinforcement or cancellation. This
is what mean when sound waves unite. When sound exits a speaker, some energy will go
directly to the ears and the rest will bounce off any object in the room then arrive at the ears
delayed in time. All these reflecting surfaces bombard with sound waves much like small
speakers but delayed in time with poor frequency response. When sound bounces off a
reflective surface, it's not perfectly reflective and has its own coloration on the sound. When the
sound arrives to the ears the bass, midrange or treble could have too much or too little
emphasis. If this wasn't bad enough, the distance travelled of these reflected waves will
determine how loud they are and how much the phase difference is to the direct sound wave.
Ultimately, the room can make things sound pretty messy. Acoustic characteristics are an
important consideration in the design, operation and construction of most commercial and
residential buildings and can have an impact on health and wellbeing, communication and
productivity. They can be particularly significant in spaces such as concert halls, lecture theatres
and so on, where the quality of sound and its intelligibility are very important. They can also play
an essential role in residential settings where money and space have been dedicated to home
entertainment systems or recording studios.
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Figure 2.2
2.4 OBJECTIVES
There are several initial objectives to stage lighting, the primary objective that is clearly evident
is to produce visibility not just for the audience except for the performers in addition. For the
most part it is for the audience so that they know where to direct their attention to suggest their
importance. Another objective is revealing the shapes and forms, which is improving the
standard of the objects on stage. Not many of us know this fact but when shining light from the
front where the audience is, it gives off the illusion that those three-dimensional objects on stage
are two-dimensional, eliminating the depth the stage provides. Though when the sunshine is
shone from various angles, like the highest, side, or behind it provides an excellent amount of
vividness.
Moreover, the goal of noise management is to keep up low noise exposures, specified human
health and well-being are protected. the particular objectives of noise management are to
develop criteria for the utmost safe noise exposure levels, and to push noise assessment and
control as a part of environmental health program.
The objectives for room acoustic are to prevent excessive reverberation and loudness inside
occupied spaces. The primary goal of acoustic standards is to scale back excessive
reverberation and loudness. the simplest thanks to do that is to use the acceptable amount of
sound-absorbing surface materials inside occupied rooms on the ceilings, walls or floors.
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2.5 ELEMENTS
Every building has their own common elements that needed. The functions of those elements
and also the main requirement of them is presented during this article. These are the
fundamental elements of a building:
1. Foundation:
Foundation is that the most significant a part of the building. Building activity starts with digging
the bottom for foundation and so building it. it's the lower most a part of the building. It transfers
the load of the building to the bottom. Its main functions and requirements are:
(a) Distribute the load from the structure to soil evenly and safely.
(b) To anchor the building to the bottom so under lateral loads building won't move.
(c) It prevents the building from overturning because of lateral forces.
(d) It gives level surface for the development of super structure.
2. Plinth
The portion of the wall between the bottom level and also the ground floor level is named plinth.
it's usually of stone masonry. If the muse is on piles, a plinth beam is cast to support wall above
floor level. At the highest of the plinth a moist proof course is provided. it's usually 75 mm thick
plain concrete course. The function of the plinth is to stay the bottom floor above ground level,
freed from dampness. Its height is not but 450 mm. It is required that plinth level is a minimum
of 150 mm above the road level, so that connections to underground system are often made.
3. Walls and Columns

The function of walls and columns is to transfer the load of the structure vertically downwards to
transfer it to foundation. except this wall performs the subsequent functions also it encloses
building area into different compartments and provides privacy. Next, it provides safety from
burglary and insects. Lastly, it keeps the building warm in winter and funky in summer.
4. Sills, Lintels and Chejjas:

A frame mustn't be directly placed over masonry. it's placed over 50 mm to 75 mm thick plain
concrete course provided over the masonry. This course is named as sill. Lintels are the R.C.C.
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or stone beams provided over the door and window openings to transfer the load transversely
so, see that door or frame isn't stressed unduly. The width of lintels is adequate the width of wall
while thickness to be provided depends upon the opening size. Chejja is that the projection
given outside the wall to guard doors and windows from the rain. they're usually made with
R.C.C. In low-cost houses stone slabs are provided as chejjas. The projection of chejja varies
from 600 mm to 800 mm. Sometimes drops also are provided to chejjas to boost aesthetic look
and also to urge additional protection from sun and rain.
5. Doors and Windows

The function of a door is to grant access to different rooms within the building and to deny the
access whenever necessary. The number of doors should be minimum possible. The size of the
door should be of such dimension as will facilitate the movement of the biggest object likely to
use the door. Windows are provided to urge light and ventilation within the building. they're
located at a height of 0.75 m to 0.9 m from the ground level. In hot and humid regions, the
window area should be 15 to twenty per cent of the ground area. Another thumb rule
accustomed determine the dimensions and also the number of windows is for each 30 m 3 of
inside volume there should be 1 m2 window opening.
6. Floors
Floors are the important component of a building. they provide working/useful area for the
occupants. the bottom floor is ready by filling brick bats, waste stones, gravel and well
compacted with not but 100 mm sand layer on its top. A lean concrete of 1:4:8, 100 mm thick is
laid. On this a moist proof course could also be provided. Then floor finishing is finished as per
the necessity of the owner. Cheapest floor finish for a moderate home is with 20 to 25 mm rich
mortar course finished with red oxide. the most expensive floor finish is mossaic or marble
finishing. Other floors are usually of R.C.C. finished as per the wants of the owner.
7. Roof
Roof is that the top most portion of the building which give top cover to the building. It should be
leak proof. Sloping roof like tiled and A.C. sheet give leak proof cover easily. But they are doing
not give provision for the development of additional floor. Tiled roof gives good thermal
protection. Flat roofs give provision for extra floors. Terrace adds to the comfort of occupants.
Water tanks may be easily placed over the flat roofs.
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8. Step, Stairs and Lifts
Steps give convenient access from ground level to ground floor level. They are required at
doors within the outer wall. 250 to 300 mm wide and 150 mm rise is good size for steps. In no
case the dimensions of two consecutive steps vary. Number of steps required depends upon the
difference within the levels of the bottom and also the floor. Stairs give access from floor to floor.
They should consist of steps of uniform sizes. In all public building lifts are to be provided for the
conveniences of old and disabled persons. In hostels G + 3 floors are often built without lifts, but
in residential flats maximum floors permitted without lifts is just G + 2. Lift is to be located near
the doorway. Size of the lift is set by the number of users in peak hours. Lifts are available with
capacity 4 to twenty persons.
9. Finishing
Bottom portion of slab or ceiling, walls and top of floor need smooth finishing with plaster. Then
they're supplied with white wash, distemper or paints or tiles. The function of finishing work is to
give protection, to improve aesthetic view, to rectify defective workmanship and finishing work
for plinth consists in pointing while for floor it consists in polishing.
10. Building Services

Facility, sanitation and drainage works, electric supply work and construction of cabinets and
show cases constitute major building services. For storing water from municipal supply or from
tanker a sump is constructed within the house property near street. From the sump water is
pumped to overhead tanks placed on or above roof level so on get water all the 24 hours.
Plumbing work is created so on get water in kitchen, bathrooms, water closets, sinks and
garden taps. For draining rain water from roofs, down take pipes of a minimum of 100 mm
diameters should be used. Proper slopes should lean to roof towards down take pipe. These
pipes should be fixed at 10 to fifteen mm below the roof surface in order that rain water is
directed to the down take pipe easily. The sanitary fittings are to be connected to stone ware
pipes with suitable traps and chambers. Stone ware pipes are then connected to underground
drainage of municipal lines or to the storage tank. Many carpentry works are required for
building service. they're within the style of showcases, cupboards and racks. Electric supply is
important a part of building services. The building should be given sufficient points for supply of
lights, fans and other electric gadgets.
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2.6 REQUIREMENTS (BUIDLDING BY LAWS) IN THE BUILDING FOR BUILDING
ELEMENTS
As for each building, there will be its own fixed requirement that needed to be followed and it
cannot be changed. Good building will definitely comply all the building laws reuired. The
building elements constructed and placed in the building must be comply with the laws written in
the Uniform Building by Laws 1984 book. As for the residential house, the natural lighting and
ventilation stated must be followed as mentioned below:
1) Every room designed, adapted, used for residential, business or other purposes except
hospitals and schools shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by
means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than 10% of the clear floor
area of such room and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted
passage of air of not less than 5% of such floor area.
2) Every water-closet, latrine, urinal or bathroom shall be provided with natural lighting and
natural ventilation by means of one or more openings having a total area of not less than
0.2 square metre per water-closet, urinal latrine or bathroom and such openings shall be
capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air.
2.7 EQUIPMENT USED

The case study for lighting, noise control and room acoustics have been conducted at 5 different
buildings for each group members. The case study must be done with the help of an equipment
since it will make the work easier and faster. As for this case study, the group members can only
use applications in the smartphones that is related with the data measured and collected. It is
considered as limitation because of the current Online Distance Learning system where
students have no suitable equipment to fully accomplish the case study by face to face.
Besides, for this case study the applications used are only Sound Meter and Weather. These
apps are used to measure the weather, humidity, lux, average sound produced and more.
Hence, with the assist from the applications, the case study for the lighting, noise control and
room acoustics will be done from time to time until it is fully complete.
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CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDY OF 5 BUILDINGS
3.1 INDICATION PLAN OF THE WHOLE HOUSE
BUILDING 1: (NURUL IZZAH)
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SP 2
ACE11
SP 3 SP 1
Figure 3.1. Indication Plan of the Whole House.

3.1.1 SPACES FOR THE CASE STUDY INVOLVED
Space 1- Living Hall
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Figure 3.2. Space 1- Living Hall.
Space 2- Master Bedroom
Figure 3.3. Space 2- Master Bedroom.
Space 3- Kitchen
Figure 3.4. Space 3- Kitchen.
Plan of Space 1
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Figure 3.5. Plan of Space 1.
Plan of Space 2
Plan of Space 3
3.1.2 LIGHTING
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a) Natural Lighting System
LOCATION Floor Opening Area Requirement by REMARKS
Area Law
(m2)
(Refer UBBL for
Natural Lighting)
1)LIVING 6.07m x 1)Three Panel Window: Every room The natural lighting in
HALL 3.80m = Aluminium Casement designed, building studied is quite poor
23.07m2 adapted, used for
Hung Frame with residential, where the orientation of the
Window Glass. business or other building is not that strategic. The
purposes except
building orientation and design
Quantity: 3 hospitals and
schools shall be should be more considerable to
provided with ensure the building accepts
natural lighting
and natural more natural lighting for the
ventilation by occupants own good. It is
means of one or
because good building
more windows
having a total performance, will gives the best
area of not less service to the occupants in the
Figure 3.8. Three Panel than 10% of the
clear floor area of building. The building should be
Window. such room and designed to be having a little
shall have
Size each panel: 1.2m x distance from one house to
openings capable
0.6m= 0.72m2 of allowing a free another to allow better lighting
uninterrupted enter the house from different
0.72 x 3 panels= 2.16 m2 passage of air of
openings. As for living hall, the
not less than 5%
2) Single Door: Panel of such floor area. design is quite poor because the
Door openings provided only at the
living hall main entrance where
Quantity: 1
less natural lighting enters the
house. Besides, the building
studied only gain natural lighting
from the living hall near the main
entrance, kitchen and from
bedroom 2. Basically, more
lamps are used compared to the
natural lighting as to overcome
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the lighting problem in the
house. It is supposed to be
provided with enough natural
lighting in the house because it
brought many benefits to the
occupants. For example, it saves
cost, Reduces health risks of
fluorescent lighting
Figure 3.9. Single Door. and provided vitamin d for the

occupants in the building at
Size: 0.838m x 2.057m =
morning. To help more natural
1.72m2
lighting to enter the house
3)Single Door: Three especially living room, the main
Flush Doors. door entrance that acts as an
opening have been widely open
Quantity:
on day to make sure more
i. From Living hall to the natural lighting can enter the
Bedroom 1. house. Hence, it is why the
ii. From Living Room to natural lighting is very important
the Bedroom 2. to the occupants in the building.

Then, the natural lighting at the
iii. From Living Room to
living hall in the building no.26-1
the Master Bedroom.
is overall could not be concluded
straightly defined as not comply.
It is because the 10% and 5%
that actually stated by UBBL as
the calculation of openings for
the whole space in the
residential. Since the calculation
now is only counted at the
spaces chosen for
accomplishing the case study, it
Figure 3.10. Single Door.
is assumed that, the building is
Size: 0.828m x 2.057m= comply with the law that are
37
1.70m2 required in UBBL when all areas
have been total up which is more
Three Doors: 3 x 1.70m2
than 10% such as at living hall
2
= 5.1m areas counted that the
Total Opening Areas: 2.16 percentage is 47.50% only for
m2 +1.72m2 + 5.1m2 = the living hall area. It can be told
8.98m2 that the whole areas in the

building no.26-1 is overall
Floor Area x 10%
comply even certain areas
(Adjustable Opening)
counted are not more than 10%
23.07m2 x 10% (8.98m2) = which is not that valid to be
20.72% concluded. The areas of the
opening for 10% and 5% are
basically used for the whole
areas opening in the house
originally.
2)MASTER 4.00m x 1)Single Window: Every room The natural lighting for this
BEDROOM 3.80m = Aluminium Casement designed, space is overall very poor. There
adapted, used for
15.2m2 Hung Frame with residential, are no lighting admits at this
Window Glass. business or other area since the design
purposes except
constructed for this area is only
hospitals and
schools shall be facing the underground small
provided with store at the back of the house
natural lighting
and natural and this building no.26-1 is the
ventilation by first floor level building out of 4
means of one or
levels. It is because, this building
more windows
having a total is made by using the townhouse
area of not less concept as to make things clear,
than 10% of the
Figu clear floor area of the design is applied for this
re 3.11. Single Window. such room and modern townhouse these days
shall have
and design is not preferable. It is
Size: 1.2m x 0.6m= openings capable
of allowing a free why people prefers to choose
0.72m2
uninterrupted terrace, semi-d house and more
passage of air of
3)Single Door: Flush as it provides better natural
not less than 5%
38
Door. of such floor area. lighting for the occupants and
comfort too. With the help of
fluorescent lamp, it is the only
lighting provides in the master
bedroom where the occupant
depending with. Zero natural
lighting is confirmed to be
admitted through the master
bedroom admitted through the
master bedroom. Next, for the
Figure 3.12. Single Door. openings calculation that have
been required from the UBBL
Size: 0.828m x 2.057m=
stated that shall be provided with
1.70m2
natural lighting and natural
Total Opening Areas: ventilation by means of one or
0.72m2 + 1.70m2 = 2.42m2 more windows having a total
Floor Area x 10% area of not less than 10% of the
(Adjustable Opening) clear floor area of such room and

shall have openings capable of
15.2m2 x 10% (2.42) =
allowing a free uninterrupted
3.68%
passage of air of not less than
5% of such floor area. As for
master bedroom, the fixed
ventilation opening is not being
used where they only used the
adjustable opening at this area.
It can be seen from the
calculation made, the
percentage of floor areas with
openings overall is 5.05%. The
openings involved in this space
are door and only single window.
It cannot be straightly assumed
that it is not comply because the
39
calculation have only been
counted for each space not
overall of the house, But in sum
up for the whole areas in the
house, the calculation overall is
comply which is passed the
standard requirement made by
the UBBL. Hence, it is very
important to calculate it correctly
to know whether the whole areas
counted is comply or incomply.
3)KITCHEN 3.90m x 1)Single Door: Flush Every room The natural lighting for the
3.80m = Door designed, kitchen is overall poor too since
2
14.82m adapted, used for the fixed ventilation at the
residential, kitchen provided is only 1 and no
business or other other openings for the lighting to
purposes except be admitted in the kitchen area.
hospitals and The kitchen area also depending
schools shall be with the fluorescent lamp on the
provided with ceiling only. The fixed ventilation
natural lighting provided is located beside the
and natural kitchen and actually considered
ventilation by as the storekeeper. So, the
Size: 0.828m x 2.057m= means of one or natural lighting admitted is not
1.70m2 more windows that much. Hence, the fixed
Floor Area x 10% having a total ventilation is quite far a bit.
(Adjustable Opening) area of not less Moreover, the fixed ventilation

than 10% of the also been covered with the
14.82 x 10% (1.72) =
clear floor area of blinds. It decreases more
2.55%
such room and admission of natural lighting in
shall have the kitchen. Besides, for this
openings capable kitchen area, more openings
of allowing a free needed actually since the
uninterrupted kitchen is used for the cooking
40
passage of air of purposes. The smokes produced
not less than 5% should be flowed out from the
2)Single Window
of such floor area. kitchen to outside of the building
Frame: Square Opening
easily. Basically, this kitchen did
not have proper ventilation and
enough openings to be lighting
admitted. The building for this
kitchen is also should not be
applied where kitchen needs
more openings as to ensure the
kitchen gains more natural
lighting to ease the occupants to
Figure 3.14. Single do their work in comfort
Window. condition. Hence, the kitchen

design should be upgrade or
Size: 1.0m x 1.0m = 1m2
actions to be taken in order to
Floor Area x 5% make sure more natural lighting
can be admitted. Next, for
(Fixed Ventilation)
openings calculation, it can be
14.82 x 5% (1) = .074% seen that the percentage for the
kitchen is 2.79% only for
adjustable opening and 0.81%
for fixed ventilation. The
percentage explains that the
openings calculation could not
be straightly assumed as not
comply. As mentioned before, it
is because the calculation only
have been calculated differently
into each of three spaces and if
the total sum up overall for all
those percentages in the whole
house, the calculation overall will
be assumed as comply.
41
b) Artificial Lighting System
LOCATION ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING REMARKS
LIVING HALL 1) Fluorescent lamp = 1 1) The fluorescent lamp is used in

2) Pendants lamp= 2 the most of the buildings and it is a
low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-
Fluorescent Lamp
discharge lamp that uses
fluorescence to produce visible
light. The type of the fluorescent
lamp is 4ft Philips fluorescent light
long tube with starter and housing
complete set (not Led) 36w. The
lamp is 574mm long. The body of
the batten light fitting are made
Figure 3.15. Fluorescent Lamp. from mild steel with a white finish,
the lamp holders and end caps are
Pendants Lamp
made from polycarbonate. The
number of fluorescent lamps used
at the living hall is 1. The condition
is also is quite good even it is being
used for almost 5 years. Starters
need to be changed in few times in
order to keep the lamp still
functioning.
2) The pendants lamp is also used

in the building as a decorative
Figure 3.16. Pendants Lamp.
lamp. Pendants should be placed
high enough to allow an
unobstructed view while either
42
sitting or standing. This lamp is
suspended like almost 300mm
from the ceiling and 72 inches
above the floor. The brand of the
pendant lamp is IKEA. This lamp
also designed to make the
decoration in the building seems
attractive or to make the space
brighter. It is also a light fixture that
is suspended from the ceiling with
only a single light bulb incorporated
into its fixture. 2 pendants lamp are
also placed on the living hall and it
is still functioning in a good
condition.
MASTER BEDROOM 1)Fluorescent lamp = 1 1) The fluorescent lamp is used in
the most of the buildings and it is a
Fluorescent Lamp low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-
from mild steel with a white finish,
Figure 3.17. Fluorescent Lamp.
number of fluorescent lamp used at
the master bedroom is 1 and not
functioning anymore. The condition
is also is quite not good even it is
being used for almost 5 years.
43
Starters need to be changed in
order to keep the lamp still
functioning.
KITCHEN 1)Fluorescent lamp = 1 1) The fluorescent lamp is used in

the most of the buildings and it is a
low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-
Figure 3.18. Fluorescent Lamp. from mild steel with a white finish,
number of fluorescent lamp used at
the kitchen is 1 and still functioning.
The condition is also is quite good
even it is being used for almost 5
years. Starters need to be changed
in order to keep the lamp still
functioning.
44
3.1.3 SOUND (NOISE CONTROL)
3.1.3.1 Material That Have Been Used to Control Noise in the Building Whether from
Outside or Inside the House
There are many materials that have been used to control noise in the building whether from
outside or inside the house. In every residential house also, it would be an essential to for the
contractors and other bodies involved to make sure the materials used in the building are in
good condition, have good quality, bring benefits and comfort to the occupants in the building.
Sound absorption is the capability of a surface, or building material, to absorb sound instead of
reflecting it. Sound waves will continue to bounce around a room for a time after they are
created if the majority of surfaces in a room is reflective. Surfaces that absorb sound better will
not allow for reflections to bounce around as much, and will deaden the sound wave more
quickly. Many common building materials, such as gypsum board, wood, concrete, brick and
tile, are fairly reflective and do not absorb much sound. Softer materials, such as carpet, foam
padding, and fiberglass insulation, are far better at absorbing sound. It can be seen that, the
building no.26-1 that have been used for the case study did applied average building materials
in order to control noise inside and outside of the building. Firstly, for the wall, it is basically an
important building element that have been used that acts as a privacy space, partition and
more. The wall is also made of bricks and concrete which can be said that, it did not absorb
much sound and fairly reflective. Good sound absorbers should be absorbing most of the sound
and reflects the most. But still, with the existence of the wall also, it helps to reduce the noise to
enter the building. Installing correct sound absorbers must be done in order to ensure the
occupants in the building are comfort. The most common wall type is made of finished and
painted drywall. The end result is a smooth, reflective surface that is going to bounce sound
back into the room rather than absorb it. Cover the walls to reduce the amount of reverberation.
One covering option is to hang wall art. Large decorative art, particularly pieces made of fabrics,
canvas and/or wood, work well as their materials absorb more sound than pieces made with
metal or glass. Next, for the floor, the materials that can be used to control noise is by putting
thick carpets on the floor is one of the ways that can be used. As for the building no.26-1, the
occupants are basically used thick carpets at most of the areas in the house such as living
room, master bedroom, bedroom 1 and bedroom. Hence, it can be said that thick carpet is one
of the good sound absorbers that can control noise. Next, for the ceiling, the good materials that
can be used to control noise is by hanging lights and fans will passively help to control sound.
45
This might be enough for average-height rooms. As for the building no.26-1, the building did not
used any lights to cover the ceiling except one fluorescent lamp and one ceiling fan. Hence, the
building is still facing a bit noise coming from the upper levels of house even that it is not that
obvious. Besides, for other materials can be used to control noise from outside and inside the
building also, can be done by putting thick curtains in every room for the building that have been
studied. For this building that have been used for the case study, it can be found that the
building used thick curtains in every rooms. Hence, the noise can be reduced. Thus, it can be
concluded that, it is very important for applying good materials in the building by considering the
building elements used too in order to control noise successfully from inside and outside of the
building.
3.1.3.2 Requirements of Noise in the Building
Standard requirements of noise in the building is basically one of the important things need to
be considered in order to make sure the building is comfort to be lived in. Noise is measured by
sound pressure level which is expressed as a power ratio and calibrated in decibels (dB). The
ear has a large dynamic range in audio perception with the ratio of the quietest to the most
immediately dangerous sound level (capable of causing permanent damage to the ear) being in
the order of 1:1 trillion. Some typical values are given in the following table. Note that it is not a
linear scale, going from 50dB to 100dB is not twice as loud but 16 times as loud and from 60dB
to 30dB is not half as loud but one eighth as loud. Regular exposure for more than one minute
to 110dB risks permanent hearing loss, and prolonged exposure to any noise at or above 85dB
can cause gradual hearing loss (NIDCD 2012). Communities usually agree about what noise
volumes are acceptable and what are not. The intensity of sound can be measured objectively
in decibels, but our perception of what constitutes noise is affected by subjective factors. These
include the type of noise (one person’s music might be another person’s noise), our mood, the
time of day, background noise levels and our expectations. Sudden noises such as a motorbike
exhaust or screeching brakes can be more disturbing than steady or expected noises.
Frequency of noise may also have different impacts. Non-traffic-related noise complaints are
rising, particularly in medium and high-density housing areas. Many new medium and high-
density developments are unnecessarily noisy, and the sound insulation requirements for multi-
unit housing and apartment buildings are not particularly high. It can be very difficult or
46
expensive to do anything about a noise nuisance after a house is built or purchased. Consider
potential noise problems before buying, build or renovate and ask for design specifications for
noise levels before buying a multi-residential unit and ask the solicitor to link them to the
contract as a performance measure. This will give more options if the occupants discover a
problem after moving in. Hence, the building no.26-1 also need to be followed the standard
requirements of noise to ensure the occupants live in a cozy building. The table below explained
design sound levels are recommended for an inner suburban house.
Activity Satisfactory (dB) Maximum (dB)
Recreation Areas 35 40
Bedrooms 30 35
Work Areas 35 40
47
3.1.3.3 Average of Sound Level in Different Spaces
MP1 – MP4 are the measurements points.
Figure 3.19. Space 1: Living Hall.
Figure 3.20. Space 2: Master Bedroom.
Figure 3.21. Space 3: Kitchen.
48
SPACE 1: LIVING HALL – 9 A.M.
Sound Level (dB) Measurement

Points
58 MP1
57 MP2
55 MP3
57 MP4

AVERAGE SOUND: 57dB
SPACE 1: LIVING HALL – 12 P.M.

Points
64 MP1
68 MP2
71 MP3
71 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 69dB

Points
61 MP1
68 MP2
69 MP3
69 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 67dB
49
SPACE 2: MASTER BEDROOM – 9 A.M.

Points
58 MP1
55 MP2
47 MP3
58 MP4

AVERAGE SOUND: 55dB
SPACE 2: MASTER BEDROOM – 12 P.M.

Points
57 MP1
59 MP2
53 MP3
54 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 56dB

Points
66 MP1
58 MP2
62 MP3
63 MP4
50
AVERAGE SOUND: 62dB
SPACE 3: KITCHEN – 9 A.M.

Points
63 MP1
62 MP2
59 MP3
59 MP4

AVERAGE SOUND: 60dB
SPACE 3: KITCHEN – 12. P.M.

Points
66 MP1
63 MP2
65 MP3
63 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 64dB
SPACE 3: KITCHEN – 4 P.M

Points
64 MP1
73 MP2
74 MP3
68 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 70dB
51
3.1.3.4 Analysis of the Sound Level Taken at 3 Different Spaces on Different Time
Intervals
Sound Level Taken at 3 Different Spaces on Different Time Intervals

Morning Afternoon Evening
80
69 70
70 67
62 64
60
60 57 55 56
50
40
30
20
10
0
Living Hall (dB) Master Bedroom (dB) Kitchen (dB)
Figure 3.25. Bar Chart of Sound Level Taken at 3 Different Spaces on Different Time Intervals.
Figure 3.26. Graph Line of Sound Level Taken at 3 Different Spaces on Different Time Intervals.
52
Based on the bar chart and graph line above, it can be seen, three different spaces that have
been studied for their sound level. Different spaces such as living hall, master bedroom and
kitchen that have been chosen for the case study were used to measure the sound level on 3
different interval time. The average sound calculated shown above explains that there are only
major differences between 3 interval time at those three spaces. Firstly, for the living hall, it can
be concluded that, the average sound for the space shown only minor differences range of the
sound. The sound level on the morning for living hall is basically acceptable where it is still in
range of normal conversation of the human which is 60dB. The sound or noise at the living hall
might because of the sound of ceiling fan since the fan is quite old. Next, on the afternoon, the
average sound at the living room is 69dB which is higher than the morning. It is also acceptable
and still in range between normal conversation or busy city traffic but it is just the parable of the
sound level only. It is also might be average since the sound produced might because of the
ceiling fan, television sound and some conversation sound. While on the evening, the sound
level at the hall is lower compared to the afternoon one which is 67dB. It is possibly because of
the occupants itself who gathered at the living room, television sound and more. Besides, for the
master bedroom it shows that the sound produced is quite high but still acceptable in the range
because it is still below 60. It can be seen that the average sound produced on the morning is
55dB. It is because of the occupants in the master bedroom is still sleeping and no activities are
done on that time which produced quiet situation. On the afternoon, it can be seen from the bar
chart that, the average sound produced is only 56dB where occupants rarely used the master
bedroom on the afternoon. Hence, the sound produced in the master bedroom on the afternoon
is higher than the morning one in the master bedroom. The possible sound only can be heard is
maybe because of the conversation between occupants or the ceiling fan sound. Next, on
evening, the average sound produced is higher than the afternoon sound which is 62dB. It might
because of the occupants who uses the bathroom and master bedroom to get prepare doing
their life routine such as shower, exercise and more. Hence, more sound is produced at this
hour. Other than that, the other space that have been studied for their sound levels as shown on
the bar chart above is kitchen. It can be seen that the average sound produced for three interval
time at the kitchen does not shows many differences. As on the morning, it can be seen that the
average sound produced is the lowest one compared to evening and afternoon which is only
60dB. It is still acceptable and the sound produced on the morning might because of the
occupants who made breakfast or cooking for the occupants. It depends on what types of
53
cooking and work they do. On afternoon, it shows the higher average sound produced which is
only 64Db compared to the morning because the occupants in the building rarely go to the
kitchen on the afternoon since they already used the kitchen mostly at 11 am and below. It is
why the average sound is the lowest. Last but not least, the average sound produced at the
kitchen on the evening is the highest one compared to the morning and afternoon. The average
sound produced is only 70dB. It can be seen that the occupants used the kitchen the most at
this hour since now it is in pandemic and MCO season, people are mostly spend their time by
staying at home rather than going outside. Hence, it is why the average sound at the kitchen on
the evening is the highest one compared to the afternoon and evening. Lastly, all the analysis
made above for the sound level charts have been explained. It can be seen that different
spaces in the building produced different average sound level on the different time.
3.1.4 ROOM ACOUSTICS
Room acoustics is the broad term that describes how sound waves interact with a room. Each
room, and all the objects in it, will react differently to different frequencies of sound. Every
speaker will sound different in different rooms. Room acoustics describes how sound behaves in
an enclosed space. It can be said also that the building studied, different objects react differently
at the three different spaces studied. For example, with the used of furniture, absorptive
materials such as carpets and more will surely help in order to show the sound waves react in a
room or space with different objects. It is also can be defined that, the occupants in the building
could hear the sound easily because the distribution of sound in the spaces are equally
distributed. Lesser echoes produced in the rooms is one of the prove that the objects or
materials in the space react normally. Next, even the house studied did not use many good
absorbers, yet the absorbers used in the building is still can be functioning and managed to
reduced unwanted sound such as echo. Then, as for the building used for the case study, the
sound waves reflected with one object to the occupant in the room will be drawn below for
reference:
54
Figure 3.27 and Figure 3.28. Living Hall and Master Bedroom.
Figure 3.29. Kitchen.
3.1.5 ANALYSIS ON PROBLEM RELATED WITH THE LIGHTING, NOISE CONTROL AND
ROOM ACOUSTICS.
LIGHTING
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall It can be identified that the living hall is facing
poor admission of natural lighting because of
the insufficient openings in the house. The
openings of the living hall are mostly placed
at the entrance of the building. It is also
because of the building design and
orientation itself. More openings need since
living hall only admits less natural lighting and
more depending on the artificial lighting.
Master Bedroom This space is only depending on the artificial
55
lighting too which is the fluorescent lamp
because it did not receive any natural lighting
at all. Master bedroom’s problem is very
serious where the opening is only one and
the building orientation of the master
bedroom is only facing the underground store
where no natural lighting admits at all.
Actions must be taken by putting more
artificial lighting in the bedroom since no
natural lighting admits in all direction
surround the master bedroom.
Kitchen The natural lighting at the kitchen is also
quite poor where the openings provided is
only one and it is covered with the blinding.
Hence, lesser admission of natural lighting
enters the kitchen. It is also enter from one
direction only which is from the fixed opening
at the kitchen. The design of the kitchen
space is also quite bad where the
considerations of natural lighting to be admit
did not taken seriously. Hence, it needs to be
overcome by applying more artificial lighting
to make sure the work at the kitchen can be
done safely and in comfort.
NOISE CONTROL
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall No major problem can be identified at this
space since the sound produced at this
space only in average sound level and still
acceptable to be heard by people.
56
Master Bedroom No major problem can be identified at this
Kitchen No major problem can be identified at this
ROOM ACOUSTICS
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall No serious problem at this space since the
sound waves interacted with the objects such
as carpets at living hall as usual.
Master Bedroom No serious problem at this space since the

sound waves interacted with the objects such
as carpet at master bedroom as usual.
Kitchen No serious problem at this space since the

sound waves interacted with the objects at
kitchen as usual and no absorber materials
used at this space.
BUILDING 2: (NURUL FATIHAH)
57
SPACE 3-
KITCHEN
SPACE 3-
KITCHEN
SPACE 3-
LIVING HALL
SPACE 2-
MASTER
BEDROOM
Figure 3.30. Floor Plan of the Whole House.
58
59
Space 3- Kitchen
60
Plan of Space 1
LIVING
HALL
Plan of Space 2
MASTER
BEDROOM
61
Plan of Space 3
WET
KITCHEN
DRY
KITCHEN

3.2.2 LIGHTING
i.Natural Lighting System
LOCATION Floor Area Opening Area Requirement by REMARKS
(m2) Law
(Refer UBBL for
Natural Lighting)
1)LIVING 6.616m x 1)Two Panel Window: Every room The natural lighting in
HALL 7.500m = Aluminium Casement designed, building studied is quite good
Hung Frame with residential, where the orientation of the
Window Glass. business or other building is strategic. The building
purposes except
orientation and design is more
Quantity: 1 hospitals and
schools shall be considerable to ensure the
provided with building accepts more natural
natural lighting
and natural lighting for the occupants own
ventilation by good. It is because good building
means of one or
performance, will gives the best
more windows
62
having a total service to the occupants in the
area of not less building. As for living hall, the
than 10% of the
clear floor area of design is a little poor in the
such room and morning because the openings
shall have
provided only at the living hall
openings capable
of allowing a free main entrance where less
uninterrupted natural lighting enters the house.
passage of air of
not less than 5% Basically, more lamps are used
of such floor area. compared to the natural lighting
in the morning as to overcome
the lighting problem in the
Figure 3.38. Two Panel house. It is supposed to be
Windows provided with enough natural
lighting in the house because it
Size each panel: 0.6m x
brought many benefits to the
2.1m= 1.26m2
occupants. For example, it saves
1.26 x 2 panels= 2.52m2 cost, reduces health risks of LED
downlight and provided vitamin
D for the occupants in the
2) Three Panel Window: building at morning. To help
Aluminum Casement more natural lighting to enter the
Hung Frame with house especially living room, the
Window Glass. main door entrance that acts as
Quantity: 3 an opening have been widely

open on day to make sure more
natural lighting can enter the
house. Hence, it is why the
natural lighting is very important
to the occupants in the building.
Then, the natural lighting at the
living hall in the building no.26-1
is overall could not be concluded
straightly defined as not comply.
It is because the 10% and 5%
63
Figure 3.39. Three Panel that actually stated by UBBL as
Windows the calculation of openings for
the whole space in the
Size each panel: 0.6m x
residential. Since the calculation
2.100m= 1.26m2
now is only counted at the
2
1.26 x 3 panels= 3.78 m spaces chosen for
3)Single Side Panel accomplishing the case study, it
Right-hand Swing is assumed that, the building is
Doors. comply with the law that are

required in UBBL when all areas
Quantity: 2
have been total up which is more
i. From Living hall to the than 10% such as at living hall
Bedroom 1. areas counted that the
percentage is 47.50% only for
ii. From Living Room to
the living hall area. It can be told
the Bedroom 2.
that the whole areas in the
iii. From Living Room to building no.26-1 is overall
the Master Bedroom. comply even certain areas
counted are not more than 10%
which is not that valid to be
concluded. The areas of the
opening for 10% and 5% are
basically used for the whole
areas opening in the house
originally.
Figure 3.40. Single Side

Panel Right-hand Swing
Doors.
Size: 1.300m x 1.800m=

2.340m2
64
2 Doors: 2 x 2.340m2
= 4.680m2
Total Opening Areas:

2.520 m2 +3.780m2 +
4.680m2 = 10.980m2
Floor Area x 10%

34.62m2 x 10% (10.98m2)

= 38.01%
2)MASTER 5.72m x 1)Four Panel Window: Every room The natural lighting for this
BEDROOM 4.5m = Aluminium Casement designed, space is overall very poor. There
adapted, used for
25.74m2 Hung Frame with residential, are no lighting admits at this
Window Glass. business or other area since the design
purposes except
constructed for this area is only
hospitals and
schools shall be facing the underground small
provided with store at the back of the house
natural lighting
and natural and this building no.26-1 is the
ventilation by first floor level building out of 4
means of one or
levels. It is because, this building
more windows
Figure 3.41. Four Panel having a total is made by using the townhouse
area of not less concept as to make things clear,
Window.
than 10% of the
clear floor area of the design is applied for this
Each Panel Size: 0.6m x
such room and modern townhouse these days
1.8m= 1.08m2 shall have
and design is not preferable. It is
openings capable
1.08m2 x 4 = 4.32m2 of allowing a free why people prefers to choose
uninterrupted terrace, semi-d house and more
passage of air of
as it provides better natural
not less than 5%
of such floor area. lighting for the occupants and
comfort too. With the help of
fluorescent lamp, it is the only
lighting provides in the master
2)Single Door: Flush bedroom where the occupant
65
Door. depending with. Zero natural
lighting is confirmed to be
admitted through the master
bedroom admitted through the
master bedroom. Next, for the
openings calculation that have
been required from the UBBL
stated that shall be provided with
natural lighting and natural
ventilation by means of one or
more windows having a total
area of not less than 10% of the
Size: 0.800m x 2.100m= clear floor area of such room and
2
1.68m shall have openings capable of
allowing a free uninterrupted
passage of air of not less than
4.320m2 + 1.680m2 =
5% of such floor area. As for
6.000m2
master bedroom, the fixed
Floor Area x 10% ventilation opening is not being
(Adjustable Opening) used where they only used the
25.74 x 10% (6) = adjustable opening at this area.
15.44% It can be seen from the

calculation made, the
percentage of floor areas with
openings overall is 5.05%. The
openings involved in this space
are door and only single window.
It cannot be straight assumed
that it is not comply because the
calculation has only been
counted for each space not
overall of the house, But in sum
up for the whole areas in the
house, the calculation overall is
66
comply which is passed the
standard requirement made by
the UBBL. Hence, it is very
important to calculate it correctly
to know whether the whole areas
counted is comply or incomply.
3)KITCHEN DRY 1)Single Door: Flush Every room The natural lighting for the
KITCHEN: Door with Grill Door designed, kitchen is overall poor too since
adapted, used for the fixed ventilation at the
4.616m x
residential, kitchen provided is only 1 and no
3.000m =
business or other other openings for the lighting to
13.848m2
purposes except be admitted in the kitchen area.
WET hospitals and The kitchen area also depending
KITCHEN: schools shall be with the fluorescent lamp on the
2.607m x provided with ceiling only. The fixed ventilation
4.760m = natural lighting provided is located beside the

and natural kitchen and actually considered
12.409m2
ventilation by as the storekeeper. So, the
13.848m2 Figure 3.43. Single Door means of one or natural lighting admitted is not
with Grill Door.
+ more windows that much. Hence, the fixed
Size: 0.8m x 2.100m=
12.409m2 having a total ventilation is quite far a bit.
1.68m2
= area of not less Moreover, the fixed ventilation
26.257m2 Floor Area x 10% than 10% of the also been covered with the
(Adjustable Opening) clear floor area of blinds. It decreases more
such room and admission of natural lighting in
16.23 x 10% (1.72) =
shall have the kitchen. Besides, for this
2.79%
openings capable kitchen area, more openings
2)Three Panel Window: of allowing a free needed actually since the
Aluminum Casement uninterrupted kitchen is used for the cooking
Hung Frame with passage of air of purposes. The smokes produced
Window Glass not less than 5% should be flowed out from the
of such floor area. kitchen to outside of the building
easily. Basically, this kitchen did
not have proper ventilation and
67
enough openings to be lighting
admitted. The building for this
kitchen is also should not be
applied where kitchen needs
more openings as to ensure the
kitchen gains more natural
lighting to ease the occupants to
do their work in comfort
condition. Hence, the kitchen
design should be upgrade or
Figure 3.44. Three Panel
actions to be taken in order to
Windows
make sure more natural lighting
Each Panel Size: 0.5m x can be admitted. Next, for
2
1.8m= 0.9m openings calculation, it can be
0.9m2 x 3 = 2.7m2 seen that the percentage for the

kitchen is 2.79% only for
Floor Area x 5%
adjustable opening and 0.81%
(Fixed Ventilation) for fixed ventilation. The
percentage explains that the
2.7 x 5% (1) = 0.81%
openings calculation could not
be straight assumed as not
comply. As mentioned before, it
is because the calculation only
has been calculated differently
into each of three spaces and if
the total sum up overall for all
those percentages in the whole
house, the calculation overall will
be assumed as comply.
68
ii.Artificial Lighting System
LIVING HALL 3) Crystal Fandelier 1) The crystal fandelier works with

Ceiling = 1 taller ceilings. It is used to look
4) LED Downlight = 6 expensive and high-class space of
Crystal Fandelier Ceiling
5) Recessed light = 6 the building. The type of the
fluorescent lamp is 4ft Philips
fluorescent light long tube with
starter and housing complete set
(not Led) 36w. The lamp is 574mm
long. The body of the batten light
fitting are made from mild steel with
a white finish, the lamp holders and
end caps are made from
Figure 3.45. Crystal Fandelier Ceiling. polycarbonate. Only one crystal
fandelier ceiling is used at the living
hall. It has been used for about 3
LED Downlight
years.
2) A downlight (also called a

recessed light, canister light, or can
light) may be a light fixture that's
installed during a ceiling, during a
way that the sunshine source is
recessed above the plane of the
Figure 3.46. LED Downlight.
ceiling. the utilization of
downlighting has expanded
recently due partly to a flexibility of
use of the wide variety of
obtainable downlighting luminaires
and also the power to use
69
downlighting in an exceedingly
range of environments which
Recessed Light
require either general lighting, task
lighting, accent lighting and similar
including combinations thereof.
Downlighting provides a flexibility
inaccessible with many other
categories of lighting thanks to the
power to use an assortment of
fixtures designed for downlight
purposes to lighting situations
Figure 3.47. Recessed Light. covering anything from ambient to
accent to wall-washing and also
the like. The very nature of
downlighting allows for the
luminaires applied to be
comparatively unobtrusive since
downlighting luminaires are
generally recessed during a ceiling.
3) The recessed light is used in the

building as a decorative lamp. Not
only are can lights used for general
room lighting, recessed lighting
may be used for accent lighting
counting on where you place them.
Place them in your ceiling or in
your floor near the wall to form a
wall washing affect to illuminate a
fine-looking brick texture, a
colourful paint design or display an
enormous bay window.
1) MASTER BEDROOM 1)LED Downlight = 4 1) A downlight (also called a
70
light) may be a light fixture that's
LED Downlight installed during a ceiling, during a
covering anything from ambient to
The number of LED Downlight
used at the master bedroom is 4
and still functioning. The condition
is also is quite good even it is being
71
used for almost 3 years.
KITCHEN 1)Fluorescent lamp = 3 1) A downlight (also called a
LED Downlight light) may be a light fixture that's
installed during a ceiling, during a
covering anything from ambient to
The number of LED Downlight
used at the kitchen is 3 and still
72
functioning. The condition is also is
quite good even it is being used for
almost 3 years.
3.2.3.1 Materials That Have Been Used to Control Noise in the Building Whether from
There are many materials that are accustomed control noise within the building whether from
outside or inside the house. In every residential house also, it would be a vital to for the
contractors and other bodies involved to create sure the materials utilized in the building are in
shape, have good quality, bring benefits and luxury to the occupants within the building. Many
common building materials, like plasterboard, wood, concrete, brick and tile, are fairly reflective
and don't absorb much sound. Softer materials, like carpet, foam padding, and fiberglass
insulation, are much better at absorbing sound. The use of absorptive materials is often helpful
in controlling sound. Fiberglass insulation is extremely absorptive and might be used where
sound control could be a concern. Thick carpet with padding is additionally very absorptive, and
acoustical ceiling tiles are designed to soak up instead of reflect sound. Even in cases where
these options don't seem to be viable, absorptive materials will be added to finished rooms in
other ways: furniture with thick cushioning is extremely absorptive, as are thick and heavy
curtains and drapes. Items like these may be added or arranged in ways in which will give
greater sound absorption. Acoustical baffles with absorptive materials will be purchased to be
used in areas where sound could be a major concern. Besides, most are designed to be
unobtrusive and visually nondescript so on give installation without drastically altering the
aesthetics of an area.
There are variety of specialty materials available for sound control. These are designed to
supply strategic advantages over traditional materials. They are designed to be used in
situations where controlling sound or noise levels is of great concern. Many of those materials is
used during an initial build or installed at a later date, if matters necessitate it. Some common
examples are listed here.
73
Mineral-fiber insulation could be a special, denser sort of insulation which will be wont to
improve a room’s level of soundproofing. Its density is far higher compared to traditional
fiberglass insulation. Making it much more effective at stopping the sound-absorbing panels
transmission of sound from one room to a different. Mineral-fiber insulation also features a much
higher burning point than standard fiberglass insulation, similarly as a lower rate of moisture
absorption. Next, sheets of limp mass, dense vinyl drag are available for covering flat surfaces.
The sheets are flame-retardant, and straightforward to put in with plastic-cap nails or staples, or
one can use trowel-applied, multi-purpose vinyl flooring adhesive. they're also available with an
adhesive backing for even easier installation. These coverings are safe, inexpensive, and
straightforward to figure with. they'll be cut with a customary utility knife or scissors. Moreover,
floor de-couplers is accustomed “float” a floor. De-coupling a floor is a good thanks to minimize
sound transmission. These floaters will be placed between the present floor and a new brand
level of flooring installed on top of them. they're inexpensive and can yield the extra level of
flooring to be removed at a later date, returning the ground to its original state. Thus, it is
concluded that, it's important for applying good materials within the building by considering the
building elements used too so as to manage noise successfully from inside and out of doors of
the building.
Standard requirements of noise within the building is largely one in all the important things must
be considered so as to form sure the building is comfort to be lived in. Noise is measured by
force per unit area level which is expressed as an influence ratio and calibrated in decibels (dB).
The ear encompasses a large dynamic place audio perception with the ratio of the quietest to
the foremost immediately dangerous sound level which is capable of causing permanent
damage to the ear being within the order of 1:1 trillion. Some typical values are given within the
following table. Note that it's not a linear scale, going from 50dB to 100dB is not twice as loud
but 16 times as loud and from 60dB to 30dB is not half as loud but one eighth as loud. Regular
exposure for quite one minute to 110dB risks permanent hearing impairment, and prolonged
exposure to any noise at or above 85dB can cause gradual deafness (NIDCD 2012).
Communities usually agree about what noise volumes are acceptable and what are not. The
intensity of sound will be measured objectively in decibels, but our perception of what
74
constitutes noise is stricken by subjective factors. These include the kind of noise (one person’s
music could be another person’s noise), our mood, the time of day, background levels and our
expectations. Sudden noises like a bike exhaust or screeching brakes are often more disturbing
than steady or expected noises. Frequency of noise may additionally have different impacts.
Non-traffic-related noise complaints are rising, particularly in medium and high-density housing
areas. Many new medium and high-density developments are unnecessarily noisy, and also the
sound insulation requirements for multi-unit housing and apartment buildings are not particularly
high. It will be very difficult or expensive to try and do anything a few noise nuisances after a
home is built or purchased. Consider potential noise problems before buying, build or renovate
and provoke design specifications for noise levels before buying a multi-residential unit and ask
the solicitor to link them to the contract as a performance measure. this can give more options if
the occupants discover a controversy after occupancy. Hence, the building no.26-1 also have to
be followed the quality requirements of noise to make sure the occupants sleep in a comfortable
building. The table below explained design sound levels are recommended for an inner
suburban house.
Bedrooms 30 35
Work Areas 35 40
3.2.3.3. Average of Sound Level in Different Spaces
75
MP1 MP2
LIVING HALL
MP3 MP4
MP1 MP2
MASTER
BEDROOM
MP3 MP4
76
MP1
MP2
MP3
MP4
77

Points
47.0 MP1
46.0 MP2
48.2 MP3
47.2 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 47.4dB

Points
43.8 MP1
44 MP2
45.0 MP3
44.8 MP4

Points
47.6 MP1
48.6 MP2
47.5 MP3
49.9 MP4
78

Points
43 MP1
43.2 MP2
43.1 MP3
43.6 MP4

Points
42.2 MP1
42.8 MP2
42.0 MP3
42.6 MP4

Points
47.8 MP1
47.9 MP2
48.0 MP3
47.5 MP4
79

Points
60 MP1
61 MP2
62 MP3
59 MP4

Points
66 MP1
66.9 MP2
66.9 MP3
67.8 MP4

Points
58.2 MP1
59 MP2
58 MP3
58.6 MP4
80
3.2.3.4) Analysis of the Sound Level Taken at 3 Different Spaces on Different Time
Intervals

80
70 66.9
60.5 58.4
60
50 47.4 48.4 47.8

44.4 43.3 42.4
40
30
20
10
0
SOUND LEVEL BUILDING 2

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
9:00 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 PM
Living hall Master Bedrom Kitchen
Figure 3.54. Graph Line of Sound Level Taken at 3 Different Spaces on Different Time
Intervals.
81
Based on the bar chart above, it can be seen, there are three different spaces that have been
studied for their sound level such as living hall, master bedroom and kitchen. They have been
chosen for the case study were used to measure the sound level on 3 different interval time.
The average sound calculated shown above explains that there are only major differences
between 3 interval time at those three spaces. First of all, for the living hall, it can be concluded
that, it has minor differences range of the sound level. The sound level on the morning for living
hall is basically acceptable where it is still in range of normal conversation of the human which is
60dB. For this analysis, the residents are likely to use it less than usual, so that is why it has low
average than the normal range of the sound level. The average sound for this residential house
is 46.7dB since there were no people was found chatting in the living hall. The sound or noise at
the living hall might because of renovation work at the back of the house. For the afternoon, the
average sound at the living room is 44.4dB which is the lowest range of the sound level. It is
also no people was found chatting in the living hall at that hour since it was lunch hour. It is also
might be average since the sound produced might because of the car passing by the road.
While on the evening, the sound level at the hall is the highest among the other hours which is
48.4dB. It might be the sounds of television, residents walking around and ceiling fan. Next is
master bedroom, it can be seen that the occupants are not there at that hour since it was
morning. Some occupants might have house chores or online working. It is acceptable as it was
found no occupant was be there and no ceiling fan was working. It can be seen that the average
sound produced on the morning is 43.3dB. On the afternoon, it can be seen from the bar chart
that, the average sound produced is only 42.4dB where occupants rarely used the master
bedroom on the afternoon. It is same as the morning. The occupants were still busy doing
house chores and not using master bedroom at that hour. Moreover, it was lunch hour and it is
acceptable that no one will be in the master bedroom. The possible sound only can be heard is
maybe because of the renovation work or the ceiling fan sound. Next, on evening, the average
sound produced the highest range sound for master bedroom which is 47.8dB. It might because
of the occupants who uses the bathroom and master bedroom to get prepare doing their life
routine such as shower, pray, get some rests and more. Hence, more sound is produced at this
hour. Last but not least, the space that has been studied for their sound levels as shown on the
bar chart above is kitchen. It can be seen that the average sound produced for three interval
time at the kitchen does shows many differences. In the morning, it can be seen that the
average sound produced is the lower one compared to the afternoon which is only 60.5dB. It is
still acceptable and the sound produced on the morning might because of the occupants who
82
made breakfast or cooking for the occupants. The occupants might be busy using the sink, the
kitchen exhaust and washing machine which is located at wet kitchen. On the afternoon, it
shows the highest average sound produced which is only 66.9dB a bit higher than the morning.
It is because all the occupants in the house was using the kitchen to prepare for lunch and
having it after all. It is why the average sound is the highest. Lastly, the average sound
produced at the kitchen on the evening is the lowest one compared to the morning and
afternoon. The average sound produced is only 58.4dB. It can be seen that the occupants used
the kitchen to have for hi-tea. Hence, it is why the average sound at the kitchen on the evening
is the lowest one compared to the afternoon and evening.
Lastly, I manage to explain the sound level charts and the graphs. It also can be concluded that
the occupants likely to do their own work at the other spaces since it is MCO. So, that is the
reason to be seen that different spaces in the building produced different average sound level
on the different time.
83
Room Acoustics is that the field of acoustics that describes how sound propagates in an
exceedingly closed or semi-closed space. Each space has its own sound ‘fingerprint’ which
affects the standard of a sound, whether this is often speech, music or any reasonably noise.
Room acoustic engineers make them suitable for various aims to try and understand the
behavior of sound in spaces. A classroom should be designed for clean speech transmission
from the lecturer to the scholars, while a hall should prolong and enrich the sound from an
orchestra to form it sound impressive. Key elements in Room Acoustics are the sources and
receivers of sound, the geometry of the closed space or room and also the materials and
acoustic properties of the walls. The case study of the house did not have many good
absorbers, yet the absorbers used in the building is still can be functioning and managed to
reduced unwanted sound such as echoes. Thus, the sound waves reflected with one object
(blue color) to the occupant in the room will be drawn below for reference:
Figure 3.55. Living Hall.
84
Figure 3.56. Master Bedroom.
85
ROOM ACOUSTICS.
LIGHTING
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall It can be identified that the living hall is facing
poor admission of natural lighting in the
morning only because of the insufficient
openings in the house. It is also because of
the building design and orientation itself.
Master Bedroom This space is only depending on the artificial
lighting too which is the LED downlight
because it receives less natural lighting.
Master bedroom has major problem where
the opening is only one and the building
orientation of the master bedroom is through
4 panels windows. It uses artificial lighting
even during days.
Kitchen The natural lighting at the dry kitchen is also
very poor where the openings provided is
only one which through double panels
window and it is placed a bit higher because
there is cabinet. Hence, lesser admission of
natural lighting enters the kitchen. It is also
entering from one direction only which is from
the fixed opening at the kitchen. The design
of the kitchen space is also quite bad where
the considerations of natural lighting to be
admit did not taken seriously. Hence, it needs
to be overcome by applying more artificial
lighting to make sure the work at the kitchen
can be done safely and in comfort.
NOISE CONTROL
86
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall No major problem can be identified at this
Master Bedroom No major problem can be identified at this
Kitchen No major problem can be identified at this
ROOM ACOUSTICS
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall There is no critical problem at this space as
the sound waves interacted with the objects
such as carpets and curtains at living hall.
Master Bedroom There is no critical problem at this space as

such as carpets, curtains and bed at master
bedroom
Kitchen There is no critical problem at this space as
such as carpets and curtains at kitchen and
the absorber that is used is under control.
BUILDING 3: (NUR DYA BATRIESHA)
3.3. INDICATION PLAN OF THE WHOLE HOUSE
87
Figure 3.58. Floor Plan of Building 3

Figure 3.59. Space 1- Living Hall of Building 3.
88
Figure 3.60. Master Bedroom of Building 3.
Space 3 - Kitchen
Figure 3.61. Kitchen of Building 3
Plan of Space 1
89
Figure 3.62. Plan of living hall space of Building 3.
Plan of Space 2
Figure 3.63. Plan of master bedroom space of Building 3.
Plan of Space 3
Figure 3.64. Plan of kitchen space of Building 3.
3.3.2 LIGHTING
90
a) Natural Lighting
LOCATION Floor Opening Area Requirement by REMARKS

Area Law
(m2)
(Refer UBBL for
Natural
Lighting)
1)LIVING 5.90 m x 1) Double Panel Door Every room The orientation of openings
HALL 3.18 m = designed, should be more efficient and
18.76 m2 adapted, used for
residential, strategic which is natural lighting
business or other should be able to support good
purposes except
ventilation for this building. This
hospitals and
schools shall be is because good efficiency would
provided with provide the building’s inhabitants
natural lighting
and natural with the best service. It is
ventilation by recommended to provide a few
means of one or
Figure 3.65. Double Panel more opening in this area in
more windows
Door having a total order to ensure that the building
area of not less accept natural lighting for the
Size double panel: 1.50m than 10% of the
clear floor area of household.
x 1.98m = 2.97m2
such room and
2) Single Door: Panel shall have
openings capable
Door of allowing a free
uninterrupted
passage of air of
not less than 5%
of such floor
area.
Size: 0.864m x 2.11m =

1.81m2
3)Open Space
91
Figure 3.67.
Size: 2.13m x 1.22m =

2.60m2
2.97m2 + 1.81m2 + 2.60m2

= 7.38m2
Floor Area x 10%

18.76m2 x 10% (7.38m2) =

13.84%
2)MASTER 4.65m x 1) Quadruple Every room The natural lighting from this
BEDROOM 3.23m = Window: Wooden designed, space is very not good for each
Casement. residential, building. It might because this
business or other house was placed in the middle
purposes except
between other house, so there is
hospitals and
schools shall be not so much opening could
provided with provide unless the owner know
natural lighting
and natural that they have to increase the
ventilation by opening area in order to have a
means of one or
good ventilation or the natural
more windows
having a total lighting either.
Figure 3.68. Window. area of not less
than 10% of the
Size of each window: clear floor area of
0.84m x 1.21m = 1.21 m2 such room and
92
2) Single Door: Wood shall have
Door openings capable
of allowing a free
uninterrupted
passage of air of
not less than 5%
of such floor
area.
Size: Size: 0.864m x

2.11m = 1.81m2

1.21m2 + 1.81m2 = 3.02 m2
Floor Area x 10%

15.02 x 10% (3.02) =

4.5%
3)KITCHEN 4.06m x 1)Single Door: Wood Every room The natural lighting for the
2.06m = Door designed, kitchen is also poor because not
8.36m2 adapted, used for so much opening and can’t get
residential, the natural lighting from the
business or other outside since this is residential
purposes except and behind this house also have
hospitals and neighbourhood. So it might be
schools shall be causes to not get the natural
provided with lighting just because it was
natural lighting blocked by another house.The
Figure 3.70. Single Door. and natural building for this kitchen should
Size: Size: 0.864m x ventilation by also not be used where more
2
2.11m = 1.81m means of one or openings are needed for the
more windows kitchen to ensure that the kitchen
Floor Area x 10%
93
(Adjustable Opening) having a total gains more natural lighting to
area of not less make it easier for occupants to
8.36 x 10% (1.81) =
than 10% of the do their job in comfort.
1.51%
clear floor area of Therefore, the design of the
3) Double Casement such room and kitchen should be changed or
Window shall have steps should be taken to ensure
openings capable that more natural lighting can be
of allowing a free allowed.
uninterrupted
passage of air of
not less than 5%
of such floor
area.
Figure 3.71. Single

Window.
Size of each window:

0.84m x 1.21m = 1.21 m2
Floor Area x 5%
(Fixed Ventilation)
8.36m x 5% (1.21) =
0.51%
b) Artificial Lighting System
94
LIVING HALL 6) Downlight lamp = 4 1) Downlights are the all-purpose

Downlight lamp 7) Chandelier lamp = 2 of lighting fixtures as they are used
as a component of a good lighting
plan in most lighting projects. A
downlight is most often used
to provide general lighting in a
specific space.
2) Classic chandeliers have arrays

of hanging crystal prisms to
illuminate a room with
refracted light, while contemporary
chandeliers assume a more
Figure 3.72. Downlight lamp.
minimalist design that does not
contain prisms and illuminate a
room with direct light from the
2) Chandelier lamp
lamps, sometimes also equipped
with translucent glass covering
each lamp. Modern
chandeliers have a more
modernized design that
uses LEDs, and combines the
elements of both classic and
contemporary designs; some are
also equipped with refractive
Figure 3.73. Chandelier lamp. crystal prisms or small mirrors.
Chandeliers are distinct

from pendants light as they usually
consist of multiple lamps and hang
in branched frames, whereas
pendant lights hang from a single
cord and only contain one or two
95
lamps with fewer decorative
elements. Due to their size, they
are often installed in hallways,
living rooms, staircases, lounges,
and dining rooms. However,
miniature chandeliers also exist,
which can be installed in smaller
spaces such as bedrooms or small
living spaces.
MASTER BEDROOM 1) Downlight bulb = 1 1) Downlights are the all-purpose
of lighting fixtures as they are used
as a component of a good lighting
Downlight bulb
plan in most lighting projects. A
downlight is most often used
to provide general lighting in a
specific space.
Figure 3.74. Downlight bulb
KITCHEN 1) Circular fluorescent 1) Circular fluorescent bulbs are

lamp = 1 available in a range of sizes and
Circular fluorescent lamp different numbers of watts and it
does mean that they can be quite
an adaptable light bulb and used in
various situations. Knowing more
96
about the range that is available
does make sense in order to make
selecting the right one that bit
easier for us and this does mean
that the information that follows
may prove to be rather useful.
Figure 3.75. Circular fluorescent

lamp.
3.3.3.1 Materials That Have Been Used to Control Noise in the Building Whether from
There are some materials that have been used to control noise in the building whether from
outside or inside the house. It will also be necessary for contractors and other agencies involved
to ensure that the materials used in the construction are in good condition, have good quality,
offer benefits and comfort to the inhabitants of the building in any residential house. The ability
of a surface, or building material, to absorb sound instead of reflecting it is sound
absorption.Several typical construction materials are reasonably reflective and do not absorb
much sound, such as gypsum board, wood, concrete, brick and tile. Softer fabrics are much
stronger at absorbing sound, such as carpet, foam padding, and fiberglass insulation.
To monitor sound, the use of absorptive materials can be helpful. Fiberglass insulation is highly
absorbent and can be used when sound control is carried out.The thick padded carpet is also
very absorbent, and acoustic ceiling tiles are meant to absorb rather than reflect sound. And in
cases where these solutions are not possible, absorbent materials may be applied in other ways
97
to finished rooms: thickly cushioned furniture is highly absorbent, as are thick and heavy
curtains and drapes. Indoor airborne sound transmission deals with how well sound is managed
from room to room and across walls and ceilings from the outside to indoors (or vice versa). The
loss of sound transmission is the decrease in sound energy as it passes through a construction
part. Different materials have different transmission loss levels and, thus, different sound
diffusion levels. The airborne signal that has made it through is the impact-sound propagation
after an impact noise is transmitted through a floor or ceiling assembly. The sound of someone
on the floor above you stomping around is an effect sound that is transmitted to the room you
are in through the ceiling. As with the propagation of airborne sound and sound absorption, the
building material media used in construction
Standard building noise standards are essentially one of the key items to consider in order to
ensure that the building is comfortable to live in. The sound pressure level, expressed as a
power ratio and calibrated in decibels, is determined by noise (dB).
In audio perception, the ear has a wide dynamic range with a 1:1 trillion ratio of the quietest to
the most instantly harmful sound level (capable of causing permanent harm to the ear). In the
following table, some typical values are given. Notice that it is not a linear scale, not twice as
loud, but 16 times as loud, going from 50dB to 100dB and not from 60dB to 30dB.Communities
usually agree about what noise volumes are acceptable and what are not. The intensity of
sound can be measured objectively in decibels, but our perception of what constitutes noise is
affected by subjective factors. These include the type of noise (one person’s music might be
another person’s noise), our mood, the time of day, background noise levels and our
expectations. Sudden noises such as a motorbike exhaust or screeching brakes can be more
disturbing than steady or expected noises. Frequency of noise may also have different impacts.
Non-traffic-related noise complaints are rising, particularly in medium and high-density housing
areas. Many new medium and high-density developments are unnecessarily noisy, and the
sound insulation requirements for multi-unit housing and apartment buildings are not particularly
high. After a home is constructed or bought, it can be very hard or costly to do something about
a noise nuisance. Before purchasing, constructing or renovating, consider possible noise issues
and ask for noise level design requirements before purchasing a multi-residential unit and ask
98
the attorney to connect them as a performance indicator to the contract. This will give the
occupants more choices if they discover.
Bedrooms 30 35
Work Areas 35 40
99
Figure 3.76. Living Hall. Space-1.
Figure 3.77. Master bedroom. Space-2.
Figure 3.78. Kitchen. Space-3.

Sound Level (dB) Measurement Points

72 MP1
65 MP2
72 MP3 100
50 MP4
Average Sound: 65dB

Points
65 MP1
69 MP2
67 MP3
70 MP4
Average sound: 68dB

Points
60 MP1
65 MP2
70 MP3
70 MP4
Average sound: 66dB


Points
47 MP1 101
50 MP2
49 MP3
59 MP4
Average sound: 51dB

Points
60 MP1
48 MP2
55 MP3
49 MP4
Average sound: 53dB

62 MP1
55 MP2
62 MP3
Average sound: 57dB 50 MP4
102
59 MP1
65 MP2
50 MP3
45 MP4
Average sound: 55 dB

60 MP1
50 MP2
57 MP3
65 MP4

55 MP1
45 MP2
49 MP3
45 MP4
103
Intervals
104
80
70 68
65
60 57 57 57 58
51 53
49
50
40
30
20
10
0
Figure 3.83. Graph Line of Sound Level Taken at 3 Different Spaces on Different Time Intervals.
3 different spaces, which have been studied for their sound level, can be seen based on the bar
chart above. Different spaces selected for the case study, such as the living room, master
bedroom and kitchen, were used to measure the sound level at 3 different intervals. The
105
average sound measured above indicates that there are only noticeable variations between 3
periods of time. Firstly, for the living hall, it can be concluded that, the average sound for the
space shown only minor differences range of the sound. The sound level on the morning for
living hall is basically acceptable where it is still in range of normal conversation of the human
which is 65 dB. The sound or noise at the living hall might because of the sound of ceiling fan
since the fan is quite old. Next, on the afternoon, the average sound at the living room is 68dB
which is higher than the morning. It is also acceptable and still in range between normal
conversation or busy city traffic but it is just the parable of the sound level only. It is also might
be average since the sound produced might because of the ceiling fan, television sound and
some conversation sound. While on the evening, the sound level at the hall is lower compared
to the afternoon one which is 66dB. It is possibly because of the occupants itself who gathered
at the living room, television sound and more. Besides that, for the master bedroom we can see
when its morning, the average sound is 51 which is lower than before, maybe it is because of
the weather. And then when it comes to afternoon, the average sound be a bit high than
morning which is 53 dB, but after we do some research in the evening, the average sound in
master bedroom be like 57 dB which is the highest than morning and afternoon. Other than that,
for the kitchen space, the average sound in the morning was 55 dB and getting higher when it
comes to afternoon which is 58 dB and for the evening, the average sound of kitchen we got
only 49 dB, a bit different that we can see. It might be causes of the space of kitchen and also
too much stuff that made it less average of sound. Therefore, relative to the afternoon and
evening, the average sound in the kitchen in the evening is the strongest. Finally, all of the
above review for the sound level charts has been clarified. It can be shown that, at various
times, different spaces in the building created different average sound levels. Then, as for the
building used for the case study, the sound waves reflected with one object to the occupant in
the room will be drawn below for reference:
106
The general term that determines how sound waves communicate with a room is room
acoustics. Each space, and all the objects in it, can respond to various sound frequencies
differently. In different spaces, every speaker can sound different. Imagining an empty space, for
instance, with hardwood floors and bare drywall. Lots of echoes. Now, imagine a room of the
same size with a lush carpet, lots of bookcases, a large plush couch, and thick draperies. Quiet
and personal, these are the basic extremes of room acoustics, and somewhere in between is
the ideal-sounding room. With physical modifications to a room, or to a large degree,
electronically, how to get there can be accomplished. Second, there are a few words that are
important to understand. Reflections in the first order are the first places where sound reflects
between your ears and the speakers.. At a point approximately halfway between the seating
location and the front of the speaker, this is always a wall, the floor, and the ceiling. The first
reflections are typically treated with either diffusion or absorption when a room is tuned.
Reflections of the first order can only be located a few feet immediately to the left and right of
the speaker positions in front of your main front speakers. The ceiling is another place that sees
first order reflections. For an audiophile or home theater installation, installing treatments at
these locations may be significantly advantageous. The reflected sound from one of the objects
(refer to the blue circle) in the room to the occupant can be seen below:
Figure 3.84. and Figure 3.85. Living Hall and Master Bedroom.
ROOM ACOUSTICS.
107
LIGHTING
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall Because of the inappropriate openings in the
building, the issue of the living hall is facing
poor natural lighting. The living hall's
openings are often situated at the entrance of
the house. It is due to the architecture of the
building and the orientation itself. Living hall’s
problem is very serious as the living hall only
has the door as the opening to get the natural
lighting, more openings are required.
Master Bedroom This space is is fair for the lighting because
depending on the artificial lighting also
natural lighting which is the downlight lamp
because it already receive the natural
lighting from the window.
Kitchen The natural lighting at the kitchen is also

quite fair where the openings provided double
window but it is covered with the grill. Hence,
lesser admission of natural lighting enters the
kitchen. It is also enter from one direction
only which is from the fixed opening at the
kitchen. Hence, it needs to be overcome by
applying more artificial lighting to make sure
the work at the kitchen can be done safely
and in comfort zone.
NOISE CONTROL
SPACES PROBLEMS
108
Living Hall In this space, there was no significant issue
was noticed as the sound system at the
average sound level and still appropriate to
be heard by people.
Master Bedroom In this space, there was no significant issue
be heard by people.
Kitchen In this space, there was no significant issue
be heard by people.
ROOM ACOUSTICS
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall In this space, there was no significant issue
was noticed as the sound waves interacted
with the objects.
Master Bedroom In this space, there was no significant issue

with the objects.
Kitchen In this space, there was no significant issue

with the objects.
BUILDING 4: (MUHAMMAD AIMAN)
109
BATH
BATHROOM
MASTER ROOM
KITCHEN
BEDROOM
STORE
FAMILY
AREA
BEDROOM
PORCH LIVING ROOM
BEDROOM
PORCH
Figure 3.87. Indication Plan of the Whole House.

110

Space 3- Kitchen

Plan of Space 1
111
Plan of Space 2
Plan of Space 3

3.4.2 LIGHTING
112
i.Natural Lighting System
LOCATIO Floor Opening Area (window, Requirement by REMARKS
N Area (m2) etc) Law
(Refer UBBL for
Natural Lighting)
1)LIVING 6.10m x 1)Three Sliding Door: Every room There are five opening in the
HALL 3.05m = Aluminium Casement designed, adapted, living hall collecting total area
18.61m2 Hung Frame with used for of 18.61m2. It is vital to have
Window Glass. residential, adequate percentage of
Quantity: 3 business or other opening required by law in
purposes except UBBL for natural lighting to
hospitals and provide good visual
schools shall be environment. If the opening is
provided with less than requirement needed
natural lighting and the environment will be dull
natural ventilation and uncomfortable. As
by means of one or conclusion from assessment,
more windows the area of the opening design
having a total area comply with requirements.
of not less than
Figure 3.94. Sliding Door.
10% of the clear
Size each door: 2.1m x
floor area of such
0.9m= 1.89m2
room and shall
1.89 x 3 doors= 5.67 m2
have openings
capable of allowing
2) Single Door: Panel
a free
Door
uninterrupted
Quantity: 2
passage of air of
i. From Living hall to the
not less than 5% of
Bedroom 1.
such floor area.
ii. From Living Room to
the Bedroom 2.
113
Figure 3.95. Panel Door.
Size: 0.9m x 2.0m = 1.8m2
Two Doors: 2 x 1.8m2
= 3.6m2
5.67m2 + 3.6m2 = 9.27m2
Floor Area x 10%
18.61m2 x 10% (9.27m2)
= 17.25%
114
2)MASTE 4.27m x 1)Sliding Window: Every room There are four opening in the
R 3.66m = Aluminium Casement designed, adapted, living hall collecting total area
BEDROO 15.63m2 Hung Frame with used for of 15.63 m2. It is vital to have
M Window Glass. residential, adequate percentage of
business or other opening required by law in
Figure 3.96. Sliding
natural ventilation and uncomfortable.
Window.
by means of one or As conclusion from
Quantity: 3
more windows assessment, the area of the
Size: 1.0m x 0.6m= 0.6 m2
having a total area opening design not comply
Thre
of not less than with requirements.
e windows: 3 x 0.6m2
10% of the clear
= 1.8m2
floor area of such
room and shall
Door.
have openings
capable of allowing
a free
uninterrupted
passage of air of
not less than 5% of
such floor area.

Size: 0.9m x 2.0m = 1.8m2
1.8m + 1.8m = 3.6m2
2 2
115
Floor Area x 10%
15.63x 10% (3.6) = 5.63%
3)KITCHE 4.877m x 1)Sliding Window: Every room There are five opening in the
N 4.877m = Aluminium Casement designed, adapted, living hall collecting total area
2
23.78m Hung Frame with used for of 23.78 m2. It is vital to have
Window Glass. residential, adequate percentage of
business or other opening required by law in
Figure 3.98/ Sliding
natural ventilation and uncomfortable. As
Window.
by means of one or conclusion from assessment,
Quantity: 3
more windows the area of the opening design
Size: 1.0m x 0.6m= 0.6
having a total area not comply with requirements.
m2
of not less than
Three windows: 3 x 0.6m2
10% of the clear
= 1.8m2
floor area of such
room and shall
Door.
have openings
capable of allowing
a free
uninterrupted
passage of air of
not less than 5% of
such floor area.
Size: 0.9m x 2.0m = 1.8m2
1.8m2 + 1.8m2 = 3.6m2
Floor Area x 10%
23.79m2 x 10% (3.6) =
116
8.56 %
ii. Artificial lighting system

LIVING HALL Fluorescent lamp = 2 The condition of 2 fluorescent
lamp are in good condition and
functional.
Figure 3.100.
Fluorescent Lamp.
MASTER BEDROOM Fluorescent lamp = 2 The condition of 2 fluorescent
functional.
Figure 3.101.
Fluorescent Lamp.
KITCHEN Fluorescent lamp = 2 The condition of 2 fluorescent
functional.
Figure 3.102.
Fluorescent Lamp.
117
3.4.3.1 Type of materials that have been used to control noise from inside and outside of
the building.
There are several materials, whether from outside or inside the home, that have been used to
control noise in the building. For this house, in excellent shape and good quality, the wall from
the brick wall, plaster and paint. Instead of reflecting sound, the wall can absorb sound. Softer
fabrics are much better at absorbing sound, such as carpets and curtains. First, for the floor,
one of the ways to use materials that can be used to control noise is by placing thin carpets on
the floor. As for the home, in most areas of the house, such as dining room, master bath,
bedroom 1, and bedroom, the inhabitants are essentially using dense carpets. Therefore, it can
be assumed that one of the excellent sound absorbers that can control noise is a dense carpet.
Second, for the ceiling, the good fabrics that can be used to control noise are passively helping
to control sound by hanging lamps and fans. The ceiling of the Ardex Ceiling. The building also
faces a bit of noise coming from the house's upper floors, even though it's not so noticeable. It
can be inferred that taking into account the construction components used to efficiently regulate
noise from within and outside the building is very necessary for the use of good materials in the
construction.
3.4.3.2 Standard requirements of noise in the building.
Standard building noise standards are essentially one of the key items to remember in order to
ensure that the building is easy to live in. The sound pressure level, expressed as a power ratio
and calibrated in decibels, is determined by noise (dB). Usually, societies agree on what noise
volumes are reasonable and what are not. The strength of sound can be measured in decibels
scientifically, but contextual aspects influence our understanding of what constitutes noise.
These include the noise type, time of day, levels of background noise and our preferences.
Sudden sounds may be more distracting than constant or anticipated noises, such as a
motorbike exhaust or screeching brakes. Many residential projects of medium to high density
118
are excessively disruptive, and the standards for multi-unit housing and apartment buildings for
sound insulation are not especially high.


Points
26 MP1
25 MP2
26 MP3
25 MP4
AV
ERAGE SOUND: 26dB Figure 3.103. Space: Living Hall.

Points
44 MP1
24 MP2
28 MP3
24 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 30dB

Points
50 MP1
48 MP2
47 MP3
38 MP4 119
AVERAGE SOUND: 46dB

Points
20 MP1
19 MP2
18 MP3
12 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 18dB
Figure 3.104. Space 2: Master Bed.

Points
26 MP1
22 MP2
22 MP3
19 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 22dB

Points
12 MP1
16 MP2
24 MP3
23 MP4
120
AVERAGE SOUND: 19dB

Points
19 MP1
28 MP2
24 MP3
28 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 25dB
Figure 3.105. Space 3: Kitchen

Points
20 MP1
20 MP2
21 MP3
25 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 22dB

Points
53 MP1
52 MP2
53 MP3
52 MP4
121
AVERAGE SOUND: 53dB
3.4.3.4 Analysis of the Sound Level Taken in Different Spaces (graph)

60
53
50 46
40
30
30 26 25
22 22
18 19
20
10
0

60
53
50
46
40
30 30
26
25
22
20 19
18
10
0
9:00 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 PM
Living hall Master Bedrom Kitchen
122
Figure 3.107. Line Graph of Sound Level Taken at 3 Different Spaces on Different Time
Intervals.
Based on the bar chart and line graph above, it can be seen, three different spaces that have
been studied for their sound level. Different spaces picked for the case study, such as the living
room, master bedroom and kitchen, were used to measure the sound level at 3 different
intervals. The average sound measured above indicates that in those three spaces there are
only major variations between 3 interval times. Firstly, the sound level for living hall is basically
acceptable where it is still in range of normal conversation of the human. Next, the minor for
sound level is master bedroom because everyone not use the bedroom. On the evening major
have high sound level because everyone use the space. Finally, all of the above review for the
sound level graphs has been clarified. It can be shown that, at various moments, different
spaces in the building created different average sound levels.

Each space, and all the artefacts in it, can respond to various sound frequencies differently. In
multiple spaces, any speaker can sound different. Room acoustics explains how in a confined
environment sound behaves. It may also be seen that, in the three different spaces analysed,
different objects react differently in the studied building. For example, absorptive materials such
as carpets and more can definitely aid in the use of furniture in order to demonstrate that the
sound waves respond with various items in a room or area. It can also be defined that, since the
propagation of sound in the rooms is evenly distributed, the inhabitants of the building will
readily hear the sound. One of the proof that the objects or items in the room respond normally
is the lesser echoes generated in the rooms. Next, even the house tested did not use many
strong absorbers, but it is also possible to operate the absorbers used in the building and
continue to eliminate unnecessary sounds such as echo. Then, as with the house used for the
case study, the sound waves mirrored in the room of one object are drawn below for
comparison to the occupant.
123
Figure 3.108. and Figure 3.109. Reflected Sound from Openings and an Object to Occupant.
Figure 3.110. Reflected Sound from Openings and an Object to Occupant.
124
3.4.5) ANALYSIS ON PROBLEM RELATED WITH THE LIGHTING, NOISE CONTROL AND
ROOM ACOUSTICS.
LIGHTING
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall It can be established that because of the
inadequate openings in the building, the living hall
faces low admission of natural illumination. The
living hall openings are often found at the
entrance of the house.
Master Bedroom Lack of sufficient light as it relies on little light. The

problem of the master bedroom is very serious
where the opening is only one and the direction of
the master bedroom building is only facing the
underground store where no natural illumination is
admitted at all. Steps must be done by putting
more electric lighting in the hall, since the master
bedroom is not surrounded by natural lighting in
all directions.
Kitchen Less access to natural lighting in the kitchen. It is
also only reached from one side, which is from
the set kitchen opening. The architecture of the
kitchen room is still very poor where the natural
lighting considerations to be acknowledged have
not been taken seriously.
NOISE CONTROL
125
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall In this area, no significant issues can be
found as the sound created in this space is
only at an average sound level and still
appropriate to be heard by individuals.
Master Bedroom In this area, no significant issues can be
found as the sound created in this space is
only at an average sound level and still
appropriate to be heard by individuals.
Kitchen In this area, significant issues can be found
as the sound created in this space is only at
an average sound level and still appropriate
to be heard by individuals.
ROOM ACOUSTICS
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall There was no major problem in this room
because the sound waves interacted as
normal with kitchen items and no absorber
materials were used in this area.
Master Bedroom There was no major problem in this room
Kitchen There was no major problem in this room
BUILDING 5: (I’ZZAT FAHMI)
126
SP 1
SP 3
Figure 3.111. Indication Plan of the First Floor.
127
SP 2
Figure 3.112. Indication Plan of the Second Floor.

128

Space 3- Kitchen
129
Plan of Space 1-Living Hall
Figure 3.116. Plan of Space 1-Living Hall.
Plan of Space 2-Master Bedroom
Figure 3.117. Plan of Space 2-Master Bedroom.

Plan of Space 3-Kitchen
Figure 3.118. Plan of Space 3-Kitchen.
3.5.2 LIGHTING
130
i. Natural Lighting System
Location Floor Area Opening Requirement By Remarks
(m2) area Law (Refer
(window, UBBL for
etc) natural lighting)
1) Living hall 7.00m x Sliding Residential, There are five
6.40m = door Business & All opening in the living
44.8m2 1.74m x Buildings except hall
2.10m = Hospitals & collecting total area
3.654m2 Schools– Natural of 44.8m². It is vital
3.654 x 2 = Lighting & to have adequate
Figure 3.119. 6-panel sliding 7.308m2 Ventilation not percentage of
door less opening required by
Double than 10% of law in UBBL for
Panel Clear natural lighting to
Door Floor Area of provide good visual
2.32m x Space/Room. environment. If the
1.15m = opening is less than
2.668m2 requirement needed
environment will be
dull and
Figure 3.120. Double Panel uncomfortable. As
Door. conclusion, from
assessment, the
area of the opening
design comply with
requirements.
2) Master Bedroom 2.972m x Window Residential, There are ten
6.73m 1.15m x Business & All opening in the
= 0.57m = Buildings except master bedroom
20.00156m 0.6555 m2 Hospitals & collecting total area
2 0.6555 m2 Schools– Natural of 20.00156m². It is
x2= Lighting & vital to have
Figure 3.121. Casement 1.311m2 Ventilation not adequate
window less percentage of
131
than 10% of opening required by
Clear law in UBBL for
Flush Door Floor Area of natural lighting to
Flush Space/Room provide good visual
Door: environment. If the
Single opening is less than
Door: requirement needed
2.05m x the environment
0.86m = will be dull and
1.763m2 uncomfortable. As
conclusion from
assessment, the
area of the opening
Figure 3.122. Flush Door.
design comply with
requirements.
3)Kitchen 4.80m x 3 Residential, There are three
4.80m = Casement Business & All opening in the
23.04m2 Window: Buildings except master
1.14m x Hospitals & bedroom collecting
0.56m = Schools– Natural total area of 23.04
0.6384m2 Lighting & m².
0.6384m x Ventilation not It is vital to have
Figure 3.123. 3-Casement 3 = 1.9152 less adequate
Windows. m2 than 10% of percentage
Clear of opening required
Floor Area of by law in UBBL for
Space/Room. natural lighting to
provide good visual
environment. If the
opening is less than
requirement needed
the environment
Aluminiu will be dull and
m uncomfortable.
Figure 3.124. Aluminium
132
Casement Window. Casement As conclusion from
Window: assessment, the
1.79m x area of the opening
0.56m = design comply with
1.0024m2 requirements.
ii.Artificial Lighting System
1) LIVING HALL 1) Down light lamp = 6 1) 6 down light are good and
Down Light Lamp 2) Fluorescent Lamp= 5 functional.
2) In most buildings, the

fluorescent lamp is used and it is
a low-pressure mercury-vapor
gas-discharge lamp that
generates visible light using
fluorescence. The type of
fluorescent lamp is a 4-ft Philips
Figure 3.125. Down Light Lamp. long fluorescent light tube with a
full set (not Led) 36w starter and
housing.
Fluorescent Lamp
133
2) MASTER BEDROOM 1) Fluorescent lamp = 1 1) In most homes, the fluorescent
Fluorescent Lamp lamp is used because it is a low-
pressure mercury-vapor gas-
discharge lamp that produces
visible light through fluorescence.
The type of fluorescent lamp is a
4ft Philips long fluorescent light
tube with a full set (not Led) 36w
starter and housing.
3) KITCHEN 1) Down Light lamp = 6 1) 6 down light are good and

functional.
Figure 3.128. Down Light

Lamp.
3.5.3.1 Materials That Have Been Used to Control Noise in the Building Whether From
There are numerous fabrics, whether from outside or inside the home, that have been used to
control noise in the building. It will also be necessary for builders and other agencies involved to
ensure that the materials used in the construction are in good shape, provide good quality, offer
134
advantages and comfort to the inhabitants of the building in any residential house. The power of
a surface, or construction material, to absorb sound instead of reflecting it is sound absorption.
If most surfaces in a room are reflective, sound waves can continue to echo around a room for a
period of time after they are formed. Surfaces that better absorb sound will not cause reflections
to bounce about as much as they do, and will more easily deaden the sound wave. Several
typical construction materials are reasonably reflective and do not absorb much sound, such as
gypsum board, timber, concrete, brick and tile. Softer fabrics are much stronger at absorbing
sound, such as carpet, foam padding, and fiberglass insulation. It can be shown that, in order to
monitor noise inside and outside the building, the building no. 151 that was used for the case
study used average construction materials.
Standard building noise standards are essentially one of the key items to remember in order to
ensure that the building is easy to live in. The sound pressure level, expressed as a power ratio
and calibrated in decibels, is determined by noise (dB). In audio perception, the ear has a wide
dynamic range with a 1:1 trillion ratio of the quietest to the most instantly harmful sound
frequency (capable of causing irreversible harm to the ear). In the following table, some typical
values are given. Notice that it's not a linear scale, not twice as loud, but 16 times as loud,
rising from 50dB to 100dB and not half as loud, but one eighth as loud, from 60dB to 30dB.
Daily exposure to 110dB for more than one-minute risks permanent hearing loss, and repeated
exposure to any noise at or above 85dB may result in progressive hearing loss (NIDCD 2012).
Bedrooms 31 35
Work Areas 34 40
135
MP1 MP2
MP3 MP4
Figure 3.129. Space 1-Living Hall.
MP1 MP2
MP3 MP4
136
MP1 MP2
MP3 MP4
Figure 3.131. Space 3-Kitchen.
MP2 MP1

Sound Level (dB) MP4
Measurement MP3
Points
21 MP1
23 MP2
21 MP3
24 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 22.25 dB

Points
41 MP1
43 MP2
47 MP3
50 MP4
137

Points
60 MP1
63 MP2
65 MP3
66 MP4
MP1 MP2
Points
15 MP1
21 MP2 MP3 MP4
23 MP3
20 MP4

Points
25 MP1
27 MP2
28 MP3
27 MP4
138
AVERAGE SOUND: 26.75 d

Points
53 MP1
58 MP2
57 MP3
54 MP4

Points
20 MP1
23 MP2
22 MP3 MP3 MP4
25 MP4
AVERAGE SOUND: 22.5 d

Points
41 MP1
40 MP2
44 MP3
43 MP4
139
AVERAGE SOUND: 42 dB

Points
60 MP1
62 MP2
61 MP3
63 MP4
Intervals

80
70
70 63.5
60 55.5
50 45.25
42
40
30 26.75
22.25 22.5
19.75
20
10
0
140

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
9:00 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 PM
Living Hall Master Bedroom Kitchen
Figure 3.133. Line Graph of Sound Level Taken at 3 Different Spaces on Different Time
Intervals.
Three different spaces, which have been studied for their sound level, can be seen based on
the bar map above. Different spaces picked for the case study, such as the dining room, master
bedroom and kitchen, were used to measure the sound frequency at 3 different intervals. The
average sound calculated shown above explains that there are only major differences between
3 interval time at those three spaces. First, the living hall was 22.25db in the morning. It is
because everybody is sleep in the morning. Then, up to 45.25db at the afternoon. It is because
everybody starts doing work and start do anything. After that, it’s up to 63.5db at evening. It is
because many people go out and many children playing in front off house. Secondly, the master
141
bedroom was 19.75db in the morning. It is because everybody was sleep and rest. Then, it’s up
to 26.75db at the afternoon. It is because many people start doing work and watching television.
Next, it’s up to 55.5db in the evening. It is same with living hall because it in front of the house.
Lastly, in the kitchen it 22.5db in the morning. It is because everyone was rest in the morning.
Then, it up 42db in the afternoon. Lastly, it up to 70db in the evening.
Each space, and all the artifacts in it, can respond to various sound frequencies differently. In
multiple spaces, any speaker can sound different. Room acoustics explains how in a confined
environment sound behaves. It may also be seen that, in the three different spaces analyzed,
different objects react differently in the studied building. For example, absorptive materials such
as carpets and more can definitely aid in the use of furniture in order to demonstrate that the
sound waves respond with various items in a room or area. It can also be defined that, since the
propagation of sound in the rooms is evenly distributed, the inhabitants of the building will
readily hear the sound. One of the proofs that the objects or items in the room respond normally
is the lesser echoes generated in the rooms. Next, even the house studied did not use many
good absorbers, yet the absorbers used in the building is still can be functioning and managed
to reduced unwanted sound such as echo. Then, as for the building used for the case study, the
sound waves reflected with one object to the occupant in the room will be drawn below for
reference:
142
Figure 3.134. Sound Waves Reflected from the Object to the Occupant.
Space 3- Kitchen
143
ROOM ACOUSTICS.
LIGHTING
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall It can be established that because of the
inadequate openings in the building, the living
hall faces low admission of natural
illumination. The living hall openings are often
found at the entrance of the house. That is
also because of the architecture of the
building and the orientation itself. More
openings are needed as the living hall only
allows less natural lighting and, depending on
the artificial lighting, more.
Master Bedroom This room relies just on the electric
illumination, too, which is the fluorescent
bulb, so there was no natural lighting at all.
The dilemma of the master bedroom is very
serious where the opening is only one and
the direction of the master bedroom building
is only facing the underground store where
no natural illumination is admitted at all.
Steps must be done by putting more electric
lighting in the hall, since the master bedroom
is not surrounded by natural lighting in all
directions.
Kitchen The natural lighting in the kitchen is also very
low, where only one of the openings is
created and the blindness is hidden.
Therefore, there is less access to natural
lighting in the kitchen. It is also only reached
from one side, which is from the set kitchen
opening.
144
NOISE CONTROL
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall In this area, no big concern can be found as
the sound created in this space is only at an
be heard by individuals.
Master Bedroom In this area, no big concern can be found as
Kitchen In this area, no big concern can be found as

ROOM ACOUSTICS
SPACES PROBLEMS
Living Hall Although the sound waves interacted with
items such as carpets in living rooms as
normal, there was no significant problem in
this space.
Master Bedroom Although the sound waves interacted with
items such as the carpet in the master
bedroom as normal, there was no significant
issue in this space.
Kitchen There was no significant issue in this room
145
CHAPTER 4.0: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Analysis of the 5 buildings on Morning, Afternoon and Evening Averaged Time Intervals Taken
can be seen below:
5 BUILDINGS THAT HAVE BEEN STUDIED OVERALL BASED ON THE 3 SPACES TAKEN AT 3 DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
9:00 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 PM
Average Living Hall Average Master Bedroom Average Kitchen
Figure 1.137. Graph Line of 5 Buildings that have Studied Overall Based on the 3 Spaces Taken
at 3 Different Time Intervals.
Based on the graph line above, it can be concluded that, the differences between 5 buildings
studied regarding on the 3 different time intervals at 3 different spaces do not show any big
differences since the data taken have been proven. Thus, the case study of 5 buildings
conducted showed a minor difference on the graph line above.
146
4.0 RECOMMENDATION
From the lighting, noise control and room acoustics report, we suggest that this building needs
to do further maintenance to improve the building's openings and quality of artificial lighting. As
all of buildings report about opening, noise control and acoustics result of case study are almost
same and related, it is important to take actions and look up for the problems. Many of people
doesn’t know that the natural lighting can give the effect to the comfort zone of humans and the
environment. Depending on the analysis, many of buildings of house have the same problem
which is the lighting. In order to create a pleasing working & living environment, each buildings
need to have additional lighting to put on if the buildings or the house doesn’t have enough
opening that could provide natural lighting, noise control and acoustics. For example, based on
the report that have been studied, we can see the calculation under the number of lighting
needed recommendation of additional bulbs instead of renovate the house for the natural
lighting opening, it may affect the cost. Through the discussion of report, major artificial lighting
were employed by downlight, fluorescent as the interior material used for provide lighting.
Nevertheless, as an alternative to the overhead lighting that can be strategically positioned on
various corners of spaces, the use of soft perimeter light at the working plane level also can be
a recommendation or it can be as diffused soft lighting used to boost the atmosphere already
created within the room by offering friendly light that diffused in one position in the room rather
than concentrating. For the noise control and acoustics, we can see from the analysis on the
problem, there are no major problem that have been found from 5 buildings that has been
discovered. But still, people should not take the matter as little things for the noise control and
acoustics. For noise control, the occupants or the owner can’t do nothing about it, instead the
developer or the contractor should know about it. But it can be improved by we choose the
design of building that we want to make it as our homes. Lastly for the acoustic, we can improve
the sound waves process by choosing the suitable material for our homes, for the object can be
interact with waves of sound and could provide the good acoustics for each home or buildings.
147
4.1 CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, students can learn and practice all these the architectural and engineering
design of project evolves the design should be reviewed in light of the agreed upon acoustical
program requirement for the building project. Moreover, this course provides new knowledges
about sound and noise control in our own house. All the aspects of the building are very
important to be known as they are the most used in sites. Based on this assignment, it helps a
lot for students to use and apply them in future. This assignment was given with enough time
during this pandemic since we have to do it in Online Distancing Learning (ODL). It is so tough
for us as to do it in grouping as we are living at different states but we managed to complete this
assignment successfully. Thanks to the lecturers and our group members and also course-
mates for helping us for this assignment. Thus, students get to expose and gain more
knowledge from this case study that have been conducted.
148
CHAPTER 5.0: REFERENCES
 https://www.healthline.com/health/natural-light-benefits
 https://www.kireiusa.com/products/balance-tiles
 https://www.yourhome.gov.au/housing/noise-control
 https://www.homelectrical.com/what-are-applications-led-downlights-homes-and-
businesses.6.html#:~:text=LED%20downlights%2C%20also%20known%20as,seamless
%20accessory%20in%20any%20room
 https://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/noise10.pdf
 https://www.nachi.org/noise-control.htm#:~:text=Many%20common%20building
%20materials%2C%20such,be%20helpful%20in%20controlling%20sound
149

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DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SURVEYING

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY II (BSR 231)

TOPIC: CASE STUDY OF THE LIGHTING, NOISE CONTROL AND

1. NURUL IZZAH BINTI MOHD RIZDZUAN 2019211882

2. NURUL FATIHAH BINTI SALIM 2019424476

3. NUR DYA BATRIESHA BINTI AMRAN 2019241298

4. MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN MUSA 2019427042

5. I’ZZAT FAHMI BIN YUZZEMAN 2019448142

Semester: Oct 2020 – Feb 2021

1.0 Building Background of Selected Building 4 - 21

2.1 Introduction of the Lighting

2.2 Introduction Noise Control

2.3 Introduction Room Acoustics

2.6 Requirements (Buidlding By Laws) in the Building for Building

2.7 Equipment Used

3.0 Case Study of 5 Buildings 30 – 142

3.1 Building 1: (Nurul Izzah)

4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 143 - 145

5.0 References 146

Fire Rescue Department Malaysia

 Distance from the house is

Figure 1.10. Fire Rescue Department

High School: SMK Bukit Katil

 Distance from the house is

Figure 1.11. SMK Bukit Katil.

Petron Oil Gas Station

 Distance from the house is

Figure 1.12. Petron Oil Gas Station.

 Distance from the house is

Figure 1.13 Ban Zen Motors

BUILDING 3: (NUR DYA BATRIESHA)

Figure 1.15. Map location of Building 3.

FLOOR PLAN OF BUILDING 3

Figure 1.16. Floor Plan of the Building.

BUILDING 4: (MUHAMMAD AIMAN

 Bank, Bank Chaah

Figure 1.20. Front House of Building 5.

2.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE LIGHTING

Figure 2.1. Wavelength

1. Reflection: Reversal of direction which occurs at a surface.

2.2 INTRODUCTION NOISE CONTROL

3. Walls and Columns

4. Sills, Lintels and Chejjas:

5. Doors and Windows

10. Building Services

2.7 EQUIPMENT USED

3.1 INDICATION PLAN OF THE WHOLE HOUSE

BUILDING 1: (NURUL IZZAH)

Figure 3.1. Indication Plan of the Whole House.

Figure 3.3. Space 2- Master Bedroom.

Figure 3.4. Space 3- Kitchen.

Figure 3.6. Plan of Space 2.

Figure 3.7. Plan of Space 3.

Figure 3.9. Single Door. and provided vitamin d for the

ii. From Living Room to natural lighting is very important

the Bedroom 2. to the occupants in the building.

Total Opening Areas: 2.16 percentage is 47.50% only for

m2 +1.72m2 + 5.1m2 = the living hall area. It can be told

8.98m2 that the whole areas in the

Floor Area x 10% area of not less than 10% of the

(Adjustable Opening) clear floor area of such room and