Theories of Personality Reviewer
Chapter 4
Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
OVERVIEW
Analytical Psychology
-Occult Phenomena can influence the lives of everyone
-Compendium of opposites
-Pushed by past events while being pulled by future
expectations
Collective Unconscious
We are not just motivated by repressed experiences but also
emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestor
Archetypes (highly developed elements of collective
unconscious)
Self-Realization (most inclusive archetype)
Balance between various opposing forces of personality
BIOGRAPHY
July 26, 1875 Kesswil Switzerland
Medicine and Religious background in both parents
First ambition: Archeologist. But became medicine
2 personalities of her mother – women not reliable
Father – reliable but weak
His “No.1 and No. 2” personality
Emma Jung and Toni Wolff
Confess feelings with Freud
Personal unconscious, Collective Unconscious, individuation
June 6, 1961 Zurich
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE
1. Conscious
Anything that we are readily aware of
Ego – center of the conscious mind, gate keeper of the
conscious mind
Somebody who is highly individuated will have an ego that
allows for more contents to access consciousness
Knowledge of the ego personality is often conflated with
knowledge of the self. Many people think they know
themselves merely by being conscious of their ego, but there
is so much more to know of
2. Personal Unconscious
Repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of
one particular individual.
Formed by our individual experiences and is therefore unique
to each of us
Some images in the personal unconscious can be recalled
easily, some remembered with difficulty, and still others are
beyond the reach of consciousness.
Complex - Emotionally toned conglomeration of associated
ideas from personal unconscious
Individualized components of the personal unconscious
“Unconscious fixation on a certain thing”
May be partly conscious and may stem from both the personal
and the collective unconscious
3. Collective Unconscious
Roots in the ancestral past of the entire species
The contents of the collective unconscious do not lie dormant
but are active and influence a person’s thoughts, emotions,
and actions.
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Humans’ innate tendency to react in a particular way
whenever their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited
response tendency
Such innate potential requires an individual experience before
it will become activated. (Inherited predispositions)
Archetypes
Emotionally toned collections of associated images (collective
unconscious)
Ancient/archaic images, Generalized and derived from the
contents of the collective unconscious
Instinct – Unconscious Physical Impulse toward action
(Archetype: Psychic Counterpart)
Express through Dream, Fantasies, and Delusions (when
activated)
Persona
Side of personality that we show to the world
Role in society
Should have a balance between the demands of society and
what we truly are
Should not confuse our public face with our complete self
Shadow
Animalistic aggressive nature of man. It contains attributes
that have been repressed because they have been deemed
unconventional by society.
While the Shadow has its dark side, it is also highly
responsible for creativity, spontaneity, and insights.
Prone to psychological Projection
Anima/Animus
Anima in men or the Animus in women is the archetype which
deals with ones feminine traits in the case of men, or
masculine traits in the case of women.
Developed through years of interaction with the opposite
gender
Repression of Anima/Animus – Archetypal Rebellion/Gender
Dysphoria
Can be projected – “Love at first sight”
Appears in dreams, visions, and fantasies in a personified
form.
The Great Mother
Like wise old men, both are derivatives from Anima and
Animus
Every man and woman possess this archetype
Represents 2 opposing forces (Fertility and Nourishment;
Power and Destruction)
”Both nurturing and destructive”
Wise Old Man
Archetype of wisdom and meaning
Symbolizes human’s pre-existing knowledge of mysteries of
life, or the life itself
Unconscious, cannot be directly experienced by an individual
Hero
Based on overcoming obstacles and achieving certain goals
Overcome Monster of Darkness:
Long-hoped for and expected triumph of consciousness over
the unconscious
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Self
Each person possess an inherited tendency toward growth,
perfection and completion
Most comprehensive of all Archetypes
“Archetypes of Archetypes” – unites other archetypes by Self-
Realization (completeness, wholeness, unity and order)
Symbolized by a person’s idea of perfection, completion and
wholeness
Mandala – “Ultimate Symbol” represents the strivings of
collective unconscious for unity, balance and wholeness.
“Psychological expression” of the totality of the self
Possess conscious and personal unconscious components.
But mostly formed by collective unconscious image
Overabundance of consciousness – lack of “Soul Spark”
Overpowered by unconscious – pathological, one-sided
personalities
Unites the opposing elements (yang and yin) of psyche
To experience self, one should overcome the fear of the
unconscious, not letting the persona to dominate personality,
recognize their shadow and have the courage to face the
Anima and Animus
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
CAUSALITY AND TELEOLOGY
Causality – Present events have their origin in previous
experiences
Teleology – Present events are motivated by goals and
aspirations in the future
Human behavior is shaped by both causal and teleological
forces. Causal explanations must be balanced with teleological
ones
Dreams came from earlier experiences, but can also help the
person make decisions about the future
PROGRESSION AND REGRESSION
Progression – Forward flow of psychic energy (outside world)
Help the person to react consistently to given environmental
conditions
Regression – Backward flow of psychic energy (inner world)
Necessary Backward Step in the successful attainment of goal
(Balanced personality/Self Realization)
To achieve Self Realization, people must adapt to both
outside environment and inner world
Alone, neither progression nor regression leads to
development
They must work together to attain a healthy personality
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
ATTITUDE
Predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction
Introverted and Extroverted attitude
One may be conscious while the other is unconscious
INTROVERSION
Turning inward of psychic energy
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Orientation toward the Subjective
Tuned in to inner world of biases, fantasies, dreams and
individualized perceptions
They also perceive the external world, but they do so
selectively and with their own subjective view
EXTRAVERSION
Turning outward of psychic energy
Person is oriented toward the objective and away from the
subjective
Pragmatic and well rooted in the realities of everyday life
Suspicious of the subjective attitude
Freud and Adler’s Theory:
Freud’s view is Extraverted but his personality was Introverted
Adler’s view is Introverted but his personality was Extraverted
People neither completely introverted nor completely
extraverted
FUNCTIONS
Sensing – Tells people that something exists
Thinking – Enables them to recognize its meaning
Feeling – Tells them its value or worth
Intuition – Allows them to know about it without knowing how
they know
1. THINKING
Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas
Extraverted Thinking
Objective
Rely heavily on concrete thoughts (but can also use abstract
ideas)
Mathematics, Engineers, Accountants
Introverted Thinking
React to external world in a highly subjective and creative
manner, interpreting old data in new ways
Inventors, Philosophers
2. FEELING
Process of evaluating an idea or event
“Valuing”
Evaluation of every conscious activity
Most of these feelings have no emotional content
Any of the four functions can lead to emotion when their
strength is increased (stimulating physiological changes)
Difference between feeling and thinking:
Feelings are experienced consciously
Emotions manifest either consciously or subconsciously
Extraverted Feeling
Use objective data to make evaluations
Guided by external values and widely accepted standards of
judgement
Ease in social situations
Business people, Politicians
Making of value judgements based on objective information
Introverted Feeling
Based their value judgements on subjective perceptions
Individualized conscience, taciturn demeanor and
unfathomable psyche
Ignore traditional opinions and beliefs
Nearly complete indifference to the objective world and people
(Causes people around them to feel uncomfortable)
Art critique
3. SENSING
Individual’s perception of sensory impulses
Sensation – Receives physical stimuli and sends to
perceptual consciousness
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These perceptions are not dependent on logical thinking or Inventors who must inhibit distracting sensory data and
feeling but exist as absolute, elementary facts concentrate on unconscious solutions to objective problems.
within each person.
Introverted Intuitive
Extraverted Sensing Guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically
Perceive external stimuli objectively, in much the same way subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality.
that these stimuli exist in reality
Proofreader, house painter, wine taster, or any other job Mystics, prophets, surrealistic artists, or religious fanatics
demanding sensory discriminations congruent with those of
most people May not clearly understand their own motivations, yet they are
deeply moved by them
Introverted Sensing
Largely influenced by their subjective sensations of sight, “A person who has theoretically achieved self-realization or
sound, taste, touch, and so forth. individuation would have all four functions highly developed.”
Guided by their interpretation of sense stimuli rather than the
stimuli themselves
Portrait artists
Give a subjective interpretation to objective phenomena yet
are able to communicate meaning to others.
Extreme subjective sensing attitude may lead to hallucinations,
esoteric incomprehensible speech

4. INTUITING
Intuition involves perceptions beyond the workings of
consciousness
Difference from Sensing: More creative, adding subtracting
elements from conscious sensation

Extraverted Intuitive
Oriented towards facts in the external world

Rather than fully sensing them, they merely perceive them

subliminally

Intuitive people suppress many of their sensations (strong

sensory stimuli interfere with intuition)
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DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
Personality develops in every stage of development that leads
to Individuation/ Self Realization
Second Half of Life (35 – 40)
- Attained Self realization
Psychological health of middle-aged people – achieving
balanced between opposing forces
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Childhood (Early Morning Sun)
Anarchic Phase
- Chaotic and sporadic consciousness
- Island of consciousness
- Primitive images, incapable of being accurately verbalized
Monarchic Phase
- Development of the ego (primitive)
- Logical and verbal thinking begins
- “Third person” (not aware as perceiver)
Dualistic Phase
- Ego is divided into subjective and objective
-“First person”
- “Ego-complex”
- Avoid the natural tendency to regress from childhood to avoid
problems in the present (also in middle -life and old age)
- Conservative Principle (desire to live in the past)
3. Middle Life (Afternoon Sun)
- age 35-40
- Decline can increase the anxieties of middle-aged people,
but it is also a period of tremendous Potential
- Must look forward to the future with hope and anticipation,
surrender the lifestyle of youth, and discover new meaning in
middle life
4. Old Age (Evening Sun)
- Diminution of consciousness
- Death is the goal of life
- Life can be fulfilling only when death is seen in this light
Jung treated middle-old age patients with backward orientation
by establishing new goals, find meaning in death first before
meaning in life.
He also use Dream Analysis – dreams of rebirth, unconscious
attitudes toward death, and Meaningful Philosophy of life
SELF-REALIZATION (Psychological rebirth/ Individuation)
- Process of becoming an individual or whole person
- Process of combining opposite poles into one homogenous
individual
- “Coming to Self-hood” (all psychological components
functioning in unity with no psychic process atrophying)

2. Youth (Morning Sun)

- Puberty-middle life
- Period of increased activity, maturing sexually, growing
consciousness and recognizing that the problem-free
childhood era is gone forever
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JUNG’S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION

1. Word Association

2. Dream Analysis (Big dreams, Typical dreams, Earliest

dreams remembered)

3. Active Imagination
-Reveal archetypal images emerging from the unconscious
Books: Man and His Symbols;
Word and Image; Psychology and Alchemy; Carl Jung;
Wounded Healer of the Soul

4. Psychotherapy
Stages:
1. Catharsis (confession of a pathogenic secret)
2. Interpretation, Explanation, Elucidation
3. Education of patients as Social beings
4. Transformation

Purpose of Jungian Therapy:

Help neurotic patients to be healthy and help healthy
individuals to work independently to achieve self-realization
(Dream Analysis, Active Imagination)

Transference
Important during the first 3 stages of therapy
Countertransference
-Therapist’s feeling towards the patient

Jung used Dream Analysis and Active Imagination to discover

the contents of the patients’ collective unconscious