Mónica Medellín Estrada

A01039947

Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey

Quantitative Research Methods

The effect of NAFTA in the acculturation in English-speaking Mexicans living in Nuevo León

Mónica Medellín Estrada

A01039947

Abstract

Acculturation can be defined as the process of cultural contact and exchange through which a

person or group from one culture comes to adopt the practices and values of another culture,

while still retaining their own distinct culture. The present paper focuses on the effect NAFTA

has had on the acculturation of English-speaking Mexicans living in the northern state of Nuevo

León, considering those who were born after the signing of NAFTA in 1994 are more

acculturated than those who were born before it. Results showed that there were bigger

differences between the two comparison groups in questions that dealt with the respondents´

immersion in American media such as movies, magazines, and music. Moderate and strong

negative correlations were showed between a respondent´s age and his or her acculturation. The

research concluded that there has been a significant increase in acculturation among English-

speaking Mexicans living in the northern state of Nuevo León that were born after the signing of

NAFTA, in comparison to those who were born before the start of the trade agreement.

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I. Introduction

In recent history, different ideological, political, economic and social changes have been

generated, which in some way have influenced the culture of the world´s countries. Because of

this, the culture and identity of the individuals of a given country may be altered. Mexico is not

an exception to this rule. The 20th century transformed completely the country. It started the

century with a revolution to overthrow a dictator and finished it with a full entrance to

neoliberalism. The signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994

between Mexico, the United States, and Canada meant a higher exchange of goods between these

three countries. Even though NAFTA only dealt with economic trade, goods come with soft

power, which according to political scientists Pau Viotti and Mark Kauppi can be defined as

“non-material capabilities such as reputation, culture, and value appeal that can aid the

attainment of a state’s objectives” [ CITATION Vio13 \l 2058 ]. One of the soft power´s main

channels is media. If individuals get immersed in foreign goods and media, they indirectly are

being immersed in the foreign country´s culture. If that happens for a sustained period,

acculturation may happen.

Author Nicki Lisa Cole defined acculturation as “the process of cultural contact and exchange

through which a person or group from one culture comes to adopt the practices and values of

another culture, while still retaining their own distinct culture” [ CITATION Col18 \l 2058 ] . Jorge

Larraín in his article Modernidad e Identidad en América Latina complemented Cole´s definition

by stating that acculturation “can happen at both group and individual levels and can occur as a

result of in-person contact or contact through art, literature, or media” [ CITATION Jor97 \l 2058 ].

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Larraín explained in his article that, at the group level, acculturation requires “the widespread

adoption of the values, practices, forms of art, and technologies of another culture; as well as the

cultural exchange of clothing, fashion, and language” [ CITATION Jor97 \l 2058 ]. An example

of group level acculturation can be the embrace of Chinese cuisine within the United States, or

when certain phrases and words from a foreign language make their way into common usage

within a language due to cultural contact. On the other hand, at individual level, acculturation

may involve the same things as at group level, but the motives and circumstances may be

different. An example Larraín gave is that of people who study abroad in a country where the

culture differs from their own and are likely to engage in the country´s values and practices to

“reduce the social friction that can arise from cultural differences” [ CITATION Jor97 \l 2058 ].

Considering the above, especially group acculturation, reminds of the capitalism and

globalization that have permeated in Mexico, especially in the north of the country. Author

Patricia Martín argued in her article National Fragments and Post-national Cultures: Mexican

National Identity in Transition? that these global phenomena tend to “subtract the identity and

culture of the individuals of a given country to implement a homogeneous culture of

consumerism that induces people to insert themselves in the economic model so that they can be

useful to the system” [ CITATION Pat09 \l 2058 ].

II. Objective

The objective of this research paper is to explore the relation between the age of an English-

speaking Mexican living in the state of Nuevo León and the acculturation that he or she presents.

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This objective will be achieved by analyzing two groups of different ages and measuring the

acculturation each group presents.

III. Research Question

To what extent do English-speaking Mexicans living in the state of Nuevo León that were born

after the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994 are more acculturated

than those who were born before the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement in

1994?

IV. Hypothesis

English-speaking Mexicans living in the state of Nuevo León who were born after the signing of

the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994 are more acculturated than those

who were born before the signing of the NAFTA. This is because of the exchange of media and

goods that this trade agreement has caused in Mexico, especially in the north of the country.

V. Variables

Variable Classification How it will be controlled

Age Independent The tested values for age depend on those of

the respondents of this research´s

questionnaire. Nevertheless, all of them must

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be over 15 years. The second question of the

questionnaire is “Age”. All the responses

under 15 years will immediately be

discarded. The remaining answers will be

organized into two groups: Those who were

born before the signing of the NAFTA in

1994 (Group 1) and those who were born

after it (Group 2). This variable is measured

in years.
Acculturation Dependent Acculturation is measured through a likert

scale question format. In it, respondents find

a statement in each question and are

expected to select the number to which they

most agree with the statement, being 0 “not

agree at all” and 5 “agree a lot”.

State of residence Controlled The state of residence of all the respondents

(city) of this research´s questionnaire must be

Nuevo León. This is controlled by sharing

the questionnaire´s link only to those who

meet this requirement.

Spoken languages Controlled The respondents of this questionnaire must

speak both English and Spanish. The first

filter for controlling this is sharing the

questionnaire´s link only to those who meet

this requirement. Then, the fourth question of

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the questionnaire is “Do you speak

English?”. All the negative responses to this

question will immediately be discarded.

Nationality Controlled The respondents of this questionnaire must

be Mexican. The first filter for controlling

this is sharing the questionnaire´s link only

to those who meet this requirement. Then,

the fourth question of the questionnaire is

“Nationality”. All responses to this question

other than “Mexican” will immediately be

discarded.
Table 1. Control of Variables

VI. Questionnaire

The questionnaire is divided into three sections. The first section collects general information on

the respondent and makes sure he or she meets all the requirements for taking his or her response

into account. This section goes from question 1 to question 4. The second part of the

questionnaire includes questions 5 through 17 and deals with the respondent´s relationship with

Mexican culture. The third and last section of the questionnaire ranges from question 18 to

question 28. The goal of this section is to know about the respondent´s relationship with

American culture.

Questions 1 through 4 have either an open or a yes / no answer format. Nevertheless, from

question 5 to question 28, respondents find a statement in each question and are expected to

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select the number to which they most agree with the statement, being 0 “not agree at all” and 5

“agree a lot”. An example of this format is shown below.

Figure 1. Question Format

Due to its extension, the full questionnaire could not be fit into this paper´s body. However, it

can be found in the annex section as Annex 1: Acculturation Questionnaire.

VII. Methodology

The questionnaire was put into a Google Forms, which is an online platform powered by Google

to make questionnaires. After that, the questionnaire was distributed to English-speaking

Mexicans living in Nuevo León ages 15 and over through online platforms. A minimum number

of 20 responses per comparison group are required. However, if more responses are given, the

data analysis will continue as planned. If a person who is not a Mexican or is under 15 years old

responds the questionnaire, his or her answer will immediately be discarded. For an answered

survey to be analyzed, a minimum of 20 answers out of 28 is mandatory. Prior to the

questionnaire, the following message appears:

Thank you for accepting to answer this questionnaire. Its objective is to measure acculturation of

Mexican people towards American culture. In other words, we want to know to what extent

American culture has influenced your habits. The reason why we believe this is important is

because globalization has taken a huge part in society, and we want to find out if it has inclined

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Mexican people to the United States and its culture. It is important for you to know that the

answers to this questionnaire are confidential and will only be used for academic purposes at

Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey. If you do not wish your responses to be used in

this way, please don´t answer it and close this Google Forms. Thanks!

VIII. Results

Using Microsoft Excel, the raw data is processed for it to be easier to analyze and interpret. The

first things that are gotten are the mean of each of the answers per question, as well as their

variance, standard deviation, and confidence interval. Variance is “the average of the squared

differences from the mean”, while the standard deviation is “a statistic that tell you how tightly

all the various examples are clustered around the mean in a set of data” (Niles, 2015). On the

other hand, the confidence interval “gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include

an unknown population parameter” (Easton & McHoll, 1997). The standard deviation is

calculated using the Microsoft Excel formula =STDEV (range), as well as the variance with the

formula =VAR.S. The confidence interval is calculated with the formula: =CONFIDENCE

(alpha, stdev, size), where the value for alpha is 0.05. This means that the confidence interval is

of 95%. The value for size is 20 for Group 1, because twenty samples were included, while for

Group 2 the value for size was 30. The results were the following:

Mean Variance Standard Deviation Confidence

Question Interval
G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2 G1 G2

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2 44.75 19.45 38.20 1.19 6.18 1.31 2.71 0.47
5 4.95 5.00 0.05 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.10 0.00
6 4.90 4.97 0.09 0.03 0.31 0.22 0.13 0.08
7 4.90 4.94 0.09 0.06 0.31 0.31 0.13 0.11
8 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 4.90 5.00 0.09 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.13 0.00
10 4.21 4.16 0.62 1.01 0.79 1.00 0.35 0.36
11 3.80 4.00 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.42 0.35
12 3.60 4.06 0.67 0.66 0.82 0.81 0.36 0.29
13 4.74 4.57 0.43 0.32 0.65 0.57 0.29 0.20
14 4.20 4.80 0.80 0.23 0.89 0.48 0.39 0.17
15 4.05 3.39 1.42 1.98 1.19 1.41 0.52 0.50
16 3.70 3.16 0.64 2.34 0.80 1.53 0.35 0.55
17 4.55 4.19 0.37 0.83 0.60 0.91 0.27 0.33
18 0.60 1.26 1.09 2.06 1.05 1.44 0.46 0.51
19 2.35 2.84 0.66 1.54 0.81 1.24 0.36 0.44
20 0.75 1.97 0.93 1.83 0.97 1.35 0.42 0.48
21 0.65 2.45 0.98 1.86 0.99 1.36 0.43 0.49
22 2.30 3.45 2.22 1.59 1.49 1.26 0.65 0.45
23 1.25 2.58 1.67 1.65 1.29 1.29 0.57 0.46
24 2.15 3.23 1.61 0.71 1.27 0.84 0.56 0.30
25 3.65 3.87 0.66 1.05 0.81 1.02 0.36 0.37
26 0.70 2.74 1.27 2.13 1.13 1.46 0.49 0.52
27 2.30 4.52 1.91 0.46 1.38 0.68 0.60 0.24
28 1.55 4.42 2.16 0.52 1.47 0.72 0.64 0.26
Table 2. Raw Data Analysis

By comparing the mean answers to Group 1 and Group 2, it can be observed that those related to

the exposure of English-speaking Mexicans living in Nuevo León to American media (questions

26, 27, and 28) are the ones that have the highest mean differences between Group 1 and Group

2. Therefore, those three questions are the ones that will further be analyzed in this paper.

The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) is “a measure of the strength of the linear relationship

between two variables” (Lane, n.d.). It must be in a range between -1 and 1, representing the

values closest to -1 or 1 a very strong correlation, while the values that are closest to 0 mean that

there is a very weak or no correlation. In this case, the desired r coefficient is calculated between

the ages of both comparison groups and their corresponding responses in questions 26, 27, and

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28. It is obtained using the Microsoft Excel formula: =CORREL (range 1, range 2). The results

are the following:

Question r coefficient Explanation

26 -0.5389 Moderate negative correlation, which means that high X
variable values (age) go with low Y variable values (responses),
and vice versa.
27 -0.7195 Moderate negative correlation, which means that high X
variable values (age) go with low Y variable values (responses),
and vice versa.
28 -0.7899 Strong negative correlation, which means that high X variable
values (age) go with low Y variable values (responses), and vice
versa.
Table 3. r Coefficient Values

Now that is clear that there is a correlation between the age of a person and its consumption of

American media, which can be considered acculturation, it is possible to present this data in a

more organized way.

Mean answers to question "I watch American movies"

5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1 2

Group

Figure 2. Mean answers to question "I watch American movies"

Figure 2 shows the average responses to Question 27 for each of the two comparison groups. The

error bars in the graph represent the confidence interval for each of the values. As it can be seen,

Group 2, made up of English-speaking Mexicans living in Nuevo León that were born after the
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signing of NAFTA in 1994, has a significantly higher mean than Group 1. This means that, those

who were born after 1994 relate a lot to the statement “I watch American movies”. In contrast,

those in Group 1 relate moderately, considering their low mean response. This case also applies

to questions 26 and 28, where Group 2 has a considerably higher mean response than Group 1 in

the questions related to American media.

It is important to note that there was no significant difference between the means of the two

comparison groups in questions related to the relationship between the individual and Mexican

culture. Both groups had almost the same answers. Also, there was a difference between the

means of the two comparison groups in questions regarding the relationship between the

individual and American culture. However, the most significant differences were in American

media-related questions.

IX. Conclusion

This investigation gives an answer to its research question and supports its hypothesis. As it can

be shown in Figure 2, English-speaking Mexicans living in Nuevo León who were born after the

signing of NAFTA in 1994 have a tendency to be more immersed into American culture,

especially its media. This immersion can be considered as group acculturation. Another evidence

that shows that the hypothesis is supported is the resulting value of the r coefficients for

American media-related questions (-0.5389, -0.7195, -0.7899) on Table 3. They represent

moderate and strong negative correlations between the age of the respondents and their

immersion in American media.

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It is important to remember the initial objective of the investigation, which was to explore the

relationship between the age of an English-speaking Mexican living in the state of Nuevo León

and the acculturation that he or she presents. If Table 2 is taken under consideration, it can be

said that as the age of a person increases, his or her acculturation decreases. This is based on the

calculated means of each question´s responses.

Even though the investigation was done in the most exact way as possible, taking into

consideration all of the factors that may affect it and trying to keep them under control, it is

impossible to completely avoid uncertainties. One of the uncertainties of this research may have

occurred because of distributing the questionnaire through the internet. This evidently excludes

all English-speaking Mexicans who do not have access to it. In order for the reader to be aware

of all of the uncertainties the investigation may have had, error bars representing a 95%

confidence interval were used.

One improvement that can be done to this investigation regarding the weakness mentioned in the

previous paragraph is to do apply the questionnaire personally, no English-speaking Mexican

living in Nuevo León is excluded from it. It would also be better to have access to English

schools´ databases to randomly select the respondents. This way, the research is not biased by

the researcher´s contacts or institution of investigation. It would also be interesting to do this

same research in another state of Mexico in order to see if Nuevo León-based English-speaking

Mexicans, because of the state´s geographical location, are more prone to acculturation than

those who live in the center or south of the country.

X. Bibliography

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Calabasa, L. (2003). Measuring acculturation: Where we are and where we need to go. Hispanic
Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 127-146. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297410928_Measuring_acculturation_Where_
we_are_and_where_we_need_to_go

Canclini, N. G. (2000). North Americans or Latin Americans? The redefinition of Mexican

Identity and the Free Trade Agreements. En E. McAnany, & K. Wilkinson, Mass Media
and Free Trade: NAFTA and the Cultural Industries (págs. 143-156). Austin: University
of Texas Press. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com.mx/books?
hl=es&lr=&id=VsXa7agU7okC&oi=fnd&pg=PA142&dq=loss+of+mexican+identity&ot
s=B3SSR_NcmB&sig=C7VyBPoDbtCMb6n-iU2KvIk2mQk#v=onepage&q=loss%20of
%20mexican%20identity&f=false

Cano-Urbina, J. (2016). Acculturation and the labor market in Mexico. IZA Journal of Labor
Policy, 5-21. Retrieved from: https://izajolp.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40173-
016-0077-6

Cole , N. (2018). Understanding Acculturation . Thought Magazine, 20-29.

Easton, V., & McHoll, J. (1997, September). Confidence intervals. Retrieved from Statistics
Glossary:
http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/steps/glossary/confidence_intervals.html#confinterval

Lane, D. M. (n.d.). Values of the Pearson Correlation. Retrieved from Online Statbook:
http://onlinestatbook.com/2/describing_bivariate_data/pearson.html

Larraín, J. (1997). Modernidad e Identidad en América Latina. Universum. Retrieved from:

http://universum.utalca.cl/contenido/index-97/larrain.html

Martin, P. (2009). National Fragments and Post-national Cultures: Mexican National Identity in
Transition? Space and Polity, 233-252. Retrieved from:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1356257090345431

Niles, R. (2015). Standard Deviation. Retrieved from: http://www.robertniles.com

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Pérez-Brignoli, H. (2017). Aculturación, transculturación, mestizaje: metáforas y espejos en la
historiografía latinoamericana. Cuadernos de Literatura, 96-113. Retrieved from:
https://0search.proquest.com.millenium.itesm.mx/docview/1944212483/fulltextPDF/F89
79791702142C6PQ/1?accountid=11643

Viotti, P., & Kauppi, M. (2013). International Relations and World Politics. New York: Pearson.

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Annex 1. Acculturation Questionnaire
1. Gender
Male Female Other

2. Age
__________

3. Nationality
Mexican Not Mexican Dual Mexican / Other Country

4. Do you speak English?

Yes No
For each of the following statements, please choose the option that you relate the most
5. I know how to speak Spanish
Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

6. I like to Spanish
Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

7. I speak Spanish with my Mexican friends and acquaintances

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

8. I know how to read and write in Spanish

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

9. I feel comfortable speaking Spanish

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

10. I like to listen to music in Spanish

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

11. I am informed about current affairs in Mexico

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

12. I am familiar with Mexican history

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

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13. I think in Spanish
Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

14. I stay in close contact with my Mexican family members

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

15. I read Mexican magazines

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

16. I watch Mexican movies

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

17. I regularly eat traditional Mexican food

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

18. I speak English at home

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

19. I know how to prepare American food

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

20. I am familiar with American history

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

21. I think in English

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

22. I feel comfortable with American people

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

23. I am informed about current affairs in the United States

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

24. I like to eat American food

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

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25. I feel comfortable speaking English

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

26. I read American magazines

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

27. I watch American movies

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

28. I like to listen to music in English

Not at all O O O O O O A lot
0 1 2 3 4 5

Annex 2. Answers to acculturation questionnaire

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1. Gender

Group 1 Group 2

2. Age

Mean age (in years) of the respondants

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2

Group

3. Nationality

Nationality
35

30

25
F re q u e n c y

20

15

10

0
Yes No

Nationality

Group 1 Group 2

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4. Do you speak English?

Answers to "Do you speak English?"

35

30

25
F re q u e n c y

20

15

10

0
Yes No

Group 1 Group 2

5. I know how to speak Spanish

Mean answers to "I know how to speak Spanish"

5.01

4.99

4.98

4.97

4.96

4.95

4.94

4.93

4.92
1 2

Group

6. I like to speak Spanish

Mean answers to "I like to speak Spanish"
4.98

4.96

4.94

4.92

4.90

4.88

4.86
1 2

Group

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7. I speak Spanish with my Mexican friends and acquaintances
Mean answers to "I speak Spanish with my Mexican friends and
acquaintances"
4.94

4.93

4.92

4.91

4.90

4.89

4.88
1 2

Group

8. I know how to read and write in Spanish

Mean answers to "I know how to read and write in Spanish"
6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
1 2

Group

9. I feel comfortable speaking Spanish

Mean answers to "I feel comfortable speaking Spanish"
5.02

5.00

4.98

4.96

4.94

4.92

4.90

4.88

4.86

4.84
1 2

Group

10. I like to listen to music in Spanish

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Mean answers to "I like to listen to music in Spanish"

4.22

4.21

4.20

4.19

4.18

4.17

4.16

4.15

4.14

4.13
1 2

Group

11. I am informed about current affairs in Mexico

Mean answers to "I am informed about current affairs in Mexico"
4.05

4.00

3.95

3.90

3.85

3.80

3.75

3.70

3.65
1 2

Group

12. I am familiar with Mexican history

Mean answers to "I am familiar with Mexican history"
4.20

4.10

4.00

3.90

3.80

3.70

3.60

3.50

3.40

3.30
1 2

Group

13. I think in Spanish

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Mean answers to "I think in Spanish"

4.80

4.75

4.70

4.65

4.60

4.55

4.50

4.45
1 2

Group

14. I stay in close contact with my Mexican family members

Mean answers to "I stay in close contact with my Mexican family members"
4.90
4.80
4.70
4.60
4.50
4.40
4.30
4.20
4.10
4.00
3.90
1 2

Group

15. I read Mexican magazines

Mean answers to "I read Mexican magazines"
4.2

3.8

3.6

3.4

3.2

3
1 2

Group

16. I watch Mexican movies

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Mean answers to "I watch Mexican movies"

3.80
3.70
3.60
3.50
3.40
3.30
3.20
3.10
3.00
2.90
2.80
1 2

Group

17. I regularly eat traditional Mexican food

Mean answers to "I regularly eat traditional Mexican food"
4.6

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.2

4.1

4
1 2

Group

18. I speak English at home

Mean answers to "I speak English at home"
1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
1 2

Group

19. I know how to prepare American food

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Mean answers to "I know how to prepare American food"

3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1 2

Group

20. I am familiar with American history

Mean answers to "I am familiar with American history"
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1 2

Group

21. I think in English

Mean answers to "I think in English"
3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1 2

Group

24
 Mónica Medellín Estrada
A01039947
22. I feel comfortable with American people
Mean answers to "I feel comfortable with American people"
4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
1 2

Group

23. I am informed about current affairs in the United States

Mean answers to "I am informed about current affairs in the United States"
3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1 2

Group

24. I like to eat American food

Mean answers to "I like to eat American food"
3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1 2

Group

25. I feel comfortable speaking English

25
 Mónica Medellín Estrada
A01039947

Mean answers to "I feel comfortable speaking English"

3.9

3.85

3.8

3.75

3.7

3.65

3.6

3.55

3.5
1 2

Group

26. I read American magazines

Mean answers to "I read American magazines"
3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
1 2

Group

27. I watch American movies

Mean answers to "I watch American movies"
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1 2

Group

28. I like to listen to music in English

26
 Mónica Medellín Estrada
A01039947

Mean answers to "I like to listen to music in English"

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2

Group

27