RESULTS OF PILE LOADING TESTS ON SOCKETED STEEL PIPE PILES

1. INTRODUCTION

The project consists of the construction of a new building for the Fleet Maintenance Facility
at the Canadian Forces Base in Esquimalt, B.C. for the Department of National Defence.
The structure is founded on bedrock using a combination of piles and spread footings. A
total of 330 steel pipe piles, 508mm diameter, were installed with lengths from cut-off
elevation to the pile toe ranging from 2.5m to 18.7m [8.2 – 61 ft]. 265 piles are working
under compression and the remaining under tension. The piles were drilled through clay/till
materials and continued into the granodiorite bedrock until a competent rock was realized.
In tension piles the rock anchors, installed below the pile base to resist tension during
seismic loading, enhance the tensile strength. The design allowable loads were 1600 kN
[360 Kip] and 1130 kN [254 Kip] for compression and tension piles, respectively.

A pile loading test program was undertaken to verify that the design loads were
appropriate and that the installation procedure was satisfactory. Loading test results were
also used to validate the quality control criteria. The results of the loading tests are
analyzed and presented in this report.

2. GROUND CONDITIONS

The bedrock at the site is slightly to moderately weathered, medium to very strong, gray to
light gray graniodorite to quartz monzonite. Bedrock surface is recognized to be highly
irregular and is located from 0.3m [1 ft] to in excess of 14m [46 ft] below the existing
ground surface. Altered zones with weak intrusions and shears were encountered at
various depths within the site. A typical view of the rock outcrop is shown in Photo 1. The
Rock Quality Designation (RQD) ranged from 25% to 90% in the quality control coring
carried out under the bases of 10% of piles.

A discontinuous layer of “Vashon Till” up to several meters in thickness overlies the

bedrock. Glaciomarine clays of various thicknesses in turn, overlie the low-lying areas of
the bedrock surface and “Vashon Till”. The clay known as “Victoria Clay” consists of upper
zone of desiccated and oxidized stiff brown clay and a lower zone of soft to firm bluish
gray clay.

The main area of the site was graded at two different elevations of El. 1.4 m [4.6 ft] and El.
3.3 m [10.8 ft]. Groundwater table fluctuated with tide, season, and precipitation. The
groundwater level varied from El. -3.6 m [11.8 ft] in the south to El. 1.4 m [4.6 ft] in the
north near the harbor.

3. PILE INSTALLATION METHOD

A "Down The Hole Hammer" was used for drilling and installation of the steel casing
through the overburden into the bedrock. The pneumatic hammer and under reaming bit
apply the forces for installation through the pile shoe. The pipe is thus dragged down into
the overburden material including clay, clayey silt, sand, silty gravelly sand, rockfill,
cobbles and boulders into the bedrock. During drilling, the bit drills a hole slightly larger

1
than the outside diameter of the casing. The casing and the integral design allow the bit to
be retracted through the inside of the pipe when the desired depth is reached. To
facilitate DTH advancement in cohesive materials, clay soil at the pile location was pre-
augered. The cuttings are discharged with drilling advancement and the exhausted air at
the bottom of hole assembly would clean the pockets. After the desired depth of the rock
socket is reached, the wings below the driven shoe will slide to the retracted position and
the entire drill string is then raised above the top of the pipe, with the casing being left in
the drilled hole about 200mm [8 in] above the bottom of socket. Finally, the casing is
driven to refusal onto the rock by 4-ton [8.8 Kip] hammer blows operating with height of fall
of 0.30 m [1 ft].

After approval of the socket and placement of reinforcement cages, concrete was cast by
tremie method. Concrete had design strength of 35 MPa [5 ksi]. The concrete in the test
piles had 28-day compressive strengths in the range of 36 MPa to 46.9 MPa [5.2-6.8 ksi].

4. FOUNDATION PILE DESIGN

4.1. Bearing Capacity of Rock

The measured uniaxial compressive strength of the rock ranged from 90 MPa to 160 MPa
[13 to 23.2 ksi]. For the compression pile all resistance is derived from the toe stresses.
Shaft friction in the socket and soil overburden was ignored due to under-reamed nature of
drilling. The excavated hole diameter is ~ 530 mm [20.8 in] compared to casing outside
diameter of 508 mm [20 in]. Although the small gap around the casing was often filled with
loose materials, which provided moderate lateral support for the steel pipe piles.
The allowable bearing pressures and loads calculated in the design stage are outlined
below (Canadian Foundation Manual, 1992):

qa = σc . Ksp. (1 + 0.4 L/B) (1)

Qa = ¼ qa π (ε . d) 2 = 1616 kN [363 Kip] (2)
where:
qa = Allowable bearing stress
Qa = Allowable load of rock, under the steel pipe pile
σc = Average unconfined compressive strength (= 125 MPa [18.1 ksi])
Ksp = Empirical factor for joint spacing of between 0.3m and 1.0m including a safety factor of three
(= 0.1)
L/B = Socket depth: diameter (design assumption = 1.0)
ε = Efficiency factor for the contained concrete diameter assumed by the designer due to what was
expected as difficulties in completely cleaning the socket (= 70%)
d = Pipe inside diameter (ID = 0.483m [9 in], OD = 0.508m [20 in]).

The average as-built socket depth/diameter (L/B) increased to 1.5. Furthermore, the 70%
factor for the diameter of contained concrete could no longer be justified with the thorough
cleaning procedures used during socket cleaning. If ε is assumed 90% instead of 70%,
using Equations (1) and (2), the as-built rock socket allowable load will be:
Qa (as built) = 3052 kN [686 Kip]

For tension piles shaft friction of 700 kPa [157 Kip] on the periphery of a 150mm [6 in]
diameter hole in granodiorite rock was assumed for the anchor bond length. The anchors
were stressed after the grout attained a compressive strength of at least 40 MPa. The
rock anchors had the following specifications.

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Anchor Length = 8 m [26.2 ft]
Tendon Size = 57 mm [2.2 in] - Grade 517/92
Tendon Area = 2581 mm2 [4 in2]
Emodulus = 205000 MPa [29732 ksi]
7-Day Grout Strength = 65 MPa [9.4 ksi]
Tensile Force = 1779 kN [400 Kip]
Length of Embedment in Pile = 3 m [9.8 ft]

4.2. Structural Load Capacity

The Canadian Manual on Foundation Engineering design method is based on the bearing
capacity of the rock.

The capacity of the piles is limited by the stresses in the foundation element governed by
the allowable values of the composite steel pipe pile materials, i.e, structural capacity. An
independent analysis was conducted per New York City Building Code (2003) on the
structural capacity of the steel pipe piles to enrich this paper. The New York City Building
Code was chosen because of the prevalence in that locality of heavy loads to be carried
through overlying materials to rock, similar to the above project.
The allowable structural load, Pa, on the reinforced concrete-filled steel pipe piles at the
time of pile tests is:

Pa = 0.25 f’c. Ac + 0.35 fs . As = 1603 + 1634 = 3237 kN [727 Kip] (3)

where:
f'c = 28-day compressive strength of concrete (> 35 MPa [5 ksi])
Ac = Area of contained concrete (= 0.18 m2 [279 in2])
fs = Yield strength of steel pipe (= 240 MPa [34,8 ksi])
As = Area of the steel pipe section (OD = 0.508 m [20 in] and thickness = 0.0127m [0.5 in]).

The contribution of reinforcing bars in the concrete inside the pipe was ignored since these
bars did not extend 150 mm to the bottom of the socket.

The steel pipe pile materials are under corrosion attack by the seawater intrusion.
Assuming an onerous corrosion rate of 0.18mm [0.07 in] per year (Chellis, 1961), the steel
pipe contribution to the structural strength of the pile section could vanish in about 50
years, when indeed the pipe thickness is reduced to about 3 mm [0.01 in]. The long-term
allowable structural load of the pile therefore will tend to be 1603 kN [360 Kip].

5. QUALITY CONTROL

The design loads are limited for piles due to uncertainty about the rock quality over the
whole pile diameter because of weathering or construction effects. The project
specification required that drilling should continue until sound rock was reached.
Geotechnical quality control criteria included A) monitoring of rock socket drilling, B) coring
at the pile bases, C) video inspection, and D) pile loading tests.

A) The key issue was to implement the quality control criteria in a manner to terminate
drilling at a depth in which rock seemed to be competent. This required quick
decision-making and evaluation of different criteria, while drilling was in progress.
Otherwise, if after completion of the socket drilling, later video inspection

3
 suggested that the rock was not competent, re-entry of the down-the-hole
assembly into the pile casing would be costly. Monitoring of the rock socket drilling
operations was achieved by the following criteria.

1) Depth at which the bedrock was first hit, i.e. high side of rock.
2) Depth at which the pipe seated on low side of rock, or where full contact between
the pile shoe tip and bedrock was developed. This is to overcome irregularities and
sloping rock surfaces.
The above were monitored by sound emerged from drilling action, vibrations in the
rig and uneven rotation of the drilling rod in the threshold of hitting the bedrock until
the pipe seated on rock.
3) Evaluation of drilling below the low side of the rock. This was carried out by
examination of the crushed rock samples in the drilling discharge, discharge fluid
color and rate of penetration of down the hole hammer. The initial design
suggestion to drill 1m below the high side of bedrock often produced poor sockets,
because of more than expected irregularities in the bedrock surface, which required
re-drilling and extension of rock socket. Drilling had to be extended to an average of
1.5m below the low side of the rock until the quality control criteria were met.

• Very strong rock produced sharp, angular, fresh, flaky diamond shape particles
of fine gravel size without discoloration. Discharged water was almost clear and
rate of penetration of down the hole hammer, using 3 air compressors, was in
the range of 20-100 mm/min. [0.8-4 in/min].

• Weak and fissured rock strata produced semi angular, often elongated, rusty,
and medium to course gravel occasionally cobbles in a matrix of fine/smashed
particles. Traces of discolorations along fissure surfaces were visible on the
side(s) of rock pieces in the discharged samples. Discharged water was of milky
gray/brown color and rate of penetration was more than 170-500 mm/min [6.7-
20 in/min].

In a total of 23 piles, the quality control criteria were not met after penetration of 2-3 m [6 -
9 ft], from low side of the rock. Drilling was discontinued and the rock in the pile base was
strengthened by installation of anchor bolts similar to those in tension piles.

B) Probe holes were drilled to a depth of 4 times the pile diameter, i.e. 2m, in 10% of rock
sockets to verify the continuity of rock mass below the pile base, using RQD for
evaluation of rock mass quality.

C) Video inspection was conducted after the socket was thoroughly cleaned with fresh
water and free of silt suspensions. The video images were examined for weathering,
spacing of discontinuities, sharpness/angularity of cuttings, surface waviness, fissure
openings, joint infillings, and cleanliness at the bottom of sockets.

Probe hole drilling and full-scale pile loading tests were initially used to develop site-
specific video image interpretation skills. The rotary-percussive drill bit action caused a
series of co-centered grooves at the bottom of those sockets that were proved to be in
sound rock by coring.

Drilling quality control criteria provided valuable correlations to the video images to
enable an interpretation consistent with the specific rock conditions at the site. In most

4
 cases, the socket, which met quality control criteria during drilling, proved also to be
acceptable by coring or video inspection.

D) The acceptability of the sockets already evaluated by the above quality control
schemes was further verified by a series of pile loading tests. The images of the pile
sockets, which were approved in the interim pile loading tests, were regarded as
acceptable reference patterns for later video image interpretation.

6. PILE LOADING TESTS

Three static axial compressive loading tests and 2 static axial tensile loading tests were
conducted during construction at locations outlined in Figure 1 (not available here).
Relevant information on test pile design, installation and loading results are given in Table
1.

All piles tested were regarded as single piles. The tests carried out were according to
ASTM D 1143-81 (1994) and ASTM D 3689-90 (1995). Photo 2 shows the test
assemblies. The specified maximum test loading was 3200 kN [719 Kip] and 1190 kN [267
Kip] for compressive and tensile loading tests, respectively. For the axial compressive
loading tests, rock anchor reaction piles were offset 3 m from the test pile. Each support
included two anchors, spaced at 1.2 m [3.9 ft]. The rock anchors were drilled 3 m [9.8 ft]
into the bedrock and then grouted. Two dial gauges were used for the measurement of
the pile head movements. The mean value of the two readings is used in the diagrams.
Dial gauge readings were confirmed by independent monitoring of the test pile, using a
surveyor’s level, within an accuracy of 1mm [0.04 in].

The displacement of the reaction anchors and the loading frame were measured during
tests and the horizontal alignment of the loading frame controlled. The total elongation in
one of the reaction rock anchors in Pile #415 under a load of approximately 800 kN [180
Kip] was ~ 13 mm [0.5 in] of which 1 mm [0.04 in] was recorded during 24-hour creep test.

For axial tensile loading tests, the nearby compression production piles were employed to
support the loading frame. These reaction piles had an average total vertical movement of
0.67mm. The average permanent downward movement of the reaction piles was 0.45mm
[0.02 in] of which 0.15mm [0.006 in] occurred during the 24-hour creep test under a
maximum load of approximately 600 kN [135 Kip].
In the test on Pile #603, with the lack of a production pile on one end of the reaction beam,
an auxiliary test pile was installed. A 508 mm [20 in] diameter steel pipe, 11.5 m [38 ft]
long was drilled through overburden into the bedrock and then driven to refusal by a 4-ton
hammer with a drop height of 0.3 m [1 ft]. The last 6 hammer blows moved the pipe 10 mm
[0.4 in]. The open-ended pipe showed a maximum movement of 1.37 mm [0.05 in] under
approximately 600 kN [135 Kip] load applied by the test beam. The permanent movement
was about 0.50 mm [0.02 in], of which 0.12 mm [0.005 in] was recorded during the creep
test.

6.1. Testing Procedures

For routine testing, ASTM D1143 quick test method, Section 5.6 is sufficient for toe-
bearing piles in solid rock formations. An independent consultant firm was assigned to run
the test and collect the data. The loads were applied in increments of 200 kN [45 Kip]
every 3 minutes for compressive loading and in increments of 170 kN [38 Kip] every

5
approximately 8 minutes for tensile loading. The ASTM testing procedure is not intended
for use in predicting long-term settlement of a foundation. Unless in weathered rock, piles
end bearing in rock will generally be less time-dependent. The standard requires that the
full load is usually removed from the pile after a 5-min interval. However, the designer
requested to maintain the maximum test load for 24 hours at the end of the quick test
method and unload with 25% decrements.

6.2. Unusual Occurrences during Testing

Some adjustments were necessary in the test apparatus for Piles #603 and #190 because
of distortion in the loading frame. The tests were interrupted and re-started after unloading.

In loading test for Pile #415, due to operational reasons, the applied load at 1000 kN [225
Kip] had to be held constant between 33 and 62 minutes of the test (Figure 2).

In Pile #190, at the completion of the creep test, the applied load was inadvertently
lowered from 3220 kN [724 Kip] to 1335 kN [300 Kip]. The load was immediately increased
to 3200 kN [720 Kip] and maintained at that load for 30 minutes before the unloading was
started. These abnormalities happened towards the end of creep or in the subsequent
unloading phases and did not affect the pile behavior in what would have been the
duration of quick test only. The reference beam in the test on Pile #19 was accidentally
disturbed and an arrow in Figure 3 indicates the effect. Inadvertent short-term increase in
the applied load occurred in the creep test on Pile #603, which is also indicated in Figure
5.

6.3. Loading Test Data Interpretation

The time-displacement plots on semi-log scales for compressive and tensile loading tests
are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. The load-displacement plots for the loading-
unloading cycles are illustrated in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. The initial loading-
unloading curve for Pile #603 is depicted in Figure 5.

• Ultimate loads in the range of 4720 kN to 5780 kN were obtained by Davisson

offset method. The reader may compare these values with the ultimate load
capacities estimated by other procedures, e.g. Decourt Extrapolation (Fellenius,
2001) or Van der Veen model (Fellenius, 2004), Equation (4).

Qmob = Qu (1 – e –bw ) (4)

where:
Qmob = Pile load mobilized by a head movement of w
Qu = Pile ultimate load capacity
b = A constant

• A limit load in the range of 5500 kN to 7200 kN could be estimated for Pile #415.
Pile #415 showed more maximum head movement and therefore produces a more
conservative ultimate capacity than Piles #336 and #190.

• The load-displacement plots show non-linear responses at the first few load
increments due to seating of the equipment and some initial movement of the pile.

6
 Thereafter, the loading response is essentially linear, which is likely attributed to
the elastic deflection of the pile and some small deformation in the bedrock.
• For the compression tests, the vertical movement of the pile head under a
maximum load of 3200 kN in the loading phase was 6.1 mm [0.24 in]. The amount
of creep in approximately 24 hours under this maximum load was about 0.6 mm
[0.02 in]. After complete unloading, the permanent movement was equal or less
than 3.3 mm. The elastic settlement under 3200 kN load was less than 3.4 mm
[0.13 in]. The estimated elastic settlement in the design stage was 9 to 16 mm [0.3
– 0.6 in].

• For the tension tests, the vertical movement of pile head during the loading phase
was 11.9 mm [0.5 in] for a maximum load of 1190 kN [267 Kip]. The amount of
creep in approximately 24 hours under this maximum load was less than 0.8 mm.
The permanent movement after complete unloading was equal to or less than 2.1
mm.

• The smaller overall displacement in Pile #190 than Pile #415 may be explained as
(a) the rock at the base of Pile #190 was in dry condition, above water table, while
the pile base at the location of Pile #415 was in wet condition, 6 m [20 ft] below
groundwater level; (b) rock at the location of Pile #190 contained fewer fissures
and rock particles in the drilling discharge had more breaking effects than those in
#415; (c) Pile #190 is almost ½ length of Pile #415.

• Pile #19 showed the largest displacement of all the piles tested. Heavily fissured
shuttered rock was observed along the anchor hole periphery at this pile. The final
drilling penetration rate was 350 mm/min [14 in/min], the highest among other piles.
The anchor length was thus increased to compensate the poor rock quality (See
Figures 3 and 5).

• The socket rock quality was superior in Pile #603 than that of Pile #19. This was
confirmed by a lower drilling rate of penetration as well as video image
interpretation. The coring RQD at the bottom of the socket in Pile #603 was 70%,
one of the highest at the site.

7. SUMMARY

The end bearing steel pipe piles are designed to transfer the building loads through the
clay overburden to rock. The allowable design geotechnical load of the pile, i.e. 1616 kN
[363 Kip] is a conservative value and could be increased to 3052 kN [686 Kip] for the as-
built conditions.

The allowable structural load on concrete filled steel pipe pile in the short term is about
3237 kN [727 Kip]. However, the contribution of the steel pipe may be limited to the first 50
years of the project age. When the steel pipe is effectively corroded under seawater
conditions, the long-term structural allowable load of the pile will therefore be 1603 kN [360
Kip]. Hence in the long-term a smaller factor of safety is expected for the structural than
the geotechnical load capacity.

Test loading of piles is recognized to be the most assured method of determining the
capacity of a pile. The pile test results confirmed that rock socket video images should be
interpreted based on the information gathered from drilling conditions and/or pile base

7
coring characteristics. The engineers should limit their expectations from video inspection
during the composition of the technical specifications and regard the video image
interpretations as one of the evaluation tools only.

Pile loading test results were evaluated based on the two criteria outlined below:

1. Sudden unexpected movements of greater than 20 mm [0.8 in] after first loading
increment.
2. Occurrence of failure as defined in ASTM D1143 and ASTM D3689, or if total
movement exceeds 20mm.

To provide a broad scope on failure criteria, reference is also made to the New York City
Building Code (2003), which specifies that the allowable pile load shall be the lesser of
either of:

i. 50% of the applied load causing a net movement of the pile of not more than 0.25
mm [0.01 in] per ton of the applied load. This would be equal to 80 mm [3.1 in]
and 30 mm [1.2 in] for test loads of 3200 kN [720 Kip] and 1190 kN [267 Kip],
respectively. Net movement equals to gross movement due to the total test
loading minus the rebound after removing the load.
ii. 50% of the applied load causing a net movement of the pile of 19 mm (3/4"). Net
movement in this paragraph means the gross movement as defined in (i) above
less the amount of elastic shortening in the pile section due to total test load.

The test piles in this study have been accepted based on the following:

z The gross vertical displacement of the piles during the test loadings was less than
12.7 mm [1/2 in] that is below the entire limit criteria outlined above. The net pile
head movements were about 3 mm and 10 mm [0.1 – 0.4 in] under the working
loads for the compression and tension piles, respectively.
z The shape of the load-movement curves did not show any unexpected response.
z The creep rate of the piles was minimal in the range of 0.10 to 0.35 mm [.004 to
.01 in] per log cycle.

From experience in this project, it seems useful if the engineers make allowances for
design/specification revisions during the construction phase, based on the as built and
quality control/assurance data. This may not only serve the project economy but also
resolve the difficulties originated from the theoretical predictions in the feasibility and
design stages.

The Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual (1992) recommends that test loading for
control can be performed on one of every 250 piles. The 3 compressive and 2 tensile test
results for 330 piles would therefore offer rich aids to the design engineers and
researchers of similar pile foundation projects.

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ACKNOWLEGEMENT

The author would like to acknowledge the cooperation of the owner of the facility,
Department of National Defence, Esquimalt, BC. for their permission to publish this data.

REFERENCES

ASTM Designation: D 1143-81. “Standard Test Method for Piles Under Static Axial Compressive
Load.” Reapproved 1994.

ASTM Designation: D 3689-90. “Standard Test Method for Individual Piles Under Tensile Load.”
Reapproved 1995.

“Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual”. (1992). 3rd edition. Canadian Geotechnical Society,
Technical Committee on Foundations.

Chellis, R. D. (1961). “Pile Foundations”. 2nd edition. McGrawHill Book Company Inc. USA.

Concrete Design Handbook. (1984). “Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings with Explanatory
Notes”. Part I, CSA Standard CAN3-A23.4-M84, Canadian Portland Cement Association.

Fellenius, B. H. (2001). “What Capacity Value to Choose from the Results of a Static Loading Test”.
Fulcrum, Deep Foundations Institute, New Jersey.

Fellenius, B. H. (2004). “Private Communication”.

Geotechnical Investigation Report. (1998). “FMF Shop Consolidation Project, Dockyard”. Canadian
Forces Base, Esquimalt, BC. Golder Associates, Burnaby, B.C.

“New York City Building Code”. (2003). Revision. Department of Buildings. 280 Broadway, 7th Floor
New York, NY 10007”.

9
 Table 1. Test Program and Data

Pile Pile Pile Pile Pile

#415 #336 #190 #19 #603
Pile cut-off el., m 3.17 2.28 3.175 2.73 2.28
5
Ground el. at pile location, m 1.38 3.06 2.8 2.65 3.38
Length from cut-off to toe el., m 12.0 8.044 6.16 18.6 11.69
5
Pipe diameter (OD), m 0.50 0.508 0.508 0.508 0.508
8
Pipe wall thickness, mm 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7
Design load, kN 1600 1600 1600 1130 1130
Yield strength of the steel pipe, kPa 240 240 240 240 240
Depth below the ground to high side of rock, m 6.3 NA NA NA 9.25
Depth below the ground to low side of rock, m 7.5 7 4.1 12.7 11.15
Length of socket below low side of rock, m 2.6 1.5 1.1 4.4 1.0
Drilling rate of penetration, mm/min 90 150 NA 350 80
Anchor bond length for tension piles, m - - - 8 8
Anchor free length below the tension pile base - - - 4 2
Anchor embedment length inside tension pile - - - 3 3
Pile Loading Test Data
Maximum test load, kN 3200 3200 3200 1190 1190
Max. movement of pile head during loading, mm 6.1 4.8 3.4 11.9 4.3
Total movement of pile head (loading + creep), mm 6.7 5.3 4.1 12.7 5.2
Creep rate under max. test loading, mm / log cycle 0.16 0.20 0.35 0.10 0.24
Permanent set after complete unloading, mm 3.3 2.3 1.5 2.1 1.0
Elastic compression of the pile and rock, mm 3.4 3 2.6 10.6 4.2
Temperature readings during test, °C 9-11 4-8.9 0-6.5 6.4-10.1 5-8

1mm = 0.001 m 25.4 mm = 1 in 1m = 3.28 ft 1 kN = 0.225 Kip

10
 8

"Pile P415" "Pile P190" "Pile P336"

6
Pile Head Movement, mm

0
1 10 100 1000 Time, min 10000

Figure 2. Compressive Loading Test

Time-Displacement Curve

15

Pile P603 Pile P19

12
º
Pile Head Movement, mm

0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, min

Figure 3. Tensile Loading Test

Time-Displacement Curve

11
 3500

2800

Load, kN

2100

1400

700

Pile P415 Pile P190 Pile P336

0
0 4 8 12 16 20
Pile Head Movement, mm

Figure 4. Compressive Load Test

Load-Displacement Curve

1400

º
1200

1000
Load, kN

800

600

400

200

Initial Loading, P603 Main Loading, P603 Pile P19

0
0 4 8 12 16 20
Pile Head Movement, mm

Figure 5. Tensile Load Test

Load - Displacement Curve

12
Photo 1. View of Rock Outcrop in Vicinity of Project Area

Photo 2. Tensile Pile Loading Test Set Up (Pile #603)

13