MEC653

HVAC SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 5
COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION
 HEAT IN A SPACE

 Sensible heat  results in a change in dry-bulb temperature

 Latent heat  results in phase change of substance, associated with the
addition or removal of moisture

Example?
 PEAK LOAD

The space cooling load often peak at different times of the day:

 The heat gain through an east-facing window will be highest in the early
morning
 The heat gain through the roof will be highest in the late afternoon

Other example:
West-facing wall? Internal heat gain?
 TIME LAG

Building structure has the capacity to store heat energy which delays heat
transfer from outdoor (A) into the space (B). The time required for heat to be
transferred through the structure is called time lag

Magnitude of time lag???

BUILDING INFO/SURVEY

* JKR PTM 1/2009

Garis Panduan
Rekabentuk
Penyaman Udara
FLOOR PLAN
 COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION

Cooling Load Components: Outdoor Load & Internal Load

The cooling load is made up of many components, including:

(1) Solar gain through glass/window

(2) Solar and transmission gain through wall & roof
(3) Transmission gain through glass
(4) Internal heat gain due to people, lighting system, equipment & appliances
in the space
(5) Infiltration: Heat gain due to hot, humid air infiltrating into the space from
outdoors through door, window (gap) or small crack/opening
(6) Ventilation: Heat gain due to outdoor air deliberately brought into the
system for ventilation purposes
(7) Heat generated by the fan motor in the system and possibly other heat
gain
Cooling Load Components Sensible Latent Space Coil

1. Solar Gain (Glass) √ √ √

2. Solar & Transmission Gain √ √ √

(Wall & Roof)

3. Transmission Gain √ √ √
(Glass)

4. Internal Heat Gain √ √

- Occupant √ √
- Lighting system √
- Equipment/appliances √ ???

5. Infiltration √ √ √ √

6. Ventilation √ √ √

7. System Heat Gain √ √

SIMPLE COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION
(RULE OF THUMB)
* JKR PTM 1/2009 Garis Panduan Rekabentuk Penyaman Udara
 DETAILED COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION

There are several methods used to perform detailed cooling load estimation:
 Transfer Function Method (TFM)
 Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD Method)
 Total Equivalent Temperature Difference/Time-Averaging
(TETD/TA Method)
 Heat Balance (HB Method)
 Hourly Analysis Program/E20 Method
 E20 METHOD
(1) Solar Gain through glass/window

(1-29)
 For normal buildings the
weight of the brick is about
100 Ib/ft^2.

For timber or light weight

buildings the value for 30
Ib/ft^2 are taken.

The value for 150 Ib/ ft^2

and over are used for
heavier brick

(1-30)
(1-31)
(1-34)
(1-52)
 E20 METHOD
(2) Solar and transmission gain through wall & roof

(1-62) + CF 4
 (1-63) + CF 4

For attic ventilated and ceiling insulated roof, reduce equivalent temperature
difference by 25%. For peak roof use projected area on horizontal plane.

The equivalent temperature difference in Table 7 and 8 should be corrected

for light coloured and medium coloured walls and roofs
etc…
(1-73)
(1-74)
 E20 METHOD
(3) Transmission gain through glass
 E20 METHOD
(4) Internal heat gain in the space

Sources of IHG:
(i) Occupant/people
(ii) Lighting system
(iii) Equipment/appliances (such as electric motor, computer, kettle etc…)
 (i) Occupant/people
 Calculate total heat gain from pax

QS = (no of pax) X (sensible heat gain per pax)

QL = (no of pax) X (latent heat gain per pax)
Heat Gain from People (JKR)

(1-100)
Rates of Heat Gain from Occupants of Conditioned Spaces (ASHRAE)
Degree of Activity Typical Sensible Heat Latent Heat
Application (Btu/hr) (Btu/hr)
Seated at theater Theater, matinee 225 100
Seated at theater, night Theater, night 240 120
Seated, very light work Offices, hotels, 240 155
apartments
Moderately active office Offices, hotels, 250 200
work apartments
Standing, light work; Department store; 250 200
walking retail store
Walking, standing Drug store, bank 250 240
Sedentary work Restaurant 275 275
Light bench work Factory 275 475
Moderate dancing Dance hall 325 550
Walking 4.8 km/h; light Factory 375 630
machine work
Bowling Bowling alley 580 870
Heavy work Factory 580 870
Heavy machine work; lifting Factory 630 975
Athletics Gymnasium 710 1,090
 (ii) Lighting system

 Calculate total heat gain from lighting

QS = watts x 3.4 x ballast factor (1-101)

 Where:
• Watts = total lighting power
• 3.4 = conversion factor from W to Btu/hr
• Ballast factor = 1.25 for fluorescent lights, 1.0 for incandescent lights

 If info is unavailable, use RoT lighting energy per sq ft

* JKR PTM 1/2009 Garis Panduan Rekabentuk Penyaman Udara
 (iii) Equipment/appliances

 Calculate total heat gain from equipment/appliances

QS = watts x 3.4
QL = watts x 3.4 (if any)
 E20 METHOD
(5) Infiltration: Heat gain due to hot, humid air infiltrating into
the space from outdoors through door, window (gap) or small
crack/opening

“Infiltration cannot be accurately assessed easily and is

usually not computed but allowed for by taking a factor of
safety of 10% in the load calculation for both sensible and
room latent heat totals”
* JKR PTM 1/2009 Garis Panduan Rekabentuk Penyaman Udara
Another method of estimation:

 Estimate infiltration airflow = (ACH) X (space volume)

60
 Calculate infiltration heat gain

- QS = (infiltration airflow) x (ΔT) x (1.08)

- QL = (infiltration airflow) x (ΔW) x (0.68)

 Where:
• infiltration airflow [cfm]
• ΔT = TDB, OUTDOOR – TDB, indoor [ºF]
• ΔW =WOUTDOOR – Windoor [grv/lba]
• 1.08/0.68 = sensible/latent heat factor
 ΔW

ΔT
 E20 METHOD
(6) Ventilation: Heat gain due to outdoor air deliberately
brought into the system
 Purpose:
- To introduce fresh air (O2) into the space
- To dilute or remove contaminants from the indoor air

 Calculate ventilation airflow = (no of pax) X (ventilation rate per pax)

 Calculate ventilation heat gain

- QS = (ventilation airflow) x (ΔT) x (1.08) x (BF)

- QL = (ventilation airflow) x (ΔW) x (0.68) x (BF)
 Where:
• ventilation airflow [cfm]
• ΔT = TDB, OUTDOOR – TDB, indoor [ºF]
• BF = Bypass factor of cooling coil
• ΔW =WOUTDOOR – Windoor [grv/lba]
• 1.08/0.68 = sensible/latent heat factor
 VENTILATION RATE

Refer to applicable STANDARD

From ASHRAE
Standard 62
From UBBL
* JKR PTM 1/2009 Garis Panduan Rekabentuk Penyaman Udara
 E20 METHOD
(7) Heat generated by the fan motor in the system and
possibly other heat gain